UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended:December 31, 20172019

OR

For the transition period from: _____________ to _____________

Commission file number: 000-55158000-38418

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:(678)-892-8800(786) 459-1831

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). [  ] Yes [X] No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2017,28, 2019, was approximately $66 million.$38,555,201.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, as of March 16, 2018,30, 2020, was approximately 24.4 million52,140,699 shares.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 20182020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

INDEX

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

Except for the historical information contained herein or incorporated by reference, this Annual Report and the information incorporated by reference contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements include projections about our accounting and finances, plans and objectives for the future, future operating and economic performance and other statements regarding future performance. These statements are not guarantees of future performance or events. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed here. Factors that could cause or contribute to differences in our actual results include those discussed in the following section and included in the Item1A the Risk Factors.

Item 1. Business.

Overview

Our primary business is to develop novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (“the Company”(the “Company” or “Cocrystal”) has been developingis a biotechnology company seeking to discover and develop novel antiviral therapeutics as treatments for serious and/or chronic viral diseases. We employ unique structure-based technologies and approachesNobel Prize winning expertise to create first-in-classfirst- and best-in-class antiviral drug candidates since its initial funding in 2008. Our focus isdrugs. These technologies are designed to pursue the developmentefficiently deliver small molecule therapeutics that are safe, effective and commercialization of broad-spectrumconvenient to administer. We have identified promising preclinical and early clinical stage antiviral drug candidates that will transform the treatmentcompounds for unmet medical needs including Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”), influenza virus, coronavirus, and prophylaxis of viral diseases in humans. By concentrating our research and development efforts on viral replication inhibitors, we plan to leverage our infrastructure and expertise in these areas.

The Company was formerly incorporated in Nevada under the name Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On January 2, 2014, Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. sold substantially all of its assets to MusclePharm Corporation (“MusclePharm”), and, on the same day, merged with Cocrystal Discovery, Inc. (“Discovery”) in a transaction accounted for as a reverse merger. Following the merger, the Company assumed Discovery’s business plan and operations. On March 18, 2014, the Company reincorporated in Delaware under the name Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

OnNovember 25, 2014, a subsidiary of the Company and affiliated entities completed a series of merger transactions. As a result, a subsidiary of the Company merged with RFS Pharma, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company (“RFS Pharma”).norovirus infections.

The Company operates in only one segment. Management uses cash flowflows as the primary measure to manage its business and does not segment its business for internal reporting or decision-making.

Cocrystal Technology

We are developing antiviral therapeutics that inhibit the essential viral replication function of variousseveral viruses. Our first goalOne of our goals is to decrease the lengthduration of Hepatitis C (HCV) clinical treatmentHCV therapy by advancing drug candidates targeting the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme, HCV helicase, and the HCV NS5A protein.enzyme. Additional goals include treating human and avian (bird) influenza virus, coronavirus and norovirus infections by discovering and developing drug candidates targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The polymerase inhibitors include both nucleosides (Nucs) and non-nucleosides (NNIs).viral replication complex. In the case of coronavirus, we target the protease enzyme that produces the active form of the viral enzymes. To discover and design these inhibitors, we use a proprietary platform comprising computation, nucleoside and medicinal chemistry, X-ray crystallography, and our extensive know-how. We determine the structures of cocrystals containing the inhibitors bound to the enzyme or protein to guide our design. We also use advanced computational methods to screen and design product candidates using proprietary cocrystal structural information. In designing the candidates, we seek to anticipate and avert potential viral mutations leading to resistance. By designing and selecting drug candidates that interrupt the viral replication process and also have specific binding characteristics, we seek to develop drugs that are not only effective against both the virus and possible mutants of the virus, but which also have reduced off-target interactions that cause undesirable clinical side effects. While thisThis successful application of our approach is easy to describe, it is much more difficult to carry out. In particular,requires an extensive knowledge of viruses and drug targets is required.targets. In addition, knowledge and experience in the fields of structural biology, and enzymology and nucleoside chemistry isare required.

We developed our proprietary structure-based drug design and antiviral nucleoside chemistry under the guidance of Dr. Roger Kornberg, our Chief Scientist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006, and Dr. Raymond Schinazi, our Chairman and a world leader in the area of nucleoside chemistry and the cofounder of several biotechnology companies focusing on antiviral drug discovery and development, including Triangle Pharmaceuticals, Idenix Pharmaceuticals, and Pharmasset, Inc.2006. Our drug discovery process focuses on those parts of the enzymes to which drugs bind and on drug-enzyme interactions at the atomic level. Additionally, we have developed proprietary targeted in-house chemical libraries of nucleosides, non-nucleoside inhibitors, metal-binding inhibitors, and drug-like fragments. Our drug discovery process is different from traditional, empirical, medicinal chemistry approaches that often require iterative high-throughput compound screening and lengthy hit-to-lead processes. We continue developing preclinical and clinical drug candidates using our proprietary drug discovery technology.

The Company’s proprietary technology integrates several powerful and specialized techniques:

We have applied these techniques to develop antiviral inhibitors of threefour important viruses: hepatitis C,HCV, influenza virus, coronavirus and norovirus.

Market-Driven Product Profiles

In all of our programs our goal is to develop best-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drugs with high-barrier-to-drug resistance. An ideal product for an antiviral therapy would have at least the following characteristics:

Even at the discovery stage of drug development, we select compounds with these factors in mind. Furthermore, our technology is capable of delivering therapies that satisfy all of these key factors, as detailed below.

Fast onset of action and / or shortened therapeutic time: In order to improve patient care and penetrate the HCV marketplace, drugs are needed with faster onset of viral load lowering resulting in shorter therapeutic time. Current and known future influenza treatments shorten symptoms by only about 24 hours. Norovirus spreads readily among the affected and is in need of a fast acting therapeutic intervention. During the discovery and development phases we focus on this important clinical variable.

Safety and tolerability: All drugs have side effects, also referred to as adverse effects. These usually result from a drug’s ability to bind to human molecules (usually proteins). When this interaction is intentional (i.e., part of the drug’s mechanism of action), the adverse effects are classified as on-target effects. When this interaction is unintentional (i.e., resulting from the drug’s interaction with an unintended human molecule), the effects are called off-target effects. Our inhibitors target viral replication enzymes and a viral replication protein, which are generally unique to viruses. Because the targets are viral, not human, minimal adverse effects are possible. During the discovery phase, we evaluate candidate compounds for potential cross-reactivity with human replication enzymes and attempt to eliminate those compounds that are cross-reactive with humans.

Broadly effective against major strains responsible for a viral disease: For any given viral disease, there are different strains of viruses that cause the disease. For example, there are six major strains of the virus known to cause hepatitis C (HCV). These strains are termed “genotypes.” Each HCV genotype is common in some parts of the world and rare in others. Also, there are three types of influenza viruses, A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause seasonal flu. Influenza A viruses can also cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza C is a subtype of the influenza virus that tends to cause only mild illness, and is not responsible for seasonal or pandemic infections. Our goal is to design and develop drug candidates that will be effective on the broadest possible range of viruses causing the disease.

Many antiviral drugs available today are effective only against certain strains of viruses and less effective or not effective at all against other strains. To address this problem, we are developing drug candidates that specifically target viral proteins involved in viral replication. Despite the various strains of virus that may exist, these enzymes are essentially identical (highly conserved) among all strains of a given virus. By targeting these conserved replication enzymes, our antiviral compounds are designed and tested to be effective against major virus strains. Replication enzymes are generally conserved not only among subtypes of a given virus but also among many different viruses, creating an opportunity for the development of broad spectrum antiviral drugs.

High Barrierbarrier to drug resistance: Drug resistance is a major obstacle to developing effective antiviral therapies. Viruses can reproduce rapidly and in enormous quantities in infected human cells. During viral replication, random changes in the viral genome, called mutations, spontaneously develop. If such a mutation occurs in a region of the viral genome that is targeted by a given antiviral therapy, that therapy may no longer be effective against the mutated virus. These mutated or “resistant” viruses can freely infect and multiply even in individuals who have received drug treatment. In some cases, resistant virus strains may even predominate. For example, in the 2009 swine influenza pandemic, the predominant strain was resistant to the best available therapies.

The Company’s focus on viral replication proteins can overcome the obstacle of viral resistance. We identify and target critical components of viral replication proteins that are essential for function, therefore, sensitive to change. AnyA mutation in these critical components is likely to inactivate the replication protein and, in turn, render the virus incapable of replicating. Because such mutations cannot propagate, the virus cannot effectively develop resistance to the enzyme inhibitors we employ. We test the effectiveness of our compounds against potential viral mutations and select compounds with the highest barrier to resistance.

Broadly effective against major strains responsible for a viral disease: For any given viral disease, there are different strains of viruses that cause the disease. For example, there are six major strains of the virus known to cause HCV. These strains are termed “genotypes.” Each HCV genotype is common in some parts of the world and rare in others. Also, there are three types of influenza viruses, A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause seasonal flu. Influenza A viruses can also cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza C is a subtype of the influenza virus that tends to cause only mild illness and is not responsible for seasonal or pandemic infections. Our goal is to design and develop drug candidates that will be effective on the broadest possible range of viruses causing the disease.

Many antiviral drugs available today are effective only against certain strains of viruses and less effective or not effective at all against other strains. To address this problem, we are developing drug candidates that specifically targetviral proteins involved in viral replication. Despite the various strains of virus that may exist, these replication enzymes are essentially identical (highly conserved) among all strains of a given virus. By targeting these conserved replication enzymes, our antiviral compounds are designed and tested to be effective against major virus strains. Replication enzymes are generally conserved not only among subtypes of a given virus but also among many different viruses, creating an opportunity for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

Fast onset of action: In order to improve patient care and penetrate the HCV marketplace, drugs are needed with faster onset of viral load reduction resulting in shorter treatment time. Current and known future influenza treatments shorten symptoms by only about 24 hours.

Coronavirus and norovirus spread readily among the affected population and both are in need of a fast-acting therapeutic intervention. During the discovery and development phases we focus on this important clinical variable.

Safety and tolerability: All drugs have side effects, also referred to as adverse effects. These usually result from a drug’s ability to bind to human molecules (usually proteins). When this interaction is intentional (i.e., part of the drug’s mechanism of action), the adverse effects are classified as on-target effects. When this interaction is unintentional (i.e., resulting from the drug’s interaction with an unintended human molecule), the effects are called off-target effects. Our inhibitors target viral replication enzymes, which are generally unique to viruses. Because the targets are viral, not human, minimal adverse effects are possible. During the discovery phase, we evaluate candidate compounds for potential cross-reactivity with human replication enzymes and attempt to eliminate those compounds that are cross-reactive with humans.

Ease of administration: We select compounds for development that can be administered orally, preferably once daily and in pill-form.

Research and Development updateUpdate

During the year ended December 31, 2019 the Company focused its research and development efforts primarily in three areas:

Hepatitis C

CC-31244, our HCV Non-Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitor (“NNI”), is a potential best-in-class pan-genotypic inhibitor of NS5B polymerase for the treatment of HCV infection. It has the potential to be an important component in an all-oral ultra-short HCV combination therapy. The Company filed an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) on February 28, 2018 and received notice from the FDA on March 29, 2018 that its IND was now open and the Company was cleared to initiate its Phase 2a clinical study evaluating CC-31244 for the treatment of HCV infected individuals.

In June 2018, the Company began enrollment in and initiation of patient dosing in its Phase 2a clinical study evaluating CC-31244 for the treatment of HCV infected individuals and completed the enrollment in September 2018. The Phase 2a open-label study was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of CC-31244 in combination with Epclusa, an approved HCV drug. Patients are treated with CC-31244 and Epclusa for two weeks and then Epclusa alone for an additional four weeks.

On January 22, 2019 the Company announced safety and preliminary efficacy data for the Phase 2a study. All subjects had completed the six-week treatment regimen. The treatment was well tolerated with no study discontinuations due to adverse events. Eight of 12 subjects achieved the primary efficacy endpoint of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after completion of treatment (SVR12). SVR12 is defined as undetectable virus in blood 12 weeks after completion of treatment and is considered a virologic cure. The trial is completed at the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the final study report is completed.

In addition, in October 2018, the Company signed a Clinical Trial Agreement for an investigator-initiated study with the Humanity & Health Research Centre (“HHRC”) in Hong Kong, China. Due to unrest in Hong Kong and the coronavirus pandemic, the clinical trial agreement has been terminated effective March 24, 2020.

In December 2018, the Company voluntarily terminated a license agreement with Emory University covering the patents and patent applications for HCV inhibitors, which are not essential to our HCV program. See “Item I - Business – Collaborations – Emory University Collaboration” for further information.

The Company is in partnership discussions for further clinical development of CC-31244.

Influenza infections

We have several preclinical candidates under development for the treatment of influenza infection. CC-42344, a novel PB2 inhibitor, has been selected as a preclinical lead. This candidate binds to a highly conserved PB2 site of influenza polymerase complex (PB1: PB2: PA) and exhibits a novel mechanism of action. CC-42344 showed excellent antiviral activity against influenza A strains, including avian pandemic strains and Tamiflu resistant strains, and has favorable pharmacokinetic and drug resistance profiles. We are currently conducting additional preclinical IND enabling studies and plan to initiate a Phase 1 study during 2021.

In addition, novel inhibitors effective against both strains A and B have been identified and are in the preclinical stage. Several of these have potencies approaching single digit nanomolar. On January 2, 2019, the Company entered into an Exclusive License and Research Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (“Merck”) to discover and develop certain proprietary influenza A/B antiviral agents. See “Item 1 – Business – Collaborations – Merck Collaboration” for more information.

Coronavirus infections

On February 24, 2020 the Company announced that it had entered into a license agreement with Kansas State University Research Foundation (“KSURF”) to further develop certain proprietary broad-spectrum antiviral compounds for the treatment of Norovirus and Coronavirus infections.

Under the terms of the agreement, Cocrystal has been granted an exclusive, royalty-bearing right and license to certain antiviral compounds for humans covered by KSURF’s patents. Cocrystal intends to pursue research and development of theses antiviral compounds, including preclinical and clinical development. This license advances the Company’s antiviral programs significantly by providing potent compounds for further development.

Norovirus Infections

We continue to identify and develop non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors using the Company’s proprietary structure-based drug design technology platform. In addition, we now have exclusive rights to norovirus protease inhibitors for use in humans obtained in the license from Kansas State University Research Foundation (see under Collaborations below).

