UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year endedDecember 31 2019, 2022

or

For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission File No.1-11596

PERMA-FIX ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(770)587-9898

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer [  ]☐ Accelerated Filer [  ] ☐ Non-accelerated Filer [  ] ☒ Smaller reporting company [X]☒ Emerging growth company [  ]☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act [  ]☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

Yes [  ] No [X]

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by nonaffiliates of the Registrant computed by reference to the closing sale price of such stock as reported by NASDAQ as of the last business day of the most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2019)2022), was approximately $44,338,864.$64,147,134). For the purposes of this calculation, all directors and executive officers of the Registrant (as indicated in Item 12) have been deemed to be affiliates. Such determination should not be deemed an admission that such directors and executive officers, are, in fact, affiliates of the Registrant. The Company’s Common Stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Markets.

As of February 18, 2020,14, 2023, there were 12,123,00613,358,075 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $.001 par value, outstanding.

Documents incorporated by reference: None

PERMA-FIX ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.

INDEX

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Company Overview and Principal Products and Services

Perma-Fix Environmental Services, Inc. (the Company, which may be referred to as we, us, or our), a Delaware corporation incorporated in December 1990, is an environmental and environmental technology know-how company.

We have grown through acquisitionsThe principal element of our business strategy consists of upgrading our facilities within our Treatment Segment to increase efficiency and internal growth. Our goal ismodernize and expand treatment capabilities to meet the changing markets associated with the waste management industry. Within our Services Segment, we continue to focusbid on projects, increase competitive procurement effectiveness and broaden the safemarket penetration within both the commercial and efficient operation of our three waste treatment facilities and on-site activities, identify and pursue strategic acquisitions to expand our market base, and conduct research and development (“R&D”) of innovative technologies to solve complex waste management challenges providing increased value to our clients.government sectors. The Company continues to focusremain focused on expansion into both commercial and international markets to supplement government spending in the United States of America (“USA”), from which a significant portion of the Company’s revenue is derived. This includes new services, new customers and increased market share in our current markets.

COVID-19 and Other Impacts

Our majority-owned subsidiary, Perma-Fix Medical S.A.2022 financial results continued to be impacted by COVID-19, among other things. Our Treatment Segment began to see steady improvements in waste receipts starting in the second quarter of 2022 from certain customers who had previously delayed waste shipments due, in part, from the impact of COVID-19. This positive trend was negatively impacted by occurrences of severe weather conditions which resulted in temporary delays in waste shipments from certain customers and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Perma-Fix Medical Corporation (“PFM Corporation”a temporary shortage in skilled production personnel which peaked through the fourth quarter of 2022 at one of our facilities. In early part of 2022, our Services Segment continued to experience delays/curtailments in project work by certain customers since the award of projects to us late in the second quarter of 2021 due to COVID-19 impact and/or administrative delays. However, starting in the second quarter of 2022, work under these projects had resumed/increased as the pandemic impacts began to subside and has since reached full operational status. In 2022, we continued to realize delays in procurement and planning on behalf of our government clients that saw easing through the second half of the year. Heading into 2023, we expect to see continued improvements in waste receipts and continued increases in project work from contracts recently won and bids submitted in both segments that are awaiting awards, subject to potential COVID-19 and economic impacts. (See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – COVID-19 and Other Impact” for a Delaware corporation) (together known as “PF Medical” or our “Medical Segment”), has not generated any revenue but continuesfull discussion of COVID-19 and other impacts on a limited basis to evaluate strategic options to commercialize its medical isotope production. These options require substantial capital to fund R&D requirements, in addition to start-up and production costs. As a result, the Medical Segment has substantially reduced its R&D activities and is attempting to raise the necessary capital or to partner with others willing to finance its activities (see “Medical Segment” below for further information in connection with this segment)Company’s results of operations).

Segment Information and Foreign and Domestic Operations and Sales

TheFor 2022, the Company has threetwo reportable segments. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASCAccounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 280, “Segment Reporting”, we define an operating segment as:

TREATMENT SEGMENT reporting includes:

The Company completed the closure and decommissioning activities of its East Tennessee Materials and Energy Corporation (“M&EC”) facility (within our Treatment Segment and in closure status) in accordance with M&EC’s license and permit requirements in 2019.

For 2019,2022, the Treatment Segment accounted for $40,364,000,$33,358,000, or 54.9%47.2%, of total revenue, as compared to $36,271,000,$32,992,000, or 73.2%45.7%, of total revenue for 2018.2021. See “Dependence Upon a Single or Few Customers” for further details and a discussion as to our Segments’ contracts with government clients (domestic and foreign) or with others as a subcontractor to government clients.

SERVICES SEGMENT, which includes:

For 2019,2022, the Services Segment accounted for $33,095,000,$37,241,000, or 45.1%52.8%, of total revenue, as compared to $13,268,000,$39,199,000, or 26.8%54.3%, of total revenue for 2018.2021. See “Dependence Upon a Single or Few Customers” for further details and a discussion as to our Segments’ contracts with government clients (domestic and foreign) or with others as a subcontractor to government clients.

MEDICAL SEGMENT reporting includes: R&D costs for the new medical isotope production technology from our majority-owned Polish subsidiary, PF Medical, of which we own approximately 60.5% at December 31, 2019. The Medical Segment has not generated any revenue as it remains in the R&D stage. The Company continues to scale down R&D costs for this segment which consist primarily of third party fees and other administrative related costs associated with the segment. As previously disclosed, our Medical Segment has substantially reduced its R&D activities due to the need for capital to fund these activities. The Company anticipates that the Medical Segment will not resume full R&D activities until the necessary capital is obtained through its own credit facility or additional equity raise or obtains partners willing to provide funding for its R&D.

Our Treatment and Services Segments provide services to research institutions, commercial companies, public utilities, and governmental agencies (domestic and foreign), including the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) and U.S. Department of Defense (“DOD”). The distribution channels for our services are through direct sales to customers or via intermediaries.

Our corporate office is located at 8302 Dunwoody Place, Suite 250, Atlanta, Georgia 30350.

Foreign Revenue and Initiative

Our consolidated revenue for 20192022 and 20182021 included approximately $149,000,$406,000, or 0.2%0.6%, and $98,000,$9,277,000, or 0.2%, respectively, from United Kingdom customers (including revenues generated by our United Kingdom subsidiary, Perma-Fix UK Limited (“PF UK Limited”)).

Our consolidated revenue for 2019 and 2018 included approximately $5,488,000, or 7.5%, and $1,140,000, or 2.3%12.9%, respectively, from Canadian customers (includingcustomers.

During March 2022, we signed a joint venture term sheet addressing plans to partner with Springfields Fuels Limited (“SFL”), an affiliate of Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, to develop and manage a nuclear waste-materials treatment facility (the “Facility”) in the United Kingdom. The Facility is for the purpose of expanding the partners’ waste treatment capabilities for the European nuclear market. It is expected that upon finalization of a partnership agreement, SFL will have an ownership interest of fifty-five (55) percent and our interest will be forty-five (45) percent. The finalization, form and capitalization of this unpopulated partnership is subject to numerous conditions, including but not limited to, winning a certain contract, completion and execution of a definitive agreement and facility design, granting of required regulatory, lender or permitting approvals and updated cost and profitability analysis based on current and forecast future economic conditions. Upon finalization of this venture, we will be required to make an investment in this venture. The amount of our investment, the period of which it is to be made and the method of funding are to be determined.

Seasonal Factors of our Business

Our operations are generally subject to seasonal factors. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business and Operations – Our operations are subject to seasonal factors, which causes our revenues generated byto fluctuate” for a discussion of our Perma-Fix of Canada, Inc. (“PF Canada”) subsidiary).seasonal factors.

Permits and Licenses

Waste management service companies are subject to extensive, evolving and increasingly stringent federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Such federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations govern our activities regarding the treatment, storage, processing, disposal and transportation of hazardous, non-hazardous and radioactive wastes, and require us to obtain and maintain permits, licenses and/or approvals in order to conduct our waste activities. We are dependent on our permits and licenses discussed below in order to operate our businesses. Failure to obtain and maintain our permits or approvals would have a material adverse effect on us, our operations, and financial condition. The permits and licenses have terms ranging from one to ten years, and provided that we maintain a reasonable level of compliance, renew with minimal effort, and cost. We believe that these permit and license requirements represent a potential barrier to entry for possible competitors.

PFF, located in Gainesville, Florida, operates its hazardous, mixed and low-level radioactive waste activities under a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) Part B permit, Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”) authorization, Restricted RX Drug Distributor-Destruction license, biomedical, and a radioactive materials license issued by the State of Florida.

DSSI, located in Kingston, Tennessee, conducts mixed and low-level radioactive waste storage and treatment activities under RCRA Part B permits and a radioactive materials license issued by the State of Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation.Conservation, Division of radiological health. Co-regulated TSCA Polychlorinated Biphenyl (“PCB”) wastes are also managed for PCB destruction under EPA Approval.

PFNWR, located in Richland, Washington, operates a low-level radioactive waste processing facility as well as a mixed waste processing facility. Radioactive material processing is authorized under radioactive materials licenses issued by the State of Washington and mixed waste processing is additionally authorized under a RCRA Part B permit with TSCA authorization issued jointly by the State of Washington and the EPA.

As previously discussed,EWOC, located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, operates a low-level radioactive waste material processing facility. Radioactive material processing is authorized under radioactive material licenses issued by the Company completed the closureState of Tennessee Department of Environmental and decommissioning activitiesConservation, Division of its M&EC facility (within our Treatment Segment) in accordance with M&EC’s license and permit requirements in 2019. The Company had previously fully impaired the permit value for our M&EC facility. The permits at M&EC have been terminated.radiological health.

The combination of a RCRA Part B hazardous waste permit,permits, TSCA authorization,authorizations, and a radioactive materials license, asmaterial licenses held by the Company and its subsidiaries comprising our Treatment Segment areis very difficult to obtain for a single facility and make these facilitiesthis Segment unique.

We believe that the permitting and licensing requirements, and the cost to obtain such permits, are barriers to the entry of hazardous waste and radioactive and mixed waste activities as presently operated by our waste treatment subsidiaries. If the permit requirements for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal (“TSD”) activities and/or the licensing requirements for the handling of low-level radioactive matters are eliminated or if such licenses or permits were made less rigorous to obtain, we believe such would allow companies to enter into these markets and provide greater competition.

Backlog

Number of Employees

The Treatment Segment of our Company maintains a backlog of stored waste, which represents waste that has not been processed. The backlog is principally a result of the timing and complexity of the waste being brought into the facilities and the selling price per container.

At December 31, 2019,2022, we employed approximately 296 employees, of whom 287 are full-time employees and 9 are part-time/temporary employees. None of our Treatment Segment hademployees are unionized.

Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”)

During 2022, we continued to improve our ESG performance. Our ESG subcommittee under our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee continues to provide guidance on ESG management. Our executive team is responsible for the development of a backlogstrategic roadmap for ESG efforts with support from management from key functional areas. The key areas of approximately $8,506,000,focus under our ESG initiatives continue to be health and safety, environmental performance, DEI (diversity, equality and inclusion), talent retention and development, corporate governance and climate-forward service development that support our customers’ transition to low carbon economy. Our executive team is involved in policy planning and coordination of corporate-wide ESG efforts. See our website at https://www.perma-fix.com/esg.aspx for some highlights of our ESG initiatives as comparedwell as our policies under our ESG as we continue to approximately $11,104,000 at December 31, 2018. Additionally, the time it takes to process waste from the time it arrives may increase due to the types and complexitiesimprove our ESG initiatives. The information on our website is not part of, the waste we are currently receiving. We typically process our backlog during periods of low waste receipts, which historically has beenor incorporated by reference in the first or fourth quarters.this Form 10-K.

Dependence Upon a Single or Few Customers

Our Treatment and Services Segments have significant relationships with the U.SU.S. governmental authorities. Our Services Segment also had significant relationships with the Canadian government authorities. A significant amount of our revenues from our Treatment and Canadian governmentalServices Segments are generated indirectly as subcontractors for others who are prime contractors to government authorities, particularly the DOE and continue to enter into contracts,DOD, or directly as the prime contractor or indirectly for others as a subcontractor, to government authorities. The U.S Department of Energy (“DOE”) and U.S. Department of Defense (“DOD”) represent major customers for our Treatment and Services Segments which may be a direct contractor for these two major customers or indirectly as a subcontractor for others to these two major customers. The contracts that we are a party to with others as subcontractors to the U.S federal government or directly with others as a subcontractor to the U.S federal government generally provide that the government may terminate or renegotiate the contracts on 30 days’ notice,contract at any time for convenience at the government’s election.option. The contracts/task order agreements (“TOA”) that we are a party to with Canadian governmental authorities also generally provide that the government authorities may terminate the contracts/task order agreements at any time for any reason for convenience. Project work under TOAs with Canadian government authority has substantially been completed. A significant account receivable due to our Perma-Fix Canada, Inc. (“PF Canada”) is subject to continuing negotiations. See “Known Trends and Uncertainties – Perma-Fix Canada, Inc. (“PF Canada”)” in Part II – Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion as to a terminated Canadian TOA. Our inability to continue under existing contracts that we have with the U.S federal government and Canadian government authorities (directly or indirectly as a subcontractor) or significant reductions in the level of governmental funding in any given year could have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition.

We performed services relating to waste generated by government clients (domestic and foreign (primarily Canadian)), either directly as a prime contractor or indirectly for others as a subcontractor to government entities or directly as a prime contractor to government entities, representing approximately $59,985,000,$60,030,000, or 81.7%85.0%, of our total revenue during 2019,2022, as compared to $35,944,000,$60,812,000, or 72.6%84.2%, of our total revenue during 2018.2021.

As ourOur revenues are project/event based where the completion of one contract with a specific customer may be replaced by another contract with a different customer from year to year, we do not believe the loss of one specific customer from one year to the next will generally have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition.year.

Competitive Conditions

The Treatment Segment’s largest competitor is EnergySolutions (“ES”) which operates treatment facilities in Oak Ridge, TN and Erwin, TN and treatment/disposal facilities for low level radioactive waste in Clive, UT and Barnwell, SC. Waste Control Specialists, (“WCS”), which has licensed treatment/disposal capabilities for low level radioactive waste in Andrews, TX, is also a competitor in the treatment market with increasing market share. These two competitors also provide us with options for disposal of our treated nuclear waste. The Treatment Segment treats and disposes of DOE generated wasteswaste largely at DOE owned sites. Our Treatment Segment currently solicits business primarily on a North America basis with both government and commercial clients; however, we continue to focus on emerging international markets for additional work.

Our Services Segment is engaged in highly competitive businesses in which a number of our government contracts and some of our commercial contracts are awarded through competitive bidding processes. The extent of such competition varies according to the industries and markets in which our customers operate as well as the geographic areas in which we operate. The degree and type of competition we face is also often influenced by the project specification being bid on and the different specialty skill sets of each bidder for which our Services Segment competes, especially projects subject to the governmental bid process. We also have the ability to prime federal government small business procurements (small business set asides). Based on past experience, we believe that large businesses are more willing to team with small businesses in order to be part of these often-substantial procurements. There are a number of qualified small businesses in our market that will provide intense competition that may provide a challenge to our ability to maintain strong growth rates and acceptable profit margins. For international business there are additional competitors, many from within the country the work is to be performed, making winning work in foreign countries more challenging. Our recently implemented strategic plan, which includes increasing our overall contract bid/win ratio and expansion into commercial and international markets, has thus far been successful. Since mid-2019, our wholly-owned subsidiary, PF Canada, entered into two Task Order Agreements (“TOA”) with the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, LTD. (“CNL”), with an aggregate value of approximately $11,500,000 (U.S dollar), for remediation work at specific sites within Ontario, Canada. Work under these TOAs are expected to be completed by 2020. The TOAs with the Canadian government generally provide that the government may terminate a TOA at any time for convenience. If our Services Segment is unable to meet these competitive challenges, it could lose market share and experience an overall reduction in its profits.

Certain Environmental Expenditures and Potential Environmental Liabilities

Environmental Liabilities

We have three remediation projects, which are currently in progress atrelating to our Perma-Fix of Dayton, Inc. (“PFD”), Perma-Fix of Memphis, Inc. (“PFM”), and Perma-Fix South Georgia, Inc. (“PFSG”) subsidiaries, which are all included within our discontinued operations. These remediation projects principally entail the removal/remediation of contaminated soil and, in most cases, the remediation of surrounding ground water. These remediation activities are closely reviewed and monitored by the applicable state regulators.

At December 31, 2019,2022, we had total accrued environmental remediation liabilities of $927,000, an increase$861,000, a decrease of $40,000$15,000 from the December 31, 20182021 balance of $887,000.$876,000. The net increasedecrease represents an increase of approximately $50,000 made to the reserve at our PFM subsidiary due to reassessment of thepayments for remediation reserve and payments of approximately $10,000 on remediation projects for our PFD subsidiary.projects. At December 31, 2019, $817,0002022, $112,000 of the total accrued environmental remediation liabilities was recorded as current.

No insurance or third-party recovery was taken into account in determining our cost estimates or reserves.

