FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “report”) may contain forward-looking statements that reflect future events, future business, industry and other conditions, our future performance, and our plans and expectations for future operations and actions. In some cases forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “future,” “intend,” “could,” “estimate,” “predict,” “hope,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements in this report generally relate to: our expectations regarding the impact of COVID-19 on our business condition and results of operations; our expectations regarding our warranty costs and order backlog; our beliefs regarding the sufficiency of working capital and cash flows; our expectations regarding our continued ability to renew or obtain financing on reasonable terms when necessary as well as our continued positive relationship with our creditors and lenders; the impact of recently issued accounting pronouncements; our intentions and beliefs relating to our costs, product developments and business strategies; our expectations concerning our continued expansion into international markets; our expectations with respect to government spending and programs that may directly or indirectly be used to purchase our products; our beliefs concerning our ability to attract and maintain an adequate workforce in a competitive labor market; our expected operating and financial results; our beliefs concerning the effects of, and costs of compliance with government regulations; our expectations concerning our primary capital and cash flow needs; our beliefs regarding competitive factors and our competitive strengths; our expectations regarding our capabilities and demand for our products; our predictions regarding the impact of seasonality; our beliefs regarding the impact of the farming industry on our business; our beliefs regarding our internal controls over financial reporting; and our intentions for paying dividends. Many of these forward-looking statements are located in this report under “Item 1. BUSINESS” and “Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS,” but they may appear in other sections as well.

You should read this report thoroughly with the understanding that our actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements for many reasons, including events beyond our control and assumptions that prove to be inaccurate or unfounded. We cannot provide any assurance with respect to our future performance or results. Our actual results or actions could and likely will differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements for many reasons, including, but not limited to, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of changes in credit markets on our ability to continue to obtain financing on reasonable terms; our ability to repay current debt, continue to meet debt obligations and comply with financial covenants; obstacles related to liquidation of product lines; the effect of inflation, interest rate fluctuations and general economic conditions, including consumer and governmental spending, on the demand for our products and the cost of our supplies and materials; fluctuations in seasonal demand and our production cycle; the ability of our suppliers to meet our demands for raw materials and component parts; our original equipment manufacturer customers’ decisions regarding supply chain structure, inventory levels, and overall business conditions; fluctuations in the price of raw materials, especially steel; our ability to predict and meet the demands of each market in which our segments operate; a decrease in demand for our products in international markets; the existence and outcome of product liability claims and other ordinary course litigation; changes in environmental, health and safety regulations and employment laws; our ability to fill open positions within the Company and retain our key employees; the cost of complying with laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, and the demand such compliance places on management’s time; and other factors described in this report and from time to time in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We do not intend to update the forward-looking statements contained in this report other than as required by law. We caution investors not to put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. This report and the documents that we reference in this report and have filed as exhibits should be read completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we currently expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

PART I

Item 1. BUSINESS.

General

Art’s-Way Manufacturing Co., Inc., a Delaware corporation (“we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company”), began operations as a farm equipment manufacturer in 1956. Since that time, we have become a worldwide manufacturer of agricultural equipment, specialized modular science buildings and steel cutting tools. Our principal manufacturing plant is located in Armstrong, Iowa.

We have organized our business into three operating segments. Management separately evaluates the financial results of each segment because each is a strategic business unit offering different products and requiring different technology and marketing strategies. Our Agricultural Products segment manufactures and distributes farm equipment under the Art’s-Way name. Our Modular Buildings segment manufactures modular buildings for various uses, commonly animal containment and research laboratories, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Art’s-Way Scientific, Inc., an Iowa corporation. Our Tools segment manufactures standard single point brazed carbide tipped tools as well as PCD (polycrystalline diamond) and CBN (cubic boron nitride) inserts and OEM tools through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Ohio Metal Working Products/Art’s-Way, Inc., an Ohio corporation. For detailed financial information relating to segment reporting, see Note 16 “Segment Information” to our financial statements in “Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA” of this report.

Corporate information about Art’s-Way can be found on our website, http://www.artsway-mfg.com/ while information on our agriculture products can be found on http://www.artsway.com/. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The Exchange Act requires us to file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. These materials may be obtained electronically by accessing the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Business of Our Segments

Agricultural Products

Our Agricultural Products segment, which accounted for 73.6% of our net revenue in the 2022 fiscal year and 67.4% of our net revenue in the 2021 fiscal year and 58.4% of our net revenue in the 2020 fiscal year, is located primarily in Armstrong, Iowa. This segment manufactures a variety of specialized farm machinery under our own label, including portable and stationary animal feed processing equipment and related attachments used to mill and mix feed grains into custom animal feed rations; a line of forage equipment consisting of forage boxes, bale processors, running gear, and dump boxes; a line of manure spreaders; sugar beet harvesting equipment; and a line of dirt work equipment. We sell our labeled products through independent farm equipment dealers throughout the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom. We also provide after-market service parts that are available to keep our branded equipment operating to the satisfaction of the end user of our products.

Modular Buildings

Our Modular Buildings segment, which accounted for 16.7% of our net revenue in the 2022 fiscal year and 22.7% of our net revenue in the 2021 fiscal year and 31.2% of our net revenue in the 2020 fiscal year, is located in Monona, Iowa. This segment produces, sells and leases modular buildings, which are custom-designed to meet the specific research needs of our customers. The buildings we commonly produce range from basic swine buildings to complex containment research laboratories. We plan to continue our focus on providing research facilities for academic research institutions, government research and diagnostic centers, public health institutions and private research and pharmaceutical companies, as those are our primary market sectors. We provide services from start to finish by designing, manufacturing, delivering and installing these facilities to meet customers’ critical requirements. In addition to selling these facilities, we also offer a lease option to customers in need of temporary facilities.

Tools

Our Tools segment, which is located in Canton, Ohio, accounted for 9.7% of our net revenue in the 2022 fiscal year and 9.9% of our net revenue in the 2021 fiscal year and 10.4% of our net revenue in the 2020 fiscal year. This segment produces and sells standard single point brazed carbide tipped tools as well as PCD (polycrystalline diamond) and CBN (cubic boron nitride) inserts and tools and OEM specialty tools. The tools are used by manufacturers in various industries to cut and shape various parts, pipes, and fittings. The marketing of the tools is primarily through independent distributors supplying manufacturers with industrial tools and supplies. We plan to continue our focus on providing cutting tools to industries such as automotive, aerospace, oil and gas piping, and appliances.

Our Principal Agricultural Products

Arthur Luscombe built the first PTO powered grinder mixer on his farm near Dolliver, Iowa. The product’s ability to tackle even the most demanding workload made it an overwhelming success – and secured Luscombe’s reputation as a farmer, entrepreneur and independent thinker who did things his way. Over the years our Agricultural Products segment has grown through developing several new products and with acquisitions. We take pride in our manure spreaders, forage equipment, bale processors, dirt work equipment, sugar beet harvesting equipment and feed mills. We provide limited OEM work is also supplied to some of the industry’s leading manufacturers.

Feed mills. There’s no one better than Art’s Way when it comes to processing feed. Stationary mills for livestock feeding or breweries, portable units for small operations and large grinder mixers for the modern feeding operation have our customers’ backs day in and day out. Hammer mills provide faster processing and easily changing micron size or roller mills offer more consistency. We offer the most complete lineup of equipment in feed processing.

