UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

[X]☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year endedMarch 31 2017, 2022

[  ]☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______________ to _______________

Commission File Number:000-55167

PetVivo Holdings, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(612) 296-7305(952)405-6216

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. [  ]

☐ Yes [X] ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. [  ]

☐ Yes [X] ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. [  ] ☒ Yes [X] ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). [X] ☒ Yes [  ] ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated file, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). [  ]

☐ Yes [X] ☒ No

State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. quarter $16,361,168.

As of March 31, 2017, it was approximately $30,577,083.

As of December 4, 2017,June 28, 2022, there were 16,689,3349,988,361 shares of the issuer’s $.001 par value common stock issued and outstanding.

Documents incorporated by reference. There are no annual reports to security holders, proxy information statements, or any prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424 of the Securities Act of 1933 incorporated herein by reference.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. For more information, see “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

As used in this report, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “PetVivo,” and the “Company” mean PetVivo Holding Company, Inc. and our consolidated wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless the context indicates another meaning.

Except as otherwise specifically indicated, all information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to a 1-for-4 reverse stock split (“Reverse Stock Split”) that was effective as of December 29, 2020.

The information contained on or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this report.

PART I

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

This Annual Report of PetVivo Holdings, Inc. on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, particularly those identified with the words, “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “objectives,” and similar expressions. These statements reflect management’s best judgment based on factors known at the time of such statements. The reader may find discussions containing such forward-looking statements in the material set forth under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Plan of Operations,” generally, and specifically therein under the captions “Liquidity and Capital Resources” as well as elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Actual events or results may differ materially from those discussed herein. The forward-looking statements specified in the following information have been compiled by our management on the basis of assumptions made by management and considered by management to be reasonable. Our future operating results, however, are impossible to predict and no representation, guaranty, or warranty is to be inferred from those forward-looking statements. The assumptions used for purposes of the forward-looking statements specified in the following information represent estimates of future events and are subject to uncertainty as to possible changes in economic, legislative, industry, and other circumstances. As a result, the identification and interpretation of data and other information and their use in developing and selecting assumptions from and among reasonable alternatives require the exercise of judgment. To the extent that the assumed events do not occur, the outcome may vary substantially from anticipated or projected results, and, accordingly, no opinion is expressed on the achievability of those forward-looking statements. No assurance can be given that any of the assumptions relating to the forward-looking statements specified in the following information are accurate, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

BACKGROUNDOverview

We were incorporatedPetVivo Holdings, Inc. (the “Company,” “PetVivo,” “we” or “us) is an emerging biomedical device company focused on the manufacturing, commercialization and licensing of innovative medical devices and therapeutics for animals. The Company has a pipeline of seventeen products for the treatment of animals. A portfolio of nineteen patents protects the Company’s biomaterials, products, production processes and methods of use. The Company began commercialization of its lead product Spryng™ with OsteoCushion™ Technology, a veterinarian-administered, intraarticular injection for the management of lameness and other joint afflictions such as Pharmascan Corp.osteoarthritis in dogs and horses, in the Statesecond quarter of Nevada onits fiscal year ended March 31, 2009. On September 21, 2010,2022.

In August 2021, we filedreceived net proceeds of approximately $9.7 million in a Certificateregistered public offering (“Public Offering”) of Amendment2.5 million units at a public offering price of $4.50 per unit. Each unit consisted of one share of our common stock and one warrant to purchase one share of our Articlescommon stock at an exercise price of Incorporation and changed our name to Technologies Scan Corp. On April 1, 2014, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Articles of Incorporation and changed our name to “PetVivo Holdings, Inc.” (the “Name Change”).

Minnesota PetVivo

On March 11, 2014, our Board of Directors authorized the execution of that certain securities exchange agreement dated March 11, 2014 (the “Securities Exchange Agreement”) with PetVivo Inc., a Minnesota corporation (“PetVivo”), and the shareholders of PetVivo who hold of record the total issued and outstanding$5.625 per share. The shares of common stock of PetVivo (the “PetVivo Shareholders”).and warrants were transferable separately immediately upon issuance. In accordanceconnection with the termsPublic Offering, the Company’s common stock and provisionswarrants were registered under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Agreement, we acquired allAct and began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market, LLC under the symbols “PETV” and “PETVW,” respectively

The Company was incorporated in March 2009 under Nevada law. The Company operates as one segment from its corporate headquarters in Edina, Minnesota. For further information, see Note 1, Description of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of PetVivo fromBusiness, in the PetVivo Shareholders, thus making PetVivo our wholly-owned subsidiary, in exchange for the issuancenote to the PetVivo Shareholders of an aggregate 2,310,939,804 shares of our restricted common stock.consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8.

PetVivo was founded in 2013 by John Lai and John Dolan, andBusiness Description

The Company is based in suburban Minneapolis, Minnesota. PetVivo is a biomedical device companyprimarily engaged in the business of acquiring/in-licensingcommercializing and adapting human biomedical technology andlicensing products for commercial sale in the veterinary market to treat petsand/or manage afflictions of companion animals such as dogs and other animals suffering from arthritis and other afflictions. PetVivo’s initial product, which is now being commercialized, is a medical device featuring the injectionshorses. Most of patented gel-like protein-based biomaterials into the afflicted body parts of pets and other animals suffering from osteoarthritis. PetVivo obtained the exclusive rights in a License Agreement for commercialization of this product from Gel-Del for the treatment of pets and other animals.

Gel-Del Technologies Inc.

Gel-Del is a biomaterial and medical device development and manufacturing company with its offices and production facilities based in Edina, Minnesota, andour technology was founded in 1999 by its chief executive officer, Dr. David B. Masters. Dr. Masters developed Gel-Del’s proprietary biomaterials that simulate a body’s cellular tissue and thus can be readily and effectively utilized to manufacture implantable therapeutic medical devices. The chief advantage of Gel-Del biomaterials is their enhanced biocompatibility with living tissues throughout the body. We are commercializing their technology in the veterinary field for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Gel-Del has also successfully completed a pivotal clinical trial using their novel thermoplastic biomaterial as dermal filler for human cosmetic applications. Gel-Del’s core competencies are developing and manufacturing medical devices containing its proprietary thermoplastic protein-based biomaterials that mimic the body’s tissue to allow integration, tissue repair, and regeneration for long-term implantation. These biomaterials are produced using a patented and scalable self-assembly production process. The inherent thermoplastic properties of these biomaterials are then utilized to manufacture or coat implantable devices.

While working together relating to their licensing agreement, in early 2014 our management and the management of Gel-Del determined to combine the two companies into one business entity producing, marketing and selling medical products based on Gel-Del technology for both humans and animals.

AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER

On March 20, 2017, we entered into triangular merger with our wholly-owned subsidiary, PetVivo Holdings Newco Inc. (“Newco”) and Gel-Del (the “Merger Agreement”). In accordance with the terms and provisions of the Merger Agreement, we effected a statutory merger transaction resulting in an exchange by the shareholders of Gel-Del on a pro rata basis of 100% of all outstanding Gel-Del capital stock in exchange for 5,450,000 shares of our restricted common stock, which represented approximately 30% of the total issued and outstanding shares of our common stock post-merger.

On April 10, 2017, the Merger Agreement was consummatedbiomedical applications, and we completed the acquisition of the total issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Gel-Del from the Gel-Del shareholders. The acquisition was completed and consummated through a statutory merger between Gel-Del and NewCo, which resulted in Gel-Del being the surviving entity and becoming our wholly-owned subsidiary. The Merger Agreement became effective upon the filing with the Secretary of State of Minnesota on April 10, 2017. Upon the effectiveness of the Merger Agreement, each share of Gel-Del common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger Agreement was converted into the right to receive 0.798 common share of the Company. Gel-Del did not have any outstanding options, warrants or other derivative securities or rights convertible into securities.

In accordance with this merger transaction, we acquired all Gel-Del technology and related patents and other intellectual property (IP) and production techniques, as well as Gel-Del’s modern and secure biomedical product manufacturing facilities being constructed in Edina, Minnesota.

Company Overview

We are based in suburban Minneapolis, Minnesota. We are a biomedical device company, which has been primarily engaged in the business of adapting human biomedical technology for products to be introduced for commercial sale in the veterinary market to treat pets and other animals suffering from arthritis and other afflictions. Our initial product, now being commercialized, is a medical device featuring injections of patented gel-like biomaterials into the afflicted body parts of pets or other animals suffering from osteoarthritis. The technology and manufacturing capability of this product was developed by Gel-Del and acquired by us for use to treat dogs, horses and other animals, but not for treatment of human afflictions. While working together pursuant to our initial license agreement, we and Gel-Del determined to combine our two companies through a stock exchange merger for the purpose of creating one combined entity utilizing Gel-Del technology to produce, market, and sell medical products based on Gel-Del technology for both animals and humans. After lengthy negotiations the parties entered into a definitive agreement for this merger, which resulted in the consummation of the merger in April, 2017.

CURRENT BUSINESS OPERATIONS

General

We are an emerging biomedical device company focused on the licensing and commercialization of innovative medical devices and therapeutics for pets, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. We operate in the $15 billion US veterinary care market that has grown at a CAGR of 6.4% over the past five years according to the American Pet Products Association. Despite the market size, veterinary clinics and hospitals have very few treatments and/or drugs for use in pets and other animals. The role of pets in the family has greatly evolved in recent years. Many pet owners consider their pets an important member of the family. They are now willing to spend greater amounts of money on their pets to maintain their health and quality of life.

We intend to leverage the investments already expended in thetheir development of human therapeutics to commercialize treatments for pets in a capital and time efficienttime-efficient way. A key component

Many of this strategythe Company’s products are derived from proprietary biomaterials that simulate a body’s cellular tissue by virtue of their reliance upon natural protein and carbohydrate compositions which incorporate such “tissue building blocks” as collagen, elastin and heparin. Since these are naturally-occurring in the body, we believe they have an enhanced biocompatibility with living tissues compared to synthetic biomaterials such as those based upon alpha-hydroxy polymers (e.g PLA, PLGA and the like) and other “natural” biomaterials that may lack the multiple proteins incorporated into our biomaterials. These proprietary protein-based biomaterials appear to mimic the body’s tissue thus allowing integration and tissue repair in long-term implantation in certain applications.

Our initial product, Spryng™ is the accelerated timeline to revenues fora veterinary medical devices,device designed to help reinforce articular cartilage tissue for the management of lameness and other joint related afflictions, such as osteoarthritis, in companion animals. Spryng™ is an intra-articular injectible product of biocompatible and insoluble particles that are slippery, wet-permeable, durable and resilient to enhance the force cushioning function of the synovial fluid and cartilage. The particles mimic natural cartilage in composition, structure and hydration. Multiple joints can be treated simultaneously. Our particles are comprised of collagen, elastin and heparin, similar components found in natural cartilage. These particles show an effectiveness to reinforce and augment the cartilage, which enterenhances the functionality of the joint (e.g. provide cushion or shock-absorbing features to the joint and to provide joint lubricity).

Osteoarthritis, a common inflammatory joint disease in both dogs and horses, is a chronic, progressive, degenerative joint disease that is caused by a loss of synovial fluid and/or the deterioration of joint cartilage. Osteoarthritis affects approximately 14 million dogs and 1 million horses in the $11 billion companion animal veterinary care and product sales market.

Despite the market earlier than the more stringently regulatedsize, veterinary pharmaceuticals clinics and hospitals have very few treatments and/or human therapeutics.

We are planning to aggressively launch our lead product Kush^™ Caninedrugs for use in Q4 2017. Kush Canine is a veterinarian-administered joint injection for the treatment oftreating osteoarthritis in dogs.dogs, horses and other pets. As there is no cure for osteoarthritis, current solutions treat symptoms, but do not manage the cause. The Kush Canine device is made from natural components thatcurrent treatment for osteoarthritis in dogs generally consists of the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (or “NSAIDs”) which are lubricious and cushioningapproved to perform like cartilage for the treatment ofalleviate pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.

We believe that Kush Canine is a superior treatment that safely improves joint function. The reparative Kush Canine particles are lubricious, cushioning and long lasting. The spongy protein-based particles in Kush Canine mimic the composition and protective function of cartilage (i.e., providing both a slippery cushion and healing scaffolding). The Kush Canine particles protect the joint as an artificial cartilage. Using industry sources we estimate osteoarthritis afflicts 20 million owned dogs in the United States and the European Union, making canine osteoarthritis a $2.3 billion market opportunity. See Johnston, Spencer A. “Osteoarthritis. Joint anatomy, physiology, and pathobiology.” The Veterinary clinics of North (1997):699-723; http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/petoverpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html; andhttp://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp.
Osteoarthritis is a condition with degenerating cartilage, creating joint stiffness from mechanical stress resulting in inflammation and pain. The lameness caused by osteoarthritis worsens with time from the ongoing loss of protective cushion and lubricity (i.e., loss of slippery padding). There is no current treatmentbut present the potential for osteoarthritis, only palliative pain therapy or joint replacement. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to alleviate the pain and inflammation, but long-term use has been shown to cause gastric problems. NSAIDs do not treat the cartilage degeneration issue to halt or slow the progression of the osteoarthritis condition.