The nature of our business exposes us to significant cost to comply with governmental environmental laws, rules and regulations and risk of liability for damages. Such potential liability could involve, for example, claims for cleanup costs, personal injury or damage to the environment in cases where we are held responsible for the release of hazardous materials; claims of employees, customers or third parties for personal injury or property damage occurring in the course of our operations; and claims alleging negligence or professional errors or omissions in the planning or performance of our services. In addition, we could be deemed a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) for the costs of required cleanup of properties, which may be contaminated by hazardous substances generated or transported by us to a site we selected, including properties owned or leased by us. We could also be subject to fines and civil penalties in connection with violations of regulatory requirements.

Research and Development (“R&D”)&D

Innovation and technical know-how by our operations is very important to the success of our business. Our goal is to discover, develop and bring to market innovative ways to process waste that address unmet environmental needs. We conduct research internally, and also through collaborations with other third parties. The majority of our research activities are performed as we receive new and unique waste to treat. Our competitors also devote resources to R&D and many such competitors have greater resources at their disposal than we do. As previously discussed, our Medical Segment has ceased a substantial portion of its R&D activities due to the needtotaled $336,000 and $746,000 for substantial capital to fund such activities. We continue to explore ways to raise this capital. We anticipate that our Medical Segment will not restart its full-scale R&D activities until it obtains the necessary funding or find a partner willing to fund its R&D activities. During 20192022 and 2018, we incurred approximately $750,000 and $1,370,000, respectively, in R&D activities, of which approximately $314,000 and $811,000, respectively, were spent by our Medical Segment.2021, respectively.

Number of Employees

In our service-driven business, our employees are vital to our success. We believe we have good relationships with our employees. At December 31, 2019, we employed approximately 325 employees, of whom 308 are full-time employees and 17 are part-time/temporary employees.

Governmental Regulation

Environmental companies, such as us, and their customers are subject to extensive and evolving environmental laws and regulations by a number of federal, state and local environmental, safety and health agencies, the principal of which being the EPA. These laws and regulations largely contribute to the demand for our services. Although our customers remain responsible by law for their environmental problems, we must also comply with the requirements of those laws applicable to our services. We cannot predict the extent to which our operations may be affected by future enforcement policies as applied to existing laws or by the enactment of new environmental laws and regulations. Moreover, any predictions regarding possible liability are further complicated by the fact that under current environmental laws we could be jointly and severally liable for certain activities of third parties over whom we have little or no control. Although we believe that we are currently in substantial compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, penalties or other liabilities or could be adversely affected by existing or subsequently enacted laws or regulations. The principal environmental laws affecting our customers and us are briefly discussed below.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (“RCRA”)

RCRA and its associated regulations establish a strict and comprehensive permitting and regulatory program applicable to companies, such as us, that treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste. The EPA has promulgated regulations under RCRA for new and existing treatment, storage and disposal facilities including incinerators, storage and treatment tanks, storage containers, storage and treatment surface impoundments, waste piles and landfills. Every facility that treats, stores or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a RCRA permit or must obtain interim status from the EPA, or a state agency, which has been authorized by the EPA to administer its program, and must comply with certain operating, financial responsibility and closure requirements.

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA,” also referred to as the “Superfund Act”)

CERCLA governs the cleanup of sites at which hazardous substances are located or at which hazardous substances have been released or are threatened to be released into the environment. CERCLA authorizes the EPA to compel responsible parties to clean up sites and provides for punitive damages for noncompliance. CERCLA imposes joint and several liabilities for the costs of clean up and damages to natural resources.

Health and Safety Regulations

The operation of our environmental activities is subject to the requirements of the OSHA and comparable state laws. Regulations promulgated under OSHA by the Department of Labor require employers of persons in the transportation and environmental industries, including independent contractors, to implement hazard communications, work practices and personnel protection programs in order to protect employees from equipment safety hazards and exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Atomic Energy Act

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 governs the safe handling and use of Source, Special Nuclear and Byproduct materials in the U.S. and its territories. This act authorized the Atomic Energy Commission (now the Nuclear Regulatory Commission “USNRC”) to enter into “Agreements with states to carry out those regulatory functions in those respective states except for Nuclear Power Plants and federal facilities like the VA hospitals and the DOE operations.” The State of Florida Department of Health (with the USNRC oversight), Office of Radiation Control, regulates the permittinglicensing and radiological program of the PFF facility, andfacility; the State of Tennessee (with the USNRC oversight), Tennessee DepartmentDivision of Radiological Health, regulates permittinglicensing and the radiological program of the DSSI facility. Thefacility and the EWOC facility; and the State of Washington (with the USNRC oversight) Department of Health, regulates permittinglicensing and the radiological operations of the PFNWR facility.

Other Laws

Our activities are subject to other federal environmental protection and similar laws, including, without limitation, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act and the TSCA. Many states have also adopted laws for the protection of the environment which may affect us, including laws governing the generation, handling, transportation and disposition of hazardous substances and laws governing the investigation and cleanup of, and liability for, contaminated sites. Some of these state provisions are broader and more stringent than existing federal law and regulations. Our failure to conform our services to the requirements of any of these other applicable federal or state laws could subject us to substantial liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on us, our operations and financial condition. In addition to various federal, state and local environmental regulations, our hazardous waste transportation activities are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission and transportation regulatory bodies in the states in which we operate. We cannot predict the extent to which we may be affected by any law or rule that may be enacted or enforced in the future, or any new or different interpretations of existing laws or rules.

The following are certain risk factors that could affect our business, financial performance, and results of operations. These risk factors should be considered in connection with evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K, as the forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, and actual results and conditions could differ materially from the current expectations. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk, and before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider these risk factors as well as other information we include or incorporate by reference in the other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”).

Risks Relating to our Business and Operations

Failure to maintain our financial assurance coverage that we are required to have in order to operate our permitted treatment, storage and disposal facilities could have a material adverse effect on us.

We maintain finite risk insurance policies and bonding mechanisms which provide financial assurance to the applicable states for our permitted facilities in the event of unforeseen closure of those facilities. We are required to provide and to maintain financial assurance that guarantees to the state that in the event of closure, our permitted facilities will be closed in accordance with the regulations. In the event that we are unable to obtain or maintain our financial assurance coverage for any reason, this could materially impact our operations and our permits which we are required to have in order to operate our treatment, storage, and disposal facilities.

Natural disasters and/or public health events, including COVID-19 and their direct and indirect macroeconomic impacts, could continue to negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Public health threats and outbreaks such as COVID-19 and natural disasters such as hurricanes and severe weather conditions have negatively impacted our results of operations. The direct impacts of these such events resulted in delayed waste shipments from certain of our customers and delays in procurement, contract awards and planning on behalf of our government clients which negatively impacted our revenue. Residual and lingering macroeconomic effects from these such events could continue to impact supply chain, workforce availability, and/or increased costs which could have a downward effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may attempt to increase our sales prices in order to maintain satisfactory margin; however, competitive pressures in our industry may have the effect of inhibiting our ability to reflect these increased costs in the prices of our services that we provide to our customers and therefore reduce our profitability.

If we cannot maintain adequate insurance coverage, we will be unable to continue certain operations.

Our business exposes us to various risks, including claims for causing damage to property and injuries to persons that may involve allegations of negligence or professional errors or omissions in the performance of our services. Such claims could be substantial. We believe that our insurance coverage is presently adequate and similar to, or greater than, the coverage maintained by other companies in the industry of our size. If we are unable to obtain adequate or required insurance coverage in the future, or if our insurance is not available at affordable rates, we would violate our permit conditions and other requirements of the environmental laws, rules, and regulations under which we operate. Such violations would render us unable to continue certain of our operations. These events would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

The inability to maintain existing government contracts or win new government contracts over an extended period could have a material adverse effect on our operations and adversely affect our future revenues.

A material amount of our Treatment and Services Segments’ revenues are generated through various government contracts or subcontracts (domestic and foreign (primarily Canadian)).subcontracts. Our revenues from governmental contracts and subcontracts relating to governmental facilities within our segments were approximately $59,985,000,$60,030,000, or 81.7%85.0%, and $35,944,000,$60,812,000, or 72.6%84.2%, of our consolidated operating revenues for 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively. Most of our government contracts or our subcontracts granted under government contracts are awarded through a regulated competitive bidding process. Some government contracts are awarded to multiple competitors, which increase overall competition and pricing pressure and may require us to make sustained post-award efforts to realize revenues under these government contracts. All contractsContracts with, or subcontracts involving, the U.S federal government are generally terminable or subject to renegotiation, by the applicable governmental agency on 30 days notice,for convenience at any time at the option of the governmental agency. The contracts/task order agreementsTOAs that we are a party to with Canadian governmental authorities also generally provide that the government authorities may terminate the contracts/task order agreementsTOAs at any time for any reason for convenience. If we fail to maintain or replace these relationships, or if a material contract is terminated or renegotiated in a manner that is materially adverse to us, our revenues and future operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our existing and future customers may reduce or halt their spending on hazardous waste and nuclear services with outside vendors, including us.

A variety of factors may cause our existing or future customers (including government clients) to reduce or halt their spending on hazardous waste and nuclear services from outside vendors, including us. These factors include, but are not limited to:

These events could result in or cause government clients to terminate or cancel existing contracts involving us to treat, store or dispose of contaminated waste and/or to perform remediation projects, at one or more of government sites since all contracts with, or subcontracts involving, the federal government are terminable upon or subject to renegotiation at the option of the government on 30 days notice and contracts/task order agreements that we are a party to with Canadian governmental authorities generally provide that the government authorities may terminate the contracts/task order agreements at any time for any reason for convenience.sites. These events also could adversely affect us to the extent that they result in the reduction or elimination of contractual requirements, lower demand for nuclear services, burdensome regulation, disruptions of shipments or production, increased operational costs or difficulties or increased liability for actual or threatened property damage or personal injury.

Economic downturns, reductions in government funding or other events (including COVID-19) beyond our control (such as the impact of the Coronavirus) could have a material negative impact on our businesses.

Demand for our services has been, and we expect that demand will continue to be, subject to significant fluctuations due to a variety of factors beyond our control, including, without limitation, economic conditions, reductions in the budget for spending to remediate federal sites due to numerous reasons including, without limitation, the substantial deficits that the federal government has and is continuing to incur, and/or the impact resulting from the Coronavirus (or Covid-19).incur. During economic downturns, large budget deficits that the federal government and many states are experiencing, and other events beyond our control, including, but not limited to the Coronavirus,impact from COVID-19, the ability of private and government entities to spend on waste services, including nuclear services, may decline significantly. Our operations depend, in large part, upon governmental funding particularly funding levels at the DOE. Significant reductions in the level of governmental funding (for example, the annual budget of the DOE) or specifically mandated levels for different programs that are important to our business or the government declaring an emergency for reasons beyond our control (such as the Coronavirus), resulting in the delay or termination of remediation projects at federal or other sites or delay or termination of waste shipments from our customers to us could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. As a result of the Coronavirus, we have been informed that certain field projects for remediation work are being suspended until further notice due to precautions associated with the risk of potential virus spread among staff and client. Additionally, at this time, certain customers have delayed waste shipments to us into the second quarter of 2020 that were originally scheduled for the first quarter of 2020. Additional remediation projects we are working on and/or waste shipments to us from our customers could be further delayed/suspended due to the Coronavirus.flow.

The loss of one or a few customers could have an adverse effect on us.

One or a few governmental customers or governmental related customers have in the past, and may in the future, account for a significant portion of our revenue in any one year or over a period of several consecutive years. Because customers generally contract with us for specific projects, we may lose these significant customers from year to year as their projects with us are completed. Our inability to replace the business with other similar significant projects could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

As a government contractor, we are subject to extensive government regulation, and our failure to comply with applicable regulations could subject us to penalties that may restrict our ability to conduct our business.

Our governmental contracts, which include significant amount from the DOE or subcontracts relating to DOE sites, are a significant part of our business. Allowable costs under U.S. government contracts are subject to audit by the U.S. government. If these audits result in determinations that costs claimed as reimbursable are not allowed costs or were not allocated in accordance with applicable regulations, we could be required to reimburse the U.S. government for amounts previously received.

Governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities are often subject to specific procurement regulations, contract provisions and a variety of other requirements relating to the formation, administration, performance and accounting of these contracts. Many of these contracts include express or implied certifications of compliance with applicable regulations and contractual provisions. If we fail to comply with any regulations, requirements or statutes, our existing governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities could be terminated or we could be suspended from government contracting or subcontracting. If one or more of our governmental contracts or subcontracts are terminated for any reason, or if we are suspended or debarred from government work, we could suffer a significant reduction in expected revenues and profits. Furthermore, as a result of our governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities, claims for civil or criminal fraud may be brought by the government or violations of these regulations, requirements or statutes.

We are a holding company and depend, in large part, on receiving funds from our subsidiaries to fund our indebtedness.

Because we are a holding company and operations are conducted through our subsidiaries, our ability to meet our obligations depends, in large part, on the operating performance and cash flows of our subsidiaries.

Loss of certain key personnel could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our success depends on the contributions of our key management, environmental and engineering personnel. Our future success depends on our ability to retain and expand our staff of qualified personnel, including environmental specialists and technicians, sales personnel, and engineers. Without qualified personnel, we may incur delays in rendering our services or be unable to render certain services. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in our efforts to attract and retain qualified personnel as their availability is limited due to the demand for hazardous waste management services and the highly competitive nature of the hazardous waste management industry. We do not maintain key person insurance on any of our employees, officers, or directors.

Changes in environmental regulations and enforcement policies could subject us to additional liability and adversely affect our ability to continue certain operations.

We cannot predict the extent to which our operations may be affected by future governmental enforcement policies as applied to existing laws, by changes to current environmental laws and regulations, or by the enactment of new environmental laws and regulations. Any predictions regarding possible liability under such laws are complicated further by current environmental laws which provide that we could be liable, jointly and severally, for certain activities of third parties over whom we have limited or no control.

Our Treatment Segment has limited end disposal sites to utilize to dispose of its waste which could significantly impact our results of operations.

Our Treatment Segment has limited options available for disposal of itsour nuclear waste. Currently, there are only threefour commercial disposal sites each site having different owners, for our low-level radioactive waste and six commercial disposal sites for our very low-level activity waste we receive from non-governmental sites, allowing us to take advantage of the pricing competition between the threethese sites. If anyone or more of these commercial disposal sites ceases to accept waste or closes for any reason or refuses to accept the waste of our Treatment Segment, for any reason, we would have limited remaining site to dispose of our nuclear waste. With limited end disposal site to dispose of our waste, we could be subject to significantly increased costs which could negatively impact our results of operations.

Our businesses subject us to substantial potential environmental liability.

Our business of rendering services in connection with management of waste, including certain types of hazardous waste, low-level radioactive waste, and mixed waste (waste containing both hazardous and low-level radioactive waste), subjects us to risks of liability for damages. Such liability could involve, without limitation:

Our operations are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations. We have in the past, and could in the future, be subject to substantial fines, penalties, and sanctions for violations of environmental laws and substantial expenditures as a responsible party for the cost of remediating any property which may be contaminated by hazardous substances generated by us and disposed at such property, or transported by us to a site selected by us, including properties we own or lease.

As our operations expand, we may be subject to increased litigation, which could have a negative impact on our future financial results.

Our operations are highly regulated and we are subject to numerous laws and regulations regarding procedures for waste treatment, storage, recycling, transportation, and disposal activities, all of which may provide the basis for litigation against us. In recent years, the waste treatment industry has experienced a significant increase in so-called “toxic-tort” litigation as those injured by contamination seek to recover for personal injuries or property damage. We believe that, as our operations and activities expand, there will be a similar increase in the potential for litigation alleging that we have violated environmental laws or regulations or are responsible for contamination or pollution caused by our normal operations, negligence or other misconduct, or for accidents, which occur in the course of our business activities. Such litigation, if significant and not adequately insured against, could adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to fund our operations. Protracted litigation would likely cause us to spend significant amounts of our time, effort, and money. This could prevent our management from focusing on our operations and expansion.

Our operations are subject to seasonal factors, which cause our revenues to fluctuate.

We have historically experienced reduced revenues and losses during the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal years due to a seasonal slowdown in operations from poor weather conditions, overall reduced activities during these periods resulting from holiday periods, and finalization of government budgets during the fourth quarter of each year. During our second and third fiscal quarters there has historically been an increase in revenues and operating profits. If we do not continue to have increased revenues and profitability during the second and third fiscal quarters, this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and liquidity.

If environmental regulation or enforcement is relaxed, the demand for our services will decrease.

The demand for our services is substantially dependent upon the public’s concern with, and the continuation and proliferation of, the laws and regulations governing the treatment, storage, recycling, and disposal of hazardous, non-hazardous, and low-level radioactive waste. A decrease in the level of public concern, the repeal or modification of these laws, or any significant relaxation of regulations relating to the treatment, storage, recycling, and disposal of hazardous waste and low-level radioactive waste would significantly reduce the demand for our services and could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. We are not aware of any current federal or state government or agency efforts in which a moratorium or limitation has been, or will be, placed upon the creation of new hazardous or radioactive waste regulations that would have a material adverse effect on us; however, no assurance can be made that such a moratorium or limitation will not be implemented in the future.

We and our customers operate in a politically sensitive environment, and the public perception of nuclear power and radioactive materials can affect our customers and us.