Manure spreaders. The X Series spreaders have a unique vertical beater placement combined with guillotine slop gate controls to create the best spread pattern in the industry. Flared sides and densilite flooring provide easy loading and material movement. Backed by our limited lifetime warranty on the apron chain, customers can depend on this rugged machine. The upgraded rate control option powered by Raven is the only unit in the industry to have completely automatic spreading capabilities with apron speed and slop gate control.

Forage. The 2100 series are user-friendly forage boxes in different lengths and unload configurations. It is the only box in its class to offer 100% in-cab controls. Tube side stakes and corrugated sides give users confidence when side-by-side with competitor models. The 9016-HD High Dump cart boasts the largest capacity in the industry at 40,000 pounds.

Bale processors. Spread large round or square bales in the same machine attached to a skid steer, telehandler, or tractor with the patented TOP-SPREAD loader mounted spreader. The compact size fits into barns and alleyways and is easy to maneuver. On a construction site, load on a flatbed pick and cover roadsides or fresh seeding quickly from the seat of a skid steer.

Dirt work equipment. Level out and shape fields with the single blade or folding land planes featuring our patented floating hitch design. Reduce erosion by eliminating water pockets, furrows, and implement scars in the field. Shape yards or work sites with standard or rear steer graders that follow closely behind the tractor for leveling in smaller spaces.

Sugar beet harvesting equipment. We are proud to offer the best sugar beet cleaning in the industry during muddy harvest conditions with our patented grab roll bed. Our 12-row harvester has been improved with an automatic leveling system add-on for consistent digging across the field. The defoliator cleanly removes the leaves off the beets prior to digging them up for harvest. The leaves are incorporated back into the soil to provide nutrients for next year’s crop.

Product Distribution and Markets

We distribute goods for our Agricultural Products segment primarily through a network of approximately 1,000 U.S. and Canadian independent dealers, as well as overseas dealers in Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom, whose customers require specialized agricultural machinery. We have sales representation in 48 states and seven Canadian provinces. Our dealers sell our products to various agricultural and commercial customers. We also maintain a local sales force in our Armstrong, Iowa facility to provide oversight services for our distribution network, communicate with end users, and recruit and train dealers on the uses of our products. Our local service parts staff is available to help customers and dealers with their service parts needs. Our Modular Buildings segment typically sells products customized to the end-user’s requirements directly to the end-user. Our Tools segment distributes products through manufacturers’ representatives, direct sales, and OEM sales channels.

We currently export products to nine foreign countries. We have been shipping grinder mixers abroad since 2006 and have exported portable rollermills and sugar beet harvesters as well. We continue to strengthen these relationships and intend to develop new international markets. Our international sales accounted for 2.6%4.5% of consolidated sales during the 20212022 fiscal year compared to 3.4%2.6% in the 20202021 fiscal year.

Backlog. Our backlogs of orders vary on a daily basis. As of February 2, 2022,6, 2023, our Tools segment had approximately $503,000$556,000 of backlog compared to $302,000$578,000 from the same date in 2021. This is the largest backlog on record for the Tools2022. We continue to see heightened demand in this segment from our OEM and while that is great news, there are capacity challenges ahead in order to fulfil these orders. In order to combat ongoing labor shortages, the Company issued a purchase order on January 31, 2022 for approximately $161,000 to purchase a Haas milling machineoil and robot package.gas industry customers. Our Modular Buildings segment had approximately of $1,243,000$4,985,000 of backlog as of February 2, 2022,6, 2023, compared to $1,226,000$1,243,000 on that date in 2021. While the total2022. The Modular Buildings segment had a slow first six months to start fiscal 2022 and our 2022 results were carried by agricultural building revenue. Our 2023 backlog year on year is similar, the quality of margin on the 2022 backlog is muchnumbers and research building quoting activity would lead us to believe we will see improved as approximately $496,000 of the 2021 backlog was estimated to carry a 3% margin compared to typical margin of 25%.results in fiscal 2023. Our Agricultural Products segment had a net backlog of approximately $10,459,000$9,549,000 as of February 2, 20226, 2023 compared to $6,363,000$10,513,000 on February 2, 2021.6, 2022. The continued strong demand in theour Agricultural Products puts us in a position to have another successfulis continuing for the third straight fiscal year. We will be working to refine our process and improve our manufacturing volume outputspositioned ourselves in fiscal 2022 to meet this added demand. On February 7, 2022 we signed a finance lease agreement to purchase threemore efficiently manufacture our products through the purchasing of robotic weld cells for $297,600.and a high definition plasma cutter. We expect these weld robotsanticipate we will continue to improvesee improved results as the efficiency of our weld shop and to alleviate capacity concerns related to a shortage in skilled welders.strong agriculture demand continues. We expect that our order backlogs will continue to fluctuate as orders are received, filled, or canceled, and, due to dealer discount arrangements we may enter into from time to time, these figures are not necessarily indicative of future revenue.

Recent Product Developments

Throughout the 2021 fiscal year,In 2022, we focused on capturing feedback from our customers to makemade product improvements to improve manufacturability and to meet our current long-standing reliable productscustomer’s evolving needs. Most notably, we worked on designs to capture market share of smaller manure spreaders and building outadded truck mount features to our line-up of quality livestock equipment for our producers. Projects include expanding ourexisting manure spreader model offerings, completing different configurations for oursizes. We also worked on redesign of commercial forage boxes, and modernizing someimproved the functionality of our manufacturing methods across all products.high dump and enhanced the design on our defoliators.

Our Tools and Modular Buildings segments complete projects based on customer specifications and did not engage in specific product development during the 20212022 fiscal year.

Competition

Each of our segments have competitive strengths described below. In addition to theindividual competitive strengths, of each ofthe barrier to entry for competitors in our segments described below, we believe our diversified revenue base, sales presence and customer base drawn from these three segments helps to provide protection against competitive factors in any one industry.industries is high.

Agricultural Products

Our Agricultural Products segment competes in a highly competitive agricultural equipment industry. We compete with larger manufacturers and suppliers that have broader product offerings and significant resources at their disposal; however, we believe that our competitive strengths allow us to compete effectively in our market.

Management believes that grain and livestock producers, as well as those who provide services to grain and livestock operations, are the primary purchasers of agricultural equipment. Many factors influence a buyer’s choice for agricultural equipment. Any one or all factors may be determinative, but they include brand loyalty, the relationship with dealers, product quality and performance, product innovation, product availability, parts and warranty programs, price, and customer service.

While our larger competitors may have resources greater than ours, we believe we compete effectively in the farm equipment industry by serving smaller markets in specific product areas rather than directly competing with larger competitors across an extensive range of products. Our Agricultural Products segment caters to niche markets in the agricultural industry. We do not have a direct competitor that has the same product offerings that we do. Instead, each of our product lines competes with similar products of many other manufacturers. Some of our product lines face greater competition than others, but we believe that our products are competitively priced with greater diversity than most competitor product lines. Other companies produce feed processing equipment, sugar beet harvesting and defoliating equipment, grinders, and other products similar to ours; therefore, we focus on providing the best product available at a reasonable price. Overall, we believe our products are competitively priced with above average quality and performance, in a market where price, product performance, and quality are principal elements.

