UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20162019

For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission File Number001-35436

TECNOGLASS INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(57)(5)3734000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirement for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232 405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers in response to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.

[X]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes [  ] No [X]

As of June 30, 20162019 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), the aggregate market value of the ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $66,151,398$121,634,899 based on its last reported sales price of $11.31$6.49 on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market.

As of December 31, 2016,February 28, 2020, there were33,172,14446,117,631 ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference: None.

TECNOGLASS INC.

FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INTRODUCTION

All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) including, without limitation, statements under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” regarding our financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward looking statements. When used in this Form 10-K, words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” and similar expressions, as they relate to us or our management, identify forward looking statements. Such forward looking statements are based on the beliefs of management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those contemplated by the forward looking statements as a result of certain factors detailed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All subsequent written or oral forward looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are qualified in their entirety by this paragraph.

Unless the context otherwise requires:

PART IOur registered trademarks include Alutions by TecnoglassTM, ECOMAX by ESWINDOWSTM, Tecnobend^TM, Tecnoair^TM, ESWINDOWS Interiors^TM, ESW Windows and Walls^TM, Solartec by Tecnoglass^TM, Prestige by ESWINDOWS^TM, Eli by ESWINDOWS^TM, and Alessia by ESWINDOWS^TM . Solely for our convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Form 10-K may appear without the “®” or “™” symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights or the rights to these trademarks and trade names.

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

In this Form 10-K, we refer to information and statistics regarding our industry, the size of certain markets and our position within the sectors in which we compete. Some of the market and industry data contained in this Form 10-K is based on independent industry and trade publications or other publicly available information, or information published by our customers, that we believe to be reliable sources, while other information is based on our good-faith estimates, which are derived from our review of internal surveys, as well as independent sources listed in this Form 10-K, and the knowledge and experience of our management in the markets in which we operate. The estimates contained in this Form 10-K have also been based on information obtained from our customers, suppliers and other contacts in the markets in which we operate. Although we believe that these independent sources and internal data are reliable as of their respective dates, the information contained in them has not been independently verified, nor have we sought consent to refer to their reports, and we cannot assure you as to the accuracy or completeness of this information. As a result, you should be aware that the market and industry data and the market share estimates set forth in this Form 10-K, and beliefs and estimates based thereon, may not be reliable. We have made rounding adjustments to reach some of the figures included in this Form 10-K for ease of presentation. As a result, amounts shown as totals in some tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the amounts that precede them.

PART I

Overview

We were originally formed under the name “Andina Acquisition Corporation”Tecnoglass is a leading vertically-integrated manufacturer, supplier and installer of architectural glass, windows, and associated aluminum products for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. On March 22, 2012, we consummated our initial public offering (the “IPO”),global commercial and on December 20, 2013, we consummated our initial business combination (the “Merger”), whereby our wholly-owned subsidiary merged with and intoresidential construction industries. Tecnoglass Holding. As a result ofwas rated the Merger, Tecnoglass Holding and its indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaries, Tecnoglass and ES, became our direct and indirect subsidiaries. Accordingly,second largest glass fabricator serving the business of Tecnoglass Holding and its subsidiaries became our business. We are now a holding company operating through our direct and indirect subsidiaries.

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse acquisition with Tecnoglass Holding being considered the accounting acquirerUnited States in the Merger. For accounting and financial purposes, we were treated as the acquired company, and Tecnoglass Holding was treated as the acquiring company. Accordingly, historical information, including historical financial information and the historical description of our business, for periods and dates prior to December 20, 2013, include information for Tecnoglass Holding and its subsidiaries.

In December 2016, as part of our strategy to vertically integrate our operations, we acquired 100% of the stock of ESW LLC, 85.06% of which was acquired directly2019 by the Company and 14.94% by our subsidiary ES, for a total purchase price of $13.5 million, which consisted of (i) 734,400 ordinary shares issued in connection with the transaction for approximately $9.2 million based on a stock price of $12.50, (ii) approximately $2.3 million in cash, and (iii) approximately $2.0 million related to the assignment of certain accounts receivable.

As the Acquisition of ESW LLC was deemed to be a transaction between entities under common control, the assets and liabilities were transferred at the historical cost of ESW LLC, with prior periods retroactively adjusted to include the historical financial results of the acquired company for the period they were controlled by the previous owners of ESW LLC in the Company’s financial statements. The following information includes the financial information as originally reported and as adjusted.

The number of basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding prior to the acquisition of ESW LLC includes 272,905 shares issued after the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 were issued related to a stock dividend in November 2016.

The following table includes a reconciliation of the financial information for the year ended December 31, 2016 as being reported, the net effect of the ESW acquisition after elimination of intercompany transactions, and the financial information that would have been, had the Company not acquired ESW LLC:

Our Business

General

We are a leading manufacturer of hi-spec architectural glass and windows for the western hemisphere residential and commercial construction industries, operating through our direct and indirect subsidiaries.Glass Magazine. Headquartered in Barranquilla, Colombia, we operatethe Company operates out of a 2.7 million square foot vertically-integrated, state-of-the-art manufacturing complex that provides easy access to the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.

We sell our products to more than 900 Tecnoglass supplies over 1,000 customers in North, Central and South America. TheAmerica, with the United States accountedaccounting for approximately 62% and 59%80% of our combined revenues in 2016 and 2015, respectively, while Colombia accounted for approximately 32% and 34%, and Panama for approximately 3% and 3% of our combined revenues in those years, respectively. Ourrevenues. Tecnoglass’ tailored, high-end products are found on some of the world’s most distinctive properties, including the El Dorado Airport (Bogota), 50 UNUnited Nations Plaza (New York), UB Law (Baltimore) Fordham University Law School (New York), Soho MallTrump Plaza (Panama), Brickell City CentreIcon Bay (Miami), Wesleyan (Houston) and the El Dorado Airport (Bogota)Salesforce Tower (San Francisco).

On May 3, 2019, we consumated a joint venture agreement with Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A. (“Saint-Gobain”), a world leader in the production of float glass, a key component of our manufacturing process, whereby we acquired a 25.8% minority ownership interest in Vidrio Andino Holdings S.A.S (“Vidirio Andino”), a Colombia-based subsidiary of Saint-Gobain. The purchase price for our interest in Vidrio Andino was $45 million, of which $34.1 million was paid in cash and $10.9 million will be paid through the contribution of land on our behalf by our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer, José M. Daes and Christian T. Daes in the first quarter of 2020. Vidrio Andino’s float glass plant located in the outskirts of Bogota, Colombia had been one of our main suppliers of raw glass. We beleive this transaction will solidify our vertical integration strategy by acquiring an interest in the first stage of our production chain, while securing ample glass supply for our expected production needs.

Additionally, the joint venture agreement includes plans to build a new plant in Galapa, Colombia that will be located approximately 20 miles from our primary manufacturing facility, in which we will also have a 25.8% interest. The new plant will be funded with proceeds from the original cash contribution made by the Company, operating cashflows from the Bogota plant, debt incurred at the joint venture level that will not consolidate into the Company and a potential additional contribution by us of approximately $12.5 million to be paid between 2020 and 2021.

Our Business

General

We are a vertically-integrated manufacturer, supplier and installer of architectural glass, windows and associated aluminum products for the global commercial and residential construction markets. With a focus on innovation, combined with providing highly specified products with the highest quality standards at competitive prices, we have developed a leadership position in each of our core markets. In the United States, which is our largest market, we were ranked as the second largest glass fabricator in 2019 by Glass Magazine. In addition, we believe we are the leading glass transformation company in Colombia. Our customers, which include developers, general contractors or installers for hotels, office buildings, shopping centers, airports, universities, hospitals and multi-family and residential buildings, look to us as a leading manufacturervalue-added partner based on our product development capabilities, our high quality products and our unwavering commitment to exceptional service.

We have more than 35 years of experience in architectural glass and aluminum profile structure assembly. We transform a variety of glass products, installed primarily in commercial and residential buildings, including tempered safety, double thermo-acoustic and laminated glass. TecnoglassOur finished glass products are installed in hotels, residential buildings, commercial and corporate centers, universities, airports and hospitals in a wide variety of buildings across a number of different applications, such asincluding floating facades, curtain walls, windows, doors, handrails, and interior and bathroom spatial dividers. In 2015 Tecnoglass established its Solartec plant, toWe also produce low emissivity glass with high thermal insulation specifications using soft coat technology.

Tecnoglass also produces aluminum products such as profiles, rods, bars, plates and other hardware used in the manufacturemanufacturing of windows. In 2007, Tecnoglass established its Alutions plant

Our products are manufactured in a 2.7 million square foot, state-of-the-art manufacturing complex in Barranquilla, Colombia for extrusion, smelting, paintingthat provides easy access to North, Central and anodizing processes,South America, the Caribbean and for exporting, importing and marketing aluminum products. The Alutions plant contributes allthe Pacific. Our products can be found on some of the raw materials needed for productionmost distinctive buildings in these regions, including El Dorado Airport (Bogota), 50 United Nations Plaza (New York), Trump Plaza (Panama), Icon Bay (Miami), and Salesforce Tower (San Francisco). Our track record of Tecnoglass aluminum products.successfully delivering high profile projects has earned us an increasing number of opportunities across the United States, evidenced by our expanding backlog and overall revenue growth.

Glass Magazine ranked Tecnoglass as the second largest glass fabricator serving the U.S. market in 2016. We believe that itOur structural competitive advantage is the leading glass transformation companyunderpinned by our low-cost manufacturing footprint, vertically integrated business model and geographic location. Our integrated facilities in Colombia capturing 40% of the market shareand distribution and services operations in the country by salesFlorida provide us with a significant cost advantage in both manufacturing and volume.distribution, and we continue to invest in these operations to expand our operational capabilities. Our lower cost manufacturing footprint allows us to offer competitive prices for our customers, while also providing innovative, high quality and high value-added products, together with consistent and reliable service. We have historically generated high margin organic growth based on our position as a value-added solutions provider for our customers.

The Company is alsoWe have a leader in the production of high-end windows, with more than 33 years of experience in the glass and aluminum structure assembly market in Colombia. The Company designs, manufactures, markets and installs architectural systems for high, medium and low rise construction, glass and aluminum windows and doors, office dividers and interiors, floating facades and commercial display windows.

The Company has an important and dominantstrong presence in the Florida market, which has historically represented (and continues to represent)represents a substantial portion of our total salesrevenue stream and backlog. The Company grewOur success in the Florida market not onlyhas primarily been achieved through sustained organic growth, but also through the asset acquisitionswith further penetration now taking place into other highly populated areas of Glasswall LLC and RC Aluminum, both in 2014, and the recent acquisition of ESW (formerly a related party), which would reinforce our vertical integration strategy and expansion strategy into U.S. markets. ES has expanded its U.S. sales outside of the Florida market for windows, and into the high-tech market for curtain walls, a product that is in high demand and we believe represents a new trend in architecture, and floating façades. For example, it has been used in El Dorado Airport (Bogotá), University of Baltimore Law School (Baltimore) and Via 57 West (New York). Due to the sophistication of these new products, we believe that we can generate higher margins through the sale of curtain walls as compared to traditional window frames or floor-to-ceiling windows. Curtain walls produced by the Company are composed of high performance materials produced by Alutions, our aluminum smelting plant, and our glass treatment plant.

In 2014, we established two entities in South Florida, Tecno LLC and Tecno RE, to acquire manufacturing and warehousing facilities, customer lists and exclusive design permits in order to support sales growth in the United States. We will continue to manufacture our products at our facilities in Barranquilla, Colombia while performing select manufacturing and light assembly in the U.S. to enhance client service and create certain cost efficiencies.

In Panama, ES sells products primarily to companies participating in large construction projects in the exclusive areas of Panama City. For example, ES products were supplied in the construction of the tallest building in Central and South America, The Point, as well as in the construction of other modern hotels in the region, such as Megapolis, and in the development of the Soho Plaza, a complex consisting of a shopping mall and two skyscrapers.

As part of our strategy to become a fully vertically integrateintegrated company, we have supplemented our operations, on December 2,organic growth with some acquisitions that have allowed us added control over our supply chain allowed for further vertical integration of our business and will act as a platform for our future expansion in the United States. In 2016, we acquired 100% ofcompleted the stockacquisition of ESW, LLC, for a total purchase pricewhich gave us control over the distribution of $13.5 million. Since 2004,products into the United States from our manufacturing facilities in Colombia. In March 2017, we have a strategic commercial relationship with ESW LLC, a Florida-based company partially owned by Christian T. Daes and José M. Daes, who are also our executive officers and directors, up onto recent acquisition. ESW LLC acts as onecompleted the acquisition of ES’s importers and distributors in the U.S. and is a member of the American Architectural Manufacturers Association, a technical information center for the architecture industry with highest standards. ESW LLC sends project specifications and orders from its clients to ES, and in turn, receives pricing quotes from ES which are conveyed to the client.

As a subsequent event, on March 1, 2017, the Company entered into and consummated a purchase agreement with Giovanni Monti, the owner of 100% of the outstanding shares of GM&P. GM&P, is a consulting and glazing contracting company locatedinstallation business that was previously our largest installation customer.

On May 3, 2019, we consummated the joint venture agreement with Saint-Gobain, acquiring a 25.8% minority ownership interest in Miami, Florida with over 15 yearsVidrio Andino, a Colombia-based subsidiary of experienceSaint-Gobain, solidifying our vertical integration strategy by acquiring an interest in the design and installationfirst stage of various building enclosure systems such as curtain window walls andour production chain, while securing ample glass supply for our expected production needs. Additionally, in April 2019, ESMetals, a long-standing commercial relationship with the Company, working alongside itColombian entity in different projects within the U.S, by providing engineering and installation services to those projects. The Company acquired all of the shares of GM&P for a purchase price of $35 million, of which the Company will pay $6 millionhas 70% equity interest began operations. ESMetals serves as a metalwork contractor to supply the Company with steel accessories used in the assembly of certain architectural systems as part of our vertical integration strategy.