We and our customers operate in a politically sensitive environment. Opposition by third parties to particular projects can limit the handling and disposal of radioactive materials. Adverse public reaction to developments in the disposal of radioactive materials, including any high-profile incident involving the discharge of radioactive materials, could directly affect our customers and indirectly affect our business. Adverse public reaction also could lead to increased regulation or outright prohibition, limitations on the activities of our customers, more onerous operating requirements or other conditions that could have a material adverse impact on our customers’ and our business.

We may be exposed to certain regulatory and financial risks related to climate change.

Climate change is receiving ever increasing attention from scientists and legislators alike. The debate is ongoing as to the extent to which our climate is changing, the potential causes of this change and its potential impacts. Some attribute global warming to increased levels of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, which has led to significant legislative and regulatory efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Presently there are no federally mandated greenhouse gas reduction requirements in the United States. However, there are a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to address greenhouse gas emissions, which are in various phases of discussion or implementation. The outcome of federal and state actions to address global climate change could result in a variety of regulatory programs including potential new regulations. Any adoption by federal or state governments mandating a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions could increase costs associated with our operations. Until the timing, scope and extent of any future regulation becomes known, we cannot predict the effect on our financial position, operating results and cash flows.

We may not be successful in winning new business mandates from our government and commercial customers or international customers.

We must be successful in winning mandates from our government, commercial customers and international customers to replace revenues from projects that we have completed or that are nearing completion and to increase our revenues. Our business and operating results can be adversely affected by the size and timing of a single material contract.

The elimination or any modification of the Price-Anderson Acts indemnification authority could have adverse consequences for our business.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, or the AEA, comprehensively regulates the manufacture, use, and storage of radioactive materials. The Price-Anderson Act (“PAA”) supports the nuclear services industry by offering broad indemnification to DOE contractors for liabilities arising out of nuclear incidents at DOE nuclear facilities. That indemnification protects DOE prime contractor, but also similar companies that work under contract or subcontract for a DOE prime contract or transporting radioactive material to or from a site. The indemnification authority of the DOE under the PAA was extended through 2025 by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

Under certain conditions, the PAA’s indemnification provisions may not apply to our processing of radioactive waste at governmental facilities, and may not apply to liabilities that we might incur while performing services as a contractor for the DOE and the nuclear energy industry. If an incident or evacuation is not covered under PAA indemnification, we could be held liable for damages, regardless of fault, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If such indemnification authority is not applicable in the future, our business could be adversely affected if the owners and operators of new facilities fail to retain our services in the absence of commercial adequate insurance and indemnification.

We are engaged in highly competitive businesses and typically must bid against other competitors to obtain major contracts.

We are engaged in highly competitive business in which most of our government contracts and some of our commercial contracts are awarded through competitive bidding processes. We compete with national, international (primarily Canada currently)regional firms and regionalsome international firms with nuclear and/or hazardous waste services practices, as well as small or local contractors. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources than we do, which can give them a competitive advantage. In addition, even if we are qualified to work on a new government contract, we might not be awarded the contract because of existing government policies designed to protect certain types of businesses and under-represented minority contractors. Although we believe we have the ability to certify and bid government contract as a small business, there are a number of qualified small businesses in our market that will provide intense competition. For international business, which we continue to focus on, there are additional competitors, many from within the country the work is to be performed, making winning work in foreign countries more challenging. Competition places downward pressure on our contract prices and profit margins. If we are unable to meet these competitive challenges, we could lose market share and experience on overall reduction in our profits.

Our failure to maintain our safety record could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our safety record is critical to our reputation. In addition, many of our government and commercial customers require that we maintain certain specified safety record guidelines to be eligible to bid for contracts with these customers. Furthermore, contract terms may provide for automatic termination in the event that our safety record fails to adhere to agreed-upon guidelines during performance of the contract. As a result, our failure to maintain our safety record could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to utilize loss carryforwards in the future.

We have approximately $20,548,000 and $57,809,000 in net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively, which will expire in various amounts starting in 2021 if not used against future federal and state income tax liabilities, respectively. Approximately $12,199,000 of our federal net operating loss carryforwards were generated after December 31, 2017 ad thus do not expire. Our net loss carryforwards are subject to various limitations. Our ability to use the net loss carryforwards depends on whether we are able to generate sufficient income in the future years. Further, our net loss carryforwards have not been audited or approved by the Internal Revenue Service.

If any of our permits, other intangible assets, and tangible assets becomes impaired, we may be required to record significant charges to earnings.

Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), we review our intangible and tangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Our permits are tested for impairment at least annually. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our permit, other intangible assets, and tangible assets may not be recoverable, include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates, and slower growth rates in our industry. We may be required, in the future, to record impairment charges in our financial statements, in which any impairment of our permit, other intangible assets, and tangible assets is determined. Such impairment charges could negatively impact our results of operations.

We bear the risk of cost overruns in fixed-price contracts. We may experience reduced profits or, in some cases, losses under these contracts if costs increase above our estimates.

Our revenues may be earned under contracts that are fixed-price or maximum price in nature. Fixed-price contracts expose us to a number of risks not inherent in cost-reimbursable contracts. Under fixed price and guaranteed maximum-price contracts, contract prices are established in part on cost and scheduling estimates which are based on a number of assumptions, including assumptions about future economic conditions, prices and availability of labor, equipment and materials, and other exigencies. If these estimates prove inaccurate, or if circumstances change such as unanticipated technical problems, difficulties in obtaining permits or approvals, changes in laws or labor conditions, continued supply chain interruptions, weather delays, cost of raw materials, our suppliers’ or subcontractors’ inability to perform, and/or other events beyond our control, such as the impact of the Coronavirus,COVID-19, cost overruns may occur and we could experience reduced profits or, in some cases, a loss for that project. Errors or ambiguities as to contract specifications can also lead to cost-overruns.

Adequate bonding is necessary for us to win certain types of new work and support facility closure requirements.

We are often required to provide performance bonds to customers under certain of our contracts, primarily within our Services Segment. These surety instruments indemnify the customer if we fail to perform our obligations under the contract. If a bond is required for a particular project and we are unable to obtain it due to insufficient liquidity or other reasons, we may not be able to pursue that project. In addition, we provide bonds to support financial assurance in the event of facility closure pursuant to state requirements. We currently have a bonding facility but, the issuance of bonds under that facility is at the surety’s sole discretion. Moreover, due to events that affect the insurance and bonding markets generally, bonding may be more difficult to obtain in the future or may only be available at significant additional cost. There can be no assurance that bonds will continue to be available to us on reasonable terms. Our inability to obtain adequate bonding and, as a result, to bid on new work could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we cannot maintain our governmental permits or cannot obtain required permits, we may not be able to continue or expand our operations.

We are a nuclear services and waste management company. Our business is subject to extensive, evolving, and increasingly stringent federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Such federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations govern our activities regarding the treatment, storage, recycling, disposal, and transportation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste and low-level radioactive waste. We must obtain and maintain permits or licenses to conduct these activities in compliance with such laws and regulations. Failure to obtain and maintain the required permits or licenses would have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. If any of our facilities are unable to maintain currently held permits or licenses or obtain any additional permits or licenses which may be required to conduct its operations, we may not be able to continue those operations at these facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Risks Related to Laws and Regulations

As a government contractor, we are subject to extensive government regulation, and our failure to comply with applicable regulations could subject us to penalties that may restrict our ability to conduct our business.

Our governmental contracts or subcontracts relating to DOE sites, are a significant part of our business. Allowable costs under U.S. government contracts are subject to audit by the U.S. government. If these audits result in determinations that costs claimed as reimbursable are not allowed costs or were not allocated in accordance with applicable regulations, we could be required to reimburse the U.S. government for amounts previously received.

Governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities are often subject to specific procurement regulations, contract provisions and a variety of other requirements relating to the formation, administration, performance and accounting of these contracts. Many of these contracts include express or implied certifications of compliance with applicable regulations and contractual provisions. If we fail to comply with any regulations, requirements or statutes, our existing governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities could be terminated or we could be suspended from government contracting or subcontracting. If one or more of our governmental contracts or subcontracts are terminated for any reason, or if we are suspended or debarred from government work, we could suffer a significant reduction in expected revenues and profits. Furthermore, as a result of our governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities, claims for civil or criminal fraud may be brought by the government or violations of these regulations, requirements or statutes.

Changes in environmental regulations and enforcement policies could subject us to additional liability and adversely affect our ability to continue certain operations.

We cannot predict the extent to which our operations may be affected by future governmental enforcement policies as applied to existing environmental laws, by changes to current environmental laws and regulations, or by the enactment of new environmental laws and regulations. Any predictions regarding possible liability under such laws are complicated further by current environmental laws which provide that we could be liable, jointly and severally, for certain activities of third parties over whom we have limited or no control.

Our businesses subject us to substantial potential environmental liability.

Our business of rendering services in connection with management of waste, including certain types of hazardous waste, low-level radioactive waste, and mixed waste (waste containing both hazardous and low-level radioactive waste), subjects us to risks of liability for damages. Such liability could involve, without limitation:

Our operations are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations. We have in the past, and could in the future, be subject to substantial fines, penalties, and sanctions for violations of environmental laws and substantial expenditures as a responsible party for the cost of remediating any property which may be contaminated by hazardous substances generated by us and disposed at such property, or transported by us to a site selected by us, including properties we own or lease.

As our operations expand, we may be subject to increased litigation, which could have a negative impact on our future financial results.

Our operations are highly regulated and we are subject to numerous laws and regulations regarding procedures for waste treatment, storage, recycling, transportation, and disposal activities, all of which may provide the basis for litigation against us. In recent years, the waste treatment industry has experienced a significant increase in so-called “toxic-tort” litigation as those injured by contamination seek to recover for personal injuries or property damage. We believe that, as our operations and activities expand, there will be a similar increase in the potential for litigation alleging that we have violated environmental laws or regulations or are responsible for contamination or pollution caused by our normal operations, negligence or other misconduct, or for accidents, which occur in the course of our business activities. Such litigation, if significant and not adequately insured against, could adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to fund our operations. Protracted litigation would likely cause us to spend significant amounts of our time, effort, and money. This could prevent our management from focusing on our operations and expansion.

If environmental regulation or enforcement is relaxed, the demand for our services could decrease.

The demand for our services is substantially dependent upon the public’s concern with, and the continuation and proliferation of, the laws and regulations governing the treatment, storage, recycling, and disposal of hazardous, non-hazardous, and low-level radioactive waste. A decrease in the level of public concern, the repeal or modification of these laws, or any significant relaxation of regulations relating to the treatment, storage, recycling, and disposal of hazardous waste and low-level radioactive waste could significantly reduce the demand for our services and could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. We are not aware of any current federal or state government or agency efforts in which a moratorium or limitation has been, or will be, placed upon the creation of new hazardous or radioactive waste regulations that would have a material adverse effect on us; however, no assurance can be made that such a moratorium or limitation will not be implemented in the future.

We and our customers operate in a politically sensitive environment, and the public perception of nuclear power and radioactive materials can affect our customers and us.

We and our customers operate in a politically sensitive environment. Opposition by third parties to particular projects can limit the handling and disposal of radioactive materials. Adverse public reaction to developments in the disposal of radioactive materials, including any high-profile incident involving the discharge of radioactive materials, could directly affect our customers and indirectly affect our business. Adverse public reaction also could lead to increased regulation or outright prohibition, limitations on the activities of our customers, more onerous operating requirements or other conditions that could have a material adverse impact on our customers’ and our business.

The elimination or any modification of the Price-Anderson Acts indemnification authority could have adverse consequences for our business.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, or the AEA, comprehensively regulates the manufacture, use, and storage of radioactive materials. The Price-Anderson Act (“PAA”) supports the nuclear services industry by offering broad indemnification to DOE contractors for liabilities arising out of nuclear incidents at DOE nuclear facilities. That indemnification protects DOE prime contractor, but also similar companies that work under contract or subcontract for a DOE prime contract or transporting radioactive material to or from a site. The indemnification authority of the DOE under the PAA was extended through 2025 by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

Under certain conditions, the PAA’s indemnification provisions may not apply to our processing of radioactive waste at governmental facilities, and may not apply to liabilities that we might incur while performing services as a contractor for the DOE and the nuclear energy industry. If an incident or evacuation is not covered under PAA indemnification, we could be held liable for damages, regardless of fault, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If such indemnification authority is not applicable in the future, our business could be adversely affected if the owners and operators of new facilities fail to retain our services in the absence of commercial adequate insurance and indemnification.

Risks Relating to our Financial Performance and Position and Need for Financing

We sustained a loss in 2022, and if we are unable to improve our results of operations in 2023, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

In 2022, we sustained a loss in our results of operations. We believe that we will be able to improve our results of operations in 2023. If we are unable to substantially improve our results in 2023, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company and our operations.

If any of our permits, other intangible assets, and tangible assets becomes impaired, we may be required to record significant charges to earnings.

Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), we review our intangible and tangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Our permits are tested for impairment at least annually. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our permit, other intangible assets, and tangible assets may not be recoverable, include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates, and slower growth rates in our industry. We may be required, in the future, to record impairment charges in our financial statements, in which any impairment of our permit, other intangible assets, and tangible assets is determined. Such impairment charges could negatively impact our results of operations.

Breach of any of the covenants in our credit facility could result in a default, triggering repayment of outstanding debt under the credit facility and the termination of our credit facility.

Our credit facility with our bank contains financial covenants. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our credit facility triggering our lender to immediately require the repayment of all outstanding debt under our credit facility and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. We failed to meet our quarterly fixed charge coverage ratio (“FCCR”) requirement for the second quarter of 2022; however, our lender waived this non-compliance. We were not required to perform testing of our FCCR in the first and third quarters of 2022. As a result of a recent amendment that we entered into with our lender in March 2023, we were not required to perform testing our FCCR for the fourth quarter of 2022. Additionally, in the past, when we also failed to meet our minimum FCCR requirement in certain instances, our lender has either waived these instances of non-compliance or provided certain amendments to our FCCR requirements which enabled us to meet our quarterly FCCR requirements. Also, our lender has in the past waived our FCCR testing requirement in certain quarters. If we fail to meet any of our financial covenants going forward, including the minimum quarterly FCCR requirement, and our lender does not further waive the non-compliance or further revise our covenant requirement so that we are in compliance, our lender could accelerate the payment of our borrowings under our credit facility and terminate our credit facility. In such event, we may not have sufficient liquidity to repay our debt under our credit facility and other indebtedness and/or operate our business.

Our debt and borrowing availability under our credit facility could adversely affect our operations.

At December 31, 2022, our aggregate consolidated debt was approximately $1,039,000. Our Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement dated May 8, 2020, as amended, provides for a total credit facility commitment consisting of a $18,000,000 revolving line of credit, a term loan balance of approximately $1,742,000 and a capital line of $1,000,000, with advances available through May 4, 2022. As a result of a recent amendment to our credit facility that we entered into with our lender in March 2023, the revolving line of credit was reduced to $12,500,000. The maximum we can borrow under the revolving part of the credit facility is based on a percentage of the amount of our eligible receivables outstanding at any one time reduced by outstanding standby letters of credit and any borrowing reduction that our lender has or may impose from time to time. At December 31, 2022, we had no borrowing under the revolving part of our credit facility and borrowing availability of up to an additional $4,290,000. The borrowing availability of $4,290,000 at December 31, 2022 included a requirement from our lender that we maintain a minimum of $3,000,000 in borrowing availability. As a result of the amendment to our credit facility that we entered into with our lender as discussed above, we are required to continue to maintain a minimum of $3,000,000 in borrowing availability under the revolving credit until the minimum FCCR requirement for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 has been met and certified to our lender. A lack of positive operating results could have material adverse consequences on our ability to operate our business. Our ability to make principal and interest payments, to refinance indebtedness, and borrow under our credit facility will depend on both our and our subsidiaries’ future operating performance and cash flow. Prevailing economic conditions, interest rate levels, and financial, competitive, business, and other factors affect us. Many of these factors are beyond our control, including the impact of COVID-19.

Our indebtedness could limit our financial and operating activities, and adversely affect our ability to incur additional debt to fund future needs.

As a result of our indebtedness, we could, among other things, be:

FailureAny of the foregoing could adversely impact our operating results, financial condition, and liquidity. Our ability to continue our operations depends on our ability to generate profitable operations or complete equity or debt financings to increase our capital.

We may be unable to utilize loss carryforwards in the future.

We have approximately $25,413,000 and $78,400,000 in net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively and expires in various amounts starting in 2022 if not used against future federal and state income tax liabilities, respectively. Approximately $25,296,000 of our federal net operating loss carryforwards were generated after December 31, 2017 and thus do not expire. Our net loss carryforwards are subject to various limitations. Our ability to use the net loss carryforwards depends on whether we are able to generate sufficient income in the future years. Further, our net loss carryforwards have not been audited or approved by the Internal Revenue Service.

Risks Relating to our Common Stock

Issuance of substantial amounts of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”) could depress our stock price or dilute the percentage ownership of our Common Stockholders.

Any sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market could cause an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. The issuance of our Common Stock will result in the dilution in the percentage membership interest of our stockholders and the dilution in ownership value. At December 31, 2022, we had 13,324,756 shares of Common Stock outstanding. In addition, at December 31, 2022, we had outstanding options to purchase 1,018,400 shares of our Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.79 to $7.50 per share and an outstanding warrant to purchase 60,000 shares of our Common Stock at exercise price of $3.51 per share. Future sales of the shares issuable could also depress the market price of our Common Stock.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

Since our inception, we have not paid cash dividends on our Common Stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our credit facility prohibits us from paying cash dividends on our Common Stock without prior approval from our lender.