We believe that our Kush Canine osteoarthritis treatment is far superior to current methodology of using NSAIDs. NSAIDs have many side effects especially in canines, whereasrelating to gastrointestinal, kidney and liver damage and do not halt or slow joint degeneration. The Company offers an alternative to traditional treatments that only address the company’s injected Kush Canine treatmentsymptoms of the affliction. Spryng™ with OsteoCushion™ technology addresses the affliction, loss of synovial fluid and/or the deterioration of joint cartilage, rather than treating just the symptoms and, to the best our knowledge, has been found to elicit noelicited minimal adverse side effects. Remarkably, Kush treatedeffects in dogs showand horses. Spryng™-treated dogs and horses have shown an increase in activity even after they no longer are receiving pain medication.

No special training is requiredmedication or other treatments. Other treatments for the administration of the Kush Canine devices. The treatment is injected into synovialosteoarthritis include steroid and/or hyaluronic acid injections, which are used for treating pain, inflammation and/or joint space using standard intra-articular injection technique and multiple jointslubrication, but can be treated simultaneously. Kush Canine immediately treats effects of osteoarthritis with no special post treatment requirements.slow acting and/or short lasting.

We believe Spryng™ is an optimal solution to safely improve joint function in animals for several reasons:

Historically, drug sales represent up to 30% of revenues at a typical veterinary practice (Veterinary Practice News). Revenues and margins at veterinary practices are being eroded because online, big boxbig-box and traditional pharmacies have recently started filling veterinary prescriptions. Veterinary practices are looking for ways to replace the lost prescription revenues. Our treatments expand practice revenues & margins because they are veterinarian-administered. Our Kush Caninewith safe and effective products. Spryng™ is a veterinarian-administered medical device is veterinarian-administered tothat should expand practice revenues and margins. We believe that the increased revenues and margins provided by Kush CanineSpryng™ will accelerate its adoption rate and propel it forward as the standard of care for canine osteoarthritis.

Our product launch schedule includes at least two additional product releases in 2018. Our Kush Equine device for the treatment ofand equine lameness related to or impacting synovial joints is scheduled for launch in Q1 2018. The Kush Equine product has similar features and benefits as our Kush Canine device. In addition to being a treatment for osteoarthritis, the joint cushioning and lubricity effects of our devices have shown an ability to treat equine lameness that is due to navicular disease (a problem associatedsynovial joint issues.

Spryng™ is classified as a veterinary medical device under the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) rules and pre-market approval is not required by the FDA. Spryng™ completed a safety and efficacy study in rabbits in 2007. Since that time, more than 800 horses and dogs have been treated with misalignmentSpryng™. We entered into a clinical trial services agreement with Colorado State University on November 5, 2020. We expect this university clinical study to be completed in November 2023. Additionally, the Company successfully completed an equine tolerance study in March 2022 and began a canine clinical study with Ethos Veterinary Health in May of joints2022 with anticipated completion in fiscal 2023. We anticipate these and bonesother studies that we plan to initiate will be primarily used to expand our distribution outlets since the large international and national distributors generally require a third-party university study and other third-party studies prior to including a product in their catalog of products.

We commenced sales of Spryng™ in the hoofsecond quarter of fiscal 2022 and digits). We anticipate launchingplan to increase our Kush Digital Cushion (DC) device for the treatmentcommercialization efforts of navicular disease in 2018.

Based on a variety of industry sources we estimate that 1 million owned horsesSpryng™ in the United StatedStates through the use of sales reps, clinical studies and European Union suffer from lameness and/or navicular disease each year, makingmarket awareness to educate and inform key opinion leaders on the equine lamenessbenefits of Spryng™. We plan to support our commercialization efforts with the use of social media and navicular disease market an annual opportunity worth $600 million. See Kane, Albert J., Josie Traub-Dargatz, Willard C. Losinger,other methods to educate and Lindsey P. Garber; “The occurrenceinform key opinion leaders and causes of lamenessdecision makers at the top distributors and laminitis in the US horse population” Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. San Antonio (2000): 277-80; Seitzinger, Ann Hillberg, J. L. Traub-Dargatz, A. J. Kane, C. A. Kopral, P. S. Morley, L. P. Garber, W. C. Losinger, and G. W. Hill. “A comparisonhigh prescriber veterinarians for companion animals of the economic costsavailability and benefits of equine lameness, colic,Spryng™.

We have established an ISO 7 certified clean room manufacturing facility located in our Minneapolis facility using a patented and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM).” In Proceedings, pp. 1048-1050. 2000;scalable self-assembly production process, which reduces the infrastructure requirements and Kilby, E. R. 10 CHAPTER, The Demographics ofmanufacturing risks to deliver a consistent, high-quality product while being responsive to volume requirements. We recently began manufacturing commercial quantities and anticipate our ISO 7 certified facility will be able to handle projected production in units for at least the U.S. Equine Population, The State of the Animals IV: 2007.next five years.

Our currentWe also have a pipeline which includes 17 therapeutic devices for both veterinary and human clinical applications.

Some such devices may be regulated by the FDA or other equivalent regulatory agencies, including but not limited to the Center for Veterinary Medicine (“CVM”). We anticipate growing our product pipeline through the acquisition or in-licensing of additional proprietary products from human medical device companies specifically for use in pets. In addition to commercializing our own products in strategic market sectors and in view of the Company’s vast proprietary product pipeline, the Company anticipates establishingmay establish strategic out-licensing partnerships to provide secondary revenues.

Product Pipeline

We plan to commercialize our products in the United States through distribution relationships supported by regional and national distributors and complemented by the use of social media educating and informing the pet owners, and in Europe and rest of world through commercial partners.

Most veterinarians in the United States buy a majority of their equipment and supplies from one of six veterinary products distributors. Combined, these six distributors delivery more than 85%, by revenue, of the products sold to companion animal veterinarians in the U.S. Our product distribution will leverage the existing supply chain and veterinary clinic and clinician relationships already established by these large distributors. We plan to support this distribution channel with regional sales representatives. Our representatives will support our distributors and the veterinary clinics and hospitals. We will also target pet owners with product education and treatment awareness campaigns utilizing a variety of social media tools. The unique nature and the anticipated benefits provided by our products are expected to generate significant consumer response.

Gel-Del Particles have been through a human trial and have been classified as a medical device. The FDA does not require submission of a 510(k) or formal pre-market approval for medical devices used in veterinary medicine. We anticipate initial commercial production and sales in early 2018. We anticipate selling through existing veterinary distributors. See — “Gel-Del Technology” below.

Gel-Del Technology

Our wholly-owned subsidiary entered into that certain exclusive license agreement and manufacturing and supply agreement dated August 2, 2013 (the “License Agreement”) with Gel-Del pertaining to the manufacture and supply of products by Gel-Del derived from certain technology, including protein-based biomaterials and devices, which are beneficial for the veterinary treatment of animals having orthopedic joint afflictions (the “Technology”). We have since terminated the License Agreement based upon consummation of the Stock Exchange Agreement, which was terminated pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger transaction with Gel-Del.

Gel-Del is a biomaterial and medical device manufacturing company based in Edina, Minnesota. We will be working together to commercialize Gel-Del’s technology in the veterinary field for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Gel-Del has also successfully completed a pivotal clinical trial using their novel thermoplastic biomaterial as dermal filler for human cosmetic applications. Gel-Del’s core competencies are developing and manufacturing medical devices containing its proprietary thermoplastic protein-based biomaterials that mimic the body’s tissue to allow integration, tissue repair, and regeneration for long-term implantation. These biomaterials are produced using a patented and scalable self-assembly production process. The inherent thermoplastic properties of these biomaterials are then utilized to manufacture or coat implantable devices.

Below is a listing of Gel-Del technologies:applications of our technology that we plan to commercialize or out-license to strategic partners:

Dermal Filler

Gel-Del®biomaterials are constructed from purified water, protein, and carbohydrate, tailored to simulate different body tissues that biologically integrate (bio-integration). Gel-Del’s technology is used to manufacture CosmetaLife®, dermal filler for wrinkle treatment by injection. These formed gel-particles fill, integrate and rejuvenate dermal skin tissue to remove the wrinkle.

Our biomaterials are constructed from purified water, protein, and carbohydrate, tailored to simulate different body tissues that biologically integrate (bio-integration). Our biomaterials can be manufactured and used as a dermal filler for wrinkle treatment by injection. These formed, gel particles fill, integrate and rejuvenate dermal skin tissue to remove the wrinkle. This product was taken through an FDA clinical trial under the name CosmetaLife®, see the results here: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00414544).

Cardiovascular Devices

The blood compatible Gel-Del material, which allows blood contact and bio-integrative processes to occur without clotting, platelet attachment, or thrombogenesis, is used to repair cardiovascular tissue. VasoGraft™, a blood vessel graft made from Gel-Del VasoCover™ material, is designed to mimic natural blood vessel tissue in almost every respect, including the components used.

Our blood-compatible biomaterial, which allows blood contact and bio-integrative processes to occur without clotting, platelet attachment, or thrombogenesis, is used to repair cardiovascular tissue. VasoGraft®, a blood vessel graft made from VasoCover™ material, is designed to mimic natural blood vessel tissue in almost every respect, including the components used.

Drug Delivery

Unique fabrication techniques allow Gel-Del’s material to homogeneously distribute drug in milligram to nanogram amounts, resulting in optimum performance and manufacturing capabilities for a variety of delivery methods, such as coatings, injectables, implantables or transmucosal delivery. The first planned transmucosal product, OraPatch™, has been optimized and tested with peptide drugs with better efficacy than oral dosing via swallowing.

Unique fabrication techniques allow us to homogeneously distribute drug in milligram to nanogram amounts, resulting in optimum performance and manufacturing capabilities for a variety of delivery methods, such as coatings, injectables, implantables or transmucosal delivery. The first planned transmucosal product has been optimized and tested with peptide drugs with better efficacy than oral dosing via swallowing.

Orthopedic Devices

Gel-Del material will be used in a variety of shapes for orthopedic and dental applications. The first products, OrthoGelic™ and OrthoMetic™, will be aimed at difficult to heal, Another of our materials can be used in a variety of shapes for orthopedic and dental applications. The first products, OrthoGelic™ and OrthoMetic™, will be aimed at difficult-to-heal, non-union broken bones, by using particles to fill the empty space. The orthopedic biomaterial, made to mimic the structural components of bone, can allow integration and healing to fill in the break and exclude non-bone tissue infiltration.

Wound Healing and In Vitro Devices

The ability of Gel-Del material to simulate body tissue is the technology behind BioSimix products. Applying bio-integrative materials to troubled soft tissue by itself or with cells, can aid the healing-repair process. The first products planned, WoundGelic™ and CelGelic™, mimic the structural components of tissue tobone, can allow integration and healing withto fill in the break and without cells, respectively.exclude non-bone tissue infiltration.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property portfolio is comprised of patents, patent applications, trademarks and trade secrets. We have eightten issued United States Patents with an additional seven US patent applications pending.Patents. In addition to the United States patent portfolio we also have 12eight patents issued or allowedgranted in key markets around the world including Canada, Australia and countries within the European Union. We have an additional nine applications pending in those key foreign markets.

Our patent portfolio is currently held in our wholly owned subsidiary Gel-Del Technologies. We believe we have developed a broad and deep patent portfolio around our biomaterials and manufacturing processes in addition to the application of these biomaterials for use as medical devices, medical device coatings and pharmaceutical delivery devices. The Company secures other technological know-how by trade secret law and also possesses fiveseveral trademarks that are either registered or protected pursuant to trademark common law.

United States Patents:

8 Foreign Patents Granted & Allowed

7 Patent Apps Pending (US & Foreign)

To maximize the strength and value of our patent portfolio, many of the claims use the transitional term “comprising”, which is synonymous with “including,” This use of transitional language is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. Our patents also include method claims covering many of the applications and uses of the biomaterials as medical devices and drug delivery systems. With eight issued or allowed United States Patents that contain 328 claims,We believe our intellectual property portfolio strongly protects our proprietary technology, including the composition of raw elements used to produce our formulations, the fabricated biomaterials and their application in end products, thereby making our material and devices much more attractive to industry partners.

We will seek to protect our products and technologies through a combination of patents, regulatory exclusivity, and proprietary know-how. Our goal is to obtain, maintain and enforce patent protection for our products, formulations, processes, methods and other proprietary technologies, preserve our trade secrets, and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of other parties, both in the United States and in other countries. Our policy is to actively seek to obtain, where appropriate, the broadest intellectual property protection possible for our current compounds and any future compounds in development.developed. We also strenuously protect our proprietary information and proprietary technology through a combination of contractual arrangements, trade secrets and patents, both in the United States and abroad. However, even patent protection may not always afford us with complete protection against competitors who seek to circumvent our patents.

We depend upon the skills, knowledge and experience of our scientific and technical personnel, including those of our company, as well as that of our advisors, consultants and other contractors, none of which is patentable. To help protect our proprietary know-how, which may not be patentable, and inventions for which patents may be difficult to obtain or enforce, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our interests. To this end, we generally require all of our employees, consultants, advisors and other contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements that prohibit disclosure of confidential information and, where applicable, require disclosure and assignment of ownership to us the ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions important to our business.