The continued diversification of the purchasegroup’s presence and product portfolio is a core component of our strategy. In particular, we are actively seeking to expand our presence in the United States outside of Florida. We also launched a residential windows offering which, we believe, will help us expand our presence in the United States and generate additional organic growth. We believe that the quality of our products, coupled with our ability to price competitively given our structural advantages on cost, will allow us to generate further growth in cash within the 60 days following the closing date and the remaining $29 million of the purchase price to be payable on or before September 1, 2017 in cash, our ordinary shares or a combination of both, at our sole option.

future.

Competitive Strengths

Our success has been grounded in our ability to offer high quality products at the most competitive prices. We are able to competitively price our products, while still achieving strong margins, due to a number of unique cost advantages. In addition to our vertically integrated business model, we benefit from structural cost advantages in manufacturing and distribution due to our geographic location. Alongside these structural advantages, we are committed to quality, product innovation and customer service. We believe these competitive strengths create a significant barrier to entry, which is underpinned and sustained by the experience of our senior management team and the loyalty of our highly motivated employees.

Vertical Integration

We believe we are unique within the industry in vertically integrating the purchasepurchasing of raw materials the manufacture of glass and aluminum products and the subsequent productionmanufacturing, distribution and distributioninstallation of customized glass and windows for architectural and industrial settings.our products. By vertically integrating each of these functions, we are able to priceeliminate inefficiencies throughout the supply chain and generate strong margins. These efficiencies are only enhanced as our products competitivelybusiness grows and we benefit from operating leverage and economies of scale. In particular, our May 3, 2019 joint venture with Saint-Gobain has solidified our vertical integration strategy by providing us with an interest in the first stage of our production chain, while maintainingsecuring ample glass supply for our expected production needs.

This business model also allows us to maintain strict quality control, measuresfrom the sourcing of input materials to guarantee the high qualityinstallation of our finished products. Additionally, we benefit from significant advantages in efficiencyOur vertically integrated business model therefore enables us to provide consistent high-quality products to our end-customers. Ownership of the entire production process also reduces our dependence on third parties, allowing us to respond more quickly to our customers’ needs and time-to-marketreducing lead-times for new or customized products. This vertically integrated model provides attractive margins with significant operating leverage.

Ideally situated,Cost of Production Advantages

We enjoy significant cost advantages because of our location in Colombia that we would not be able to realize if our production facility was located in the United States. We believe we are able to offer competitive prices, in part, as a result of our low labor and energy costs relative to those in the United States while maintaining efficient transportation costs into the markets we serve. Employees at our manufacturing facilities in Colombia earn above the local minimum wage, yet these wages are typically less than one quarter of the cost of a comparable employee located within the United States. In 2018, we completed a solar panel project with easy accessthe capacity to cost-efficient transport hubsgenerate approximately five megawatts of eco-friendly energy on-site at our manufacturing facilities. This investment has allowed us to reduce energy costs, while also having a positive tax effect due to our ability to deduct the investment from our taxable income in compliance with applicable Colombian tax regulations.

Low-Cost Distribution

Our principal manufacturing facilities arefacility is located in Barranquilla, Colombia, which is strategically located near three of the country’s major ports: Barranquilla, Cartagena and Santa Marta. These ports which are no more than two hours’ drive from each other, provide us with maritime access to all major markets globally.global markets. The Barranquilla port is just 16 kilometers away from our production facilities,facility. From there, our products can be shipped to Miami in three days and shipping to Miami’s main port is a three-day journey, six days to New York and 11 days to Los Angeles (through the Panama Canal). Our location provides a significant competitive advantage in light of the relatively low cost of shippingfour days. In addition, for short lead-time projects, our products can be transported by air from Barranquilla to Houston or Miami within a few hours.

As a result of the U.S. (particularly Florida) as comparedsignificant trade imbalance between Colombia and the United States for goods transported in container ships, we are able to transport our products to the United States in containers that would otherwise return empty to the United States. We are therefore able to distribute our products to the eastern, southern and western regions of the United States at very attractive rates, which are often lower than a comparable domestic land shipment within the United States. Demand for high-specification architectural glass is typically highest in large coastal cities, which we are able to ship to directly, while most of our competitors must utilize relatively expensive land transportation services to deliver finished goods to these sites.

Commitment to Quality and Innovation

Our commitment to quality is evidenced by our significant recent investments in machinery and equipment. Since 2012, we have invested nearly $300 million in the latest technologies to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of our production lines, and ultimately to improve the quality of the products that we deliver to our main competitors located elsewhere, even includingcustomers. We believe these significant investments position us to meet our competitors locatedgrowth objectives over the next several years. We operate state-of-the-art glass making equipment, glass laminating lines, aluminum presses and high-volume insulating equipment which facilitate more precise manufacturing, enabling us to offer a broader selection of and higher quality products and remain agile in Midwest U.S. responding to customer demands, while generating less raw material waste.

We believe our investments in technology within recent years have positioned us well for continued growth, improved profitability and enhanced cash generation in the years ahead. Recent examples of our investments include:

Our quality assurance department maintains rigorous oversight over the production process to ensure the consistent production of high quality products. In addition, we adhere to quality standards that meet all guidelines and requirements for the Insulating Glass Certification Council (IGCC) and Safety Glazing Certification Council (SGCC) certification programs.

Finally, our commitment to quality also extends to our partnerships and alliances. Most notably, for certain products we offer Kuraray Sentryglass®. These laminated glass interlayers are five times stronger than conventional laminating materials.

On September 20, 2018, we entered an agreement with Schüco USA LLLP (“Schüco”), a division of the Schüco International KG, a worldwide leader of architectural systems headquartered in Germany, with more than 60 years of experience and a presence in over 80 countries. Schüco is known for its expertise in the innovative design of building envelopes, windows, doors and facade systems, for the construction industry. This agreement enables Tecnoglass to manufacture and sell Schüco’s architectural systems to customers in North, Central and South America, alongside our existing ESWindows products. Additionally, Tecnoglass will extrude and paint aluminum profile designs as part of Schüco’s global supply chain primarily for products sold in the United States. This agreement allows Tecnoglass to expand its portfolio and offer more solutions to its clients with high-end, renowned designs.

Superior Customer Service

In addition to very positive impact on cost structure,manufacturing high quality products at competitive prices, our strategic location allows us to be more responsivecustomer value proposition is supplemented by short lead-times, on-time delivery and after-sale support. Through the coordinated efforts of our sales teams, product specialists and field service teams, we deliver high quality service to our customers’ requirements.customers, from the initial order to the delivery and installation of our products. We believe our ability to accompany our clients throughout every phase of their projects’ engineering, consulting, manufacturing and installation along with our ability to coordinate these efforts as a one-stop-shop is a key differentiator from our competition.

High Barriers to Entry

Entry into manyThe ability of new competitors to enter the markets that we serve is limited due to the technical certifications required on high specification building projects, such as IGCC, IqNet Icontec 14001 and ISO9001. OurWe attribute our success, in those markets is due in large part, to our ability to produce a broad range of sophisticated products, the breadth of our product offering andas well as our reputation for delivering high quality, made-to-order architectural glass on time. These factors are required to compete successfully for multimillion dollar projects typical of our business. GivenOur employees have extensive training, knowledge and experience at manufacturing high specification products. We believe the vertically-integrated nature of our operations including the aluminum extrusion products provided by TG,means that there is a more limited set of competitorsare high barriers to successfully entering our markets and entry into these markets.competing with us on price, quality and agility. In addition, the equipment needed to operate in the glass and window industry is expensive, therefore requiring a significant upfront capital investment. In addition, our ES Windows University provides training to our employees ensuring a dedicated and loyal work force, giving us an advantage that potential competitors lack, as they may not be able to bear the cost of providing similar training or retaining similarly trained employees.

InnovationLoyal and Highly Motivated Employees

Capitalizing on our various competitive advantages also requires a skilled and dedicated workforce. We have made significant investments in machineryactively encourage and equipment in orderfacilitate the development of our employees through rolling training programs, with multiple training sessions held every week. These programs increase the skills of our employees and are designed to deployallow our employees to keep pace with the latestnew technologies being installed at our manufacturing facilities. We are committed to developing our employees and remaining at the forefront of technology in our production lines. We have state-of-the-art glass making equipment, glass laminating lines and high-volume insulating equipment, which allow for a more precise and high quality manufacturing less raw material waste and the chance of developing new products. Being able to employ state-of-the-art technology is a competitive differentiator that (i) allows us to produce higher-quality products creating a competitive pricing advantage that can translate into higher margins, (ii) allows for less material waste and a more energy efficient process, and (iii) enables the manufacturing of a broader array of products.

industry. These investments in machinery and equipment, togetherhave also helped us manage workplace injuries, with our highly trained labor force, allow us to offer state-of-the-art custom designed products that are tailored to meet customer demands.

Competitive cost structurerate of one accident per 30 workers per year, being substantially lower than the average of one accident per 12 workers per year for manufacturing companies in Colombia.

We provide high quality products to our customers at competitive prices primarily as a result of the efficiencies we achieve through vertical integration and comparatively low labor costs. Our ES Windows University provides training tovalue our employees ensuring a dedicated and loyal work force that works efficientlyinvest in them and also is less susceptible to workplace injuries. These competitive advantages give us greater flexibility in pricing without adversely affecting our profit margins and allow our products to be competitive in a variety of markets.

Superior Customer Service

In addition to manufacturing high quality products, our value proposition to our customers is based on industry-leading lead times, on-time delivery and superior after-sale support. Through the coordinated efforts of our sales teams, product specialists, and field service teams, we deliver high quality service to our customers, from the time the initial order is placed through the delivery and installation of our products. By providing an efficient flow of product from order through delivery, our manufacturing processes allow us to deliver made-to-order products consistently on time, which we believe is an important competitive strength.

Management Experience

José Daes, our chief executive officer, and Christian Daes, our chief operating officer, have more than 30 years of industry experience, respectively. In addition, our executive management teams have worked together for many years at our operating subsidiaries. This long tenure in the industry, and as a team, has enabled our management to build significant relationships with both clients and field level management. We believe that these relationships, coupled with management’s strong technical expertise, create a significant competitive advantage.

Strong relationship with local communities

their communities. For several decades, we have had committed resources to improving the quality of life of our employees and thelocal communities. Our foundation, “Fundación Tecnoglass,” provides local communities, surrounding our plants. As a result of these initiatives, we have developed close and cooperative relationships with local communities in Colombia, which are supported by several social responsibility initiatives we have undertaken. We view our employees as key to our historical and future success and therefore have focused initiatives of our non-for-profit,Fundación Tecnoglass,on offering our employees and their families the resources to purchasewith assistance purchasing or improve theirimproving homes through thePrograma de Mejora de Vivienda. Additionally, our foundation offers educational stipends forand facilitating higher education pursuits.scholarships. During 2016, 602019, over 200 families were benefited from ourPrograma de Mejora de Vivienda, and currently we are sponsoring 128 employees and their children through our scholarship program,Programa de Becas.these initiatives. Fundación Tecnoglass also supports a school provides funding for primarydifferent local schools looking to improve social transformation and secondary educationcommunity development. Vive Bailando and Colombia Campo para Crecer, are youth oriented programs in the La PazLas Flores neighborhood (local community near Tecnoglass’ headquarters) has positively impacted more than 180 families in Barranquilla, Colombia, and, in collaboration withFundación Pacific Rubiales,Fundación Colombia Somos Todos and soccer star James Rodriguez,less than a year. Additionally, we support children in vulnerable neighborhoods to thrive through sports, with around 400 children participating to date, among several other social welfare programs designed to lend supportdonate our recyclable glass to the most vulnerable citizens in Barranquillafoundation, which sells it to local recycling cooperatives and its surrounding communities. All ofuses the proceeds to fund scholarships for Company employees. We believe these initiatives have allowed us to maintain an excellenta strong relationship with our employees, which in which weturn has ensured a skilled, motivated and loyal workforce with low levels of turnover. We have been able to maintain a labor union free environmentremained union-free since our incorporation.incorporation in 1984.

Strategy

We have identified the following itemsstrategic priorities that we believe are important in advancing our business:

DevelopmentFurther Geographic Penetration in the United States

We have successfully established a leading reputation in the Florida construction market by providing high value, impact-resistant architectural glass products. Our products have become widely regarded in Florida for their quality and are certified in compliance with all U.S. regulations. Since 2016, the United States region has grown from 67% of additional high-valueour backlog to 90% of our backlog as of December 31, 2019.

Sales in Florida comprised 89% of United States revenue in the year ended December 31, 2019. In recent years, we have begun to successfully grow our geographic presence in the United States outside of Florida, particularly into markets along the east coast, and as a result, 35% of our U.S. Backlog is for projects outside of Florida. Coastal markets are particularly attractive to us, as they can be directly accessed by ship, resulting in transportation costs from our manufacturing facilities that are similar to our transportation costs to Florida. These regions are also affected by hurricanes, significant temperature fluctuations and other extreme forms of weather that foster demand for our products. We are actively expanding our sales presence in these costal markets and have already successfully completed several projects in large U.S. markets such as New York, Boston, Washington D.C. and Baltimore as well as cities along the U.S. Gulf Coast, such as Houston.

We intend to continue growing the business organically outside of Florida. As we explore growth opportunities in new U.S. markets, we intend to leverage the strong reputation we have developed with national commercial construction contractors, architects and designers for providing high quality products supportedat the most competitive prices.

Penetrate the U.S. Residential Market

In April 2017 we launched “ES Windows: Elite Collection” and “ES Windows: Prestige Collection” to target the U.S. residential new and replacement sectors. We have received positive interest for the new products to date and positive reactions from our customers. Although residential sales represent a relatively small portion of our sales today, we believe it will be a significant source of growth for us in the future. Our U.S. residential market sales represent 15% of our total sales for the year ended December 31, 2019. The U.S. residential housing construction market exceeded $541 billion in spending during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 according to the United States Census Bureau. Residential housing starts are expected to increase by continued investmentsmore than 6% during 2020, according to Evercore ISI research. We believe that our core strengths that have facilitated our success to date, namely the quality of our products and the structural cost advantages that allows us to price our products competitively, will similarly contribute to our success in equipment and state-of-the-art technology.residential window sales.