The price of our Common Stock may fluctuate significantly, which may make it difficult for our stockholders to resell our Common Stock when a stockholder wants or at prices a stockholder finds attractive.

The price of our Common Stock on the NASDAQ Capital Markets constantly changes. We expect that the market price of our Common Stock will continue to fluctuate. This may make it difficult for our stockholders to resell the Common Stock when a stockholder wants or at prices a stockholder finds attractive.

General Risk Factors

Loss of certain key personnel could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our success depends on the contributions of our key management, environmental and engineering personnel. Our future success depends on our ability to retain and expand our staff of qualified personnel, including environmental specialists and technicians, sales personnel, and engineers. Without qualified personnel, we may incur delays in rendering our services or be unable to render certain services. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in our efforts to attract and retain qualified personnel as their availability is limited (especially in the current labor market environment) due to the demand for hazardous waste management services and the highly competitive nature of the hazardous waste management industry. We do not maintain key person insurance on any of our employees, officers, or directors.

We may not be successful in winning new business mandates from our government and commercial customers or international customers.

We must be successful in winning mandates from our government, commercial customers and international customers to replace revenues from projects that we have completed or that are nearing completion and to increase our revenues. Our business and operating results can be adversely affected by the size and timing of a single material contract.

Our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting orour safety record could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our safety record is critical to our reputation. In addition, many of our government and commercial customers require that we maintain certain specified safety record guidelines to be eligible to bid for contracts with these customers. Furthermore, contract terms may provide for automatic termination in the event that our safety record fails to adhere to agreed-upon guidelines during performance of the contract. As a result, our failure to remediate a material weakness in internal control over financial reportingmaintain our safety record could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and stock price.

Maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important in helping to prevent financial fraud. If we are unable to maintain adequate internal controls, our business and operating results could be harmed. We are required to satisfy the requirements of Section 404(a) of Sarbanes Oxley and the related rules of the Commission, which require, among other things, management to assess annually the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting or effectively remediate any material weakness identified in internal control over financial reporting, there is a reasonable possibility that a misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected in a timely manner. If we cannot produce reliable financial reports, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly, and our business, financial condition and reputation could be harmed.results of operations.

Systems failures, interruptions or breaches of security and other cyber security risks could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to certain operational risks to our information systems. Because of efforts on the part of computer hackers and cyberterrorists to breach data security of companies, we face risk associated with potential failures to adequately protect critical corporate, customer and employee data. As part of our business, we develop and retain confidential data about us and our customers, including the U.S. government. We also rely on the services of a variety of vendors to meet our data processing and communications needs.

Despite our implemented security measures and established policies, we cannot be certain that all of our systems are entirely free from vulnerability to attack or other technological difficulties or failures or failures on the part of our employees to follow our established security measures and policies. Information security risks have increased significantly. Our technologies, systems, and networks may become the target of cyber-attacks, computer viruses, malicious code, or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of our or our customers’ confidential, proprietary and other information and the disruption of our business operations. A security breach could adversely impact our customer relationships, reputation and operation and result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws, financial loss to us or to our customers or to our employees, and litigation exposure. While we maintain a system of internal controls and procedures, any breach, attack, or failure as discussed above could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations or liquidity.

There is also an increasing attention on the importance of cybersecurity relating to infrastructure. This creates the potential for future developments in regulations relating to cybersecurity that may adversely impact us, our customers and how we offer our services to our customers.

Risks RelatingWe may be exposed to certain regulatory and financial risks related to climate change.

Climate change is receiving ever increasing attention from scientists, legislators and the public. The debate is ongoing as to the extent to which our Intellectual Property

Ifclimate is changing, the potential causes of this change and its potential impacts. Some attribute global warming to increased levels of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, which has led to significant legislative and regulatory efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Presently there are no federally mandated greenhouse gas reduction requirements in the United States. However, there are a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to address greenhouse gas emissions, which are in various phases of discussion or implementation. The outcome of federal and state actions to address global climate change could result in a variety of regulatory programs including potential new regulations. Any adoption by federal or state governments mandating a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions could increase costs associated with our operations. Until the timing, scope and extent of any future regulation becomes known, we cannot maintain our governmental permits or cannot obtain required permits, we may not be able to continue or expand our operations.

We are a nuclear services and waste management company. Our business is subject to extensive, evolving, and increasingly stringent federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Such federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations govern our activities regardingpredict the treatment, storage, recycling, disposal, and transportation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste and low-level radioactive waste. We must obtain and maintain permits or licenses to conduct these activities in compliance with such laws and regulations. Failure to obtain and maintain the required permits or licenses would have a material adverse effect on our operationsfinancial position, operating results and financial condition. If any of our facilities are unable to maintain currently held permits or licenses or obtain any additional permits or licenses which may be required to conduct its operations, we may not be able to continue those operations at these facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on us.cash flows.

We believe our proprietary technology is important to us.

We believe that it is important that we maintain our proprietary technologies. There can be no assurance that the steps taken by us to protect our proprietary technologies will be adequate to prevent misappropriation of these technologies by third parties. Misappropriation of our proprietary technology could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. Changes to current environmental laws and regulations also could limit the use of our proprietary technology.

Risks RelatingFailure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or failure to remediate a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our Financial Positionbusiness, operating results, and Needstock price.

Maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for Financing

Breach of any of the covenants in our credit facility could result in a default, triggering repayment of outstanding debt under the credit facility.

Our credit facility with our bank contains financial covenants. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our credit facility triggering our lender to immediately require the repayment of all outstanding debt under our credit facility and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. In the past, when we failed to meet our minimum quarterly fixed charge coverage ratio (“FCCR”) requirement, our lender has either waived these instances of non-compliance or provided certain amendments to our FCCR requirements which enabled us to meet our quarterly FCCR requirements. Additionally, our lender hasproduce reliable financial reports and is important in the past waived our quarterly FCCR testing requirements.helping to prevent financial fraud. If we failare unable to meet any ofmaintain adequate internal controls, our financial covenants going forward, including the minimum quarterly FCCR requirement,business and our lender does not further waive the non-compliance or further revise our covenant requirement so that we are in compliance, our lender could accelerate the payment of our borrowings under our credit facility. In such event, we may not have sufficient liquidity to repay our debt under our credit facility and other indebtedness.

Our debt and borrowing availability under our credit facility could adversely affect our operations.

At December 31, 2019, our aggregate consolidated debt was approximately $3,880,000. Our Amended and Restated Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement, dated October 31, 2011, as subsequently amended (“Revised Loan Agreement”) provides for a total credit facility commitment of approximately $18,100,000, consisting of a $12,000,000 revolving line of credit and a term loan of $6,100,000. The maximum we can borrow under the revolving part of the credit facility is based on a percentage of the amount of our eligible receivables outstanding at any one time reduced by outstanding standby letters of credit and any borrowing reduction that our lender may impose from time to time. At December 31, 2019, we had borrowings under the revolving part of our credit facility of approximately $321,000 and borrowing availability of up to an additional $8,714,000. A lack of positive operating results could have material adverse consequences on our abilitybe harmed. We are required to operate our business. Our ability to make principalsatisfy the requirements of Section 404 of Sarbanes Oxley and interest payments, to refinance indebtedness, and borrow under our credit facility will depend on both our and our subsidiaries’ future operating performance and cash flow. Prevailing economic conditions, interest rate levels, and financial, competitive, business, and other factors affect us. Manythe related rules of these factors are beyond our control.

Our indebtedness could limit our financial and operating activities, and adversely affect our ability to incur additional debt to fund future needs.

As a result of our indebtedness, we could,the Commission, which require, among other things, be:

Anymanagement to assess annually the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. For the foregoing could adversely impact our operating results,year ended December 31, 2021, management concluded that a material weakness existed in internal control over financial condition, and liquidity. Our ability to continue our operations depends on our ability to generate profitable operations or complete equity or debt financings to increase our capital.

Risks Relatingreporting related to our Common Stock

Issuanceapplication of substantial amountsASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” specifically to contracts that contain nonstandard terms and conditions. This material weakness has been remediated (see “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” for a discussion of this material weakness and the remediation plan that were implemented). If we are unable to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting at any time going forward, there is a reasonable possibility that a misstatement of our Common Stockannual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected in a timely manner. If we cannot produce reliable financial reports, investors could depresslose confidence in our stock price.

Any sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market could cause an adverse effect onreported financial information, the market price of our Common Stockcommon stock could decline significantly, and our business, financial condition, and reputation could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. The issuance of our Common Stock will result in the dilution in the percentage membership interest of our stockholders and the dilution in ownership value. At December 31, 2019, we had 12,115,878 shares of Common Stock outstanding.be harmed.

In addition, at December 31, 2019, we had outstanding options to purchase 681,300 shares of our Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.79 to $8.40 per share. Further, our preferred share rights plan, if triggered, could result in the issuance of a substantial amount of our Common Stock. The existence of this quantity of rights to purchase our Common Stock under the preferred share rights plan could result in a significant dilution in the percentage ownership interest of our stockholders and the dilution in ownership value. Future sales of the shares issuable could also depress the market price of our Common Stock.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

Since our inception, we have not paid cash dividends on our Common Stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our credit facility prohibits us from paying cash dividends on our Common Stock without prior approval from our lender.

The price of our Common Stock may fluctuate significantly, which may make it difficult for our stockholders to resell our Common Stock when a stockholder wants or at prices a stockholder finds attractive.

The price of our Common Stock on the NASDAQ Capital Markets constantly changes. We expect that the market price of our Common Stock will continue to fluctuate. This may make it difficult for our stockholders to resell the Common Stock when a stockholder wants or at prices a stockholder finds attractive.

Future issuance of our Common Stock could adversely affect the price of our Common Stock, our ability to raise funds in new stock offerings and could dilute the percentage ownership of our common stockholders.

Future sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock or equity-related securities in the public market, or the perception that such sales or conversions could occur, could adversely affect prevailing trading prices of our Common Stock and could dilute the value of Common Stock held by our existing stockholders. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that future sales of shares of our Common Stock or the availability of shares of our Common Stock for future sale will have on the trading price of our Common Stock. Such future sales or conversions could also significantly reduce the percentage ownership of our common stockholders.

Delaware law, certain of our charter provisions, our stock option plans, outstanding warrants and our Preferred Stock may inhibit a change of control under circumstances that could give you an opportunity to realize a premium over prevailing market prices.

We are a Delaware corporation governed, in part, by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a Delaware public corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. As a result of Section 203, potential acquirers may be discouraged from attempting to effect acquisition transactions with us, thereby possibly depriving our security holders of certain opportunities to sell, or otherwise dispose of, such securities at above-market prices pursuant to such transactions. Further, certain of our option plans provide for the immediate acceleration of, and removal of restrictions from, options and other awards under such plans upon a “change of control” (as defined in the respective plans). Such provisions may also have the result of discouraging acquisition of us.

We have authorized and unissued 17,135,18015,589,202 (which include shares issuable under outstanding options to purchase 681,3001,018,400 shares of our Common Stock and shares issuable under an outstanding warrant to purchase 60,000 shares of our Common Stock) shares of our Common Stock and 2,000,000 shares of our Preferred Stock as of December 31, 2019 (which includes 50,000 shares of our Preferred Stock reserved for issuance under our new preferred share rights plan discussed below).2022. These unissued shares could be used by our management to make it more difficult for, and thereby discourage, an attempt to acquire control of us.

Our Preferred Share Rights PlanThird party expectations relating to ESG factors may impose additional costs and expose us and our clients to new risks.

There is an increasing focus from certain investors and certain of our customers, and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to ESG factors. Some investors may use these factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us, or otherwise do business with us, if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate or do not align with theirs. Third party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased in number, resulting in varied standards. In addition, the criteria by which companies’ corporate responsibility practices are assessed are evolving, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. Alternatively, if we elect not to or are unable to satisfy such new criteria or do not meet the criteria of a specific third-party provider, some investors may conclude that our policies with respect to corporate responsibility are inadequate. We may face reputational damage in the event that our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, our customers and other stakeholders or our initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected and our revenues, results of operations and ability to grow our business may be negatively impacted. Additionally, new legislative or regulatory initiatives related to ESG could adversely affect our stockholders.business.

In May 2018, the Company adopted a Preferred Share Purchase Rights Plan (“Rights Plan”). As part of the Rights Plan, the Company’s Board of Directors (“Board”) declared a dividend distribution of one Preferred Share Purchase Right (“Right”) on each outstanding share of the Company’s Common Stock to stockholders of record on May 12, 2018. The Rights Plan is designed to assure that all of the Company’s shareholders receive fair and equal treatment in the event of any proposed takeover of the Company and to guard against partial tender abusive tactics to gain control of the Company. The Rights Plan, as amended, is to terminate the earliest of (1) close of business on May 2, 2021, (2) the time at which the Rights are redeemed, (3) the time at which the Rights are exchange, or (4) closing of any merger or acquisition of the Company which has been approved by the Board prior to any person becoming such an acquiring person.

In general, the Rights under the Rights Plan will be exercisable only if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 15% or more of the Company’s Common Stock or announces a tender or exchange offer, the consummation of which would result in ownership by a person or group of 15% or more of the Common Stock (with certain exceptions). Each Right under the Rights Plan (other than the Rights owned by such acquiring person or members of such group which are void) will entitle shareholders to buy one one-thousandth of a share of a new series of participating preferred stock at an exercise price of $20.00. Each one one-thousandth of a share of such new preferred stock purchasable upon exercise of a Right has economic terms designed to approximate the value of one share of Common Stock. Shareholders who have beneficial ownership of 15% or more at the adoption of the new Rights Plan are grandfathered in, but may not acquire additional shares without triggering the new Rights Plan.

If the Company is acquired in a merger or other business combination transaction, each Right will entitle its holder (other than Rights owned by such acquiring person or members of such group which are void) to purchase, at the Right’s then current exercise price, a number of the acquiring company’s common shares having a market value at the time of twice the Right’s exercise price.

In addition, if a person or group (with certain exceptions) acquires 15% or more of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock, each Right will entitle its holder (other than the Rights owned by such acquiring person or members of such group which are void) to purchase, in lieu of preferred stock, at the Right’s then current exercise price, a number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock having a market value of twice the Right’s exercise price.

Following the acquisition by a person or group of beneficial ownership of 15% or more of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock (with certain exceptions), and prior to an acquisition of 50% or more of the Company’s Common Stock by such person or group, the Company’s Board may, at its option, exchange the Rights (other than Rights owned by such acquiring person or members of such group) in whole or in part, for shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exchange ratio of one share of Common Stock (or one one-thousandth of a share of the new series of participating preferred stock) per Right.

Prior to the acquisition by a person or group of beneficial ownership of 15% or more of the Company’s Common Stock (with certain exceptions), the Rights are redeemable for $0.001 per Right at the option of the Board of Directors.

The Rights will cause substantial dilution to a person or group that attempts to acquire us on terms not approved by our Board. The Rights should not interfere with any merger or other business combination approved by our Board.

Not Applicable.

Our principal executive office is in Atlanta, Georgia. Our Business Center is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Our Treatment Segment facilities are located in Gainesville, Florida; Kingston, Tennessee; Richland, Washington; and Richland, Washington.Oak Ridge, Tennessee. All of the properties where these facilities operate on are pledged to our senior lender as collateral for our credit facility with the exception of the property at Oak Ridge, Tennessee which is leased. Our Services Segment maintains offices, as noted below, which are all leased properties. We maintain properties in Valdosta, Georgia and Memphis, Tennessee, which are all non-operational and are included within our discontinued operations.

The properties where three of our facilities operate on (Kingston, Tennessee; Gainesville, Florida; and Richland, Washington) are held by our senior lender as collateral for our credit facility. The Company currently leases properties in the following locations for operations and administrative functions within our Treatment and Services Segments, including our corporate office and Business Center:

We believe that the above facilities currently provide adequate capacity for our operations and that additional facilities are readily available in the regions in which we operate, which could support and supplement our existing facilities.

In the normal courseSee “Part II – Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 16 – Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Matters” for a discussion of conducting our business, we may become involved in litigation or be subject to local, state and federal agency (government)legal proceedings. We are not a party to any litigation or governmental proceeding, which our management believes could result in any judgments or fines that would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity or results of future operations.

Not Applicable.

PART II

Our Common Stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Markets (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “PESI.” The following table sets forth the high and low market trade prices quoted for the Common Stock during the periods shown. The source of such quotations and information is the NASDAQ online trading history reports.

At February 18, 2020,14, 2023, there were approximately 170128 stockholders of record of our Common Stock, including brokerage firms and/or clearing houses holding sharesStock. The actual number of our Common Stock for their clientele (with each brokerage house and/or clearing house being considered as one holder). However, we have been advised that the totalstockholders is greater than this number, ofand includes beneficial stockholders at February 18, 2020 was approximately 2,231.owners whose shares are held in “street name” by banks, brokers, and other nominees.