Therapeutic Targets

Hepatitis C: A large competitive market with opportunity for shorter treatment regimens.

HCV is a highly competitive and changing market. Currently, the standard treatment varies with the genotype of the HCV infection. Prior to late 2013, treatment included peginterferon alpha and ribavirin, along with a protease inhibitor (either telaprevir, boceprevir, or simeprevir). In late 2013, sofosbuvir, a drug belonging to a new class of drugs called “nucleoside analogs” or “Nucs,” was approved to treat hepatitis C.HCV. In patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (the most common HCV genotype in the US), sofosbuvir was administered in combination with peginterferon alpha and ribavirin. In patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3, however, sofosbuvir could be effectively administered in combination with ribavirin, without the need for peginterferon alpha. Since 2014, several new combinations of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs)(“DAAs”) have been approved for the treatment of HCV infection. These include Harvoni (sofosbuvir/ledipasvir), 12 weeks of treatment, Viekira Pak (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir), 12 weeks of treatment, Epclusa (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir), 12 weeks of treatment, Zepatier (elbasvir/grazoprevir) 12 weeks of treatment and Mavyret (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir).

8 weeks of treatment. We believe the next improvements in HCV treatment will be ultra-short treatments of four to six weeks, the goal of our program.

We anticipate a significant global HCV market opportunity that will persist through at least 2036, given the large prevalence of HCV infection worldwide. The 2017 World Health Organization Global Hepatitis Report estimates that 71 million people worldwide have chronic HCV infections. Although injection drug use is the major route of HCV transmission in some regions, the provision of effective harm reduction services has been inadequate. Globally, 5% of health-care-related injections remained unsafe. As a result, an estimated 1.75 million new HCV infections occurred worldwide in 2015.

We have four classes of HCV DAAsare targeting three different HCV replication proteins -the NS5B polymerase (NNI and Nuc), NS5A, and NS3 helicase. These DAAswith an NNI, which could be developed as part of an all-oral, pan-genotypic combination regimen with significant upside.regimen. Our focus is on developing what is now called ultrashort treatment regimens from 24 to 6 weeks in length. Such a combination treatment CC-31244 with different classes of approved DAAs has the potential to change the paradigm of treatment for HCV with its efficacy, higher barrier to viral resistance, improved compliance, anda shorter duration of treatment. TheseCombination strategies with approved drugs could allow us to expand and broaden our portfolio inCC-31244 into the HCV antiviral therapeutic area globally and could lead to a high and fast cure rate, to improveimproved compliance, and to simplifiedreduced treatment duration. To our knowledge no competing company has yet developed a short HCV treatment of 4less than 8 weeks or less successfully with a high (>95%) sustained virologic response (SVR) at week 12.

CC-31244, an HCV NNI, is a potential best in class pan-genotypic inhibitor of NS5B polymerase for the treatment of hepatitis C infection.HCV. The Company completed a Phase 1a1a/b study in Canada in September 2016, with favorable safety results in a randomized, double-blinded, Phase 1a1a/b study in healthy volunteers and HCV-infected subjects. The Company is presently conductinghas completed a Phase 1b2a study in HCV genotype 1 subjects.subjects in the United States. Cocrystal Pharma presented the interim results from the 1bPhase1a/b study at the APASL in February 2017. HCV-infected subjects treated with CC-31244 had a rapid and marked decline in HCV RNA levels, and slow viral rebound after treatment. Results of this study suggest that CC-31244 could be an important component in a fast acting, shortened duration all-oral HCV combination therapy. The CompanyPatient enrollment has three additional preclinical candidates: a pan-genotypic nucleoside inhibitor, an NS5A inhibitor,been completed in the Phase 2b. See “Item 1 – Business – Research and an NS3 helicase inhibitor.Development Update – Hepatitis C” for more information.

The Company is progressing clinically while seeking a partner for further clinical development of CC-31244 and the preclinical candidates.CC-31244.

Influenza: A worldwide public health problem, including the potential for pandemic disease.disease.

Influenza is a severe respiratory illness, caused primarily by influenza A or B virus. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC)and Prevention (the “CDC”) estimates that influenza iswas linked to 49,000approximately 79,000 deaths and 200,000960,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. TheStates during the 2017-2018 flu season. According to the report published by BCC Research in May 2018, the worldwide market for antiviral drugs to treat influenza was $3.8valued at approximately $5.6 billion in 20122017 and is expected to grow to $6$6.5 billion by 2018 (bccResearch).

Influenza viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause both seasonal, endemic infections and periodic, unpredictable pandemics. The worst pandemic on record, in 1918, killed approximately 50 million people worldwide. Human infections caused by H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have raised concern about the emergence of another pandemic. The histopathology of fatal influenza virus pneumonias has been documented over the past 120 years. Strikingly, the spectrum of pathologic changes described in the 1918 influenza pandemic is not significantly different from the histopathology observed in other less lethal pandemics or even in deaths occurring during seasonal influenza outbreaks.2022.

Currently, approved antiviral treatments for influenza are effective, but burdened with significant viral resistance. Strains of influenza virus that are resistant to the approved treatments osteltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu(R)) and zanamavir (Relenza(R)) have appeared, and in some cases predominate. For example, the predominant strain of the 2009 swine influenza pandemic was resistant to Tamiflu. These drugs target viral neuraminidase enzymes, which are not highly conserved between viral strains. In fact, different influenza virus strains such as H1N1 and H5N1 are named according to their respective differences in hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).

TheIn addition, the Company has several preclinical candidates under development for the treatment of influenza infection. CC-42344, a novel PB2 inhibitor, has been selected as a preclinical lead. This candidate binds to a highly conserved PB2 site of the influenza polymerase complex (PB1: PB2: PA), and exhibits a novel mechanism of action. CC-42344 showed excellent antiviral activity against influenza A strains, including avian pandemic strains and Tamiflu-resistant strains, and has a favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. We plan to initiate IND-enabling studies this year.profile. Antiviral product candidates that are competitors for the Company’s influenza programprograms are, VX-787, being developed by Janssen, and S-033188, being developed by Shionogi/Roche. S-033188 was approved as Xofluza in Japan on February 23, 2018, and in the US as baloxavir marboxil (trade name Xofluza®) on October 24, 2018. See “Item 1 – Business – Research and Development Update – Influenza” for more information.

Coronavirus: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently declared COVID-19 a pandemic.

On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization classified the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic. This announcement followed the rapid worldwide rise of infected individuals after the initial identification of pneumonia associated with an unknown virus in China in December 2019, later determined to be caused by infection with the virus named SARS-CoV-2.

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that historically have been associated with illness ranging from mild symptoms similar to the common cold to more severe respiratory disease. Infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with a wide range of responses, from no symptoms to more severe disease that has included pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and death. The incubation period for SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be within 14 days after exposure, with most illness occurring within about 5 days after exposure. The ability of someone with no symptoms to transmit infection to another person has heightened the public health challenge of COVID-19.

There is currently no treatment recommended for COVID-19 or shown to be effective against other coronaviruses. We are aggressively pursuing the development of novel antiviral compounds for the treatment of coronavirus infections using our established proprietary drug discovery platform. By targeting the viral replication enzymes and protease, we believe it is possible to develop an effective treatment for all coronavirus diseases including COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) - coronaviruses.

Norovirus: A worldwide public health problem responsible for close to 90% of epidemic, non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world.

Norovirus is a very common and highly contagious virus that causes symptoms of acute gastroenteritis including nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea. Other symptoms include fatigue, fever and dehydration. Noroviruses are a major cause of gastrointestinal illness in closed and crowded environments, having become notorious for their common occurrence in hospitals, nursing homes, child care facilities, and cruise ships. In the United States alone, noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis, and are estimated to cause 2120 million illnesses each year and contribute to 70,000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths. Noroviruses are responsible for up to 1.1 million hospitalizations and 218,000 deaths annually in children in the developing world. In immunosuppressed patients, chronic norovirus infection can lead to a debilitating illness with extended periods of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. There is currently no effective treatment or effective vaccine for norovirus, and the ability to curtail outbreaks is limited. FewA few companies, including Chimerix, are developing antiviral treatments for this disease. However,disease and three candidate vaccines are currently in early stages of clinical testing by GlaxoSmithKline, Ligocyte and Takeda Pharmaceuticals.

By targeting viral replication enzymes and a viral protease, we believe it is possible to develop an effective treatment for all genogroups of norovirus. Also, because of the significant unmet medical need and the possibility of chronic norovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals, new antiviral therapeutic approaches may warrant an accelerated path to market. The Company is developing inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of norovirus. It owns one of the earliest patents on nucleosides that could treat norovirus infections. Similar to the hepatitis C virusHCV polymerases, this enzyme is essential to viral replication and is highly conserved between all noroviral genogroups. Therefore, an inhibitor of this enzyme might be an effective treatment or short-term prophylactic agent, when administered during a cruise or nursing home stay, for example. We have developed X-ray quality norovirus polymerase and protease crystals and have identified promising NNIs.inhibitors. We are implementing the platform and approaches that have proven successful in our other antiviral programs.

Possible Effects of COVID-19

While our administrative and finance activities are fully functional by our providing services from remote locations, our research laboratory is located in Bothell, Washington. In his latest State of Emergency Proclamation, the Washington Governor issued a “Stay Home Stay Healthy Order”, the effect of which includes shutting all non essential businesses until April 6th. Our research laboratory is not an essential business which means our team of scientists can not access our laboratory. While they can continue to work from home and carry out other duties, we estimate that by some time shortly after April 6^th without access to our laboratory, our ongoing research will be suspended. This will affect our research programs if the Order is extended. For further information on COVId-19 risks, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

Intellectual Property

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our core technology. To establish and protect our proprietary rights, we rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and know-how, license agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with third parties, employee disclosure and invention assignment agreements, and other contractual rights.

As of December 31, 2017, ourOur patent portfolio consistedconsists of issued patents and pending applications in the areas primarily related to the treatment of disease associated with HCV, HIV,Influenza A, Influenza B, and Norovirus.

With respect to treatment of HCV, our portfolio is divided into three groups, related to our NS5B, NS5A and NS3 programs. The NS5B program includes both nucleoside (Nuc) and non-nucleoside (NNI) compounds. In our NS5B Nuc program, we have two patents, one U.S. non-provisional application, three international applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and nineteen foreign counterpart applications, over seven patent families. The counterpart foreign applications were filed in a number of countries and regions depending on the particular patent family, including Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Russia.Norovirus/Coronavirus.

In our NS5B NNIHCV program, our patent portfolio consists of three relatedvarious patent families, with granted patents in the U.S. and Europe, as well as China, Canada, Eurasia, Japan, and Singapore. Applications are pending in numerous other jurisdictions, including two granted U.S. patents and twoa pending U.S. patent applications. Counterpart applications in one family are filed in various countries and regions around the world.PCT application.

In our NS5A program, we have two issued U.S. patents, two pending U.S. application, twenty-four foreign counterpart applications pending in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Columbia, Europe, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, the Ukraine, and Vietnam.

In our influenzaInfluenza A program, our patent portfolio consists of two relatedvarious patent families, including two pending US patent applications.international (PCT) applications and one family of pending applications in in the U.S. and various foreign countries. Aspects of this program are developed in collaboration with Merck.

In our NS3 program, we have one issued U.S. patent, an allowed European application, and three pending foreign applications in Canada, China, and Japan.

In our NorovirusInfluenza A/B program, our patent portfolio consists of one issueda number of patent families pending, variously, as international (PCT) applications and in Taiwan.

In our Norovirus and Coronavirus programs, our patent portfolio consists of a pending U.S. provisional application, and patent families licensed from Kansas State University Research Foundation.

Collaborations

Merck Collaboration

On January 2, 2019, we entered into an Exclusive License and Research Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Merck to discover and develop certain proprietary influenza A/B antiviral agents.

Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, Merck is funding research and development for the program at Cocrystal and Merck, including clinical development at Merck, and Merck is responsible for worldwide commercialization of any products derived from the collaboration. The Company received an upfront payment of $4,000,000 and is eligible to receive milestone payments related to designated development, regulatory and sales milestones with the potential to earn up to $156,000,000, as well as royalties on product sales. The Collaboration Agreement operates under a Research Operating Plan (ROP) which includes goals for both organizations. The Company has achieved anticipated goals in 2019.

See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - If our research collaboration with Merck is terminated or is otherwise unsuccessful, including failure to reach milestones, we could lose the research program funding, and would not receive milestone payments or royalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, our ability to successfully develop and commercialize influenza A/B product candidates and our future financial condition” for the discussion of termination provisions of the Collaboration Agreement.

Kansas State University Research Foundation

On February 18, 2020, Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into a License Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Kansas State University Research Foundation (the “Foundation”) effective February 12, 2020.

Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the Foundation granted the Company an exclusive royalty bearing license for human use to practice under certain patent rights, including a patent and three pending foreign counterpart applications. Claims directeda patent application covering antivirals against coronaviruses and norovirus, and related know-how, to the treatment of norovirus were also pending in another patent family, which also focused on the treatment of HCV.make and sell therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic products.

We have one issued patent focused on HIV,The Company agreed to pay the Foundation a one-time non-refundable license initiation fee of $80,000 and manyan annual license maintenance fee of $20,000 per year, and agreed to reimburse the Foundation for third party expenses associated with the filing, prosecution and maintenance of the patent rights in question. The Company also agreed to make certain future milestone payments up to $3.1 million, dependent upon the progress of clinical trials, regulatory approvals, and initiation of commercial sales in the United States and certain countries outside the United States.

The Agreement will remain in effect until the expiration of the patent rights covered by the Agreement, unless earlier terminated pursuant to customary terms.

Emory University Collaboration

On December 6, 2018, we notified Emory University (“Emory”) of the termination of our License Agreement with Emory, dated March 7, 2013 (the “License Agreement”). The License Agreement covered patents and patent applications relatedfor HCV inhibitors, which we no longer consider essential to NS5B nucleosides also disclose treating HIV. Management is consideringour HCV program. As part of our HCV program, we continue to focus our efforts on CC-31244, our HCV NNI. See “Item 1 – Business ‒ Research and Development Update ‒ Hepatitis C.” The Company had the best approachright to proceed withterminate the License Agreement at its sole discretion upon 90 days’ prior written notice and upon payment of all amounts due Emory under the License Agreement through the date of termination. As of the date of this asset.Annual Report on Form 10-K, the License Agreement has been terminated, no amounts were due under the License Agreement and none will be owed in the future.

