a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward‑lookingforward-looking statements in this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward‑lookingforward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward‑lookingforward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward‑lookingforward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
PART I
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on Our product, OLINVYK® (oliceridine) injection, or OLINVYK, was approved by the Trevena, Inc. isthe developmentdeveloping and commercialization of innovative treatment options that target and treat diseases affecting thecommercializing novel medicines for patients affected by central nervous system, or CNS. UnlessCNS, disorders.context otherwiseUnited States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in August 2020. We initiated commercial launch of OLINVYK in the first quarter of 2021. OLINVYK is an opioid agonist for use in adults for the management of acute pain severe enough to require an intravenous opioid analgesic and for whom alternative treatments are inadequate. OLINVYK is the first new chemical entity, or NCE, in this intravenous, or IV-, drug class in decades and it offers a differentiated profile that addresses significant unmet needs in the acute pain management landscape. OLINVYK delivers IV opioid efficacy with a rapid 1-3 minute median onset of action. In addition, OLINVYK requires we use the terms “Trevena,” “company,” “we,” “us,”no dosage adjustments in patients with renal impairment, a large patient population with significant medical complications. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, has classified oliceridine as a Schedule II controlled substance. OLINVYK is currently being studied in three post-approval clinical trials, focused on respiratory safety, cognitive function and “our” to refer to Trevena, Inc.
Using our proprietary product platform, we also have identified and are developing the following product candidates:
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In September 2021, we announced the results from a proof-of-concept study for TRV027 in collaboration with Imperial College London, or ICL, and the British Heart Foundation, which provide initial evidence of the therapeutic potential of TRV027 to improve COVID-19 patient outcomes. In this randomized, placebo-controlled study of 30 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, TRV027 was associated with a 92% probability of a potential beneficial treatment effect on circulating D-dimer levels, a prognostic marker of disease morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 infection, based on a Bayesian model analysis recommended by the study’s Data Monitoring and Safety Committee, or DMSC. In addition, a post-hoc analysis indicated that patients receiving TRV027 experienced an average 12-day reduction in time to discharge compared to placebo (11.4 vs. 23.3 days), with a median reduction of 4 days (8 vs. 12 days).
In May 2021, TRV027 was selected for an NIH ACTIV (Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines), randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial with up to 300 patients dosed with TRV027. We expect that NIH will report topline results from the ACTIV study in the second half of 2022.
| ● | TRV045: We are evaluating a set of novel sphingosine-1-phosphate, or |
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In September 2021, we submitted an IND for TRV045 and subsequently received a clinical hold letter from the FDA regarding certain Phase 1 study design elements. We promptly responded to the FDA’s comments, and in December 2021, we announced advancement of TRV045 into Phase 1 clinical development, initially for diabetic neuropathic pain, or DNP. DNP affects up to a quarter of people with diabetes, and currently approved therapeutics fail to provide adequate relief or are poorly tolerated among approximately half of all DNP patients. The U.S. National Institutes of Health, or NIH, is also evaluating the potential of TRV045 as a treatment for epilepsy through its Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program, or ETSP.
| TRV250: We are developing TRV250, a |
| TRV734: We also have identified and have completed the initial Phase 1 studies for TRV734, |
We also are evaluating a set of novel S1P modulators that may offer a new, non-opioid approach to managing chronic pain. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we identified a new product candidate, TRV045, a novel S1P modulator that
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we believe may offer a new, non-opioid approach to managing chronic pain. We anticipate beginning investigational new drug, or IND, enabling work in 2019, and we will continue to evaluate the progression of this asset to an IND, either by ourselves or with a partner.
Our Product and Pipeline
Oliceridine InjectionOLINVYK ® (oliceridine) injection
OliceridineOLINVYK is a G proteinG-protein biased MOR ligand in development for the management of moderate-to-severe acute painthat we are commercializing in hospitals or other controlled clinical settings where IVfor acute pain in adults that is severe enough to require an intravenous opioid therapy is warranted.analgesic and for whom alternative treatments are inadequate. It is an NCE with a novel mechanism of action at the MOR that enables more selective targetingaction.
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Disease andPain treatment options
The typical treatment paradigm inApproximately 165 million units of IV opioids were used on average over the United States for the management of moderate‑to‑severe acute pain islast three years, according to initiate injectable (IV) pain medication in the preoperative or immediate postoperative period to provide rapid and effective pain relief.2021 IQVIA data. Conventional IV opioid analgesics, such as morphine, fentanyl, and hydromorphone, have been core components of pain management protocols in the immediate postoperative period. The clinical effectiveness of conventional opioidopioids agonists is limited by severe dose dependent side effects such as respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and constipation, which can be exacerbated by accumulation of active metabolites and by reduced renal clearance in patients with impaired kidney function. Currently availableThese shortcomings of conventional IV opioid options offer either fast onset with short duration of action (e.g. IV fentanyl), or slower onset with longer duration (e.g. IV morphine). These pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic, or PK/PD, profilesopioids create some practicalsubstantial challenges for healthcare providers in certain clinical practice situations.
Injectable non‑opioidnon-opioid analgesics are often used together with IV opioids in so-called multimodal protocols for post‑surgicalpost-surgical pain management; however,management. However, these drugs, such as IV non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatorynon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, IV acetaminophen, or local anesthetics such as bupivacaine, have their own potential for cardiovascular, hepatic and gastrointestinal side effects. In addition, none of these non‑opioid analgesic approachesnon-opioid analgesics offers great enoughsufficient efficacy to manage severe acute pain as a monotherapy in many patients.
We believe that there remainsOLINVYK addresses a significant unmet need for a highly effective IV opioid analgesic agent with an improveda differentiated safety, tolerability, and/orand PK/PD profile. OLINVYK delivers IV opioid efficacy with a rapid 1-3 minute median onset of action and requires no dosage adjustments in patients with renal impairment, a large patient population with significant medical complications.
Clinical developmentOLINVYK was approved by the FDA in August 2020 for both bolus and patient-controlled analgesia, or PCA, delivery and we initiated commercial launch of OLINVYK in the first quarter of 2021. The DEA has classified oliceridine as a Schedule II controlled substance. Like other opioids, the label for OLINVYK contains a “boxed” warning and important safety information. Please consult www.olinvyk.com to view the prescribing information together with important safety information and boxed warning.
OLINVYK clinical data
APOLLO 1 and APOLLO 2 Phase 3 Studies
We are developing oliceridineconducted two pivotal efficacy trials evaluating OLINVYK in patients with moderate-to-severe acute pain: the APOLLO 1 study, which evaluated pain for 48 hours following bunionectomy, and the managementAPOLLO 2 study, which evaluated pain for 24 hours following abdominoplasty. In both studies, all dose regimens achieved the primary endpoint of moderate‑to‑severe acute pain in hospitals or other controlled clinical settings where IV administration is warranted. Instatistically greater analgesic efficacy than placebo, as measured by responder rate. On the future, we also may explore other formulations, such as transmucosal administration for breakthrough pain in additional, separate clinical trials.
Below is asecondary endpoint of summary of pain intensity difference (SPID) assessed by numerical rating scale, in the clinical development work undertakenAPOLLO 1 study, all dose regimens achieved statistically greater pain relief compared to placebo, while in the APOLLO 2 study, the 0.35mg and 0.5mg dose regimens achieved statistically greater pain relief compared to placebo.
The APOLLO 1 and APOLLO 2 studies were both Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled studies of OLINVYK. During the study period, a loading dose of placebo, morphine (4 mg), or OLINVYK (1.5 mg) was administered first, and then patients used a PCA button to dose themselves as often as every 6 minutes with the same study drug: placebo, 1 mg morphine, or 0.1 mg, 0.35 mg, or 0.5 mg OLINVYK. If PCA dosing was inadequate to control pain, patients could request supplemental study medication (2 mg morphine or 0.75 mg OLINVYK, no more than once an hour). If the study medication regimen did not adequately manage pain, patients could opt for oliceridine.an NSAID rescue analgesic. Loading, demand, and supplemental doses were volume-matched for all treatment regimens.
All endpoints were the same in both studies, except that dosing and pain assessment were for 48 hours in APOLLO 1 and 24 hours in APOLLO 2. The primary efficacy outcome was measured using a categorical responder analysis, which defined a responder as a patient who experienced at least a 30% reduction in their sum of pain intensity difference at the end of the treatment period without either early discontinuation (for lack of efficacy or safety/tolerability) or use of rescue medication. The summary of pain intensity difference (SPID), which the FDA used as the basis of approval, was a secondary endpoint in both studies and was assessed by numerical rating scale through
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the randomized treatment period (48 hours in APOLLO 1 and 24 hours in APOLLO 2) and compared to placebo. Non-inferior efficacy compared to morphine and superior efficacy compared to morphine were key secondary endpoints. Respiratory safety events were defined as clinically relevant worsening of respiratory status, including oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, or sedation. The product of the frequency and conditional duration of these events was reported as respiratory safety burden, a key secondary endpoint. Additional measures of respiratory safety included incidence of oxygen saturation less than 90% and incidence of supplemental oxygen use. Measures of gastrointestinal tolerability included use of rescue antiemetics, vomiting, and spontaneously reported nausea.
In the APOLLO 1 (bunionectomy) study, all three OLINVYK regimens (0.1 mg, 0.35 mg, and 0.5 mg on-demand doses) achieved the primary endpoint with statistically superior responder rates compared to placebo at 48 hours (p<0.0001, adjusted for multiplicity). In the APOLLO 2 (abdominoplasty) study, all three OLINVYK dose regimens achieved the primary endpoint with statistically superior responder rates compared to placebo at 24 hours (adjusted p<0.05 for the 0.1 mg regimen; adjusted p<0.001 for the 0.35 mg and 0.5 mg regimens). In both studies, following the 1.5 mg initial loading dose, all OLINVYK regimens demonstrated rapid onset with statistically significant efficacy within 5 to 15 minutes (p<0.05).
In both studies, OLINVYK was generally well-tolerated. The most common drug related adverse events (incidence ≥10%) were nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, constipation, pruritus and hypoxia.
ATHENA Phase 3 Open Label Safety Study
We conducted a Phase 3, open label, multicenter study evaluating the safety and tolerability of oliceridineOLINVYK in patients with moderate-to-severe pain caused by surgery or medical conditions. The trial was designed to model real-world use, including the use of multi-modal analgesia. Patients were treated with oliceridineOLINVYK on an as-needed basis via IV bolus, patient-controlled analgesia, or PCA, or both, as determined by the investigator. The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of oliceridine.OLINVYK. Pain intensity was measured as a secondary endpoint.
In the ATHENA study, 768 patients were treated with oliceridine.OLINVYK. The most common procedures were orthopedic, gynecologic, colorectal, and general surgeries. Patients at elevated risk of opioid-related adverse events were well represented; more than 30% of patients were 65 years or older, and approximately 50% of patients were obese, with body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2. Only 2% of patients discontinued for adverse events, and 4% of patients discontinued for lack of efficacy. The most common adverse events were nausea, constipation, and vomiting, with prevalence lower than in the APOLLO studies.vomiting. Adverse event rates associated with oliceridineOLINVYK administered by PCA and as-needed bolus dosing were similar, supporting the potential use of oliceridineOLINVYK in both administration paradigms.
APOLLO 1OLINVYK Post-Approval Studies
Safety Differentiation Study. In May 2021, we announced an open-label, multi-site clinical trial to further characterize the impact of OLINVYK on respiratory, gastrointestinal, or GI, and APOLLO 2 Phase 3 Studies
We have conducted two pivotal efficacy trials evaluating oliceridinecognitive function outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe acute pain: the APOLLO 1postoperative setting. The study, which evaluated pain for 48 hours following bunionectomy,will enroll approximately 200 adults undergoing major surgery, is led by clinical outcomes research experts from Cleveland Clinic and the APOLLO 2 study, which evaluated pain for 24 hours following abdominoplasty. In February 2017, we announced positive top line results from the APOLLO 1 and APOLLO 2 studies. In both studies, all dose regimens achieved the primary endpoint of statistically greater analgesic efficacy than placebo,Wake Forest Baptist Health. Respiratory safety will be assessed by continuous monitoring. Additional outcomes will include GI tolerability as measured by responder rate.
The APOLLO 1GI complete response, and APOLLO 2 studies were both Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled studies of oliceridine. During the study period, a loading dose of placebo, morphine (4 mg), or oliceridine (1.5 mg) was administered first, and then patients used a PCA button to dose themselvescognitive function as often as every 6 minutes with the same study drug: 1 mg morphine, or 0.1 mg, 0.35 mg, or 0.5 mg oliceridine. If PCA dosing was inadequate to control pain, patients could request supplemental study medication (2 mg morphine or 0.75 mg oliceridine, no more than once an hour). If the study medication regimen did not adequately manage pain, patients could opt for an NSAID rescue analgesic. Placebo loading, demand, and supplemental doses were volume-matched.
All endpoints were the same in both studies, except that dosing and pain assessment were for 48 hours in APOLLO 1 and 24 hours in APOLLO 2. Efficacy was measured by a responder analysis, which defined a responder as a patient who experienced at least a 30% reduction in their sum of pain intensity difference at the end of the treatment period without either early discontinuation (for lack of efficacy or safety/tolerability) or use of rescue medication. Non-inferior efficacy comparedstandardized somnolence, sedation, and delirium assessment scales. We expect to morphine and superior efficacy compared to morphine were key secondary endpoints. Respiratory safety events were defined as clinically relevant worsening of respiratory status, including oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, or sedation. The product of the frequency and conditional duration of these events was reported as respiratory safety burden, a key secondary endpoint. Additional measures of respiratory safety included prevalence of oxygen saturation less than 90% and prevalence of supplemental oxygen use. Measures of gastrointestinal tolerability included use of rescue antiemetics, vomiting, and spontaneously reported nausea.
APOLLO 1 (bunionectomy)
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APOLLO 2 (abdominoplasty)
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In both studies, oliceridine was generally well-tolerated. The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness.
Phase 2b trial of oliceridine in acute postoperative pain following abdominoplasty
The aim of our Phase 2b clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of oliceridine in the management of postoperative pain using morphine as a benchmark, utilizing on demand dosing to reflect standard clinical practice. This Phase 2b trial was a randomized, double blind, placebo and active controlled trial of oliceridine in which we enrolled 200 patients with moderate-to-severe acute postoperative pain after abdominoplasty surgery. Two regimens of oliceridine were tested: the first consisted of a 1.5 mg intravenous loading dose with 0.1 mg self-administered on demand doses as often as every six minutes using a PCA device; the second consisted of a 1.5 mg loading dose with 0.35 mg on demand doses as often as every six minutes using a PCA device. A commonly used morphine PCA regimen also was tested, consisting of a 4 mg loading dose with 1 mg on demand doses as often as every six minutes. Placebo was administered as a loading dose and on demand doses were volume matched to the active regimens. Rescue medication consisting of ibuprofen or oxycodone was used in all groups.
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In August 2015, we reported top line results from this trial. Oliceridine demonstrated statistically significant pain reduction compared to placebo and comparable efficacy to morphine. Oliceridine provided rapid reduction in average pain scores, consistent with the previous Phase 2 trial where oliceridine showed more rapid onset of meaningful pain relief than morphine. Rescue analgesic use was similar for both oliceridine and morphine, and less than half the rate of rescue analgesic use for placebo. In this study, the oliceridine groups had a significantly lower prevalence (percentage of patients) of hypoventilation events (a measure of respiratory safety), nausea, and vomiting than the morphine group. The most frequently reported adverse events, associated with oliceridine were nausea, vomiting, hypoventilation and headache. Opioid related adverse events were generally less frequent in the oliceridine groups compared to morphine. No drug related serious adverse events were reported in the study.
Phase 2a/b trial of oliceridine in acute postoperative pain following bunionectomy
The aim of our Phase 2a/b clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oliceridine in the management of postoperative pain using morphine as a benchmark, using fixed dose and dose interval to characterize the performance of oliceridine. The trial was a multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo and active controlled, multiple dose, adaptive trial in 333 women and men undergoing a primary unilateral first metatarsal bunionectomy surgery at four sites in the United States. Patients were randomized after surgery to receive oliceridine, morphine or placebo to manage their pain. Pain intensity was measured using validated numeric rating scales ranging from ten (most severe pain) to zero (no pain) at multiple time points up to 48 hours. Based on these scales, analgesic efficacy was assessed with a time weighted average change in pain score over 48 hours—a well-established measure of changes in the intensity of pain over time and an FDA recommended endpoint for pain studies.
In November 2014, we announced top linereport topline data from this trial. At dosesstudy during the second half of 2 mg2022.
Respiratory Physiology Study. In July 2021, we announced a study evaluating the physiologic impact of OLINVYK on respiratory function in elderly and 3 mg of oliceridine administered every three hours, theobese subjects. This is a randomized, double-blind, four-period crossover trial achieved its primary endpoint of statistically greater pain reduction than placebo for 48 hours, which we believe demonstrated proof of concept for oliceridine. Over the 48-hour trial period, the 3 mg dose of oliceridine administered every three hours also showed statistically superior analgesic efficacy compared to the 4 mg dose of morphine administered every four hours. Additionally, in the first three hours of dosing, when pain was most severe, the 1 mg, 2 mg, and 3 mg doses of oliceridine demonstrated superior analgesic efficacy in the trial compared to placebo, and the 2 mg, and 3 mg doses of oliceridine demonstrated superior analgesic efficacy compared to the 4 mg dose of morphine.
There were no serious adverse events reported in the trial. Both the 2 mg and 3 mg doses of oliceridine showed overall tolerability over the 48-hour trial period similar to that of the 4 mg dose of morphine administered every four hours. The most frequently reported adverse events associated with oliceridine were dizziness, headache, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, flushing and itching. Adverse effects were generally dose related.
Phase 1 clinical studies of oliceridine
We also have completed a number of Phase 1 clinical studies of oliceridine. These included two single ascending dose studies of oliceridine given as a 60-minute continuous infusion or a 2-minute bolus infusion that showed dose related increases in plasma exposure and pupil constriction, a biomarker for CNS opioid activityenrolling approximately 15 subjects ≥ 55 years old across a range of BMIs. All subjects will receive two doses of OLINVYK and two doses of IV morphine to obtain a range of plasma concentrations that were generally well tolerated.
In 2013, we completedspan the clinically relevant range for each medication. Respiratory depression will be assessed using the ventilatory response to hypercapnia, or VRH, measure, which is widely recognized as a Phase 1b proofprecise method to assess respiratory physiology in humans. Analgesia will be measured using electrical stimulation of concept exploratory trial in healthy male subjects.the anterior tibial surface, which is a valid and sensitive index of the pharmacologic effects of opioid agonists. The aims of this trial were to characterize the analgesic efficacy and safety and tolerability of a single dose of oliceridine as compared to a single 10 mg dose of morphine. We used a well-established evoked pain model, the cold pain test, tostudy will evaluate the ventilatory and analgesic effects of oliceridine by measuring the time to hand removal, or latency,both treatments. We reported topline data from a temperature controlled cold water bath. At both the 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg doses, oliceridine showed superior efficacy as compared to a 10 mg morphine dose that was statistically significant with a p value of less than 0.05 at the ten- and thirty-minute time points after dosing. The durability of the analgesic effect was similar to morphine. In addition, the time to peak effect was more rapid than that for morphine. Overall, oliceridine was well tolerated in the trial. Subjects receiving oliceridine showed less severe nausea and less frequent vomiting at the 1.5 mg and 3.0 mg doses as compared to a 10 mg dose of morphine. Oliceridine also showed less respiratory depression compared to morphine over 4 hours.
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In October 2014 we completed an adaptive, multiple ascending dose study of oliceridine in more than 50 healthy subjects. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics results of this study were consistent with the early Phase 1 studies described above. Recently, we also successfully completed an absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion study, with results consistent with the lack of known active oliceridine metabolites. We also completed a thorough QT study, a renal impairment study which showed no evidence of altered PK/accumulation in patients with renal failure compared to healthy patients, and a human abuse liability study which showed that oliceridine had similar abuse liability as IV morphine when administered at a comparably analgesic dose. In addition, we have completed a study in patients with underlying hepatic impairment, which showed that less frequent oliceridine dosing may be required in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Regulatory
In late 2017, we submitted the NDA for oliceridine to the FDA and on November 2, 2018, the FDA issued a CRL related to the NDA. In the CRL, the FDA requested additional clinical data on the QT interval and indicated that the submitted safety database was not of adequate size for the proposed labeling at a maximum daily dose of 40 mg. The FDA also requested certain additional nonclinical data and validation reports. On January 28, 2019, we announced the receipt of the official Type A meeting minutes from the FDA regarding the CRL wherein the FDA agreed that the submitted safety database will support labeling at a maximum daily dose of 27 mg. The FDA also agreed that we can conduct a study in healthy volunteers to collect the requested QT interval data and that the study should include placebo- and positive-control arms. We have submitted a detailed protocol and statistical analysis plan to the FDA for the healthy volunteer study and, following receipt of FDA feedback, anticipate initiating the study in the first halfquarter of 2019. To address remaining items2022.
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Cognition Study. In October 2021, we announced a study evaluating the potential impact of OLINVYK on cognitive function and pain thresholds in healthy volunteer subjects. The study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging crossover study in approximately 24 subjects, and will investigate the potential effect of intravenous OLINVYK on both cognitive functioning and pain thresholds compared to intravenous morphine. All subjects will receive two doses of OLINVYK and two doses of IV morphine to obtain a range of plasma concentrations that span the clinically relevant range for each medication. Cognitive function will be evaluated using tests contained within the NeuroCart® test battery, a validated neurocognitive test methodology. A broad array of cognitive outcomes will be evaluated including motor performance, attention, reaction time, memory and executive function. Analgesia will be determined by assessment of pain thresholds using the cold pressor test. We expect to report topline data from this study mid-2022.
OLINVYK Commercialization
We initiated commercial launch of OLINVYK in the CRL,first quarter of 2021 with a customer-facing team of approximately 40 individuals across a range of roles including Key Account Managers, Institutional Account Managers and other professionals. We have recently updated our commercial approach focusing on burn, colorectal and cardiothoracic surgery primarily occurring in the FDA indicated that we shouldin-patient setting. We have also adjusted our commercial footprint to include supporting nonclinical data related to the characterization of the 9662 metaboliteprimarily Key Account Managers and the remaining product validation reports when we resubmit the oliceridine NDA.Market Access roles (i.e., Directors or National Account).
In December 2015, the FDA granted Fast Track designation to oliceridine for the management of moderate to severe acute pain. The Fast Track program is designed to facilitate the development and review of drugs intended to treat serious conditions with unmet medical needs by providing sponsors with the opportunity for frequent interactions with the FDA.
In February 2016, based on the preliminary evidence from our Phase 2 clinical studies of oliceridine, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to oliceridine for the management of moderate to severe acute pain. Breakthrough Therapy designation is granted by the FDA to new therapies intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and for which preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial clinical improvement over available therapies. If granted, the FDA regularly reviews the Breakthrough Therapy designation for a product candidate to ensure that any additional clinical evidence continues to support this designation. In March 2019, based on its review of data from the Company’s Phase 3 studies of oliceridine, the FDA informed Trevena that under the conditions studied, these data were not sufficient to support the continuation of the FDA’s previously granted Breakthrough Therapy designation. The Company does not expect the absence of Breakthrough Therapy designation to impact the timing of the FDA’s review of the oliceridine new drug application following resubmission.
Commercialization
According to 2017 IQVIA hospital charge detail data, approximatelyApproximately 45 million hospital patients in the United States were treated with an IV opioid infor acute pain, with the hospital setting. The majority of doses in the inpatient setting. We estimate that 9 million of these patients are at increased risk of opioid-related adverse events such as respiratory depression or post-operative nausea and vomiting. Many of these patients are elderly and have comorbid conditions, driving surgical complexity and a potential for an increased length of stay. This growing patient population results in a significant cost burden to the hospital system, and we have completed health economic analyses framing significant cost savings due to OLINVYK relative to conventional IV opioids administered werein these patients. We intend to publish these data in the peer-reviewed medical literature.
We believe the greatest opportunity for OLINVYK will be in the inpatient setting where approximately 15 million patients wereare treated with multiple doses, for an average of onefrequently over multiple days. Due to two days. Patients treated in the hospital outpatient or ambulatory surgical centers may also receive one or two doses of IV opioids for postsurgical or medical pain. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, has estimated that approximately 100 million surgical and invasive diagnostic procedures occur annually in the United States. Accordingly, if approved, we believe that there is a large potential commercial opportunity for oliceridine in the management of both surgical and medical acute pain in hospital and ambulatory surgical centers.
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If oliceridine ultimately receives regulatory approval, we plan to commercialize it in the United States, either on our own or with a commercial partner. Outside the United States, we expect to continue to seek collaborators to commercialize oliceridine to offset risk and preserve capital.
To commercialize oliceridine in the United States, we intend to utilize a hospital-focused specialty sales force targeting surgeons, anesthesiologists, hospitalists, and other healthcare providers with acute post-surgical or medical pain management responsibility. While we believe that the greatest opportunity for oliceridine will ultimately be in the hospital inpatient setting where acute pain is typically more severe, theits quick onset and duration of analgesia, seen with oliceridine may beOLINVYK is also well suited tofor use in the growing hospital outpatient and ambulatory surgical centers. Hospital trend data also indicates that ambulatory surgical procedures now outnumber and are growing faster than inpatient surgeries in the United States.center settings. Because many surgeons and anesthesiologists manage both inpatient and outpatient cases, we believe that early physician experiences with oliceridineOLINVYK in ambulatoryoutpatient surgery may support subsequent expansion of use into the inpatient setting.
We estimate that approximately 50% of the 15 million IV opioid treated hospital inpatients may be at increased risk of opioid-related adverse events such as respiratory depression or post-operative nausea and vomiting. We believe that many of these patients are elderly and have comorbid conditions, driving inpatient surgical complexity and length of stay. Population and hospital trend data indicates that these patient groups will continue to grow and be an area of focus for inpatient care. Managing these patients and adverse events results in a significant cost burden to the hospital system. Given these changing dynamics in the hospital marketplace and the increased emphasis on clinical and economic outcomes, we expect our commercialization plans to include health economic information framing the budget impact of oliceridine through a potential reduction in the adverse events seen with conventional IV opioids in these patients.
According to 2017 data from Symphony Health Solutions, approximatelyApproximately 1,200 U.S. hospitals are responsible for 70% of the annual volume of conventional IV opioid drugs prescribed.prescribed, according to 2017 data from Symphony Health Solutions. We expect to identifyhave identified a subset of these high volume hospitals that utilize high volumeshave a concentration of targeted colorectal and cardiothoracic surgeries. In addition, we are prioritizing burn centers as a setting where OLINVYK may address a significant need. Every year there are approximately 30,000 burn-related hospitalizations in the United States, with an average length of stay of 8-9 days. IV opioids inare an essential component of pain management in this setting, and have rapidly adopted new brandedthere remains a need for analgesic agents inoptions that provide rapid, long-lasting acute pain relief.
We are committed to the pastethical promotion of OLINVYK. The Company’s goal is not to increase opioid usage; rather, the Company and its representative are asking healthcare professionals to consider OLINVYK as a differentiated alternative versus conventional IV opioids when an IV opioid is necessary to manage the initial account targets for oliceridine at launch. We will work to secure Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee approval and subsequent utilization of oliceridine at these hospitals.patient’s acute pain.
Manufacturing
We have completed process development of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, in OLINVYK and have manufactured multiple commercial scalecommercial-scale batches using our proposed commercial process under current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, conditions.cGMP. We also have completed drug product process development and have manufactured multiple commercial-scale batches of drug product using the proposed commercial process under cGMP conditions.
For oliceridine,OLINVYK, we have established commercial supply agreements for the manufacture of the API and finished (compounded, filled and packaged) drug product. Sterling Pharma Solutions (formerly Alcami Corporation,Corporation), or Alcami,
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Sterling, is contracted to supply 100% of our commercial API from its Germantown, WI manufacturing facility. We have existing commercial supply agreements with two separate companies for the supply of drug product. Alcami Corporation, or Alcami, is contracted to supply commercial drug product from its facilities in Charleston, SC and Wilmington, NC and was included as part of our approved new drug application, or NDA, submission. Pfizer CentreOne (formerly Hospira) is also contracted to supply commercial drug product from its facility in McPherson, KS,the future, but was not included in our NDA submission. If approved,
In October 2020, we anticipateannounced that oliceridine will bethe DEA has classified OLINVYK as a Schedule II controlled substance. All third-party facilities throughout the supply chain have the appropriate licenses from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA for handling Schedule II controlled substances according to each of their respective contractual roles (manufacturing, testing, distribution, etc.).
Competition
If oliceridineOLINVYK is approved for IVuse in adults for the management of moderate-to-severe acute pain it willsevere enough to require an intravenous opioid analgesic and for whom alternative treatments are not adequate. We expect OLINVYK to compete with generic IV opioid analgesics, such as morphine, hydromorphone and fentanyl. The analgesic effectiveness of these agents isIV opioid analgesics are limited by well-known adverse side effects, such as respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and post-operative ileus, which can be exacerbated by the way these molecules are metabolized or cleared. OliceridineOLINVYK will also may compete against, or be used in combination with, OFIRMEV® (IV acetaminophen), marketed by Mallinckrodt plc,plc; EXPAREL® (liposomal bupivacaine), marketed by Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,; CALDOLOR® (IV ibuprofen), marketed by
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Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, andPharmaceuticals; DSUVIA™ (sublingual sufentanil) marketed by AcelRx.AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and ANJESO™ (IV meloxicam), marketed by Baudax Bio, Inc.; XARACOLL™ (bupivacaine HCL) implant, marketed by Innocoll Holdings plc; POSIMIR® (bupivacaine solution) marketed by DURECT Corporation; and ZYNRELEF® (bupivacaine and meloxicam) marketed by Heron Therapeutics, Inc. Together with generic versions of IV NSAIDs such as ketorolac and acetaminophen, and generic versions of local anesthetics such as bupivacaine, these non-opioid analgesics are currently used in combination with opioids in the multimodal management of moderate-to-severe acute pain.
We also are aware of a number of products in mid- and late-stage clinical development that are aimed at improving the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute pain and may compete with oliceridine.OLINVYK. AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is developing ZALVISO™, a non-invasive PCA device containing sublingual sufentanil. Innocoll Holdings plc. and Heron Therapeutics Inc. have proprietary long acting reformulations of bupivacaine in development. Recro Pharma, Inc. is developing an IV version of the NSAID meloxicam. Cara Therapeutics Inc. is developing IV and oral dose forms of a peripherally restricted Κ opioid receptor agonist,sufentanil, which has been administeredreceived approval in combination with mu opioids in clinical trials.the European Union. Avenue Therapeutics, Inc. is developing an IV version of generic opioid tramadol for moderate-to-severe acute pain.
Intellectual property
Our oliceridineWe wholly own the OLINVYK patent portfolio, is wholly owned by us. The portfolio includes fourincluding five issued U.S. patents (U.S. Patent Nos. 8,835,488, 9,309,234, 9,642,842,8,835,488; 9,309,234; 9,642,842; 9,849,119 and 9,849,119)11,077,098), which claim, among other things, oliceridine,OLINVYK, compositions comprising oliceridine,OLINVYK, and methods of using oliceridine.OLINVYK. The issued patents are expected to expire no earlier than 2032, subject to any disclaimers or extensions, and any U.S. patent to issue in the future is also expected to expire no earlier than 2032, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. We also have issued patents in Australia, China, Eurasia, Europe, Hong Kong, Macau, Israel, Japan, India, South Korea, and New Zealand, which claim, among other things, oliceridine,OLINVYK, compositions comprising oliceridineOLINVYK and methods of making or using oliceridine. The foreign portfolio also includes an application that has been allowed by the European Patent Office, which claim among other things, oliceridine, compositions comprising oliceridine and methods of using oliceridine.OLINVYK. We have patent applications pending in the United States, Europe, Japan, Israel, South Korea, Brazil, Canada, and India.Canada. The issued patents and patents that could issue in the future from these allowed or pending applications outside the United States are expected to expire no earlier than 2032, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. Following the FDA approval of OLINVYK, the FDA has added four issued U.S. patents to the Orange Book of Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (U.S. Patent Nos. 8,835,488, 9,309,234, 9,642,842, and 11,077,098). In addition, the Company has filed Patent Term Extension applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office that could extend the life of one
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of the patents until 2034. Finally, the FDA has designated OLINVYK as a new chemical entity, or NCE, in the Orange Book and it will therefore receive the exclusivity and protections afforded to NCE’s.
TRV027
TRV027 is a novel beta-arrestin biased ligand that targets the AT1 receptor, inhibiting angiotensin II mediated G protein signaling and activating beta-arrestin signaling. We are developing TRV027 for the treatment of acute lung injury contributing to ARDS and abnormal blood clotting in patients with COVID-19. In a COVID-19 infection, the SARS-coronavirus-2 binds to and removes the ACE2 protein in the lungs and other tissues in the body, causing elevated levels of angiotensin II. This drives overactivation of the AT1 receptor resulting in downstream acute lung injury, which can lead to ARDS, and abnormal blood clotting, which can further lead to pulmonary embolisms and strokes. We believe that TRV027 has the potential to counteract the disproportionate levels of angiotensin II, by competitively binding to and rebalancing AT1 receptor activation. Additionally, we believe its unique mechanism of action preferentially engages the beta-arrestin signaling pathway to promote reparative effects on lung tissue.
Clinical Development
Imperial College London Study: In September 2021, we announced the results of a proof-of-concept study of TRV027 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, sponsored by Imperial College London, which provide initial evidence of the therapeutic potential of TRV027 to improve COVID-19 patient outcomes. The primary endpoint was mean change from baseline in D-dimer levels at three days following the start of drug administration. D-dimer is a biomarker used to monitor the risk of abnormal clotting throughout the vascular system, and has been used as a predictor of critical disease progression and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Among TRV027 treated patients, 70% (7 of 10) experienced a reduction in circulating levels of D-dimer, compared to 27% (3 of 11) of patients on placebo. TRV027 was associated with a 92% probability of a potential beneficial treatment effect, based on a Bayesian model analysis recommended by the study’s Data Monitoring and Safety Committee. In addition, a post-hoc analysis indicated that patients receiving TRV027 experienced an average 12-day reduction in time to discharge compared to placebo (11.4 vs. 23.3 days), with a median reduction of 4 days (8 vs. 12 days).
In May 2021, we announced that TRV027 was selected for an NIH ACTIV (Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines) trial in COVID-19 patients. This is a multi-site, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial with multiple treatment arms, each enrolling approximately 300 COVID-19 patients ≥ 18 years old. Multiple trial arms will test investigational agents, including TRV027, that target the RAAS through distinct mechanisms of action. The trial is evaluating the impact of TRV027 on recovery, supplemental oxygen use, need for mechanical ventilation and mortality. We expect to report topline data from this study the second half of 2022.
Intellectual property
We wholly own the TRV027 patent portfolio, including four issued U.S. patents (U.S. Patent Nos. 8,486,885; 8,796,204; 8,809,260; and 8,993,511) that claim, among other things, TRV027, compositions comprising TRV027, and methods of using TRV027. We also have issued patents in Europe, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, China, Macau, and Hong Kong. The issued U.S. patents covering the composition of matter and methods of using TRV027 are expected to expire no earlier than 2031 (U.S. Patent No. 8,486,885) and 2029 (U.S. Patent Nos. 8,796,204; 8,809,260; and 8,993,511), subject to any disclaimers or extensions. The issued European Patent is expected to provide coverage for TRV027 throughout most of the European Union until at least 2029, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. The portfolio also includes issued U.S. Patent No. 9,518,086 that claims, among other things, crystalline forms of TRV027 and methods of using crystalline forms of TRV027 and the issued U.S. Patent No. 9,611,293 that claims, among other things, methods of synthesizing TRV027. The issued U.S. patents (U.S. Patent Nos. 9,518,086 and U.S. 9,611,293) cover crystalline forms of TRV027 and methods of synthesizing TRV027, which are expected to expire no earlier than 2035, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. Additionally, our TRV027 patent portfolio includes one pending provisional application, one U.S. non-provisional application, and one Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, application that are, among other things, directed to methods of treating ARDS, such as ARDS caused by COVID-19, and/or preventing and treating thrombosis using TRV027 and compounds related thereto.
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TRV045 (S1P Modulators)
We are evaluating a set of novel S1P modulators that may offer a new, non-opioid approach to managing chronic pain. The compounds we are evaluating are all NCEs, are expected to be non-addictive, and use a new mechanism of action that in nonclinical models avoids the lymphocyte trafficking effects and immune suppression associated with approved and investigational S1P receptor targeted drugs. These molecules have demonstrated activity in nonclinical models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain, and inflammatory pain.
Our first product candidate under this program is TRV045, a novel S1P modulator. In December 2021, we announced advancement of TRV045 into Phase 1 clinical development, initially for diabetic neuropathic pain. We have also entered into collaborations with the NIH to evaluate the potential of TRV045 as a treatment for chronic pain and epilepsy. NIH is assessing TRV045 within its Nonclinical Screening Platform for Pain and its Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program.
Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with pain in the extremities being one of the main symptoms. Other symptoms may include numbness, tingling, allodynia and hyperalgesia. Diabetic neuropathic pain, or DNP, is usually characterized as moderate to severe in nature and can substantially affect patients’ quality of life as well as their social and psychological well-being. Approximately one quarter of people with diabetes are affected by DNP, totaling over 5 million people in the United States. During their lifetime, approximately 50% to 70% of diabetic patients may experience symptoms of DNP.
Intellectual Property
We wholly own the S1P patent portfolio, including one pending provisional application, two pending PCT applications, and pending applications in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. The applications are directed to, amongst other things, compounds that modulate the S1P receptor and methods of using these compounds, including methods of treating pain, epilepsy, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma-and stressor-related disorders. Patents that could issue in the future from the national phase applications would be expected to expire no earlier than 2038, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. We are aware of a certain U.S. patent owned by a third party with claims that are broadly directed to a method of treating chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain with an S1P receptor agonist or an S1P receptor antagonist. Although we do not believe that this is a valid patent, this patent could be construed to cover our S1P compounds.
TRV250
TRV250 is a G proteinG-protein biased ligand targeting the delta receptor,DOR agonist as a compound with potential to be a first-in-class, novel mechanism for the treatment of acute migraine. TRV250 also may have utility in a range of other CNS indications. We have completed a first-in-human Phase 1 trial of TRV250, which showed safety,a favorable tolerability profile and pharmacokinetics supportingpharmacokinetics. In March 2021, we announced that we identified a novel process to support oral dose formulation for TRV250. The process development work for the advancement oforal formulation has the potential to extend the patent for TRV250 by an additional five years to Phase 2 proof of concept evaluation in patients.2041. We have initiated IND-enabling activities to evaluate the potential oral dosage formulation to support future clinical development.
Clinical development
We believe our preclinicalnonclinical data support targeting the delta receptorDOR for the treatment of CNS disorders. Prior approaches to modulate this receptor have been limited by a significant risk of seizure associated with this target. PreclinicalNonclinical studies in beta-arrestin knockout mice suggest that beta-arrestin plays a role in seizures. TRV250 is a potent delta receptor ligand that selectively activates G proteinG-protein coupling without engaging beta arrestin, leading to strong efficacy in animal models of migraine and other CNS disorders with reduced seizure liability. In the future, we may decide to seek a collaborator for TRV250 with CNS development and commercialization expertise outsideexpertise.
In June 2018, we announced the United States.
completion of our first-in-human Phase 1 study of TRV250. Data from this healthy volunteer study showed a favorable tolerability profile and pharmacokinetics. The Phase 1 study was a two part,
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randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous and oral TRV250 in healthy adults. Part A assessed single subcutaneous doses in 38 subjects. Four cohorts of nine or ten subjects were randomized to receive a single dose of up to 30mg TRV250 or placebo. Part B consisted of a single cohort of nine subjects administered either TRV250 as a single 6 mg oral dose (either as a capsule in the fed state or a capsule in the fasted state, n=7) or placebo (as a capsule in the fed or fasted state, n=2).
Key findings of the study included:
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| Dose-related increases in plasma concentrations following subcutaneous administration of doses up to 30 mg, with rapid absorption in the first hour and duration of exposure appropriate for treating acute migraine; |
| Subcutaneous doses at and above 9 mg achieved plasma concentrations that were active in |
| Oral bioavailability similar to existing migraine medications, supporting continued development of TRV250 in oral and/or subcutaneous formulations; |
| No observed drug-associated electroencephalography changes, consistent with |
| No clinically significant changes in vital signs, laboratory values, or ECG parameters, and no severe or serious adverse events reported. |
Based on the profile of TRV250, we believe it has the potential to be a first‑in‑classfirst-in-class treatment option for treatment of migraine. According to Decision Resources, a healthcare consulting company, the acute migraine treatment market encompassed approximately 12 million drug‑treateddrug-treated patients in 2017 in the United States, representing approximately $1.5 billion of sales. We estimate that approximately 20% to 30% of these patients either do not respond to, or cannot tolerate, the market‑leadingmarket-leading triptan drug class, and an additional 30% would benefit from improved efficacy compared to these drugs.
Competition
Triptans, a generic family of 5HT1B5-HT1B agonists, are the current standard treatment for acute treatment of acute migraine in the United States, and account for 70%the majority of the sales for this indication. Other less commonly prescribed acute treatments include ergot alkaloids, and analgesics such as opioids and NSAIDs. Various branded reformulations of triptan molecules have been launched, and we are aware of others in development. In May 2016, Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc. launched a dry powder nasal delivery formulation of sumatriptan, called ONZETRA™ Xsail™. RedHill Biopharma, Ltd. and IntelGenx Corp. resubmitted the 505(b)(2) NDA for RIZAPORT®, an oral thin film rizatriptan formulation, to the FDA in November 2018. Eli Lilly acquired Lasmiditan (REYVOW®), a selective 5HT1F5-HT1F agonist, from Colucid Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and filed an NDA for drugreceived FDA approval in November 2018. Allergan (atogepantOctober 2019. BioHaven launched Rimegepant (NURTEC) in 2020 and ubrogepant) and Biohaven (rimegepant) boththey have small molecule oral anti-calcitonina second calcitonin gene-related peptide or CGRP, antagonists(CGRP) receptor antagonist candidate (zavegenpant) in Phase 3 testingdevelopment for the acute treatment of migraine. In 2019, Allergan (now part of Abbvie) launched Ubrelvy™ (ubrogepant) an oral, CGRP antagonist, for treatment of acute migraine.
Patients suffering from frequent or chronic migraine headaches may also use preventative agents to decrease the frequency and severity of migraines. Botox® is the historical gold standard migraine prophylactic, but certain anticonvulsants, such as topiramate, and beta-blockers, such as propranolol, have also been used. In 2017, Trokendi XR (Supernus Pharmaceuticals) received approval from the US FDA for migraine headache prophylaxis. However, a new class of anti-CGRP antibody products are being marketed for preventative treatment of migraine: In 2018, Amgen and Novartis launched AimovigAimovig® (erenumab), Eli Lilly and Company launched EmgalityEmgality® (galcanezumab), and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited launched AjovyAjovy® (fremanezumab);. In 2020, Alder BioPharmaceuticals Inc. is completing Phase 3 trials with its anti-CGRP antibody eptinezumab. Allergan also has migraine prevention trials underway for atogepant,(now part of Lundbeck) launched VyeptiTM (eptinezumab-jjmr) and in 2021 Abbvie announced approval of Qulipta, an oral small molecule GGRP antagonist.CGRP receptor antagonist for the preventive treatment of acute migraine; Qulipta is also being studied for prophylaxis of chronic migraine. Biohaven is also conducting clinical trials of zavegepant for the prevention of migraine.
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Intellectual property
OurWe wholly own the TRV250 patent portfolio, is wholly owned by us and includesincluding one non-provisionalissued patent application(U.S. Patent No. 10,246,436) in the United States directed to compounds that modulate the delta receptor, which has been allowed, claiming, among other things, TRV250, compositions comprising TRV250, and methods of using TRV250. AThe patent that issues from this application is expected to expire no earlier than 2036, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. We also have issued patents in Australia, Israel, and Japan, which claim, among other things, TRV250, compositions comprising TRV250, and methods of using TRV250. The foreign portfolio also includes an application that has been allowed by the Europe Patent Office, which claims, among other things, TRV250, compositions comprising TRV250, and methods of using TRV250. We also have patent applications pending in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, and New Zealand. Any patents that may issue from these applications are expected to expire no earlier than 2036, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. We also have one pending provisional patent application that is, among other things, directed to the synthesis of TRV250, and one pending PCT application that is directed to crystalline forms of TRV250, compositions comprising crystalline forms of TRV250, and methods of using crystalline forms of TRV250. Any patents that may issue based on the provisional application and PCT application would be expected to expire no earlier than 2042 or 2041, respectively, subject to any disclaimers or extensions.
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TRV734
TRV734 is a small molecule G proteinG-protein biased ligand of the MOR that we discovered and have developed through Phase 1 as a first‑line,first-line, orally administered compound for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute and chronic pain. Like oliceridine,OLINVYK, TRV734 takes advantage ofutilizes a well‑establishedwell-established mechanism of pain relief by targeting the MOR, butMOR. Also like OLINVYK, it does so with enhanced selectivity for the G proteinG-protein signaling pathway, which in preclinicalnonclinical studies was linked to analgesia, as opposed to the beta‑arrestinbeta-arrestin signaling pathway, which in preclinicalnonclinical studies was associated with the development of side effects. Subject to successful preclinicalnonclinical and clinical development and regulatory approval, we believe TRV734 may have an improved efficacy and side effect profile as compared to current commonly prescribed oral analgesics, such as oxycodone. In addition, TRV734TRV734’s mechanism of action suggests it may offer valuable benefits for another unmet medical need: the management of opioid dependence associated with opioid use disorder. In 2018, we announced that we are collaborating with NIDA to further evaluate TRV734 for this potential indication.OUD. We intend to continue to focus our efforts for TRV734 on securing a worldwide development and commercialization partner for this asset.
Preclinical studiesClinical development
TRV734 has shown a similar profile to oliceridine in in vitro and in vivo studies. It is highly selective for the MOR where, like the most powerful opioid analgesics, it is a strong agonist of G protein coupling. TRV734 is distinct from those analgesics in its very weak recruitment of beta‑arrestins to the MOR. In our preclinical studies, TRV734 showed analgesic effects in preclinical pain models similar to oxycodone and morphine. In the same studies, TRV734 caused less constipation compared to equivalently analgesic doses of oxycodone and morphine. TRV734 is active after oral administration in mice and rats, has high oral bioavailability and has been well tolerated in non‑human primates. We have completed three Phase 1 trials of TRV734 in healthy volunteers, including a single ascending dose study, a multiple ascending dose study, and a pharmacokinetic study. In these studies, a total of 127 healthy volunteers were exposed to TRV734 at doses between 2 mg and 250 mg. We incorporated measures to assess the potential for analgesic efficacy and tolerability advantages in these studies. Based on these data and data for oliceridine,OLINVYK, we believe that TRV734 may offer an improved efficacy profile as compared to current opioid therapies or equivalent efficacy with an improved gastrointestinal tolerability and respiratory safety profile.
In collaboration with NIDA, we intend to pursue a clinical study to determine whether TRV734 decreases symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients with OUD. We expect to initiate a randomized, double-blind, four-period, placebo- and positive-controlled study that will enroll approximately 50 opioid-dependent patients undergoing stable methadone maintenance therapy. The primary objective of the study is to assess the ability of TRV734 to reduce acute opioid craving symptoms, as measured by the Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale. The study will also evaluate whether TRV734 suppresses withdrawal signs using the Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale. Secondary outcomes will include assessments of safety and measures of neurocognitive changes. In June 2021, we announced that the study, which had been paused since March 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, had resumed recruiting patients.
NIDA has previously generated nonclinical data in a rodent model of maintenance treatment showing that chronic administration of TRV734 reduced oxycodone-seeking in rats. TRV734 may provide an alternative to existing therapies such as methadone and buprenorphine. Successful therapy with methadone is limited by side effects that include sedation and constipation, while use of buprenorphine is limited by lower maximal efficacy and challenges with initial induction of therapy. It is hypothesized that a MOR-biased agonist may provide high efficacy for preventing symptoms of opioid withdrawal while offering a more benign side-effect profile.
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Intellectual property
OurWe wholly own the TRV734 patent portfolio, is wholly owned by us and includes oneincluding two issued U.S. patentpatents (U.S. Patent No, 9,044,469)9,044,469 and 10,588,898) claiming TRV734, other compounds and/or methods of making or using the same. This patent is expected to expire no earlier than 2032, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. We also have issued patents in Australia, China, Europe, Eurasia, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, India, South Korea, and New Zealand claiming TRV734, other compounds and/or methods of making or using the same. We also have patent applications pending in the United States, Europe, South Korea, Brazil, Canada, Israel, India, and Hong Kong.Canada. The issued patents and patents that could issue in the future from these allowed or pending applications outside the United States are expected to expire no earlier than 2032, subject to any disclaimers or extensions.
S1P Modulators (TRV045)
In July 2017, we disclosed a new preclinical lead optimization program targeting S1P receptors. Our compounds are all new chemical entities, areAdditionally, the TRV734 patent portfolio also includes one issued U.S. patent (U.S. Patent No. 10,588,898), which claims, among other things, methods of using TRV734 or compositions comprising TRV734 for treating drug abuse. We also have issued patents in Israel, Japan, and South Korea, which claim, among other things, methods of using TRV734 or compositions comprising TRV734 for treating drug abuse. The issued patents (U.S. Patent No. 10,588,898) is expected to be non-addictive,expire no earlier than 2032. We have patent applications pending in Brazil and use a new mechanism of action that in preclinical models avoids the immune suppression associated with approvedCanada. The issued patents and investigational S1P receptor targeted drugs. These molecules have demonstrated activity in preclinical models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain, and inflammatory pain. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we identified a new product candidate, TRV045, a novel S1P modulator that we believe may offer a new, non-opioid approach to managing chronic pain. We anticipate beginning IND-enabling work in 2019, and we will continue to evaluate the progression of this asset to an IND, either by ourselves or with a partner.
Our S1P patent portfolio is wholly owned by us and includes one PCT application directed to compounds that that modulate the S1P receptor. National phase applications based on this PCT application, if filed, would be filed in December 2019 and January 2020. Patentspatents that could issue in the future from these allowed or pending applications outside the national phase applications would be
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United States are expected to expire no earlier than 2038,2032, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. We are aware of a certain U.S. patent owned by a third party with claims that are broadly directed to a method of treating chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain with an S1P receptor agonist or an S1P receptor antagonist. Although we do not believe that this is a valid patent, this patent could be construed to cover our S1P compounds.
Intellectual Property
We strive to protect the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patent protection intended to cover the composition of matter of our product candidates, their methods of use, related technology and other inventions that are important to our business. We also rely on trade secrets and careful monitoring of our proprietary information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.
Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know howknow-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, maintain our licenses to use intellectual property owned by third parties, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing valid and enforceable patents and other proprietary rights of third parties. We also rely on know-how, and continuing technological innovation to develop, strengthen and maintain our proprietary position in the field of modulating GCPRsG-protein coupled receptors with biased ligands.
One or more third parties may hold intellectual property, including patent rights, that is important or necessary to the development of our products. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize our products, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms, or our business could be harmed, possibly materially. If we were not able to obtain a license or were not able to obtain a license on commercially reasonable terms, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.
We plan to continue to expand our intellectual property estate by filing patent applications directed to dosage forms and methods of treatment for our product candidates. We anticipate seeking patent protection in the United States and internationally for compositions of matter covering the compounds, the chemistries and processes for manufacturing these compounds and the use of these compounds in a variety of therapies.
The patent positions of biopharmaceutical companies like us are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and the patent’s scope can be modified after issuance. Consequently, we do not know whether any of our product candidates will be protectable or remain protected by enforceable patents. We cannot predict whether the patent applications we are currently pursuing will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will provide sufficient proprietary protection from competitors. Any patents that we hold may be challenged, circumvented or invalidated by third parties.
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Because many patent applications in the United States and certain other jurisdictions are maintained in secrecy for 18 months, and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain patent protection for the inventions disclosed and/or claimed in our pending patent applications. Moreover, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office or a foreign patent office to determine priority of invention or in post grant challenge proceedings, such as oppositions, inter partes review, post grant review or a derivation proceeding, that challenge our entitlement to an invention or the patentability of one or more claims in our patent applications or issued patents. Such proceedings could result in substantial cost, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.
The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a PCT application or a non-provisional patent application, subject to any disclaimers or extensions. The term of a patent in the United States can be adjusted and extended due to the failure of the United States Patent and Trademark Office following certain statutory and regulation deadlines for issuing a patent.
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In the United States, the patent term of a patent that covers an FDA approved drug also may be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for a portion of the patent term lost during clinical development and the FDA regulatory review process. The Hatch Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the drug is under clinical development and regulatory review. Patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other non-United States jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. In the future, if and when our additional pharmaceutical products receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on patents covering those products.products much in the same manner as we did for OLINVYK. Although, we intend to seek patent term extensions to any of our issued patents in any jurisdiction where these are available there is no guarantee that the applicable authorities, including the United States Patent and Trademark Office, will agree with our assessment of whether such extensions should be granted, and even if granted, the length of such extensions.
We also rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees and consultants, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual, and which are related to our current or planned business or research and development or made during normal working hours, on our premises or using our equipment or proprietary information, are our exclusive property.
Manufacturing
We do not own or operate any manufacturing facilities. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for preclinicalnonclinical and clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacture ifmanufacture. See “—OLINVYK (oliceridine) injection—Manufacturing.”
The use of contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, and reliance on collaboration partners is cost-efficient and has eliminated the need for our direct investment in manufacturing facilities and additional staff early in development. We believe available CMOs are capable of providing sufficient quantities of our commercial product and product candidates receive marketing approval.to meet anticipated full-scale commercial demands.
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Commercialization
We have not yet fully established sales, marketing or product distribution infrastructure. Subject to successfully completing product development and receiving marketing approvals, we expect to commence commercialization activities forlaunched the customer-facing elements of our wholly owned products by insourcing or outsourcing a sales organization, initiallycommercial team in the hospital market, or by seeking a commercialfirst quarter of 2021 with Syneos Health as our partner, in the United States. If we choose to insource or outsourcesourcing, training and deployment of a range of customer-facing roles including Key Account Managers, sales representatives and other professionals. Syneos Health is a well-known contract sales organization with broad experience in providing the services and support for which we have engaged them. We believe that itthis engagement will be ableallow us to effectively and efficiently address the community of physicians who are the key specialists in treating the patient populations for which our product candidatesis indicated. In 2022, we are being developed.building additional commercial roles with Trevena employees. Outside the United States, we expect to enter into distribution and other commercial arrangements with third parties for any of our product candidates that obtain marketing approval. We also intend to license out commercial rights for products that require a substantial primary care presence. In parallel with building our commercial organization, we plan to develop educational initiatives with respect to approved products and relationships with thought leaders in relevant fields of medicine.
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. While we believe that our technology, knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. AnyOLINVYK and any further product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. Products in development by other companies may provide efficacy, safety, convenience and other
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benefits that are not provided by currently marketed therapies. As a result, they may provide significant competition for OLINVYK and any of our additional product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.
Some of the companies against which we are competing or against which we may compete in the future have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinicalnonclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and diagnostic industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early stage companies also may prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.
The key competitive factors affecting the success of all of our therapeutic product candidates, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, price, the level of generic competition and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors.
Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of generic products. Generic products that broadly address these indications are currently on the market for the indications that we are pursuing, and additional products are expected to become available on a generic basis over the coming years. If our product candidates achieve marketing approval, we expect that they will be priced at a significant premium over competitive generic products.
Government Regulation and Product Approval
Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, packaging, storage,
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recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, import and export of pharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. The processes for obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States and in foreign countries, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.
FDA Regulation
In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and its implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve pending NDAs, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning or untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties.
The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:
| completion of |
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| submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; |
| approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, covering each clinical site before each trial may be initiated; |
| performance of human clinical trials, including adequate and |
| submission of an NDA to the FDA; |
| completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable; |
| satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product is produced to assess compliance with cGMP, and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity, as well as satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of selected clinical sites to determine GCP compliance; |
| FDA review and approval of an NDA; and |
| in certain cases, DEA review and scheduling activities prior to launch. |
PreclinicalNonclinical Studies
PreclinicalNonclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of drug substance chemistry, toxicity and drug product formulation, as well as animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinicalnonclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Manufacture of drug substance, drug product and the labeling and distribution of clinical supplies must all comply with cGMP standards. Some preclinicalnonclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA,
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unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to the data submitted in the IND or the proposed clinical trials and places the trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.
Clinical Trials
Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, an IRB covering each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution, and the IRB must continue to oversee the clinical trial while it is being conducted. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website.
Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined. In Phase 1, the drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients with the target disease or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an initial indication of its effectiveness. In Phase 2, the drug typically is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted
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diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage. In Phase 3, the drug is administered to an expanded patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in well‑controlledwell-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk‑benefitrisk-benefit profile of the product and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product.
Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.
Marketing Approval
Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinicalnonclinical and clinical studies, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. In most cases, the submission of an NDA is subject to a substantial application user fee. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, guidelines that are currently in effect, the FDA has agreed to certain performance goals regarding the timing of its review of a marketing application.
In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act an NDA or supplement to an NDA must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements.
The FDA also may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to mitigate any identified or suspected serious risks and ensure safe use of the drug. The REMS plan could include medication guides, physician
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communication plans, assessment plans and elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries or other risk minimization tools. We expect that the mu‑opioidany oral mu-opioid agonist products may be subject to a REMS, since currently marketed oral opioid products are subject to this requirement. OLINVYK is an IV opioid and is not subject to a REMS.
The FDA conducts a preliminary review of all NDAs within the first 60 days after submission, before accepting them for filing, to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in‑depthin-depth substantive review. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether the drug is safe and effective and whether the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packaged or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s continued safety, quality and purity.
The FDA typically refers a question regarding a novel drug to an external advisory committee. An advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.
Before approving an NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured, referred to as a Pre‑ApprovalPre-Approval Inspection, or PAI. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to
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assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCPs.
The testing and approval process for an NDA requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and each may take several years to complete. Data obtained from preclinicalnonclinical and clinical testing are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. The FDA may not grant approval of an NDA on a timely basis, or at all.
After evaluating the NDA and all related information, including the advisory committee recommendation, if any, and inspection reports regarding the manufacturing facilities and clinical trial sites, the FDA may issue an approval letter, or, in some cases, a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally contains a statement of specific conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA and may require additional clinical or preclinicalnonclinical testing in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If and when those conditions have been met to the FDA’s satisfaction, the FDA will typically issue an approval letter. The FDA reviews NDA resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information includedincluded. An approval letter authorizes commercial distribution and marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. For some products, an additional step of DEA review and scheduling is required.
Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, including a boxed warning, require that post‑approvalpost-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post‑marketingpost-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.
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Expedited Review and Approval
The FDA has various programs, including Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy designation, priority review, and accelerated approval, that are intended to expedite or simplify the process for reviewing drugs, and/or provide for the approval of a drug on the basis of a surrogate endpoint. Even if a drug qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the drug no longer meets the conditions for qualification or that the time period for FDA review or approval will be shortened. Generally, drugs that are eligible for these programs are those for serious or life‑threateninglife-threatening conditions, those with the potential to address unmet medical needs and those that offer meaningful benefits over existing treatments. For example, Fast Track is a process designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drugs to treat serious or life‑threateninglife-threatening diseases or conditions and fill unmet medical needs. Priority review is designed to give drugs that offer major advances in treatment or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists an initial review within six months as compared to a standard review time of ten months.
Although Fast Track and priority review do not affect the standards for approval, the FDA will attempt to facilitate early and frequent meetings with a sponsor of a Fast Track designated drug and expedite review of the application for a drug designated for priority review. Accelerated approval, which is described in Subpart H of 21 Code of Federal Regulations, or 21 CFR Part 314, provides for an earlier approval for a new drug that is intended to treat a serious or life‑threateninglife-threatening disease or condition and that fills an unmet medical need based on a surrogate endpoint. A surrogate endpoint is a clinical measurement or other biomarker used as an indirect or substitute measurement to predict a clinically meaningful outcome. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a product candidate receiving accelerated approval perform post‑marketingpost-marketing clinical trials.
A Breakthrough Therapy designation is intended to expedite the development and FDA review of drugs for serious or life‑threateninglife-threatening conditions or where preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate
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substantial improvement on a clinically significant endpoint(s) over available therapies. A request for Breakthrough Therapy designation should be submitted concurrently with, or as an amendment to an IND.
Post‑ApprovalPost-Approval Requirements
Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing, annual program user fee requirements, as well as new application fees for supplemental applications with clinical data.
The FDA may impose a number of post‑approvalpost-approval requirements as a condition of approval of an NDA. For example, the FDA may require post‑marketingpost-marketing testing, including clinical trials in pediatric patients or other Phase 4 trials, and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product’s safety and effectiveness after commercialization.
In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.
Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market.
Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in
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mandatory revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post‑marketingpost-marketing studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:
| restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls; |
| fines, warning letters or holds on |
| refusal of the FDA to approve pending NDAs or supplements to approved NDAs, or suspension or revocation of product license approvals; |
| product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or |
| injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. |
The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Although physicians, in the practice of medicine, may prescribe approved drugs for unapproved indications, pharmaceutical companies generally are required to promote their drug products only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with a product’s approved labelinglabeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off‑labeloff-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off‑labeloff-label uses may be subject to significant liability.
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In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution.
DEA Regulation
Both oliceridine and TRV734, if approved, will be regulatedOLINVYK has been classified as a “controlled substance” as defined inSchedule II controlled substance under the Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or CSA. The CSA which establishes registration, security, recordkeeping, reporting, storage, distribution and other requirements administered by the DEA. The DEA is concerned with the control of handlers of controlled substances, and with the equipment and raw materials used in their manufacture and packaging, in order to prevent loss and diversion into illicit channels of commerce.
The DEA regulates controlled substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances. Schedule I substances by definition have no established medicinal use and may not be marketed or sold in the United States. A pharmaceutical product may be listed as Schedule II, III, IV or V, with Schedule II substances considered to present the highest risk of abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest relative risk of abuse among such substances. Oliceridine and TRV734, if approved, are expected to be listed by the DEA asBecause it is a Schedule II controlled substances undersubstance, the CSA. Consequently, their manufacture, packaging, shipment, storage, sale and use will beof OLINVYK is subject to a high degree of regulation.
Annual registration is required for any facility that manufactures, packages, distributes, dispenses, imports, exports, or conducts research with any controlled substance. The registration is specific to the particular location, activity and controlled substance schedule. For example, separate registrations are needed for import and manufacturing, and each registration will specify which schedules of controlled substances are authorized.
The DEA typically inspects a facility to review its security measures prior to issuing a registration. Security requirements vary by controlled substance schedule, with the most stringent requirements applying to Schedule I and Schedule II substances. Required security measures include background checks on employees and physical control of inventory through measures such as cages, surveillance cameras and inventory reconciliations. Records must be
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maintained for the handling of all controlled substances, and periodic reports made to the DEA, for example distribution reports for Schedule I and II controlled substances, Schedule III substances that are narcotics, and other designated substances.DEA. Reports must also be made for thefts or losses of any controlled substance, and to obtain authorization to destroy any controlled substance. In addition, special authorization and notification requirements apply to imports and exports.
In addition, a DEA quota system controls and limits the availability and production of controlled substances in Schedule I or II. Distributions of any Schedule I or II controlled substance must also be accompanied by special order forms, with copies provided to the DEA. The DEA may adjust aggregate production quotas and individual production and procurement quotas from time to time during the year althoughand across years, and the DEA has substantial discretion in whether or not to make such adjustments. Our, or our contract manufacturers’, quota of an active ingredient may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or complete clinical trials. Any delay or refusal by the DEA in establishing our, or our contract manufacturers’, quota for controlled substances could delay or stop our clinical trials or product launches.launches, or impact the ability to fill orders of approved products such as OLINVYK.
To meet its responsibilities, the DEA conducts periodic inspections of registered establishments that handle controlled substances. Individual states also regulate controlled substances, and we and our contract manufacturers will be subject to state regulation with respect to the distribution of thesecontrolled substance products.
Federal and State Fraud and Abuse and Data Privacy and Security Laws and Regulations
In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, federal and state fraud and abuse laws restrict business practices in the biopharmaceutical industry. These laws include anti‑kickbackanti-kickback and false claims laws and regulations, as well as transparency and data privacy and security laws and regulations.
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The federal Anti‑KickbackAnti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. The federal Anti‑KickbackAnti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, formulary managers, and others on the other hand. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly and require strict compliance to offer protection. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the statute has been violated.
The reach of the federal Anti‑KickbackAnti-Kickback Statute was also broadened by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively PPACA, which, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal Anti‑KickbackAnti-Kickback Statute such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti‑KickbackAnti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act or the civil monetary penalties statute, which imposes penalties against any person who is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent. PPACA also created new federal requirements for reporting, by applicable manufacturers of covered drugs of payments and other transfers of value to, as well as ownership interests held by, physicians and teaching hospitals.
The federal criminal and civil false claims laws, including the federal False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalties laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the federal False Claims Act, prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. Several pharmaceuticalPharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free
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product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companiesCompanies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the companies’ marketing of products for unapproved, and thus non‑reimbursable,non-reimbursable, uses.
The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, created additional federal civil and criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.
The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, also known as Open Payments program, requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to “payments or other transfers of value” made to physicians, as defined by such law, and teaching hospitals and applicable manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations to report annually to CMS ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Beginning in 2022, applicable manufacturers are also required to report such information regarding payments and transfers of value provided, as well as ownership and investment interests held, during the previous year to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists and certified nurse-midwives.
In addition, we may be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, including the final omnibus rule published on January 25, 2013, imposed specified requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on "covered entities," including certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s privacy and security standards directly applicable to “business associates,��” defined as independent contractors or agents of covered entities that create, receive, maintain or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain
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circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.
Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal or state laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including significant criminal, civil, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post‑marketingpost-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti‑fraudanti-fraud and abuse laws, implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals, and data privacy requirements such as the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or
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candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting provisions requiring such companies to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations. In Europe, and throughout the world, other countries have enacted anti-bribery laws and/or regulations similar to the FCPA. Violations of any of these antibribery laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and reputation.
Coverage and Reimbursement
The commercial success of our product candidates and our ability to commercialize any approved product candidates successfully will depend in part on the extent to which governmental payor programs at the federal and state levels, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors provide coverage for and establish adequate reimbursement levels for our product candidates. However, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided are made on a payor-by-payor basis. Government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations generally decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for healthcare. In particular, in the United States, private health insurers and other third-party payors often provide reimbursement for products and services based on the level at which the government provides reimbursement through the Medicare or Medicaid programs for such treatments. In the United States, the European Union and other potentially significant markets for our product candidates, government authorities and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which often has resulted in average selling prices lower than they would otherwise be. Further, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States and on country and regional pricing and reimbursement controls in the European Union will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement and usage, which may adversely affect our future product sales and results of operations. These pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, pharmaceutical coverage and reimbursement policies and pricing in general.
Third-party payors are increasingly imposing additional requirements and restrictions on coverage and limiting reimbursement levels for medical products. For example, in the United States, federal and state governments reimburse covered prescription drugs at varying rates generally below average wholesale price. These restrictions and limitations influence the purchase of healthcare services and products. Third‑partyThird-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA‑approvedFDA-approved drug products for a particular indication. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost‑effectivenesscost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost‑effectivenesscost-effectiveness of our products, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA approvals. Our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost‑effective.cost-effective. A payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in drug development. In addition, for hospital products, a private health insurer or Medicare will typically reimburse a fixed fee for certain procedures, including in-patient surgeries. Pharmaceutical products such as oliceridine, if approved,OLINVYK that may be used in connection with the surgery generally will not be separately reimbursed and, therefore, a hospital would have to assess the cost of oliceridine, if approved,OLINVYK relative to its benefits. Current or future efforts to limit the level of reimbursement for in-patient hospital procedures could cause a hospital to decide not to use oliceridine, if approved by the FDA.OLINVYK. Legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce costs under government insurance programs may result in lower reimbursement for our
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products and product candidates or exclusion of our products and product candidates from coverage. The cost containment measures that healthcare payors and providers are instituting and any healthcare reform could significantly reduce our revenue from the sale of any approved product candidates. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to obtain and maintain third-party coverage or adequate reimbursement for our product candidates in whole or in part.
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Impact of Healthcare Reform on Coverage, Reimbursement and Pricing
The United States and somemany foreign jurisdictions are considering enacting or have enacted a number of additionalor proposed legislative and regulatory proposals to changechanges affecting the healthcare system in ways that could restrict or regulate post-approval activities relating to our product and product candidates, if approved, and affect our ability to sellsuccessfully commercialize our products profitably. Among policy makersproduct and payors in theproduct candidates, if approved. The United States government, state legislatures and elsewhere, there isforeign governments also have shown significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems withimplementing cost-containment programs to limit the stated goalsgrowth of containinggovernment-paid healthcare costs, improving qualityincluding price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and expanding access. Inrequirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs.
The Affordable Care Act was intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the United States,growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms.
Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act that have been implemented since enactment and are of importance to the successful commercialization of a pharmaceutical industry hasproduct are the following:
| ● | an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures, or imports specified branded prescription drugs or biologic agents; |
| ● | an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; |
| ● | expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the U.S. civil False Claims Act and the Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers, and enhanced penalties for noncompliance; |
| ● | a Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for a manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; |
| ● | extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; |
| ● | a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted, or injected; |
| ● | expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs; |
| ● | expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program; |
| ● | requirements to report certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals; |
| ● | a requirement to annually report certain information regarding drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians; and |
| ● | a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research. |
There have been a particular focus of thesesignificant ongoing judicial, administrative, executive and legislative efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.to modify or eliminate the Affordable Care Act. For example, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and ModernizationTax Act of 2003, orenacted on December 22, 2017, repealed the MMA, imposed new requirements for the distribution and pricing of prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities that provide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Part D plans include both standalone prescription drug benefit plans and prescription drug coverage as a supplement to Medicare Advantage plans. Unlike Medicare Part A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic category and class of covered Part D drugs, though not necessarily all the drugs in each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescription drug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for any products for which we receive marketing approval. However, any negotiated prices for our future products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from Medicare Part D may result in a similar reduction in payments from non‑governmental payors.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funding for the federal government to compare the effectiveness of different treatments for the same illness. A plan for the research will be developed by the Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institutes of Health, and periodic reports on the status of the research and related expenditures will be made to Congress. Although the results of the comparative effectiveness studies are not intended to mandate coverage policies for public or private payors, it is not clear what effect, if any, the research will have on the sales of any product, if any such product or the condition that it is intended to treat is the subject of a study. It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits in a competitor’s product could adversely affect the sales of our product candidates. If third-party payors do not consider our product candidates to be cost‑effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our product candidates, once approved, as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis.
PPACA became law in March 2010 and substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among other cost containment measures, the PPACA established an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents; a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program; and a new formula that increased the rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. In the years since its enactment, there have been, and continue to be, significant developments in, and continued judicial, executive branch, and legislative activity around, attempts to repeal or repeal and replace the PPACA. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the PPACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate,” the tax-based shared responsibility payment on certainfor individuals who fail to maintain qualifying healthminimum essential coverage for all or part of a year, was repealed by Congress as partunder section 5000A of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. While the Texas U.S. District Court Judge, as wellInternal Revenue Code, commonly referred to as the current Presidential administration and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, have stated that the ruling will have no immediate effect pending appeal of the decision, it is unclear how this decision, subsequent appeals, and other efforts to
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repeal and replace the PPACA will impact the PPACA. In the future, there may continue to be additional proposals relating to the reform of the U.S. healthcare system, some of which could further limit the prices we are able to charge for our product candidates, once approved, or the amounts of reimbursement available for our product candidates once they are approved.
In addition, otherindividual mandate. Other legislative changes have been proposed
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and adopted since PPACA was enacted. In August 2011,passage of the Affordable Care Act. The Budget Control Act of 2011, as amended, was signed into law. Amongamong other things, this law created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to proposerecommend proposals in spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction did not achieve its targeted deficit reduction of at leastan amount greater than $1.2 trillion for the fiscal years 20132012 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reductions to several government programs. These reductions includeincluded aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to healthcare providers of 2%up to 2.0% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013. Subsequent litigation extended the 2% reduction, on April 1, 2013, and, dueaverage, to subsequent legislative amendments, will remain in effect through 20272030 unless additional Congressional action is taken. InThe Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, or the CARES Act, which was designed to provide financial support and resources to individuals and businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, suspended the 2% Medicare sequester from May 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. The sequester will remain in place through 2030. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 becamewas signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.
Further, thereThe Affordable Care Act has also been heightened governmental scrutinysubject to challenges in the United Statescourts. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. On December 18, 2019, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of pharmaceutical pricing practices in lightAppeals held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and remanded the case to the Texas District Court to reconsider its earlier invalidation of the rising costentire Affordable Care Act. On June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge the law as they had not alleged personal injury traceable to the allegedly unlawful conduct. As a result, the Supreme Court did not rule on the constitutionality of prescription drugsthe ACA or any of its provisions. Further changes to and biologics. Such scrutiny has resultedunder the Affordable Care Act remain possible but it is unknown what form any such changes or any law proposed to replace or revise the Affordable Care Act would take, and how or whether it may affect our business in several recent Congressional inquiriesthe future. We expect that changes to the Affordable Care Act, the Medicare and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patientMedicaid programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. Atchanges allowing the federal level, the Trump administration released a “Blueprint”government to lowerdirectly negotiate drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. For example, in September 2018, CMS announced that it will allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option to use step therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2019. On January 31, 2019, the HHS Office of Inspector General proposed modifications to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute discount safe harbor for the purpose of reducing the cost of drug products to consumers which, among other things, if finalized, will affect discounts paid by manufacturers to Medicare Part D plans, Medicaid managed care organizations and pharmacy benefit managers working with these organizations. While some of these and other proposed measures may require additional authorization to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs These andchanges stemming from other healthcare reform initiativesmeasures, especially with regard to healthcare access, financing or other legislation in individual states, could have a material adverse effect on the healthcare industry.
We expect that the Affordable Care Act, as well as other healthcare reform measures that have and may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional reductionsdownward pressure on the price that we receive for our product and product candidates, if approved, and could seriously harm our future revenues. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare, andMedicaid, or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare funding. We cannot anticipate what impact thesereforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or other future healthcare reform initiatives will have on coveragesuccessfully commercialize our product and reimbursement of our products or our business more generally.product candidates, if approved.
Exclusivity and Approval of Competing Products
Hatch‑WaxmanHatch-Waxman Patent Exclusivity
In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent with claims that cover the applicant’s product or a method of using the product. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, or 505(b)(2) NDA. Generally, an ANDA provides for marketing of a drug product that has the same active ingredients in the same strengths, dosage form and route of administration as the listed drug and has been shown to be bioequivalent through in vitro and/or in vivo testing or otherwise to the listed drug. ANDA applicants are not required to conduct or submit results of preclinicalnonclinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their drug product, other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing. Drugs approved in this way are commonly referred to as “generic equivalents” to the listed drug, and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug. 505(b)(2) NDAs generally are submitted for changes to a previously approved drug product, such as a new dosage, dosage form, or indication.
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The ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book, except for patents covering methods of use for which the ANDA applicant is not seeking approval. Specifically, the applicant must certify with respect to each patent that:
| the required patent information has not been filed; |
| the listed patent has expired; |
| the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or |
| the listed patent is invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the new product. |
Generally, the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA cannot be approved until all listed patents have expired, except when the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant challenges a patent of a listed drug. A certification that the proposed product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents or indicate that it is not seeking approval of a patented method of use, the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired.
If the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders once the application has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days after the receipt of notice of the Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA until the earlier of 30 months, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.
Hatch‑Waxman Non‑PatentHatch-Waxman Non-Patent Exclusivity
Market and data exclusivity provisions under the FDCA also can delay the submission or the approval of certain applications for competing products. The FDCA provides a five‑yearfive-year period of non‑patentnon-patent data exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the activity of the drug substance. OLINVYK has been designated as a new chemical entity in the FDA’s Orange Book. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company that contains the previously approved active moiety. However, an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or noninfringement. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA, or supplement to an existing NDA or 505(b)(2) NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant, are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application or supplement. Three‑yearThree-year exclusivity may be awarded for changes to a previously approved drug product, such as new indications, dosages, strengths or dosage forms of an existing drug. This three‑yearthree-year exclusivity covers only the conditions of use associated with the new clinical investigations and, as a general matter, does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs or 505(b)(2) NDAs for generic versions of the original, unmodified drug product. Five‑yearFive-year and three‑yearthree-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA; however, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the preclinicalnonclinical studies and adequate and well‑controlledwell-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.
Pediatric Exclusivity
Pediatric exclusivity is another type of non‑patentnon-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted, provides for the attachment of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing regulatory exclusivity, including the non‑patentnon-patent exclusivity periods described above. This six‑monthsix-month exclusivity may be granted if
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an NDA sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written request from the FDA for such data. The data do
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not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted. If reports of requested pediatric studies are submitted to and accepted by the FDA within the statutory time limits, whatever statutory or regulatory periods of exclusivity or Orange Book listed patent protection cover the drug are extended by six months. This is not a patent term extension, but it effectively extends the regulatory period during which the FDA cannot approve an ANDA or 505(b)(2) application owing to regulatory exclusivity or listed patents. When any of our products is approved, we anticipate seeking pediatric exclusivity when it is appropriate.
Foreign Regulation
To market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our products. For example, in the European Union, we must obtain authorization of a clinical trial application, or CTA, in each member state in which we intend to conduct a clinical trial. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.
Employees and Human Capital Resources
Investing in, developing, and maintaining human capital is critical to our success. As of December 31, 2018,2021, we had 2943 employees, all of whom are located in the United States. We emphasize a number of measures and objectives in managing our human capital assets, including, among others, employee safety and wellness, talent acquisition and retention, employee engagement, development, and training, diversity and inclusion, and compensation and pay equity. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.
Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.
The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our employees. Accordingly, we are committed to their health, safety and wellness. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of innovative, flexible and convenient health and wellness programs, including benefits that provide protection and security so they can have peace of mind concerning events that may require time away from work or that impact their financial well-being; that support their physical and mental health by providing tools and resources to help them improve or maintain their health status and encourage engagement in healthy behaviors; and that offer choice where possible so they can customize their benefits to meet their needs and the needs of their families. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented significant changes that we determined were in the best interest of our employees, as well as the community in which we operate, and which comply with government regulations, including working from home where appropriate.
Corporate Compliance Program
Our business is subject to extensive regulations. Management has designed and implemented a comprehensive corporate compliance program as part of our commitment to comply fully with applicable criminal, civil and administrative laws, rules and regulations and to maintain the high standards of conduct we expect from all of our
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employees. We continuously review this compliance program and work to enhance it as and when appropriate. The primary purposes of the compliance program include, among other things:
| ● | Assessing and identifying risks affecting our Company and its products; |
| ● | training and educating employees and certain outside professionals who provide services to our Company to promote awareness of legal and regulatory requirements, a culture of compliance, and the necessity of complying with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and requirements; |
| ● | developing and implementing compliance policies and procedures and creating controls to support compliance with applicable laws, rules, regulations and requirements and our policies and procedures; |
| ● | auditing and monitoring the activities of our operations and business support functions to identify and mitigate risks and potential instances of noncompliance in a timely manner; and |
| ● | ensuring that we promptly take steps to resolve any instances of noncompliance and address areas of weakness or potential noncompliance. |
We have a Code of Conduct and Business Ethics that guides and binds each of our employees, officers and directors which is available on the “Governance Documents ” page of our website, www.trevena.com, under the “Governance” tab. We use an anonymous compliance hotline for employees and outside parties to report potential instances of noncompliance. Our Chief Compliance Officer administers the compliance program and chairs the Company’s Compliance Committee. The Chief Compliance Officer reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer and meets regularly with the Chair of the Audit Committee.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in November 2007. Our principal executive offices are located at 955 Chesterbrook Boulevard, Suite 110, Chesterbrook, PA 19087. Our telephone number is (610) 354‑8840354-8840 and our internet address is www.trevena.com.
Available Information
Our Annual Report on Form 10‑K,10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10‑Q,10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8‑K,8-K, and other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and all amendments to these filings, are available, free of charge, on our website at www.trevena.com as soon as reasonably practicable following our filing of any of these reports with the SEC. You can also obtain copies free of charge by contacting our Investor Relations department at our office address listed above. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The information posted on or accessible through these websites areis not incorporated into this filing.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering in February 2014, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non‑affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non‑convertible debt during the prior three‑year period. We refer to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K as the “JOBS Act,” and references to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
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30 Carrie L. Bourdow Ms. Bourdow Mark A. Demitrack, M.D. Dr. Demitrack, a board-certified psychiatrist, joined our company as Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer in May 2018. From May 2017 to May 2018, he served as Vice President of Clinical Strategy at Roivant Sciences, Ltd. From July 2003 to May 2017, he served as Vice President and Chief Medical Officer of Neuronetics, Inc., where he led the clinical development of the NeuroStar TMS Therapy System. Prior to this, Dr. Demitrack was Assistant Vice President for Global Medical Affairs in Neuroscience at Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc. where he was responsible for post-marketing clinical development of the Effexor XR brand. Dr. Demitrack also served as Medical Director of the New Antidepressant Team at Lilly Research Laboratories where he led the registration clinical development and the NDA submission program for the antidepressant, duloxetine (Cymbalta). Prior to his industry career, Dr. Demitrack was a faculty member of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Michigan Medical School, where he directed the Michigan Eating Disorders Program and received federal grant funding in clinical research studying the neuroendocrine pathophysiology of eating disorders and the idiopathic conditions chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Dr. Demitrack received a B.A. in Physics from Columbia University, and his M.D. from the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey. He completed his psychiatry residency training at the University of California-San Francisco and completed a research fellowship in clinical neuroendocrinology at the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Demitrack is a Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and a Member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Robert T. Yoder Mr. Yoder was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer and Head of Commercial Operations in November 2021. Prior to this role, he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer since December 2018. He joined
Barry Shin
31 September Patricia Drake Ms. Drake joined our company as Senior Vice President and Chief Our business is subject to numerous risks. You should carefully consider the following risks and all other information contained in this Annual Report on Form Summary of Risk Factors
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Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Needs We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses over the next several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability. Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net loss was We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. We anticipate that our expenses will increase as we:
To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in raising substantial additional funding for the Company and developing and 34 size of any markets in which our product candidates have received approval, and our ability to achieve Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, whether we will have sufficient funding available to or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. If, for example, we are required by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities to perform studies in addition to those we currently Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, continue our development efforts, diversify our product offerings, or even continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company also could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Our prospects are highly dependent on the successful commercialization of OLINVYK. To the extent OLINVYK is not commercially successful, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected, and the price of our common stock may decline. OLINVYK is our only drug that has been approved for sale and it has only been approved as a treatment in the United States for the management of acute pain in adults severe enough to require an intravenous opioid analgesic and for whom alternative treatments are inadequate. We are currently focusing a significant portion of our activities and resources on OLINVYK and we are highly dependent upon the successful commercialization of OLINVYK in the United States. Successful commercialization of OLINVYK is subject to many risks. While we have established our commercial team and have hired our U.S. sales force, we will need to further expand and develop the team in order to successfully commercialize OLINVYK. Even if we are successful in developing our commercial team, there are many factors that could cause the commercialization of OLINVYK to be unsuccessful, including a number of factors that are outside our control. Because OLINVYK is an opioid agonist and is the first new chemical entity in the IV opioid drug class in decades, it is especially difficult to estimate OLINVYK’s market potential for its approved indication. We do not know if our expectations of the market for this product will be accurate. Additionally, hospitals may be unwilling to add OLINVYK to their formularies or physicians may be unwilling to prescribe OLINVYK. Further, any negative publicity related to OLINVYK, or negative development for OLINVYK in our post-marketing commitments, or in regulatory processes in other jurisdictions, may adversely impact the commercial results and potential of OLINVYK. In addition, our commercialization efforts could be adversely affected by the effects of public health threats, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the efforts to mitigate it. In light of the lengthy duration of the pandemic, we continue to expect that sales of OLINVYK may be negatively impacted by changes in commercial practices resulting from COVID-19, such as the transition to telemedicine, possible decreases in initial diagnoses, deferral of elective procedures, and decreased access to certain market segments. The ultimate effects of COVID-19, and the duration thereof, are difficult to assess or predict at this time and no assurances can be given that the pandemic will not have a significant impact on our ability to commercialize OLINVYK, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. If the commercialization of OLINVYK is less successful than expected, our stock price could decline significantly and the long-term success of the product and our company could be harmed. 35 We will need substantial additional funding, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $66.9 million. Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that our available cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our planned operations and capital expenditure requirements through the fourth quarter of 2022. Although we plan and budget funding for our operations, it is possible that we may have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Over the next several years, we expect to incur significant expenses in connection with our current operations, particularly as we continue to commercialize OLINVYK and continue the
The extent of our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
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Identifying potential product candidates and conducting nonclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. Despite these efforts, we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product Our ability to generate commercial revenue
Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability. We
We expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, you should not rely upon the results of any past quarterly or annual periods as indications of future operating performance. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the efforts to mitigate it could materially affect our operations, as well as the business or operations of third parties with whom we conduct business. Our business and its operations, including but not limited to clinical development, sales and marketing efforts, supply chain operations, research and development activities, could be adversely affected by health epidemics, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we have business operations, and such health epidemics could cause significant disruption in the operations of third parties upon whom we rely. We have implemented work-from-home 37 policies for all employees, and have worked with Syneos to develop a process for our nationally field deployed resources that takes into account local conditions and their ability to safely and compliantly interact with customers. In cases where a live interaction is not feasible, we have trained and resourced our customer facing team to be able to engage with customers via virtual channels with approved resources. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact productivity, disrupt our business, delay our clinical programs and timelines and adversely affect our commercialization and market acceptance of OLINVYK, the magnitude of which will depend, in part, on the length and severity of the restrictions and other limitations on our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary course. These and similar, and perhaps more severe, disruptions in our operations could negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, our clinical trials have been, and may continue to be, affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, some patients may not be able to comply with clinical trial protocols if quarantines impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare services. Similarly, our ability to recruit and retain patients and principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19 and adversely impact our clinical trial operations. Limitations on global international travel may delay key trial activities, including necessary interactions with regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors. We may be faced with limitations in employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of clinical trials, including because of sickness of employees or their families or the desire of employees to avoid contact with large groups of people. Any of the above could delay our planned clinical trials or prevent us from completing these clinical trials at all and harm our ability to obtain approval for our product candidates. Moreover, we may experience additional disruptions that could severely impact our business and development activities, including, but not limited to, strain on our suppliers and other third parties, possibly resulting in supply disruptions of our product candidates for nonclinical or clinical development and potential future clinical trials we expect to initiate, decrease in clinical enrollment in any clinical trials we initiate and the ability to raise capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. Disruptions in our operations or supply chain, whether as a result of restricted travel, quarantine requirements or otherwise, could negatively impact our ability to proceed with our clinical trials, nonclinical development and other activities and delay our ability to receive product approval and generate revenue. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19, the emergence of any new mutations or variants of the virus, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions imposed by the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruption in the United States and other countries, and the actions taken throughout the world, including in our markets, to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical trials, our nonclinical development efforts, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely. The COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact the commercialization and market acceptance of OLINVYK. The COVID-19 pandemic may have an adverse impact on our ability to successfully commercialize and secure market acceptance of OLINVYK. The outbreak of COVID-19 poses the risk that we or our employees, contractors, suppliers, and other partners may be prevented from conducting normal business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to continuation of government-imposed quarantines, stay-at-home orders, travel restrictions, mandated business closures and other public health safety measures. If 38 from Medicare and third-party payors, interruptions or delays in our commercial supply chain and increases in the number of uninsured or underinsured patients. In addition, hospitals may reduce and divert staffing, divert resources to patients suffering from COVID-19 or limit hospital access for non-patients. The government-imposed travel restrictions due to COVID-19 may further impact our ability to travel to hospitals. These circumstances may negatively impact our ability to effectively market to hospital pharmacists, healthcare providers and formulary committees, which may delay or have a material adverse impact on the commercialization of OLINVYK and less traditional methods of communicating with these parties may need to be employed. In addition, the spread of COVID-19 has had, and may continue to have, an impact on the number of patients suffering from post-surgical pain, as hospitals cancel elective surgeries and patients postpone these procedures due to COVID-19 concerns, which may reduce demand for OLINVYK and negatively impact our ability to successfully commercialize OLINVYK. Hospitals and healthcare systems may be financially impacted by the costs associated with the treatment of individuals suffering from COVID-19 and the general reduction in elective surgeries. Although we are unable at this time to determine the extent of the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital and healthcare systems, it is possible that the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may reduce hospital and healthcare system demand for OLINVYK, which could have a material adverse impact on our commercialization of OLINVYK. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact our efforts to successfully commercialize and secure market acceptance of OLINVYK is uncertain and will depend upon future developments. We are monitoring the situation and taking steps to minimize the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, but there can be no assurance that such actions will be successful, which could have a negative impact on our ability to successfully commercialize OLINVYK. Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited. We have incurred substantial losses during our history. We do not anticipate generating revenue from sales of products for the foreseeable future, if ever, and we may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate tax losses, unused losses generated in tax years ending on or prior to December 31, 2018 will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire. Unused tax losses generated after December 31, 2018 under the Tax Act will not expire and may be carried forward indefinitely, but will be deductible only to the extent of 80% of current taxable income in any given year. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre change tax attributes to offset its post change income or taxes may be limited. We have not completed an analysis to determine whether we have experienced an ownership change. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of net operating losses is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. As a result, even if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use all or a material portion of our net operating losses and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows. As of December 31, 2021, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $141.8 million that could be limited if we have experienced, or if in the future we experience, an ownership change. Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock The trading price of the shares of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and you may not be able to resell some or all of your shares at a desired price. Since our common stock commenced trading in January 2014, our stock price has been highly volatile, with closing The stock market in general and the market for biopharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this 39 volatility, investors in our stock may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the price
40 If we are not able to comply with the applicable continued listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Our common stock is currently listed on In particular, we are required to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share. On December 21, 2021, we received a notice from Nasdaq indicating that the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), or the Minimum Bid Price Rule, because our common stock failed to maintain a minimum closing bid price In accordance with Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was afforded an initial period of 180 calendar days, or In the event that our common Such a de-listing would also likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a de listing, we may take actions to restore our compliance with The Nasdaq Stock Market’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock in the secondary market. If our common stock were removed from listing with The Nasdaq Capital Market, it may be subject to the “penny stock” rules of the Exchange Act. The Exchange Act defines a “penny stock” as an equity security that has a market price per share of less than $5.00, subject to certain exceptions, such as any securities listed on a national securities exchange, which is the exception on which we currently rely. 41 The penny stock rules require that prior to a transaction involving a penny stock, the broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to the transaction. If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock on the secondary market. We are subject to securities class action and stockholder derivative litigation. We have in the past, and may in the future, become subject to class action and stockholder derivative litigation. As described in “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies” in Part II of this Form 10-K, we and certain current and former officer and directors were sued in three purported class actions alleging violations of federal securities laws. All such cases have been settled and such settlements have been finally approved by the applicable court. We and our officers and directors, from time to time, could again be subject to such lawsuits. If that were to occur, such suits and any resolution of such suits could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly. In addition, we have filed registration statements on Form S‑8 registering the issuance of shares of common stock subject to options or other equity awards issued or reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans. Shares registered under these registration statements on Form S‑8 are available for sale in the public market subject to vesting arrangements and exercise of existing options, the grant of new options in the future, and the restrictions of Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates. We are a “smaller reporting company” and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors. We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and we intend to take advantage of some of the exemptions from reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. The issuance of additional stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 200,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock with such rights and preferences as may be determined by our board of directors. Subject to compliance with applicable rules and regulations, we may seek to expand the number of authorized common shares, and issue our shares of common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition, investment, our stock incentive plans or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. 42 The inability to increase the authorized capital stock could impede our ability to pursue our strategic and financing objectives, or to provide equity incentives to engage key talent, and could negatively impact stockholder value. As of December 31, 2021, we had 165,520,007 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, and an additional 19,122,102 shares reserved. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 200,000,000 shares of common stock. In order to increase the authorized shares to a higher number, we would need to amend our certificate of incorporation, which would require stockholder approval. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain the stockholder approval necessary to amend our certificate of incorporation to increase our authorized shares. If we are unsuccessful in securing stockholder approval to increase the authorized shares of capital stock, we may not be able to take timely advantage of market conditions or favorable financing or acquisition opportunities that would help us grow and create value for stockholders. This could impede our ability to pursue our strategic objectives and restrict the equity incentives available to attract, retain and motivate key talent, which could negatively impact the value of our stock. Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to change our management and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest in us, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result. There are provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that may make it difficult for a third party to acquire, or attempt to acquire, control of our company, even if a change in control was considered favorable by you and other stockholders. For example, our board of directors has the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The board of directors can fix the price, rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of the preferred stock without any further vote or action by our stockholders. The issuance of shares of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control transaction. As a result, the market price of our common stock and the voting and other rights of our stockholders may be adversely affected. An issuance of shares of preferred stock may result in the loss of voting control to other stockholders. Our charter documents also contain other provisions that could have an anti‑takeover effect, including:
In addition, we are subject to the anti‑takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which regulates corporate acquisitions by prohibiting Delaware corporations from engaging in specified business combinations with particular stockholders of those companies. These provisions could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change in control transaction. They could also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our common stock, including transactions that may be in your best interests. These provisions may also prevent changes in our management or limit the price that investors are willing to pay for our stock. Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gains and you may never receive a return on your investment. You should not rely on an investment in our common stock to provide dividend income. We have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock to date and have no plans to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. 43 We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock. Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product Candidates OLINVYK or any of our other product candidates for which we obtain approval may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success. OLINVYK or any of our other product candidates for which we obtain approval may fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community. If OLINVYK or our other product candidates do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue and we may not attain profitability. The degree of market acceptance of OLINVYK and our other product candidates for which we obtain approval will depend on a number of factors, including:
We cannot assure you that OLINVYK or any products for which we obtain regulatory approval in the future will achieve market acceptance among physicians, patients, patient advocacy groups, third-party payors or others in the medical community necessary for commercial success. Any failure by our product candidates that obtain regulatory 44 approval to achieve market acceptance or commercial success could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If we are unable to maintain or expand our manufacturing, sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities or to enter into agreements with third parties to conduct these activities, we may not be successful in commercializing OLINVYK or any of our other product candidates if and when they are approved. We have begun to implement our sales and marketing infrastructure for the commercialization of OLINVYK, our first FDA-approved product. We currently do not expect to build sales, manufacturing and distribution capabilities outside of the United States, although this expectation could change in the future. There are substantial risks involved with establishing sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercialization of OLINVYK is not successful or the commercial launch of another product candidate, if approved, is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred certain commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel. There are a number of factors that may inhibit our efforts to successfully commercialize OLINVYK or any other drug products for which we receive marketing approval on our own, including:
As an alternative to establishing our own sales force, we may choose to partner with third parties that have well-established direct sales forces to sell, market and distribute our products, particularly in markets outside of the United States. If we are unable to enter into collaborations with third parties for the commercialization of OLINVYK or any of our other drug candidates for which we obtain marketing approval, on acceptable terms or at all, or if any such partner does not devote sufficient resources to the commercialization of our product or otherwise fails in commercialization efforts, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval. For OLINVYK, we will need to partner with one or more third parties to sell, market and distribute this product, if approved, outside the United States. In April 2018 and May 2018, we entered into exclusive licensing agreements for the development and commercialization of OLINVYK in South Korea and China, respectively. Such partnerships in South Korea and China may not be successful, and we may be unsuccessful in our efforts to secure additional partnerships outside the United States. 45 We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing, or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do. The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to OLINVYK and our current product candidates and will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. In addition to existing therapeutic treatments for the OLINVYK indications and indications we are targeting with our product candidates, we also face potential competition from other drug candidates in development by other companies. OLINVYK may compete against, or be used in combination with, OFIRMEV® (IV acetaminophen), marketed by Mallinckrodt plc; with EXPAREL® (liposomal bupivacaine), marketed by Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; CALDOLOR® (IV ibuprofen), marketed by Cumberland Pharmaceuticals; DSUVIA™ (sublingual sufentanil nanotabs) marketed by AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; ANJESO™ (IV meloxicam), marketed by Baudax Bio, Inc.; XARACOLLTM (bupivacaine HCI) implant, marketed by Innocoll Holdings plc; and POSIMIR® (bupivacaine solution) marketed by Durect Corporation. In addition to currently marketed IV analgesics, we are aware of a number of products in development that are aimed at improving the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute pain. AcelRx is developing ZALVISO™, a patient-controlled analgesia device which dispenses sublingual sufantanil nanotabs. AcelRX has received approval for ZALVISO in the European Union. Heron Therapeutics Inc. has a proprietary long acting reformulation of bupivacaine in development. Cara Therapeutics Inc. is developing IV and oral dose forms of a peripherally restricted K opioid receptor agonist, which has been administered in combination with mu opioids in clinical trials. Avenue Therapeutics, Inc. is developing an IV version of generic opioid tramadol for moderate-to-severe acute pain. Some of these potential competitive compounds are being developed by large, well-financed, and experienced pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, or have been partnered with such companies, which may give them development, regulatory and marketing advantages over us. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for our product candidates, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of generic products or lower-cost branded products. Generic products are currently on the market for the OLINVYK indications and the indications that we are pursuing for our product candidates. If our product candidates achieve marketing approval, we expect that they will be priced at a significant premium over competing generic products. Some of the companies against which we are competing or against which we may compete in the future have significantly greater financial resources, brand recognition and expertise than we do in research and development, manufacturing, nonclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and selling and marketing approved products. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and other early-stage companies also may prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. OLINVYK or any other product candidates for which we are able to obtain regulatory approval in the future may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party payor coverage and reimbursement policies, or healthcare reform initiatives. Our ability to commercialize OLINVYK and any of our product candidates successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government payor programs at the federal and state level, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, managed care plans and other organizations. Government authorities and other third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. In addition, for hospital products, a private health insurer or Medicare will typically reimburse a 46 fixed fee for certain procedures, including in‑patient surgeries. Pharmaceutical products such as OLINVYK that may be used in connection with the surgery generally will not be separately reimbursed and, therefore, a hospital would have to assess the cost of OLINVYK relative to its benefits. Current or future efforts to limit the level of reimbursement for in‑patient hospital procedures could cause a hospital to decide not to use OLINVYK. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and other third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications or procedures. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for any drug that we or our collaborators commercialize and, even if these are available, the level of reimbursement for a product or procedure may not be satisfactory. Inadequate reimbursement levels may adversely affect the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we or our collaborators obtain marketing approval. Obtaining and maintaining adequate reimbursement for our products may be difficult. We may be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to seek to justify coverage and reimbursement or the level of reimbursement relative to other therapies. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we or our collaborators may not be able to successfully commercialize OLINVYK or any product candidates for which marketing approval is obtained. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the indications for which the drug is approved by the FDA or analogous regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale, and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, also may not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Private third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our or our collaborators’ inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government‑funded and private payors for any approved drugs that we develop could adversely affect our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize drugs and our overall financial condition. The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, coverage and reimbursement for new drugs vary widely from country to country. Current and future legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we or our collaborators might obtain marketing approval for a drug in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay commercial launch of the drug, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact our ability to generate revenue from the sale of the drug in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval. There can be no assurance that our product candidates, if they are approved for sale in the United States or in other countries, will be considered medically reasonable and necessary for a specific indication, that they will be considered cost‑effective by third-party payors, that coverage or an adequate level of reimbursement will be available, or that third-party payors’ reimbursement policies will not adversely affect our ability to 47 Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of OLINVYK or the We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure as a result of the commercial sales of OLINVYK in the United States, the testing of our other product candidates in human clinical trials, and the commercialization of such other product candidates, if approved. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. For example, we may be sued if OLINVYK or any other product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we will incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our products. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
We currently maintain product liability insurance coverage at levels which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We may need to increase our insurance coverage as we expand our commercialization efforts with respect to OLINVYK and as we conduct additional clinical trials for our other product candidates. We will need to further increase our insurance coverage if we commence commercialization of any additional product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive, and in the future may be difficult to obtain for our products and product candidates. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to fall and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Concerns around the abuse of opioids, including law enforcement concerns over diversion of opioids and regulatory efforts to combat abuse, could decrease the potential market for OLINVYK and may adversely impact external investor perceptions of our business. Prescription drug abuse and the diversion of opioids is a growing concern and has been referred to as an “opioid crisis” in the United States. Law enforcement and regulatory agencies may apply policies that seek to limit the availability or use of opioids. Such efforts may inhibit our ability to commercialize our products. Aggressive enforcement and unfavorable publicity regarding the use or misuse of opioids, including litigation or regulatory activity regarding sales or marketing of opioids, could have a material adverse effect on our business or reputation. Furthermore, a number of governmental entities have brought separate lawsuits against various pharmaceutical companies marketing and selling opioid pain medications, alleging misleading or otherwise improper promotion of opioid drugs to physicians and consumers. These efforts could reduce the potential size of the market for OLINVYK, decrease the revenues we are able to generate from its sale and adversely impact external investor perceptions of our business. Many state legislatures and the federal government have enacted legislation intended to reduce opioid abuse. In addition, the FDA, CDC and HHS each have initiatives to address opioid-related overdose, death and dependence. While these initiatives are generally focused on prescribing oral opioids in an outpatient settings, some of these initiatives, and any legislation or regulations resulting from these initiatives, may apply to all opioid drugs, including those like OLINVYK that are administered through an IV in a hospital setting. Many of these changes and others could cause us to expend additional resources in developing and commercializing our products to meet additional requirements. Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates If we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to timely commercialize, or to commercialize at all, our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired. Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by the European Medicines Agency and similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Failure to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates will prevent us from commercializing these product candidates and will significantly limit our ability to generate revenue in the future. We have
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Controlled substances The DEA regulates controlled substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances. Schedule I substances by definition have a high potential for abuse and no established medicinal use and may not be marketed or sold in the United States. A pharmaceutical product may be listed as Schedule II, III, IV or V, with Schedule II substances considered to present the highest risk of abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest relative risk of abuse among such substances. Various states also independently regulate controlled substances. Though state-controlled substances laws often mirror federal law, because the states are separate jurisdictions, they may separately schedule drugs as well. While some states automatically schedule a drug when the DEA does so, in other states there must be rulemaking or a legislative action. State scheduling may delay commercial sale of any controlled substance drug product for which we obtain federal regulatory approval and adverse scheduling could impair the commercial attractiveness of such product. We or our collaborators must also obtain separate state registrations in order to be able to obtain, handle and distribute controlled substances for clinical trials or commercial sale, and failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements could lead to enforcement and sanctions from the states in addition to those from the DEA or otherwise arising under federal law. For any of our Regulations associated with controlled substances govern manufacturing, labeling, packaging, testing, dispensing, production and procurement quotas, recordkeeping, reporting, handling, shipment and disposal. These regulations increase the personnel needs and the expense associated with development and commercialization of product candidates including controlled substances. The DEA, and some states, conduct periodic inspections of registered establishments that handle controlled substances. Failure to obtain and maintain required registrations or comply with any applicable regulations could delay or preclude us from developing and commercializing our product candidates containing controlled substances and subject us to enforcement action. The DEA may seek civil penalties, refuse to renew necessary registrations or initiate proceedings to revoke those registrations. In some circumstances, violations could lead to criminal proceedings. Because of their restrictive nature, these regulations could limit commercialization of any of our product candidates that are classified as controlled substances. Failure to obtain marketing approval in international jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed abroad. To market and sell our products in the European Union, Asia, and many other jurisdictions, we, our current collaborators in South Korea and China for 50 that the product be approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We or our
collaborators may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. However, the failure to obtain approval in one jurisdiction
Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post‑approval clinical data, labeling, advertising, and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post‑marketing information and reports, registration, and listing requirements, current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the requirement to implement a REMS. If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit the approved use of our drug, which could limit sales of the product. The FDA also may impose requirements for costly post‑marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. The FDA closely regulates the post‑approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with a product’s FDA approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off‑label use and if we do not market our products for only their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off‑label marketing. Violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to investigations alleging violations of federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws. Even though the FDA has granted approval of OLINVYK, the scope and terms of the approval may limit our ability to commercialize OLINVYK and, therefore, our ability to generate substantial sales revenues. The FDA has approved OLINVYK only for use in adults for the management of acute pain severe enough to require an intravenous opioid analgesic and for whom alternative treatments are inadequate. The label for OLINVYK also contains a “boxed” warning about addiction, abuse, misuse, life-threatening respiratory depression, neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, and risks from concomitant use with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants. This “boxed” warning may discourage physicians from prescribing OLINVYK to patients. In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with OLINVYK or our
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Risks Related to the Discovery and Development of Our Product Candidates
We
If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, which would materially harm our business. Nonclinical and clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Clinical testing is expensive, can take many years to complete, and has a high risk of failure. It is impossible to predict when or if any of our additional product candidates will prove effective or safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of any product candidate, we must complete nonclinical studies and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of nonclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim or topline results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, nonclinical and clinical data often are susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in nonclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials, which could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or subsequently to commercialize our product candidates, including:
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If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:
Our product development costs also will increase if we experience delays in testing or in receiving marketing approvals. We do not know whether any of our nonclinical studies or clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant nonclinical study or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, thereby harming our business and results of operations. We may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates under applicable regulatory requirements. The denial or delay of any such approval would delay commercialization of our product candidates and adversely impact our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, licensure, sale, marketing and distribution of biopharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, and such regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market our product candidates in any jurisdiction until they receive the requisite marketing approval from the applicable regulatory authorities of such jurisdictions. To gain approval to market our product candidates, we must provide the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities with nonclinical and clinical data that adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product for the intended indication applied for in the applicable regulatory filing. The approval process is typically lengthy and expensive, and approval is never certain. Our receipt of regulatory approval in the United States for OLINVYK does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval for our other product candidates or obtaining approval for OLINVYK in other countries. The FDA or any foreign regulatory authorities can delay, limit or deny approval of our product candidates for many reasons, including: 54
Any of these factors, many of which are beyond our control, may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market any of our other product candidates or approval of OLINVYK in foreign countries, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Some of our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that treat the same indications as our product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors' product candidates. Patient enrollment is affected by other factors including:
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These factors can be exacerbated by other situations, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the efforts to mitigate it. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates, which would cause the value of our company to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing. If serious adverse or unacceptable side effects are identified during the development of our product candidates or following their approval by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, we may need to abandon or limit our development of some of our product candidates, limit the commercial profile or an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any. If our product candidates are associated with adverse side effects in clinical trials or have characteristics that are unexpected, we may need to abandon their development or limit development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe, or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. In our industry, many compounds that initially showed promise in early-stage testing have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound or significantly limited its commercial opportunity. OLINVYK and TRV734 are both biased ligands targeted at the MOR. Common adverse reactions for agonists of the MOR include respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and addiction. In rare cases, MOR agonists can cause respiratory arrest requiring immediate medical intervention. The label for OLINVYK contains a “boxed” warning about addiction, abuse, misuse, life-threatening respiratory depression, neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, and risks from concomitant use with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants. This “boxed” warning may discourage physicians from prescribing OLINVYK to patients. If our clinical trials reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects, these trials could be suspended or terminated, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Drug related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial and could result in potential product liability claims. Additionally, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by OLINVYK or one or more of our other product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:
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Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects. We may not be successful in our efforts to expand our pipeline of product candidates. One element of our strategy has been to expand our pipeline of therapeutics based on biased ligands and advance these product candidates through clinical development for the treatment of a variety of indications.
We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and thereby fail to capitalize on other product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates that we identify for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates
In the future, we may conduct a substantial portion of our clinical trials outside of the United States and we may seek to market OLIVNYK and any other product candidates for which we obtain approval outside of the United States. We are
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties Our current collaborators are, and any future relationships or collaborations we may enter into may be, important to us. If we are unable to maintain our relationship with any of these collaborations, or if our relationship with these collaborators is not successful, our business could be adversely affected. We have limited capabilities for product development, sales, marketing, and distribution. Any future collaborations we might enter into with third parties, may pose a number of risks, including the following:
58
If any collaborations we might enter into in the future do not result in the successful development and commercialization of products or if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, our development of our product platform and product candidates could be delayed and we may need additional resources to develop our product candidates and our product platform. The risks relating to our product development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this Annual Report also apply to the activities of our therapeutic program collaborators. 59 If a future collaborator of ours is involved in a business combination, the collaborator might deemphasize or terminate development or commercialization of any product candidate licensed to it by us. If one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to attract new collaborators and our reputation in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to conduct our We rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, clinical research organizations, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions, and clinical investigators to conduct our nonclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates. The agreements with these third parties might terminate for a variety of reasons, including a failure to perform by the third parties. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, that could delay our product development activities. Some of these third parties may experience shutdowns or other disruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including, but not limited to, the ability to adequately staff a project or effectively and expeditiously enroll patients in a clinical study, and therefore may be unable to provide the level of service that we received in the past. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our nonclinical studies and clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial and for ensuring that our nonclinical studies are conducted in accordance with
results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Regulatory authorities enforce these requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, clinical investigators, and trial sites. If we or any of our clinical research organizations fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials complies with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. We also are required to register The third parties with whom we have contracted to help perform our nonclinical studies or clinical trials also may have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or conduct our nonclinical studies or clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates. If any of our relationships with these third-party contract research organizations or clinical research organizations terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative contract research organizations or clinical research organizations or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or adding additional contract research organizations or clinical research organizations involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new contract research organization or clinical research organization commences work. As a result, delays could occur that could compromise our ability to meet our desired development timelines. Although we seek to carefully manage our relationships with our contract research organizations and clinical research organizations, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future. 60 We contract with third parties for the manufacture of commercial supply of OLINVYK and for clinical and nonclinical supply of our other product We have no internal manufacturing capabilities and do not have any manufacturing facilities. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of commercial supply of OLINVYK and the manufacture of supply of our other product candidates for nonclinical and clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacture, if any of We also expect to rely on third-party manufacturers or third-party collaborators for the manufacture of commercial supply of any other product candidates for which our collaborators or we obtain marketing approval. We may be unable to establish any agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms. Our reliance on third-party manufacturers for commercial supply of OLINVYK and for any additional product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval entails additional risks, including:
The failure of any of our contract manufacturers to maintain high manufacturing standards could result in injury or death of clinical trial participants or patients using products. Such failure could also result in product liability claims, product recalls, product seizures or withdrawals, delays or failures in testing or delivery, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously harm our business or profitability. The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates
OLINVYK and our other product candidates The DEA restricts the importation of a controlled substance finished drug product when the same substance is commercially available in the United States, which could reduce the number of potential alternative manufacturers for OLINVYK or our other MOR targeted product Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates or products may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis. We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue. Materials necessary to manufacture our product or product candidates may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, which may delay the development and commercialization of our product or product candidates. We currently rely on the manufacturers of our product and product candidates to purchase from third-party suppliers the materials necessary to produce the compounds for our nonclinical studies and clinical trials, and we rely, or will rely, on these other manufacturers for commercial distribution of OLINVYK and any other products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. Suppliers may not sell these materials to our manufacturers at the time we need them or on commercially reasonable terms and all such prices are susceptible to fluctuations in price and availability due to transportation costs, government regulations, price controls and changes in economic climate or other foreseen circumstances. We do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition of these materials by our manufacturers. We may enter into agreements to purchase certain materials and provide them to our manufacturers, with all the risks and uncertainties of supply associated with those purchases. If we or our manufacturers are unable to obtain these materials for our nonclinical studies and clinical trials, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our product candidates would be delayed, significantly impacting our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. If our manufacturers or we are unable to purchase these materials for commercial distribution of our product or, after regulatory approval has been obtained, our product candidates, the commercial launch of our product and product candidates would be delayed or there would be a shortage in supply, which would materially affect our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our product or product candidates. We rely on clinical data and results obtained by third parties that could ultimately prove to be inaccurate or unreliable. As part of our strategy to mitigate development risk, we seek to develop product candidates with validated mechanisms of action and we utilize biomarkers to assess potential clinical efficacy early in the development process. This strategy necessarily relies upon clinical data and other results obtained by third parties that may ultimately prove to be inaccurate or unreliable. Further, such clinical data and results may be based on products or product candidates that are significantly different from our product candidates. If the 62 inaccurate, unreliable or not applicable to our product candidates, we could make inaccurate assumptions and conclusions about our product candidates and our research and development efforts could be compromised.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be impaired. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our product candidates. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our product candidates. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Should we enter into collaborations with third parties, we may be required to consult with or cede control to collaborators regarding the prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of our patents. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after a first filing, or in some cases at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith Act was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to United States patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The United States Patent and Trademark Office continues to develop and implement new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, only became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party preissuance submission of prior art to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, render unenforceable, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could 63 dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.
Even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. The issuance of a patent does not foreclose challenges to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability. Therefore, our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such product candidates might expire before or shortly after such product candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful. Competitors may infringe our issued patents or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly or refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, rendered unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly. We may need to license certain intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights that are important or necessary to the development of our products. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize our products, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms, or our business could be harmed, possibly materially. Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. Our commercial success depends upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including interference or derivation proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future. If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and marketing our products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non‑exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be 64 found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have
misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business. If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses and funding arrangements with third parties, we could lose rights that are important to our business. We are currently party to license agreements for technologies that we use in conducting our drug discovery activities. In the future, we may become party to licenses that are important for product development and commercialization. If we fail to comply with our obligations under current or future license and funding agreements, our counterparties may have the right to terminate these agreements, in which event we might not be able to develop, manufacture or market any product or utilize any technology that is covered by these agreements or may face other penalties under the agreements. Such an occurrence could materially and adversely affect the value of a product candidate being developed under any such agreement or could restrict our drug discovery activities. Termination of these agreements or reduction or elimination of our rights under these agreements may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated agreements with less favorable terms, or cause us to lose our rights under these agreements, including our rights to important intellectual property or technology. We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property. Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know‑how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our and their assignment agreements may not be self‑executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities. Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed. In addition to seeking patent protection for our product candidates, we rely on trade secrets, including unpatented Risks Related to Legal Compliance Matters Our current and future relationships with customers and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere may be subject, directly or indirectly, to applicable anti‑kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, transparency, health information privacy and security and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens and diminished profits and future earnings. Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of OLINVYK and any other product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare providers, third-party payors, and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the federal Anti‑Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act, which may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct research, sell, market, and distribute OLINVYK and any other drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we may be subject to transparency laws and patient privacy regulation by U.S. federal and state governments and by governments in foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include:
Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business, including our collaborators, is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, it may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from participation in government healthcare programs, which also could materially affect our business.
67 controls, restrictions on reimbursement and The Affordable Care Act
Among the provisions of the
68 designed to provide financial support and resources to individuals and businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, suspended the 2% Medicare sequester from May 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. The sequester will remain in place through 2030. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act The Affordable Care Act has also been subject to challenges in the courts. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. On December 18, 2019, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and remanded the case to the Texas District Court to reconsider its earlier invalidation of the entire Affordable Care Act. On June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge the law as they had not alleged personal injury traceable to the allegedly unlawful conduct. As a result, the Supreme Court did not rule on the constitutionality of the ACA or any of its provisions. Further changes to and under the Affordable Care Act remain possible but it is unknown what form any such changes or any law proposed to replace or revise the Affordable Care Act would take, and how or whether it may
Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenue, if any. In some countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain coverage and reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the If we fail to comply with environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business. We are subject to numerous environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate 69 coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties, or other sanctions. Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Our Growth Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. We are highly dependent on the development, clinical, business development, legal, financial, and commercial expertise of our executive officers. Although we have entered into employment agreements with these individuals, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. Recruiting and retaining qualified management, scientific, clinical, manufacturing, sales and marketing, and other personnel also will be critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees or consultants could impede the achievement of our development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees or consultants may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize products. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel.
We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific, clinical, and commercial advisors, to assist us in formulating our development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited. In the future, we expect to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations. In the future, we expect to experience growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of drug development, regulatory affairs, manufacturing, sales, marketing, and distribution. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources, Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could expose us to liability and hurt our reputation. We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, provide accurate information to the FDA, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee misconduct also could involve the 70 improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our
Until such time, if ever, as we
If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our
An active trading market for our common stock may not continue to develop or be sustained. Although our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that an active, liquid trading market for our shares will continue to develop or be sustained. If an active market for our common stock does not continue to
develop or is not sustained, it may be difficult for you to sell shares quickly or without depressing the market price for the shares or to sell your shares at all.
If equity research analysts do not continue to publish research or reports or publish unfavorable research or reports about us, our business or our industry, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us or our customers may have a New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. For example, the Tax Act enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to the Tax Act may affect us, and certain aspects of the Tax Act could be repealed or modified in future legislation. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act or any newly enacted federal tax legislation. Changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets relating to our operations, the taxation of foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses under the Tax Act or future reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our
If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired. We are subject to the reporting requirements of
We incur costs and demands upon management as a result of being a public company. As a public company listed in the United States, we are incurring, and will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other Failure to comply with these rules also might make it more difficult for us to obtain some types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we might be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, on committees of our board of directors or as members of senior management. Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures. We utilize information technology systems and networks to process, transmit and store electronic information in connection with our business activities. As use of digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, have increased in frequency and sophistication. These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing cyber-attacks or successfully mitigating their effects. 72 Despite our implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and operations and those of our contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, outbreak of regional or global pandemic diseases, such as the recent coronavirus outbreak, terrorism, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption to our product candidate development programs. For example, the loss of data from completed, ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of personal, confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of any of our product candidates could be delayed or abandoned. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. Our principal office is located at 955 Chesterbrook Boulevard, Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania, where we currently lease approximately 8,231 square feet of developed office space on the first floor and 40,565 square feet of developed office space on the second floor. The lease term for this space extends through May 2028. On October 11, 2018, we entered into an agreement with The Vanguard Group, Inc., or Vanguard, whereby Vanguard agreed to sublease the 40,565 square feet of space on the second floor for an initial term of 37 months. On October 2, 2020, Vanguard
In October and November 2018, the Company and certain In December 2018, a shareholder derivative action was filed on behalf of the Company and against certain current and former officers and directors in the EDPA, and in February 2019, two additional, similar shareholder derivative actions were filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. A fourth similar shareholder 73 derivative action was filed in the EDPA in September 2019, and a fifth, similar derivative action was filed in the EDPA in November 2019. A similar sixth derivative action was filed in the EDPA in September 2020. These cases, which Except as described above, the Company is not involved in any legal proceeding that it expects to have a material effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 74 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information and Holders Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Dividends We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities We did not sell any equity securities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 in ITEM 6.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes appearing in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward Overview
Since our incorporation in late 2007, our operations have included organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, 75 equity securities and debt borrowings. As of December 31, We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue to commercialize OLINVYK and continue the development and clinical trials of Recent Developments
On
The R-Bridge Financing will be repaid through assignment to We provided a negative pledge of
Positive topline data from OLINVYK Respiratory Physiology study On March 31, 2022 we announced positive topline data from a study evaluating the physiologic impact of OLINVYK on respiratory function in high-risk subjects including elderly and obese subjects (mean age of 71.2 years). In this study OLINVYK, at similar levels of analgesia compared to IV morphine, demonstrated a statistically significant reduced impact on respiratory depression. The study was initiated in July 2021 and led by a recognized expert in risk/benefit analysis, Albert Dahan, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Anesthesiology at the Leiden University Medical Center. The data from this study is consistent with prior data involving younger (mean age of 26.9 years) subjects showing a favorable risk/benefit profile for OLINVYK compared to IV morphine. TRV027 for COVID-19 – International Expansion In March 2022, we were informed that our ongoing NIH ACTIV study for TRV027, our novel AT1 receptor selective agonist, would be expanded to include hospitalized COVID-19 patients at international sites, in addition to the currently enrolling U.S. sites. We intend to focus our efforts on supporting the continued enrollment in the NIH ACTIV study and believe the data will help position TRV027 as a treatment option for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, as well as for respiratory indications not related to COVID-19. As a result of this international expansion, and due to the need to allocate resources efficiently, we have also elected to withdraw TRV027 from the international REMAP-CAP study in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. REMAP-CAP had selected TRV027 for inclusion in April 2021, but to date no patients have been dosed with TRV027 in this study. 76 Submission of NDA in China In January 2022, our licensing agreement partner in China, Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., or Nhwa received acceptance of their New Drug Application (NDA) for oliceridine injection from China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA). Their submission followed completion by Nhwa of a Phase 3 bridging trial for OLINVYK (oliceridine) injection, a novel IV analgesic that has been approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in adults for the management of acute pain severe enough to require an intravenous opioid analgesic and for whom alternative treatments are inadequate. The results of the Trevena executed an exclusive License Agreement in 2018 with Nhwa to develop, manufacture, and commercialize OLINVYK in China and is eligible to receive regulatory and commercial milestone payments as well a 10% royalty on net sales in China. TRV045 Program for Diabetic Neuropathic Pain In December 2021, the FDA approved a three-part randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of TRV045 for diabetic neuropathic pain. The primary objective of the In nonclinical studies, TRV045 was not associated with lymphopenia and 77 COVID-19 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and on our business continues to be a fluid situation. We responded quickly across our organization to guard the health and safety of our team and participants in our clinical trials, support our partners and vendors and mitigate risk. Thus far, our employees have rapidly adapted to working remotely and we We continue to proactively assess, monitor and respond to domestic and international developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and we will implement risk-mitigation plans as needed to minimize the impact on our clinical trials and business operations, including our commercialization efforts of OLINVYK. Senior Secured Tranched Term Loan Credit Facility In September 2014, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Oxford Finance LLC and Pacific Western Bank (formerly Square 1 Bank), or the lenders, pursuant to which
In connection with entering into the Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of our
Our significant accounting policies Revenue Recognition In accordance with FASB’s ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606, we recognize revenue when its customers obtain control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps:
We apply the five-step model to contracts when we determine that it is probable we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are performance obligations and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. Product Revenue Product revenue is recognized at the point in time when our performance obligations with our customers have been satisfied. At contract inception, we determine if the contract is within the scope of ASC Topic 606 and then evaluate the contract using the following five steps: (1) identify the contract with the customer; (2) identify the performance obligations; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue at the point in time when the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Revenue is recorded at the transaction price, which is the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products to a customer. We determine the transaction price based on fixed consideration in our contractual agreements, which includes estimates of variable consideration, and the transaction price is allocated entirely to the performance obligation to provide pharmaceutical products. In determining the transaction price, a significant financing component does not exist since the timing from when we deliver product to when the customers pay for the product is less than one year and the customers do not pay for product in advance of the transfer of the product. We record product revenue net of any variable consideration, which includes estimated chargebacks, prompt pay discounts, returns and distribution service fees. We utilize the expected value method to estimate chargebacks and returns and we utilize the most likely method to estimate prompt pay discounts and distribution service fees. The variable consideration is recorded as a reduction of revenue at the time revenues are recognized. We will only recognize revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur in a future period. These estimates may differ from actual consideration amount received and we will re‑assess these estimates each reporting period to reflect known changes in factors. 79 Distributor Chargebacks When a product is sold to a third party that is subject to a contractual price agreement, the difference between the price paid to us by the wholesaler and the price under the specific contract is charged back to us by the wholesaler. Utilizing this information, we estimate a chargeback percentage for each product and record an allowance for chargebacks as a reduction to revenue when we record our sale of the products. We reduce the chargeback allowance when a chargeback request from a wholesaler is processed. Reserves for chargebacks are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheet. Prompt Payment (Cash) Discounts We provide customers with prompt payment discounts which may result in adjustments to the price that is invoiced for the product transferred, in the case that payments are made within a defined period. Our prompt payment discount reserves are based on actual net sales and contractual discount rates. Reserves for prompt payment discounts are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheet. Distribution Service Fees We pay distribution service fees to our customers based on a fixed percentage of the product price. These fees are not in exchange for a distinct good or service and therefore are recognized as a reduction of the transaction price. We reserve for these fees based on actual net sales, contractual fee rates negotiated with the customer and the mix of the products in the distribution channel that remain subject to fees. Reserves for distribution service fees are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheet. Product Returns Generally, our customers have the right to return any unopened product during the eighteen (18) month period beginning six (6) months prior to the labeled expiration date and ending twelve (12) months after the labeled expiration date in addition to slow moving or discontinued products. Six (6) months following the launch of OLINVYK, our customers may have the right to return inventory remaining from their initial purchase, if any, subject to certain terms and conditions. Since we currently do not have a history of OLINVYK returns, we estimate returns based on industry data for comparable products in the market. As we distribute our product and establish historical sales over a longer period of time (i.e., two to three years), we will be able to place more reliance on historical purchasing, demand and return patterns of our customers when evaluating our reserves for product returns. OLINVYK has a forty-eight (48) month shelf life. We recognize the amount of expected returns as a refund liability, representing the obligation to return the customer’s consideration. Since the returns primarily consist of expired and short dated products that will not be resold, we do not record a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer at the time of the initial sale (when recognition of revenue is deferred due to the anticipated return). Accrued product return estimates are recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. License Revenues Our licensing agreements typically include payment to us of one or more of the following: nonrefundable, up-front license fees; regulatory and commercial milestone payments; payments for manufacturing supply services; materials shipped to support development; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. We also assess whether there is an option in a contract to acquire additional goods or services. An option gives rise to a performance obligation only if the option provides a material right to the customer that it would not receive without entering into that contract. Factors that we consider in evaluating whether an option represents a material right include, but are not limited to: (i) the overall objective of the arrangement, (ii) the benefit the collaborator might obtain from the arrangement without exercising the option, (iii) the cost to exercise the option (e.g. priced at a significant and incremental discount) and (iv) the likelihood that the option will be exercised. With respect to options determined to be 80 performance obligations, we recognize revenue when those future goods or services are transferred or when the options expire. Our licensing revenue arrangements may include the following: Up-front License Fees: If a license is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from nonrefundable, up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, up-front fees. We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. Milestone Payments: At the inception of an agreement that includes regulatory or commercial milestone payments, we evaluate whether each milestone is considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our control or the control of the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At each reporting period, we assess the probability of achievement of each milestone under our current agreements. Research and Development Activities: Under our current collaboration and license arrangements, if we are entitled to reimbursement for costs for services that we provided, we expect such reimbursement would be an offset to research and development expenses.
Manufacturing Supply and Research Services: Arrangements that include a promise for future supply of drug substance or drug product for either clinical development or commercial supply at the licensee’s discretion are generally considered as options. We assess if these options provide a material right to the licensee and if so, they are accounted for as separate performance obligations. We receive payments from our licensees based on schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until we perform our obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when our right to consideration is unconditional. We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the Research and Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development costs include, but are not limited to, personnel expenses, clinical trial supplies, fees for clinical trial services, manufacturing costs, consulting costs, and allocated Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as subject enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our vendors with respect to their actual costs incurred. Payments for these activities are based on the 81 terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the financial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development expense, as the case may be. As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our expenses resulting from our obligations under contracts with vendors, clinical research organizations and consultants, and under clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to
negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided under such contracts. Our objective is to reflect the appropriate trial expenses in our financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services are performed and efforts are expended. We may account for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by subject progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. We determine accrual estimates through financial models taking into account discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of consummation of trials, or the services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, we adjust our clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from estimates. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to us at that time. Our clinical trial accruals are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-party vendors. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low for any particular period. For the years ended December 31,
We have equity incentive plans under which various types of equity-based awards including, but not limited to, incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, and restricted stock unit awards, may be granted to employees, non-employee directors, and non-employee consultants. We also have an inducement plan under which various types of equity-based awards, including non-qualified stock options and restricted stock unit awards, may be granted to new employees.
We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for all stock-based awards based on the estimated grant-date fair values. For restricted stock unit awards to employees, the fair value is based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.
See Note Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2
Results of Operations Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands, except per share data)
To date, we have derived revenue mainly from activities pursuant to our licensing agreements related to the development and commercialization of
2020, we recorded $0.5 million and $0.1 million, respectively, in product revenue from the shipment of drug product to wholesalers.
Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold for product revenue includes third party logistics costs, shipping costs, and indirect overhead costs which are recorded as period costs in We expensed the cost of producing validation batches of OLINVYK that we are using in the commercial launch as research and 83 The following table provides information regarding cost of goods sold during the periods indicated, including percent changes (dollar amounts in thousands):
Cost of goods sold increased by $0.8 million, or 424% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the same period in 2020, primarily related to a reserve for a commercial batch that is not salable based on the
customer-facing sales team. Research and development expense Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for research and the development of our product candidates, including costs associated with the regulatory approval process. In addition, research and development expenses include salaries and related costs for our research and development personnel and stock-based compensation expense and travel expenses for such individuals. Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size, complexity and duration of later-stage clinical trials. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and are tracked by discovery program and subsequently by product candidate once a product candidate has been selected for development. We record costs for some development activities, such as clinical trials, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our vendors. Research and development expenses
84 The Total other
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We At December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $494.1 million, working capital of $61.5 million, cash and cash equivalents of $66.9 million, restricted cash of $1.3 million, and Our primary use of cash is to fund operating expenses, which consist of research and development expenditures, commercialization expenditures, and other selling, general and administrative expenditures. We anticipate these expenses to increase in 2022, given that we continue to commercialize OLINVYK. Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Net cash used in operating activities was $50.2 million and $21.4 million for the years ended December 31, Our success is dependent on the successful commercialization of OLINVYK and obtaining adequate capital to fund operating losses until we Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flows (in thousands):
Net cash used in operating activities Net cash used in operating activities was 85 $3.9 million partially offset by non-cash expenses for stock compensation of $4.4 million, depreciation of $0.4 million, and Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted primarily of a net loss of $29.4 million partially offset by non-cash expenses for stock compensation of $3.3 million and a $3.4 million increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Net cash used in investing activities was
Net cash provided by financing activities Net cash provided by financing activities was Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to net proceeds of approximately $53.7 million from our August 2020 underwritten public offering of 25.0 million shares of our common stock, at a public offering price of $2.30 per share, and net proceeds of $47.3 million from the sale of common stock through our
The Company currently leases approximately 8,231 square feet of developed office space on the first floor and 40,565 square feet of developed office space on the second floor in Chesterbrook Pennsylvania. The lease term for this space extends through May 2028. On October 11, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with The Vanguard Group, Inc., or Vanguard, whereby Vanguard agreed to sublease the 40,565 square feet of space on the second floor for an initial term of 37 months. On October 2, 2020, Vanguard notified the Company that they exercised the first option to extend the sublease term for three years through November 30, 2024. Vanguard has a second option to extend the sublease term for an additional three years through November 30, 2027. The sublease provides for rent abatement for the first month of the term; thereafter, the rent payable to the Company by
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by
Operating and Capital Expenditure Requirements We have not achieved profitability since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur net losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. We expect our cash expenditures to continue to be significant in the near term as we 86 continue clinical development of TRV250, and We believe that our cash and cash equivalents Ultimately, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
Please see “Risk Factors” for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.
Other Commitments In the course of normal business operations, we have agreements with contract service providers to assist in the performance of our research and development and manufacturing activities. We can elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time. We also could enter into additional collaborative research, contract research, manufacturing and supplier agreements in the future, which may require upfront payments and even long-term commitments of cash. We have no material
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Not required.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA REPORT OF MANAGEMENT Management’s Report on Financial Statements Our management is responsible for the preparation, integrity and fair presentation of information in our financial statements, including estimates and judgments. The financial statements presented in this Annual Report on Form Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31,
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Trevena, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Trevena, Inc. (the The Company's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since Philadelphia, Pennsylvania March
TREVENA, INC. (in thousands, except share and per share data)
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
TREVENA, INC. Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (in thousands, except share and per share data)
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
TREVENA, INC. Statements of Stockholders’ Equity For the Period (in thousands, except share data)
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
TREVENA, INC. (in thousands)
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
TREVENA, INC. December 31, 1. Organization and Description of the Business Trevena, Inc., or the Company, was incorporated in Delaware as Parallax Therapeutics, Inc. on November 9, 2007. The Company began operations in December 2007, and its name was changed to Trevena, Inc. on January 3, 2008. The Company is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of Since commencing operations in 2007, the Company has devoted substantially all of its financial resources and efforts to research and development, including
Since the Company’s inception, the Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations. At December 31, 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and
fair value of stock-based awards, the fair value of Cash, The Company considers all highly liquid investments that have maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximates their fair market value. The Company maintains a portion of its cash and cash equivalent balances in money market mutual funds that may invest substantially all of their assets in U.S. government agency securities and U.S. Treasury securities.
Restricted Cash The Company maintains $1.3 million as collateral under a letter of credit for the Company’s facility lease obligations in Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania. The Company has recorded this deposit and accumulated interest thereon as restricted cash on its balance sheet. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amount of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash and cash equivalents, The Company has evaluated the estimated fair value of financial instruments using available market information and management’s estimates. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies could have a significant effect on the estimated fair value amounts. See Note 3 for additional information.
Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash, cash equivalents, Property and Equipment Property and equipment consists of computer and laboratory equipment, software, office equipment, furniture, manufacturing equipment and leasehold improvements and is recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed to operations as incurred. Upon disposal, retirement or sale, the related cost and accumulated depreciation The Company reviews 96 which is measured based on the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the assets.
At the commencement of a lease, the Company recognizes a liability to make lease payments and an asset representing the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term. The Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are classified as short-term leases and are not recorded on the balance sheet. The lease expense for short-term leases is Common Stock Warrants Freestanding warrants that are related to the purchase of common stock are classified as liabilities and recorded at fair value regardless of the timing of the redemption feature or the redemption price or the likelihood of redemption. These warrants are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date and any change in fair value is recognized as a component of change in fair value of warrant liability in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company will continue to adjust the liability for changes in fair value until the earlier of the exercise or expiration of the warrants. The warrants are classified as Level 3 liabilities. The value of these warrants was immaterial as of December 31, In addition, in connection with entering into loan agreements, the Company has issued warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. These detachable warrant instruments qualify for equity classification and have been allocated upon the relative fair value of the base instrument and the warrant. See Note
In accordance with FASB’s ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii)identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii)determine the transaction price; (iv)allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v)recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company applies the five-step model to contracts when it determines that it is probable it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, 97 once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.
Research and Development Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development costs include, but are not limited to, personnel expenses, clinical trial supplies, fees for clinical trial services, manufacturing costs, consulting costs, and allocated Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as subject enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to the Company by its vendors with respect to their actual costs incurred. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the financial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development expense, as the case may be. As part of the process of preparing its financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its expenses resulting from its obligations under contracts with vendors, clinical research organizations and consultants, and under clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided under such contracts. The Company’s objective is to reflect the appropriate trial expenses in its financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services are performed and efforts are expended. The Company may account for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by subject progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. The Company determines accrual estimates through financial models taking into account discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of consummation of trials, or the services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, the Company adjusts its clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from its estimates. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to it at that time. The Company’s clinical trial accruals are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-party vendors. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, its understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in it reporting amounts that are too high or too low for any particular period. For the years ended December 31,
The Company has equity incentive plans under which various types of equity-based awards including, but not limited to, incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, and restricted stock unit awards, may be granted to employees, non-employee directors, and non-employee consultants. At December 31, 2021, the Company had 2 stock-based compensation plans, which are more fully described in Note 8. The Company also has an inducement plan under which various types of equity-based awards, including non-qualified stock options and restricted stock awards, may be granted to new employees.
98 The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company utilizes a dividend yield of
conditions will be met. See Note Income Taxes Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, or ASC 740, which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit will more likely than not be realized. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position, as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. To date, the Company has not taken any uncertain tax position or recorded any reserves, interest or penalties.
Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income (loss) Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock The Company’s basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net loss per common share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. Because the impact of these items is Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In December
3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, or ASC 820, establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. 99 ASC 820 identifies fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes among the following: Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Marketable Securities The following table presents the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities as of December 31,
The Company classifies investments available to fund current operations as current assets on its balance sheets. As of December 31,
100 Accretion of bond discount on marketable securities The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. 4. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method for all inventories. Inventory includes the cost of API, raw materials and third-party contract manufacturing and packaging services. Indirect overhead costs associated with production and distribution are recorded as period costs in the period incurred. OLINVYK was approved by the FDA in August 2020. Prior to FDA approval, all manufacturing costs for OLINVYK were expensed to research and development. Upon FDA approval, manufacturing costs for OLINVYK manufactured for commercial sale have been capitalized as inventory cost. Costs of drug product to be consumed in any current or future clinical trials will continue to be recognized as research and development expense. The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of inventory on hand using the same lower of cost or net realizable value approach as that used to initially value the inventory. Valuation adjustments may be required for slow-moving or obsolete inventory or in any situations where market conditions have caused net realizable value to fall below the carrying cost of the inventory. 5. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):
Depreciation and amortization expense was
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
In September 2014, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Oxford Finance LLC and Pacific Western Bank (formerly Square
In connection with entering into the agreement, the Company issued to the lenders and the placement agent warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,678 shares of As of December 31,
2020.
Equity Offerings Under its certificate of incorporation, the Company was authorized to issue up to 200,000,000
In August 2020, the Company ATM
Registered Direct Offering and Concurrent Warrant Issuance In January 2019, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with 2 institutional investors wherein the Company agreed to sell to the investors an aggregate of Equity Incentive Plans In 2008, the Company adopted the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended on February 29, 2008, January 7, 2010, July 8, 2010, December 10, 2010, June 23, 2011 and June 17, 2013, collectively, the 2008 Plan, that authorized the Company to grant restricted stock and stock options to eligible employees, directors and consultants to the Company. 103 In 2013, the Company adopted the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended on May 14, 2014, collectively, 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan became effective upon the Company’s entry into the underwriting agreement related to its IPO in January 2014 and, as of such date, no further grants were permitted under the 2008 Plan. The 2013 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, On December 15, 2016, the Company adopted the Trevena, Inc. Inducement Plan, or the Inducement Plan, effective January 1, 2017, pursuant to which the Company reserved 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance under the Inducement Plan. The Plan provides for
fide period of non-employment, in each case as an inducement material to such individual’s agreement to enter into employment with the Company. Under all Plans, the amount, terms of grants and exercisability provisions are determined by the board of directors or its designee. The term of the options may be up to 10 years, and options are exercisable in cash or as otherwise determined by the board of directors or its designee. Vesting generally occurs over a period of not greater than four years. For performance-based stock awards, the Company recognizes expense when achievement of the performance The estimated
104 Stock Options A summary of stock option activity and related information from January 1, 2020 through December 31,
The aggregate intrinsic value of the options exercisable as of December 31, The Company uses the
The per-share
The
105
As of December 31,
Restricted Stock Units
There were 466,059 shares of common stock
The following is a summary of changes in the status of non-vested RSUs from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2021:
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded As of December 31, 106 Shares Available for Future Grant At December 31,
Shares Reserved for Future Issuance At December 31,
The Company leases office space in Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania and equipment. The Company’s principal office is located at 955 Chesterbrook Boulevard, Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania, where the Company currently leases approximately 8,231 square feet of developed office space on the first floor and 40,565
square feet of developed office space on the second floor. The lease term for this space extends through May 2028. On October 11, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with The Vanguard Group, Inc., or Vanguard, whereby Vanguard agreed to sublease the 40,565 square feet of space on the second floor for an initial term of 37 months. On October 2, 2020, Vanguard
107 Supplemental balance sheet information related to
The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):
108 Our lease liabilities will mature, as follows (in thousands):
Per the terms of our sublease, we expect the following inflows (in thousands):
Weighted average lease term and discount rates are as follows:
The Company had no deferred rent
Legal Proceedings In October and November 2018, the Company and certain 109 liability and the $8.5 million estimated insurance recovery in its 2020 financial statements. As expected, the $8.5 million was paid by the Company’s insurance carriers, and the litigation is now resolved. The Company continues to believe that the In December 2018, a shareholder derivative action was filed on behalf of the Company and against certain current and former officers and directors in the EDPA, and in February 2019, 10. Product Revenue Performance Obligation The Company’s performance obligation is the supply of finished pharmaceutical products to its customers. The Company’s customers consist of major wholesale distributors. The Company’s customer contracts generally consist of both a master agreement, which is signed by the Company
The Company The Company offers standard product warranties which Variable Consideration The Company includes an estimate of variable consideration in its transaction price at the time of sale when control of the The Company assesses whether or not an estimate of its variable consideration is constrained and has determined that the constraint does not apply, since it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative 110 revenue will not occur in the future when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The Company’s estimates for variable consideration are adjusted as required at each reporting period for specific known developments that may result in a change in the amount of total consideration it expects to receive. Distributor Chargebacks When a product that is subject to a contractual price agreement is sold to a third party, the difference between the price paid to the Company by the wholesaler and the price under the specific contract is charged back to the Company by the wholesaler. Utilizing this information, the Company estimates a chargeback percentage for each product and records an allowance for chargebacks as a reduction to revenue when the Company records sales of the products. We reduce the chargeback allowance when a chargeback request from a wholesaler is processed. Reserves for distributor chargebacks are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheet. Prompt Payment (Cash) Discounts The Company provides customers with prompt payment discounts which may result in adjustments to the price that is invoiced for the product transferred, in the case that payments are made within a defined period. The Company’s prompt payment discount reserves are based on actual net sales and contractual discount rates. Reserves for prompt payment discounts are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheet. Distribution Service Fees The Company pays distribution service fees to its customers based on a fixed percentage of the product price. These fees are not in exchange for a distinct good or service and therefore are recognized as a reduction of the transaction price. The Company reserves for these fees based on actual net sales, contractual fee rates negotiated with the customer and the mix of the products Product Returns Generally, the Company’s customers have the right to return any unopened product during the eighteen (18) month period beginning six (6) months prior to the labeled expiration date and ending twelve (12) months after the labeled expiration date. Six (6) months following the launch of OLINVYK, the Company’s customers may have the right to return inventory remaining from their initial purchase, if any, subject to certain terms and conditions. Since the Company currently does not have a history of OLINVYK returns, the Company estimates returns based on industry data for comparable products in the market. As the Company distributes its product and establishes historical sales over a longer period of time (i.e., two to three years), the Company will be able to place more reliance on historical purchasing, demand and return patterns of its customers when evaluating its reserves for product returns. OLINVYK has a forty-eight (48) month shelf life. The Company recognizes the amount of expected returns as a refund liability, representing the obligation to return the customer’s consideration. Since the returns primarily consist of expired and short dated products that will not be resold, the Company does not record a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer at the time of the initial sale (when recognition of revenue is 111 Concentration of Revenue
Sales-Related Deductions The following table presents a rollforward of the major categories of sales-related deductions included in trade receivable allowances for the year ended December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2021, the Company does not have any outstanding accounts receivable and, as a result, the sales allowance of $87,000 has been included with accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet. 11. License Revenue License and Commercialization Agreement with Pharmbio Korea Inc. In April 2018, In accordance with License Agreement with Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. In April 2018, the Company also entered into an exclusive license agreement with Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., or Nhwa, for the development and commercialization of OLINVYK for the management of moderate to severe acute pain in China. Under the terms of this agreement, the Company received an upfront, non-refundable cash payment of $2.5 million (less applicable withholding taxes of $0.3 million) in July 2018. In August 2020, the Company received a milestone payment of $3.0 million (less applicable withholding taxes of $0.3 million), that became payable by Nhwa upon FDA approval of OLINVYK. The Company is also eligible to receive a cash milestone payment of $3.0 million, subject to Chinese withholding taxes, upon regulatory approval of OLINVYK in China, up to an additional $6.0 million of commercialization milestone payments based on product sales levels in China, 112 and a 10 percent royalty on all net product sales in China, less applicable withholding taxes. As part of the agreement, the Company also granted Nhwa an option to manufacture OLINVYK, on an exclusive basis in China, for the development and commercialization of the product in China. In the second quarter of 2018, In accordance with the terms of the agreement, Nhwa is solely responsible for all development and regulatory activities in For the year ended December 31,
License revenue
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except share and per share data):
The following outstanding securities at December 31,
anti-dilutive:
13. Income Taxes
The income tax provision for the years ended December 31,
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the net effects of net operating Significant components of the Company’s net deferred tax assets as of December 31,
114 A reconciliation of income tax expense computed at the statutory federal income tax rate to income taxes as reflected in the financial statements is as follows:
As of December 31, The Company files income tax returns in the U.S.
positions. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to tax matters in income tax expense. 14. Employee Benefit Plan The Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution plan for its employees. Employee contributions are voluntary. The Company matches employee contributions in an amount equal to 100% of the first 3% of eligible compensation and 50% of the next 2% of eligible compensation, and such employer contributions are immediately vested. During 15.
On The R-Bridge Financing will be repaid through assignment to
$3.0 million milestone on Chinese approval.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and our Based on that evaluation, our management, including our CEO and Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form
None.
PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information concerning our executive offers required by this Item 10 is provided under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All other information required by this Item 10
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the information responsive thereto contained in our definitive proxy statement related to the
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The following table provides certain information with respect to all of our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31,
117 Other The other information required by Item 12 is incorporated by reference to the information responsive thereto contained in our definitive proxy statement related to the ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the information responsive thereto contained in our definitive proxy statement related to the
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL The information required by Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the information responsive thereto contained in our definitive proxy statement related to the
PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, (a) DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT The following is a list of our financial statements and supplementary data included in this Annual Report on Form 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
(b) EXHIBITS The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form
120
121
# Filed herewith. + Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. * Portions of this exhibit, indicated by asterisks, have been omitted and separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a request for confidential treatment that has been granted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: March
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
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