Since our inception, we have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock and have no dividend policy. Our Revised Loan Agreementloan agreement dated May 8, 2020, as amended, prohibits us from paying any cash dividends on our Common Stock without prior approval from our lender. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our outstanding Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

There were no purchases made by us or on behalf of us or any of our affiliated members of shares of our Common Stock during 2019.2022.

We adopted a preferred share rights plan (the “Rights Plan”), as amended, which is designed to protect us against certain creeping acquisitions, open market purchases, and certain mergers and other combinations with acquiring companies. The Rights Plan is to terminate at the earliest of (1) close of business on May 2, 2021 (the “Final Expiration Date”), (2) the time at which the Rights are redeemed, (3) the time at which the Rights are exchange, or (4) closing of any merger or acquisition of the Company approved by the Board prior to any person becoming acquiring person.

See Item 1A.“Note 6 - Risk Factors – “Our Preferred Share Rights Plan may adversely affect our stockholders” as to further discussion relating to the terms of our Rights Plan in addition to its termination date.

See Note 6 “CapitalCapital Stock, Stock Plans, Warrants, and Stock Based Compensation” in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and “Equity Compensation Plan”Plans” in Part III, Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matter” for securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans which are incorporated herein by reference.

Not required under Regulation S-K for smaller reporting companies.

Certain statements contained within this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (“MD&A”) may be deemed “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (collectively, the “Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995”). See “Special Note regarding Forward-Looking Statements” contained in this report.

Management’s discussion and analysis is based, among other things, upon our audited consolidated financial statements and includes our accounts, the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries and the accountsaccount of our majority-owned Polish subsidiary, after elimination of all significant intercompany balances and transactions.a variable interest entity for which we were the primary beneficiary.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Item 8 of this report.

ReviewCOVID-19 and Other Impacts

Revenue increased $23,920,000 or 48.3%Our 2022 financial results continued to $73,459,000 forbe impacted by COVID-19, among other things. Our Treatment Segment began to see steady improvements in waste receipts starting in the twelve months endedsecond quarter of 2022 from certain customers who had previously delayed waste shipments due, in part, from the impact of COVID-19 which is reflective of our Treatment Segment’s backlog of approximately $9,156,000 at December 31, 20192022, an increase of approximately $2,027,000 from $49,539,000 for the corresponding periodbalance of 2018. The revenue increase$7,129,000 at December 31, 2021. This positive trend was primarilynegatively impacted by occurrences of severe weather conditions which contributed to temporary delays in waste shipments from certain customers and a temporary shortage in skilled production personnel which peaked through the Services Segments where revenue increased approximately $19,827,000 or 149.4%. The increase in revenue withinfourth quarter of 2022 at one of our facilities. In early part of 2022, our Services Segment was primarilycontinued to experience delays/curtailments in project work by certain customers since the award of projects to us late in the second quarter of 2021 due to awardsCOVID-19 impact and/or administrative delays. However, starting in the second quarter of several contracts/task orders for2022, work under these projects had resumed/increased as the pandemic impacts began to subside and has since reached full operational status.

In 2022, we continued to realize delays in procurement and planning on behalf of our government clients that saw easing through the second half of the year. Heading into 2023, we expect to see continued improvements in waste receipts and continued increases in project work sincefrom contracts recently won and bids submitted in both segments that are awaiting awards, subject to potential impact of COVID-19 and economic impacts.

Liquidity Overview

We believe we have sufficient liquidity on hand to continue business operations during the latter part of the first quarter of 2019, the result of successful implementation ofnext twelve months. At December 31, 2022, we had borrowing availability under our strategic plan in winning contract bids. Treatment Segment revenue increased $4,093,000 or 11.3%. Total gross profit increased $7,123,000 or 84.2%. Gross profit for the twelve months of 2019 and 2018 included closure costs recorded in the amountrevolving credit facility of approximately $330,000$4,290,000 which was based on a percentage of eligible receivables and $3,323,000, respectively, in connection with the closuresubject to certain reserves. Our borrowing availability of our East Tennessee Materials and Energy Corporation (“M&EC”) facility in 2019 which we have completed in accordance with M&EC’s license and permit requirements. SG&A expenses increased $1,121,000 or 10.4% for the twelve months ended$4,290,000 at December 31, 2019 as compared to the corresponding period2022 included a requirement from our lender that we maintain a minimum of 2018.

$3,000,000 in borrowing availability. As a result of the closurean amendment to our Loan Agreement that we entered into with our lender in March 2023, we are required to continue to maintain a minimum of our M&EC facility$3,000,000 in 2019 as discussed above, on July 22, 2019, we received a release of $5,000,000 of finite risk sinking funds held as collateralborrowing availability under our financial assurance closure policy datedrevolving credit until the minimum FCCR requirement for the quarter ended June 2003 from AIG Specialty Insurance Company (“AIG”)30, 2023 has been met and certified to our lender (see “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Insurance” within this MD&A for a discussion of the release of this finite risk sinking funds). Additionally, on April 1, 2019, we consummated a lending transaction with Mr. Robert Ferguson resulting in the receipt of $2,500,000 in loan proceeds (see “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financing“Financing Activities” within this MD&A for a discussion of this loan transaction)amendment). BothWe continue to assess ways to improve our liquidity and the need in reducing operating costs during this volatile time. Reducing operating costs may include curtailing certain capital expenditures and eliminating non-essential expenditures. We continue to closely monitor any potential impact from the countries’ economic conditions and COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business.

Although we believe we have sufficient liquidity to support our operations over the next twelve months, due to losses incurred in 2022 and our lender requiring us to maintain a minimum borrowing availability of $3,000,000 as discussed above, we are working toward improving our liquidity by either amending our existing lines of credit, obtaining new term loans or entering into equity transactions. There are no assurances that we will be successful in increasing our liquidity through these transactions, along with our operation, have significantly improved our working capital. Atefforts.

Review

Revenue decreased by $1,592,000 or 2.2% to $70,599,000 for the twelve-month ended December 31, 2019, we2022 from $72,191,000 for the corresponding period of 2021. The decrease was entirely within our Services Segment where revenue decreased by $1,958,000 or 5.0% to $37,241,000 from $39,199,000. As previously disclosed, work under certain of the new projects awarded to our Services Segment at the end of the second quarter of 2021 continued to be delayed/curtailed into most of the first quarter of 2022 due to COVID-19 impact and/or administrative delays experienced by certain customers. However, work under these projects resumed/increased starting in the second quarter of 2022 and has since reached full operational status. The lower revenue in 2022 was further exacerbated by the completion of a large project in the second quarter of 2021 which was not replaced with a similar size contract because of delays in contract awards and procurement from COVID-19 impact which continued into the first half of 2022 and eased through the second half of 2022. Our Treatment Segment revenue increased by $366,000 or 1.1% primarily due to overall higher waste volume which was offset by lower averaged price waste due to revenue mix. As disclosed above, our Treatment Segment began to see steady improvements in waste receipts starting in the second quarter of 2022 from certain customers who had working capitalpreviously delayed waste shipments due, in part, from the impact of COVID-19. This positive trend was negatively impacted by occurrences of severe weather conditions which resulted in temporary delays in waste shipments from certain customers and a temporary shortage in skilled production personnel which peaked through the fourth quarter of 2022 at one of our facilities.

Overall gross profit for 2022 increased $2,785,000 or 40.8%. The increase was entirely from our Services Segment due to higher margin projects. The decrease in Treatment Segment gross profit was impacted by overall lower averaged price waste from revenue mix and the impact of the increase in fixed costs. SG&A expenses increased by approximately $26,000$1,807,000 or 14.1% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to working capital deficitthe corresponding period of $6,753,000 at December 31, 2018.2021.

During the third quarter of 2022, we recorded approximately $1,975,000 in other income and other receivables (within current assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets), which represent an employee retention credit that we are eligible for under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, as amended (the “CARES Act”) as result of the COVID-19 pandemic (see “Employee Retention Credit (“ERC”)” within this MD&A for a discussion of this refund that we are expecting resulting from this tax credit).

Business Environment

Business Environment and Outlook

Our Treatment and Services Segments’ business continues to be heavily dependent on services that we provide to governmental clients, primarily as subcontractors for others who are prime contractors to government entities or directly as the contractor or indirectly as a subcontractor.prime contractor. We believe demand for our services will continue to be subject to fluctuations due to a variety of factors beyond our control, including, without limitation, the economic conditions, the manner in which the applicable government will be required to spend funding to remediate various sites, and/or thepotential further impact resulting from the Coronavirus.COVID-19. In addition, our governmental contracts and subcontracts relating to activities at governmental sites in the United States are generally subject to termination or renegotiation on 30 days’ noticefor convenience at any time at the government’s option, and our governmental contracts/task ordersTOAs with the Canadian government authorities also allow the authorities to terminate the contract/task orders at any time for convenience. Work under all of our contracts/TOAs with Canadian government authorities has substantially been completed. A significant account receivable due to PF Canada is subject to continuing negotiations. See “Known Trends and Uncertainties – Perma-Fix Canada, Inc. (“PF Canada”)” within this MD&A for additional discussion as to a terminated Canadian TOA. Significant reductions in the level of governmental funding or specifically mandated levels for different programs that are important to our business could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. As previously disclosed, our Medical Segment continues to evaluate strategic options to commercialize its medical isotope production technology. These options generally require substantial capital to fund research and development (“R&D”) requirements, in addition to start-up and production costs. The Company’s Medical Segment has substantially reduced its R&D costs and activities due to the need for capital to fund such activities. The Company anticipates that its Medical Segment will not resume full R&D activities until it obtains the necessary funding through obtaining its own credit facility or additional equity raise or obtaining new partners willing to fund its R&D activities. If the Medical Segment is unable to raise the necessary capital, the Medical Segment could be required to further reduce, delay or eliminate its R&D program.

We are continually reviewing methods to raise additional capital to supplement our liquidity requirements, when needed, and reducing our operating costs. We are committedcontinue to further reducing operating costs to bring them in line with revenue levels, when needed. Further, our recently implemented strategic plan, which includes increasing our overall contract bid/win ratio and expansion into both commercial andaggressively bid on various contracts, including potential contracts within the international markets to increase revenues in our Treatment and Services Segments to offset the uncertaintiesmarkets.

Results of government spending in the United States, has thus far been successful. Since May 2019, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Perma-Fix Canada, Inc. (within our Services Segment) entered into two Task Order Agreements (“TOAs”) with the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, LTD. (“CNL”), with a total value of approximately $11,500,000 (U.S dollar), for remediation work at specific sites within Ontario, Canada. Remediation work under these two TOAs are expected to be completed within 2020. We believe that the full implementation of our strategic plan should be accomplished over the next few years, and when fully implemented, we believe it should further improve our revenue and liquidity and increase our shareholder values.Operations

Results of Operations

The reporting of financial results and pertinent discussions are tailored to our threetwo reportable segments: The Treatment Segment (“Treatment”), and the Services Segment (“Services”), and. Our financial results for 2021 also included our Medical Segments. As previously disclosed, we made the strategic decision to cease all R&D activities under the Medical Segment and sold 100% of our interest in Perma-Fix Medical S.A. (“Medical”).PFM Poland” - which comprised the Medical Segment) in December 2021. Our Medical Segment hashad not generated any revenue and allwas involved in our medical isotope production technology. All costs previously incurred areby the Medical Segment were included within R&D:&D.

Summary - Years Ended December 31, 20192022 and 20182021

Below are the results of continuing operations for years ended December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (amounts in thousands):

Revenue

Consolidated revenues increased $23,920,000decreased $1,592,000 for the year ended December 31, 20192022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, as follows:

¹⁾Includes wastes generated by government clients of $2,422,000$2,380,000 and $1,594,000$2,299,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively.

Treatment Segment revenue increased $4,093,000by $366,000 or 11.3 %1.1% for the twelve months ended December 31, 20192022 over the same period in 2018.2021. The revenueoverall increase was primarily due to higher revenue generated from government clientswaste volume as certain customers who had previously delayed waste shipments due to higher averaged priceCOVID-19 resumed steady waste resulting from revenue mix. The increaseshipments starting in hazardous/non-hazardous waste revenue was also primarily due to higher revenue generated from higher averaged price waste. Services Segment revenue increased by $19,827,000 or 149.4% in the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 from the corresponding period of 2018. As previously discussed, the increase in our Services Segment revenue was primarily due to awards of several contracts/task orders for project work since the latter part of the second quarter. This positive trend was negatively impacted by occurrences of severe weather conditions which resulted in temporary delays in waste shipments from certain customers and a temporary shortage in skilled production personnel which peaked through the fourth quarter of 2022 at one of our facilities. The higher revenue from higher waste volume was offset by lower averaged price waste from revenue mix. Services Segment revenue decreased by approximately $1,958,000 or 5.0%. As previously disclosed, work under certain of the new projects awarded to our Services Segment at the end of the second quarter of 2021 continued to be delayed/curtailed into most of the first quarter of 2019 resulting2022 due to COVID-19 impact and/or administrative delays experienced by certain customers. However, since the second quarter of 2022, work under these projects had resumed/increased and has since reached full operational status. The lower revenue in 2022 was further exacerbated by the completion of a large project in the second quarter of 2021 which was not replaced with a similar size contract because of delays in contract awards and procurement from the success of our implemented strategic plan in winning contract bids.COVID-19. Our Services Segment revenues are project based; as such, the scope, duration and completion of each project vary. As a result, our Services Segment revenues are subject to differences relating to timing and project value. In 2022, our Segments continued to realize delays in procurement and planning on behalf of our government clients which did not ease until the second half of 2022.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold increased $16,797,000decreased $4,377,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019,2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, as follows:

Cost of goods sold for the Treatment Segment decreasedincreased by $958,000approximately $1,841,000 or approximately 3.3%7.0%. Treatment Segment costs of goods sold for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included additional closure costs recorded in the amount of approximately $330,000 and $3,323,000, respectively, for our M&EC facility in connection with the closure of the facility. Excluding the closure costs recorded in both periods, Treatment Segment costs increased $2,035,000 or 7.9% due to higher revenue. Excluding the closure costs recorded, Treatment Segment’s variable costs increased by approximately $1,543,000 which included$607,000 primarily due to higher disposal, transportation and material and supplies, transportation, and outside services costs. Treatment SegmentSegment’s overall fixed costs were higher by approximately $492,000$1,234,000 resulting from the following: general expenses were higher by $483,000 primarily due to higher utility costs; depreciation expenses were higher by approximately $392,000 due to depreciation for asset retirement obligations in connection with our EWOC facility; regulatory expenses were higher by approximately $232,000 primarily due to additional closure costs recorded for our EWOC facility due to change in estimated costs; maintenance costs were higher by approximately $109,000; salaries and payroll related expenses were higher by approximately $1,029,000 resulting from higher headcount;$61,000; and travel expenses were higher by $66,000; depreciation expenses were higher by $62,000; general expenses were lower by approximately $505,000 in various categories; regulatory expenses were lower by $54,000; and maintenance expense was lower by approximately $106,000.$43,000. Services Segment cost of goods sold increased $17,755,000decreased $6,218,000 or 147.9%15.9% primarily due to higher revenue as discussed above.lower revenue. The increasedecrease in Services Segment’s cost of goods sold was primarily from the following: salaries and due to lower salaries/payroll related, expenses, travel, and outside services, expenses were higher by a total of approximately $16,726,000; material and supply expenses weresupplies and travel costs totaling approximately $6,863,000 which was offset by higher by $781,000; regulatory expenses were higher by approximately $441,000 primarily due to bonding requirements on certain projects;disposal, transportation and general expenses were higher by $191,000 in various categories; disposal/transportation expenses were lower by $245,000; and depreciation expenses were lower bytotaling approximately $139,000 as a number of assets became fully depreciated by end of 2018.$645,000. Included within cost of goods sold is depreciation and amortization expense of $1,301,000$2,027,000 and $1,378,000$1,654,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019,2022, and 2018,2021, respectively.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 20192022 was $7,123,000$2,785,000 higher than 20182021 as follows:

As discussed previously, Treatment Segment’s cost of goods sold forSegment gross profit decreased by $1,475,000 or approximately 22.0% and gross margin decreased to 15.7% from 20.4% primarily due to lower averaged price waste from revenue mix and the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included $330,000 and $3,323,000 in closure costs recorded in connection with the closureimpact of the M&EC facility, respectively. Excluding the closure costs recordedincrease in each of the periods, our Treatmentfixed costs. Services Segment had a gross profit increase of $2,058,000increased by $4,260,000 or 19.6%4,018.9% and gross margin increased to 31.2%11.7% from 29.0%0.3% primarily due to higher revenue, revenue mix and the reduction in the segment’s fixed costs. In the Services Segment, gross profit increased $2,072,000 or 163.9% and gross margin increased to 10.1% from 9.5% primarily due to the increase in revenue.projects. Our overall Services Segment gross margin is impacted by our current projects which are competitively bid on and will therefore, have varying margin structures.