Companion Animal Market

Over the last several decades, we believe the animal health market and industry has a strong component in the overall U.S. economy and is more resistant to economic cycles. The veterinary sector is as an attractive area to participate in the growth of the broader healthcare industry without reimbursement risk. Based on our best knowledge, U.S. consumers will spend an estimated $60 billion on pets this year—a number that has been growing at a pace of more than 5% over the past decade. Therapeutics constitutes a small portion of this market (less than $2 billion) but we believe it is poised to expand as pet care becomes more complex and companies launch new products for unmet needs. The growth in the U.S. companion animal market has been continuing to increase due to the increase in the number of pet owning households. The American Pet Products Association (APPA) 2013-2014 National Pet Owners Survey indicates U.S. pet ownership reached record levels in 2013. Specifically, 68% of all U.S. households owned a pet in 2013, up from 62% in 2002. The number of pet owning households totaled 82.5 million, representing a 10-year CAGR of 2.5%. In 2012, dogs and cats were the most popular pet species, owned by 46.7% and 37.3% of U.S. households, respectively. APPA also reported that there were 83.3 million dogs (10-year CAGR of +2.5%) and 95.6 million cats (10-year CAGR of +2.1%) in the U.S. In comparison, the total U.S. human population increased at +0.9% CAGR over the last decade. APPA reported that 2.8% of U.S. households owned horses in 2012. According to the APPA the total number of horses owned by U.S. households increased to 8.3 million in 2012, a 5% increase over the previous APPA survey conducted two years earlier.

Over the last several decades, we believe the animal health market and industry has a strong component in the overall U.S. economy and is more resistant to economic cycles. The veterinary sector is as an attractive area to participate in the growth of the broader healthcare industry without reimbursement risk. The American Pet Products Association (APPA) 2021-2022 National Pet Owners Survey indicates that $123.6 billion was spent on pets in the U. S. in 2021. Vet Care and product sales constitutes about $34.3 billion of the market. The growth in the U.S. companion animal market has been continuing to increase due to the increase in the number of pet-owning households.

The APPA 2021-2022 National Pet Owners Survey indicates U.S. pet ownership reached record levels in 2022. Specifically, 70% of all U.S. households owned a pet in 2022. That’s 90.5 million pet-owning households, up from 84.6 million in 2018. In 2022, dogs and cats were the most popular pet species, owned by 69% and 45% of U.S. households, respectively. APPA also reported that there were 69.0 million dogs and 45.3 million cats in the U.S. APPA reported that 3.5% of U.S. households owned horses in 2022. According to the American Horse Council, the total number of horses owned by U.S. households was 7.2 million.

Osteoarthritis Market.Market

Osteoarthritis, the most common inflammatory joint disease in both dogs and horses, is a progressive condition that is caused by a deterioration of joint cartilage. Over time, the joint cartilage deterioration creates joint stiffness from mechanical stress resulting in inflammation, pain and loss of range of motion, which may be referred to as lameness. Osteoarthritis joint stiffness and lameness worsens with time from gradual cartilage degeneration and an ongoing loss of protective cushion and lubricity (i.e., loss of slippery padding). As there is no cure for osteoarthritis, the various treatment methods are focused on managing the related symptoms of pain and inflammation. Veterinarians recommend several treatments depending on the severity of the disease, including a combination of rest, weight loss, physical rehabilitation, and a regimen of pain and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to alleviate the pain and inflammation caused by OA, but long-term NSAIDs cause gastric problems. Moreover, NSAIDs do not treat the cartilage degeneration issue to halt or slow progression of the OA condition.condition.

The prevalence of companion animal osteoarthritis is estimated through a variety of methods. In looking at the dog osteoarthritis incidence Spence Johnston’s article“Osteoarthritis. Joint anatomy, physiology, and pathobiology”is often cited, this article reportsMorris Animal Foundation estimates that 20% of allOA effects approximately 14 million adult dogs over the age of one year suffer from osteoarthritis. Using this simple methodology, management has estimated that 20% of the total dog population is under age one.

83.3 million – 20% = 66.6 million x 20% with OA = 13.3 million dogs with OA in U.S.

Our osteoarthritis market data has been validated by a number of reports evaluating a new NSAID that is estimated to be ready for commercial sale by Aratana Therapeutics, Inc. (PETX) in 2016. Craig-Hallum’s July 22, 2013 institutional research report on Aratana Therapeutics estimates the U.S. dog osteoarthritis market at 16.6 million dogs. William Blair & Company, L.L.C. releasedand owners consistently report it as a July 25, 2013 Equity Research report by Aratana Therapeutics that concluded that roughly 10% of dogs and cat suffer from osteoarthritis. (83.3 million dogs x 10% = 8.3 million dogs with OA) Stifel issued report on Aratana Therapeutics dated July 22, 2013 that estimated the osteoarthritis market to be 55% of dogs over the age of 10. This equates to a US market in 2014 of 7.1 million dogs with osteoarthritis.top concern.

Horse Osteoarthritis (Lameness)

The equineEquine osteoarthritis is the most common cause of lameness in horses. TheEquine OA is expensive to manage, with estimated annual average costs for diagnosis and treatment of equine lameness $3,000as high as $10,000-15,000 per horse with downtime & homecare costs being much higher (Oketo diagnose, treat, and McIlwraith, 2010). “The USDA National Economic Cost of Equine Lameness…medicate, researchers found in one study as referenced in the United States” published by 1978 places the annual incidence of lameness at 8.5-13.7 lameness events/100 horses.Horse – Equine Monthly.

As noted previously, the APPAAmerican Horse Council reported the total number of horses owned by U.S. households increasedwas 7.2 million. According to 8.3 millionan annual National Equine Health Survey conducted in 2012. A 2007 publication by Emily Kilby “The Demographicscollaboration with the British Equine Veterinary Association in 2016, 26% of the U.S. Equine Population” concludes the horse population for 9,464,200 in 2006 with racehorses being 9% of that population or 846,000 horses. The article “The Occurrence and Causes of Lameness and Laminitishorses suffered from lameness. As referenced in the U.S. Horse Population” estimates that 17%– Equine Monthly (June 2020), studies show 60% of racehorses and 5.4% of the rest of the horse population go lame annually.all lameness issues are related to OA. Based on the above assumptions we calculate that there are up to 611,658 new lameapproximately 1.1 million horses each year.suffering from OA.

Distribution

Most U.S. veterinarians buy a majority of their equipment and supplies from a preferred distributor. More than 75% of veterinarians name Covetrus North America/Butler Schein Animal Health, Inc., WebsterPatterson Veterinary, Supply Inc. (recently acquired by Patterson), MWI, Midwest Veterinary Supply, Inc. or Victor Medical Company as their preferred distributor. Combined, these top tiertop-tier distributors sell more than 85%, by revenue, of the products sold to companion animal veterinarians in the U.S. Butler, WebsterCovetrus, Patterson and MWI are recognized by manufacturers, distributors and veterinarians as the pre-eminent national companion animal veterinary supply distributors in the US. There are no other distributors that provide equivalent levels of service to manufacturers and regularly visit veterinarians in as wide a geographic area as Butler, WebsterCovetrus, Patterson or MWI. Midwest and Victor are large, regional distributors, also with strong reputations for high-quality service.distributors. The above data in this paragraph was sourced from File No. 101 0023 at the U.S. Federal Trade Commission.

OurWe plan to have our product distribution will leverage the existing supply chain and veterinary clinic and clinician relationships already established by these large distributors. We intend to support and supplement this distribution channel with regional business development & training representatives. OurWe plan to have our business development representatives will provide product training to distribution representatives, veterinarians and other veterinary staff. In addition, we intend to have our representatives willand veterinarian partners exhibit at key veterinary conferences in addition to supportingas well as support ongoing case studies. All of these sales, distribution, marketing and education efforts will also be supported by both veterinarian and pet owner product education and treatment awareness campaigns that will be conducted utilizing a variety of socialdigital media tools. The unique nature and the anticipated benefits provided by our firstSpryng™ product are expected to generate significant consumer response.

Our primary distribution channel is through the existing stocking distributors who having operating typical margins between fourteen to sixteen percent. We have budgeted a twenty percent margin for our distributors and a full fifty percent margin for the veterinary practices.

Gel-Del Particle Devices

Orthopedic Joint Treatments

A treatment for joint pain, which is made of injected protein-based gel-particles. In vivo studies indicate that the gel particle device can easily be combined with synovial fluid in a rabbit knee to form a joint cushion, buffering the adjacent bones/cartilage where no damage was caused to the cartilage from replacing the synovial fluid. The particles show an effectiveness to repair, reconstitute or remodel the tissue, cartilage, ligaments and/or bone and/or enhance the functionality of the joint (e.g. repair deteriorated components present in the joint to provide cushion or shock absorbing features to the joint and to provide joint lubricity)
AppTec Laboratories accomplished a gel-particle rabbit study. In short, New Zealand white rabbits (6) were injected in both stifle joints (knees) to fill but not extend the synovial space (~0.5 cc GDP/site).Rabbits were tested every other day for abnormal clinical signs including range of motion and joint observations until sacrifice. Behavioral testing revealed no abnormal scores for range of motion, withdrawal response, or joint observations (all animals were 100% normal). At one week and at four weeks the animals were sacrificed. AppTec pathologists evaluated knee joint histology. The reported cartilage surfaces of the femoral and tibia condyles and the menisci were grossly and histologically 100% normal for all animals and test sites. The test particles were found in all of the injection sites.
The test article did not cause changes in the articular cartilage of the femur or tibia when injected into the stifle joint of rabbits. The test article and control rabbit knees were not different for either 1 or 4 week time points for all histological measurements. In conclusion, the particles do not cause inflammation or damage to knee joint and will stick to exposed tissues and biologically integrate with those tissues. The particles were not found to stick to articular cartilage in any sample.

Our lead product, Spryng™, is a treatment for joint pain, which is made of injected, protein-based, biocompatible particles. In vivo studies indicate that the biocompatible particle device can easily be combined with synovial fluid in a rabbit knee to form a joint cushion, buffering the adjacent bones/cartilage where no damage was caused to the cartilage from replacing the synovial fluid. The particles show an effectiveness to augment and reinforce the tissue, cartilage, ligaments and/or bone and/or enhance the functionality of the joint (e.g. reinforce deteriorated components present in the joint to provide cushion or shock-absorbing features to the joint and to provide joint lubricity).

We retained AppTec Laboratories, an independent research organization, to conduct a gel-particle rabbit study in New Zealand in 2007. In this study, six white rabbits (6) were injected in both stifle joints (knees) to fill but not extend the synovial space (~0.5 cc GDP/site). Rabbits were tested every other day for abnormal clinical signs including range of motion and joint observations until sacrifice. Behavioral testing revealed no abnormal scores for range of motion, withdrawal response, or joint observations (all animals were 100% normal). At one week and at four weeks the animals were sacrificed. AppTec pathologists evaluated knee joint histology. The reported cartilage surfaces of the femoral and tibia condyles and the menisci were grossly and histologically 100% normal for all animals and test sites. The test particles were found in all of the injection sites.

The test particle did not cause changes in the articular cartilage of the femur or tibia when injected into the stifle joint of rabbits. The test article and control rabbit knees were not different for either 1 or 4-week time points for all histological measurements. In conclusion, the particles do not cause inflammation or damage to knee joint and will stick to exposed tissues and biologically integrate with those tissues. The particles were not found to stick to articular cartilage in any sample.

Regenerative Characteristics

The particlesparticle devices for joint injections have been extensively studied for a broad range of applications including the treatment of wrinkles as dermal filler. Here is an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical studies completed onfor CosmetaLife, which is the name used for the particle device when theyit was used as a dermal filler.

Particle Integration after 12 Weeks The image at left shows collagen in blue, fibroblasts in red and CosmetaLife in gray. Note the typical cellularization and integration of collagen within the CosmetaLife matrix perimeter. Also notice the fibroblasts (collagen producers) are integrated throughout the injection site. Microvascularization, indicated by arrowheads, is also present in several locations. There is little to no sign of inflammation. Trichrome Stain - 20x Objective CosmetaLife (GDP) Particles

CosmetaLife is an easy-to-inject, water-protein-based dermal filler that not only fills nasolabial wrinkle depressions but also helps rejuvenate the dermal tissues, counteracting damage that causes wrinkles. The dermal cells are attracted to the CosmetaLife gel-particles, attach to them, and then slowly replace them with natural dermal material (extracellular matrix). The natural biological replacement process of CosmetaLife to collagen is estimated to take 6-12 months. CosmetaLife clinical trial on nasolabial folds supports this estimate. According to current scientific thought, the resulting natural extracellular matrix, comprised mostly of collagen, is estimated to last 10-16 years.

CosmetaLife injections allow the body to create more natural dermal structure in and around every particle. Enhancing the natural process of dermal tissue construction with CosmetaLife allows for long-term dermal contouring, corrections, and rejuvenation with little to no adverse side effects noted in clinical trials.

Particle Device Clinical Studies.Studies

The Company has conducted several biocompatibility animal studies. In the implantation study, no abnormal clinical signs were noted for any of the rabbits. The results of the sensitization study in guinea pigs showed a sensitization response equivalent to the negative controls. The results of the histological report on the rabbit skin biopsies clearly demonstrate structural integration of the particles into the host tissues by week 12. Evaluators observed the particle material integration with normal tissue, remodeled and/or new collagen, and fibroblasts throughout the injected particles, mild to no inflammation, and new collagen-matrix production.

The Company has conducted several biocompatibility animal studies. In the implantation study, no abnormal clinical signs were noted for any of the rabbits. The results of the sensitization study in guinea pigs showed a sensitization response equivalent to the negative controls.

A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) IDE approved pivotal human clinical trial was begunbegan with CosmetaLife late in 2006. The clinical trial was a randomized, double blind,double-blind, parallel assignment, multi-center comparison of the safety and efficacy of CosmetaLife versus Restylane^®Restylane® (Control) for the correction of nasolabial folds. One hundred seventy-one patients were skin tested and 145 were treated at six trial sites. The number of study exits after treatment totaled four subjects. This clinical trial was reported and published at www.clinicaltrial.govwww.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00414544).

The feedback from physician investigators has beenwas positive with respect to CosmetaLife injection qualities, cosmetic appearance, and its feel to the touch. During the first three to four months of the study, CosmetaLife showed no decrease in efficacy, as compared to Restylane that showed an 11 percent decrease in efficacy. The FDA/IDE approved human clinical trial for the CosmetaLife product through twelve months was found to be the same as compared to control hyaluronic acid product, Restylane (For(for each interval the consensus of the blinded subjects tested preferred CosmetaLife or showed no preference at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months).

CosmetaLife particles, shown in figure to the left, were photographed from a light microscope under high magnification. GDP particles were immersed in a saline solution to help disperse them for better viewing. These particles are approximately 100 microns in size (0.1 mm in diameter).

Gel-Del Technologies usesWe use existing, scalable processes to reduce the infrastructure requirements and manufacturing risks to deliver a consistent, high qualityhigh-quality product while being responsive to volume requirements. Gel-Del is scalingWe are able to scale the manufacturing process for Gel-Del Particles production, to date makinghaving made batches in up to 2.0-kilogram quantities to near GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) standards acceptable for human clinical trials.standards.

Particles Safety Study.Study

Patients injected with CosmetaLife were found to have no or mild inflammatory, irritation, or immunogenic responses. These results suggest the particles are biocompatible because it closely matches the skin structure, composition, and moisture content. The no to lowno-to-low immunogenic responses are attributed to the tight cross-linking of the GDPCosmetaLife matrix, which prevents immunogenic progenitor cells from producing antibodies.antibodies to the matrix.

In the clinical trial, the incidence of possible reaction to a skin test was 2.55 percent, with only one subject showing a reaction to a second test or 0.6%, (1 out of 171). We also have a study report by AppTec, Inc., our Contract Research Organization, that GDP (CosmetaLife) did not produce an antibody response during the clinical trial further supporting our belief that GDP is safe to use. Gel-Del Particles are composed of materials that approximately meet the Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) requirements of the FDA. GDP contains materials from certified bovine and porcine tissue sources that do not harbor prion disease or BSE. Additionally, steps in the manufacturing process have been validated for deactivating all viruses.

In the clinical trial, the incidence of possible reaction to a skin test was 2.55 percent, with only one subject showing a reaction to a second test or 0.6%, (1 out of 171). We also have a study report by AppTec, Inc., our Contract Research Organization, that [CosmetaLife] did not produce an antibody response during the clinical trial further supporting our belief that it is safe to use.

CosmetaLife is composed of materials that approximately meet the Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) requirements of the FDA. CosmetaLife contains materials from certified bovine and porcine tissue sources that do not harbor prion disease or BSE. Additionally, steps in the manufacturing process have been validated for deactivating all viruses.

Extrusion force testing and the Clinical Trial usage both demonstrate the consistent and easy injection of GDP.

CosmetaLife. Twenty-five month stability testing shows that GDPCosmetaLife is stable at room temperature conditions. Moreover, GDPCosmetaLife has been shown to be stable at 40 °C (104 °F) conditions for at least 3 months.

Competition

The development and commercialization of new animal health medicines is highly competitive, and we expect considerable competition from major pharmaceutical, biotechnology and specialty animal health medicines companies. As a result, there are, and likely will continue to be, extensive research and substantial financial resources invested in the discovery and development of new animal health medicines. Our potential competitors include large animal health companies, such as Zoetis, Inc.; Merck Animal Health, the animal health division of Merck & Co., Inc.; Merial, the animal health division of Sanofi S.A.; Elanco, the animal health division of Eli Lilly and Company; Bayer Animal Health, the animal health division of Bayer AG; NAH, the animal health division of Novartis AG; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, the animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Virbac Group; Ceva Animal Health; Vetoquinol and Dechra Pharmaceuticals PLC. We are also aware of several smaller early stage animal health companies, such as Kindred Bio, Aratana Therapeutics Inc. (recently acquired by Elanco), NextVet and VetDC that are developing products for use in the pet therapeutics market.

Regulation – Human and Veterinary Use

Our lead product, Spryng™ and a number of the medical devices that we may manufacture for veterinary applications and human applications, are subject to regulation by numerous regulatory bodies, including the FDA and comparable international regulatory agencies. These agencies require manufacturers of medical devices to comply with applicable laws and regulations governing the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, marketing and distribution of medical devices. Medical devices are generally subject to varying levels of regulatory control, the most comprehensive of which requires that a clinical evaluation program be conducted before a device receives approval for commercial distribution.

In the EU, medical devices are required to comply with the Medical Devices Directive and obtain CE Mark certification in order to market medical devices. The CE Mark certification, granted following approval from an independent Notified Body, is an international symbol of adherence to quality assurance standards and compliance with applicable European Medical Devices Directives. Distributors of medical devices may also be required to comply with other foreign regulations such as Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare approval in Japan. The time required to obtain these foreign approvals to market our products may be longer or shorter than that required in the U.S., and requirements for those approvals may differ from those required by the FDA. In Europe, our devices are classified as Class IIa or IIb, and will need to conform to the Medical Devices Directive.

In the U.S., specific permission from the FDA to distribute a new device is usually required (that is, other than in the case of very low risk devices), and we expect that some form of marketing authorization will be necessary for our devices. Marketing authorization is generally sought and obtained in one of two ways. The first process requires that a pre-market notification (510(k) Submission) be made to the FDA to demonstrate that the device is as safe and effective as, or “substantially equivalent” to, a legally-marketed device that is not subject to pre-market approval (“PMA”). A legally-marketed device is a device that (i) was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976, (ii) has been reclassified from Class III to Class II or I, or (iii) has been found to be substantially equivalent to another legally-marketed device following a 510(k) Submission. The legally-marketed device to which equivalence is drawn is known as the “predicate” device. Applicants must submit descriptive data and, when necessary, performance data to establish that the device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device. In some instances, data from human clinical studies must also be submitted in support of a 510(k) Submission. If so, these data must be collected in a manner that conforms with specific requirements in accordance with federal regulations including the Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) and human subjects protections or “Good Clinical Practice” regulations. After the 510(k) application is submitted, the applicant cannot market the device unless FDA issues “510(k) clearance” deeming the device substantially equivalent. After an applicant has obtained clearance, the changes to existing devices covered by a 510(k) Submission which do not significantly affect safety or effectiveness can generally be made without additional 510(k) Submissions, but evaluation of whether a new 510(k) is needed is a complex regulatory issue, and changes must be evaluated on an ongoing basis to determine whether a proposed change triggers the need for a new 510(k), or even PMA. The 510(k) clearance pathway is not available for all devices: whether it is a suitable path to market depends on several factors, including regulatory classifications, the intended use of the device, and technical and risk-related issues for the device.

The second, more rigorous, process requires that an application for PMA be made to the FDA to demonstrate that the device is safe and effective for its intended use as manufactured. This approval process applies to most Class III devices. A PMA submission includes data regarding design, materials, bench and animal testing, and human clinical data for the medical device. Again, clinical trials are subject to extensive FDA regulation. Following completion of clinical trials and submission of a PMA, the FDA will authorize commercial distribution if it determines there is reasonable assurance that the medical device is safe and effective for its intended purpose. This determination is based on the benefit outweighing the risk for the population intended to be treated with the device. This process is much more detailed, time-consuming, and expensive than the 510(k) process. Also, FDA may impose a variety of conditions on the approval of a PMA.

Both before and after a device for the U.S. market is commercially released, we would have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations. The FDA reviews design and manufacturing practices, labeling and record keeping, and manufacturers’ required reports of adverse experiences and other information to identify potential problems with marketed medical devices. We would also be subject to periodic inspection by the FDA for compliance with the FDA’s quality system regulations, which govern the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the design, manufacture, packaging, and servicing of all finished medical devices intended for human use. In addition, the FDA and other U.S. regulatory bodies (including the Federal Trade Commission, the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Justice (DOJ), and various state Attorneys General) monitor the manner in which we promote and advertise our products. Although physicians are permitted to use their medical judgment to employ medical devices for indications other than those cleared or approved by the FDA, we are prohibited from promoting products for such “off-label” uses and can only market our products for cleared or approved uses. If the FDA were to conclude that we are not in compliance with applicable laws or regulations, or that any of our medical devices are ineffective or pose an unreasonable health risk, the FDA could require us to notify health professionals and others that the devices present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health, order a recall, repair, replacement, or refund of such devices, detain or seize adulterated or misbranded medical devices, or ban such medical devices. The FDA may also impose operating restrictions, enjoin and/or restrain certain conduct resulting in violations of applicable law pertaining to medical devices, including a hold on approving new devices until issues are resolved to its satisfaction, and assess civil or criminal penalties against our officers, employees, or us. The FDA may also recommend prosecution to the DOJ. Conduct giving rise to civil or criminal penalties may also form the basis for private civil litigation by third-party payers or other persons allegedly harmed by our conduct.

The delivery of our devices in the U.S. market would be subject to regulation by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and comparable state agencies responsible for reimbursement and regulation of health care items and services. U.S. laws and regulations are imposed primarily in connection with the Medicare and Medicaid programs, as well as the government’s interest in regulating the quality and cost of health care.

The process of obtaining clearance to market products is costly and time-consuming in virtually all of the major markets in which we expect to sell products and may delay the marketing and sale of our products. Countries around the world have recently adopted more stringent regulatory requirements, which are expected to add to the delays and uncertainties associated with new product releases, as well as the clinical and regulatory costs of supporting those releases. No assurance can be given that any of our other medical devices will be approved on a timely basis, if at all. In addition, regulations regarding the development, manufacture and sale of medical devices are subject to future change. We cannot predict what impact, if any, those changes might have on our business. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Pertaining to our Spryng™ product (offered for veterinary use only), in the U.S., the FDA does not require submission of a 510(k), PMA, or any pre-market approval for devices used in veterinary medicine. Device manufacturers who exclusively manufacture or distribute veterinary devices are not required to register their establishments and list veterinary devices and are exempt from post-marketing reporting. The FDA does have regulatory oversight over veterinary devices and can take appropriate regulatory action if a veterinary device is misbranded or adulterated. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer and/or distributor of these articles to assure that these animal devices are safe, effective, and properly labeled.

Exported devices are subject to the regulatory requirements of each country to which the device is exported. Some countries do not have medical device regulations, but in most foreign countries medical devices are regulated. Frequently, medical device companies may choose to seek and obtain regulatory approval of a device in a foreign country prior to application in the U.S. given the differing regulatory requirements. However, this does not ensure approval of a device in the U.S.

Research and Development

The Company is currently pursuing advancements in the composition, methods of manufacture and use for its proprietary biomaterials. It is anticipated that within the next twelve months the Company will pursue additional third-party studies related to the use of Spryng^™ for the treatment of osteoarthritis in canine and equine patients. The Company also anticipates that resources will be expended to advance and improve the manufacturing systems for Spryng^™ that will increase product volume and overall efficiency. Finally, the Company anticipates that research and testing will be conducted in the next eighteen months involving the existing Spryng^™ formulation and other variations to identify and determine the next commercial product(s) that may be administered to the digital cushion of horses for the treatment of navicular disease.

Employees and Human Capital

As of June 28, 2022, we had 15 employees. We also engage outside consultants to assist with research and development, clinical development and regulatory matters, investor relations, operations, and other functions from time to time.

The Company believes that its success depends on the ability to attract, develop, and retain key personnel. It also believes that the skills, experience, and industry knowledge of its employees significantly benefits its operations and performance. The Company believes that it offers competitive compensation and other means of attracting and retaining key personnel. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we believe that our relationships with our employees are good.

Insurance

We currently maintain a “life science” commercial insurance policy with coverage in the amount of $5 million for our products and operations. The policy has been designed for those engaged in the life science business. We may face claims in excess of the limits of such insurance. As well, claims made against us may fall outside of our coverage. The policy is a “claims made” policy. Thus, our coverage must be maintained at the time a claim is made for us to be entitled to seek coverage from the issuer of the policy for such claims.

Available Information

The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and all amendments to these reports and other information with the SEC. The Company makes available free-of-charge, on or through its website at http://www.petvivo.com, the Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and all amendments to those filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Reports, proxy statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company’s filings, are also available to the public from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securitiescommon stock and warrants involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risksfollowing described belowrisks together with all of the other information included in this reportprospectus before making an investment decision with regard to our securities.this offering. If anyone or more of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, and/orand results of operations coulduld be harmed. In that case,materially harmed, which most likely would result in a decline in the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may losewarrants and investors losing part or even all or part of yourtheir investment. You should only purchase our securities if you can afford

Risks Relating to suffer the loss of your entire investment.Our Financial Condition

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

We have incurred substantial losses to date and could continue to incur such losses.

We have incurred substantial losses since commencing our current business. For the year ended March 31, 2022, we lost approximately $5 million without obtaining any significant commercial revenues and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $63 million. In order to achieve and sustain future revenues, we must succeed in our current efforts to commercialize Spryng™ for treatment of dogs and horses suffering from osteoarthritis. That will require us to produce our products effectively in commercial quantities, establish adequate sales and marketing systems, conduct clinical trials and tests which show the safety and efficacy of Spryng™ in dogs and horses and gain significant support from veterinarians in the use of our products. We expect to continue to incur losses until such time, if ever, as we succeed in significantly increasing our revenues and cash flow beyond what is necessary to fund our ongoing operations and pay our obligations as they become due. We may never generate revenues sufficient to become profitable or to sustain profitability.

If we are unable to obtain sufficient funding, we may have to reduce materially or even discontinue our business.

As of March 31, 2022, we had cash or cash equivalents of $6.1 million. We anticipate that our cash on hand will be adequate to satisfy operational and capital requirements for the next ten months. If we are unable to realize substantial revenues in the near future, we will need to seek additional financing beyond this ten month period to continue our operations. We also most likely will require additional financing to develop additional new products or to expand into foreign markets. Accordingly, our ability to commercialize Spryng™ and other products may be dependent on our receipt of the net proceeds from our future financings

Along with establishing effective production, marketing, sales, and distribution of Spryng™ and other products, we believe that our future capital requirements depend upon the timing and costs of many factors with some of them beyond our control, including our ability to establish an adequate base of veterinarian clinics using our products, costs in obtaining patents and any required regulatory approvals for future products, costs of any future target animal studies, costs related to new product development, costs of finished product inventory, expenses to attract and retain skilled personnel as needed, increased costs related to being a limitedlisted public company, and the costs of any future acquisitions of existing companies or IP technologies. There is no assurance that future additional capital will be available to us as needed, or if available upon terms acceptable to us.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We have no operating history upon which to base an evaluation of our prospects can be made.prospects.

We were incorporated in March 2009.have had no material commercial operations, since our primary efforts and resources have been directed toward acquiring our technology to produce and sell proprietary products for the animal market. Our lack of an operating history makes an evaluation of our business and prospects very difficult. Our prospects must be considered speculative, especially considering the risks, expenses and difficulties frequently encountered in the establishment of a new business. We cannot be certain that our business will be successful or that we will generate significant revenues. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not commenced business operations involving the marketing and sale and distribution of the Gel-Del products. We may never be successful in developing a market for our products and thus may never become profitable. Therefore, ouran early-stage company. Our ability to operate our business successfully remains unknown and untested. If we are successful in marketingcannot commercialize our products we anticipate that we will retain future earnings, if any, and other cash resources for the future operation and development of our business as appropriate. We do not currently anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of any future dividends is solely at the discretion of our board of directors, which will take into account many factors including our operating results, financial conditions and anticipated cash needs. For these reasons, we may never achieve profitability or pay dividends.

We anticipate that our ability to generate revenues in the foreseeable future will depend on the successful development and commercialization of our products. If we are not successful in commercializing the productseffectively, or are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, our business and operations will be materially adversely affectedharmed substantially, and we may even need to curtail or cease operations.

Because we are a development stage company, we have no revenues to sustain our operations.

We are a development stage company that is currently developing our business. To date, we have not generated revenues. The success of our business operations will depend upon our ability to obtain customers and provide quality products to those customers. We are not able to predict whether we will be able to develop our business and generate revenues. If we are not able to complete the successful development of our business plan, generate revenues and attain sustainable operations, then our business will fail.

We have incurred a net loss since inception and expect to incur net losses for the foreseeable future.

During fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, our net loss was $16,521,698. We expect to incur operating and capital expenditures for the next year and, as a result, we expect significant net losses in the future. We will need to generate significant revenues to develop our business and expand our operations. We may not be able to generate sufficient revenues to achieve profitable operations.

We will need to raise additional capital to subsequently market the Gel-Del products and expand our operations. Our failure to raise additional capital will significantly affect our ability to fund our proposed activities.

We are currently not engaged in any sophisticated marketing program to market our products because we lack capital and revenues to justify the expenditure. In addition, our available funds will not fund our activities for the next twelve months. If we fail to raise additional funds, investors may lose their entire cash investment.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate:

We are substantially dependent onupon the success of our current product candidates.Spryng™ and any failure of Spryng™ to achieve market acceptance would harm us significantly.

We currently have the Kush™ Canine Particles ready for commercial distribution as a medical device. To date, we have invested nearly all of ourOur recent efforts and financial resources inhave primarily been directed toward commercialization of

Spryng™ for the prior in-licensing, researchtreatment of dogs and developmenthorses suffering from osteoarthritis. Accordingly, our prospects rely heavily on the successful launch and follow-up marketing of this products. In addition to establishing effective production, marketing, sales, distribution and training for the Kush™ Canine Particles.

Our near-term prospects,use of Spryng™, we believe its successful commercialization will depend on other material factors including our ability to finance our companyeducate and to enter into strategic collaborations and generate revenue, will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of our current product candidates. The development and commercial success of our current product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including the following:

Many of these factors are beyond our control. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will ever be able to generate revenue through the sale of our product candidates. If we are not successful in commercializing one or more of our product candidates, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business will be materially harmed and the value of your investment could substantially decline.

We may be unable to obtain all required regulatory approvals for our existing or future product candidates under applicable regulatory requirements. The denial or delay of any such approval would delay commercialization efforts and adversely impact our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.

Our product candidates are in various stages of development, and with regards to some of these product candidates, our business depends up on their successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization. We currently have no products approved for sale and we may never obtain regulatory approval to commercialize any of our other current or future product candidates. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of therapeutics products are subject to extensive regulation by the CVM, the USDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, whose regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market our products in the United States until we receive approval of a New Animal Drug Application, or NADA, from the CVM or a full product license from the USDA with respect to our biologic products, or in Europe until we receive approval from the European Commission or applicable EU State national competent authorities.

Even if we receive approval of an NADA, USDA product license or foreign regulatory filing for our product candidates, the CVM, the USDA or the applicable foreign regulatory body may approve our product candidates for a more limited indication than we originally requested, and the CVM or the USDA may not approve the labeling that we believe is necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approval would delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates and would materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

Even if our current or future product candidates obtain regulatory approval, they may never achieve market acceptance or commercial success.

Even if we obtain CVM, USDA, EMA or other regulatory approvals, our current or future product candidates may not achieve market acceptance among veterinarians/clinicians and owners, and may not be commercially successful. Market acceptance of any of our current or future product candidates for which we receive approval depends on a number of factors, including:

Any failure by our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval to achieve market acceptance or commercial success would adversely affect our financial results.

Development of pet therapeutics involves an expensive and lengthy process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies may not be predictive of future study results.

Development of pet therapeutics is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. To gain approval to market a pet therapeutic for a particular species of pet, we must provide the CVM, the USDA or foreign regulatory authorities, as applicable, with data from animal safety and effectiveness studies that adequately demonstrateof Spryng™, the safetyoccurrence and efficacyseverity of that product in the target animal for the intended indication applied for in the NADA, product license or other regulatory filing. We rely on contract research organizations, or CROs, and other third partiesany side effects to ensure the proper and timely conductpets from use of our studiesproducts, maintaining regulatory compliance and development efforts and, while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance. Failure can occur at any time during the development process. Success in prior target animal studies or in the treatment of human beings with a product candidate does not ensure that our target animal studies will be successful and the results of development efforts by other parties may not be indicative of the results of our target animal studies and other development efforts. Product candidates in our studies may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy despite showing such results in initial data or previous human or animal studies conducted by other parties. Even if our studies and other development efforts are completed, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approvaleffective quality control for our product candidates. 

Once our target animal studies commence, we may experience delays in such studies and other development efforts and we do not know whether planned studies will begin on time, need to be redesigned or be completed on schedule, if at all. Pet therapeutics studies can be delayed or discontinued for a variety of reasons, including delay or failure to:

If we experience delays in the completion of, or terminate any development efforts for our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will be harmed, andproducts, our ability to generate product revenuesmaintain and enforce our patents and other intellectual property rights, any increased manufacturing costs from anythird-party contractors or suppliers, and the availability, cost and effectiveness of these product candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our development efforts will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of our development efforts may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.treatments offered by competitors.

Our product candidates, if approved,products will face significant competition in our industry, and our failure to compete effectively compete may prevent us from achieving any significant market penetration.

The development and commercialization of pet therapeuticsanimal care products is highly competitive, and we expect considerableincluding significant competition from major pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and specialty animal health medicinesmedical companies. As a result, there are, and will likely continue to be, extensive research and substantial financial resources invested in the discovery and development of new pet therapeutics. Our potential competitors include large animal health companies, such as Zoetis, Inc.; Merck Animal Health, the animal health division of Merck & Co., Inc.; Merial, the animal health division of Sanofi, S.A.; Elanco, the animal health division of Eli Lilly and Company; Bayer Animal Health, the animal health division of Bayer AG; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, the animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Novartis Animal Health, the animal health division of Novartis AG; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health; Virbac Group; Ceva Animal Health; VetoquinolVetaquinol; and Dechra Pharmaceuticals PLC. WeThere also are also aware of several smaller early stage animal health companies such aswhich have recently emerged in our industry and are developing therapeutics products that may compete with our products, including Kindred Bio, Aratana Therapeutics, NextVetNext Vet, and VetDC that are developing products for use in the pet therapeutics market.VetDC.

WeSince we are an early-stage company with a limited history of operations and many offinancing, virtually all our competitors have substantially more financial, technical and personnel resources than we do, including both financialus. Most of them also have established brands and technical resources. In addition, many of our competitors have moresubstantial experience than we have in the development, manufacture,production, regulation and worldwide commercialization of animal health medicines. We arecare products. Regarding our development of any new products or technology, we also competingcompete with academic institutions, governmental agencies and private organizations that are conductingconduct research in the field of animal health medicines.

Our competition will be determined in part by the potential indications for which our products are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities. Additionally, the timing of market introduction of some of our potential products or of competitors' products may be an important competitive factor. Accordingly, the speed with which we can develop our compounds, complete target animal studies and approval processes, and supply commercial quantities to market are expected to be important competitive factors. We expect that competition among products approved for sale will bein our industry is based on variousseveral factors including primarily product efficacy,reliability and effectiveness, product pricing, product branding, adequate patent and other IP protection, safety reliability, availability, priceof use, and patent position. product availability.

If we are not successful in identifying, licensing or acquiring, developingAlthough for the foreseeable future, our efforts and commercializing additional product candidates, our abilityfinancial resources will continue to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives would be impaired.

Although a substantial amount of our effort will focus on successfully commercializing Spryng™, our future business strategy plan includes the continued development and potential approvalidentification of our current Gel-Del patentedadditional animal care products a key element of our strategy is to identify,we may license, acquire or acquire, develop, and commercializethen commercializing such products into a branded product portfolio of products to serve the pet therapeutics market.along with Spryng™. Even if we successfully identify and license, further potential product candidates,acquire or develop such animal care products from our proprietary technology, or acquire any such new products, we may still fail to yield product candidatescommercialize them successfully for development and commercialization for manyvarious reasons, including competitors offering alternative products which are more effective than ours, our discovery of third-party IP rights already covering the following:

products, harmful side effects caused to animals by the products, inability to produce products in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or the products not being accepted by veterinarians and pet owners as being safe or effective. If we fail to developsuccessfully obtain and successfully commercialize other product candidates,future new animal care products, our business and future prospects may be harmed and our business will be more vulnerable to any problems that we encounter in developing and commercializing our current and future product candidates.substantially.

If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop any of our current or future product candidates, conduct our in-licensing and development efforts and commercialize any of our current or future product candidates.

Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and scientific personnel. We are highly dependent upon our senior management, as well as our senior scientists and other members of our senior management team. The loss of services of any of these individuals could delay or prevent the successful development of our current or future product pipeline, completion of our planned development efforts or the commercialization of our product candidates.

Competition for qualified personnel in the animal health fields is intense due to the limited number of individuals who possess the skills and experience required by our industry. We will need to hire additional personnel as we expand our development and commercial activities. We may not be able to attract and retain quality personnel on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, to the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited or that they have divulged proprietary or other confidential information, or that their former employers own their research output.

We rely substantially on outsourced contract manufacturers to manufacture our biomaterial products

With respect to our products, we do not currently have, nor do we currently plan to acquire, the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture commercial quantities of the formulated Gel-Del Particles We will rely on third-parties to conduct studies of our contract manufacturers to manufacture the active pharmaceutical ingredientscurrent and new products, and their facilities may be subject to inspections by the CVM, the USDA or the EMA We do not control the manufacturing processes used by, and we are completely dependent on, these manufacturers to comply with cGMP for the manufacture of both ingredients and finished products, and if they cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and is made in compliance with the strict regulatory requirements of the CVM, the USDA or other regulatory authorities, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. If the CVM, the USDA or the EMA does not approve our contract manufacturers' facilities used for the manufacture of our product candidates, or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would adversely impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

Furthermore, we may encounter difficulties with new or existing manufacturing processes, particularly if we seek to increase our manufacturing capacity significantly to support commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. Our reliance on contract manufacturers also requires us to provide trade secrets or other proprietary information to others engaged to make our products, increasing the possibility that our trade secrets or other proprietary information may be disclosed or misappropriated.

The commercialization of any of our Gel-Del Particles product candidates could be stopped, delayed or made less profitable if third-party manufacturers fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of product or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices and in a timely manner.

To manufacture our product candidates in the quantities that we believe would be required to meet anticipated market demand, our third-party manufacturers may need to increase manufacturing capacity, which could involve significant challenges and may require additional regulatory approvals. In addition, the development of commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities may require us and our third-party manufacturers to invest substantial additional funds and hire and retain technical personnel who have the necessary manufacturing experience. Neither we nor our third-party manufacturers may successfully complete any manufacturing scale-up activities required to increase existing manufacturing capabilities in a timely manner, or at all.

The raw materials used to manufacture our products are generally readily available and can be obtained from multiple suppliers in commercial quantities. However, we rely on our contract manufacturers to obtain any raw materials necessary to manufacture our products, and we do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition of these materials. Furthermore, if there is a disruption to our or our third-party manufacturers' relevant operations, we will have no other means of producing our product candidates until they restore the affected facilities or we or they procure alternative manufacturing facilities or raw materials. Additionally, any damage to or destruction of our third-party manufacturers' facilities or equipment may significantly impair our ability to manufacture product candidates on a timely basis.

We currently rely on third parties to conduct all of our target animal studies and certain other development efforts. If these third parties do not successfully carry outperform their contractual dutiescontracted commitments effectively or substantially fail to meet expected study deadlines, we could be delayed from effectively commercializing our future products.

We entered into canine clinical study agreements with Colorado State University on November 25, 2020 and Ethos Veterinary Health in May of 2022. In the future, we may engage other third parties to conduct studies of Spryng™ and other products to be unableintroduced by us. We expect to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our current or future product candidates.

We currently do not conduct our target animal studies,have limited control over the timing and resources that such third parties will devote to the studies. Although we must rely on CROs to conduct these studies. The third parties with whom we contract for the execution of our studies play a significant role in the conduct of these studies and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. However, these third parties are not our employees, and except for contractual duties and obligations, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs. Although we rely on these third parties to conduct our studies, we remain responsible for ensuring that eachany of our studies isare conducted in accordancecompliance with the development plan and protocol. Moreover, the CVM, the USDA and EMA require us to comply withprotocols, regulations and standards set by industry regulatory authorities and commonly referred to as current good clinical practices ("cGCPs"(“cGCPs”), or and good laboratory practices ("GLPs"(“GLPs”), for. These required clinical and laboratory practices include many items regarding the conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of ourtarget animal studies to ensure that the data and results of these studies are objective and scientifically credible and accurate.

Our success is highly dependent on the clinical advancement of our products and adverse results in clinical trials and other studies could prevent us from effectively commercializing our future products

There can be no assurance that clinical trials or studies of Spryng™ and our other products will demonstrate the safety and efficacy of such products in a statistically significant manner. Failure to show efficacy or adverse results in clinical trials or studies could significantly harm our business. While some clinical trials and studies of our product candidates may show indications of safety and efficacy, there can be no assurance that these results will be confirmed in subsequent clinical trials or studies or provide a sufficient basis for regulatory approval, if required. In addition, the execution of target animalside effects observed in clinical trials or studies, and the subsequent compilation and analysis of the data produced requires coordination among various parties. In order for these functions to be carried out effectively and efficiently, it is imperativeor other side effects that these parties communicate and coordinate with one another. Moreover, these third partiesappear in later clinical trials or studies, may also have relationships with other commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. Many ofadversely affect our potential agreements with these third parties may be terminated by these third parties upon as little as 30 days' prior written notice of a material breach by us that is not cured within 30 days. Many of these agreements may also be terminated by such third parties under certain other circumstances, including our insolvency or our failuredistributors’ ability to comply with applicable laws. In general, these agreements require suchmarket and commercialize our products.

Our operations will rely on third parties to reasonably cooperate with us atproduce our expense for an orderly winding down of services of suchraw materials to produce our products.

We will rely on independent third parties underto produce the agreements. Ifraw materials (e.g. collagen, elastin and heparin) that we use to produce our Spryng™ products. As such, we will be dependent upon their services and will not be in a position to control their operations as we might if we directly produced these raw materials. While we believe the third parties conductingraw materials used to manufacture Spryng™ products are readily available and can be obtained from multiple reliable sources on a timely basis, circumstances outside our target animal studies do not perform their contractual duties or obligations, experience work stoppages, do not meet expected deadlines, terminate their agreements with us or needcontrol may impair our ability to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracyhave an adequate supply of the data they obtain is compromised dueraw materials to the failure to adhere toproduce our development protocols or cGCPs, or for any other reason, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties, which could be difficult and costly, and our target animal studies may be extended, delayed or terminated or may need to be repeated. If any of the foregoing were to occur, the regulatory approval for and commercialization of the product candidate being tested in such studies may be delayed or require us to utilize additional resources.Spryng™ products.

We currently have no sales organization. If we are unable to establish sales capabilities on our own or through third parties,experience the rapid commercial growth we anticipate, we may not be able to manage such growth effectively.

We contemplate rapid growth for our business as we bring our Spryng™ products to market and sellanticipate that will place significant new demands on our current or future product candidates, if approved, or generate product revenue.

We currently do not have a sales organization. In order to commercialize any ofmanagement and our current or future product candidates in the United Statesoperational and any jurisdictions outside the United States,financial resources. Our organizational structure will become more complex as we must build our marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services,add additional personnel, and we may not be successful in doing so. We expectwould likely require more financial and staff resources to establish a direct sales organization in the United States, complemented by distributors, to commercializesupport and continue our product candidates, which will be expensive and time-consuming. Outside of the United States we intend to partner with companies with an established commercial presence to market our products in those locations.growth. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements on acceptable termsmanage our growth effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.

We have a limited marketing and sales organization, and if our current marketing and sales personnel are insufficient or at all,inadequate to support the current introduction of our Spryng™ products, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our current product candidates or any future product candidates that receive regulatory approval. sell these products in quantities to become commercially successful.

We have noa limited marketing and sales organization, and we have minimal prior experience in the marketing, sale and distribution of pet therapeutics and therecare products. There are significant risks involved in our building and managing aan effective sales organization, including our ability to hire, retainadequately train, maintain and motivate qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel,other contacts, and effectively oversee a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team.establish effective product distribution channels. Any failure or substantial delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. If we are not successful in commercializing any of our current or future product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more distributors, our future product revenue will suffer and we would incur significant additional losses.

We will need to increase the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing growth.

We will need to continue to expand our managerial, operational, financial and other resources in order to manage our operations and target animal studies, continue our development activities and commercialize any of our current or future product candidates. Our management and personnel, systems and facilities currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Our need to effectively execute our growth strategy requires that we:

We are incurring significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is expected to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a privately-held company, we were not required to comply with certain corporate governance and financial reporting practices and policies required of a publicly-traded company. As a publicly-traded company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we were not required to incur in the recent past, particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company" as defined under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. In addition, new and changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, as well as under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the JOBS Act, and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and The NASDAQ Global Market, have created uncertainty for public companies and increased our costs and time that our board of directors and management must devote to complying with these rules and regulations. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and lead to a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities.

Furthermore, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may divert management's attention from implementing our growth strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly-traded company. However, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a publicly-traded company.

For as long as we remain an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not "emerging growth companies." These exemptions provide for, but are not limited to, relief from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, less extensive disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements to hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved and an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an "emerging growth company." We may remain an "emerging growth company" for up to five years. To the extent we are no longer eligible to use exemptions from various reporting requirements under the JOBS Act; we may be unable to realize our anticipated cost savings from those exemptions.

We are not currently required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and failure to achieve and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, when applicable, could have a material adverse effect on our business and share price.financial condition.

As an emerging growth company, we are not required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in a manner that meets the standards of publicly-traded companies required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404. We are required to meet these standards in the course of preparing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended March 31, 2017 and our management has reportedOur business will depend significantly on the sufficiency and effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for such year. Additionally, under the recently enacted JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attestmarketing and product promotional programs and incentives.

Due to the effectivenesshighly competitive nature of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act untilindustry, we are no longer an "emerging growth company." The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complexeffectively and require significant documentation, testingefficiently promote and possible remediation. 

A material weakness in internal control was identified in connection with the preparation of our financial statements and the audit of our financial results. In order to remedy the material weakness, we will need to implement resulting improvements in our internal controls. In connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. Furthermore, failure to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment could have a material adverse effect on our business and share price and could limit our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely.

Changes in distribution channels for pet therapeutics could negatively impact our market share, margins and distribution of our products.

In most markets, pet owners typically purchase their pet therapeutics directly from veterinarians. Pet owners increasingly could purchase pet therapeutics from sources other than veterinarians, such as Internet-based retailers, "big-box" retail stores or other over-the-counter distribution channels. This trend has been demonstrated by the significant shift away from the veterinarian distribution channel in the sale of parasiticides and vaccines in recent years. Pet owners also could decrease their reliance on, and visits to, veterinarians as they rely more on Internet-based animal health information. Because we expect to market our pet prescription products through the veterinarian distribution channel, any decrease in visits to veterinarians by pet owners could reduce our market share for such productsinternet, television and materially adversely affect our operating resultsprint advertising, social media, and financial condition. In addition, pet owners may substitute human health products for pet therapeutics if human health products are deemed to be lower-cost alternatives.

Legislation has also been proposed in the United States, and may be proposed in the United States or abroad in the future, that could impact the distribution channels for our pet products. For example, such legislation may require veterinarians to provide pet owners with written prescriptions and disclosure that the pet owner may fill prescriptions through a third party, which may further reduce the number of pet owners who purchase their pet therapeutics directly from veterinarians. Such requirements may lead to increased use of generic alternatives to our products or the increased substitution of our products with other pet therapeutics or human health products if such other products are deemed to be lower-cost alternatives. Many states already have regulations requiring veterinarians to provide prescriptions to pet owners upon request and the American Veterinary Medical Association has long-standing policies in place to encourage this practice.

Over time, thesetrade promotions and other competitive conditions may increase our reliance on Internet-based retailers, "big-box" retail stores or other over-the-counter distribution channelsincentives to sell our pet products. Any of these events could materially adversely affect our operating resultssustain and financial condition.

Consolidation of our customers could negatively affect the pricing of our products.

Veterinarians are our primary customers. In recent years, there has been a trend towards the concentration of veterinarians in large clinics and hospitals. If this trend towards consolidation continues, these customers could attempt to improve their profitability by leveraging their buying power to obtain favorable pricing. The resulting decrease in our prices could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Generic products may be viewed as more cost-effective than our products.

We may face competition from products produced by other companies, including generic alternatives to any of our products. We will need to depend on patents to provide us with exclusive marketing rights for some of our products. The protection afforded which varies from country to country, is limited by the scope and applicable terms of patents and the availability of legal remedies in the applicable country. As a result, we may face competition from lower-priced generic alternatives to many of our products. Generic competitors are becoming more aggressive in terms of pricing, and generic products are an increasing percentage of overall animal health sales in certain regions. In addition, private label products may compete with our products. If pet therapeutics customers increase their use of new or existing generic or private label products, our operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Our pet therapeutics will be subject to unanticipated safety or efficacy concerns, which may harm our reputation.

Unanticipated safety or efficacy concerns can arise with respect to pet therapeutics, whether or not scientifically or clinically supported, leading to product recalls, withdrawals or suspended or declining sales, as well as product liability, and other claims. In addition, we depend on positive perceptions of the safety and quality of our products, and pet therapeutics generally, by our customers, veterinarians and end-users, and such concerns may harm our reputation. These concerns and the related harm to our reputation could materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition, regardless of whether such reports are accurate.

After consummation of our merger acquisition of Gel-Del, we acquired and now own all intellectual property rights developed by Gel-Del.

All of the intellectual property rights of Gel-Del or that we develop with respect to Gel-Del Particles are or will be owned by us. However, we may face claims from non-practicing entities, which have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may thus have no deterrent effect.

In addition to infringement claims against us, if third parties have prepared and filed patent applications in the United States that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the U.S. PTO to determine the priority of invention. Third parties may also attempt to initiate reexamination, post grant review or inter parties’ review of our patents in the U.S. PTO. We may also become involved in similar opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office or similar offices in other jurisdictions regarding our intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology.

If our efforts to protect the proprietary nature of the intellectual property related to any of our current or future product candidates are not adequate, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.

We will rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality to protect the intellectual property related to our current product candidates and our development programs.

Composition-of-matter patents on the active pharmaceutical ingredient are generally considered to be the strongest form of intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical products, including pet therapeutics, as such patents provide protection without regard to any particular method of use or manufacture. Method-of-use patents protect the use of a product for the specified method. This type of patent does not prevent a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical to our product for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method. Moreover, even if competitors do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications, veterinarians may recommend that pet owners use these products off label, or pet owners may do so themselves. Although off-label use may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method-of-use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to prevent or prosecute. Method of manufacturing patents protects a specific way to make a product and do not prevent a third party from making the product by a different method and then using the product for our uses. We cannot be certain that the claims in our patent applications will be considered patentable by the U.S. PTO and courts in the United States, or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries.

The strength of patents in the field of pet therapeutics involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we own or license may fail to result in issued patents in the United States or in other foreign countries. Even if the patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope thereof, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our products or our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our claims. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patents and patent applications we own, in-license or pursue with respect to any of our current or future product candidates is threatened, it could threaten our ability to commercialize any of our current or future product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in our development efforts, the period of time during which we could market any of our current or future product candidates under patent protection would be reduced. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we were the first to file any patent application related to our product candidates. Furthermore, for patent applications in which claims are entitled to a priority date before March 16, 2013, an interference proceeding can be provoked by a third party or instituted by the U.S. PTO to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications. For patent applications containing a claim not entitled to a priority date before March 16, 2013, there is a greater level of uncertainty in the patent law with the passage of the America Invents Act, which brings into effect significant changes to the U.S. patent laws that have yet to be well defined, and which introduces new procedures for challenging pending patent applications and issued patents. A primary change under this reform is creating a "first to file" system in the United States, which requires us to minimize the time from invention to filing of a patent application.

Even where laws provide protection, costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and the outcome of such litigation would be uncertain. Moreover, any actions we may bring to enforce our intellectual property against our competitors could provoke them to bring counterclaims against us, and some of our competitors have substantially greater intellectual property portfolios than we have.

We will also rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our product development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Although we require all of our employees to assign their inventions to us, and endeavor to execute confidentiality agreements with all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology, we cannot be certain that we have executed such agreements with all parties who may have helped to develop our intellectual property or had access to our proprietary information, nor that our agreements will not be breached. We cannot guarantee that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, we will not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any disclosure to or misappropriation by third parties of our confidential proprietary information could enable competitors to quickly duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding our competitive position in our market.

We may be involved in lawsuits Moreover, from time to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents, or patents that may issue to us in the future, or the patents of our licensors that are licensed to us. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, if we or one of our future collaborators were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering our current product candidates, or one of our future products, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the U.S. PTO, or made a materially misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the U.S. PTO, even outside the context of litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our current or future product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be unsuccessful, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Finally, we may not be able to prevent, alone or with the support of our licensors, misappropriation of our trade secrets or confidential information, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights fully.

The regulatory approval process is uncertain, requires us to utilize significant resources, and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates.

The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, import, export, marketing and distribution of pet therapeutics are subject to extensive regulation by the CVM, the USDA or the EMA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, which regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market any of our current or future product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of an NADA from the CVM or a product license from the USDA. We have not submitted an application for or received marketing approval for our current product candidates. Obtaining approval of an NADA from CVM or a product license from the USDA can be an uncertain process that requires us to utilize significant resources. The CVM, the USDA or any foreign regulatory bodies can delay, limit or deny approval of any of our product candidates for many reasons, including:

In addition, failure to comply with CVM and other applicable United States and foreign regulatory requirements may subject us to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including: warning letters, civil and criminal penalties, injunctions, withdrawal of approved products from the market, product seizure or detention, product recalls, total or partial suspension of production, and refusal to approve pending NADAs or product licenses or supplements to approved NADAs or product licenses. 

Regulatory approval of an NADA or supplement NADA, or of a product license, is not guaranteed, and the approval process requires us to utilize significant resources, may take several years, and is subject to the substantial discretion of the CVM, the USDA or the EMA. Despite the time and expense exerted, failure can occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat studies, or perform additional studies. If any of our current or future product candidates fails to demonstrate safety and efficacy in our studies or for any other reason does not gain regulatory approval, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely harmed.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our current or future product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing CVM, USDA or EMA obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, any product candidates, if approved, will be subject to labeling and manufacturing requirements and could be subject to other restrictions. Failure to comply with these regulatory requirements or the occurrence of unanticipated problems with our products could result in significant penalties.

Any regulatory approvals that we or any of our collaborators receive for any of our current or future product candidates may be subject to conditions of approval or limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed, or may contain requirements for potentially costly surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. In addition, if the CVM, the USDA or the EMA approves any of our current or future product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMP, GLP and good clinical practices, or GCP, for any studies that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

The CVM's, USDA's or the EMA's policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtainedto change our marketing strategies and we mayspending allocations based on responses from our veterinarian customers and pet owners. If our marketing, advertising and trade promotions are not achievesuccessful to create and sustain consistent revenue growth or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

Failure to obtain regulatory approvals in foreign jurisdictions for our product candidates would prevent us from marketing our products internationally.

In order to market any product outside of the United States, including in the EEA (which is comprised of the 28 member states of the European Union plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) and many other foreign jurisdictions, separate regulatory approvals are required. More concretely, in the EEA, pet therapeutics can only be commercialized after obtaining a Marketing Authorization ("MA"). Before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent national authorities of the member states of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy.

The approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional studies and testing, and the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain CVM or USDA approval. Animal studies conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. Approval by the CVM or USDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the CVM or the USDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining CVM or USDA approval. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals or to do so on a timely basis and, even if we do file them, we may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

If approved, any of our current or future products may cause or contribute to adverse medical events that we are required to report to the CVM, USDA and regulatory authorities in other countries and, if we fail to do so, we could be subjectrespond to sanctions that would materially harm our business.

If we are successful in commercializing any of our current or future products, regulations of the CVM, the USDA and of the regulatory authorities in other countries require that we report certain information about adverse medical events if those products may have caused or contributed to those adverse events. The timing of our obligation to report would be triggered by the date we become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. We may fail to report adverse events we become aware of within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to appreciate that we have become aware of a reportable adverse event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the use of our products. If we fail to comply with our reporting obligations, the CVM, USDA and regulatory authorities in other countries could take action including criminal prosecution, the imposition of civil monetary penalties, seizure of our products, or delay in approval or clearance of future products.

Legislative or regulatory reforms with respect to pet therapeutics may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory clearance or approval of any of our current or future product candidates and to produce, market, and distribute our products after clearance or approval is obtained.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in the U.S. Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the testing, regulatory clearance or approval, manufacture, and marketing of regulated products. In addition, CVM and USDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the CVM and USDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Similarstrategy changes in laws or regulations can occur in other countries. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations in the United States or in other countries may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of any of our current or future product candidates. We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations, statutes, legal interpretation or policies, when and if promulgated, enacted or adopted may have on our business in the future. Such changes could, among other things, require:

Each of these would likely entail substantial time and cost and could materially harm our financial results. In addition, delays in receipt of or failure to receive regulatory clearances or approvals for any future products would harmindustry, our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our research and development relies on evaluations in animals, whichoperations may become subject to bans or additional regulations.

As a biopharmaceutical company with a focus on pet therapeutics, the evaluation of our existing and new products in animals is required to register our products. Animal testing in certain industries has been the subject of controversy and adverse publicity. Some organizations and individuals have attempted to ban animal testing or encourage the adoption of additional regulations applicable to animal testing. To the extent that the activities of such organizations and individuals are successful, our research and development, and by extension our operating results and financial condition, could be materially adversely affected. In addition, negative publicity about us or our industry could harm our reputation.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

Our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of our stock may be harmed by competing resales of our common stock by the selling shareholders in our registration statement that was declared effective by the SEC.

The price of our common stock could fall if the selling shareholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock. These sales would make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate, because the selling shareholders may offer to sell their shares of common stock to potential investors for less than we do. Moreover, potential investors may not be interested in purchasing shares of our common stock if the selling shareholders are selling their shares of common stock.

We depend on the efforts and abilities of our officers.

We currently have four officers and directors who are also our only employees. The demands on each of these individuals' time will increase because of our status as a public company. Our officers and directors have limited experience in managing a public company, which may impact our ability to meet our financial and business objectives as potential investors may not want to invest in a company whose management has limited public company experience. The interruption of the services of our management could significantly hinder our operations, profits and future development, if suitable replacements are not promptly obtained. We do not currently have any executive compensation agreements. We cannot guaranty that our management will remain with us.

Our management ranks are thin and losing or failing to add key personnel could affect our ability to successfully grow our business.

Our future performance depends substantially on the continued service of our management. In particular, our success depends upon the continued efforts of our management personnel, including our Chief Executive Officer, John Lai, and our Chief Financial Officer/Treasurer and Secretary, John F. Dolan. We cannot guarantee that either Messrs. Lai or Dolan will remain with us.

The costs to meet our reporting requirements as a public company subject to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 will be substantial.

We will incur ongoing expenses associated with professional fees for accounting and legal expenses associated with being a public company. We estimate that these costs will range up to $50,000 per year for the next few years. Those fees will be higher if our business volume and activity increases. Those obligations will reduce and possibly eliminate our ability and resources to fund our operations effectively.

Any damage to our reputation or our brand may materially harm our business.

Developing, maintaining and expanding our reputation and brand with veterinarians, pet owners and others will be critical to our success. Our auditors have questionedbrand may suffer if our marketing plans or product initiatives are unsuccessful. The importance of our brand and demand for our products may decrease if competitors offer products with benefits similar to or as effective as our products and at lower costs to consumers. Although we maintain procedures to ensure the quality, safety and integrity of our products and their production processes, we may be unable to detect or prevent product and/or ingredient quality issues such as contamination or deviations from our established procedures. If any of our products cause injury to animals, we may incur material expenses for product recalls, and may be subject to product liability claims, which could damage our reputation and brand substantially.

If we fail to attract and retain qualified management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully commercialize our current products or develop new products effectively.

Our success will significantly be dependent upon our current management and key scientific technicians, and also on our ability to continueattract, retain and motivate future management and employees. We are highly dependent upon our current management and technology personnel, and the loss of the services of any of them could delay or prevent the successful commercialization or development of current or future products. Competition to obtain qualified personnel in the animal health field is intense due to the limited number of individuals possessing the skills and experience required by our industry. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified personnel as needed on acceptable terms, or at all, which would harm our business and operations.

Natural disasters and other events beyond our control could materially adversely affect us.

Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, asinternational commerce and the global economy, and thus could have a "going concern." Investorsstrong negative effect on us. Our business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters, fire, power shortages, pandemics (including the ongoing Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic) and other events beyond our control. Although we maintain crisis management and disaster response plans, such events could make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver our services to our customers, and could decrease demand for our services.

Risks relating to Manufacturing

We may lose allnot be able to manage our manufacturing and supply chain effectively, which would harm our results of their investment ifoperations.

We must accurately forecast demand for our products in order to have adequate product inventory available to fill customer orders timely. Our forecasts will be based on multiple assumptions that may cause our estimates to be inaccurate, and thus affect our ability to ensure adequate manufacturing capability to satisfy product demand. Any material delay in our ability to obtain timely product inventories from our manufacturing facility and our ingredient suppliers could prevent us from satisfying increased consumer demand for our products, resulting in material harm to our brand and business. In addition, we will need to continuously monitor our inventory and product mix against forecasted demand to avoid having inadequate product inventory or having too much product inventory on hand. If we are unable to continue operationsmanage our supply chain effectively, our operating costs may increase materially.

Risks relating to our Intellectual Property

Failure to protect our intellectual property could harm our competitive position or cause us to incur significant expenses and generate revenues.personnel resources to enforce our rights.

We hope to obtain significant revenues from future product sales. In the absence of significant sales and profits, we may seek to raise additional funds to meet our working capital needs, principally through the additional sales of our securities. However, we cannot guarantee that weOur success will be able to obtain sufficient additional funds when needed, or that such funds, if available, will be obtainable on terms satisfactory to us. As a result, substantial doubt exists aboutdepend significantly upon our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our officersprotect our intellectual property (“IP”) rights, including patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and directors own approximately 73.21%process know-how, which valuable assets support our brand and the perception of our outstanding shares of common stock, allowing these shareholdersproducts. We rely on patent, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property laws, as well as non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements to control matters requiring approvalprotect our intellectual property. Our non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements may not always effectively prevent disclosure of our shareholders.proprietary IP rights, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of an unauthorized disclosure of such information, which could harm our competitive position. We also may need to engage in costly litigation to enforce or protect our patent or other proprietary IP rights, or to determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights of others. Any such litigation could require us to expend significant financial resources and also divert the efforts and attention of our management and other personnel from our ongoing business operations. If we fail to protect our intellectual property, our business, brand, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.

Our

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which could result in substantial damages and diversion of the efforts and attention of our management.

We must respect prevailing third-party intellectual property, and the procedures and steps we take to prevent our misappropriation, infringement or other violation of the intellectual property of others may not be successful. If third parties assert infringement claims against us, our suppliers, or veterinarians using our products and technology, we could be required to expend substantial financial and personnel resources to respond to and litigate or settle any such third-party claims. Although we believe our patents, manufacturing processes and products do not infringe in any material respect on the intellectual property rights of other parties, we could be found to infringe on such proprietary rights of others. Any claims that our products, processes or technology infringe on third-party rights, regardless of their merit or resolution could be very costly to us and also materially divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel. Any adverse outcome to us from one or more such claims against us could, among other things, require us to pay substantial damages, to cease the sale of our products, to discontinue our use of any infringing processes or technology, to expend substantial resources to develop non-infringing products or technology, or to license technology from the infringed party. If one or more of such adverse outcomes occur, our ability to compete could be affected significantly and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed substantially.

Risks related to Regulation

We may be unable to obtain required regulatory approvals for future products timely or at all, and the denial or substantial delay of any such approval could delay materially or even prevent our efforts to commercialize new products, which could adversely impact our ability to generate future revenues.

Based on our determination that our Spryng™ products is a device for the treatment of animals rather than being a pharmaceutical product, we believe we are not required to obtain regulatory approval to produce and market them for their current intended uses. However, we have not received confirmation from any regulatory authority that our determination is correct. The production, marketing and sale of any future products for the treatment of animals based on our proprietary technology may be require us to obtain regulatory approval from the Center for Veterinarian Medicine (“CVM”), a branch of the FDA, and/or the USDA, and also certain state regulatory authorities. Any substantial delay or inability to obtain required regulatory approvals for any new products developed by us could substantially delay or even prevent their commercialization, which would materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

Moreover, at such future time that we commence business internationally, our products will need to obtain regulatory approval for labeling, marketing and sale in foreign countries from authorities such as the European Commission (“EU”) or the European Medicine Agency (“EMA”). Any substantial delay or inability to obtain any necessary foreign regulatory approvals for our products could harm our business and prospects materially.

Risks relating to our Information Technology

A failure of one or more key information technology systems, networks or processes may harm our ability to conduct our business effectively.

The effective operation of our business and operations will depend significantly on our information technology and computer systems. We will rely on these systems to effectively manage our sales and marketing, accounting and financial, and legal and compliance functions, new product development efforts, research and development data, communications, supply chain and product distribution, order entry and fulfillment, and other business processes. Any material failure of our information technology systems to perform satisfactorily, or their damage or interruption from circumstances beyond our control such as power outages or natural disasters, could disrupt our business materially and result in transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, and even the loss of sales and customers., causing our business and results of operations to suffer materially.

Risks Related to our Company

Ownership and control of our Company is concentrated in our management.

As of June 1, 2022, our officers and directors beneficially own in the aggregate,or control approximately 73.21%30% of our outstanding shares of common stock. SuchThis concentrated ownership and control by our management could adversely affect the status and perception of our common stock and/or warrants. In addition, any material sales of common stock of our management, or even the perception that such sales will occur, could cause a material decline in the trading price of our common stock and/or warrants.

Due to this ownership concentration, our management has the ability to control all matters requiring stockholder approval including the election of all directors, the approval of mergers or acquisitions, and other significant corporate transactions. Any person acquiring our common stock most likely will have no effective voice in the management of our company. This ownership concentration also could delay or prevent a change of control of the companyCompany, which could deprive our stockholders from receiving a premium for their common shares.

The market price of our common stock is highly volatile because of several factors, including a limited public float.

The market price of our common stock has been volatile in the past and the market price of our common stock and our warrants is likely to be highly volatile in the future. You may negatively affectnot be able to resell shares of our common stock following periods of volatility because of the market’s adverse reaction to volatility.

Other factors that could cause such volatility may include, among other things:

Any of these factors could have a significant and adverse impact on the market price of our common stock. In addition, our officersthe stock market in general has at times experienced extreme volatility and directors can control matters requiring approval by our security holders, includingrapid decline that has often been unrelated or disproportionate to the electionoperating performance of all directors.

Investors should not look to dividends as a source of income.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends inparticular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the foreseeable future. Consequently, any economic return will initially be derived, if at all, from appreciation in the fair market value of our stock, and not as a result of dividend payments.

The trading price of our common stock onand/or warrants, regardless of our actual operating performance.

Our common stock has in the over-the-counter market will fluctuate significantlypast been a “penny stock” under SEC rules, and stockholders may have difficulty reselling their shares.

As of the date of this Annual Report,if our common stock trades onis deemed to be a “penny stock,” it will be more difficult to resell our securities.

In the Pink Sheets OTC market. There is a volatility associated with such securities in general and the value of your investment could decline due to the impact of any of the following factors upon the market price ofpast, our common stock: (i) disappointing results from our exploration or development efforts; (ii) failure to meet our revenue or profit goals or operating budget; (iii) decline in demand for our common stock; (iv) downward revisions in securities analysts' estimates or changes in general market conditions; (v) technological innovations by competitors or in competing technologies; (vi) lack of funding generated for operations; (vii) investor perception of our industry or our prospects; and (viii) general economic trends

In addition, stock markets generally experience price and volume fluctuations and the market prices of over-the-counter (OTC) securities have been highly volatile. These fluctuations are sometimes unrelated to operating performance and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Aswas a result, investors may be unable to sell their shares at a fair price and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Additional issuance of equity securities may result in dilution to our existing stockholders.

Our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, authorize the issuance of 250,000,000 shares of common stock. The Board of Directors has the authority to issue additional shares of our capital stock to provide additional financing in the future, and the issuance of any such shares may result in a reduction of the book value or market price of the then outstanding shares of our common stock. If we do issue any such additional shares in the future, such issuance also will cause a reduction in the proportionate ownership and voting power of all other stockholders.

Because we may be subject to the "penny stock" rules, the level of trading activity in our stock may be reduced - which may make it difficult for investors to sell their shares.

Broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in "penny stocks" are regulated by certain penny stock rules adopted by the“penny stock” under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission. Penny stocks, like shares ofCommission (“SEC”) rules (generally defined as non-exchange traded stock with a per-share price below $5.00). While our common stock generally are equity securities withis currently not considered a price“penny stock,” if we do not continue to satisfy the requirements to be exempt from the “penny stock” rules, it will be more difficult to resell our securities. “Penny stock” rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that recommend the purchase or sale of less than $5.00,penny stocks to persons other than securities registered on certain national securities exchangesthose who qualify as “established customers” or quoted on NASDAQ. The“accredited investors.” For example, broker-dealers must determine the appropriateness for non-qualifying persons of investments in penny stock rules require a broker-dealer,stocks. Broker-dealers must also provide, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from the rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document that provides information about penny stocks and the nature and level of risks in the penny stock market. The broker-dealer also must provide the customer with current bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, disclose the compensation of the broker-dealer and its salesperson in the transaction, and, if the broker-dealer is the sole market maker, the broker-dealer must disclose this fact and the broker-dealer's presumed control over the market, andfurnish monthly account statements showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer's account. In addition, broker-dealers who sell these securities to persons other than established customers and "accredited investors" must makecustomer’s account, provide a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser, and receive the purchaser'spurchaser’s written agreement to the transaction. Consequently, these

Legal remedies available to an investor in “penny stocks” may include the following:

These requirements may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity, if any, in the secondary market for a security that becomes subject to the penny stock rules,rules. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by such requirements may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our securities, which could severely limit the market price and investors inliquidity of our securities. These requirements may restrict the ability of broker-dealers to sell our common stock or our warrants and may findaffect your ability to resell our common stock and our warrants.

Many brokerage firms will discourage or refrain from recommending investments in penny stocks. Most institutional investors will not invest in penny stocks. In addition, many individual investors will not invest in penny stocks due, among other reasons, to the increased financial risk generally associated with these investments. For these reasons, penny stocks may have a limited market and, consequently, limited liquidity. We can give no assurance that our common stock will not be classified as a “penny stock” in the future.

If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, the price of our securities may be adversely affected.

Our internal controls over financial reporting have weaknesses and conditions that require correction or remediation. For the year ended March 31, 2022, we identified three material weaknesses in our assessment of the effectiveness of and procedures. We have (i) deficiencies in the segregation of duties, (ii) deficiencies in the staffing of our financial accounting department and (iii) limited checks and balances in processing cash and other transactions. Any failure by us to implement the changes necessary to maintain an effective system of internal controls could harm our operating results materially and cause investors and financial analysts to lose confidence in our reported financial information. Any such loss of confidence in the investment community would have a negative effect on the trading and price of our common stock and warrants.

We are required to comply with certain provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) and if we fail to continue to comply, our business could be harmed, and the price of our securities could decline.

Rules adopted by the SEC pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act require an annual assessment of internal controls over financial reporting, and for certain issuers, an attestation of this assessment by the issuer’s independent registered public accounting firm. The standards that must be met for management to assess the internal controls over financial reporting as effective are evolving and complex, and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation to meet the detailed standards. We expect to incur significant expenses and to devote resources to Section 404 compliance on an ongoing basis. It is difficult for us to predict how long it difficultwill take or costly it will be to sell their shares.complete the assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting for each year and to remediate any deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we may not be able to complete the assessment and remediation process on a timely basis. In the event that our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer determines that our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective as defined under Section 404, we cannot predict how regulators will react or how the market prices of our securities will be affected; however, we believe that there is a risk that investor confidence and the market value of our securities may be negatively affected.

We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock to date, and we do not anticipate paying any such dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that any earnings experienced by us will be retained to finance the implementation of our operational business plan and expected future growth.

The elimination of monetary liability against our directors and executive officers under Nevada law and the existence of indemnification rights held by them granted by our bylaws could result in substantial expenditures by us.

Our shares are eligibleArticles of Incorporation eliminate the personal liability of our directors and officers to be traded electronically.

Our shares are eligible with Depository Trustthe Company (DTC)and its stockholders for damages for breach of fiduciary duty to trade electronically. Becausethe maximum extent permissible under Nevada law. In addition, our Bylaws provide that we are DTC eligible,obligated to indemnify our directors or officers to the fullest extent authorized by Nevada law for costs or damages incurred by them involving legal proceedings brought against them relating to their positions with the Company. These indemnification obligations could result in our incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against our directors or officers.

Our Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Nevada law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control, which may cause our stock price to decline.

Our Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Nevada law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if closing such a transaction would be beneficial to our stockholders. We are authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares canof preferred stock. This preferred stock may be electronically transferred between brokerage accounts.issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our board of directors without further action by stockholders. The terms of any series of preferred stock may include voting rights (including the right to vote as a series on particular matters), preferences as to dividend, liquidation, conversion and redemption rights, and sinking fund provisions. None of our preferred stock will be outstanding at the closing of this offering. The issuance of any preferred stock could materially adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock, and therefore, reduce the value of our common stock. In particular, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict our ability to merge with, or sell our assets to, a third party and thereby preserve control by the present management.

Provisions of our Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Nevada law also could have the effect of discouraging potential acquisition proposals or making a tender offer or delaying or preventing a change in control, including changes a stockholder might consider favorable. Such provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. In particular, our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and Delaware law, as applicable, among other things:

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Property held by us.As of December 5, 2017, weWe do not own any interests in real estate other than a month to monthestate. We lease for our facilities.

Our Facilities.Our executive, administrative, manufacturingapproximately 3,600 square feet of office, laboratory and operating offices are locatedwarehouse space at 5251 Edina Industrial Blvd. Edina, Minnesota. This lease will expire in November 2026.

In January 2022, we leased an additional 2,400 square feet of office space near the location above. This lease will expire in March 2027. Refer to Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies, Edina, Minnesota 55439. We believein the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for further information regarding our leases.

The Company believes that ourthe current facilities are suitable and adequate for ourto meet the Company’s current needs and that suitable additional suitable space will be available as and when needed on acceptable terms as required.terms.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We areFrom time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, the resolution of which we do not currentlyanticipate would have, individually or in the aggregate, a partymaterial adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Refer to anyNote 9. Commitments and Contingencies, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report, for further information regarding legal proceedings.contingencies.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'SREGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

MARKET INFORMATIONMarket Information

OurThe Company’s common stock is listed for quotationpublicly traded on the OTC Pink SheetsNasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "PETV." The following table sets forth the high and low bid prices relating to our common stock on a quarterly basis for the periods indicated as quoted by the OTC: PK stock market. These quotations reflect inter-dealer prices without retail mark-up, mark-down, or commissions, and may not reflect actual transactions.“PETV.”