Continued Investment in Technology to Meet Evolving Demands

We have a track record of developing innovative new products, and willwe intend to continue toour focus on capitalizing on new product opportunities in the future. We are constantly identify shiftingidentifying shifts in global trends and growing marketplacecustomer needs, and design proposalsdesigning new products to meet those needs.changes in demand. In order to continue this success, it is critical that we invest in the latest technologies available in our industry. For instance,example, with the installation of our new soft coatingsoft-coating facility, we are now able to manufacture low emissivity glass that is energy efficient and will allow us to service ameet growing market that demandsdemand for “green” initiatives.products.

We operate state-of-the-art architectural glass making equipment, glass laminating lines, aluminum presses and high-volume insulating equipment, which facilitate more precise manufacturing and generate less raw material waste. We will seek to leverage our existingthis platform of cutting-edge production facilitiesequipment to adapt our products to evolving demands for structural architectural glass in ourboth current markets and evaluate opportunities to enter new markets. We expect that our reputation and proven track-record offocus on innovation, which is founded upon our investments in technology, will position us well to take advantage of thesenew opportunities.

We madeAdditionally, the Company is carrying out enhancements at its glass and aluminum facilities to increase production capacity and automate operations. The Company anticipates that these high return investments will speed up production processes in response to strong customer demand, especially for aluminum products. The Company expects to improve efficiency in its glass production by automating certain processes to increase capacity, while reducing material waste and overall lead times. In its aluminum operations, the Company intends to benefit from a 25% increase in capacity and favorable operating leverage with the addition of an aggregatealuminum furnace and a new extrusion line, along with working capital improvements through the automation of $136.8 million from 2014 to 2015, and $42.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016, including:

Additionally, we arewarehousing systems. The Company completed this aluminum capacity expansion in the processmiddle of implementing new technologiesJuly of 2019 and implemented its automation initiatives, with a total anticipated of approximately $23 million with this funding being executed since the end of 2018 and expected to produce tempered glass that offers notably more transparencybe completed by the first quarter of 2020. The Company expects to continue funding these capital investments mainly with significantly less distortion than industry standard using air cushion technology, as well as new technology used to produce curved glass in a broad range of easily modifiable curvatures. Additionally, in 2014 we started producing architectural systems that integrate LED lighting allowing the façade of the building to display different colors and patterns. We further intend to explore expanding our operation to provide value-added glass products such as our soft-coated low-emissivity window panes that minimize the effect of solar heat.cash on hand.

We believe these innovative products will provide us with a competitive edge. The continued development of new products with the corresponding investments in technology, allows usRigorous Adherence to support our track-record of innovation and allow for continued customer demand by fulfilling ever-changing needs.

Manufacture the highest quality products in the market through a rigorous quality assurance programQuality Standards

Our plantsMaintaining the high quality standards for which we have become known is essential to the execution of our strategy. All of our internal processes are organized internally by processes, each of which iscontinually and independently and continually supervised by theTecnoglass’ Quality Assurance department. The Quality Assurance department maintains rigorous oversight overof optimization indicators covering energy, water, recyclable waste and process optimizationother facets of the production process. Constant monitoring of these indicators in orderis integral to ensuring that we consistently produce high quality sustainable products. Our quality assurance control system has established the measures and indicators necessary for the inspections implemented over the reception of materials, production process and final products. Additionally, betweenBetween 5% and 10% of our production is randomly chosen, is sent to our laboratoriesselected to verify compliance with a variety of quality standards, such as water leaks, functionality, manufacturing and accessories, through tests undertaken according to ASTM International (ASTM) and AAMAAmerican Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) rules. We have implemented these

These measures in orderallow us to reach an effective control in detecting potentialeffectively detect issues and to take the specific actions to mitigate their occurrence. By providingreoccurrence. As we grow and our use of technology evolves, our Quality Assurance team must also evolve its tests, controls and remedies. We believe this rigorous adherence to quality control will ensure that we will continue to provide the highest quality products and, ensuring they meet the highest standards of quality, we seek to ensureultimately, promote customer satisfaction and loyalty.satisfaction.

Continued vertical integration provides margin enhancement

We benefit from having our key operating companies and processes operating together at a combined facility, providing advantages in meeting customer and market needs, controlling supply chain issues and managing operating costs. By continuing to operate as a vertically integrated company, we seek to further enhance productivity, create cost efficiencies and increase operating margins. In recent developments, we strive to further vertically integrate the operations of the Company through the acquisition of ESW LLC, an importer and distributor of Company products in the U.S in December 2016. Furthermore, on March 1, 2017, the Company acquired GM&P, a South Florida glazing contracting company to incorporate the design and installation of various building enclosure systems such as curtain window walls and a long-standing commercial relationship with the Company, working alongside it in different projects within the U.S, by providing engineering and installation services to those projects.

Leverage strength in Florida market to further penetrate U.S.

We believe we have an established and leading presence in the Florida construction market as providers of high value, impact-resistant glass products. ES’s hurricane-proof products are certified in compliance with the stringent requirements of hurricane-proof windows in accordance with applicable U.S. regulations. With a quality of product proven by our success and compliance in the impact-resistant market, we have successfully entered the U.S. remodeling and replacement parts market. In addition, we have grown geographically in the U.S., particularly into other coastal markets on the East Coast which are affected by hurricanes, significant temperature fluctuations and other extreme weather. As we continue to explore opportunities in other markets in the U.S., we intend to leverage the strong reputation we have developed in markets such as Florida to take advantage of a resurgent commercial and residential real estate sector.

Continue to leverage strength in Colombia market to further penetrate Latin America

With a strong base in Colombia, we have already successfully expanded into nearby geographies. Our glass products are featured in major construction projects in Argentina, Aruba, Costa Rica, Panama and Puerto Rico. As the construction market throughout Latin America grows, we are positioned to capture new growth in the markets we have currently penetrated, as well as in new high growth countries. We will also take advantage of our geographical location to deliver products to South American markets at relatively low shipping and operating cost.

Maintain fast and reliable delivery to customers due to strategic location

From the Port of Barranquilla, products can be transported to Panama by air in one hour and to Houston and Miami within two hours, within two days by sea to Panama and within four days by sea to Houston and Miami. Our ability to deliver our products on a timely basis complements the relatively low cost of shipping our products from Barranquilla to Florida and supports the value of our strategic location. As a result of this strategic location, we are able to meet the requirements of architectures and developers who seek to obtain building products on a schedule that does not interfere with their construction progress. As we target different projects and markets, we will seek to take advantage of our unique delivery capabilities to satisfy demands of the construction industry.

Products

The Company manufacturesWe manufacture and sellssell the following products:

Soft Coat Glass - manufactured by depositing metal particles on the surface of the glass inside a vacuum chamber. This product offers excellent thermal insulation designed to improve energy efficiency of buildings.

Laminated/Thermo-Laminated Glass - produced by bonding two glass sheets with an intermediate film in-between. As a safety feature, this product fractures into small pieces if it breaks.

Thermo-Acoustic Glass - manufactured with two or more glass sheets separated by an aluminum or micro-perforated steel profile. This product has a double-seal system that ensures the unit’s tightness, buffering noise and improving thermal control. This product serves as an excellent noise barrier, which is used especially in zones close to airports, traffic or wherever there are unpleasant sounds.

Tempered Glass - glass subject to a tempering process through elevated temperatures resulting in greater superficial elasticity and resistance than conventional glass.

Silk-Screened Glass - special paint is applied to glass using automatic machinery and numerical control which ensures paint homogeneity and an excellent finish.

Curved Glass - produced by bending a flat glass sheet over a mold, using an automated heat process, which maintains the glass’ physical properties.

Digital Print Glass - digital printing allows any kind of appearance required by the client, offering versatility to projects.

The Company’s aluminum products sold through its Alutions brand include bars, plates, profiles, rods and tubes used primarily in the manufacture of architectural glass settings including windows, doors, spatial separators and similar products.

Floating facades - act as a window screen hanging outside a building and are available in many technical specifications and profiles to define colors, thickness, glass types and finishes, and types of ventilation and design complements.

Windows and Doors - line of window and door products defined by the different types of glass finish, such as normal, impact resistant, hurricane-proof, safety, soundproof and thermal. Additionally, they are available in numerous structures, including fixed body, sliding windows, projecting windows, guillotine windows, sliding doors and swinging doors.

Commercial display windows - commercial and interior display windows with a broad range of profiles, colors and crystal finishes. Products combine functionality, aesthetics and elegance and are available in a broad range of structures and materials.

Hurricane-proof windows - combine heavy-duty aluminum or vinyl frames with special laminated glass to provide protection from hurricane-force winds up to 180 mph and wind-borne debris by maintaining their structural integrity and preventing penetration by impacting objects.

Automatic doors - exclusive representative in Colombia of Horton Automatics, a manufacturer of automatic doors including glass window systems.

Bathroom dividers - bathroom cubicle division systems, formed by combining glass panels, frames and doors.

Other- polyvinyl structures and other components of architectural systems.

Brands and Trademarks

Our main brands includeare Tecnoglass, ES WindowsESWindows and Alutions. Our registered trademarks include “Alutions by Tecnoglass” with the accompanying logo, “ECOMAX by ESWINDOWS”, “Tecnobend”, “Tecnoair”, “ESWINDOWS Interiors”, “ESW Windows and “Alutions”Walls”, “Solartec by Tecnoglass”, “Prestige by ESWINDOWS”, “Eli by ESWINDOWS”, and “Alessia by ESWINDOWS”.

Sales, Marketing and Customer Service

Sales and marketingMarketing

Our sales strategy primarily focuses on attracting and retaining customers by consistently providing exceptional customer service, leading product quality, and competitive pricing. Our customers also value our shorter lead times, knowledge of building code requirements and technical expertise, which collectively generate significant customer loyalty. Our products are marketed using a combination of internal sales representatives, independent sales representatives and directly to distributors. Our internal sales representatives receive a portion of their performance-based compensation based on sales and profitability metrics. We primarily market our products based on product quality, outstanding service, shorter lead times and on-time delivery.

Our products are marketed using a combination of internal sales representatives, independent sales representatives and directly to distributors. We employ abelieve this strategy is highly efficient numberfor our business. Our internal sales representatives receive a portion of in-housetheir performance-based compensation based on sales employees. Mostand profitability metrics. Additionally, some of our sales and marketing efforts are handled by area sales representatives who work on a commission basis.

We do not rely on significant traditional advertising expenditures to drive net sales. We have established and maintain credibility primarily through the strength of our products, our customer service and quality assurance, the speed at which we deliver finished products and the attractiveness of our pricing. Our advertising expenditures consist primarily of maintaining our subsidiaries’ websites.

Customer Service

We believe that our ability to provide customers outstanding service quality serves as a strong competitive differentiator. Our customer relationships are established and maintained through the coordinated efforts of our sales and production teams. We employ a highly responsive and efficient team of professionals devoted to addressing customer support with the goal of resolving any issue in a timely manner. In order to promote customer loyalty and employee development, we developed ES Windows Universityan employee training program with the primary objectives of training employeeseducating our staff to be aware of client and supplier needs and familiarizing them with our strategic goals in order to improve the competitiveness, productivity and quality of all products offered.

Working Capital Requirements

Our principalDuring the year ended December 31, 2019, we generated $27.0 million cash from operating activities. Despite the challenge imposed by working capital required to grow sales by 16% year-over-year during 2019, higher profitability coupled with efficient inventorty management allowed such inventories to generate $8.4 million. The main use of cash is related towas trade accounts receivable, which amounted to $26.0used $19.6 million, and $29.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Such use is directly correlated with the company´s ongoing growth and an industry related longer cash cycle. These receivables are often associated to sophisticated, long-lead projects that typically have longer collection periods as distributors also have to collect from end-users, and for that, certain performance conditions must always be met. Additionally, the Company´s strategy continues to include further geographical diversification into more distant markets within the United States, which also may contribute to longer collection cycles. Albeit these factors, the Company doesn’t foresee a deterioration in its ability to collect from its direct or indirect clients (as evidenced by its relatively stableresult of increasing sales, while days sales outstanding relation without accounting for foreign currency translation) and by its very low receivables write-off. The Company continues to focus on ways to improve collection times with some of its most representative clients.

Our inventory requirements are not as significant since our products are made-to-order rather than build-to-stock and as such, inventory levels follow customer orders. During 2016, the Company spent a fair amount of time and resources undertaking “lean manufacturing” best practices with and external consultant and as a result, it was able to better manage inventory levels and improve turnover during the year.

remained relatively stable.

Customers

Our customers include architects, building owners, general contractors and glazing subcontractors in the commercial construction market. We have over 9001,000 customers. Of our 100 most representative customers, which represent over 88%83% of our sales, about 52%82% are located in North America, 4%1% in Central America and the Caribbean, and 44%17% in South America. Only oneNo single customer GM&P Consulting and Glazing, accounted for more than 10% or more of our net sales during 2016 and 2015 with 26% and 14% of salesrevenues during the yearyears ended December 31, 20162019 and 2015, respectively. On March 1, 2017 the Company entered into and consummated a purchase agreement with Giovanni Monti, the owner of 100% of the outstanding shares of GM&P. With the acquisition of GM&P, the Company has reduced its customer risk concentration and dependence on a single client.2018.

Backlog

We had a combined outstanding ordersbacklog of $396$541.7 million as of December 31, 2016 as compared to $3752019, and $515 million as of December 31, 2015.2018. We do not believe that backlog is indicative of our future results of operations or prospects. Although we seek commitments from customers well in advance of shipment dates, actual confirmed orders are typically not received until close to the required shipment dates.

Materials and Suppliers

Our primary manufacturing materials include glass, ionoplast, polyvinyl butyral, and aluminum and vinyl extrusions. Although in some instances we have agreements with our suppliers, these agreements are generally terminable by us or the supplier counterparties on limited notice. Typically, all of our materials are readily available from a number of sources, and no supplier delays or shortages are anticipated.

We source raw materials and glass necessary to manufacture our products from a variety of domestic and foreign suppliers. ForDuring the year ended December 31, 2016,2019 three suppliers individually accounted for more than 10% of total raw material purchases, which in aggregate represent 38%represented 37% of raw material purchases. Forpurchases, including Vidrio Andino SAS, from which we purchased 10% of our raw material purchases, and with whom we created a joint venture in March 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2015, no single supplier2018 three suppliers individually accounted for more than 10% of total raw material purchases.purchases, which in aggregate represented 37% of raw material purchases, including Vidrio Andino, from whom we purchased 12%.

Warranties

We offer product warranties, which we believe are competitive for the markets in which our products are sold. The nature and extent of these warranties depend upon the product. Our standard warranties are generally from five to ten years for architectural glass, curtain wall, laminated and tempered glass, window and door products. Warranties are not priced or sold separately and do not provide the customer with services or coverages in addition to the assurance that the product complies with original agreed-upon specifications. In the event of a claim against a product for which we have received a warranty from the supplier, we transfer the claim back to the supplier.

The Company evaluated historical information regarding claims for replacements undercost associated with product warranties was $2,453and $957 during the years ended December 31, 2019 and concluded that the costs that the Company has incurred in relation to these warranties have not been material.2018, respectively.

Certifications

Among our many designations and certifications, Tecnoglass has earned the Miami-Dade County Notice of Acceptance (“NOA”), one of the most demanding certificates in the industry and a requirement to market hurricane-resistant glass in Florida. Tecnoglass’ products comply with Miami-Dade county’s safety code standards as its laminated anti-hurricane glass resists impact, pressure, water and wind. Tecnoglass is also the only company in Latin America authorized by PPG Industries and Guardian Industries to manufacture floating glass facades.

Our subsidiaries have received a number of other certifications from other national and international standard-setting bodies.

TG Certifications include:

ES Certifications include:

Competitors

We have local and international competitors in Colombia as well as competitorsthat also focus on glass and aluminum transformation, window ensemble and installation and designing in the international marketscommercial and residential construction markets. The market in eachthe United States in which we compete is mainly comprised of manufacturers, distributors and installers of glass curtain walls, windows and doors for commercial and residential buildings. Based on our analysis of IBIS World Report, we estimate that we capture 1% of the glass, aluminumUS consolidated market by revenue (manufacturing and finished products sectors. Glass Tecnología en Vidrios y Ventanas S.A.services), Arquicentro S.A., Aluminum Estructural S.A. and Ventanar Ltda, competewhich represents an attractive opportunity for further penetration. In Colombia, we believe we are the leading producer of high-end windows, with us in the finished products market in Colombia. Apogee Enterprises, Inc., PGT, Inc. and WinDoor Inc. compete with us in the U.S. finished products market. Golden Glass Security, Vid-plex Universal S.A., Aluace Ltda and Laminados y Blindados compete with us locallymore than 35 years of experience in the glass and aluminum markets. Oldcastle, Inc., Trulite Inc.,structure assembly market. The industry has a few well-known players and PRL Glass Systems are among others that compete with us in the U.S. glassis mostly atomized and aluminum products markets.comprised of small competitors.

The key factors on which we and our competitors compete for business include: quality, price, and reputation, breadth of products and service offerings, and production speed. We face intense competition from both smaller and larger market players who compete against us in our various markets including glass, window and aluminum manufacturing.

The principal methods of competition in the window and door industry are the development of long-term relationships with window and door distributors and dealers, and the retention of customers by delivering a full range of high-quality customized products on demand with short turnaround times while offering competitive pricing. The vertical integration of our operations, our geographic scope, low labor costs and economies of scale have helped our subsidiaries consolidate their leading position in Colombia and bolstered their expansion in the U.S.United States and other foreign markets.

Government Regulations

We are subject to extensive and varied federal, state and local government regulation in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including laws and regulations relating to our relationships with our employees, public health and safety and fire codes. Additionally, certain of the jurisdictions in which we operate require that installation of doors and windows be approved by competent authorities that grant distribution licenses. Although our business and facilities are subject to federal, state and local environmental regulation, environmental regulation does not have a material impact on our operations.

Also, we are subject to a potential revision of the United States-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (“USCOFTA”), which allows Colombian entities to export to USA without any tariffs. The President of the United States, Mr. Donald Trump, US President, has made public announcements about the intention to re-negotiate certain terms of free trade agreements, which could potentially implement a tariff. However, the Companywe can mitigate this risk by transferring the price to itsour consumers and diversifying its business operations.

Research and Development

During the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we spent approximately $2.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively, in research and development. The Company incurs in costs related to the development of new products and pays for external tests that need to be performed on our products in order to comply with strict building codes. The Company is fully permitted to commercialize hurricane windows in the Miami-Dade County, Florida, which has one of the most demanding certifications in the world of window frames.

Employees

As of December 31, 2016,2019, we had a total of 5,8535,528 employees, with 3,373 employed by ES, 2,459 employed by Tecnoglass and 21 employed by ESW LLC, none of whom is represented by a union. As of December 31, 2015,2018 we had a total of 5,399 employees, with 3,250 employed by ES, 2,149 employed by Tecnoglass and 20 employed by ESW LLC.5,852 employees. Most of our employees are hired through seven temporary staffing companies and are employed under one-year fixed-term employment contracts. Management believes it has good relations with our employees. We provide ongoing training programs to our employees through the self-established E.S. Windows University.programs.

Company History

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We were founded in 2013 in connection with a business combination between Tecnoglass subsidiaries TG and ES, and Andina Acquisition Corporation. TG and ES are corporations formed under the laws of Colombia and founded in 1994 and 1984, respectively, by José M. Daes, our Chief Executive Officer, and Christian T. Daes, our Chief Operating Officer.

Although TG and ES have been in operation since 1994 and 1984, respectively, we were originally formed on September 21, 2011, under the name “Andina Acquisition Corporation” as an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on September 21, 2011 in order to effect a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

In March, 2012, we closed our IPO of 4,200,000 units, with each unit consisting of one ordinary share Tecnoglass changed its name to Tecnoglass Inc. on December 20, 2013 and one warrant to purchase one ordinary share at an exercise price of $8.00 per share, at an offering price of $10.00 per unit, generating total gross proceeds of $42,000,000. Simultaneously with the consummation of the IPO, we consummated a private placement of 4,800,000 warrants (“private warrants”) at a price of $0.50 per warrant and, to the underwriters, options to purchase an aggregate of 900,000 units at a price of $500,100, generating total proceeds of $2,900,100. After deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses, the total net proceeds to us were $43,163,000 of which $42,740,000 was deposited into a trust account. The remaining proceeds of $423,000 became available to be used as working capital to provide for business, legal and accounting due diligence on prospective business combinations and continuing general and administrative expenses. The IPO was conducted pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (Reg. No. 333-178061), that became effective on March 16, 2012.registered under incorporation number 262514.

From the consummation of our IPOinitial public offering until August 17, 2013, we were searching for asought out suitable target businessbusinesses to acquire. On August 17, 2013, we entered into an agreement and plan of reorganization, pursuant to which agreement, as amended, we acquiredsometimes refer to as the “business combination agreement,” with Tecnoglass Holding, TecnoglassTG and ES, pursuant to which we acquired TG and ES as direct andwholly-owned indirect subsidiaries. On December 20, 2013, we held an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, at which our shareholders approvedsubsidiaries, or the Merger and other related proposals. On the same date, we closed the Merger and Tecnoglass Holding and its indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaries, Tecnoglass and ES, became our direct and indirect subsidiaries.

Tecnoglass Holding is a corporation formed under the laws of the Cayman Islands that was founded in 2014 in connection with the Merger. Tecnoglass is a corporation formed under the laws of Colombia that was founded in 1994 by Jose M. Daes, our Chief Executive Officer, and Christian T. Daes, our Chief Operating Officer. ES is a corporation formed under the laws of Colombia that was founded in 1984 by Jose M. Daes and Christian T. Daes.

At the closing ofBusiness Combination. Pursuant to the Business Combination, 2,251,853 of the 4,200,000 public shares sold in our IPO were converted to cash at a conversion price of approximately $10.18 per share, or an aggregate of approximately $22.9 million of the approximately $42.7 million held in the trust account. As consideration for the Business Combination, we issued Energy Holding Corp., a holding companywholly-owned subsidiary was merged with and sole shareholder ofinto Tecnoglass Holding, of which former shareholders of TG and ES were the sole shareholders, an aggregate of 20,567,141 ordinary shares, or approximately 87% of the outstanding ordinary shares. Pursuant to the agreement and plan of reorganization, we also issued to Energywith Tecnoglass Holding Corp. an additional 500,000 ordinary shares upon the achievement of the specified EBITDA targets in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, 1,000,000 ordinary shares upon achievement of the specified EBITDA target in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 and 1,500,000 ordinary shares upon the achievement of the specified EBITDA target in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

surviving as our wholly-owned subsidiary. In connection with the Business Combination, our business became the business of Tecnoglass Holding, TG and ES, and we changed our name to “TecnoglassTecnoglass Inc.” We also changed our fiscal year end from February 28 to December 31 in order to coincide with the fiscal year end of Tecnoglass Holding and its subsidiaries.

In 2014, we established two entities in South Florida, Tecno LLC and Tecno RE, to acquire manufacturing and sales-related assets to support sales and customer service in the United States.

In September 2016, we completed a warrant exchange whereby each warrant holder was given the opportunity to exchange 2.5 outstanding warrants for one ordinary share. As a result of the warrant exchange, 5,479,049 warrants, or 82% of the outstanding warrants were validly tendered. As of September 30, 2016, 1,275,823 warrants remained outstanding following completion of the warrant exchange referenced above. Of these, 1,265,842 warrants were exercised prior to the December 20, 2016 expiration, resulting in the issuance of 478,218 Tecnoglass common shares. The remaining unexercised warrants expired by their own terms on December 20, 2016.

As part of our strategy to vertically integrate our operations, on December 2, 2016 we acquired 100% of the equity of ESW LLC, for a total purchase price of $13.5 million. The acquisition was recorded retroactively starting from the first date of common control. Instead of using fair value, the Company consolidates the financial statements of the entity acquired using the existing carrying values.

As a subsequent event, on March 1, 2017 the Company entered into and consummated a purchase agreement with Giovanni Monti, the owner of 100% of the outstanding shares of GM&P. The Company acquired all of the shares of GM&P for a purchase price of $35 million, of which the Company will pay $6 million of the purchase price in cash within the 60 days following the closing date and the remaining $29 million of the purchase price to be payable on or before September 1, 2017 in cash, our ordinary shares or a combination of both, at our sole option.

Additional Information About the Company

We maintain websites for our subsidiaries, TG, ES and ES,GM&P, which can be found atwww.tecnoglass.com,www.energiasolarsa.com, and www.energiasolarsa.com,www.gmpglazing.com, respectively. Although we do not have a website dedicated to Tecnoglass Inc., theThe corporate filings of Tecnoglass Inc., including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K, our proxy statements and reports filed by our executive officers and directors under Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, and any amendments to those filings, are available free of charge on the Investor Relations page of each of the subsidiary websites,at investors.tecnoglass.com, which are updateduploaded as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file (or furnish in certain cases) such material with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and can also be found at the SEC’s website at http://sec.gov. We do not intend for information contained in either subsidiary website,any of our websites, including the Investor Relations pages, to be a part of this Form 10-K. Also, the public may read and copy any materials the Company files with the SEC at the SEC’ public reference room at 100 F St NE, Washington D.C, 20549 or by calling 1-800-SEC-0330.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (or JOBS Act), and are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. However, we have irrevocably opted not to take advantage of one such exemption which would have allowed us an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We are, and will continue to be, subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We could remain an emerging growth company until the last day of our fiscal year following March 22, 2017 (the fifth anniversary of the consummation of our initial public offering). However, if our non-convertible debt issued within a three-year period or our total revenues exceed $1 billion or the market value of our ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million on the last day of the second fiscal quarter of any given fiscal year, we would cease to be an emerging growth company as of the following fiscal year.

Not Applicable.Risks Related to Our Business Operations

We operate in competitive markets, and our business could suffer if we are unable to adequately address potential downward pricing pressures and other factors that may reduce operating margins.

The principal markets that we serve are highly competitive. Competition is based primarily on the precision and range of achievable tolerances, quality, price and the ability to meet delivery schedules dictated by customers. Our competition comes from companies of various sizes, some of which have greater financial and other resources than we do and some of which have more established brand names in the markets that we serve. We currently compete with companies such as Viracon (a subsidiary within the Apogee Enterprises Inc. Group), PGT, Cardinal Glass and Oldcastle Glass among others in the United States and companies such as Vitro, Vitelco and others in the Colombia and Latin America. Any of these competitors may foresee the course of market development more accurately than we will, develop products that are superior to ours, have the ability to produce similar products at a lower cost than us or adapt more quickly than we can to new technologies or evolving customer requirements. Increased competition could force us to lower our prices or to offer additional services at a higher cost to us, which could reduce gross profit and net income. Accordingly, we may not be able to adequately address potential downward pricing pressures and other factors, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to maintain the performance, reliability and quality standards required by our customers could have a materially negative impact on our financial condition and results of operation.

If our products or services have performance, reliability or quality problems, or products are installed with incompatible glazing materials, we may experience additional warranty and service expenses, reduced or canceled orders, diminished pricing power, higher manufacturing or installation costs or delays in the collection of accounts receivable. Additionally, performance, reliability or quality claims from our customers, with or without merit, could result in costly and time-consuming litigation that could require significant time and attention of management and involve significant monetary damages that could negatively affect our financial results.

The volatility of the cost of raw materials used to produce our products could materially adversely affect our results of operations in the future.

The cost of raw materials included in our products, including aluminum extrusion and polyvinyl butyral, are subject to significant fluctuations derived from changes in price or volume. A variety of factors over which we have no control, including global demand for aluminum, fluctuations in oil prices, speculation in commodities futures and the creation of new laminates or other products based on new technologies, impact the cost of raw materials which we purchase for the manufacture of our products. We quote our prices of aluminum products based on the price of aluminum in the London Metal Exchange plus a premium, and our suppliers of glass and polyvinyl butyral provide us with price lists that are updated annually, thus reducing the risk of changing prices for orders in the short term. While we may attempt to minimize the risk from severe price fluctuations by entering into aluminum forward contracts to hedge these fluctuations in the purchase price of aluminum extrusion we use in production, substantial, prolonged upward trends in aluminum prices could significantly increase the cost of our aluminum needs and have an adverse impact on our results of operations. If we are not able to pass on significant cost increases to our customers, our results in the future may be negatively affected by a delay between the cost increases and price increases in our products. Accordingly, the price volatility of raw materials could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in the future.

We depend on third-party suppliers for our raw materials and any failure of such third-party suppliers in providing raw materials could negatively affect our ability to manufacture our products.

Our ability to offer a wide variety of products to our customers depends on receipt of adequate material supplies from manufacturers and other suppliers. It is possible in the future that our competitors or other suppliers may create products based on new technologies that are not available to us or are more effective than our products at surviving hurricane-force winds and wind-borne debris or that they may have access to products of a similar quality at lower prices. Although in some instances we have agreements with our suppliers, these agreements are generally terminable by us or the supplier counterparties on limited notice. We have a fixed set of maximum price rates, and from those prices we negotiate with the supplier of the material depending on the project. We source raw materials and glass necessary to manufacture our products from a variety of domestic and foreign suppliers. During the year ended December 31, 2019, three suppliers individually accounted for more than 10% of total raw material purchases, which in aggregate represent 37% of raw material purchases, including Vidrio Andino SAS, from which we purchased 10% of our raw materials, and with whom we consummated joint venture agreement in May 2019. Failures of third-party suppliers to provide raw materials to us in the future could have an adverse impact on our operating results or our ability to manufacture our products.

We may not realize the anticipated benefit through our joint venture with Saint-Gobain and the planned construction of a new plant as part of the joint venture may not be completed as planned.

We entered into a joint venture agreement with Saint-Gobain and on May 3, 2019, we adquired an approximately 25.8% minority interest in Vidrio Andino’s float glass plant in the outskirts of Bogota, Colombia. We believe this transaction will solidify our vertical integration strategy by acquiring the first stage of our production chain while securing ample glass supply for our expected production needs. However, we may be unable to realize the planned synergies and fail to integrate the facility’s production capacity into our manufacturing process, which may have a negative impact on our financial condition. Additionally, the joint venture agreement includes plans to build a new plant in Galapa, Colombia that will be located approximately 20 miles from our primary manufacturing facility in which we will also have a 25% interest. The new plant will be funded with the original cash contribution made by the Company, operating cashflows from the Bogota plant, debt incurred at the joint venture level that will not consolidate into the Company.

There can be no assurance that the anticipated joint venture cost synergies, increases in capacity or production and optimization of certain manufacturing processes associated with the reduction of raw material waste, and supply chain synergies, including purchasing raw materials at more advantageous prices, will be achieved, or that they might not be significantly and materially less than anticipated, or that the completion of the joint venture with Saint-Gobain will be timely or effectively accomplished. In addition, our ability to realize the anticipated cost synergies and production capacity increases are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, such as changes to government regulation governing or otherwise impacting our industry, operating difficulties, client preferences, changes in competition and general economic or industry condition.

Constructing a new manufacturing facility involves risks, including financial, construction and governmental approval risks. If Vidrio Andino’s plant fails to produce the anticipated cash flow, if we are unable to allocate the required capital to the new plant, if we are unable to secure the necessary permits, approvals or consents or if we are unable to enter into a contract for the construction of the plant on suitable terms, we will fail to realize the expected benefits of the joint venture.

We may not be able to realize the expected return on our growth and efficiency capital expenditure plan.

On , 2019, we began a $20.2 million growth and efficiency capital expenditure plan meant to enhance operations. We invested $9.9 million in an automated glass sorting and processing system, which increased the capacity of two of our ten production lines by over 160% (or 10% of our total production capacity) while reducing employee headcount, and reduced process lead time. In addition, we currently plan to invest $5.1 million in a vertical paint line and in an additional extrusion press, which we expect to expand our aluminum production capacity in tons by roughly 29%. We also currently intend to invest $5.2 million to create a new automated aluminum warehouse, which we expect will further reduce process lead times in the assembly of our curtain wall systems.

There can be no assurance that the anticipated cost saving initiatives will be achieved, or that they will not be significantly and materially less than anticipated, or that the completion of such cost savings initiatives will be effectively accomplished. In addition, our ability to realize the anticipated cost savings are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, such as changes to government regulation governing or otherwise impacting our industry, operating difficulties, client preferences, changes in competition and general economic or industry condition. If we fail to realize the anticipated cost savings it could have a negative impact on our financial position.

The home building industry and the home repair and remodeling sector are regulated and any increased regulatory restrictions could negatively affect our sales and results of operations.

The home building industry and the home repair and remodeling sector are subject to various local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning zoning, building design and safety, hurricane and floods, construction, and similar matters, including regulations that impose restrictive zoning and density requirements in order to limit the number of homes that can be built within the boundaries of a particular area. Increased regulatory restrictions could limit demand for new homes and home repair and remodeling products, which could negatively affect our sales and results of operations. We may not be able to satisfy any future regulations, which consequently could have a negative effect on our sales and results of operations.

Changes in building codes could lower the demand for our impact-resistant windows and doors.

The market for our impact-resistant windows and doors depends in large part on our ability to satisfy state and local building codes that require protection from wind-borne debris. If the standards in such building codes are raised, we may not be able to meet such requirements, and demand for our products could decline. Conversely, if the standards in such building codes are lowered or are not enforced in certain areas, demand for impact-resistant products may decrease. If we are unable to satisfy future regulations, including building code standards, it could negatively affect our sales and results of operations. Further, if states and regions that are affected by hurricanes but do not currently have such building codes fail to adopt and enforce hurricane protection building codes, our ability to expand our business in such markets may be limited.

Equipment failures, delays in deliveries and catastrophic loss at our manufacturing facility could lead to production curtailments or shutdowns that prevent us from producing our products.

An interruption in production capabilities at any of our facilities because of equipment failure or other reasons could result in our inability to produce our products, which would reduce our sales and earnings for the affected period. In addition, we generally manufacture our products only after receiving the order from the customer and thus do not hold large inventories. If there is a stoppage in production at our manufacturing facilities, even if only temporarily, or if they experience delays because of events that are beyond our control, delivery times could be severely affected. Any significant delay in deliveries to our customers could lead to increased product returns or cancellations and cause us to lose future sales. Our manufacturing facilities are also subject to the risk of catastrophic loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, explosions or violent weather conditions. If we experience plant shutdowns or periods of reduced production because of equipment failure, delays in deliveries or catastrophic loss, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Further, we may not have adequate insurance to compensate for all losses that result from any of these events.

Our reliance on a single facility subjects us to concentrated risks.

We currently operate the vast majority of our business from a single production facility in Barranquilla, Colombia. Due to the lack of diversification in our assets and geographic location, an adverse development at or impacting our facility or in local or regional economic or political conditions, could have a significantly greater impact on our results of operations and financial condition than if we maintained more diverse assets and locations. While we implement preventative and proactive maintenance at our facility, it is possible that we could experience prolonged periods of reduced production and increased maintenance and repair costs due to equipment failures. In addition, because of our single facility and location, in certain cases we rely on limited or single suppliers for significant inputs, such as electricity. We are also reliant on the adequacy of the local skilled labor force to support our operations. Supply interruptions to or labor shortages or stoppages at our facility could be caused by any of the aforementioned factors, many of which are beyond our control, and would adversely affect our operations and we would not have any ability to offset this concentrated impact with activities at any alternative facilities or locations.

Our business involves complex manufacturing processes that may cause personal injury or property damage, subjecting us to liabilities and possible losses other disruptions of our operations in the future, which may not be covered by insurance.

Our business involves complex manufacturing processes. Some of these processes involve high pressures, temperatures, hot metal and other hazards that present certain safety risks to workers employed at our manufacturing facilities. The potential exists for accidents involving death or serious injury. Although our management is highly committed to health and safety, since January 2014, two fatalities have occurred at our operations. The potential liability resulting from any such accident, to the extent not covered by insurance, could result in unexpected cash expenditures, thereby reducing the cash available to operate our business. Such an accident could disrupt operations at any of our facilities, which could adversely affect our ability to deliver products to our customers on a timely basis and to retain our current business.

Operating hazards inherent in our business, some of which may be outside of our control, can cause personal injury and loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, plant and equipment and environmental damage. We maintain insurance coverage in amounts and against the risks we believe are consistent with industry practice, but this insurance may not be adequate or available to cover all losses or liabilities we may incur in our operations. Our insurance policies are subject to varying levels of deductibles. Losses up to our deductible amounts accrue based upon our estimates of the ultimate liability for claims incurred and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported. However, liabilities subject to insurance are difficult to estimate due to unknown factors, including the severity of an injury, the determination of our liability in proportion to other parties, the number of incidents not reported and the effectiveness of our safety programs. If we were to experience insurance claims or costs above our estimates, we might also be required to use working capital to satisfy these claims.

Our results may not match our provided guidance or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which likely would have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.

Our results may fall below provided guidance and the expectations of securities analysts or investors in future periods. Our results may vary depending on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, fluctuating customer demand, delay or timing of shipments, construction delays or cancellations due to lack of financing for construction projects or market acceptance of new products. Manufacturing or operational difficulties that may arise due to quality control, capacity utilization of our production equipment or staffing requirements may also adversely affect annual net sales and operating results. Moreover, where we participate in fixed-price contracts for installation services, changes in timing of construction projects or difficulties or errors in their execution caused by us or other parties, could result in a failure to achieve expected results. In addition, competition, including new entrants into our markets, the introduction of new products by competitors, adoption of improved technologies by competitors and competitive pressures on prices of products and services, could adversely affect our results. Finally, our results may vary depending on raw material pricing, the potential for disruption of supply and changes in legislation that could have an adverse impact on labor or other costs. Our failure to meet our provided guidance or the expectations of securities analysts or investors would likely adversely affect the market price of our securities.

If new construction levels and repair and remodeling markets decline, such market pressures could negatively affect our results of operations.

The architectural glass industry is subject to the cyclical market pressures of the larger new construction and repair and remodeling markets. In turn, these larger markets may be affected by adverse changes in economic conditions such as demographic trends, employment levels, interest rates, commodity prices, availability of credit and consumer confidence, as well as by changing needs and trends in the markets, such as shifts in customers’ preferences and architectural trends. Any future downturn or any other negative market pressures could negatively affect our results of operations in the future, as margins may decrease as a direct result of an overall decrease in demand for our products. Additionally, we may have idle capacity which may have a negative effect on our cost structure.

We may be adversely affected by disruptions to our manufacturing facilities or disruptions to our customer, supplier or employee base.

Any disruption to our facilities resulting from weather-related events, fire, an act of terrorism or any other cause could damage a significant portion of our inventory, affect our distribution of products and materially impair our ability to distribute products to customers. We could incur significantly higher costs and longer lead times associated with distributing our products to customers during the time that it takes for us to reopen or replace a damaged facility. In addition, if there are disruptions to our customer and supplier base or to our employees caused by weather-related events, acts of terrorism or any other cause, our business could be temporarily adversely affected by higher costs for materials, increased shipping and storage costs, increased labor costs, increased absentee rates and scheduling issues. Any interruption in the production or delivery of our supplies could reduce sales of our products and increase costs.

Customer concentration and related credit, commercial and legal risk may adversely impact our future earnings and cash flows.

Our ten largest third-party customers worldwide collectively accounted for 41% of our total sales revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019, though no single customer accounted for more than 10% of annual revenues. We also do not have any long-term requirements contracts pursuant to which we would be required to fulfill customers on an as-needed basis.

Although the customary terms of our arrangements with customers in Latin America and the Caribbean typically require a significant upfront payment ranging between 30% and 50% of the cost of an order, if a large customer were to experience financial difficulty, or file for bankruptcy or similar protection, or if we were unable to collect amounts due from customers that are currently under bankruptcy or similar protection, it could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows and asset valuations. Therefore, the risk we face in doing business with these customers may increase. Financial problems experienced by our customers could result in the impairment of our assets, a decrease in our operating cash flows and may also reduce or curtail our customers’ future use of our products and services, which may have an adverse effect on our revenues.

Disagreements between the parties can arise as a result of the scope and nature of the relationship and ongoing negotiations. Although we do not have any disputes with any major customers as of the date hereof that are expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, we cannot predict whether such disputes will arise in the future.

The nature of our business exposes each of our subsidiaries to product liability and warranty claims that, if adversely determined, could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations and the confidence of customers in our products.

Our subsidiaries are, from time to time, involved in product liability and product warranty claims relating to the products they manufacture and distribute that, if adversely determined, could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, they may be exposed to potential claims arising from the conduct of homebuilders and home remodelers and their sub-contractors. We may not be able to maintain insurance on acceptable terms or insurance may not provide adequate protection against potential liabilities in the future. Product liability claims can be expensive to defend and can divert the attention of management and other personnel for significant periods, regardless of the ultimate outcome. Claims of this nature could also have a negative impact on customer confidence in our products and us. We are not aware of any such claims at this time.

We are subject to potential exposure to environmental liabilities and are subject to environmental regulation and any such liabilities or regulation may negatively affect our costs and results of operations in the future.

Our subsidiaries are subject to various national, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations that are frequently changing and becoming more stringent. Although we believe that our facilities are materially in compliance with such laws, ordinances and regulations, we cannot be certain that we will, at all times, be able to maintain compliance. Furthermore, as owners of real property, our subsidiaries can be held liable for the investigation or remediation of contamination on such properties, in some circumstances, without regard to whether we knew of or were responsible for such contamination. Remediation may be required in the future because of spills or releases of petroleum products or hazardous substances, the discovery of unknown environmental conditions, or more stringent standards regarding existing residual contamination. Environmental regulatory requirements may become more burdensome, increase our general and administrative costs, and increase the risk that our subsidiaries incur fines or penalties or be held liable for violations of such regulatory requirements.

Weather can materially affect our business and we are subject to seasonality.

Seasonal changes and other weather-related conditions can adversely affect our business and operations through a decline in both the use and production of our products and demand for our services. Adverse weather conditions, such as extended rainy and cold weather in the spring and fall, can reduce demand for our products and reduce sales or render our distribution operations less efficient. Major weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms and heavy snows with quick rainy melts could adversely affect sales in the near term.

Construction materials production and shipment levels follow activity in the construction industry, which typically occurs in the spring, summer and fall. Warmer and drier weather during the second and third quarters typically result in higher activity and revenue levels during those quarters. The first quarter typically has lower levels of activity partially due to inclement weather conditions. The activity level during the second quarter varies greatly with variations in temperature and precipitation.

Our success depends upon our ability to develop new products and services, integrate acquired products and services and enhance existing products and services through product development initiatives and technological advances; any failure to make such improvements could harm our future business and prospects.

We have continuing programs designed to develop new products and to enhance and improve our existing products. We are expending resources for the development of new products in all aspects of our business, including products that can reach a broader customer base. Some of these new products must be developed due to changes in legislative, regulatory or industry requirements or in competitive technologies that render certain of our existing products obsolete or less competitive. The successful development of our products and product enhancements are subject to numerous risks, both known and unknown, including unanticipated delays, access to significant capital, budget overruns, technical problems and other difficulties that could result in the abandonment or substantial change in the design, development and commercialization of these new products. The events could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations.

Given the uncertainties inherent with product development and introduction, including lack of market acceptance, we cannot provide assurance that any of our product development efforts will be successful on a timely basis or within budget, if at all. Failure to develop new products and product enhancements on a timely basis or within budget could harm our business and prospects. In addition, we may not be able to achieve the technological advances necessary for us to remain competitive, which could have a materially negative impact on our financial condition.

We are dependent on sales to customers outside Colombia and any failure to make these sales may adversely affect our operating results in the future.

In the year ended December 31, 2019, 88% of our sales were to customers outside Colombia, including to the United States and Panama, and we expect sales into the United States and other foreign markets to continue to represent a significant portion of our net sales. Foreign sales and operations are subject to changes in local government regulations and policies, including those related to tariffs and trade barriers, investments, property ownership rights, taxation, exchange controls and repatriation of earnings. An increase in tariffs on products shipped to countries like the United States, which President Trump has indicated is possible, or changes in the relative values of currencies occur from time to time and could affect our operating results. This risk and the other risks inherent in foreign sales and operations could adversely affect our operating results in the future.

We are dependent on certain key personnel, the loss of whom could materially affect our financial performance and prospects in the future.

Our continued success depends largely upon the continued services of our senior management and certain key employees. Each member of our senior management teams has substantial experience and expertise in his or her industry and has made significant contributions to our growth and success. We face the risk, however, that members of our senior management may not continue in their current positions and the loss of the services of any of these individuals could cause us to lose customers and reduce our net sales, lead to employee morale problems and the loss of other key employees or cause disruptions to production. In addition, we may be unable to find qualified individuals to replace any senior executive officers who leave our employ or that of our subsidiaries.

We are subject to labor, and health and safety regulations, and may be exposed to liabilities and potential costs for lack of compliance.

We are subject to labor, and health and safety laws and regulations that govern, among other things, the relationship between us and our employees, and the health and safety of our employees. If an adverse final decision that we violated any labor or health and safety laws, we may be exposed to penalties and sanctions, including the payment of fines. In particular, most of our employees are hired through temporary staffing companies and are employed under one-year fixed-term employment contracts. According to applicable labor law regarding temporary staffing companies, if we exceed the limits for hiring temporary employees and the Colombian Ministry of Labor identifies the existence of illegal outsourcing, sanctions may be imposed along with probable lawsuits by employees claiming the existence of a labor relationship. Our subsidiaries could also be subject to work stoppages or closure of operations.

The above, notwithstanding cancellation or suspension of governmental registrations, authorizations and licenses issued by other authorities, any one of which may result in interruption or discontinuity of business, and, could, consequently, materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operation.

Our results of operations could be significantly affected by foreign currency fluctuations and currency regulations.

We are subject to risks relating to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that may affect our sales, cost of sales, operating margins and cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2019, approximately 12% of our revenues and 29% of our expenses were in Colombian pesos. The remainder of our expenses and revenues were denominated, priced and realized in U.S. dollars. In the future, and especially as we further expand our sales in other markets, our customers may increasingly make payments in non-U.S. currencies. In addition, currency devaluation can result in a loss to us if we hold monetary assets in that currency. Hedging foreign currencies can be difficult and costly, especially if the currency is not actively traded. We cannot predict the effect of future exchange rate fluctuations on our operating results.

In addition, we are subject to risks relating to governmental regulation of foreign currency, which may limit our ability to:

Furthermore, the Colombian government and the Colombian Central Bank intervene in the country’s economy and occasionally make significant changes in monetary, fiscal and regulatory policy, which may include the following measures:

For a more detailed description of foreign exchange regulations in Colombia, see “Disclosure Regarding Foreign Exchange Rates in Colombia” and “Risk factors – Risks Related to Colombia and Other Countries Where We Operate – The Colombian government and the Central Bank exercise significant influence on the Colombian economy”.

As we continue to increase our operations in foreign countries, there is an increased risk that foreign currency controls may create difficulty in repatriating profits from foreign countries in the form of taxes or other restrictions, which could restrict our cash flow.

We have entered into significant transactions with affiliates or other related parties, which may result in conflicts of interest.

We have entered into transactions with affiliates or other related parties in the past and may do so again in the future. While we believe such transactions have been and will continue to be negotiated on an arm’s length basis, giving us a competitive advantage with vertical integration, there can be no assurance that such transactions could not give rise to conflicts of interest that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The interests of our controlling shareholders could differ from the interests of our other shareholders.

Energy Holding Corporation exercises significant influence over us as a result of its majority shareholder position and voting rights. As of December 31, 2019, Energy Holding Corporation beneficially owned approximately 56.6% of our outstanding ordinary shares. Energy Holding Corporation, in turn, is controlled by members of the Daes family, who together own 100% of the shares of Energy Holding Corporation. See “Principal Securityholders.” Accordingly, our controlling shareholders would have considerable influence regarding the outcome of any transaction that requires shareholder approval. In addition, if we are unable to obtain requisite approvals from Energy Holding Corporation, we may be prevented from executing critical elements of our business strategy.

We conduct all of our operations through our subsidiaries, and will rely on payments from our subsidiaries to meet all of our obligations and may fail to meet our obligations if our subsidiaries are unable to make payments to us.

We are a holding company and derive substantially all of our operating income from our subsidiaries. All of our assets are held by our subsidiaries, and we rely on the earnings and cash flows of our subsidiaries to meet our debt service obligations or dividend payments. The ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us will depend on their respective operating results and may be restricted by, among other things, the laws of their jurisdiction of organization including Colombian foreign exchange regulations (which may limit the amount of funds available for distributions to us), the terms of existing and future indebtedness and other agreements of our subsidiaries, including their credit facilities, and the covenants of any future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. See “Disclosure Regarding Foreign Exchange Rates in Colombia” and “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Colombia and Other Countries Where We Operate – The Colombian government and the Central Bank exercise significant influence on the Colombian economy.” If our subsidiaries are unable to declare dividends, our ability to meet debt service or dividend payments may be impacted. The ability of our subsidiaries in Colombia to declare dividends up to the total amount of their capital is not restricted by current laws, covenants in debt agreements or other agreements but could be restricted pursuant to applicable law in the future or if our Colombian subsidiaries undergo a transformation to other types of corporate entities.

We may be adversely affected by any disruption in our information technology systems. Our operations are dependent upon our information technology systems, which encompass all of our major business functions.

Increased global information technology security requirements, vulnerabilities, threats and a rise in sophisticated and targeted cybercrime pose a risk to the security of our systems, our information networks, and to the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data, including our intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, as well as to the functionality of our manufacturing process. A disruption in our information technology systems for any prolonged period, whether caused by cybercrime or telecommunications failures, natural disasters, or other problems, could result in delays in executing certain production activities, logging and processing operational and financial data, communication with employees and third parties or fulfilling customer orders, or the loss or misappropriation of customer information, resulting in potential liability, regulatory actions, or reputational damage or otherwise adversely affect our financial results. We employ a number of measures to prevent, detect and mitigate these threats, which include employee education, password encryption, frequent password change events, firewall detection systems, anti-virus software in-place and frequent backups; however, there is no guarantee such efforts will be successful in preventing a cyber-attack or disruption in our information technology systems from telecommunication failures, natural disasters, or other problems.

We rely on third party transportation, which subjects us to risks and costs that we cannot control, and which risks and costs may materially adversely affect our operations.

We rely on third party trucking companies to transport raw materials to the manufacturing facilities used by each of our businesses and, to a lesser degree, to ship finished products to customers. These transport operations are subject to various hazards and risks, including extreme weather conditions, work stoppages and operating hazards, as well as interstate transportation regulations. In addition, the methods of transportation we utilize may be subject to additional, more stringent and more costly regulations in the future. If we are delayed or unable to ship finished products or unable to obtain raw materials as a result of any such new regulations or public policy changes related to transportation safety, or these transportation companies fail to operate properly, or if there were significant changes in the cost of these services due to new or additional regulations, or otherwise, we may not be able to arrange efficient alternatives and timely means to obtain raw materials or ship goods, which could result in a material adverse effect on our revenues and costs of operations. Transportation costs represent a significant part of our cost structure. If our transportation costs increased substantially, due to prolonged increases in fuel prices or otherwise, we may not be able to control them or pass the increased costs onto customers, and our profitability would be negatively impacted.

The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to execute on our acquisition strategy, to successfully integrate acquisitions and to retain key employees of our acquired businesses.

A significant portion of our historical growth has occurred through acquisitions and we will likely enter into acquisitions in the future. We may at any time be engaged in discussions or negotiations with respect to possible acquisitions, including transactions that would be significant to us. We regularly make, and we expect to continue to make, acquisition proposals, and we may enter into letters of intent for acquisitions. We cannot predict the timing of any contemplated transactions. To successfully finance such acquisitions, we may need to raise additional equity capital and indebtedness, which could increase our leverage level above our leverage level. We cannot assure you that we will enter into definitive agreements with respect to any contemplated transactions or that transactions contemplated by any definitive agreements will be completed on time or at all. Our growth has placed, and will continue to place, significant demands on our management and operational and financial resources. Acquisitions involve risks that the businesses acquired will not perform as expected and that business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of acquired businesses will prove incorrect.

Acquisitions may require integration of acquired companies’ sales and marketing, distribution, purchasing, finance and administrative organizations, as well as exposure to different legal and regulatory regimes in jurisdictions in which we have not previously operated. We may not be able to integrate successfully any business we may acquire or have acquired into our existing business, and any acquired businesses may not be profitable or as profitable as we had expected. Our inability to complete the integration of new businesses in a timely and orderly manner could increase costs and lower profits. Factors affecting the successful integration of acquired businesses include, but are not limited to, the following:

Increasing interest rates could materially adversely affect our ability to generate positive cashflows and secure financing required to carry out our strategic plans.

Historically, portions of our debt have been indexed to variable interest rates. A variety of factors over which we have no control. A rise in interest rates could negatively impact the cost of financing for a portion of our debt with variable interest rates which could negatively impact our cash flow generation. Furthermore, a rise in interest rates could limit our ability to obtain financing required to support our growth through our continuing programs designed to develop new products, the expand of the installed capacity of our manufacturing facilities and execute our acquisition strategy. While we may mitigate the risk derived from interest rate fluctuations by entering into derivative contracts or by obtaining fixed rate financing, general increases in interest rates would still have an impact on the cost of financing and our ability to obtain appropriate funding.

Furthermore, the architectural glass industry is directly impacted by general construction activity trends. In turn, these markets may be affected by adverse changes in economic conditions such as interest rates, and availability of credit. Any future downturn or any other negative market pressures could negatively affect our results of operations in the future, as margins may decrease as a direct result of an overall decrease in demand for our products.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations.

As of December 31, 2019, we and our subsidiaries on a consolidated basis had $259.8 million principal amount of USD denominated debt outstanding. Our indebtedness could have negative consequences to our financial health. For example, it could:

Any of the above listed factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the terms of our existing debt agreements do not, and any future debt may not, fully prohibit us from incurring additional debt. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.

Risks Related to Colombia and Other Countries Where We Operate

Our operations are located in Colombia, which may make it more difficult for U.S. investors to understand and predict how changing market and economic conditions will affect our financial results.

Our operations are located in Colombia and, consequently, are subject to the economic, political and tax conditions prevalent in that country. The economic conditions in Colombia are subject to different growth expectations, market weaknesses and business practices than economic conditions in the U.S. market. We may not be able to predict how changing market conditions in Colombia will affect our financial results.

As of the date of this annual report, Colombia’s long-term foreign currency sovereign credit ratings were affirmed “Baa2” by Moody’s, “BBB-” by S&P and “BBB” by Fitch, three of the main rating agencies worldwide. The stable outlook reflects their expectation that Colombia’s established political institutions and track record of consensus on key economic policies will contribute to economic stability and continuity over the coming two to three years. Real GDP growth in Colombia is expected to accelerate in 2020 as private consumption and investment drive economic activity and industrial production and exports rebound.

Colombia’s economy, just like most of Latin-American countries, continues suffering from the effects of lower commodity prices, mainly oil, reflected in its elevated level of external debt. Even though the country has taken measures to stabilize the economy, it is uncertain how will these measures be perceived and if the intended goal of increasing investor’s confidence will be achieved.

Economic and political conditions in Colombia may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial condition and results of operations depend significantly on macroeconomic and political conditions prevailing in Colombia. Decreases in the growth rate, periods of negative growth, increases in inflation, changes in law, regulation, policy, or future judicial rulings and interpretations of policies involving exchange controls and other matters such as (but not limited to) currency depreciation, foreign exchange regulations, inflation, interest rates, taxation, employment and labor laws, banking laws and regulations and other political or economic developments in or affecting Colombia may affect the overall business environment and may, in turn, adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations in the future. Colombia’s fiscal deficit and growing public debt could adversely affect the Colombian economy. See “Disclosure Regarding Foreign Exchange Rates in Colombia” and “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Colombia and Other Countries Where We Operate – The Colombian government and the Central Bank exercise significant influence on the Colombian economy”.

The Colombian government frequently intervenes in Colombia’s economy and from time to time makes significant changes in monetary, fiscal and regulatory policy. Our business and results of operations or financial condition may be adversely affected by changes in government or fiscal policies, and other political, diplomatic, social and economic developments that may affect Colombia. We cannot predict what policies the Colombian government will adopt and whether those policies would have a negative impact on the Colombian economy or on our business and financial performance in the future. We cannot assure you as to whether current stability in the Colombian economy will be sustained. If the conditions of the Colombian economy were to deteriorate, our financial conditions and results of operations would be adversely affected.

The Colombian government has historically exercised substantial influence on the local economy, and governmental policies are likely to continue to have an important effect on companies operating in Colombia like our Colombian subsidiaries, market conditions and the prices of the securities of local issuers. The President of Colombia has considerable power to determine governmental policies and actions relating to the economy and may adopt policies that may negatively affect us. We cannot predict which policies will be adopted by the new government and whether those policies would have a negative impact on the Colombian economy in which we operate or our business and financial performance.

The Colombian Government and the Central Bank exercise significant influence on the Colombian economy.

Although the Colombian government has not imposed foreign exchange restrictions since 1990, Colombia’s foreign currency markets have historically been extremely regulated. Colombian law permits the Central Bank to impose foreign exchange controls to regulate the remittance of dividends and/or foreign investments in the event that the foreign currency reserves of the Central Bank fall below a level equal to the value of three months of imports of goods and services into Colombia. An intervention that precludes our Colombian subsidiaries from possessing, utilizing or remitting U.S. Dollars would impair our financial condition and results of operations, and would impair the Colombian subsidiary’s ability to convert any dividend payments to U.S. dollars.

The Colombian government and the Central Bank may also seek to implement new policies aimed at controlling further fluctuation of the Colombian peso against the U.S. dollar and fostering domestic price stability. The Central Bank may impose certain mandatory deposit requirements in connection with foreign-currency denominated loans obtained by Colombian residents, including TG and ES. We cannot predict or control future actions by the Central Bank in respect of such deposit requirements, which may involve the establishment of a different mandatory deposit percentage. The U.S. dollar/Colombian peso exchange rate has shown some instability in recent years. Please see “Disclosure Regarding Foreign Exchange Controls and Exchange Rates in Colombia” for actions the Central Bank could take to intervene in the exchange market.

The Colombian Government has considerable power to shape the Colombian economy and, consequently, affect the operations and financial performance of businesses. The Colombian Government may seek to implement new policies aimed at controlling further fluctuation of the Colombian peso against the U.S. dollar and fostering domestic price stability. The president of Colombia has considerable power to determine governmental policies and actions relating to the economy and may adopt policies that are inconsistent with those of the prior government or that negatively affect us.

Factors such as Colombia’s growing public debt and fluctuating exchange rates could adversely affect the Colombian economy.

Colombia’s fiscal deficit and growing public debt could adversely affect the Colombian economy. The fiscal rules imposed on the Colombian government the need to reduce the fiscal deficit from 2.7% of GDP in 2019 to 2.3% of GDP in 2020, respectively, and have thereby prevented the Colombian government from taking counter-cyclical measures to stimulate the economy

Although the country has gone through three tax reforms in the last five years, the Colombian government continues to face serious budgetary constraints and pressure from rating agencies that could lead to future tax reforms, with potential adverse consequences on our financial results.

In recent years, the Colombian currency had shown some short-term volatility vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar, despite only depreciating by less than by 1% in 2019 and 9.3% in 2018. Any international conflicts or related events have the potential to create an exchange mismatch, given the vulnerability and dependence of the Colombian economy on external financing and its vulnerability to any disruption in its external capital flows and its trade balance.

We cannot assure you that any measures taken by the Colombian government and the Central Bank would be sufficient to control any resulting fiscal or exchange imbalances. Any further disruption in Colombia’s fiscal and trade balance may therefore cause Colombia’s economy to deteriorate and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to regional and national economic conditions in the United States.

The economy in Florida and throughout the United States could negatively impact demand for our products as it has in the past, and macroeconomic forces such as employment rates and the availability of credit could have an adverse effect on our sales and results of operations. Our U.S. business is concentrated geographically in Florida, which optimizes manufacturing efficiencies and logistics, but further concentrates our business, and another prolonged decline in the economy of the state of Florida or of nearby coastal regions, a change in state and local building code requirements for hurricane protection, or any other adverse condition in the state or certain coastal regions, could cause a decline in the demand for our products, which could have an adverse impact on our sales and results of operations. Our strategy of continued geographic diversification seeks to reduce our exposure to such region-specific risks.

Economic instability in Colombia could negatively affect our ability to sell our products.

A significant decline in economic growth of any of Colombia’s major trading partners - in particular, the United States, China, and Mexico - could have a material adverse effect on each country’s balance of trade and economic growth. In addition, a “contagion” effect, where an entire region or class of investments becomes less attractive to, or subject to outflows of funds by, international investors could negatively affect the Colombian economy.

The 2008 global economic and financial crisis, which began in the U.S. financial system and spread to different economic sectors and countries around the world, had negative effects on the Colombian economy. During 2009, the economies of the United States and most major European countries contracted, which, in turn, affected the Colombian economy. The economic recovery in the United States since 2013 has been fragile and at lower rates than in the past recoveries. Several European Union countries have been obliged to severely reduce their public expenditures due to their high indebtedness, which has severely affected the Eurozone’s economic growth. The ability of governments and companies in certain countries, such as Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain to repay their debt obligations or remain in the euro currency system remains uncertain. In addition, certain events, such as the outbreak of civil and political unrest in several countries in Africa and the Middle East, including, Libya, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, might further strain and adversely affect the global economy and the global financial system.

Due to financial and economic crises that may occur in countries around the world and recent turmoil in emerging markets economies, such as Turkey, South Africa and Argentina, investors may view investments in emerging markets with heightened caution. As a result of such financial and economic crises, flows of investments into Colombia may be reduced. Crises in other countries may hamper investors’ enthusiasm for securities of Colombian issuers, which may, in turn, adversely affect market prices for the Securities and make it difficult for us to access the international capital markets and finance its operations and capital expenditures.

Even though exports from Colombia, principally petroleum and petroleum products, and gold, have grown in recent years, fluctuations in commodity prices pose a significant challenge to their contribution to the country’s balance of payments and fiscal revenues. Unemployment continues to be high in Colombia compared to other economies in Latin America. Furthermore, recent political and economic actions in the Latin American region, including actions taken by the Argentine and Venezuelan governments, may negatively affect international investor perception of the region. We cannot assure you that growth achieved over the past decade by the Colombian economy will continue in future periods. The long-term effects of the global economic and financial crisis on the international financial system remain uncertain. In addition, the effect on consumer confidence of any actual or perceived deterioration of household incomes in the Colombian economy may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Global trade tensions and political conditions in the United States, as well as the U.S. government’s approach to NAFTA and/or other trade agreements, treaties or policies, may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations are located in Colombia and may be, to varying degrees, affected by economic and market conditions in other countries. Trade barriers being erected by major economies may limit our ability to sell products in other markets and execute our growth strategies. Economic conditions in Colombia are correlated with economic conditions in the United States. As a result, any downturn in economic activity, could have a negative impact on our business in the United States, which at the year ended December 31, 2019, accounted for 85% of our net operating revenues.

In 2018, the United States levied a steel and aluminum tariff under which certain aluminum products we manufacture in Colombia are subject to a 10% tariff. Most of our imports to the United States of assembled architectural systems are not subject to the tariff, however our extruded aluminum products are subject to this tariff. The tariff resulted in an expense of $1.7 million as of the end of the latest reportable period at December 31, 2019. For the time being, the burden of this tax is being passed on to our clients through increased sales prices.

Additionally, the U.S. government has indicated its intent to alter its approach to international trade policy and in some cases to renegotiate, or potentially terminate, certain existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements and treaties with foreign countries. If the U.S. government takes action to materially modify the United States-Colombia Free Trade Agreement, or USCOFTA, it has the potential to adversely impact our business by increasing the costs of selling our product into the U.S. market. As such, if the United States withdraws from or negotiates material modifications to the terms of USCOFTA, such actions could materially adversely affect our sales, financial results and cash flows.

The termination or re-negotiation of free trade agreements or other related events could also indirectly have an adverse effect on the Colombian economy. Although economic conditions in other emerging market countries and in the United States may differ significantly from economic conditions in Colombia, investors’ reactions to developments in other countries may have an adverse effect on the market value of securities of Colombian companies. There can be no assurance that future developments in other emerging market countries and in the United States, over which we have no control, will not have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

Colombia has experienced and continues to experience internal security issues that have had or could have a negative effect on the Colombian economy and our financial condition.

Colombia has experienced and continues to experience internal security issues, primarily due to the activities of guerrilla groups, such as dissidents from the former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, or “FARC”) and the National Liberation Army (Ejercito de Liberación Nacional, or “ELN,”) paramilitary groups and drug cartels. In remote regions of the country with minimal governmental presence, these groups have exerted influence over the local population and funded their activities by protecting, and rendering services to, drug traffickers. Even though the Colombian government’s policies have reduced guerilla presence and criminal activity, particularly in the form of terrorist attacks, homicides, kidnappings and extortion, such activity persists in Colombia, and possible escalation of such activity and the effects associated with them have had and may have in the future a negative effect on the Colombian economy and on us, including on our customers, employees, results of operations and financial condition. The Colombian government commenced peace talks with the FARC in August 2012, and peace negotiations with the ELN began in November 2016. The Colombian government and the FARC signed a peace deal on September 26, 2016, which was amended after voters rejected it in the referendum held on October 2, 2016. The new agreement was signed on November 24, 2016 and was ratified by the Colombian Congress on November 30, 2016 and is being implemented after four years of negotiations. Pursuant to the peace agreements negotiated between the FARC and the Colombian government in 2016, the FARC occupies five seats in the Colombian Senate and five seats in the Colombian House of Representatives. The new deal clarifies protection to private property, is expected to increase the government’s presence in rural areas and bans former rebels from running for office in certain newly created congressional districts in post-conflict zones. As a result, during the transition process, Colombia may experience an increase in internal security issues, drug-related crime and guerilla and paramilitary activities, which may have a negative impact on the Colombian economy. Our business or financial condition could be adversely affected by rapidly changing economic or social conditions, including the Colombian government’s response to implementation of the agreement with FARC and ongoing peace negotiations, if any, which may result in legislation that increases the tax burden of Colombian companies.

Despite efforts by the Colombian government, drug-related crime, guerrilla paramilitary activity and criminal bands continue to exist in Colombia, and allegations have surfaced regarding members of the Colombian congress and other government officials having ties to guerilla and paramilitary groups. Although the Colombian government and ELN have been in talks since February 2017 to end a five-decade war, the Colombian government has suspended the negotiations after a series of rebel attacks... This situation could result in escalated violence by the ELN and may have a negative impact on the credibility of the Colombian government which could in turn have a negative impact on the Colombian economy.

Tensions with neighboring countries, including Venezuela and other Latin American countries may affect the Colombian economy and, consequently, our results of operations and financial condition in the future.

Diplomatic relations with Venezuela, and neighboring countries, have from time to time been tense and affected by events surrounding the Colombian armed forces, particularly on Colombia’s borders with Venezuela. Political tensions in Venezuela have risen in January 2019 as a number of countries, including Colombia, have not recognized the legitimacy of Nicolás Maduro as Venezuelan head of state. In addition, on January 25, 2019, President Trump signed an Executive Order amending prior economic sanctions targeting the Maduro government. Moreover, in November 2012, the International Court of Justice placed a sizeable area of the Caribbean Sea within Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone. Until then, Colombia had deemed this area as part of its own exclusive economic zone. Any future deterioration in relations with Venezuela and Nicaragua may result in the closing of borders, risk of financial condition.

Government policies and actions, and judicial decisions, in Colombia could significantly affect the local economy and, as a result, our results of operations and financial condition in the future.

Our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by changes in Colombian governmental policies and actions, and judicial decisions, involving a broad range of matters, including interest rates, exchange rates, exchange controls, inflation rates, taxation, banking and pension fund regulations and other political or economic developments affecting Colombia. The Colombian government has historically exercised substantial influence over the economy, and its policies are likely to continue to have a significant effect on Colombian companies, including our subsidiaries. The President of Colombia has considerable power to determine governmental policies and actions relating to the economy, and may adopt policies that negatively affect our subsidiaries. Future governmental policies and actions, or judicial decisions, could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

We are subject to money laundering and terrorism financing risks.

Third parties may use us as a conduit for money laundering or terrorism financing. If we were to be associated with money laundering (including illegal cash operations) or terrorism financing, our reputation could suffer or we could be subject to legal enforcement (including being added to “blacklists” that would prohibit certain parties from engaging in transactions with us). Our Colombian subsidiaries could also be sanctioned pursuant to criminal anti-money laundering rules in Colombia.

We have adopted a Compliance Manual which includes policies and procedures. However, such measures, procedures and compliance may not be completely effective in preventing third parties from using us as a conduit for money laundering or terrorism financing without our knowledge, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in Colombia’s customs, import and export laws and foreign policy, may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends significantly on Colombia’s customs and foreign exchange laws and regulations, including import and export laws, as well as on fiscal and foreign policies. In the past we have benefited from, and now currently benefit from, certain customs and tax benefits granted by Colombian laws, such as free trade zones and Plan Vallejo which incentivizes the import of machinery and equipment by providing tax breaks, as well as from Colombian foreign policy, such as free trade agreements with countries like the United States. As a result, our business and results of operations or financial condition may be adversely affected by changes in government or fiscal policies, foreign policy or customs and foreign exchange laws and regulations. We cannot predict what policies the Colombian government will adopt and whether those policies would have a negative impact on the Colombian economy or on our business and financial performance in the future.

It may be difficult or impossible to enforce judgments of courts of the United States and other jurisdictions against our Colombian subsidiaries or any of their directors, officers and controlling persons.

Most of our assets are located in Colombia. As such, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process on, or to enforce judgments of United States courts against our Colombian subsidiaries and/or against their directors and officers based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.

Colombian courts will enforce a U.S. judgment predicated on the U.S. securities laws through a procedural system known under Colombian law asexequatur. Colombian courts will enforce a foreign judgment, without reconsideration of the merits, only if the judgment satisfies the requirements set out in Articles 605 through 607 of Law 1564 of 2012, or the Colombian General Code of Procedure (Código General del Proceso), which provides that the foreign judgment will be enforced if certain conditions are met.

New or higher taxes resulting from changes in tax regulations or the interpretation thereof in Colombia could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition in the future.

New tax laws and regulations, and uncertainties with respect to future tax policies pose risks to us. In recent years, the Colombian Congress approved different tax reforms imposing additional taxes and enacted modifications to existing taxes related to financial transactions, dividends, income, value added tax (VAT), and taxes on net worth.

On December 28, 2018, a tax reform was implemented by means of Law 1943 intended to strengthen the mechanisms to prevent tax evasion, reduce corporate taxes, and encourage investment and economic growth and introduced other substantial changes to the then-existing tax legal framework. As a result, the corporate income tax rate decreased to 33% for fiscal year 2019, 32% for fiscal year 2020, 31% for fiscal year 2021 and 30% for fiscal year 2022. Law 1943 also includes increased withholding tax rates resulting from payments made to foreign entities to a general rate of 20% (from the current 15%), however this general rate does not apply to foreign indebtedness exceeding one year, in which case the applicable income tax withholding remains at 15%. In October 2019, the Colombian Constitutional Court revoked the 2018 tax reform law based on certain procedural flaws during its enactment. Later, on December 27, 2019, a tax reform was enacted by means of Law 2010 which was based on the 2018 Law 1943.

Changes in tax-related laws and regulations, and interpretations thereof, can create additional tax burdens on us and our businesses by increasing tax rates and fees, creating new taxes, limiting tax deductions, and/or eliminating tax-based incentives and non-taxed income. In addition, tax authorities and competent courts may interpret tax regulations differently than us, which could result in tax litigation and associated costs and penalties in part due to the novelty and complexity of new regulation.

We are subject to various U.S. export controls and trade and economic sanctions laws and regulations that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.

Our business activities are subject to various U.S. export controls and trade and economic sanctions laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the U.S. Commerce Department’s Export Administration Regulations and the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control’s (“OFAC”) trade and economic sanctions programs (collectively, “Trade Controls”). Such Trade Controls may prohibit or restrict our ability to, directly or indirectly, conduct activities or dealings in or with certain countries that are the subject of comprehensive embargoes (presently, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, and the Crimea region of Ukraine (collectively, “Sanctioned Countries”)), as well as with individuals or entities that are the target of Trade Controls-related prohibitions and restrictions (collectively, “Sanctioned Parties”).

Although we have implemented compliance measures designed to prevent transactions with Sanctioned Countries and Sanctioned Parties, our failure to successfully comply with applicable Trade Controls may expose us to negative legal and business consequences, including civil or criminal penalties, government investigations, and reputational harm.

Natural disasters in Colombia could disrupt our business and affect our results of operations and financial condition in the future.

Our operations are exposed to natural disasters in Colombia, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, tropical storms and hurricanes. Heavy rains in Colombia, attributable in part to the La Niña weather pattern, have resulted in severe flooding and mudslides. La Niña is a recurring weather phenomenon, and it may contribute to flooding, mudslides or other natural disasters on an equal or greater scale in the future. In the event of a natural disaster, our disaster recovery plans may prove to be ineffective, which could have a material adverse effect on its ability to conduct our businesses. In addition, if a significant number of our employees and senior managers were unavailable because of a natural disaster, our ability to conduct our businesses could be compromised. Natural disasters or similar events could also result in substantial volatility in our results of operations for any fiscal quarter or year.

Risks Related to Us and Our Securities

On December 20, 2019 the Company’s shareholders approved the delisting of the Company’s ordinary shares from the Colombian Securities Exchange (Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, “BVC”), and your ability to trade your shares of the Company through this secondary market may be limited.

Our board of directors has proposed and our shareholders have approved the delisting of the Company’s ordinary shares from the BVC. After delisting from the BVC, the ordinary shares will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”).

The Colombia stock listing is secondary to our primary listing on Nasdaq, which will serve as the exclusive exchange to transact Tecnoglass ordinary shares upon completion of the delisting from the Colombia Stock Exchange. With over 99% of Tecnoglass shares traded on Nasdaq over the past year, the delisting of secondary trading on the BVC is expected to save on expenses, time and administrative resources associated with the Company’s listing on a secondary exchange.

We have requested authorization to delist from the Colombian Superintendence of Finance, which is the regulatory authority that needs to approve the delisting. We will maintain our listing on BVC during at least the six (6) months following the publication of the authorization to delist issued by the Colombian Superintendence of Finance, which will be disclosed by the Company to the local public with the periodicity and content defined by the Superintendence. Additionally, we will maintain a mechanism that allows local shareholders to dispose of their shares in Nasdaq for at least six (6) months thereafter.

Because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, you may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. Federal courts may be limited.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, a majority of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and all or substantial portions of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon our directors or executive officers, or enforce judgments obtained in the United States courts against our directors or officers.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands (as the same may be supplemented or amended from time to time) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are largely governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are different from what they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws as compared to the United States, and certain states, such as Delaware, may have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder’s derivative action in a Federal court of the United States.

We have been advised by our Cayman Islands legal counsel, Maples and Calder, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands Court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. There is recent Privy Council authority (which is binding on the Cayman Islands Court) in the context of a reorganization plan approved by the New York Bankruptcy Court which suggests that due to the universal nature of bankruptcy/insolvency proceedings, foreign money judgments obtained in foreign bankruptcy/insolvency proceedings may be enforced without applying the principles outlined above. However, a more recent English Supreme Court authority (which is highly persuasive but not binding on the Cayman Islands Court), has expressly rejected that approach in the context of a default judgment obtained in an adversary proceeding brought in the New York Bankruptcy Court by the receivers of the bankruptcy debtor against a third party, and which would not have been enforceable upon the application of the traditional common law principles summarized above and held that foreign money judgments obtained in bankruptcy/insolvency proceedings should be enforced by applying the principles set out above, and not by the simple exercise of the Courts’ discretion. Those cases have now been considered by the Cayman Islands Court. The Cayman Islands Court was not asked to consider the specific question of whether a judgment of a bankruptcy court in an adversary proceeding would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands, but it did endorse the need for active assistance of overseas bankruptcy proceedings. We understand that the Cayman Islands Court’s decision in that case has been appealed and it remains the case that the law regarding the enforcement of bankruptcy/insolvency related judgments is still in a state of uncertainty.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements could be impaired, which could adversely affect our business.

Our financial reporting obligations as a public company place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources, and systems. We may not be able to implement effective internal controls and procedures to detect and prevent errors in our financial reports, file our financial reports on a timely basis in compliance with SEC requirements, or prevent and detect fraud. Our management may not be able to respond adequately to changing regulatory compliance and reporting requirements. We are both a “smaller reporting company” and an “accelerated filer” as defined under Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company.” If we are not able to adequately implement the requirements of Section 404, we may not be able to assess whether internal controls over financial reporting are effective, which may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence, the market price of our ordinary shares and our ability to raise additional capital.

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Cayman Islands law may discourage or prevent a change of control, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders, which could depress the price of our ordinary shares and prevent attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that shareholders may consider to be in their best interests. Our board of directors is divided into three classes with staggered, three year terms. Our board of directors has the ability to designate the terms of and issue preferred shares without shareholder approval. We are also subject to certain provisions under Cayman Islands law that could delay or prevent a change of control. Together these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our ordinary shares. See “Description of Share Capital.”

We are a “controlled company,” controlled by Energy Holding Corp., whose interest in our business may be different from ours or yours.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, a group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, including (i) the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors, (ii) the requirement that we have a nominating and corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities and (iii) the requirement that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities. Although we meet the definition of a “controlled company,” we have determined at this time not to take advantage of this designation and comply with all the corporate governance rules applicable to listed companies that are not controlled companies. We may, however, determine to take advantage of these exemptions in the future. If we did, you would not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market.

We cannot assure you that we will continue to pay dividends on our ordinary shares, and our indebtedness, future investments or cashflow generation could limit our ability to continue to pay dividends on our ordinary shares.

Prior to August 2016, we had not paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. Since such time, we have paid regular quarterly dividends. However, the payment of any future dividends will be solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors and there can be no assurance that we will continue to pay dividends in the future.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not control these analysts. Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock or our industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of the value or voting power of our shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group (if any). While our parent company owns one or more U.S. subsidiaries, we, and certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, could be treated as controlled foreign corporations. Furthermore, while our group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as controlled foreign corporations (regardless of whether or not we are treated as a controlled foreign corporation). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation generally is required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether we make any such United States shareholder receives any actual distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any of such controlled foreign corporations or furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. There is substantial uncertainty as to the application of each of the foregoing rules as well as the determination of any relevant calculations in applying the foregoing rules. United States persons are strongly advised to avoid acquiring, directly, indirectly or constructively, 10% or more of the value or voting power of our shares. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in the ordinary shares.

Not Applicable.None.

We own and operate a 2.7 million square foot manufacturing complex located in Barranquilla, Colombia. This manufacturing campus houses a glass production plant, aluminum plant and window and facade assembly plant. The glass plant has foureight lamination machines with independent assembly rooms, sixten specialized tempering furnaces and glass molding furnaces, a computer numerical-controlled profile bending machine, as well as five silk-screening machines.a coater to produce low emissivity glass with high thermal insulation specifications using soft coat technology. The Alutions plant has an effective installed capacity of 1,0002,100 tons per month and can create a variety of shapes and forms for windows, doors and related products. We also own threesix natural gas power generation plants with aan aggregate capacity of 1,750 kilowatts each10 megawatts which supply the electricity requirements of the entire manufacturing complex and are supported by three emergency generators.

In December 2014, we acquired We also own and operate a 123,399 square foot manufacturing and warehousing facility in a 215,908 square foot lot size in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The facility houses manufacturing and assembly equipment, warehouse space, and administrative and sales offices.

During the first week of July 2016, TG paid $10.5 million to acquire a lot adjacent to the Company’s facilities to expand the manufacturing facilities.

We believe that our existing properties are adequate for the current operating requirements of our business and that additional space will be available as needed.

On March 2, 2016 ES filed a lawsuit against Bagatelos Architectural Glass Systems, Inc. (“Bagatelos”)From time to time, the Company is involved in Colombia. In addition, we also filed a lawsuit against Bagateloslegal matters arising in the Stateregular course of California for breach of contract. To lift the lien declared by the Court in California, Bagatelos submitted a bond for $2.0 million in favor of ESbusiness. Some disputes are derived directly from our construction projects, related to supply and its release isinstallation, and even though deemed ordinary, they may involve significant monetary damages. We are also subject to other type of litigation arising from employment practices, worker’s compensation, automobile claims and general liability. It is very difficult to predict precisely what the court’s ruling. This bond isoutcome of this litigation might be. However, with the information at our disposition as this time, there are no indications that such claims will result in a “mechanics lien surety bond” which guarantees ES paymentmaterial adverse effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations of the amounts due with interest and costs should the Company win the case. Mediation scheduled for February 17, 2017 was unsuccessful and parties continue discovery. Bagatelos as defendant presented a cross complaint on September 23, 2016 seeking damages of approximately $3 million. Although we already received a payment order from the Colombian judge, the Company continues to pursue its rights, remedies and defenses in the U.S. We received on January 31, 2017 a case update from our U.S. counsel stating that due to ES’ favorable terms and conditions and the fact that Bagatelos has overstated their claim and ignored their contractual duties, it is probable that the Company will be able to recover the outstanding amount of $2.0 million.Company.

Not Applicable.

PART II

Market Information

Our ordinary shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital MarketNasdaq under the symbol TGLS.“TGLS”. Effective January 6, 2016, the Company’s shares also commenced trading on the Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (“BVC”), the principal stock exchange of Colombia, under the symbol TGLSC. The listing of the Company’s shares on the BVC is secondary to the primary listing on Nasdaq.

On December 20, 2019, the NASDAQ Market. No newCompany’s shareholders approved the deslisting of the Company’s ordinary shares werefrom BVC. Pursuant to this approval, the Company has requested authorization to delist from the Colombian Superintendence of Finance, which is the regulating authority that needs to approve the delisting. We will maintain our listing on BVC during at least the six (6) months following the publication of the authorization to delist issued in connectionby the Colombian Superintendence of Finance, which will be disclosed by the Company to the local public with the admissionperiodicity and content defined by the Superintendence. Additionally, we will maintain a mechanism that allows local shareholders to trading on the BVC.

The following table sets forth the high and low sales pricesdispose of their shares in Nasdaq for our ordinary shares for the periods indicated below and starting from the first quarter of 2015.