SG&A

SG&A

SG&Aexpenses increased $1,121,000$1,807,000 for the year ended December 31, 20192022 as compared to the corresponding period for 20182021 as follows:

The increase in Administrative SG&A was primarily due to the following:salary/payroll related/healthcare costs were higher by approximately $398,000 which includedaccrual of approximately $332,000 related to the Company’s incentive plans (no accrual was recorded in the prior year);general expenses were higher by $113,000 in various categories; travel expenses were slightly higher by $9,000; depreciation expenses were lower by $23,000; and outside services costs were lower by approximately $49,000 from fewer consulting and business matters. Treatment SG&A was higher primarily due to the following: overall outside services expenses were higher by approximately $654,000 resulting from higher consulting/outside services/audit fees; travel expenses were higher by approximately $19,000; general expenses were higher by approximately $13,000 in various categories; and salaries and payroll related expenses were higher by approximately $185,000;$445,000 primarily due to higher stock-based compensation expenses from options granted to certain employees in October 2021 and higher 401(k) plan matching expenses as our payroll expenses in 2021 included more forfeitures of 401(k) plan matching funds contributed by us for former employees who failed to meet the 401(k) plan vesting requirements. Additionally, Administrative salaries and payroll related expenses were higher as in 2021, resources were allocated in supporting Medical Segment’s R&D/administrative functions. Treatment Segment SG&A expenses were higher primarily due to the following: outside services expense were higher by $120,000 due to more consulting/business matters (including our ESG initiatives); salaries and payroll related expenses were higher by $46,000; travel expenses were higher by approximately $63,000; bad debt$59,000; and general expenses were higher by $10,000;$164,000 which included higher tradeshow expenses and various other categories. The increase in SG&A expenses within our Services Segment was primarily due to the following: travel expenses were higher by $32,000; general expenses were higher by approximately $42,000 in$107,000 which included higher tradeshow expenses and various other categories; salaries/payroll related and outside services expenses were lower by approximately $85,000 resulting from fewer consulting/subcontract matters. Services Segment SG&A increased by $458,000 primarily due to the following: generalconsulting expenses were higher by approximately $132,000 in various categories; bad debt expenses were higher by $314,000 resulting primarily from the additional bad debt$202,000, and credit loss expense of $241,000 that we recorded in the fourth quarter of 2019 as a certain accounton accounts receivable was determined not to be collectible at December 31, 2019; outside services expenses were higher by approximately $99,000 resulting from more consulting matters; and salaries and payroll related expenses were lower by approximately $87,000. Services Segment’s general expenses for the year ended 2018 included a reduction in rent expense recorded in the second quarter of 2018 resulting from the end of our lease term for our business center office in Knoxville, Tennessee (which was not renewed with the same lessor).$54,000. Included in SG&A expenses is depreciation and amortization expense of $41,000$82,000 and $77,000$33,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively.

R&D

R&D expenses decreased $620,000$410,000 for the year ended December 31, 20192022 as compared to the corresponding period of 20182021 as follows:

Research and developmentR&D costs consist primarily of employee salaries and benefits, laboratory costs, third party fees, and other related costs associated with the development of new technologies and technological enhancement of new potential waste treatment processes. The decrease in R&D costs for 2019 as compared to 2018 was primarily due to reduced R&D costs within our PF Medical Segment. The Company continues to scale down its R&D costs for this segmentthe result of the sale of PFM Poland in December 2021 which consist primarilycomprised of third party fees and other administrative related costs associated with the segment. As discussed previously, our Medical Segment has ceased a substantial portionand which previously was involved in the R&D of its R&D costs and activities due to the need for substantial capital to fund such activities and we anticipate that our Medical Segment will not resume any substantial R&D activities until it obtains the necessary funding.medical isotope technology.

Interest Income

Interest Income

Interest income increased $42,000by approximately $73,000 for the twelve months ended December 31 20192022 as compared to the corresponding period of 20182021 primarily due to higher interest earned on thefrom our finite risk sinking funds resulting from higher interest rates; however, the higher interest income earned from higher interest rates was partially reduced by the lower finite risk sinking fund balance resulting from the release of $5,000,000 in finite risk sinking funds in July 2019 in connection with the M&EC facility closure.fund.

Interest Expense

Interest Expense

Interest expense increaseddecreased by approximately $181,000$72,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 20192022 as compared to the corresponding period of 20182021 primarily due to lower interest on new finance leasesexpense from our declining term loan balance outstanding. Also, interest expense for the first six months of 2021 included interest accrued for our Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) Loan which we entered into in 2019 andwas forgiven by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) effective June 15, 2021. The overall lower interest expense was offset by monthly interest incurred starting in June of 2022 from the April 1, 2019 loan that we entered into with Robert Ferguson in the amount of $2,500,000 (see “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financing Activities” for further information of this loan).capital line under our credit facility.

Income Taxes

Interest Expense- Financing Fees

Interest expense-financing fees increased approximately $170,000We had income tax benefits of $378,000 and $3,890,000 for continuing operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the corresponding period of 2018. The increase was primarily due to debt discount/debt issuance costs amortized as financing fees in connection with the issuance of our Common Stock2022 and a purchase Warrant as consideration for the Company receiving the $2,500,000 loan from Robert Ferguson (See“Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financing Activities” for further information of this debt discount).

Income Taxes

We had income tax expense of $157,000 and income tax benefit of $936,000 for continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018,2021, respectively. The Company’sOur effective tax rates were approximately 5.4%10.5% and 46.6%139.0% for the twelve months ended December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively. Our effective tax benefitrates for 2018 included athe twelve months ended December 31, 2022 were impacted by non-deductible expenses and state taxes. Our effective tax benefit of approximately $1,235,000 recorded in 2018 resulting fromrate for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 was substantially impacted by the release of a portion of theour valuation allowance on deferred tax assets primarily related to indefinite-lived net operating losses generatedU.S. Federal income taxes during the third quarter of 2021 of approximately $2,351,000. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, the primary reasons for the differences between our effective tax rate and statutory tax rate were due to the closurerelease of valuation allowance and the forgiveness of our M&EC facility.PPP Loan which was included in our Consolidated Statement of Operations as “Gain on extinguishment of debt” but is exempt from income taxes.

Backlog

Our Treatment Segment maintains a backlog of stored waste, which represents waste that has not been processed. The tax expense for 2019 was comprisedbacklog is principally a result of state tax expense for separate company filing statesthe timing and complexity of the waste being brought into the facilities and the selling price per container. At December 31, 2022, our Treatment Segment had a backlog of approximately $9,156,000, as compared to approximately $7,129,000 at December 31, 2021. Additionally, the time it takes to process waste from the time it arrives may increase due to the types and complexities of the waste we are currently receiving. We typically process our backlog during periods of low waste receipts, which historically has been in the deferred tax liability related to the amortization of indefinite lived intangible assets.first or fourth quarters.

Discontinued Operations and Environmental Contingencies

Our discontinued operations consist of all our subsidiaries included in our Industrial Segment which wereencompasses subsidiaries divested in 2011 and prior and three previously closed locations, and our Perma-Fix of South Georgia, Inc. (“PFSG”) facility which is in closure status, which final closure is subject to regulatory approval of necessary plans and permits.locations.

Our discontinued operations had no revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 20192022 and 2018.2021. We incurred net losses of $541,000$605,000 (net of tax benefit of $199,000) and $667,000$421,000 (net of tax benefit of $139,000) for our discontinued operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 20192022 and 2018, respectively (net of taxes of $0 for each period). Our2021, respectively. The increase in net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included an increase of approximately $50,000losses in each period in remediation reserve for our Perma-Fix of Memphis (“PFM”) and Perma-Fix of Dayton (“PFD”) subsidiaries, respectively, due2022 as compared to reassessment of the remediation reserve, with the remaining loss incurred2021 was primarily due to costs incurred in the administrationconnection with management of administrative and continued monitoring ofregulatory matters within our discontinued operations. We have three environmental remediation projects, all within our discontinued operations, which principally entail the removal/remediation of contaminated soil, and, in most cases, the remediation of surrounding ground water.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our cash flow requirements during 2019the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 were primarily financed by our operations, cash on hand and credit facility availability, loan proceeds of $2,500,000 from a loan that we consummated on April 1, 2019 (see “Financing Activities” below for further information of the agreementavailability. Subject to COVID-19 and note), and the receipt of the $5,000,000 in finite risk sinking funds in July 2019 from AIG resulting from the closure ofother impacts as discussed above, our M&EC facility (see a discussion of this finite risk sinking in “Insurance” below). Our cash flow requirements for the next twelve months will consist primarily of general working capital needs, scheduled principal payments on our debt obligations, remediation projects, and planned capital expenditures. We plan to fund these requirements from our operations, credit facility availability, and cash on hand.hand and a refund that we expect to receive under the ERC program under the CARES Act (see a discussion of this expected refund below – “Employee Retention Credit (“ERC”)”). We continue to explore all sources of increasing our capital to supplement ourand/or liquidity requirements, when needed, and to improve our revenue and working capital.capital (see our discussion contained in this “MD&A – Liquidity Overview” above for further discussion as to liquidity. We are continually reviewing operating costs and are committed toreviewing the possibility of further reducing operating costs and non-essential expenditures to bring them in line with revenue levels, when necessary. Although there are no assurances,At this time, we believe that our cash flows from operations, our available liquidity from our credit facility, and our cash on hand and the expected refund from the ERC program should be sufficient to fund our operations for the next twelve months. As previously discussed, our recently implemented strategic plan, which includes expansion into international markets and increasing our contract bid/win ratio, has thus far been successful, which we believe will continue to help improve our results and liquidity. We further anticipate that over the next few years, we should be able to fully implement our strategic plan. As previously disclosed, our Medical Segment substantially reduced its R&D costs and activitiesHowever, due to the need for capital to funduncertainty of the countries’ current economic environment and the COVID-19 as disclosed in “COVID-19 and Other Impacts” within this MD&A, there are no assurances such activities. We continue to seek various sources of potential funding for our Medical Segment. We anticipate that our Medical Segment will not resume full R&D activities until it obtainsbe the necessary funding through obtaining its own credit facility or additional equity raise or obtaining new partners willing to fund its R&D activities. If the Medical Segment is unable to raise the necessary capital, the Medical Segment could be required to further reduce, delay or eliminate its R&D program.case.

The following table reflects the cash flow activity for the year ended December 31, 20192022 and the corresponding period of 2018:2021:

At December 31, 2019,2022, we were in a net borrowingpositive cash position (revolving credit) of approximately $321,000.with no revolving credit balance. At December 31, 2019,2022, we had cash on hand of approximately $390,000, which reflects primarily account balances of our foreign subsidiaries totaling approximately $388,000. At December 31, 2019, we have finite risk sinking funds (restricted cash) of approximately $11,307,000, which represents cash held as collateral under the Company’s financial assurance policy (see “Insurance” below for a discussion of this restricted cash).$1,866,000.

Operating Activities

Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts,credit losses, totaled $13,178,000$9,364,000 at December 31, 2019, an increase2022, a decrease of $5,443,000$2,008,000 from the December 31, 20182021 balance of $7,735,000.$11,372,000. The increasedecrease was primarily dueattributed to higher revenue and the timing of invoicing and timing of accounts receivable collection. We provide a variety ofOur contracts with our customers are subject to various payment terms toand conditions. Additionally, our customers; therefore,contracts with our customers may sometimes result in modifications which can cause delays in collections. Our accounts receivable are impacted by these terms and the related timing of accounts receivable collections.

Accounts payable, totaled $9,277,000 at December 31, 2019, an increase2022 include invoices for work performed which previously was in our unbilled account for a certain Canadian project that remain outstanding and subject to negotiations (see unbilled receivables discussion below). See discussion under “Known Trends and Uncertainties – Perma-Fix Canada, Inc. (“PF Canada”)” for a discussion as to this certain account receivable.

Unbilled receivables totaled $6,062,000 at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $3,780,000$2,933,000 from the December 31, 20182021 balance of $5,497,000.$8,995,000. The increasedecrease in accounts payableunbilled receivables was attributed to an increase in costsprimarily within our Services Segment resultingdue to invoicing in connection with our Canadian projects.

Accounts payable, totaled $10,325,000 at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $1,650,000 from the significant increase in revenue. Additionally, ourDecember 31, 2021 balance of $11,975,000. Our accounts payable are impacted by the timing of payments as we are continually managing payment terms with our vendors to maximize our cash position throughout all segments.

We had working capital of $26,000$818,000 (which included working capital of our discontinued operations) at December 31, 2019,2022, as compared to working capital deficit of $6,753,000$4,060,000 at December 31, 2018. The improvement in our working capital was primarily the result of the receipt of $5,000,000 of finite risk sinking funds on July 22, 2019 previously held as collateral under our 2003 Closure Policy resulting from the closure of our M&EC facility (see “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Insurance” below for a discussion of this finite risk sinking funds) and the $2,500,000 loan proceeds received from the consummation of the Robert Ferguson loan on April 1, 2019 (see “Financing Activities” below for a discussion of this loan). Also, the increases in our unbilled and accounts receivables resulting from the significant increase in our revenue have positively impacted our working capital. Additionally, the reduction in the monthly principal term loan payment from approximately $101,600 to $35,547 resulting from an amendment that we entered into with our lender on June 20, 2019 has improved our working capital (Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financing Activities” below for a discussion of this amendment to our loan agreement).2021. Our working capital was negatively impacted primarily by the reclassificationour results of approximately $726,000 in remediation reserves for our PFSG subsidiaryoperations which were heavily impacted from long-term to currentCOVID-19 and an increase in current remediation reserves recordedother delays as discussed previously, especially in the fourthfirst quarter of 2019 for our PFM subsidiary within our discontinued operations for anticipated spending within the next twelve months. Additionally, our2022. Our working capital was negativelypositively impacted by the employee retention credit in the amount of approximately $1,975,000 recorded as current portionreceivables (within “Prepaid and other assets” on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See a discussion of principal payments due within the next twelve months on the Robert Ferguson loan.this credit below “Employee Retention Credit (“ERC”)”).

Investing Activities

During 2019,2022, our purchases of capital equipment totaled approximately $1,928,000,$1,137,000, of which $393,000$114,000 was financed,subject to financing, with the remaining funded from cash from operations and our credit facility. These expenditures were made primarily for our Treatment Segment. We have budgeted approximately $2,000,000 for 20202023 capital expenditures primarily for our Treatment and Services Segments to maintain operations and regulatory compliance requirements and support revenue growth. Certain of these budgeted projects may either be delayed until later years or deferred altogether. We plan to fund our capital expenditures from cash from operations and/or financing. The initiation and timing of projects are also determined by financing alternatives or funds available for such capital projects.

During March 2022, we signed a joint venture term sheet addressing plans to partner with Springfields Fuels Limited (“SFL”), an affiliate of Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, to develop and manage a nuclear waste-materials treatment facility (the “Facility”) in the United Kingdom. The Facility is for the purpose of expanding the partners’ waste treatment capabilities for the European nuclear market. It is expected that upon finalization of a partnership agreement, SFL will have an ownership interest of fifty-five (55) percent and our interest will be forty-five (45) percent. The finalization, form and capitalization of this unpopulated partnership is subject to numerous conditions, including but not limited to, winning a certain contract, completion and execution of a definitive agreement and facility design, granting of required regulatory, lender or permitting approvals and updated cost and profitability analysis based on current and forecast future economic conditions. Upon finalization of this venture, we will be required to make an investment in this venture. The amount of our investment, the period of which it is to be made and the method of funding are to be determined.

Financing Activities

We entered into ana Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit, Term Loan and Security Agreement, dated October 31, 2011 (“Amended LoanMay 8, 2020, (the “Loan Agreement”), with PNC National Association (“PNC”), acting as agent and lender. The Amended Loan Agreement as subsequently amended (“Revised Loan Agreement”), provides us with the following credit facility with a maturity date of March 24, 2021:15, 2024: (a) up to $12,000,000$18,000,000 revolving credit (“revolving credit”) (see discussion below as to an amendment dated March 21, 2023 which reduced the revolving credit to $12,500,000) and (b) a term loan (“term loan”) of approximately $6,100,000, which requires$1,742,000, requiring monthly installments of approximately $101,600 (based on a seven-year amortization).$35,547. The maximum that we can borrow under the revolving credit is based on a percentage of eligible receivables (as defined) at any one time reduced by outstanding standby letters of credit and borrowing reductions that our lender may impose from time to time. Our Loan Agreement, as amended (the “Amended Loan Agreement”), also provides a capital expenditure line of up to $1,000,000 with advances on the line, subject to certain limitations, permitted for up to twelve months starting May 4, 2021 (the “Borrowing Period”). Only interest is payable on advances during the Borrowing Period. At the end of the Borrowing Period, the total amount advanced under the line will amortize equally based on a five-year amortization schedule with principal payment due monthly plus interest. At the maturity date of the Amended Loan Agreement, any unpaid principal balance plus interest, if any, will become due. At the end of the Borrowing Period, advance on the capital line totaled approximately $524,000. We are required to make monthly principal installment payment of approximately $8,700 starting June 1, 2022 plus interest. At December 31, 2022, balance on the capital line was approximately $463,000. The advance made on the capital line was used to purchase the underlying asset under a previous finance lease.

On March 29, 2019,

During 2022, we entered into an amendmentfurther amendments to our RevisedAmended Loan Agreement with our lender, under the credit facility which provided the following:following, among other things (with the amended terms set forth in a Revised Loan Agreement):

On June 20, 2019, we entered into another amendment to our Revised Loan Agreement with our lender under the credit facility which provided the following, among other things:

Most ofIn connection with the other termsamendments, we paid our lender fees totaling $30,000 which is being amortized over the remaining term of the Revised Loan Agreement as amended, remain principally unchanged. In connection with amendment dated March 29, 2019 and June 20, 2019, we paidinterest expense-financing fees.