Collaborations

Emory University: The Company has an exclusive license from Emory University for use of certain inventions and technology related to inhibitors of HCV that were jointly developed by Emory and the Company employees. The License Agreement was dated March 7, 2013. As part of the agreement, Emory agreed to add to the Licensed Patents and Licensed Technology Emory’s rights to any patent, patent application, invention, or technology application that is based on technology disclosed within three (3) years of March 7, 2013. The agreement includes payments due to Emory ranging from $40,000 to $500,000 based on successful achievement of certain drug development milestones. Additionally, the Company may have royalty payments at 3.5% of net sales due to Emory with a minimum in year one of $25,000 and increase to $400,000 in year five upon product commercialization. The Company’s Chairman and largest shareholder, Dr. Raymond Schinazi, is an inventor, and also a faculty member at Emory University.

NIH: The Company has two Public Health Biological Materials License Agreements with the NIH. The original License Agreements were dated August 31, 2010 and were amended on November 6, 2013. The materials licensed are being used in Norovirus assays to screen potential antiviral agents in our library.

Genoscience, BioLineRx and CTTQ: On February 1, 2012, Discovery, now a subsidiary of the Company, in collaboration with Genoscience entered into a worldwide license agreement with BioLineRx (NASDAQ: BLRX; TASE: BLRX), a biopharmaceutical development company, to develop and commercialize BL-8030, an orally available treatment for hepatitis C. The agreement included upfront royalties and milestones payable to both companies. BL-8030 was co-developed through a joint collaboration between Discovery and Genoscience. Advanced preclinical studies were conducted in collaboration with CTTQ for China and Hong Kong markets. This collaboration was terminated in February 2016.

University of Pittsburgh and Emory University: Discovery assigned its patent rights to the patent titled “3’-Azido Purinenucleotide Prodrugs for Treatment Of Viral Infections” to University of Pittsburgh on November 21, 2014. This patent is jointly owned by Discovery, the University of Pittsburgh and Emory University. Dr. Raymond Schinazi, is an inventor, and also a faculty member at Emory University.

Duke University and Emory University: In February 2016, the Company entered into an agreement with Duke University and Emory University to license various patents and know-how to use CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for developing a possible cure for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV). On September 25, 2017 (“Termination Date”), the Company mutually terminated the agreement with Duke University and there are no further rights or obligations under this license agreement after the Termination Date.

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are subject to intense and rapidly changing competition as companies seek to develop new technologies and proprietary products. We know of several companies that have marketed or are developing products for the treatment of HCV or influenza, including Roche, Gilead Sciences, Inc. (“Gilead”), Merck & Co., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Toyama Chemical Co., Shionogi/Roche and Abbvie, Inc. In particular, Gilead dominatesand Abbvie dominate the market for HCV with an estimated combined market share greater than 70%85%. ItsTheir products are widely considered effective.

In February 2017, Merck & Co. announced it would write off $2.9 billion (pretax) relating to a prior acquisition for a hepatitis C drug still in clinical trials. Meanwhile Gilead announced lower forecasted sales from its three hepatitis drugs. Many of these and otherthe companies developing products for the other viral diseases that are of interest to us have substantially greater financial resources, expertise and capabilities than we do.

In August 2017, AbbVie, Inc. announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Mavyret (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir), a once-daily, ribavirin-free treatment for adults with chronic hepatitis C virus infection across all major genotypes (GT1-6). Mavyret is an 8-week, pan-genotypic treatment for patients without cirrhosis and who are new to treatment.

Government Regulation

Government authorities extensively regulate the research, development, testing, manufacturing and commercialization of drug products. Any product candidates we develop must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) before they may be legally marketed in the U.S., and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agencies before they may be legally marketed in other countries. The clinical testing of product candidates to establish their safety and efficacy in humans is subject to substantial statutory and regulatory requirements with which we must comply.

Research and Development ExpensesEmployees

Manufacturing

We do not own or operate, and have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities. Our chemistry laboratory can produce research scale (milligram-gram) quantities of our lead drug candidates. As such, our progress is often dependent on successful project execution by third party vendors.

Employees

As of March 16, 2018,December 31, 2019, we employ 10employed 11 full-time employees. Of these full-time employees, 8eight are engaged in research and development activities. In addition, we have contracts with Clinical Research Organizations (“CROs”), Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“CMOs”) and consultants to provide chemistry, toxicology, preclinical, clinical, and regulatory work on our programs.

Legacy BusinessCorporate History

Our Legacy Business

Prior toThe Company was formerly incorporated in Nevada under the merger with Discovery onname Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Biozone”). On January 2, 2014, while operating as Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., we were primarily engaged in the businesssold substantially all of developing and manufacturing over-the-counter drug products (OTC) and cosmetic and beauty products for third parties. In addition, we marketed two lines of proprietary skin care products. All of theseits assets were sold to MusclePharm as part ofCorporation, and, on the January 2, 2014 Asset Purchase Agreementsame day, merged with Cocrystal Discovery, Inc. (“Discovery”) in exchangea transaction accounted for 1,200,000 shares of MusclePharm common stock which had a market value as of January 2, 2014 of $9,840,000. In addition, MusclePharm licensed back to us the patents we sold it for six months in exchange for our paying it a 5% royalty on gross sales.

While operating as Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., we also owned a 45% interest in BetaZone Laboratories, LLC (“BetaZone”), which was engaged in the sale and license of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products in Latin America. We received no material royalties from BetaZone, which had licensed our proprietary technology. This technology was also sold to MusclePharm.

We were incorporated as a Nevada corporation on December 4, 2006reverse merger. Following the merger, the Company assumed Discovery’s business plan and operations. On March 18, 2014, the Company reincorporated in Delaware under the name International Surf ResortsCocrystal Pharma, Inc. We changed our name to Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. on March 1, 2011

On November 25, 2014, a subsidiary of the Company and we acquired Biozone Labs and our other subsidiaries on June 30, 2011. On January 30, 2014, we re-incorporated in Delaware. We acquired our current corporate structure and business operations following ouraffiliated entities completed a series of merger transactions. As a result, a subsidiary of the Company merged with RFS Pharma, LLC, effective November 25, 2014.a Georgia limited liability company (RFS Pharma”).

Available Information

Our corporate website is www.cocrystalpharma.com. We make available on our website under “Investors – SEC Filings” access to our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements on Schedule 14A and amendments to those materials filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), free of charge.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should consider carefully the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included or incorporated in this Annual Report. Each of these risk factors, either alone or taken together, could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, and adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock. There may be additional risks that we do not know of or that we believe are immaterial that could also impair our business and financial position.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors before deciding whether to invest in the Company. If any of the events discussed in the risk factors below occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the value and marketability of theour common stock could decline.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL CAPITAL

We have never generated revenue from product sales and expect that due to the regulatory constraints on a drug development company with products in the pre-clinical and early clinical stages, we may not evernever generate revenue from product sales and may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We are primarily a pre-clinical and early stage clinical, biopharmaceutical discovery and development company. SinceFrom inception until 2016, our operations have beenwere limited to organizing and staffing the Company, acquiring and developing intellectual property rights, developing our technology platform, undertaking basic research on viral replication enzyme targets and conducting preclinical studies for our initial programs. In 2016, we initiated our first clinical trial in Canada, a Phase 1 study for a HCV product. In August 2017 we announced positive data from the completion of the HCV Phase 1 study. In 2018, we plan to initiateWe currently have only one product candidate which has completed a Phase 2a study for HCV in the United States.clinical trial. Because of the need to complete clinical trials, establish safety and efficacy and obtainingobtain regulatory approval, which is an expensive and time-consuming process, we do not anticipate generating revenue from product sales for at least five years and will continue to sustain largeconsiderable losses. We may develop a partnership that could generate income sooner, but there is no guarantee that will be achievable.

WeTo date, we have devoted the majority of our financial resources to research and development. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities.securities and entering into research collaborations. The results of our operations will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic alliances or grants. We anticipate our expenses will increase substantially if and as we continue our research and clinical and preclinical development of our product candidates. We anticipate that if we continue to undertake clinical studies our expenses will increase even further.

Because weWe have lost $138$235 million from inception through December 31, 20172019 and expect to continue losing money for an unforeseen number of years, we cannot assure you we will ever generate revenue,in the future. We may never achieve income from operations or have positive cash flow from operations.

As an early stage drug development company, our focus is on developing product candidates, obtaining regulatory approvalapprovals and commercializing pharmaceutical products. As a result, we have lost $138$235 million from inception through December 31, 2017,2019, expect losses to continue, and have never generated material revenue or revenue from product sales. It is likely that we will need to raise money again in the future. We cannot assure you that we will ever generate revenue, income from operations or have positive cash flow.flow from operations.

Our ability to continue as going concern is in doubt absent obtaining adequate new financing.

In 2017, we incurred a net loss of approximately $0.6 million and operating loss of $7.5 million and used approximately $6.9 million in net cash in operations. We anticipate that we will continue to lose money for the foreseeable future. Based on cash on hand as of March 16, 2018 of approximately $1.9 million, the Company does not have the capital to finance operations for the next 12 months. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to be a going concern. Our auditors issued an audit opinion for the year ended December 31, 2017 which contained what is referred to as a “going concern” opinion. Our continued existence is dependent upon obtaining adequate new financing. Because of our continuing losses, we may have to continue to reduce our expenditures, without new financing. Working capital limitations may impinge on our day-to-day operations, including causing us to reduce our research and development or planned clinical trials.

We have devoted the majority of our financial resources to research and development. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and more recently, convertible notes. The results of our operations will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic alliances or grants. We anticipate our expenses will increase substantially if and as we continue our research and clinical and preclinical development of our product candidates. We anticipate that if we continue to undertake clinical studies our expenses will increase even further.

Because we have yet to generate any revenue from product sales on which to evaluate our potential for future success and to determine if we will be able to execute our business plan, it is difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risk of success or failure of our business.

Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with partners, to successfully complete the development of, obtain the regulatory approvals for and commercialize pharmaceutical product candidates. We have no pharmaceutical product candidates that have generated any commercial revenue, do not expect to generate revenues from the commercial sale of pharmaceutical products in the near future,for many years, and might never generate revenues from the sale of pharmaceutical products. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability will depend on, among other things, the following:

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we cannot predict the timing or amount of increased expenses and when we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability, if ever. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by regulatory agencies to perform unanticipated studies and trials.

Even if one or more pharmaceutical product candidates we independently develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved pharmaceutical product candidate. Moreover, even if we can generate revenues from the sale of any approved pharmaceutical products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

IfBecause early stage drug development requires major capital investment, as we do notcontinue to incur operating losses, we will need to raise additional debtcapital or equity capital, we may not be ableform strategic partnerships to remain operational.support our research and development activities in the future.

Presently weWe are still in the early stages of development of our product candidates and have cash to last through June 2018. Accordingly, we must raise approximately $8 to $10 million to support our planned operations over the next 12 months. The Company is presently exploring various financing options, including but not limited to a private placement.

There can be no assurances that we will raise the necessary capital or, if we do, it will be on terms that are favorable to our stockholders.products approved for commercial sale. Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is very expensive. We expect ourcapital-intensive. As a rule, research and development expenses toincrease substantially increase as we advance our product candidates toward clinical programs. InWe currently have one hepatitis C product candidate that has completed a Phase 2a clinical trial and have secured funding of the research and development of influenza A/B product candidates under our Collaboration Agreement with Merck. See “Item 1 – Business – Collaborations – Merck Collaboration.” However, in order to conduct these trials for our other product candidates, we will need to raise additional capital to support our operations and suchor form partnerships, in addition to our existing collaborative alliances, which may give substantial rights to a partner. Such funding or partnerships may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Moreover, any future financing may be very dilutive to our existing stockholders.

As we move lead compounds through toxicology and other preclinical studies, also referred to as nonclinical studies, we have and we will be required to file an Investigational New Drug application (“IND”) or its equivalent in foreign countries, and as we conduct clinical development of product candidates, we may have adverse results that may cause us to consume additional capital. Our partners may not elect to pursue the development and commercialization of our product candidates subject to our respective agreements with them. These events may increase our development costs more than we expect. We may need to raise additional capital or otherwise obtain funding through strategic alliances if we initiate clinical trials for new product candidates other than programs currently partnered. We will require additional capital to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, product candidates.

In securing additional financing, such additional fundraising efforts may divert our managementmanagement’s attention from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be preventedfrom pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects or may render the Company unable to continue operationsoperations.

Because, we are unable to rely on certain exemptions from registration under the federal securities laws, as the result of a “disqualifying event” involving a director of the Company, it could materially and adversely affect our ability to obtain future financing.

On January 10, 2019, Dr. Frost, one of our directors, was permanently enjoined from violating a certain anti-fraud provision of the Securities Act of 1933, future violations of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-1(a) thereunder, and participating in penny stock offerings with certain exceptions. So long as Dr. Frost is a director, the Company will be unable to rely on certain exemptions from registration including the exemptions under Regulation A and Rule 506 promulgated under the Securities Act absent a waiver issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We have not applied for a waiver, and even if we do, the SEC may choose not to grant us a waiver. While there is a statutory exemption for private placements under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, the absence of the Rule 506 safe harbor under Regulation D could adversely affect our ability to raise necessary financing in the future on terms favorable to us, or at all.

RISKS RELATED TO THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT CANDIDATES

Because of the approach we are taking to discover and develop drugs is novel,unknown impact from the COVID-19 virus, it may never lead to marketable products.

We are concentrating our antiviral therapeutic product research and development efforts using our proprietary technology, and our future success depends on the continued successful development of this technology and the products derived from it. We have no drug products commercialized. The scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop drug product candidates are relatively new and unproven. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing product candidates based on our approach is limited. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize drug product candidates basedunanticipated material adverse effects upon our technological approach, we may not become profitable and the value of our stock may decline.

Further, our focus on the Company’s technology for developing drugs, as opposed to relying entirely on more standard technologies for drug development, increases the risks associated with the ownership of our stock. If we are unsuccessful in developing any product candidates using the Company’s technology, we may be required to change the scope and direction of our product development activities. We may not identify and implement successfully an alternative product development strategy, and may as a result cease operations.

If we do not succeed in our efforts to identify or discover potential product candidates, your investment may be lost.us.

The successUnited States and global impact from the COVID-19 virus may have a material adverse effect on us in a number of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize antiviral drug products, an extremely risky business. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for several reasons,ways including:

RISKS RELATED TO OUR RELIANCE ON THIRD PARTIES

We will depend substantially on Merck for the successful research, development and commercialization of our influenza A/B product candidates.

In January 2019, we entered into the Collaboration Agreement with Merck to research, develop, and commercialize certain proprietary influenza A/B antiviral agents. See “Item 1 – Business – Collaborations – Merck Collaboration” for more information on the Collaboration Agreement. The success of this collaborative alliance will depend substantially on the efforts and activities of Merck. Pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, in case the joint research committee overseeing the research program cannot reach an agreement, the ultimate decision-making authority is vested in Merck as to most matters. Furthermore, Merck will be solely responsible for the development and commercialization of any products derived from the collaboration.

In addition, during the term of the research program and for a period of 12 months following the expiration or termination of the research program under the Collaboration Agreement, we have agreed to work exclusively with Merck on the research and development of influenza A/B antiviral agents. During the term of the Collaboration Agreement, we will be unable to conduct, or enable third parties to conduct, research, development and commercialization activities related to such agents. These restrictions may impair our ability to pursue research, development and commercialization opportunities that we would otherwise deem to be beneficial to our business.

If our research collaboration with Merck is terminated or is otherwise unsuccessful, including failure to reach milestones, we could lose the research program funding, and would not receive milestone payments or royalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, our ability to successfully develop and commercialize influenza A/B product candidates and our future financial condition.

Pursuant to the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, Merck agreed to, among other things, (i) fund the research and development collaboration, including clinical development and commercialization; (ii) make certain milestone payments up to a total of $156 million, including payments associated with the successful product development and attainment of certain U.S. and EU regulatory approvals for the developed products and sales volume; and (iii) pay royalties on net sales of the products.

Merck can terminate the Collaboration Agreement at any time prior to the first commercial sale of the first product developed under the Collaboration Agreement, in its sole discretion, without cause. Furthermore, research collaborations, including the Collaboration Agreement, may turn out to be unsuccessful and are subject to certain risks, including the following risks:

Such eventsIf our collaboration with Merck is unsuccessful for these or other reasons, or is otherwise terminated for any reason, we may force uslose the research program funding, and would not receive the milestone payments or royalties under the Collaboration Agreement.

Further, pursuant to abandonthe Collaboration Agreement Merck will only be obligated to make many of the milestone payments if our development efforts for a programinfluenza A/B product receives required regulatory approvals, is commercialized and net sales exceed the thresholds set forth in the Collaboration Agreement. Achieving the milestones may be difficult and time-consuming. If some or programs, which wouldall of these goals are not achieved, we may not receive some or all of the milestone payments under the Collaboration Agreement.

Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, and could cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

Because our future commercial success depends on gaining regulatory approval for our products, we cannot generate revenue without obtaining approvals.

Our long-term success and generation of revenue will depend upon the successful development of new products from our research and development activities, including those licensed or acquired from third parties. Product development is very expensive and involves a high degree of risk. Only a small number of research and development programs result in the commercialization of a product. The process for obtaining regulatory approval to market a product like our hepatitis C product is expensive, often takes many years, and can vary substantially based on the type, complexity, and novelty of the product candidates involved. Our ability to generate revenues would be adversely affected if we are delayed or unable to successfully develop our products.

We cannot guarantee that any marketing application for our product candidates will be approved. If we do not obtain regulatory approval of our products or we are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, we cannot generate revenue, and we may need to significantly curtail operations.

If we are unable to successfully complete preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We intend to invest a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the identification and preclinical development of product candidates that target viral replication enzymes. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including:

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully complete development of, or to successfully commercialize, our product candidates, which would materially harm our business. Most pharmaceutical products that do overcome the long odds of drug development and achieve commercialization still do not recoup their cost of capital. If we are unable to design and develop each drug to meet a commercial need far in the future, the approved drug may become a commercial failure and our investment in those development and commercialization efforts will have been commercially unsuccessful.

We may be unable to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of product candidates, we or our partners must conduct extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their products.

Events that may cause a delay or unsuccessful completion of clinical development include, as examples:

If we or our partners must conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of any product candidates beyond those that are contemplated, or are unable to successfully complete clinical trials or other testing of any of our product candidates, or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we or our partners may:

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or in obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule if at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to successfully develop and commercialize ourinfluenza A/B product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development, whether independently or with our partners, could cause additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenues from our product candidates, including product sales, milestone payments, profit sharing or royalties.

Our product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse events (“AEs”), that may be observed during clinical trials of our product candidates could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt such trials and could cause denial of regulatory approval. If AEs are observed in any clinical trials of our product candidates, including those our partners may develop under our alliance agreements, our or our partners’ ability to obtain regulatory approval for product candidates may be negatively impacted.

Serious or unexpected side effects caused by an approved product could result in significant negative consequences, including:

These events could prevent us or our partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our products and impair our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of these products either by us or by our partners.

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, we cannot predict whether or when we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate and we cannot, therefore, predict the timing of any revenue from a product.future financial condition.

Neither we nor any partners we may have can commercialize a product until the appropriate regulatory authorities, such as the FDA or its foreign equivalent, have reviewed and approved the product candidate. The regulatory agencies may not complete their review processes in a timely manner, or we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval. Additional delays may result if an FDA Advisory Committee or foreign regulatory authority recommends restrictions on approval or recommends non-approval.

Following regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and the approved product may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere including Canada, the applicable regulators may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. The following discussion is based on United States law. Similar types of regulatory provision apply outside of the United States.

The holder of an approved New Drug Application (“NDA”), must monitor and report AEs and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. The holder of an approved NDA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and other applicable federal and state laws, and are subject to FDA review.

Drug product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”), and adherence to commitments made in the NDA. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product such as AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we or our partners fail to comply with regulatory requirements following approval of our product candidates, a regulatory agency may:

Our defense of any government investigation of alleged violations of law, or any lawsuit alleging such violations, could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may prevent or inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenues.

We may not succeed in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to drug compounds and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties we identify. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities.

Companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve using hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. If contamination occurs or injury results from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although our workers’ compensation insurance may cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against other potential liabilities. We may incur substantial costs to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may cause substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Compliance with governmental regulations regarding the treatment of animals used in research could increase our operating costs, which would adversely affect the commercialization of our technology.

The Animal Welfare Act (“AWA”), is the United States federal law that covers the treatment of certain animals used in research. The AWA imposes a wide variety of specific regulations that govern the humane handling, care, treatment and transportation of certain animals by producers and users of research animals, most notably relating to personnel, facilities, sanitation, cage size, feeding, watering and shipping conditions. Third parties with whom we contract are subject to registration, inspections and reporting requirements. Some states have their own regulations, including general anti-cruelty legislation, which establish certain standards in handling animals. If we or our contractors fail to comply with United States and foreign laws and regulations, as applicable, concerning the treatment of animals used in research, we may be subject to fines and penalties and adverse publicity, and our operations could be adversely affected.

Public perception of ethical and social issues may limit or discourage the type of research we conduct.

Our clinical trials will involve people, and we and third parties with whom we contract also do research using animals. Governmental authorities could, for public health or other purposes, limit the use of human or animal research or prohibit the practice of our technology. In addition, animal rights activists could protest or make threats against our facilities, which may cause property damage and delay our research. Ethical and other concerns about our methods, such as our use of human subjects in clinical trials or our use of animal testing, could adversely affect our market acceptance.

We have limited experience in conducting and managing the preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary to obtain approvals for marketing our product candidates, including approval by the FDA.

Our efforts to develop our product candidates are at an early stage. To date, with one exception, we have not entered a compound into human clinical trials. We may be unable to progress our other product candidates undergoing preclinical testing into clinical trials. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will succeed, and favorable initial results from a clinical trial do not determine outcomes in subsequent clinical trials. The indications of use for which we are pursuing development may have clinical effectiveness endpoints not previously reviewed or validated by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, which may complicate or delay our effort to obtain marketing approval. We cannot guarantee that our clinical trials will succeed. In fact, most compounds fail in clinical trial, even at companies far larger and more experienced than us.

We have not obtained marketing approval or commercialized any of our product candidates. We may not successfully design or implement clinical trials required for marketing approval to market our product candidates. If we are unsuccessful in conducting and managing our preclinical development activities or clinical trials or obtaining marketing approvals, we might not be able to commercialize our product candidates, or might be significantly delayed in doing so, which will materially harm our business.

If we are not successful in completing preclinical or clinical testing or are unable to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates to the satisfaction of the regulatory authorities, we may suffer impairment on our IPR&D assets.

In-process research and development (IPR&D) represents a series of awarded patents, filed patent applications and an in-process research program acquired in the acquisition of RFS Pharma that are integral to the development of the Company’s planned future products. In-process research and development represent an indefinite-lived intangible asset. Any series of preclinical and clinical outcomes that reduce the probability for technical and regulatory success, may trigger interim impairment testing. If our IPR&D becomes impaired, write down on the carrying amount of these assets may result, which could depress our stock price. During 2015, we lowered our forecasts of future cash flows, which caused a reduction in our IPR&D, resulting in an impairment charge of $38.7 million. In 2016, we lowered our forecasts of future cash flow again. This reduction caused us to write-down our IPR&D by $92.4 million.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR RELIANCE ON THIRD PARTIES

If we form strategic alliances which are unsuccessful or are terminated, we may be unable to develop or commercialize certain product candidates and we may be unable to generate revenues from our development programs.

WeIn addition to the Collaboration Agreement with Merck, we are likely to use third partythird-party alliance partners for financial, scientific, manufacturing, marketing and sales resources for the clinical development and commercialization of certain of our product candidates. These strategic alliances will likely constrain our control over development and commercialization of our product candidates, especially once a candidate has reached the stage of clinical development. Our ability to recognize revenues from successful strategic alliances may be impaired by several factors including:

Termination of a strategic alliance may require us to seek out and establish alternative strategic alliances with third-party partners; thispartners. This may not be possible, including due to restrictions under the terms of our existing collaborations, or we may not be able to do so on terms acceptable to us. See “Item 1A – Risk Factors ‒ We will depend substantially on Merck for the successful research, development and commercialization of our influenza A/B product candidates.” If we fail to establish alternative strategic alliances with third-party partners on terms acceptable to us, in which case itor at all, we may be necessary for usrequired to limit the size or scope of one or more of our programs or increasedecrease our expenditures and seek additional funding by other means. Such events would likely have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our compound formulation, research and preclinical testing, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

We do not expect to independently conduct most and certainly not all aspects of our drug discovery activities, compound formulation research or preclinical testing of product candidates. We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our preclinical testing and on third partythird-party Clinical Research Organizations (“CROs”) to conduct clinical trials.

If these third parties terminate their engagements, we will need to enter into alternative arrangements which would delay our product development activities. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. If in the future, we elect to develop and commercialize any product candidates on our own, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our IND-enabling preclinical studies and clinical trials are conducted under the respective study plans and trial protocols.

If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our studies under regulatory requirements or our stated study plans and protocols, we will not be able to complete, or may be delayedexperience delays in completing, the necessary clinical trials and preclinical studies to enable us or our partners to select viable product candidates for IND submissions and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully develop and commercialize such product candidates.

Because we intend to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our preclinical and clinical supplies, and commercial supplies of any approved product candidates, we will be subject to a variety of risks.

RelianceOur reliance on third-party manufacturers entailsto develop products and our anticipated reliance on third-party manufacturers to produce products we may develop in the future entail risks to which we would not be subject if we manufacturedsupplied the materials needed to develop and manufacture our product candidates ourselves, including:

These events could lead to clinical study delays or failure to obtain regulatory approval or impact our ability to successfully commercialize future products. Some of these events could be the basis for regulatory actions, including injunction, recall, seizure or total or partial suspension of production.

Because we expect to rely on limited sources of supply for the drug substance and drug product of product candidates, any disruption in the chain of supply may cause a delay in developing and commercializing these product candidates.

We intend to establish manufacturing relationships with a limited number of suppliers to manufacture raw materials, the drug substance, and the drug product of any product candidate for which we are responsible for preclinical or clinical development. Each supplier may require licenses to manufacture such components if such processes are not owned by the supplier or in the public domain. As part of any marketing approval, a manufacturer and its processes must be qualified by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities prior to commercialization. If supply from the approved vendor is interrupted, there could be a significant disruption in commercial supply. An alternative vendor would need to be qualified through an NDA or marketing authorization supplement, which could cause further delay. The FDA or other regulatory agencies outside of the United States may also require additional studies if a new supplier is relied upon for commercial production.

These factors could cause the delay of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of our product candidates, cause us to incur higher costs and prevent us from commercializing our products successfully. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of drug substance or drug product on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, our clinical trials may be delayed or we could lose potential revenue.

Manufacturing issues may arise that could increase product and regulatory approval costs or delay commercialization.

As third parties scale up manufacturing of product candidates and conduct required stability testing, product, packaging, equipment and process-related issues may require refinement or resolution to proceed with any clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for commercial marketing. We or the manufacturers may identify significant impurities or stability problems, which could cause discontinuation or recall by us or our manufacturers, increased scrutiny by regulatory agencies, delays in clinical programs and regulatory approval, significant increases in our operating expenses, or failure to obtain or maintain approval for product candidates or any approved products.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials. While we will have agreements governing theirthe activities of such CROs and clinical trial sites, we andor our partners will have limited influence over their actual performance. Nevertheless, we or our partners will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its protocol, and that all legal, regulatory and scientific standards.standards are met. Our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We, our partners and our CROs must comply with current Good Clinical Practices (“cGCPs”), as defined by the FDA and the International Conference on Harmonization, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of IND-enabling preclinical studies and clinical trials, to ensure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. The FDA enforces these cGCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or other regulators may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving any marketing applications. Our clinical trials will require a sufficiently large number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a product candidate. If our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of patients, fail to recruit properly qualified patients or fail to properly record or maintain patient data, we may be required to repeat such clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Our contracted CROs will not be our employees, and we cannot control whether they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercialentities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials, or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to failing to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize our product candidates. Our financial results and the commercial prospects for such products and any product candidates we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug products for any clinical trials we may conduct. Any performance failure by our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

RISKS RELATED TO THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT CANDIDATES

Because the approach we are taking to discover and develop drugs is novel, it may never lead to marketable products.

We are concentrating our antiviral therapeutic product research and development efforts using our proprietary technology, and our future success depends on the continued successful development of this technology and the products derived from it. We have no drug products commercialized. The scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop drug product candidates are relatively new and unproven. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing product candidates based on our approach is limited. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize drug product candidates based upon our technological approach, we may not become profitable and the value of our stock may decline.

Further, our focus on the Company’s technology for developing drugs, as opposed to relying entirely on more standard technologies for drug development, increases the risks associated with the ownership of our stock. If we are unsuccessful in developing any product candidates using the Company’s technology, we may be required to change the scope and direction of our product development activities. We may not successfully identify and implement an alternative product development strategy and may as a result cease operations.

If we do not succeed in our efforts to identify or discover potential product candidates, your investment may be lost.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize antiviral drug products, an extremely risky business. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for several reasons, including:

Such events may force us to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

Because our future commercial success depends on gaining regulatory approval for our products, we cannot generate revenue without obtaining approvals.

Our long-term success and generation of revenue will depend upon the successful development of new products from our research and development activities, including those licensed or acquired from third parties. Product development is very expensive and involves a high degree of risk. Only a small number of research and development programs result in the commercialization of a product. The process for obtaining regulatory approval to market a product like our hepatitis C or influenza products is expensive, takes many years, and can vary substantially based on the type, complexity, and novelty of the product candidates involved. Our ability to generate revenues would be adversely affected if we are delayed or unable to successfully develop our products.

We cannot guarantee that any marketing application for our product candidates will be approved. If we do not obtain regulatory approval of our products or we are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, we cannot generate revenue, and we may need to significantly curtail operations.

If we are unable to successfully complete preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We intend to invest a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the identification and preclinical development of product candidates that target viral replication enzymes. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including:

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully complete development of, or to successfully commercialize, our product candidates, which would materially harm our business. Most pharmaceutical products that do overcome the long odds of drug development and achieve commercialization still do not recoup their cost of capital. If we are unable to design and develop each drug to meet a commercial need far in the future, the approved drug may become a commercial failure and our investment in those development and commercialization efforts will have been commercially unsuccessful.

We may be unable to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of product candidates, we or our partners must conduct extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical trials are expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and are uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their products.

Events that may cause a delay or unsuccessful completion of clinical development include, as examples:

If we or our partners must conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of any product candidates beyond those that are contemplated, or are unable to successfully complete clinical trials or other testing of any of our product candidates, or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we or our partners may:

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or in obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development, whether independently or with our partners, could cause additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenues from our product candidates, including product sales, milestone payments, profit sharing or royalties.

Our product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse events (“AEs”) or serious adverse events (SAEs”), that may be observed during clinical trials of our product candidates could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt such trials and could cause denial of regulatory approval. If AEs or SAEs are observed in any clinical trials of our product candidates, including those our partners may develop under alliance agreements, our or our partners’ ability to obtain regulatory approval for product candidates may be negatively impacted.

Serious or unexpected side effects caused by an approved product could result in significant negative consequences, including:

These events could prevent us or our partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our products and impair our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of these products either by us or by our partners.

Following regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and the approved product may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere, the applicable regulators may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. The following discussion is based on United States law. Similar types of regulatory provision apply outside of the United States.

The holder of an approved New Drug Application (“NDA”), must monitor and report AEs and SAEs and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. The holder of an approved NDA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and other applicable federal and state laws and are subject to FDA review.

Drug product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”), and adherence to commitments made in the NDA. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product such as AEs or SAEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we or our partners fail to comply with regulatory requirements following approval of our product candidates, a regulatory agency may:

Our defense of any government investigation of alleged violations of law, or any lawsuit alleging such violations, could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may prevent or inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenues.

We may not succeed in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to drug compounds and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties we identify. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities.

Companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.

Because third parties may be developing competitive products without our knowledge, we may later learn that competitive products are superior to our product candidates which may force us to terminate our research efforts of one or more product candidates.

We face potential competition from companies, particularly privately-held companies and foreign companies that may be developing competitive products that are superior to one or more of our product candidates. If in the future, we learn of the existence of one or more competitive products, we may be required to:

Any of these events may occur after we have spent substantial sums in connection with the clinical research of one or more product candidates.

Compliance with governmental regulations regarding the treatment of animals used in research could increase our operating costs, which would adversely affect the commercialization of our technology.

The Animal Welfare Act (“AWA”), is the United States federal law that covers the treatment of certain animals used in research. The AWA imposes a wide variety of specific regulations that govern the humane handling, care, treatment and transportation of certain animals by producers and users of research animals, most notably relating to personnel, facilities, sanitation, cage size, feeding, watering and shipping conditions. Third parties with whom we contract are subject to registration, inspections and reporting requirements. Some states have their own regulations, including general anti-cruelty legislation, which establish certain standards for handling animals. If we or our contractors fail to comply with United States and foreign laws and regulations, as applicable, concerning the treatment of animals used in research, we may be subject to fines and penalties and adverse publicity, and our operations could be adversely affected.

Public perception of ethical and social issues may limit or discourage the type of research we conduct.

Our clinical trials will involve people, and we and third parties with whom we contract also conduct research using animals. Governmental authorities could, for public health or other reasons, limit the use of human or animal research or prohibit the use of our technology. In addition, animal rights activists may protest or make threats against our facilities, which may cause property damage and delay our research. Ethical and other concerns about our methods, including our use of human subjects in clinical trials and our use of animal testing, could adversely affect our market acceptance.

We have limited experience in conducting and managing the preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary to obtain approvals for marketing our product candidates, including approval by the FDA.

Our efforts to develop our product candidates are at an early stage. To date, with one exception, we have not entered a compound into human clinical trials. We may be unable to progress our other product candidates undergoing preclinical testing into clinical trials. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will succeed, and favorable initial results from a clinical trial do not determine outcomes in subsequent clinical trials. The indications of use for which we are pursuing development may have clinical effectiveness endpoints not previously reviewed or validated by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, which may complicate or delay our effort to obtain marketing approval. We cannot guarantee that our clinical trials will succeed. In fact, most compounds fail in clinical trials, even at companies far larger and more experienced than us.

We have not obtained marketing approval or commercialized any of our product candidates. We may not successfully design or implement clinical trials required for marketing approval to market our product candidates. If we are unsuccessful in conducting and managing our preclinical development activities or clinical trials or obtaining marketing approvals, we might not be able to commercialize our product candidates, or might be significantly delayed in doing so, which will materially harm our business.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

If we cannot obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our future products and product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our future products and product candidates. The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications we own or in-license may fail to result in patents with claims that cover the products in the United States or in other countries. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found; such prior art can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing based on a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may cause such patents to be narrowed or invalidated. Even if unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our claims.

If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed regarding our programs or product candidates fail to issue or if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop product candidates, and threaten our ability to commercialize products. We cannot offer any assurances about which patents willPatents may not issue or whether anyand issued patents willmay be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatenedchallenged by third parties. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we were the first to invent a patent application related to a product candidate. In certain situations, if we and one or more third parties have filed patent applications in the United States and claiming the same subject matter, an administrative proceeding can be initiated to determine which applicant is entitled to the patent on that subject matter. Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is 20 years after it is filed, although various extensions may be available. However theThe life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. OnceWhen the patent life has expired for a product, we may be openwill become vulnerable to competition from generic medications.medications attempting to replicate that product. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the time during which we couldwill be able to market and commercialize a product candidate under patent protection could be reduced.

Besides theIn addition to patent protection, afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our drug discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology not covered by patents. Each of our employees agrees to assign their inventions to us through an employee inventions agreement. In addition, as a general practice, `ourour employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology enter into confidentiality agreements. Nonetheless, we cannot provide any assurances that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will notmay be disclosed or thatand competitors will notmay otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. TheIn addition, in January 2018 the FDA as part of its Transparency Initiative, is considering whetherlaunched a voluntary pilot program calling on biopharmaceutical research companies to makerelease clinical study reports summarizing clinical trial data. However, with a low response rate to this initiative thus far, the FDA may consider making release of clinical study reports mandatory and may consider making additional information publicly available on a routine basis in response to concerns expressed by the academic community, including information we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information. In 2017 a FDA Transparency Initiative research team made recommendations thatIf the FDA makedisclosure of clinicaltakes these measures, we may be forced to disclose propriety information about our product candidates and statistical reviews of products, and the availability of data sets and analysis through clinical data repositories.The FDA has the legal authority to implement recommendations however it is not clear how the FDA’s disclosure policies may change, if at all.research, which could materially harm our business.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. We may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the non-patented intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement claims may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement ofon the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is substantial litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, and reexaminations and other post-grant proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, (“U.S. PTO”), and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our partners are pursuing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods fortreatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be patent applications currently pending that may later result in patents that our product candidates may infringe. Third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes on these patents. If any third-party patents were to be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our product candidates, any molecules formed during the manufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire. Similarly, if any third-party patents were to be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making intellectual property claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, involves substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resourcesour management’s attention from our business. If a claim of infringement against us succeeds, we may have to pay substantial damages, possibly including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

We may need to obtain licenses to intellectual property rights from third parties.

We may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates. We may fail to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates, which could harm our business significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist that might be enforced against our products, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales and other activities, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties. Because of the costs involved in defending patent litigation, we currently lack and may in the future lack the capital to defend our intellectual property rights.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter such infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, or we may be required to defend the validity or enforceability of such patents, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patenteither one or more of oursour patents or our licensorslicensors’ patents is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue because our patents do not cover that technology. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions regarding our patents or patent applications or those of our partners or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may cause us to incur substantial costs and distract the attention of our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also bepublic announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our securities.

We may be subject to claims our that employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We employ individuals previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims asserting that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we succeed, litigation could cause substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

Because we face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions. Our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. This enables them, among other things, to make greater research and development investments and efficiently utilize their research and development costs. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may cause even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Competition may increase further because of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may develop, acquire or license drug products that are more effective or less costly than any product candidate we may develop.

With the exception of one product for which a clinical trial is underway in Canada,candidate, all of our programs are in a preclinical development stage and are targeted toward indications for which there are approved products on the market or product candidates in clinical development. We will face competition from other drugs that are or will be approved for the same therapeutic indications. Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to leverage our experience in drug discovery and development to:

The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we can charge, for any products we may develop and commercialize. We will not achieve our business plan if the acceptance of these products is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to switch from existing drug products to our products, or if physicians switch to other new drug products or reserve our products for use in limited circumstances. Additionally, the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapid technological and scientific change, and we may not be able to adapt to these rapid changes to the extent necessary to keep up with competitors or at all. The inability to compete with existing or subsequently introduced drug products would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make our product candidates less competitive. Any new product that competes with an approved product must typically demonstrate advantages, such as in efficacy, convenience, tolerability or safety, to overcome price competition and to succeed. Our competitors may obtain patent protection, receive approval by FDA and/or foreign regulatory authorities or discover, develop and commercialize product candidates before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon the acceptance of these product candidates by the medical community, including physicians, patients and healthcare payors.

Assuming one or more product candidates achieve regulatory approval and we commence marketing such products, the market acceptance of any product candidates will depend on several factors, including:

If our current product candidates are approved, we expect sales to generate substantially all of our product revenues for the foreseeable future, and as such, the failure of these products to find market acceptance would harm our business.

If insurance and/or government coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available for our product candidates, it could make it difficult for usimpair our ability to sell products profitably.achieve and maintain profitability.

Market acceptance and sales of any product candidates we develop will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by future healthcare reform measures.of third-party payors. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers, hospitals and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverageCoverage and adequate reimbursement willmay not be available for anysome or all of our product candidates. Also,As patients generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment, inadequate reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our future products. IfThus, the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payors is not available,critical to new product acceptance.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval of a product from a government or other third-party payor is available only at limited levels,a time-consuming and costly process, and no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors in the United States. Even if we mayobtain coverage for a given product, the resulting reimbursement payment rates might not be ableadequate for us to successfully commercialize product candidates we develop. Presently, we cannot predict whether any healthcareachieve or health insurance legislation will affect our productssustain profitability or proposed products, although it is a key issue for President Trump.may require co-payments that patients find unacceptable. If reimbursement is not available, or is available at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize product candidates we develop.

We cannot be certain if and when we will obtain formulary approval to allow us to sell any products wePricing pressures on our drug candidates, including as the result of proposed legislative changes, may develop and commercialize intonegatively impact our target markets. Obtaining formulary approval from hospitals and from payors can be an expensive and time-consuming process. Failure to obtain timely formulary approval will limit our commercial success.future results of operations.

There have been numerous legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in the United States and in some foreign jurisdictions that could affect our ability to sell products profitably. For example, in May 2018, the Trump administration issued a plan to lower drug prices, including among other things the disclosure of list prices in television ads, increasing negotiated discounts in Medicare, banning pharmacy gag clauses, adopting real-time prescription benefit tools, and boosting low-cost generic and biosimilar competition. In January 2019, the Trump administration proposed a rule to lower prescription drug prices and out-of-pocket costs by banning rebates on prescription drugs paid by manufacturers to pharmacy benefit managers, Part D plans and Medicaid managed care organizations to increase the use and sales of their products.

Further, in February 2019, President Trump expressed concern that prescription drug prices in Canada are approximately 50% of prescription drug prices in the United States. At the same time, the current Democratic Presidential candidate is advocating for a Medicare-for-all approach. While expanding Medicare would increase the demand for prescription drugs, there is a likelihood that Medicare will be required to negotiate drug prices, which could adversely affect our future prospects.

At the state level, individual states are increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control drug pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures. These legislative and/measures could reduce the ultimate demand for our products, if approved, or regulatory changes may negatively impact the reimbursement for drug products, following approval.put pressure on our product pricing. The availability of generic treatments may also substantially increase pricing pressures on, and reduce reimbursement for, our future products. The potential application of user fees to generic drug products may expedite approval of additional generic drug treatments. We expect to experience additional pricing pressures in connection with sale of any of our products, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage for our future products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and our business will be harmed.

In some non-U.S. jurisdictions, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. The European Union, or EU, provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the Company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the U.S. and tend to be priced significantly lower.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenues.revenues from product sales.

We do not have an organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. To market any products that may be approved, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or arrange with third parties to perform these services.

Our current and future partners may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of our product candidates or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective alliances to enable the sale of our product candidates to healthcare professionals and in geographical regions, including the United States, that will not be covered by our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future strategic partners do not successfully commercialize the product candidates, our ability to generate revenues from product sales will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate sufficient product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third partythird-party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

If we obtain approval to commercialize any approved products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business.

If any of our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we may enter into agreements with third parties to market them on a worldwide basis or in more limited geographical regions. We expect we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND INDUSTRY

If we lose key management or scientific personnel, cannot recruit qualified employees, directors, officers, or other personnel or experience increases in our compensation costs, our business may materially suffer.

We depend on principal members of our executive and research teams,teams; the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. We are highly dependent on our Chairman of the Board Dr. Raymond Schinazi, our interimand Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Gary Wilcox, and our President, Dr. Sam Lee.Lee and our Chief Financial Officer, James Martin. We do not carry “key-man” life insurance on the lives of our Chairman, who is not an employee, or any of our employees or advisors. Furthermore, our future success will also depend in part on the continued service of our key scientific and management personnel and our ability to identify, hire, and retain additional personnel. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms, as there is significant competition among numerous pharmaceutical companies for individuals with similar skill sets. Because of this competition, our compensation costs may increase significantly. If we lose key employees, our business may suffer.

If we expand our organization, we may experience difficulties in managing growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of March 14, 2018,30, 2020, we have 1011 full-time employees. As our company matures, we expect to expand our employee base to increase our managerial, scientific and operational, commercial, financial and other resources and to hire more consultants and contractors. Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may cause weaknesses in our infrastructure, and give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as developing additional product candidates. If our management cannot effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenues could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage anyour future growth.

Any relationships with customers and third partythird-party payors may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and commercialize those products in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and education programs. We may be subject to patient privacy regulation by the federal government and by the U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

If our operations are found to violate any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other government healthcare programs, and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs.

Using our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may cause:

We do not have any product liability insurance coverage. We anticipate obtaining such insurance prior to the commencement of any clinical trials but any such insurance coverage we obtain may not reimburse us for all expenses or losses we may suffer. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval for product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. Occasionally, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated adverse effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.

Business interruptions resulting from pandemics, natural disasters and adverse weather events could delay uscause delays in developingresearch and development of our future products.product candidates.

Our principal offices are in Bothell, Washington where we conduct our scientific research. We have locationsalso maintain a small finance and accounting office in Washington and Georgia.Miami, Florida. We are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes and tornados as well as other events that could disrupt our operations.operations and cause delays in research and development of our product candidates. We do not carry insurance for natural disasters, and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our operations. The recent coronavirus pandemic has the potential to impact our business operations.in both the short and long run. At the moment there is uncertainty to both the extent and duration of the effect on employees and supply lines. See the Risk Factor in this Report concerning the COVID-19 virus.

If our information technology systems are hacked, a third party may misappropriatecompromised, the information we store and process, including our trade secretsintellectual property, could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen, which could harm our business, relationships with strategic partners and future results of operations.

We keep someCompanies are increasingly suffering damage from attacks by hackers. In the ordinary course of business, we store sensitive information, such as our intellectual property, including trade secrets and results of our clinical and preclinical research, and that of our suppliers and business partners, on a central server, and our employees email such information to each otheris transmitted via email correspondence. The secure maintenance and to third parties outside of our offices. In addition, since we do not encrypt allprocessing of this information there is a risk thatcritical to our research and development activities and future operations. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers could misappropriate our intellectual property.or breaches due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our information technology systems and the information stored there could be accessed by third parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure, misappropriation or other loss of information could result in disruption of our operations, including our existing and future research collaborations, and damage our reputation, which in its turn could harm our business and future results of operations.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve using hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. If contamination occurs or injury results from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

The Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration has established extensive requirements relating to workplace safety for health care employers, including clinical laboratories, whose workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens such as the hepatitis C virus. These requirements, among other things, require work practice controls, protective clothing and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations and other measures designed to minimize exposure to, and transmission of, blood-borne pathogens. In addition, the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act requires, among other things, that we include in our safety programs the evaluation and use of engineering controls such as safety needles if found to be effective at reducing the risk of needlestick injuries in the workplace.

Although our workers’ compensation insurance may cover us for costs and expenses, we may incur additional costs due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, and this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against other potential liabilities. We may incur substantial costs to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may cause substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

Because we believe the recent volatility of our stock price was caused by our announcement of our License Agreement and our acquisition of rights to use the licensed patents to seek a treatment for coronavirus as well as norovirus, the increase in our stock price may be temporary for a number of reasons.

After we announced our entry into the License Agreement with the Kansas State University Research Foundation, the price of our common stock surged from $0.49 as of February 21 to the closing price of $1.77 on February 26 and our daily trading volume also increased substantially during that time. Additionally, after our March 6, 2020 announcement regarding the initiation of our coronavirus program, our trading volume remained extremely high relative the prior 12-month period. Since then, our stock price has fallen to a closing price of $0.68 per share on March 26, 2020. Our common stock may continue to be volatile and could materially fall for a number of reasons including:

We cannot assure you that our stock price and volume will stabilize, in which case investors may sustain large losses

Due to factors beyond our control, our common stock price may be volatile, or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares.

The market price of our common stock will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our common stock include the following:

In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. See Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” for a description of certain pending litigation.

Any future impairment in the carrying value of goodwill and in-process research and development assets could depress our stock price.

Historically, we had a significant amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) on our balance sheet. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets must be evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently if events indicate it is warranted. If the carrying value of a reporting unit or IPR&D asset exceeds its current fair value, the goodwill or IPR&D asset is considered impaired. Events and conditions that could result in impairment in the value of our indefinite-lived assets and goodwill include, but are not limited to, significant negative industry or economic trends, significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period of time, significant decline in market capitalization relative to net book value, limited funding that could delay development efforts, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for the Company’s overall business, safety or efficacy issues that surface during development efforts, or preclinical and clinical outcomes that reduce the probability for technical and regulatory success of our product candidates.

We have fully written-off our IPR&D, and we no longer have an IPR&D asset as of December 31, 2018; refer to “Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Business Combinations and Intangible Assets.”

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had goodwill of $19,092,343 and $65,195,000 respectively. Based on the fair value of its reporting unit, measured by the Company’s Nasdaq market capitalization and an income based

approach analysis, which exceeded the carrying value at December 31, 2019; we have incurred an impairment charge of approximately $46,100,000 from our goodwill as of December 31,2019.

We may in the future be required to record additional impairment charges to write-off goodwill which is also related to our merger with RFS Pharma in 2014. Our stock price could be negatively impacted should future impairments of our goodwill occur.

Because certain of our stockholders control a significant number of shares of our common stock, they may have effective control over our actions requiring stockholder approval.

As of March 16, 2018,13, 2020, our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders (those beneficially owning in excess of 5%), and their respective affiliates, beneficially own approximately 68%29.2% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, would have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets.

Dr. Raymond Schinazi, our former Board Chairman, and Dr. Philip Frost, a director and certain other stockholders entered into a Stockholders Rights Agreement in November 2014 when we acquired another company headed by Dr. Schinazi. This Agreement gives each of Dr. Schinazi and Dr. Frost (and certain other stockholders) the right to designate three directors to a seven-person board of directors and together agree upon the seventh designee. In addition, our principal stockholders, acting together, would have the ability to control the management and affairs of our company. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership might harm the market price of our common stock by:

Further, the Stockholder Rights Agreement provides Dr. Schinazi and Dr. Frost and certain other Company stockholders with rights including the right to approve future financings and a right of first refusal, which have not been impediments to date. However, in the event of any future disagreements between Dr. Schinazi and Dr. Frost, we may be unable to raise future capital we need or make concessions to one of these directors, which may adversely affect us or result in added expenses.

Dr. Schinazi did not consent to our most recent financing in March 2020. We are uncertain what impact this may have upon us.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including under our equity incentive plan, could cause additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

WeIn November 2019 and February and March 2020 we conducted public offerings in which we issued a total of approximately 17.03 million shares of common stock and raised a total of approximately $20.8 million in gross proceeds. While we expect that these financings will be sufficient to fund our operations for more than the 12 months, significant additional capital willmay be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we have raised and continue to raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. These sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

Under our Equity Incentive Plans, our management may grant stock options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. Approximately 1.73,588,377 million shares of common stock are available for future grant.

If weWe are subject to securitiescurrently involved in a class action lawsuit, a related derivative action, and other litigation, weand may sustain material costs.in the future be involved in other legal proceedings, which may be expensive and time consuming to defend, and, if resolved adversely, could harm our business and financial condition.

InWe and certain current and former executive officers and directors of the past, securitiesCompany are currently defendants in a class action litigation has often been brought againstlawsuit filed with the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and a company following a declinerelated derivative action lawsuit filed with the U.S.

District Court for the Western District of Washington and may become involved in additional legal proceedings in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could cause substantial costs and a diversion offuture.

These proceedings can be time consuming, divert management’s attention and resources and cause us to incur significant expenses. While we believe we have insurance coverage for the class action suit and the derivative action, our insurance carrier has initially declined to cover the lawsuits. While we are seeking to reverse this decision, even if we can do so the amount of insurance may be insufficient. Furthermore, because litigation is inherently unpredictable, the results of any such actions may have a material adverse effect on our business, and financial condition, and cause our stock price to decrease.

See “Item 3 – Legal Proceedings” for more information.

Failure to meet the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market, could result in delisting of our common stock, which in its turn would negatively affect the price of our common stock and limit investors’ ability to trade in our common stock.

Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). Nasdaq rules impose certain continued listing requirements, including the minimum $1 bid price, corporate governance standards and number of public stockholders. On December 13, 2019, we were notified by Nasdaq that we were not compliant with its closing bid price requirement because the closing bid price of our common stock was below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days. While we have regained compliance and this matter has since been resolved, if we fail to meet these continued listing requirements in the future, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. If our common stock is delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market, we could harm our business.face significant material adverse consequences, including:

Our ability to use our net operating loss carry forwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carry forwards (“NOLs”), and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. We believe that, with the RFS Pharma and Discovery mergers and other transactions that have occurred over the past three years, we may have triggered an “ownership change” limitation. We may also experience ownership changes in the future because of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. If we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carry forwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could result in increased future tax liability to us. At the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

Because our common stock is thinly traded, purchasers of our stock may incur difficulty in selling their shares at or above the price they paid for them.

Although our common Stock recently was listed on Nasdaq, it has not been actively traded. We cannot assure you that an active market for our common stock will develop, or if it does, it will be sustained. Accordingly, investors may experience difficulty is selling their shares of common stock.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We anticipate we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

Because we may not attract the attention of major brokerage firms, it could have a material impact upon the price of our common stock.

It is possible that securities analysts of major brokerage firms will not provide research coverage for our common stock. The absence of such coverage limits the likelihood that an active market will develop for our common stock. It may also make it more difficult for us to attract new investors when we acquire additional capital.

Because manyFuture sales of our outstanding shares are freely tradable, sales of these sharescommon stock could cause the market price offor our common stock to drop significantly,decline, even if our business is performing well.

As of March 16, 2018,28, 2020, we had approximately 24.452.1 million shares of common stock outstanding, approximately 9.636.9 million of which are either free trading or may be sold without volume or manner of sale limitations under Rule 144. The remainder of our shares, because they are held by affiliates, are subject to additional restrictions as described below.

In general, Rule 144 provides that any non-affiliateperson who is not an affiliate of the Company and has not been an affiliate for 90 days, and who has held restricted common stock for at least six months, is entitled to sell their restricted stock freely, provided that we stay current in our SEC filings. After one year, a non-affiliate may sell without any restrictions.

The remainder of our shares of common stock outstanding which are held by affiliates of the Company.Company are subject to additional restrictions. An affiliate may sell after six months (subject to contractual restrictions as described above)a six-month holding period with the following restrictions:

Future sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that those sales will occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to dropdecline significantly, even if our business is performing well.

We may issue preferred stock which could make it more difficult for a third partythird-party to acquire us and could depress our stock price.

In accordance with the provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and the Stockholder Rights Agreement described above, our Board may issue one or more additional series of preferred stock that have more than one vote per share, so long as the Board obtains the majority approval of each of the groups of stockholders who formerly held our Series A and Series B. This could permit our Board to issue preferred stock to investors who support our management and give effective control of our business to our management. Issuance of preferred stock could block an acquisition resulting in both a drop in our stock price and a decline in interest of our common stock. This could make it more difficult for stockholders to sell their common stock. This could also cause the market price of our common stock shares to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

We continue to have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and could negatively impact our ability to raise capital.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Although we have developed and are implementing a plan to remediate these material weaknesses and believe, based on our evaluation to date, that these material weaknesses will be remediated during 2018, we cannot assure you that this will occur within the contemplated timeframe. Moreover, we cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission could be adversely affected. The occurrence of or failure to remediate the material weaknesses may adversely affect investor confidence in us and could negatively impact our ability to raise capital.

As described under “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures,” we have identified control deficiencies which constitute material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to the following:

I. Risk Assessment Control Activities - Financial Reporting Process

We did not maintain an effective financial reporting process to prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Specifically, the process lacked timely and documented financial statement reviews of information included in the financial statements and procedures to ensure all required disclosures were made in the financial statements.

This material weakness could result in a material misstatement to the Company’s annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

II. Control Activities - Preparation and Review of Manual Account Reconciliations

Our design and maintenance of controls in the period-end financial reporting process, specifically the execution of controls over the preparation, analysis and review of account reconciliations, were ineffective. These control deficiencies resulted in adjustments to 2017 consolidated financial statements related to stock-based compensation and the fair value of warrant liabilities.

This control environment material weakness could result in a material misstatement to the Company’s annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

The material weaknesses identified by management could result in a material misstatement to our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2017 due to the material weaknesses identified. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not ApplicableNone.

Item 2. Properties

We have operating facilities in Bothell, WAWashington and Tucker, GA.Miami, Florida.

In January 2015, the Company renewed itsWe lease for approximately 9,400 square feet of office and laboratory space in Bothell, Washington. TheIn June 2018, we signed an amendment to the Bothell, Washington lease expires on February 1, 2019 and provides for annual rent of approximately $168,500.agreement to extend the term through January 2024.

As part of the merger (that occurred on November 25, 2014) with RFS Pharma,On September 1, 2018, the Company assumed the lease for RFS Pharma facilities located inrelocated its accounting and finance offices from Tucker, Georgia. This lease was amended on January 1, 2014 and expired on December 31, 2016 for approximately 6,148Georgia to Miami, Florida, where it leases a total of 1,280 square feet of office space. In connection with the relocation, the Company entered into a lease agreement with a limited liability company controlled by Dr. Phillip Frost, a director and laboratory space.a principal stockholder of the Company. The lease term is three years with an optional three-year extension. Following the relocation, the Company executed a short-term lease extension for six months, through June 30, 2017 and then again through December 31, 2017. The Company leases theclosed down its office in Tucker, Georgia facility from aand terminated the respective month-to-month lease agreement with the limited liability company owned by the Company’sour former Chairman of the Board and a principal shareholder,stockholder, Dr. Raymond Schinazi. In January 2018 we reduced the lease area to approximately 1,200 square feet and continued on a pro-rated month to month term while we prepare a new lease. The annual expense for this space is estimated to be $44,000.

We believe that our facilities are sufficient to meet our current needs and that suitable additional space will be available if needed for future work.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is a party to, or otherwise involved in, legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. As of the date of this report, except as described below, the Company is not aware of any proceedings, threatened or pending, against it which, if determined adversely, would have a material effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

In 2014, Daniel FisherOn September 20, 2018, Anthony Pepe, individually and his affiliate, 580 Garcia Properties LLC, brought multiple lawsuitson behalf of a class, filed with the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey a complaint against the Company, involving its predecessorscertain current and subsidiaries. The lawsuits have been settledformer executive officers and directors of the Company and the complaints initiating them dismissed, withoutother defendants named therein for violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The class consists of the persons and entities who purchased the Company’s common stock during the period from September 23, 2013 through September 7, 2018. Pepe also alleges violation of other sections of the Exchange Act by the defendants named in the complaint other than the Company. Pepe seeks damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, reasonable attorneys’ fees, expert fees and other costs.

On January 16, 2019, Ms. Susan Church, a stockholder of the Company, making any payments to either Mr. Fisher or 580 Garcia Properties LLC. The Company heldfiled with the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington a promissory note secured by a deed of trust under which 580 Garcia Properties LLC is the primary obligor. Asderivative suit against certain current and former executive officers and directors of the timeCompany alleging breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, waste of corporate assets, and violations of the acquisition byrules governing proxy solicitation. Church seeks, among other things, money damages, disgorgement of profits from alleged wrongful conduct, including cash bonuses, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, reasonable attorneys’ fees, expert fees and other costs.

Liberty Insurance Underwriters Inc. filed suit against us in federal court in Delaware seeking a declaratory judgment that it is not liable to defend us in the class and derivative litigation. The insurance company also is claiming it is entitled to recover $1 million it advanced to us in connection with the SEC investigation. We have retained counsel to defend us which has filed an answer to the complaint.

On September 7, 2018, the SEC filed with the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York a complaint against Dr. Philip Frost, a director and principal stockholder of the Company, a trust Dr. Frost controls and OPKO Health, Inc., a stockholder of the Company, of which Dr. Frost is the promissory note, 580 Garcia Properties LLC,Chief Executive Officer, as well as other defendants named therein. On January 10, 2019, the District Court entered final judgments against these defendants on their consent without admitting or denying the allegations set forth in the complaint. Dr. Frost was delinquentpermanently enjoined from violating a certain anti-fraud provision of the Securities Act of 1933, future violations of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-1(a) thereunder and participating in its obligationpenny stock offerings subject to make certain monthly payments thereunder. Consequently,exceptions.

November 2017, Lee Pederson, a former Biozone lawyer, filed a lawsuit in December 2015,Minnesota against co-defendants the Company, issued notice of default letters to 580 Garcia Properties LLC, Daniel Fisher,Dr. Phillip Frost, OPKO Heath, Inc. and Sharon FisherBrian Keller for said delinquencies, and proceeded in accordance with rights of a secured real estate creditor under California law, to initiate private foreclosure proceedings respectingvarious allegations. On September 13, 2018, the property, to foreclose under the promissory note secured by the deed of trust. A foreclosure sale was set in accordance with California law for January 27, 2017. Prior to the date of this foreclosure sale, Mr. Fisher filed a motion where he sought among other things an order of the court enjoining the foreclosure sale, alleging wrongdoing byUnited States District Court granted the Company and Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc.its co-defendants’ motion to dismiss Pederson’s amended complaint. Subsequent to September 30, 2018, Pederson filed a notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit on October 11, 2018. The plaintiff’s appeal was denied and others that Mr. Fisher claimedthe dismissal affirmed.

While the Company has direct responsibility over.

Becauseintends to defend itself vigorously from the Company intendedclaims in the aforementioned disputes, it is unable to foreclose onpredict the property and foreclosure was probable, the Company recognized an impairment on the mortgage note receivableoutcome of $1,176,000 in 2016 to adjust the carrying value of the note to its fair value. The fair value of the note was determined by reference to the estimated fair value of the underlying property, which was determined based on analysis of comparable properties and recent market data. Furthermore,these legal proceedings. Any potential loss as a result of the Company’s plan to divest of this asset within the next 12 months, the asset was reclassified from long-term to current.

On or about February 8, 2018these legal proceedings cannot be reasonably estimated. As a series of transactions concluded, involvingresult, the Company Daniel Fisher, 580 Garcia Properties LLC, and others, by the terms of which, inter alia, the Company resolved all outstanding claims and disputes with Daniel Fisher, his spouse Sharon Fisher, and 580 Garcia Properties, LLC, and by which the Company receivedhas not recorded a payment of $1.4 million in exchangeloss contingency for the releaseany of the aforementioned note and deed of trust, under which 580 Garcia Properties, LLC owed $1.3 million of principal and accrued interest.claims.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock has been quotedtraded on the OTCQBThe Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “COCP” since April 15, 2014. BeginningMarch 12, 2018. Prior to March 12, 2018, our common stock moved to the NASDAQ marketwas quoted on OTCQB under the same symbol “COCP”. The following table sets forth the high and low prices as reported on the OTCQB for the prior two fiscal years. The quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission, and may not represent actual transactions. The prices have been adjusted to reflect a 1-for-30 reverse stock split which was effective January 24, 2018. As of March 10, 2018,December 31, 2019, there were approximately 235213 holders of record of our common stock.

The last reported sales price of our Common stock on NASDAQNasdaq on March 15, 2018December 31, 2019 was $4.89$0.50 per share.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total return of our Common Stock with the S&P 500 Index and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index. The graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2012 in our Common Stock and in each of the foregoing indices. The stock price performance reflected in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.The stock price performance before 2014 was that of Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., prior to the merger on January 2, 2014 that formed the Company.

Dividend Policy

We have not declared nor paid any cash dividend on our common stock, and we currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the expansion of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The decision whether to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be made by our board of directors, in their discretion, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors considers significant.

Our ability to pay cash dividends is governed by applicable provisions of Delaware law.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following chart reflects the number of awards granted under about our equity compensation plans approved and not approvedis incorporated herein by shareholders and the weighted average exercise price for such plans asreference to Item 12 of December 31, 2017. 

In 2014, in connection with the Discovery merger, the Company adopted and assumed the Prior Plan. On April 13, 2015, the Board adopted the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan provides for the grantPart III of incentive stock options, qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, and performance shares or units and cash awards. Awards may be granted under the 2015 Plan to our employees, directors and independent contractors.this Annual Report.

Recent SalesUnregistered sales of Unregistered Securitiesequity securities

All recentunregistered sales of unregisteredour equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been previously reported.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following selected historical consolidated statementAs a smaller reporting company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013, belowExchange Act, we are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto. This data should be read in conjunction with our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto.not required to include information otherwise required by this item.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

Company Overview

The Company was formerly incorporated in Nevada under the name Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On January 2, 2014, the Company sold substantially all of its assets to MusclePharm Corporation (“MusclePharm”), and, on the same day, merged with Discovery in a transaction accounted for as a reverse merger. Following the merger, the Company assumed Discovery business plan and operations. On March 18, 2014, the Company reincorporated in Delaware under the name Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

On November 25, 2014, a subsidiary of the Company and affiliated entities completed a series of merger transactions. As a result, a subsidiary of the Company merged with RFS Pharma, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company (“RFS Pharma”).

Our primary business going forward is to develop novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Discovery has been developing novel technologies and approaches to create first-in-class and best-in-class antiviral drug candidates since its initial funding in 2008. Our focus is to pursue the development and commercialization of broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidates that will transform the treatment and prophylaxis of viral diseases in humans. By concentrating our research and development efforts on viral replication inhibitors, we plan to leverage our infrastructure and expertise in these areas.

During fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, the following key aspects of our business advanced:

Results of Operations

For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016

As stated above, we are focused on research and development of novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Accordingly, weWe had no revenue of $6,564,000 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2017 or 2016. For2019 and 2018, respectively. We had a net loss of $48,169,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017, we had2019 primarily due to a net loss of $613,000$46,103,000 goodwill impairment, compared to a net loss of $74,874,000 for 2016. This net loss$49,048,000 for the year was due to losses from ongoing operations, offset by income tax benefits. The 2016 losses wereended December 31, 2018 primarily due to an impairment lossa $53,905,000 IPR&D impairment. These 2019 and 2018 impairments are non-cash impairments of $92,396,000 on our IPR&D, $13,400,000 from ongoing operations, $1,177,000 impairment on our mortgage note, offset by a $29,394,000 deferred tax benefit associated with the impairment charge incurred on our IPR&D asset.intangible assets. Our operating loss for the year ended December 31, 20172019 was $8,262,000,$48,406,000 compared to an operating loss of $105,819,000$62,924,000 in 2016.2018. The operating loss for 20162019 included the non-cash impairment charge of $92,369,000$46,103,000 on our intangible goodwill asset and 2018 operating loss included the non-cash impairment charge of $53,905,000 on our intangible IPR&D asset noted above.asset. Other income was $769,000$256,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, which is primarily due to a $907,000$256,000 gain on the fair value of derivative liabilities. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we record other income or expense for the change in fair value of our outstanding warrants that are accounted for as liabilities during each reporting period. If the value of the warrants decreases during a period, which occurred during the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, we record other income. The fair value of our outstanding warrants is inversely related to the fair value of the underlying common stock; as such, a decrease in the fair value of our common stock during a given period generally results in other income while an increase in the fair value of our common stock generally results in other expense. This other income or expense is non-cash. We believe investors should focus on our operating loss rather than net income or loss for the periods presented.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consistsexpenses consist primarily of compensation-related costs for our 87 employees dedicated to research and development activities and for our Scientific Advisory Board members, as well as lab supplies, lab services, and facilities and equipment costs. We expect research and development expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our pre-clinical development activities. Also included in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 is an impairment charge related to our in-process research and development (IPR&D) intangible asset in the amount of $92,369,000.

Total research and development expenses were $5,822,000$4,004,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, compared with $101,679,000$4,667,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016.2018. This year over year decrease of $95,857,000 is primarily the result of recognizing an impairment loss on IPR&D of $92,396,000 in 2016. Excluding the impact of the IPR&D impairment charge, research and development expenses decreased $3,461,000expenditures was primarily due to the completion of our HCV phase 2 clinical trial and expense reimbursements resulting from $9,283,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016.our Collaboration Agreement with Merck. We continue to expect research and development expenses to increase in 2018 as a result of HCV Phase 2 programs2020 due to advancing our coronavirus and preparation for Influenza Phase 1 start up.norovirus programs.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense includes compensation-related costs for our employees dedicated to general and administrative activities, legal fees, audit and tax fees, consultants and professional services, and general corporate expenses.

General and administrative expenses were $2,440,000$4,863,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, compared with $4,140,000$4,352,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016.2018. This decreaseincrease of $1,700,000$511,000 was primarily due to anprofessional fees associated with litigation matters and insurance reimbursementincreases.

In the ordinary course of prior legal costs, a non-cash reversal of stock compensation expense related to unvested options for the former General Counsel and Interim CFO that leftbusiness, the Company during 2017, a decreaseentered into non-cancelable related party leases for its facilities and convertible debt (see Note 16 – Transactions with Related Parties in compensation costs due to staffing turnover, and a general decrease in legal costs.the following Consolidated Financial Statements).

Interest Income/Expense

Interest income (expense) was ($7,000)19,000) for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, compared to $126,000($58,000) for the year ended December 31, 2016.2018. The interest expense in 20172019 is related to lease agreements and in 2018 is primarily a result of the convertible promissory notes we entered into in November 2017. The 2016 income amounts primarily represent interest earned on the mortgage note we acquired2017 which were all converted to common stock in June 2015. As further explained in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, we have sold this note in FebruaryMay 2018.

Other Income/Expense

Other Income,income, net, was $769,000$237,000 for the year ended December 31, 20172019 compared with $1,551,000$294,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016.2018. Other Income,income, net for the year ended December 31, 20172019 and 2018 primarily consisted of a gaingains of $256,000 and $306,000, respectively, recognized from a decreasedecreases in the fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price decreased. Other Income for the year ended December 31, 2016 also included a gain of $2,603,000 due to a decrease in the fair value of our derivative liabilities, offset by an impairment loss of $1,177,000 related to our mortgage note receivable.

Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, we did not record an income tax benefit despite of our goodwill impairment which is reversed for tax purposes as a permanent difference. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded an income tax benefit of $6,880,000,$13,582,000 primarily as a result of reduction of our deferred tax liability which was caused by recent tax law changes lowering the corporate tax rate to 21%. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded an income tax benefit of $29,394,000 resulting from reduction of our deferred tax liability primarily stemming from the impairment loss recorded for the Company’s in-process research

Liquidity and development.

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists primarily of compensation-related costs for our employees dedicated to research and development activities and for our Scientific Advisory Board members, as well as lab supplies, lab services, and facilities and equipment costs.

Total research and development expenses were $101,679,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $ 47,261,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase of $54,418,000 is primarily the result of recognizing an impairment loss on IPR&D of $92,396,000 in 2016 as compared to an impairment loss of $38,665,000 in 2015. Excluding the impact of the IPR&D impairment charges in each period, research and development expenses were $9,283,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, which is an increase of $687,000 from $8,596,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense includes compensation-related costs for our employees dedicated to general and administrative activities, legal fees, audit and tax fees, consultants and professional services, and general corporate expenses.

General and administrative expenses were $4,140,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $6,765,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. This decrease of $2,625,000 is primarily the result of lower stock option expense due to the resignation of the CEO and CMO during the year. Because we had assumed a zero forfeiture rate related to these options, expense associated with these options that had been recorded in previous periods was reversed during 2016, since none of these options had vested prior to forfeiture.

Interest Income/Expense

Interest income was $126,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $180,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. These amounts primarily represent interest earned on the mortgage note we acquired in June 2015.

Other Income/Expense

Other Income, net, was $1,551,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with Other Expense, net of $11,422,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Other Income, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily consists of a gain recognized from a decrease in the fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price decreased offset by an impairment loss of $1,177,000 related to our mortgage note receivable. Other Expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 is primarily due to a loss of $9,916,000 associated with an increase in the fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price increased.

In the year ended December 31, 2015, we also recorded other expense of $1,686,000 related to a loss of shares that were previously held in escrow related to our sale of certain assets to MusclePharm. These shares were to be held in escrow but instead were released by the escrow agent to MusclePharm, which resulted in us recording a loss upon release of these shares.

Income TaxesCapital Resources

For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded an income tax benefit of $29,394,000 resulting from reduction of our deferred tax liability primarily stemming from the impairment loss recorded for the Company’s in-process research and development asset. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded an income tax benefit of $15,248,000, also primarily stemming from the impairment loss recorded for the Company’s in-process research and development tax asset.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

For the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, net cash used in operating activities was $6,903,000,$1,563,000, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $14,655,000$8,290,000 for 2016.the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease in cash used in operating activities from 2017in 2019 as compared to 20162018 was attributable to reduced spending in research and development activities following the completionrevenue flow from our influenza A/B license agreement with Merck of $6,564,000. For the HCV Phase 1 clinical trials. In 2017,year ended December 31, 2019, net cash used in investing activities netted to $145,000, which consisted of $40,000 in capital expenditures for lab equipment.equipment, software, and networking for our Lab located in Bothell, Washington. For 2016,the year ended December 31, 2018, our net cash provided by investing activities netted to $3,000, which consisted of receipts related to$1,372,000 primarily from settlement of our mortgage note receivable of $1,400,000 offset by capital expenditures primarily for lab equipment forin our R&D facilities.facilities and relocation to Miami of our finance office. For the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $4,080,000,$6,424,000, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $9,016,000$8,893,000 for 2016.the year ended December 31, 2019. Net cash generated by financing activities in 20172019 and 2018 was the result of issuing convertible notes payable and additional issuancesissuance common stock, net of common stock. During 2016, net cash from financing activities was generated solely from the issuance of common stock.finance lease payments.

For the year endedThe Company had approximately $7,418,000 cash on hand at December 31, 2016, net2019. Subsequently, the Company raised gross proceeds of approximately $20,000,000, before deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, as described below. Based upon our estimated cash used in operatingbalance of $22 million as of March 26, 2020, we estimate we have enough working capital to meet or needs for approximately the next two years. Of course, the uncertainties caused by COVID-19 could impact our research activities was $14,655,000, comparedand affect our Merck collaboration which would reduce this estimate. Regardless we have more than enough cash to net cash used in operating activities of $10,317,000meet our working capital needs for 2015. The increase in cash used in operating activities in 2016 as compared to 2015 was attributable to our increase in research and development activities, including Phase I testing of our lead non-nucleoside inhibitor. In 2016, net cash provided by investing activities of $3,000 consisted of receipts related to our mortgage note offset by capital expenditures primarily for lab equipment for our R&D facilities, as compared to cash used by investing activities of $262,000 in 2015 when our capital expenditures exceeded amounts received for our mortgage note. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash provided by financing activities was $9,016,000, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $15,885,000 for 2015. In both years, net cash generated by financing activities was primarily generated from the issuance of common stock.next 12 months.

As further explained in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, on November 24, 2017,On January 29, 2020, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreementsecurities purchase agreement with two accreditedcertain institutional investors, including the Company’s Chairman of the Board, pursuant to which the Company sold anagreed to sell and issue, in a registered direct offering, 3,492,063 of the Company’s shares of common stock, par value $0.001 at a purchase price per share of $0.63 for aggregate principal amount of $1,000,000 of its 8% convertible notes due November 24, 2019.

As further explained in Note 15gross proceeds to the consolidated financial statements,Company of approximately $2.2 million, before deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company closed the offering on January 31, 2018,2020.

On February 27, 2020, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreementsecurities purchase agreement with OPKO Health, Inc. (the “Purchaser”),certain institutional investors, pursuant to which the Company borrowed $1,000,000 fromagreed to sell and issue, in a registered direct offering, 8,461,540 of the Purchaser in exchangeCompany’s shares of common stock, par value $0.001 at a purchase price per share of $1.30 for issuingaggregate gross proceeds to the Purchaser an 8% convertible note due January 31,Company of approximately $11.0 million, before deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company closed the offering on February 28, 2020.

AsOn March 9, 2020, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue, in a registered direct offering, 5,037,038 of March 16, 2018, we havethe Company’s shares of common stock, par value $0.001 at a purchase price per share of $1.35 for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.9$6.8 million, cash on hand. Presently we have cashbefore deducting fees payable to last through June 2018. Accordingly, we must raise approximately $8 to $10 million to support our planned operations over the next 12 months.placement agent and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company is presently exploring various financing options, including but not limited a sale of common stock. We have a history of operating losses as we have focused our effortsclosed the offering on raising capital and research and development activities.March 10, 2020.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared using generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. For the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, the Company recorded a net loss of approximately $613,000$48,169,000 and used approximately $6.9 million$1,544,000 of cash in operating activities. The Company has not yet established an ongoing source of revenue sufficient to cover its operating costs and allow it to continue as a going concern. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company obtaining adequate capital to fund operating losses until it becomes profitable.

We can give no assurances that any additional capital that we are able to obtain, if any, will be sufficient to meet our needs, or that any such financing will be obtainable on acceptable terms. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital, we could be forced to cease operations or substantially curtail our commercial activities. These conditions raise substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

Over the next 12 months ending December 31, 2018, we estimate negative cash flow from operations. Management intends to fund future operations through additional private or public equity and convertible note offerings and may seek additional capital through arrangements with strategic partners or from other sources.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements

This reportAnnual Report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding the expected timing of initiation of our future business development, regulatory compliance,Phase 1 influenza study, our collaboration with Merck pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, and our liquidity.

The words “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs.

The results anticipated by any or all of these forward-looking statements might not occur. Important factors, uncertainties and risks that may cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements areinclude continued collaboration with Merck, the availability of products manufactured by third parties, and the ability of clinical research organizations to recruit subjects, favorable results of planned research and, if successful, clinical trials, and receipt of regulatory approvals. Further information on such uncertainties and risks is contained in the “Risk Factors”Factors�� in Item 1A of this report.this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as the result of new information, future events or otherwise. For more information regarding some of the ongoing risks and uncertainties of our business, see the“Item 1A – Risk FactorsFactors” and our other filings with the SEC.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments, including those described below. We base our estimates on our historical experience and onvarious other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results and experiences may differ materially from these estimates. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results and affect the more significant judgments and estimates that we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock options related to our equity incentive plans under the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 which requires the recognition of the fair value of stock-based compensation. The fair value of stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of subjective assumptions including expected stock price volatility, expected life and estimated forfeitures of each award. The fair value of equity-based awards is amortized ratably over the requisite service period of the award. Due to the limited amount of historical data available to us, particularly with respect to stock-price volatility, employee exercise patterns and forfeitures, actual results could differ from our assumptions.

Fair Value of Warrants

Warrants are recorded either as equity instruments or derivative liabilities. In the case of warrants recorded as liabilities, they are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of issuance. Subsequent changes in estimated fair value are recorded in other income (expense) in the Company’s statement of operations in each subsequent period. The warrants are measured at estimated fair value using the Black Scholes valuation model, which is based, in part, upon inputs for which there is little or no observable market data, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions. Inherent in this model are assumptions related to expected stock price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. We estimate the volatility of our common stock at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, based on a combination of the historical implied volatility of our own stock price and that of a group of comparable companies, that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the measurement date for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on our historical rate, which we anticipate to remain at zero. The assumptions used in calculating the estimated fair value of the warrants represent our best estimates. However, these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and different assumptions are used, the warrant liability and the change in estimated fair value could be materially different.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets

In connection with our acquisition of RFS Pharma in November 2014, we acquired a substantial amount of intellectual property. We have accounted for the intellectual property acquired as an in-process research and development (IPR&D) asset and have determined that asset to have an indefinite life based on the stage of development of the research projects of RFS Pharma at the date of acquisition. This intangible asset, which we recorded at its estimated fair value of $185.0 million$184,966,000 as of the acquisition date, will continue to have an indefinite life until the associated research and development activities are complete, at which point a determination of the asset’s useful life will be made. Prior to completion of these research and development activities, the intangible asset will be subject to annual impairment tests, or more frequent tests in the event of any impairment indicators occurring. These impairment tests require significant judgment regarding the status of the research activities, the potential for future revenues to be derived from any products that may result from those activities, and other factors.

The Company conducts its annual impairment test related to the in-process research and development asset as of November 30 each year. The initial valuation recorded in November 2014 at the time of the RFS Pharma acquisitionrepresented the fair value of the acquired hepatitis C program acquired from RFS Pharma. We perform our impairment test using the income approach (also known as the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method, which utilizes the present value of future cash flows to estimate fair value.)value). The future cash flows for our hepatitis C assets are projected based upon our estimates of future revenues, operating income and other factors (such as working capital and capital expenditures). We take into account market conditions for hepatitis C therapies, anticipated new competitive therapies and anticipated market prices of our potential future products as we model future cash flows.

Late in 2015, the Company received reports from ongoing pre-clinical studies that indicated higher than acceptable toxicity related to its hepatitis C lead molecule, CC-1845. As a result, in 2015 we lowered our forecasts of future cash flows, which caused a reduction in value of our hepatitis C assets and which led to an impairment charge recorded in the amount of $38.7 million$38,665,000 in 2015 related to our IPR&D asset.

In November 2016, due to industry reports forecasting patient volume decreasing and the average price of treatment trending downward, as well as due to increased competition in the hepatitis C market, and partially the result of further data defining the scientific and commercial potential of Company HCV compounds, we further lowered our forecasts of futureforecasted cash flows, which caused a reduction in value of our hepatitis C assets. This resulted in an impairment charge recorded toof our IPR&D asset in the amount of $92.4 million$92,396,000 in 2016.

During 2017, In late 2018, the Company concluded that given the success of CC-31244 in clinical trials, the Hepatitis C program would move forward solely with CC-31244 without any of the compounds acquired from RFS Pharma. As part of this decision, the Company abandoned all remaining in process research and development intangible assets recognized by the Company and thereafter, we executed our right to terminate the license with Emory on December 6, 2018 (see Note 11 – Licenses and Collaborations). This resulted in a $53,905,000 impairment test concluded no impairment of our IPR&D asset was required. However, as we continue work on this program, we may be required to record additional impairment charges in the future depending on the outcome of our research activities and changes in the market for our hepatitis C assets.2018.

We also recorded $65.2 million$65,195,000 of goodwill in the RFS Pharma acquisition that is subject to impairment testing. This goodwill primarily represents the amount initially recorded as a deferred tax liability in the RFS Pharma acquisition, which was required as the goodwill recorded for book purposes is not tax deductible based on the structure of the acquisition. Future impairmentImpairment tests of goodwill will also requireare done annually on November 30 requiring substantial judgment and estimates. We completed our annual goodwill impairment tests as offor November 30, 2017, 2016, and 2015,2019 and determined that there was a $46,103,000 impairment of goodwill. There was no impairment of goodwill in any period.

for November 13, 2018.

Income TaxesRecently Issued Accounting Standards

As noted above, we initially recorded a deferred tax liability of $65.2 million relatedSee discussion in Note 2 to the RFS Pharma acquisition. In 2015, we recognized an impairment loss on our in-process research and development asset, resulting in a reduction of our deferred tax liability of approximately $15.3 million. In 2016, we recognized another impairment loss on our in-process research and development of $92.4 million, which reduced our deferred tax liability to approximately $20.5 million. For 2017, our deferred tax liability declined by $6.8 million due to the impact of recent changes in the tax laws which, among other things, lowered the corporate tax rate to 21%. The remeasurement of our deferred tax liability generated an income tax benefit of $6.6 million. In addition to lowering the corporate tax rate for years beginning January 1, 2018, the new tax laws allow for net operating loss carryforwards to be carried forward indefinitely for losses incurred beginning in 2018, subject to a limitation on the amount that can be used to offset income generated in a given year. Prior to 2017, we have not considered the deferred tax liability as a source of future income in our determination of the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets due to the fact that this deferred tax liability relates to our indefinite-lived IPR&D asset, and the timing of reversal of this deferred tax liability cannot currently be determined due to uncertainty regarding the ultimate outcome of our research activities associated with the intellectual property acquired in the RFS Pharma transaction. Given the change in tax laws, we considered whether the reversal of taxable temporary differences related to the indefinite lived intangible assets may be used as a source of future taxable income in assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets than upon reversal would give rise to NOLs that do not expire, which resulted in an additional tax benefit of approximately $293,000 in 2017. In 2018, we will likely record a tax benefit to reflect the indefinite carryforward period for future net operating losses that would allow such net operating losses to be used to offset any income recorded upon reversal of the deferred tax liability; however, we are still evaluating the impact on our futureconsolidated financial statements. To the extent our estimates regarding the outcome of those activities changes in future periods, our determination regarding the valuation allowance may also change.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):