In addition, in order to capitalize on brand recognition for our Agricultural Products segment, we have numerous product lines produced under our own label. We also provide aftermarket service parts which are available to keep our branded and OEM-produced equipment operating to the satisfaction of the customer. We sell products to customers in the United States and nine foreign countries through a network of approximately 1,000 independent dealers in the United States and Canada, as well as overseas dealers in Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom.

We believe that our competitive pricing, product quality and performance, network of worldwide and domestic distributors, and strong market share for many of our products allow us to compete effectively in the agricultural products market.

Modular Buildings

We expect continued competition from our Modular Buildings segment’s existing competitors, which include conventional design/build firms, as well as competition from new entrants into the modular building market. To some extent, we believe barriers to entry in the modular building industry limit the competition we face in the industry. Barriers to entry in the market consist primarily of access to capital, access to a qualified labor pool, and the bidding process that accompanies many jobs in the health and education markets. Despite these barriers, manufacturers who have a skilled work force and adequate production facilities could adapt their manufacturing facilities to produce modular structures.

We believe the competitive strength of our Modular Buildings segment is our ability to design and produce high-tech modular buildings more quickly than conventional design/build firms. Conventional design/build construction may take two to five years, while our modular laboratories can be delivered in as little as six months. As one of the few companies in the industry to supply turnkey modular buildings and laboratories, we believe we provide high-quality buildings at reasonable prices that meet our customers’ time, flexibility, and security expectations.

Tools

We expect competitionCompetition in our Tools segment from offshore products that have gained market share over the last 20 years. Our greatest threat continues to be emerging technologies that replace the need for brazed tools. These competitive threats are countered by our ability to offer the widest range of standard carbide tipped brazed tool inventories to be found in North America. These inventories are strategically located in four warehouses across the United States, enabling our customers to receive product quickly with minimal shipping costs. Our ability to produce special, engineered, value-added products in volume with short lead times sets us apart from our competitors. This is most evident in certain segments of the pipe processing industry, where we have been able to establish and maintain market share despite efforts from companies significantly larger than ourselves.

Raw Materials, Principal Suppliers, and Customers

Raw materials for our various segments are acquired from domestic and foreign sources and normally are readily available. We saw lead times increase on raw materials in 2021 as labor shortages from the COVID-19 pandemic left many of our suppliers understaffed. Lead times remained heightened in 2022 as the labor market continued to stay tight. We do rely on foreign suppliers and foreign markets for materials and components for some of our products. However, these suppliers are not principal suppliers and there are alternative sources for these materials.

We havepreviously had an OEM supplier agreement with Case New Holland (“CNH”) for our Agricultural Products segment. Under the OEM agreement, we have agreed to supply CNH’s requirements for certain feed processing and service parts, primarily blowers, under CNH’s label. This agreement expired on October 27, 2022. The agreementCompany has no minimum requirements and can be cancelled upon certain conditions. The initial term of thenot entered into a new supplier agreement with CNH expired in September 2006,to date but the agreement continues in force until terminated or cancelled by either party. On October 27, 2021, the Company informed CNH that it was terminating the OEM agreement as written. The agreement remains in place for one year from date of termination. It is the expectation that the Company will enter into a new agreementto transact with CNH at the expiration date.CNH.

We do not typically rely on sales to one customer or a small group of customers. During the 20212022 fiscal year, one customer accounted for just more than 8%11% consolidated net revenues.

Intellectual Property

We maintain manufacturing rights on several products, which cover unique aspects of design. We also have trademarks covering product identification. We believe our trademarks and licenses help us to retain existing business and secure new relationships with customers. The duration of these rights ranges from 5 to 10 years, with options for renewal. We currently have no pending applications for intellectual property rights.

We pay royalties for our use of certain manufacturing rights. Under our previous OEM supplier agreement with CNH, CNH sold us the license to manufacture, sell, and distribute certain plow products designed by CNH and their replacement and component parts. WeIn fiscal 2022, we were liable to pay semi-annual royalty payments based on the invoiced price of each licensed product and service part we sell. We also have a licensing and royalty agreement with Spreader, LLC to produce a loader mounted spreader in exchange for royalty payments until December 2027.

Government Relationships and Regulations; Environmental Compliance

Our Modular Buildings segment must design, manufacture, and install its modular buildings in accordance with state building codes, and we have been able to achieve the code standards in all instances. In addition, we are subject to various federal, state, and local laws and regulations pertaining to environmental protection and the discharge of materials into the environment. We do not expect that the cost of complying with these regulations will have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Employees

As of November 30, 2021,2022, we employed approximately 9297 employees in our Agricultural Products segment seven of whom were employedincluding one on a part-time basis. As of the same date, we had 25basis, 26 employees in our Tools segment, one of whom was employed on a part-time basis.basis and 26 full-time employees in our Modular Buildings segment. The majority of the employees in our Tools segment are represented by a union and covered by a collective bargaining agreement. In addition, our Modular Buildings segment employed approximately 22 full-time employees as of the same date.agreement which expires on June 30, 2024. These numbers do not necessarily represent peak employment during the 20212022 fiscal year.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide disclosure pursuant to this Item.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide disclosure pursuant to this Item.

Item 2. PROPERTIES.

Our executive offices, as well as the primary production and warehousing facilities for our Agricultural Products segment, are located in Armstrong, Iowa. These facilities were constructed after 1965 and remain in fair condition. The facilities in Armstrong contain approximately 249,000 square feet of usable space. We have engaged in several building improvement projects during the last several years including most recently updating our office spaces and employee break room in 2021. In addition, we own approximately 12730 acres of land west of Armstrong, on which the factory and inventory storage space is situated for our Agricultural Products segment.

We completed construction in November 2007 of our facility in Monona, Iowa, which houses the manufacturing for our Modular Buildings segment. The facility was custom-designed to meet our production needs. It has approximately 50,000 square feet of useable space and accommodates a sprinkler system and crane.

In connection with the acquisition of certain assets of Ohio Metal Working Products Company in September 2013, we also purchased the land and building used for manufacturing of the products sold by Ohio Metal Working Products Company, located in Canton, Ohio. The building contains approximately 39,000 square feet of usable space and is in good condition. The purchased land is approximately 4.50 acres and is used by our Tools segment.

All of our owned real property is subject to mortgages granted to Bank Midwest as security for our long-term debt and our line of credit. See “Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – Liquidity and Capital Resources” for more information.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we may be named as a defendant in legal proceedings incidental to the business, including without limitation, workers’ compensation claims, tort claims, or contractual disputes. We are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings, directly or indirectly, and we are not aware of any claims pending or threatened against us or any of the directors that could result in the commencement of material legal proceedings.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.’

Market Information

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “ARTW.”

Stockholders

We have two classes of stock, undesignated preferred stock and $0.01 par value common stock. No shares of preferred stock have been issued or are outstanding. As of February 4, 2022,6, 2023, we had 7977 common stock stockholders of record, which number does not include stockholders who hold our common stock in street name.

Dividends

We did not pay a dividend during the 20212022 or 20202021 fiscal years. We expect that the payment of and the amount of any future dividends will depend on our financial condition at that time.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Company

There were no purchases of common stock by the Company made in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021.2022.

Equity Compensation Plans

For information on our equity compensation plans, refer to Item 12, “SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.”

Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

Not applicable.

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. ’

The following discussion, which focuses on our results of operations, contains forward-looking information and statements. Actual events or results may differ materially from those indicated or anticipated, as discussed in the section entitled “Forward Looking Statements.” The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should also be read in conjunction with our financial statements and notes to financial statements contained in “Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA” of this report.

Financial Condition

The 2021 fiscalWe recorded our second straight year proved to be a turning point for our company. Our Agricultural Products segment saw a 28.6% increaseof profitability in sales from the 2020 fiscal year and the segment recorded its first profitable year since fiscal 2015. We are seeing even higher demand for our products at the start of fiscal 2022 and believe anothersaw significant success in our Agricultural Products segment. Our consolidated revenues increased 14% year of continued improvement is ahead of us. Our Modular Buildings segment struggledon year and over 24% from fiscal 2020. As we transition into fiscal 2023, we are showing increased demand in the first six months of fiscal 2021 as we closed out a large contract that demanded a large portion of our resources. Pent up demand for agriculture buildings and research labs from the pandemic started to give way in the second half of fiscal 2021. The Modular Buildings segment finished the year strong and showed profit for fiscal 2021. Our Tools segment experienced steady demand increases in fiscal 2021, but labor shortages hampered its ability to take advantage of a strengthening economy. We made some wage and benefit improvements in the second half of fiscal 2021 that we anticipate will help with hiring and retainage in fiscal 2022.all three operating segments.

Our consolidated balance sheet indicates a stable financial position as of November 30, 2021.2022. We finished the year with approximately $213,000$98,000 of consolidated net income and saw our working capital increase by approximately $350,000.$379,000. Our inventory saw the most significant increase year on yearincreased significantly in fiscal 2022 as we preparebetter positioned ourselves to fill our significant demand formeet customer demand. We utilized customer deposits and funding from a common stock purchase agreement to meet the increased demands of fiscal 2022.

We expect to have access to capital as needed throughout fiscal 20222023 through the sale of inventory and from the use of our line of credit. On November 30, 20212022 we had $925,470$1,075,500 available on our line of credit and $2,257,904$2,260,402 of excess collateral towards our borrowing base. Our working capital remained strong at approximately $4,487,000$4,866,000 in fiscal 20212022 with a current ratio of 1.58.1.53. Our banking relationship remains positive and we expect it to only strengthen as our financial results continue to improve. We do not foresee liquidity issues within the next twelve months.

While we have largely returned to normal operations, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause challenges. During fiscal 2021, we experienced supply chain disruptions and an overall increase in the price of raw materials and other components used in our products. We also incurred higher labor costs and challenges to fill open positions due to a highly competitive job market. Additionally, we experienced periodic operational disruptions as our employees contracted or were potentially exposed to COVID-19 and were forced to self-isolate in accordance with state and federal guidelines. The extent of the pandemic’s effect on our financial condition and results of operations will depend in large part on future developments which cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Future developments include the duration, scope and severity of the pandemic, the emergence of new virus variants that are more contagious or harmful than prior variants, the actions taken to contain or mitigate the pandemic’s impact both within and outside the jurisdictions in which we operate, and the potential adverse effects on the global supply chain, labor market, and general economic activity. Due to the inherent uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, we are unable to predict the impact the pandemic may have on our future results of operations or financial condition.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our financial statements in “Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA” of this report. Critical accounting policies are those that we believe are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

We believe that the following represents the most critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, and cost is determined using the standard costing method. Management monitors the carrying value of inventories using inventory control and review processes that include, but are not limited to, sales forecast review, inventory status reports, and inventory reduction programs. We record inventory write downs to net realizable value based on expected usage information for raw materials and historical selling trends for finished goods. If the assumptions made by management do not occur, we may need to record additional write downs.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer and recognized when we satisfy the performance obligation specified in each contract.

Our revenues primarily result from contracts with customers. The major sources of revenue for the Agricultural Products and Tools segments are farm equipment, service parts related to farm equipment and steel cutting tools and inserts. The Agricultural Products and Tools segments generally execute short-term contracts that contain a single performance obligation – the delivery of product to the common carrier. We recognize revenue for the production and sale of farm equipment, service parts and cutting tools upon shipment of the goods. Shipment of the goods is the point in time when risk of ownership and title pass to the customer. The Tools segment has an OEM agreement with one customer for which sales are recognized FOB destination – when the goods hit the customer’s dock. All sales are made to authorized dealers whose application for dealer status has been approved and who have been informed of general sales policies. Any changes in our terms are documented in the most recently published price lists. Pricing is fixed and determinable according to our published equipment and parts price lists. Title to all equipment and parts sold pass to the customer upon delivery to the carrier and is not subject to a customer acceptance provision. Proof of the passing of title is documented by the signing of the delivery receipt by a representative of the carrier. Post shipment obligations are limited to any claim with respect to the condition of the equipment or parts. The Agricultural Products and Tools segments each typically require payment in full 30 days after the ship date. To take advantage of program discounts, some customers pay deposits up front. Any deposits received are considered unearned revenue and increase contract liabilities.

In certain circumstances, upon the customer’s written request, we may recognize revenue when production is complete, and the goods are ready for shipment. At the customer’s request, we will bill the customer upon completing all performance obligations, but before shipment. The customer dictates that we ship the goods per its direction from our manufacturing facility, as is customary with this type of agreement, in order to minimize shipping costs. The written agreement with the customer specifies that the goods will be delivered on a schedule to be determined by the customer, with a final specified delivery date, and that we will segregate the goods from our inventory, such that they are not available to fill other orders. This agreement also specifies that the customer is required to purchase all goods manufactured under this agreement. Title of the goods will pass to the customer when the goods are complete and ready for shipment, per the customer agreement. At the transfer of title, all risks of ownership have passed to the customer, and the customer agrees to maintain insurance on the manufactured items that have not yet been shipped. We have operated using bill and hold agreements with certain customers for many years, with consistent satisfactory results for both the customers and us. The credit terms on this agreement are consistent with the credit terms on all other sales. All risks of loss are shouldered by the customer, and there are no exceptions to the customer’s commitment to accept and pay for these manufactured goods. Revenues recognized when goods were ready for shipment in fiscal 20212022 were approximately $1,010,000 compared to $711,000 while we had no bill and hold revenue in fiscal 2020.2021.

The Modular Buildings segment is in the construction industry with its major source of revenue arising from modular building sales. Sales of modular buildings are generally recognized using input methods to measure progress towards the satisfaction of a performance obligation using the percentage of completion method. Revenue and gross profit are recognized as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred and total estimated costs at completion. Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor, materials, and amounts payable to subcontractors and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as equipment costs, insurance and employee benefits. Contract cost is recorded as incurred, and revisions in contract revenues and cost estimates are reflected in the accounting period when known. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined. Contract losses are recognized when current estimates of total contract revenue and contract cost indicate a loss. Estimated contract costs include any and all costs appropriately allocable to the contract. The provision for these contract losses will be the excess of estimated contract costs over estimated contract revenues. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those changes arising from contract change orders, penalty provisions and final contract settlements may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. We use significant judgements in determining estimated contract costs and completion percentages throughout the life of the project. Stock modular building sales also occur and are recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is fulfilled through substantial completion. Substantial completion is achieved through customer acceptance of the completed building. The Modular Buildings segment executes contracts with customers that can be short- or long-term in nature. These contracts can have multiple performance obligations and revenue from these can be recognized over time or at a point in time depending on the nature of the contracts. Payment terms for the Modular Buildings segment vary by contract, but typically utilize money down and progress payments throughout the life of the contract. The payment terms of the Modular Buildings segment have the most impact on our contract receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities. Project invoicing from the Modular Buildings segment increases contract receivables and has an effect on contract liabilities through billings in excess of costs, and estimated gross profit and advanced payments.customer deposits. The balance of contract assets is typically made up of the balance of costs and estimated gross profit in excess of billings. Costs and profit in excess of amounts billed are classified as current assets and billings in excess of cost and profit are classified as current liabilities.

The Agricultural Products segment offers variable consideration in the form of discounts depending on participation in yearly early order programs. This variable consideration is allocated to the transaction price of all products in a sales arrangement and is not contingent on future outcomes. The Agricultural Products segment does not offer rebates or credits. The Tools segment offers quantity discounts that are allocated to the transaction price of each product once the quantity break is achieved. The Tools segment does not offer rebates or credits. The Modular Buildings segment does not offer discounts, rebates or credits.

Our returns policy allows for new and saleable parts to be returned, subject to inspection and a restocking charge, which is included in net sales. Whole goods are not returnable. Shipping costs charged to customers are included in net sales. Freight costs incurred are included in cost of goods sold. Customer deposits consist of advance payments from customers, in the form of cash, for revenue to be recognized in the following year.

For information on product warranty as it applies to ASC 606, refer to Note 8 “Product Warranty” contained in our financial statements in “Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA” of this report.

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year Ended November 30, 20212022 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended November 30, 20202021

Our consolidated net sales totaled $24,965,000$28,400,000 for the 20212022 fiscal year, which represents a 11.4%13.8% increase from our consolidated net sales of $22,409,000$24,965,000 for the 20202021 fiscal year. The increase in revenue is due to increased demand in the Agricultural Products and Tools segments. Our consolidated gross profit as a percentage of net sales increaseddecreased to 25.7% in the 2022 fiscal year compared to 26.4% of net sales in the 2021 fiscal year. Our consolidated operating expenses increased by 14.8%, from $6,073,000 in the 2021 fiscal year when compared to 10.7% of net sales$6,974,000 in the 2020 fiscal year. We saw increased gross profit percentage in two of three segments in fiscal 2021. Our consolidated operating expenses decreased by 3.8%, from $6,309,000 in the 2020 fiscal year to $6,073,000 in the 20212022 fiscal year. Because the majority of our corporate general and administrative expenses are borne by our Agricultural Products segment, that segment represented $4,571,000$5,239,000 of our total consolidated operating expenses, while our Modular Buildings segment represented $928,000$1,095,000 and our Tools segment represented $574,000.$640,000.

Our consolidated operating income for the 20212022 fiscal year was $523,000$333,000 compared to operating lossincome of $(3,910,000)$523,000 for the 20202021 fiscal year. Our Agricultural Products segment had operating income of $599,000,$1,205,000, our Modular Buildings segment had operating incomeloss of $74,000$600,000 and our Tools segment had an operating loss of $(150,000).$272,000.

Consolidated net income for the 20212022 fiscal year was $213,000$98,000 compared to net lossincome of $(2,103,000)$213,000 in the 20202021 fiscal year, an improvement of $2,316,000.year.

Our effective tax rate for the 20212022 and 20202021 fiscal years was 20.3%16.4% and 28.9%20.3%, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate is due to the tax treatment of Paycheck Protection Program loan forgiveness as discussed in Note 1 from fiscal year 2020, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our financial statements in “Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA” of this report.

Agricultural Products. Our Agricultural Products segment’s net sales for the 20212022 fiscal year were $16,826,000$20,912,000 compared to $13,085,000$16,826,000 during the 20202021 fiscal year, an increase of $3,741,000,$4,086,000, or 28.6%24.3%. The sales increase is attributableWe continued to favorable agriculture market conditions assee strong commodity prices hit five year highs. We sawin fiscal 2022 which led to increased demand for oursales in grinder mixers, manure spreaders and our beet harvesting equipment for the second straight fiscal year. Our procurement team was able to navigate the difficult supply chain environment in fiscal 2021. We are carrying even higher backlog numbers than we saw in fiscal 2021 as we transition to fiscal 2022.2022 and our production crew delivered on the increased demand.

Gross profit percentage for the 20212022 fiscal year was 30.7%30.8% compared to 16.5%30.7% for the 20202021 fiscal year. Despite continued margin pressure from increasing materialWhile the price of steel began to drop near the end of fiscal 2022, we saw component prices and componentmanufacturing overhead increase in fiscal 2022. We utilized price increases to stay ahead of these rising costs in fiscal 2021, Art’s-Way was able to combat margin erosion through multiple price increases to customers. Much of the gross margin improvement year on year was due to $996,000 of inventory obsolescence expense we had in fiscal 2020 that was related to increasing reserves on product lines we eliminated strategically from our offering including UHC reels, Miller Pro forage boxes, rakes2022 and augers which was not repeated inmaintain margins consistent with fiscal 2021. We also saw an 18%purchased three robotic weld cells and a high-definition plasma cutter in fiscal 2022 that we expect will increase manufacturing efficiencies, increase output and improve the quality of our products. We are focused on additional capital expenditures in fiscal 2023 to improve our labor output on roughly the same amount of wages in 2021 due to increased demand and better shop floor planning.operations as cash flow allows.

Our Agricultural Products segment’s operating expenses for the 20212022 fiscal year were $4,571,000$5,239,000 compared to $4,483,000$4,571,000 for the 20202021 fiscal year, an increase of $88,000,$668,000, or 2.0%14.6%. TheOur selling expense accounted for approximately $70,000 of this increase in operating expenses was primarily dueas we added some key personnel to increased selling expenses fromour sales team including a rebranding initiative that took place in fiscal 2021new director of sales, an inside salesman and the addition of a product development manageran equipment support technician. We expect these roles to help driveallow us to expand our product lines towards the needs of the customer. The rebranding initiative refreshed the Art’s-Way logo, website,dealer network and literature toprovide better fit the customers we serve.customer support moving forward. Our general and administrative expenses were down inincreased approximately $525,000 from fiscal 2021. The increase was due to the addition of a quality technician, additional recruitment expense from the recruitment of our director of sales, additional computer contract expense as we began the transition to a cloud-based ERP system and salary increases to combat inflation for our employees. Our engineering expenses increased approximately $73,000 from fiscal 2021 as we incurred some one-time pandemicdue to increased salaries and dual salaries expense in 2020 as we transitioned two members of senior management. We saw a slight increase in engineering expenses in the Agricultural Products segment in fiscal 2021 as we made market competitive salary adjustments for our engineering department.benefit costs. Total income from operations for our Agricultural Products segment during the 20212022 fiscal year was $599,000$1,205,000 compared to an operating loss of $(2,318,000)$599,000 for the 20202021 fiscal year, an improvement of $2,917,000.$606,000. While the increase in revenue largely drove the increase in operating income for fiscal 2022, our efforts to improve the business over the last few years put us in position to take advantage of better economic conditions. We focused heavily on improving our image in the agricultural industry through rebranding and customer satisfaction initiatives. We put added emphasis on quality and functionality of our products to meet our rugged customers’ demands. We’ve analyzed and diminished manufacturing inefficiencies that have bottlenecked our operations to allow for continued growth in the future.

Modular Buildings. Our Modular Buildings segment’s net sales for the 20212022 fiscal year were $5,678,000$4,734,000 compared to $6,993,000$5,678,000 for the 20202021 fiscal year, a decrease of $1,315,000,$944,000, or 18.8%16.6%. The decrease in sales was attributabledue to a large constructionslow start to fiscal 2022 where we saw contract delays on active research project spanning the last three fiscal years that reached completion in fiscal 2021.bids we expected to procure. Gross profit for the 20212022 fiscal year was 17.7%10.5% compared to (3.7)%17.7% during the 20202021 fiscal year. The increasedecrease in gross profit was due to rising construction material costs for projects under fixed price contracts. In addition, we incurred additional labor expense as we maintained higher staffing levels through the completionfirst six months of fiscal 2022 under the expectation that large research contracts would be underway in early fiscal 2022. Contract delays led to overstaffing and we were faced with a large construction contract that negatively affected our margin anddifficult decision to retain employees in a tough job market knowing demand in the execution of new contracts with higher quality margins.modular building market would increase. Operating expenses for the 2022 fiscal year were $1,095,000 compared to $928,000 for the 2021 fiscal year, were $928,000 compared to $1,034,000an increase of $167,000, or 18.0%. Our selling expense accounted for the 2020approximately $64,000 of this increase. With agricultural buildings being our primary source of revenue in fiscal year, a decrease of $106,000, or 10.3%. While overall our operating expenses declined,2022, we did see approximately $83,000 ofsaw increased selling expensescommissions in fiscal 2022 from commissions on the sale of modular agriculture buildings andthese sales. We also had increased trade show participation.participation in fiscal 2022. Our general and administrative expenses were downincreased approximately $189,000$100,000 due to decreased bonus expense, one-time pandemic expense in 2020 and reduced corporate allocation expense in fiscal 2021.increased administrative wages as we added an additional project manager to help manage our project workload. Total incomeloss from operations from our Modular Buildings segment during the 20212022 fiscal year was $74,000$600,000 compared to an operating lossincome of $(1,295,000)$74,000 in the 20202021 fiscal year, a reduction in loss of $1,369,000.year.

Tools. Our Tools segment’s net sales for the 20212022 fiscal year were $2,461,000$2,754,000 compared to $2,331,000$2,461,000 for the 20202021 fiscal year, an increase of $130,000,$293,000, or 5.6%11.9%. This segment has not fully recovered from the dropThe increase in oil prices at the start of the pandemicsales is due to price increases to partially cover rising material and manufacturing overhead costs coupled with increased demand in fiscal 2020 that flattened our sales. Our backlog has remained steady and strong since the pandemic. Like the majority of businesses in current economic conditions, we are having trouble maintaining a skilled workforce, but have taken steps to increase automation to lessen this burden.2022. Gross profit for the 20212022 fiscal year was 17.2%13.4% compared to 21.3%17.2% for the 20202021 fiscal year. OurThe decrease in gross margin decreased in fiscal 2021 as we raised wages in order to attract and retain shop employees. We saw a 2% increase in wages while not achieving the same efficiency output we did in 2020profit was due to rising material input costs that outpaced our price increases along with manufacturing inefficiencies resulting from the loss of some longer tenured employeescompetitive labor market and high turnover.related shortages. Operating expenses were $640,000 for the 2022 fiscal year compared to $574,000 for the 2021 fiscal year, an increase of $66,000, or 11.5%. Our selling expenses accounted for approximately $19,000 of the increase primarily from an increase in commission expense and sales salaries. Our administrative expense was up $47,000 primarily from an increase in administrative wages and attendance related bonuses. Total loss from operations from our Tools segment during the 2022 fiscal year was $272,000 compared to $792,000 foroperating loss of $150,000 in the 20202021 fiscal year, a decrease of $219,000, or 27.6%. This decreased operating expenses were due to decreases in general administrative costs, primarily deceased bonus expense, corporate expense allocation and OEM implementation costs in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020.year.

Trends and Uncertainties

We are subject to a number of trends and uncertainties that may affect our short-term or long-term liquidity, sales revenues, and operations. Similar to other farm equipment manufacturers, we are affected by items unique to the farm industry, including fluctuations in farm income resulting from the change in commodity prices, crop damage caused by weather and insects, government farm programs, interest rate fluctuations, and other unpredictable variables. Other uncertainties include our OEM customers and the decisions they make regarding their current supply chain structure, inventory levels, and overall business conditions. Management believes that our business is dependent on the farming industry for the bulk of our sales revenues. As such, our business tends to reap the benefits of increases in farm net income, as farmers tend to purchase equipment in lucrative times and forgo purchases in less profitable years. Direct government payments have been increasing in the past two years and costs of agricultural production are increasing; therefore, we anticipate that further increases in the value of production will benefit our business, while any future decreases in the value of production will decrease farm net income and may negatively affect our financial results.

As with other farm equipment manufacturers, we depend on our network of dealers to influence customers’ decisions, and dealer influence is often more persuasive than a manufacturer’s reputation or the price of the product.

Seasonality

Sales of our agricultural products are seasonal; however, we have tried to decrease the impact of this seasonality through the development of beet harvesting machinery, as the peak periods for these products occur at different times.

We believe that our tool sales are not seasonal. Our modular building sales are somewhat seasonal, and we believe that this is due to the budgeting and funding cycles of the universities that commonly purchase our modular buildings. We believe that this cycle can be offset by building backlogs of inventory, by increasing sales to other public and private sectors and by creating repeatable business opportunities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our main source of funds during the 20212022 fiscal year was cash generated by financingoperating activities. Deposits from our early program and use of trade payables funded our operations in fiscal 2022. We used proceeds of $1,715,000 from our line of credit to fund our operating and investing activities. Our operations consumed approximately $986,000 of cash, the majority of which was usedthese funds to increase our inventory levels for the second straight year to combatmeet increasing demand and to stay ahead of supply chain delays and to fulfill our massive backlog.delays. We used approximately $620,000$2,445,000 in fiscal 2022 for purchases of cash to update facilitiesproperty (including finance lease assets), plant and equipment, which included development ofprimarily facility upgrades and manufacturing equipment to improve efficiency. We also used proceeds from an investor under a new customer portal and website and facility upgrades.common stock purchase agreement to help with cash flow needs in fiscal 2022. We expect to use cash in fiscal 20222023 to acquire additional equipment that improvesto improve our shop output and efficiency including robotic weld cells and improved plasma cutting and roller technology. We believe theseefficiency. These additions will be key to fulfillingimproving quality, increasing manufacturing output to fulfill customer demand and ultimately, we expect it to allow us to be more competitive in our industry. We expect our primary capital needs for fiscal 2023 to be for inventory purchases and the retirement of debt.

We received approximately $369,000 from Iowa Economic Development’s Manufacturing 4.0 program in Q3 of fiscal 2022. The funds for this award are provided by the State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund, part of the American Rescue Plan. The total amount of award available to the Company is $500,000 for which the Iowa Economic Development reimburses the Company for 75% of eligible capital expenditures that increase automation or increase operational efficiency. The Company is required to submit quarterly reports to the Iowa Economic Development through April 30, 2027 under this program and the funds are available for purchases through December 31, 2024.

We have a Bank Midwest credit facility consisting of a $5,000,000 revolving line of credit, pursuant to which we had borrowed $4,074,530,$3,924,500, with $925,470$1,075,500 remaining, as of November 30, 2021,2022, and onetwo term loan,loans, which had an outstanding principal balancebalances of $2,260,412$2,165,554 and $344,932 as of November 30, 2021.2022. The revolving line of credit is being used for working capital purposes. We also have three Economic Injury Disaster Loans provided by the U.S. Small Business Administration with an aggregate principal balance of $450,000$491,433 as of November 30, 2021.2022.

Our loans require us to comply with various covenants, including maintaining certain financial ratios and obtaining prior written consent from Bank Midwest for any investment in, acquisition of, or guaranty relating to another business or entity. We were out of compliance with our debt to worth ratio covenant in place under the Bank Midwest loans as of November 30, 2021.2022. Bank Midwest has issued a waiver forgiving the noncompliance as of November 30, 2021,2022, and in turn waived the event of default.

For additional information about our financing activities, please refer to Note 9 “Loan and Credit Agreements” to our financial statements in “Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA” of this report.

The following table represents our working capital and current ratio as of the end of the past two fiscal years:

We believe that our current cash and financing arrangements will provide sufficient cash to finance operations for the next 12 months. We expect to continue to rely on cash from financing activities to supplement our cash flows from operations in order to meet our liquidity and capital expenditure needs in the near future. We expect to continue to be able to procure financing upon reasonable terms.

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide disclosure pursuant to this Item.

ART’S-WAY MANUFACTURING CO., INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and notes to consolidated financial statements.

ART’S-WAY MANUFACTURING CO., INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and notes to consolidated financial statements.

ART’S-WAY MANUFACTURING CO., INC.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

Years Ended November 30, 20212022 and 20202021

See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and notes to consolidated financial statements.

ART’S-WAY MANUFACTURING CO., INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and notes to consolidated financial statements.

Art’s-Way Manufacturing Co., Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Art’s-Way Manufacturing Co., Inc. (the “Company”) is primarily engaged in the fabrication and sale of specialized farm machinery in the agricultural sector of the United States. Primary product offerings include portable and stationary animal feed processing equipment; hay and forage equipment; sugar beet harvesting equipment; dirt work equipment and manure spreaders. The Company sells its labeled products through independent farm equipment dealers throughout the United States. The Company also provides after-market service parts that are available to keep its branded and OEM-produced equipment operating to the satisfaction of the end user of the Company’s products.

The Company’s Modular Buildings segment is primarily engaged in the construction of modular laboratories and animal housing facilities through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Art’s-Way Scientific, Inc. Buildings commonly produced range from basic swine buildings to complex containment research laboratories. This segment also provides services relating to the design, manufacturing, delivering, installation, and renting of the building units that it produces.

The Company’s Tools segment is a domestic manufacturer and distributor of standard single point brazed carbide tipped tools as well as PCD (polycrystalline diamond), CBN (cubic boron nitride) inserts and OEM specialty tools through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Ohio Metal Working Company/Art’s-Way, Inc.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Art’s-Way Manufacturing Co., Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries for the 20212022 fiscal year, which includes Art’s-Way Scientific, Inc., and Ohio Metal Working Products/Art’s-Way, Inc. All material inter-company accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

The Company maintains several different accounts at one bank, and balances in these accounts could periodically exceed the federally insured limits. However, management believes the risk of loss to be low.

During the 2022 and 2021 fiscal years, one customer accounted for more than 11% and 8%, respectively, of consolidated revenues.

Accounts receivable are carried at original invoice amount less an estimate made for doubtful accounts based on a review of all outstanding amounts on a monthly basis. Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by identifying troubled accounts and by using historical experience applied to an aging of accounts. Accounts receivable are written-off when deemed uncollectible. Recoveries of accounts receivable previously written-off are recorded when received. Accounts receivable are generally considered past due 60 days past invoice date, with the exception of international sales which primarily are sold with 180 day terms backed by export insurance.

The Company offered floorplan terms in its Agricultural Products segment during its Fall 2021 early order program to incentivize customers to stock farm equipment on their lots during the 2022 fiscal year. Floorplan terms allow customers to pay the Company at the earliest of retail date or 180 days. The Company had approximately $1,033,000 in accounts receivable at November 30, 2022 that was part of its floorplan program on extended terms compared to $0 for the year ended November 30, 2021.

Trade receivables due from customers are uncollateralized customer obligations due under normal trade terms requiring payment within 30 days from the invoice date. Trade receivables are stated at the amount billed to the customer. The Company charges interest on overdue customer account balances at a rate of 1.5% per month. Payments of trade receivables are allocated to the specific invoices identified on the customer’s remittance advice or, if unspecified, are applied to the earliest unpaid invoices.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, and cost is determined using the standard costing method. Management monitors the carrying value of inventories using inventory control and review processes that include, but are not limited to, sales forecast review, inventory status reports, and inventory reduction programs. The Company records inventory write downs to net realizable value based on expected usage information for raw materials and historical selling trends for finished goods. Additional write downs may be necessary if the assumptions made by management do not occur.

Property, plant, and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation of plant and equipment is provided using the straight-line method, based on the estimated useful lives of the assets which range from three to 40 years.

Property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or any other significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable.

For property, plant and equipment used in operations, including lease assets and assets held for lease, impairment losses are only recorded if the asset’s carrying amount is not recoverable through its undiscounted, probability-weighted future cash flows. We measure the impairment loss based on the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value.

The Company’s revenues primarily result from contracts with customers. The major sources of revenue for the Agricultural Products and Tools segments are farm equipment, service parts related to farm equipment and steel cutting tools and inserts. The Agricultural Products and Tools segments generally execute short-term contracts that contain a single performance obligation – the delivery of product to the common carrier. The Company recognizes revenue for the production and sale of farm equipment, service parts and cutting tools upon shipment of the goods. Risk of ownership and title pass to the customer upon shipment of the goods. The Tools segment has an OEM agreement with one customer for which sales are recognized FOB destination – when the goods hit the customer’s dock. All sales are made to authorized dealers whose application for dealer status has been approved and who have been informed of general sales policies. Any changes in the Company’s terms are documented in the most recently published price lists. Pricing is fixed and determinable according to the Company’s published equipment and parts price lists. Title to all equipment and parts sold passes to the customer upon delivery to the carrier and is not subject to a customer acceptance provision. Proof of the passing of title is documented and retained by the Company. Post shipment obligations are limited to any claim with respect to the condition of the equipment or parts. The Agricultural Products and Tools segments each typically require payment in full 30 days after the ship date. To take advantage of program discounts, some customers pay deposits up front. Any deposits received increase contract liabilities.

In certain circumstances, upon the customer’s written request, the Company may recognize revenue when production is complete, and the goods are ready for shipment. At the customer’s request, the Company will bill the customer upon completing all performance obligations, but before shipment. The customer dictates that the Company ship the goods per the customer’s direction from the Company’s manufacturing facility, as is customary with this type of agreement, in order to minimize shipping costs. The written agreement with the customer specifies that the goods will be delivered on a schedule to be determined by the customer, with a final specified delivery date, and that the Company will segregate the goods from its inventory, such that they are not available to fill other orders. This agreement also specifies that the customer is required to purchase all goods manufactured under this agreement. Title of the goods will pass to the customer when the goods are complete and ready for shipment, per the customer agreement. At the transfer of title, all risks of ownership have passed to the customer, and the customer agrees to maintain insurance on the manufactured items that have not yet been shipped. The Company has operated using bill and hold agreements with certain customers for many years, with consistent satisfactory results for both the customer and the Company. The credit terms on these agreements are consistent with the credit terms on all other sales. All risks of loss are shouldered by the customer, and there are no exceptions to the customer’s commitment to accept and pay for these manufactured goods. Revenues recognized at the completion of production in the 2021 and 2020 fiscal years were approximately $1,621,832$1,010,000 and $0,$711,000 respectively.

The Modular Buildings segment is in the construction industry with its major source of revenue arising from modular building sales. Sales of modular buildings are generally recognized using input methods to measure progress towards the satisfaction of a performance obligation using the percentage of completion method. Revenue and gross profit are recognized as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred and total estimated costs at completion. Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor, materials, amounts payable to subcontractors and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as equipment costs, insurance and employee benefits. Contract cost is recorded as incurred, and revisions in contract revenues and cost estimates are reflected in the accounting period when known. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined. Contract losses are recognized when current estimates of total contract revenue and contract cost indicate a loss. Estimated contract costs include any and all costs appropriately allocable to the contract. The provision for these contract losses will be the excess of estimated contract costs over estimated contract revenues. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those changes arising from contract change orders, penalty provisions and final contract settlements may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. The Company uses significant judgements in determining estimated contract costs and completion percentages throughout the life of the project. Stock modular building sales also occur and are recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is fulfilled through substantial completion. Substantial completion is achieved through customer acceptance of the completed building. The Modular Buildings segment executes contracts with customers that can be short- or long-term in nature. These contracts can have multiple performance obligations and revenue from these can be recognized over time or at a point in time depending on the nature of the contracts. Payment terms for the Modular Buildings segment vary by contract, but typically utilize money down and progress payments throughout the life of the contract. The payment terms of the Modular Buildings segment have the most impact on the Company’s contract receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities. Project invoicing from the Modular Buildings segment increases contract receivables and has an effect on contract liabilities through billings in excess of costs, and estimated gross profit and advanced payments.customer deposits. The balance of contract assets is typically made up of the balance of costs and estimated gross profit in excess of billings. Costs and profit in excess of amounts billed are classified as current assets and billings in excess of cost and profit are classified as current liabilities.

The Agricultural Products segment offers variable consideration in the form of discounts depending on participation in yearly early order programs. This variable consideration is allocated to the transaction price of all products in a sales arrangement and is not contingent on future outcomes. The Agricultural Products segment does not offer rebates or credits. The Tools segment offers quantity discounts that are allocated to the transaction price of each product once the quantity break is achieved. The Tools segment does not offer rebates or credits. The Modular Buildings segment does not offer discounts, rebates or credits.

The Company’s returns policy allows for new and saleable parts to be returned, subject to inspection and a restocking charge, which is included in net sales. Whole goods are not returnable. Shipping costs charged to customers are included in net sales. Freight costs incurred are included in cost of goods sold. Customer deposits consist of advance payments from customers, in the form of cash, for revenue to be recognized in the following year.

For information on product warranty as it applies to ASC 606, refer to Note 8 “Product Warranty.”

The following table displays revenue by reportable segment from external customers, disaggregated by major source. The Company believes disaggregating by these categories depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The Company offered floorplan terms in its Agricultural Products segment during its Fall 2021 early order program to incentivize customers to stock farm equipment on their lots in fiscal 2022. Floorplan terms allow customers to pay the Company at the earliest of retail date or 180 days. This program has an effect on the timing of the Company’s fiscal 2022 cash flows compared with historical cash flows.

The following table provides information about contract receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The amount of revenue recognized in fiscal year 20212022 that was included in a contract liability at November 30, 2020 2021 was approximately $474,000$559,000 compared to $89,000$474,000 for the prior year. The beginning balance of contract receivables, assets and liabilities at December 1, 2020 was $2,391,000; $56,000 and $474,000, respectively. The change in contract receivables reflected above results from contract billings for all 3three segments as performance obligations are met. The increase in contract assets on November 30, 2021 2022 is due to construction costs in excess of billings on contracts in the Modular Buildings segment. Contract liabilities include customer deposits and billings in excess of cost and profit on the consolidated balance sheets. Contract liabilities have increased due to customer deposits received on the Agricultural Products segment as part of itsour fall early order program.program that offers cash discounts for equipment deposits.

The Company will utilize the practical expedient exception for these contracts and will report only on performance obligations greater than one year. As of November 30, 2022, and November 30, 2021, and November 30, 2020, the Company has no performance obligations with an original expected duration greater than one year.

Research and development costs are expensed when incurred. Such costs approximated $152,000$193,000 and $199,000$152,000 for the 20212022 and 20202021 fiscal years, respectively. Research and development costs are included in engineering expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Advertising costs are expensed when incurred. Such costs approximated $163,000$190,000 and $175,000$163,000 for the 20212022 and 20202021 fiscal years, respectively. Advertising costs are included in selling expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Basic net income (loss) per share has been computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock has been computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding plus equivalent shares of common stock assuming exercise of stock options. Potential shares of common stock that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock.

Basic and diluted (loss)income per common share have been computed based on the following as of November 30, 2021 2022 and 2020:2021:

Stock-based compensation expense reflects the fair value of stock-based awards measured at the grant date and recognized over the relevant vesting period. The Company estimates the fair value of each stock-based award on the measurement date using the Black-Scholes option valuation model which incorporates assumptions as to stock price volatility, the expected life of the options, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. Restricted stock is valued at market value at the day of grant.

Management has made a number of estimates and assumptions related to the reported amount of assets and liabilities, reported amount of revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13,2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-132016-13 adds a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) impairment model to U.S. GAAP that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Modified retrospective adoption is required with any cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. ASU 2016-132016-13 is effective for smaller reporting entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within the year of adoption. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-132016-13 in fiscal year 2024. The Company does not expect the application of the CECL impairment model to have a significant impact on its allowance for uncollectible amounts for accounts receivable.