Our credit facility under our lender a fee of $20,000 and $50,000, respectively.

Pursuant to the Revised Loan Agreement as amended, we may terminate the Revised Loan Agreement, as amended, upon 90 days’ prior written notice upon payment in full of its obligations under the Revised Loan Agreement, as amended. No early termination fee shall apply if we pay off our obligations after March 23, 2019.

At December 31, 2019, the borrowing availability under our revolving credit was approximately $8,714,000, based on our eligible receivables and includes an indefinite reduction of borrowing availability of $250,000 that our lender has imposed. This $8,714,000 in borrowing availability under our revolving credit also included a reduction in borrowing availability of approximately $2,639,000 from outstanding standby letters of credit.

Our credit facility with our lenderPNC contains certain financial covenants, along with customary representations and warranties. A breach of any of these financial covenants, unless waived by our lender,PNC, could result in a default under our credit facility allowing our lender to immediately require the repayment of all outstanding debt under our credit facility and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. As discussed above,We were not required to perform testing of the FCCR requirement in the first and third quarters of 2022 pursuant to the amendments that we entered with our lender waived/removedin 2022 as discussed above. Based on an amendment that we entered into with our FCCRlender on March 21, 2023 as discussed below, we were not required to perform testing requirement for each of the quartersFCCR requirement in 2019.the fourth quarter of 2022. We metfailed to meet our “Adjusted EBITDA” minimumFCCR requirement in the second third and fourth quartersquarter of 20192022; however, this non-compliance was waived by our lender pursuant to an amendment that we entered into with our lender in accordance to the amendment dated June 20, 20192022 as discussed above. Additionally,Other than the above discussion pertaining to our FCCR requirements, we met all of our remainingother financial covenant requirements in each of the quarters of 2019. As a result of us meeting the “Adjusted EBITDA” minimum requirement for the fourth quarter of 2019, our lender is expected to release the remaining $250,000 reduction in borrowing availability subsequent to the filing of our 2019 Form 10-K.2022. We expect to meet our quarterly financial covenant requirements infor the next twelve months; however, ifmonths under our Amended Loan Agreement.

On March 21, 2023, we failentered into an amendment to meet any of our financial covenant requirements andRevised Loan Agreement with our lender does not further waivewhich provides, among other things, the non-compliance or revise our covenant so that we are in compliance, our lender could accelerate the repayment of borrowings under our credit facility. In the event that our lender accelerates the payment of our borrowings, we may not have sufficient liquidity to repay our debt under our credit facility and other indebtedness.following:

On April 1, 2019, we completed a lending transaction with Robert Ferguson (the “Lender”), whereby we borrowed from the Lender the sum of $2,500,000 pursuant to the terms of a Loan and Security Purchase Agreement and promissory note (the “Loan”). The Lender is a shareholder of the Company. The Lender also currently serves as a consultant to the Company in connection with the Test Bed Initiatives at our Perma-Fix Northwest Richland, Inc. facility. The proceeds from the Loan were used for general working capital purposes. The Loan is unsecured, with a term of two years with interest payable at a fixed interest rate of 4.00% per annum. The Loan provides for monthly payments of accrued interest only during the first year of the Loan, with the first interest payment due May 1, 2019 and monthly payments of approximately $208,333 in principal plus accrued interest starting in the second year of the Loan. The Loan also provides for prepayment of principal payments over the term of the Loan without penalty with such prepayment of principal payments to be applied to the second year of the loan payments at our discretion. In 2019, we made total prepayments in principal of $520,000.

In connection with the aboveamendment, the Company paid its lender a fee of $25,000.

From this point on, we may terminate our Revised Loan the Lender agreed under the terms of the Loan and a Subordination Agreement with our credit facility lender, to subordinateupon 90 days’ prior written notice upon payment under the Loan, and agreed that the Loan will be junior in right of payment to the credit facility in the event of default or bankruptcy or other insolvency proceeding by us. In connection with this capital raise transaction described above and consideration for us receiving the Loan, we issued a Warrant (the “Warrant”) to the Lender to purchase up to 60,000 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $3.51 per share, which was the closing bid price for a share of our Common Stock on NASDAQ.com immediately preceding the execution of the Loan and Warrant. The Warrant is exercisable six months from April 1, 2019 and expires on April 1, 2024 and remains outstanding at December 31, 2019. The fair value of the Warrant was estimated to be approximately $93,000 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: 50.76% volatility, risk free interest rate of 2.31%, an expected life of five years and no dividends. As further consideration for this capital raise transaction relating to the Loan, we also issued 75,000 shares of our Common Stock to the Lender. We determined the fair value of the 75,000 shares of Common Stock to be approximately $263,000 which was based on the closing bid price for a share of our Common Stock on NASDAQ.com immediately preceding the execution of the Loan, pursuant to the Loan and Securities Purchase Agreement. The fair value of the Warrant and Common Stock and the related closing fees incurred totaling approximately $398,000 from the transaction was recorded as debt discount/debt issuance costs, which is being amortized over the term of the loan as interest expense – financing fees. The 75,000 shares of Common Stock, the Warrant and the 60,000 shares of Common Stock that may be purchased under the Warrant were and will be issued in a private placement that was and will be exempt from registration under Rule 506 and/or Sections 4(a)(2) and 4(a)(5) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”) and bear a restrictive legend against resale except in a transaction registered under the Act or in a transaction exempt from registration thereunder.

Upon default, the Lender will have the right to elect to receive in full and complete satisfaction of our obligations under the Revised Loan either: (a)Agreement with no early termination fees.

Employee Retention Credit (“ERC”)

The CARES Act, which was enacted on March 27, 2020, provides an ERC for qualifying businesses keeping employees on their payroll during the cash amountCOVID-19 pandemic. The ERC was subsequently amended by the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020, the Consolidated Appropriation Act of 2021, and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, all of which amended and extended the ERC availability and guidelines under the CARES Act. Following these amendments, we determined that we were eligible for the ERC, and as a result of the foregoing legislations, are eligible to claim a refundable tax credit against our share of certain payroll taxes equal to the sum70% of the unpaid principal balance owing under the loanqualified wages paid to employees between July 1, 2021 and all accrued and unpaid interest thereon (the “Payoff Amount”) or (b) upon meeting certain conditions, the number of whole shares of our Common Stock (the “Payoff Shares”) determined by dividing the Payoff Amount by the dollar amount equalSeptember 30, 2021. Qualified wages are limited to the closing bid price of our Common Stock on the date immediately prior to the date of default, as reported or quoted on the primary nationally recognized exchange or automated quotation system on which our Common Stock is listed; provided however, that the dollar amount of such closing bid price shall not be less than $3.51, the closing bid price for our Common Stock as disclosed on NASDAQ.com immediately preceding the signing of this loan agreement.

If issued, the Payoff Shares will not be registered and the Lender will not be entitled to registration rights with respect to the Payoff Shares. The aggregate number of shares, warrant shares, and Payoff Shares that are or will be issued to the Lender pursuant to the Loan, together with the aggregate shares of our Common Stock and other voting securities owned by the Lender or which may be acquired by the Lender as of the date of issuance of the Payoff Shares, shall not exceed the number of shares of our Common Stock equal to 14.9% of the number of shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding as of the date immediately prior to the default, less the number of shares of our Common Stock owned by the Lender immediately prior to the date of such default plus the number of shares of our Common Stock that may be acquired by the Lender under warrants and/or options outstanding immediately prior to the date of such default.

On May 13, 2019, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”), which was declared effective by the Commission on May 22, 2019 at 4:00 p.m. The shelf registration statement gives us the ability to sell up to 2,500,000 shares of our Common Stock from time to time and through one or more methods of distribution, subject to market conditions and the Company’s capital needs at that time. The terms of any offering under the registration statement will be established at the time of the offering and be set forth$10,000 per employee per calendar quarter in an accompanying prospectus or prospectus supplement relating to the offering. At this time, the Company does not have any immediate plans or current commitments to issue shares under the registration statement. This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy, nor shall there be a sale of securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of such state or jurisdiction.

Insurance

We have a 25-year finite risk insurance policy entered into in June 2003 (“2003 Closure Policy”) with AIG, which provides financial assurance to the applicable states for our permitted facilities in the event of unforeseen closure. The 2003 Closure Policy, as amended, provided2021 for a maximum allowable coverageERC per employee of $39,000,000 which included available capacity$7,000 per calendar quarter in 2021. For purposes of the amended ERC, an eligible employer is defined as having experienced a significant (20% or more) decline in gross receipts during one or more of the first three 2021 calendar quarters when compared to allow2019.

During the third quarter of 2022, we determined we were eligible for annual inflationthe ERC and amended our third quarter 2021 employer payroll tax filings claiming a refund from the U.S. Treasury in the amount of approximately $1,975,000. As there is no authoritative guidance under U.S. GAAP on accounting for government assistance to for-profit business entities, we account for the ERC by analogy to International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. In accordance with IAS 20, management determined it has reasonable assurance for receipt of the ERC and recorded the expected refund as other income (within “Other income (expense)”) on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and other performancereceivables (within “Prepaid and surety bond requirements. As a resultother assets”) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Payment of Deferred Employment Tax Deposits

The CARES Act provided employers the option to defer the payment of an employer’s share of social security taxes beginning on March 27, 2020 through December 31, 2020, with 50% of the closureamount of the Company’s M&EC facility,social security taxes deferred to become due on July 22, 2019, AIG released $5,000,000 of the finite risk sinking funds held as collateral under the 2003 Closure Policy to us. The finite risk sinking funds received by us are to be used for general working capital needs. In conjunctionDecember 31, 2021 with the release of the finite risk sinking funds by AIG, total coverage under the 2003 Closure Policy was amended from $30,549,000 to $19,314,000. Additionally, the maximum allowable coverage under the 2003 Closure Policy was amended from $39,000,000 to approximately $28,177,000 which includes available capacity to allow for annual inflation and other performance and surety bond requirements. Atremaining 50% due on December 31, 2019 and2022. Our deferment of such taxes totaled approximately $1,252,000 of which approximately $626,000 was paid in December 31, 2018, finite risk sinking funds contributed by us to2021 with the 2003 Closure Policy which isremaining paid in December 2022 (previously included in other long term assets on the accompanying“Accrued expenses” within current liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $11,307,000 and $15,971,000, respectively, which included interest earned of $1,836,000 and $1,500,000 on the finite risk sinking funds as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Interest income for the years ended 2019 and 2018 was approximately $336,000 and $295,000, respectively. If we so elect, AIG is obligated to pay us an amount equal to 100% of the finite risk sinking fund account balance in return for complete release of liability from both us and any applicable regulatory agency using this policy as an instrument to comply with financial assurance requirements.Sheets).

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

From time to time, we are required to post standby letters of credit and various bonds to support contractual obligations to customers and other obligations, including facility closures. At December 30, 2019,31, 2022, the total amount of standby letters of credit outstanding wastotaled approximately $2,639,000$3,016,000 and the total amount of bonds outstanding wastotaled approximately $28,937,000.$35,432,000. We also provide closure and post-closure requirements through a financial assurance policy for certain of our Treatment Segment facilities through AIG (See a discussion of this financial assurance policy above)American International Group, Inc. (“AIG”). At December 31, 2022, the closure and post-closure requirements for these facilities were approximately $21,175,000.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In preparing theOur consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted inare prepared based upon the United Statesselection and application of America (“US GAAP”), management makesGAAP, which may require us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect theamounts reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of thein our financial statements as well as, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We believe the following criticalaccompanying notes. The accounting policies below are those we believe affect the more significant estimates and judgments used in preparation of our financial statements. Our other accounting policies are described in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements:statements of this Form 10-K (see “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”):

Revenue Recognition Estimates.In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” followed by a series of related accounting standard updates (collectively referred to as “Topic 606”). Topic 606 provides a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. Under Topic 606, a five-step process is utilized in order to determine revenue recognition, depicting the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Under Topic 606, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account. A contract transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenues as the performance obligation is satisfied.

Treatment Segment Revenues:

Contracts in our Treatment Segment have a single performance obligation as the promise to receive, treat and dispose of waste is not separately identifiable in the contract and, therefore, not distinct. Performance obligations are generally satisfied over time using the input method. Under the input method, the Company uses a measure of progress divided into major phases which include receipt (generally ranging from 9.0% to 33%), treatment/processing (generally ranging from 15% to 79%) and shipment/final disposal (generally ranging from 9% to 52%). As major processing phases are completed and the costs are incurred, the proportional percentage of revenue is recognized. Transaction price for Treatment Segment contracts are determined by the stated fixed rate per unit price as stipulated in the contract.

Services Segment Revenues:

Revenues for our Services Segment are generated from time and materials, cost reimbursement or fixed price arrangements:

Our primary obligation to customers in time and materials contracts relate to the provision of services to the customer at the direction of the customer. This provision of services at the request of the customer is the performance obligation, which is satisfied over time. Revenue earned from time and materials contracts is determined using the input method and is based on contractually defined billing rates applied to services performed and materials delivered.

Our primary performance obligation to customers in cost reimbursement contracts is to complete certain tasks and work streams. Each specified work stream or task within the contract is considered to be a separate performance obligation. The transaction price is calculated using an estimated cost to complete the various scope items to achieve the performance obligation as stipulated in the contract. An estimate is prepared for each individual scope item in the contract and the transaction price is allocated on a time and materials basis as services are provided. Revenue from cost reimbursement contracts is recognized over time using the input method based on costs incurred, plus a proportionate amount of fee earned.

Under fixed price contracts, the objective of the project is not attained unless all scope items within the contract are completed and all of the services promised within fixed fee contracts constitute a single performance obligation. Transaction price is estimated based upon the estimated cost to complete the overall project. Revenue from fixed price contracts is recognized over time using the output or input method. For the output method, revenue is recognized based on milestone attained on the project. For the input method, revenue is recognized based on costs incurred on the project relative to the total estimated costs of the project.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. The carrying amount of accounts receivable is reduced by an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is a valuation allowance that reflects management’s best estimate of the amounts that are uncollectible. We regularly review all accounts receivable balances that exceed 60 days from the invoice date and, based on an assessment of current credit worthiness, estimate the portion, if any, of the balances that are uncollectible. Specific accounts that are deemed to be uncollectible are reserved at 100% of their outstanding balance. The remaining balances aged over 60 days have a percentage applied by aging category (5% for balances 61-90 days, 20% for balances 91-120 days and 40% for balances over 120 days aged), based on a historical collection patterns, that allows us to calculate the total allowance required. This analysis excludes government related receivables due to our past successful experience in their collectability. Our allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2019 was approximately 0.7% of revenue for 2019 and 3.6% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2019. Additionally, our allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2018 was approximately 0.2% of revenue for 2018 and 1.3% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2018.

Intangible Assets. Intangible assets consist primarily of the recognized value of the permits required to operate our business. We continually monitor the propriety of the carrying amount of our permits to determine whether current events and circumstances warrant adjustments to the carrying value.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are reviewed for impairment annually as of October 1, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate that the carrying value may be impaired. If the fair value of the asset is less than the carrying amount, we perform a quantitative test to determine the fair value. The impairment loss, if any, is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. Significant judgments are inherent in these analyses and include assumptions for, among other factors, forecasted revenue, gross margin, growth rate, operating income, timing of expected future cash flows, and the determination of appropriate long-term discount rates.

Impairment testing of our permits related to our Treatment reporting unit as of October 1, 20192022 and 20182021 resulted in no impairment charges.

Intangible assets that have definite useful lives are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives (with the exception of customer relationships which are amortized using an accelerated method) and are excluded from our annual intangible asset valuation review as of October 1. We had one definite-lived permit which was excluded from our annual impairment review as noted above. This definite-lived permit which had a net carrying value of approximately $7,000 at December 31, 2018 was fully amortized in the first quarter of 2019. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are also tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable.

Our future cash flow assumptions and conclusions with respect to asset impairments could be impacted by changes arising from (i) a sustained period of economic and industrial slowdowns (ii) inability to scale our operations and implement cost reduction efforts during reduced demand and/or (iii) a significant decline in our share price for a sustained period of time. These factors, among others, could significantly impact the impairment analysis and may result in future asset impairment charges that, if incurred, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We believe that the assumptions and estimates utilized for the reporting periods are appropriate based on the information available to management.

Accrued Closure Costs and Asset Retirement Obligations (“ARO”). Accrued closure costs represent our estimated environmental liability to clean up our facilities as required by our permits, in the event of closure. ASC 410, “Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations” requires that the discounted fair value of a liability for an ARO be recognized in the period in which it is incurred with the associated ARO capitalized as part of the carrying cost of the asset. The recognition of an ARO requires that management make numerous estimates, assumptions and judgments regarding such factors as estimated probabilities, timing of settlements, material and service costs, current technology, laws and regulations, and credit adjusted risk-free rate to be used. We develop estimates for the cost of these activities based on our evaluation of site-specific facts and circumstances, such as the existence of structures and other improvements that would need to be dismantled and the length of the post-closure period as determined by the applicable regulatory agency, among other things. Included in our cost estimates are our interpretation of current regulatory requirements and any proposed regulatory changes. These cost estimates may change in the future due to various circumstances including, but not limited to, permit modifications, changes in legislation or regulations, technological changes and results of environmental studies. Our cost estimates are calculated using internal sources as well as input from third-party experts. This estimate is inflated, using an inflation rate, to the expected time at which the closure will occur, and then discounted back, using a credit adjusted risk free rate, to the present value. ARO’s are included within buildings as part of property and equipment and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the property. In periods subsequent to initial measurement of the ARO, we must recognize period-to-period changes in the liability resulting from the passage of time and revisions to either the timing or the amount of the original estimate of undiscounted cash flow. Increases in the ARO liability due to passage of time impact net income as accretion expense and are included in cost of goods sold in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in the estimated future cash flows costs underlying the obligations (resulting from changes or expansion at the facilities) require adjustment to the ARO liability calculated and are capitalized and charged as depreciation expense, in accordance with our depreciation policy.

Accrued Environmental Liabilities. We have three remediation projects in progress (all within discontinued operations). The current and long-term accrual amounts for the projects are our best estimates based on proposed or approved processes for clean-up. The circumstances that could affect the outcome range from new technologies that are being developed every day to reduce our overall costs, to increased contamination levels that could arise as we complete remediation which could increase our costs, neither of which we anticipate at this time. In addition, significant changes in regulations could adversely or favorably affect our costs to remediate existing sites or potential future sites, which cannot be reasonably quantified (See “Environmental Contingencies” below for further information of these liabilities).

Disposal/Transportation Costs. We accrue for waste disposal based upon a physical count of the waste at each facility at the end of each accounting period. Current market prices for transportation and disposal costs are applied to the end of period waste inventories to calculate the disposal accrual. Costs are calculated using current costs for disposal, but economic trends could materially affect our actual costs for disposal. As there are limited disposal sites available to us, a change in the number of available sites or an increase or decrease in demand for the existing disposal areas could significantly affect the actual disposal costs either positively or negatively.

Stock-Based Compensation.We account for stock-based compensation granted to employees in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation.” Stock-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees (consultants) are also accounted for under ASC 718 resulting from the adoption of ASU No. 2018-07, “Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” by the Company effective January 1, 2019. ASC 718 requires stock-based payments to employees and nonemployees, including grant of options, to be recognized in the Statement of Operations based on their fair values. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair-value of stock-based awards which requires subjective assumptions. Assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards include the exercise price of the award, the expected term, the expected volatility of our stock over the stock-based award’s expected term, the risk-free interest rate over the award’s expected term, and the expected annual dividend yield. The Company accounts for forfeitures when they occur.

Income Taxes.The provision for income tax is determined in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” WeAs part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. We record this amount as a provision or benefit for taxes. This process involves estimating our actual current tax exposure, including assessing the risks associated with tax audits, and assessing temporary differences resulting from different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

We assess the likelihood that ourregularly review deferred  tax assets by jurisdiction to assess their potential realization and establish a valuation allowance for portions of such assets that we believe will not be recovered fromrealized. In performing this review, we make estimates and assumptions regarding projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and the implementation of  tax planning strategies. A change in these assumptions could cause an increase or decrease to the extentvaluation allowance which could materially impact our results of operations. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” – Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for the recent accounting pronouncements that we believe recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance.

As ofhave been adopted during the year ended December 31, 2019, we had net deferred tax assets of approximately $9,106,000 (which excludes a deferred tax liability relating to goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets) which were primarily related to federal and state net NOL carryforwards, impairment charges, and closure costs. As of December 31, 2019, we concluded that it was more likely than not that $9,106,000 of our deferred income tax assets would not2022, or will be realized, and as such, a full valuation allowance was applied against those deferred income tax assets. Our net operating losses are subject to audit by the Internal Revenue Services, and, as a result, the amounts could be reduced.adopted in future periods.

As of December 31, 2019, we have approximately $20,548,000 and $57,809,000 in NOL carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively, which will expire in various amounts starting in 2021 if not used against future federal and state income tax liabilities, respectively. Approximately $12,199,000 of our federal NOL carryforwards were generated after December 31, 2017 and thus do not expire. Our net loss carryforwards are subject to various limitations. Our ability to use the net loss carryforwards depends on whether we are able to generate sufficient income in the future years.

Known Trends and Uncertainties

Economic Conditions.Our business continues to be heavily dependent on services that we provide to governmental clients, (includingprimarily as subcontractors for others who are prime contractors to government authorities (particularly the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”)DOE and U.S. Department of Defense (“DOD”))DOD) or directly as the prime contractor or indirectly for others as a subcontractor to government authorities.contractor. We believe demand for our services will continue to be subject to fluctuations due to a variety of factors beyond our control, including without limitation, the economic conditions, and the manner in which the government entity will be required to spend funding to remediate various sites.sites, and potential COVID-19 impact. In addition, our U.S. governmental contracts and subcontracts relating to activities at governmental sites are generally subject to termination or renegotiation on 30 days noticefor convenience at any time at the government’s option. Theoption of the government. Our TOAs with the Canadian government generally providealso provided that the government may terminate a TOA at any time for convenience. Significant reductions in the level of governmental funding or specifically mandated levels for different programs that are important to our business could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Significant Customers. Our Treatment and Services Segments have significant relationships with the U.S and Canadian governmental authorities and continue to enterthrough contracts entered into contracts,indirectly as subcontractors for others who are prime contractors or directly as the prime contractor or indirectly for others as a subcontractor to government authorities. We also had significant relationships with Canadian government authorities primarily through TOAs entered into with Canadian government authorities. Project work under TOAs with Canadian government authorities has substantially been completed. Our inability to continue under existing contracts that we have with the U.S federal government and Canadian government authorities (directly or indirectly as a subcontractor) or significant reductions in the level of governmental funding in any given year could have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition.

We performed services relating to waste generated by government clients (domestic and foreign (primarily Canadian)), either directly as a prime contractor or indirectly for others as a subcontractor to government entities, representing approximately $59,985,000,$60,030,000, or 81.7%85.0%, of our total revenue during 2019,2022, as compared to $35,944,000,$60,812,000, or 72.6%84.2%, of our total revenue during 2018.2021.

As ourOur revenues are project/event based where the completion of one contract with a specific customer may be replaced by another contract with a different customer from year to year, we do not believeyear.

Perma-Fix Canada, Inc. (“PF Canada”)

During the lossfourth quarter of one specific customer2021, PF Canada received a Notice of Termination (“NOT”) from one year toCanadian Nuclear Laboratories, LTD. (“CNL”) on a Task Order Agreement (“TOA”) that PF Canada entered into with CNL in May 2019 for remediation work within Ontario, Canada (“Agreement”). The NOT was received after work under the next will generally have a material adverse effect on our operationsTOA was substantially completed and financial condition.

Coronavirus Impact.work under the TOA has since been completed. CNL may terminate the TOA at any time for convenience. As of December 31, 2022, PF Canada has approximately $1,853,000 in unpaid receivables due from CNL as a result of work performed under the Coronavirus, we have been informedTOA. Additionally, CNL has approximately $1,060,000 in contractual holdback under the TOA that is payable to PF Canada. CNL also established a bond securing approximately $1,900,000 (CAD) to cover certain field projectsissues raised in connection with the TOA. Under the TOA, CNL may be entitled to set off certain costs and expenses incurred by CNL in connection with the termination of the TOA, including the bond as discussed above, against amounts owed to PF Canada for remediation work are being suspended until further noticeperformed by PF Canada or its subcontractors. PF Canada continues to be in discussions with CNL to finalize the amounts due to precautions associated withPF Canada under the riskTOA and continues to believe these amounts are due and payable to PF Canada.

Supply Chain. We use various commercially available materials and supplies which include among other things chemicals, containers/drums and PPE in our operations. We generally source these items from various suppliers in order to take advantage of potential virus spreadcompetitive pricing.

We also utilize various types of equipment, which include among staffother things trucks, flatbeds, lab equipment, heavy machineries, in carrying out our business operations. Our equipment may be obtained through direct purchase, rental option or leases. Due to some of our specialized waste treatment processes, certain equipment that we utilize are designed and client. Additionally, at this time, certain customers have delayedbuilt to our specifications. We rely on various commercial equipment suppliers for the construction of these equipment. Due to supply chain challenges, we previously experienced a delay in the delivery of a new waste shipmentsprocessing unit to us intoby our supplier due to shortage of parts required for the second quarterconstruction of 2020 that were originally scheduledthe unit, among other things, This supply chain interruption delayed deployment of our new technology which negatively impacted our revenue for 2021 and the first quarter of 2020. In2022 as associated revenue was not able to be generated. Deployment of this unit commenced in mid-May of 2022. Continued increases in pricing and/or potential delays in procurements of material and supplies and equipment required for our operations resulting from further tightening supply chain could further adversely affect our operations and profitability.

Inflation and Cost Increases. Continued increases in any of our operating costs, including further changes in fuel prices, wage rates, supplies, and utility costs, may further increase our overall cost of goods sold or operating expenses. Some of these cost increases have been the eventresult of inflationary pressures that work is suspended or halted oncould further remediation projects and/or waste shipments fromreduce profitability. We may attempt to increase our clients are further suspended or halted, such impact couldsales prices in order to maintain satisfactory margin; however, competitive pressures in our industry may have a material impactthe effect of inhibiting our ability to reflect these increased costs in the prices of our services that we provide to our results of operation. Additionally, the Company may, among other things, temporarily cease/limit waste treatment operations and/or temporarily cease/limit field project operations duecustomers and therefore reduce our profitability.

Liquidity. See above discussion contained herein as to the Coronavirus.issues relating to “Liqudity” and efforts to improve our liquidity

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Related Party Transactions

See “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for the recent accounting pronouncements that have been adopted during the year ended December 31, 2019, or will be adopted in future periods.

Environmental Contingencies

We are engaged in the waste management services segmenta discussion of the pollution control industry. As a participantCompany’s related party transactions in the on-site treatment, storage“Item 8 – Financial Statements and disposal market and the off-site treatment and services market, we are subjectSupplementary Data – Notes to rigorous federal, state and local regulations. These regulations mandate strict compliance and therefore are a cost and concern to us. Because of their integral role in providing quality environmental services, we make every reasonable attempt to maintain complete compliance with these regulations; however, even with a diligent commitment, we, along with many of our competitors, may be required to pay fines for violations or investigate and potentially remediate our waste management facilities.

We routinely use third party disposal companies, who ultimately destroy or secure landfill residual materials generated at our facilities or at a client’s site. In the past, numerous third-party disposal sites have improperly managed waste and consequently require remedial action; consequently, any party utilizing these sites may be liable for some or all of the remedial costs. Despite our aggressive compliance and auditing procedures for disposal of wastes, we could further be notified, in the future, that we are a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) at a remedial action site, which could have a material adverse effect.

We have three remediation projects, which are currently in progress at our PFD, PFM (closed location), and PFSG (in closure status) subsidiaries. We divested PFD in 2008; however, the environmental liability of PFD was retained by us upon the divestiture of PFD. These remediation projects principally entail the removal/remediation of contaminated soil and, in most cases, the remediation of surrounding ground water. The remediation activities are closely reviewed and monitored by the applicable state regulators. While no assurances can be made that we will be able to do so, we expect to fund the expenses to remediate these sites from funds generated internally.

At December 31, 2019, we had total accrued environmental remediation liabilities of $927,000, an increase of $40,000 from the December 31, 2018 balance of $887,000. The net increase represents an increase of approximately $50,000 made to the reserve at our PFM subsidiary due to reassessment of the remediation reserve and payments of approximately $10,000 on remediation projects for our PFD subsidiary. At December 31, 2019, $817,000 of the total accrued environmental liabilities was recorded as current.

Consolidate Financial Statements – Note 18 – Related Party Transactions and Note 20 – Subsequent Events – Executive Compensation - MIPs.”

David Centofanti

David Centofanti serves as our Vice President of Information Systems. For such position, he received annual compensation of $177,000 and $173,000 for 2019 and 2018, respectively. David Centofanti is the son of Dr. Louis Centofanti, our Executive Vice President (“EVP”) of Strategic Initiatives and a Board of Director (“Board”) member. We believe the compensation received by David Centofanti for his technical expertise which he provides to us is competitive and comparable to compensation we would have to pay to an unaffiliated third party with the same technical expertise.

Employment Agreements

We entered into employment agreements with each of Mark Duff (President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”)), Ben Naccarato (Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”)), and Dr. Louis Centofanti, (EVP of Strategic Initiatives), with each employment dated September 8, 2017. Each of the employment agreements is effective for three years from September 8, 2017 (the “Initial Term”) unless earlier terminated by us or by the executive officer. At the end of the Initial Term of each employment agreement, each employment agreement will automatically be extended for one additional year, unless at least six months prior to the expiration of the Initial Term, we or the executive officer provides written notice not to extend the terms of the employment agreement. Each employment agreement provides for annual base salaries, performance bonuses (as provided in the Management Incentive Plan (“MIP”) as approved by our Board, and other benefits commonly found in such agreements. In addition, each employment agreement provides that in the event the executive officer terminates his employment for “good reason” (as defined in the agreements) or is terminated by us without cause (including the executive officer terminating his employment for “good reason” or is terminated by us without cause within 24 months after a Change in Control (as defined in the agreement)), we will pay the executive officer the following: (a) a sum equal to any unpaid base salary; (b) accrued unused vacation time and any employee benefits accrued as of termination but not yet been paid (“Accrued Amounts”); (c) two years of full base salary; and (d) two times the performance compensation (under the MIP) earned with respect to the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of termination provided the performance compensation earned with respect to the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of termination has not been paid. If performance compensation earned with respect to the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of termination has been made to the executive officer, the executive officer will be paid an additional year performance compensation earned with respect to the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of termination. If the executive terminates his employment for a reason other than for good reason, we will pay to the executive the amount equal to the Accrued Amounts plus any performance compensation payable pursuant to the MIP.

If there is a Change in Control (as defined in the agreements), all outstanding stock options to purchase our Common Stock held by the executive officer will immediately become exercisable in full commencing on the date of termination through the original term of the options. In the event of the death of an executive officer, all outstanding stock options to purchase our Common Stock held by the executive officer will immediately become exercisable in full commencing on the date of death, with such options exercisable for the lesser of the original option term or twelve months from the date of the executive officer’s death. In the event of an executive officer terminating his employment for “good reason” or is terminated by us without cause, all outstanding stock options to purchase our Common Stock held by the executive officer will immediately become exercisable in full commencing on the date of termination, with such options exercisable for the lesser of the original option term or within 60 days from the date of the executive’s date of termination.

MIPs

On January 17, 2019, our Board and the Compensation and Stock Option Committee (the “Compensation Committee”) approved individual MIP for the CEO, CFO, and EVP of Strategic Initiatives. Each MIP is effective January 1, 2019 and applicable for the year ended December 31, 2019. Each MIP provides guidelines for the calculation of annual cash incentive-based compensation, subject to Compensation Committee oversight and modification. Each MIP awards cash compensation based on achievement of performance thresholds, with the amount of such compensation established as a percentage of the executive’s annual 2019 base salary on the approval date of the MIP. The potential target performance compensation ranges from 5% to 150% of the 2019 base salary for the CEO ($14,350 to $430,500), 5% to 100% of the 2019 base salary for the CFO ($11,762 to $235,231), and 5% to 100% of the 2019 base salary for the EVP of Strategic Initiatives ($11,449 to $228,985). The amount payable under the 2019 MIP was approximately $110,700, $81,100, and $78,900, for the CEO, CFO, and EVP of Strategic Initiatives, respectively, which we anticipate will be paid in April 2020.

On January 16, 2020, our Board and the Compensation Committee approved individual MIP for each Mark Duff, CEO and President, Ben Naccarato, CFO, and Dr. Louis Centofanti, EVP of Strategic Initiatives. Additionally, the Board and the Compensation Committee approved a MIP for Andy Lombardo, who was elected EVP of Nuclear and Technical Services and an executive officer of the Company. Mr. Lombardo previously held the position of Senior Vice President (“SVP”) of Nuclear and Technical Services. The MIPs are effective January 1, 2020 and applicable for year ended December 31, 2020. Each MIP provides guidelines for the calculation of annual cash incentive-based compensation, subject to Compensation Committee oversight and modification. Each MIP awards cash compensation based on achievement of performance thresholds, with the amount of such compensation established as a percentage of the executive’s 2020 annual base salary (see below for salary of each executive officers for 2020). The potential target performance compensation ranges from 5% to 150% of the base salary for the CEO ($17,220 to $516,600), 5% to 100% of the base salary for the CFO ($14,000 to $280,000), 5% to 100% of the base salary for the EVP of Strategic Initiatives ($11,667 to $233,336) and 5% to 100% of the base salary for the EVP of Nuclear and Technical Services ($14,000 to $280,000).

Salary

On January 16, 2020, the Board, with the approval of the Compensation Committee approved the following salary increase for the Company’s NEO effective January 1, 2020:

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not required under Regulation S-K for smaller reporting companies.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements contained within this report may be deemed “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (collectively, the “Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995”). All statements in this report other than a statement of historical fact are forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which could cause actual results and performance of the Company to differ materially from such statements. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “will,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained herein relate to, among other things,

While the Company believes the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, it can give no assurance such expectations will prove to be correct. There are a variety of factors, which could cause future outcomes to differ materially from those described in this report, including, but not limited to: