UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT

PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 20182020

OR

For the Transition Period from                     to

Commission File Number 1-15997

ENTRAVISION COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

2425 Olympic Boulevard, Suite 6000 West

Santa Monica, California 90404

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (310) 447-3870

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☐☒    No  ☒☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 20182020 was approximately $365,594,240$96,767,128 (based upon the closing price for shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock as reported by The New York Stock Exchange for the last trading date prior to that date).

As of April 30, 2019,5, 2021, there were 61,137,14760,765,450 shares, $0.0001 par value per share, of the registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding, 14,927,613 shares, $0.0001 par value per share, of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding and 9,352,729 shares, $0.0001 par value per share, of the registrant’s Class U common stock outstanding.

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on May 30, 201927, 2021 are incorporated by a reference in Part III hereof.

ENTRAVISION COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION

FORM 10-K FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 20182020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This document contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal and state securities laws, including, but not limited to, any projections of earnings, revenue or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements concerning proposed new services or developments; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; any statements of belief; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.

Forward-looking statements may include the words “may,” “could,” “will,” “estimate,” “intend,” “continue,” “believe,” “expect” or, “anticipate”, “hope” or other similar words. These forward-looking statements present our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this report. Except for our ongoing obligation to disclose material information as required by the federal securities laws, we do not intend, and undertake no obligation, to update any forward-looking statement.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in any of our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in any of our forward-looking statements. Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and inherent risks and uncertainties. Some of the key factors impacting these risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

For a detailed description of these and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement, please see “Risk Factors,” beginning at page 3233 below.

The discussion of the business of Entravision Communications Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, or Entravision or the Company, is as of the date of filing this report, unless otherwise indicated.

Overview

Introduction

We are a leadingdiversified global media, marketing and technology company that, through our television and radio segments, reaches and engages U.S. Hispanics across acculturation levels and media channels. Additionally, our digital segment, whose operations are located primarily in Spain Mexico, Argentina and other countries in Latin America, reaches a global market.market. Our operations encompass integrated marketing and media solutions, comprised of television, radio and digital properties and data analytics services. For financial reporting purposes, we report in three segments based upon the type of advertising medium: television, broadcasting, radio broadcasting and digital media.digital.

We own and/or operate 5554 primary television stations located primarily in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Washington, D.C. Our television operations comprise the largest affiliate group of both the top-ranked Univision television network and Univision’s UniMás network, with television stations in 19 of the nation’s top 50 U.S. Hispanic markets. According to Univision, which uses viewing data from Nielsen Holdings plc, or Nielsen, Univision’s primary network iswas set to finish 2020 as the most watched televisionnumber one Spanish-language network (English- or Spanish-language)with total viewers 2+ and adults 18-49 for the 28th consecutive year, and among U.S. Hispanic households during primetime.the top five broadcast networks, regardless of language, with adults 18-49 for the 17th consecutive year. Univision is a key source of programming for our television broadcasting business and we consider it to be a valuable strategic partner of ours. For a more complete discussion of our relationship with Univision, please see “Our Relationship with Univision” and “Television – Television Programming” below and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Overview”; and for a discussion of various risks related to our relationship with Univision, please see “Risk Factors.”

We own and operate one of the largest groups of primarily Spanish-language radio stations in the United States. We own and operate 4948 radio stations in 16 U.S. markets. Our radio stations consist of 38 FM and 1110 AM stations located in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico and Texas. We also operate Entravision Solutions as our national sales representation division, through which we sell advertisements and syndicate radio programming to more than 100 markets across the United States.

We also provide digital advertising solutions that allow advertisers to reach primarily Hispanic online Hispanic audiences worldwide. We operate a proprietary technology and data platformplatforms that deliversdeliver digital advertising in various advertising formats that allowsallow advertisers to reach audiences across a wide range of Internet-connected devices on our owned and operated digital media sites;sites, the digital media sites of our publisher partners;partners, and on other digital media sites we access through third-party platforms and exchanges.

We generate revenue primarily from sales of national and local advertising time on television stations, radio stations and digital media platforms, and from retransmission consent agreements that are entered into with multichannel video programming distributors, or MVPDs.MVPDs, and agreements associated with our television stations’ spectrum usage rights. Advertising rates are, in large part, based on each medium’s ability to attract audiences in demographic groups targeted by advertisers. In our television and radio segments, we recognize advertising revenue when commercials are broadcast. In our digital segment, we recognize advertising revenue when display or other digital advertisements record impressions on the websites of our third party publishers or as the advertiser’s previously agreed-upon performance criteria are satisfied. We do not obtain long-term commitments from our advertisers and, consequently, they may cancel, reduce or postpone orders without penalties. We pay commissions to agencies for local, regional and national advertising. For contracts we have entered into directly with agencies, we record net revenue from these agencies. Seasonal revenue fluctuations are common in our industry and are due primarily to variations in advertising expenditures by both local and national advertisers. Our first fiscal quarter generally produces the lowest net revenue for the year. In addition, advertising revenue is generally higher during presidential election years (2016, 2020, etc.), resulting from significant political advertising, and, to a lesser degree, Congressional mid-term election years (2018, 2022, etc.), resulting from increased political advertising, compared to other years.

We refer to the revenue generated by agreements with MVPDs as retransmission consent revenue, which represents payments from MVPDs for access to our television station signals so that they may rebroadcast our signals and charge their subscribers for this programming. We recognize retransmission consent revenue earned as the television signal is delivered to an MVPD.

Seasonal revenue fluctuations are common in our industry and are due primarily to variations in advertising expenditures by both local and national advertisers. Our first fiscal quarter generally produces the lowest net revenue for the year. In addition, advertising revenue is generally higher during presidential election years (2020, 2024, etc.), and, to a lesser degree, Congressional mid-term election years (2022, 2026, etc.), resulting from increased political advertising in those years compared to other years. Advertising revenue in our radio segment is also generally higher during years when we broadcast the FIFA World Cup on our radio stations.

Our licenses from the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, grant us spectrum usage rights within each of the television markets in which we operate. These spectrum usage rights give us the authority to broadcast our stations’ over-the-air television signals to our viewers. We regard these rights as a valuable asset. With the proliferation of mobile devices and advances in technology that have freed up spectrum capacity, the monetization of our spectrum usage rights has become a significant partsource of our businessrevenue in recent years.  We generate revenue from agreements associated with these television stations’ spectrum usage rights from a variety of sources, including but not limited to agreements with third parties to utilize spectrum for the broadcast of their multicast networks; charging fees to accommodate the operations of third parties, including moving channel positions or accepting interference with our broadcasting operations; and modifying and/or relinquishing spectrum usage rights while continuing to broadcast through channel sharing or other arrangements.  Revenue generated by such agreements is recognized over the period of the lease or when we have relinquished all or a portion of our spectrum usage rights for a station or have relinquished our rights to operate a station on the existing channel free from interference.  In addition, subject to certain restrictions contained in our 2017 Credit Agreement, we will consider strategic acquisitions of television stations to further this strategy from time to time, as well as additional monetization opportunities expected to arise as the television broadcast industry implements the standards contained in ATSC 3.0.  

Our net revenue for the year ended December 31, 20182020 was approximately $297.8$344.0 million. Of this amount, revenue generated by our television segment accounted for approximately 51%45%, revenue generated by our digital media segment accounted for approximately 27%42%, and revenue generated by our radio segment accounted for approximately 22%13%, of total revenue.

Our primary expenses are employee compensation, including commissions paid to our sales staff and amounts paid to our national sales representative firms, as well as expenses for general and administrative functions, promotion and selling, engineering, marketing, and local programming. Our local programming costs for television consist primarily of costs related to producing a local newscast in most of our markets. Cost of revenue related to our television segment consists primarily of the carrying value of spectrum usage rights that were surrendered in the FCC auction for broadcast spectrum. In addition, cost of revenue related to our digital media segment consists primarily of the costs of online media acquired from third-party publishers and third party server costs. Direct operating expenses include salaries and commissions of sales staff, amounts paid to national representation firms, production and programming expenses, fees for ratings services, and engineering costs. Corporate expenses consist primarily of salaries related to corporate officers and back office functions, third party legal and accounting services, and fees incurred as a result of being a publicly traded and reporting company.

Our principal executive offices are located at 2425 Olympic Boulevard, Suite 6000 West, Santa Monica, California 90404, and our telephone number is (310) 447-3870. Our corporate website is www.entravision.com.

We were organized as a Delaware limited liability company in January 1996 to combine the operations of our predecessor entities. On August 2, 2000, we completed a reorganization from a limited liability company to a Delaware corporation. On August 2, 2000, we also completed an initial public offering of our Class A common stock, which is listed on The New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “EVC.”

Business Strategy

Our strategy is to reach Hispanic audiences primarily in the United States, Mexico and other markets in Latin America. We own and/or operate media properties in 14 of the 20 highest-density U.S. Hispanic markets. In addition, among the top 25 U.S. Hispanic markets, we own and/or operate media properties in 10 of the 15 fastest-growing markets. We believe that targeting the U.S. Hispanic market will continue to translate into revenue growth in the future, including for the following reasons:

We seek to increase our revenue through the following strategies:

Develop Unique and Compelling Content and Strong Brands While Effectively Using the Brands of Our Network Affiliates. We make substantial investments in areas such as market research, data analysis and creative talent to license and create content for our television, radio and digital properties that is relevant and has a meaningful impact on the communities we serve.  

Our television operations comprise the largest affiliate group of both the top-ranked Univision primary television network and Univision’s UniMás network. Univision’s primary network, together with itsUnivision reports that Univision and UniMás network, have nearly doublenetworks were scheduled to finish 2020 as the television prime timeonly two major broadcasters to increase their audience share of the Telemundo networkyear-over-year in primetime among Hispanicstotal viewers 2+ years of age, as of May 2018.adults 18-49 and adults 18-34. In addition, according to Univision, reports thatit was set to finish 2020 as the UniMásnumber one Spanish-language network attracted more Total Viewersfor the 28th consecutive year, and among the top five broadcast networks, regardless of language, with adults 18-49 for the 17th consecutive year and with total viewers 2+, Adults 18-49 and Adults 18-34 years of age in daytime, early fringe, prime access, late fringe, weekend daytime and total day than the combined audience of Azteca and Estrella TV during January to November 2018.age. Univision makes its networks’ Spanish-language programming available to our television stations 24 hours a day, seven days a week, including a prime time schedule on its primary network of substantially all first-run programming throughout the year. We believe that the breadth and diversity of Univision’s programming, combined with our local news and community-oriented segments, provide us with an advantage over other Spanish-language and English-language media in reaching U.S. Hispanic viewers. OurWe design our local content is designedin an effort to meet the needs of our communities and brand each of our stations as the best source for relevant community information that accurately reflects local interests and needs.

We format the programming of our radio networks and radio stations in an effort to capture a substantial share of the U.S. Hispanic audience in each of our radio markets. We operate each of our twofour radio networks – La Tricolor, La Suavecita, Fuego and José, Toca las de tu Rancho – using a format designed to appeal to different listener tastes. In markets where competing stations already offer programming similar to our network formats, or where we otherwise identify an available niche in the marketplace, we run alternative programming that we believe appeals to local listeners.

Develop Local Content, Programming and Community Involvement. We believe that local content and service to the community in each of our markets is an important part of building our brand identity and providing meaningful local service within those markets. By combining our local news, local content and quality network programming, we believe that we have a significant competitive advantage. We also believe that our active community involvement, including station remote broadcasting appearances at client events and concerts, which were restricted in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and tie-ins to major events, helps to build company and station awareness and identity as well as viewer and listener loyalty. We also promote civic involvement and inform our listeners and viewers of significant developments affecting their communities.

Distribute News and Other Content Across Our Television, Radio and Digital Properties. We develop our own Emmy® award-winning news, entertainment and lifestyle content, radio shows and podcasts including“Erazno y La Chokolata”, and produce a Sunday morning political talk show, “Política Ya with Tsi-Tsi-Ki Félix”. We also employ our own White House correspondent in Washington, D.C. We distribute this content across our television, radio and digital properties.properties, including “Noticiasya.com”, our news website. In addition, through the Entravision Solutions,Radio Network, we syndicate, distribute and sell some of our radio shows including “Erazno y La Chokolata” and other programs including “El Show de Piolin”, “The Shoboy Show” and “El Show de Alex ‘El Genio’ Lucas” across a network of more than 300 radio stations, which includes our radio stations as well as other radio stations that we do not own or operate, in more than 100 markets throughout the United States. Moreover, weWe also broadcast, on an exclusive basis, and syndicate, National Football League, or NFL, games, such as including Sunday Night Football, Monday Night Football, the NFL playoffs, including the Super Bowl, and the American Football Conference playoffs,Pro Bowl, in Spanish, for 26on 16 radio stations. We also broadcast Mexican National Soccer team matches through our partner Futbol de Primera, including a one-hour soccer program with general soccer updates and interviews, on 14 radio stations. We will also broadcast the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup and the 2022 FIFA World Cup on our radio stations.

Extend the Reach and Accessibility of Our Brands Through Our Digital Segment. In recent years, we have also enhancedexpanded the distribution of our content through our digital platforms, such as the content we offer on the Internet and mobile phones. We believe that our digital segment offers opportunities to further enhance the relationships we have with our audiences by allowing them to engage and share our content in new ways, andwhile providing us with new distribution channels for one-to-one communication with them.

Continuing to Offer Advertisers an Integrated Platform of Services. We believe that our diversified media portfolio provides us with a competitive advantage in targeting the Hispanic consumer. We offer advertisers the opportunity to reach potential customers through an integrated platform of services that includes television, radio and digital properties. Currently, we operate some combination of television and radio in 11 markets, which we sometimes refer to as combination markets, and, where possible, we also combine our television and radio operations, which have the effect of creating certain cost savings. In all of our markets, we believe that our digital segment complementsplatforms complement our television and/or radio operations in an effort to create value-added advertising opportunities for our advertisers.

Continuing to Innovate and Invest in Technology and Data. We intend to continue to make investments in our digital media segment,technology, including sales tools and research and development, to further increase the efficiency and effectiveness of our television and radio operations and digital media advertising platforms.

Monetize our Spectrum Assets. In recent years, with the proliferation of mobile devices and advances in technology that have freed up spectrum capacity, the monetization of our spectrum usage rights has become a significant partsource of our business.revenue. We generate revenue from agreements associated with these television stations’ spectrum usage rights from a variety of sources, including but not limited to agreements with third parties to utilize spectrum for the broadcast of their multicast networks; charging fees to accommodate the operations of third parties, including moving channel positions or accepting interference with broadcasting operations; and modifying and/or relinquishing spectrum usage rights while continuing to broadcast through channel sharing or other arrangements. With more advances in technology, and the anticipated implementation of ATSC 3.0, we intend to continue to generate revenue from our spectrum assets.

Target Strategic Acquisitions and Investments.  We intend to continue to evaluate opportunities to acquire complementary businesses and technologies that are consistent with our overall growth strategy. We believe that our knowledge of, and experience with, the U.S. Hispanic marketplaceand global digital advertising marketplaces will enable us to identify acquisitions of television, radio and digital properties. Since our inception, we have used our management expertise, programming, local involvement and brand identity to improve our acquired media properties and audience reach. However, we are currently subject to certain limitations on acquisitions under the terms of the 2017 Credit Agreement. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

Acquisition and Disposition Strategies

Historically, our acquisition strategy has beenwas focused on increasing our television and radio broadcasting presence in those markets in which we already compete, as well as expanding our operations into U.S. Hispanic markets where we do not own properties. We have targeted fast-growing and high-density U.S. Hispanic markets. These have included many markets in the southwestern United States, including Texas, California and various other markets along or near the United States/MexicanMexico border. In addition,More recently, in order to enhance our product portfolio in our digital segment, we have pursued other acquisition opportunitiesfocused our strategy more on acquisitions of high-growth digital advertising companies in key strategicnew markets or those which otherwise supported our long-term growth plans.for us, such as Latin American and Europe.

We plan to continue to evaluate opportunities to make future acquisitions as opportunities present themselves, both domestically and internationally, including digital companies;companies, spectrum assets with high potential for future monetization;monetization, and additional media properties in existing markets that will enhance our offerings primarily to the U.S. Hispanic marketplace and create opportunities to save costs on overhead.offerings.  

We are subject to certain limitations on acquisitions under the terms of the 2017 Credit Agreement. We cannot at this time determine the effect that these limitations will have on our acquisition strategy or our overall business. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources”.

In addition, we periodically review our portfolio of media properties and, from time to time, have divested non-core assets where we do not see the opportunity to grow to scale. We are subject to certain limitations on divestitures under the terms of the 2017 Credit Agreement. We cannot at this time determine the effect that these limitations will have on our disposition strategy or our overall business. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources”.

Our Relationship with Univision

Substantially all of our television stations are Univision- or UniMás-affiliated television stations. Our network affiliation agreement with Univision provides certain of our owned stations the exclusive right to broadcast Univision’s primary network and UniMás network programming in their respective markets.  Under the network affiliation agreement, we retain the right to sell no less than four minutes per hour of the available advertising time on stations that broadcast Univision network programming, and the right to sell approximately four and a half minutes per hour of the available advertising time on stations that broadcast UniMás network programming, subject to adjustment from time to time by Univision.

Under the network affiliation agreement, Univision acts as our exclusive third-party sales representative for the sale of certain national advertising on our Univision- and UniMás-affiliate television stations, and we pay certain sales representation fees to Univision relating to sales of all advertising for broadcast on our Univision- and UniMás-affiliate television stations. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amount we paid Univision in this capacity was $9.1 million and $8.2 million, respectively.

We also generate revenue under two marketing and sales agreements with Univision, which give us the right to manage the marketing and sales operations of Univision-owned Univision affiliates in six markets – Albuquerque, Boston, Denver, Orlando, Tampa and Washington, D.C.

Under the current proxy agreement we have entered into with Univision, we grant Univision the right to negotiate the terms of retransmission consent agreements for our Univision- and UniMás-affiliated television station signals. Among other things, the proxy agreement provides terms relating to compensation to be paid to us by Univision with respect to retransmission consent agreements entered into with MVPDs. During the years ended December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, retransmission consent revenue accounted for approximately $35.1$36.8 million and $31.4$35.4 million, respectively, of which $28.2$26.8 million and $30.0$27.3 million, respectively, relate to the Univision proxy agreement. The term of the proxy agreement extends with respect to any MVPD for the length of the term of any retransmission consent agreement in effect before the expiration of the proxy agreement.

On October 2, 2017, we entered into the current network affiliation agreement with Univision, which superseded and replaced our prior network affiliation agreements with Univision.  Additionally, on the same date, we entered into the current proxy agreement and current marketing and sales agreements with Univision, each of which superseded and replaced the prior comparable agreements with Univision.  The term of each of these current agreements expires on December 31, 2026 for all of our Univision and UniMás network affiliate stations, except that each current agreement will expire on December 31, 2021 with respect to our Univision and UniMás network affiliate stations in Orlando, Tampa and Washington, D.C.

Univision currently owns approximately 11% of our common stock on a fully-converted basis. Our Class U common stock, all of which is held by Univision, has limited voting rights and does not include the right to elect directors. Each share of Class U common stock is automatically convertible into one share of Class A common stock (subject to adjustment for stock splits, dividends or combinations) in connection with any transfer of such shares of Class U common stock to a third party that is not an affiliate of Univision. In addition, as the holder of all of our issued and outstanding Class U common stock, so long as Univision holds a certain number of shares of Class U common stock, we may not, without the consent of Univision, merge, consolidate or enter into a business combination, dissolve or liquidate our company or dispose of any interest in any Federal Communications Commission, or FCC license with respect to television stations which are affiliates of Univision, among other things.

Television

Overview

We own and/or operate Univision-affiliated television stations in 24 markets, including 19 of the top 50 Hispanic markets in the United States. Our television operations comprise the largest affiliate group of both the top-ranked Univision primary television network and Univision’s UniMás network. Univision’s primary network is available in approximately 83%79% of U.S. Hispanic television households, Univision reports that Univision and is the most watched television network (English- or Spanish-language) among U.S. Hispanic households during prime time among Hispanics 2+ years of age. Univision’s primary network, together with its UniMás network, have nearly doublenetworks were scheduled to finish 2020 as the television prime timeonly two major broadcasters to increase their audience share of the Telemundo networkyear-over-year in primetime among Hispanic personstotal viewers 2+ years of age, adults 18-49 and adults 18-34. In addition, according to Univision, it was set to finish 2020 as the number one Spanish-language network for the 28th consecutive year, and among the top five broadcast networks, regardless of May 2018.language, with adults 18-49 for the 17th consecutive year and total viewers 2+. UniMás delivers the youngest network audience on broadcast television, regardless of language. We operate both Univision and UniMás affiliates in 20 of our 24 television markets. Univision’s networks make their Spanish-language programming available to our Univision-affiliated stations 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Univision’s prime time schedule on its primary network consists of substantially all first-run programming throughout the year.

Television Programming

Univision Primary Network Programming. Univision has publicly stated that it directs its programming primarily toward a young, family-oriented audience. It begins daily with Despierta America, a variety morning program, Monday through Friday, followed by novelas. In the late afternoon and early evening, Univision offers an entertainment magazine, a news magazine and national news, in addition to local news produced by our television stations. During prime time, Univision airs novelas, as well as specials.music specials and award shows. Prime time is followed by late news. Overnight programming consists primarily of repeats of programming aired previously on the network. Weekend daytime programming begins with children’s programming, and is generally followed by sports, reality, comedy shows and movies.

Approximately eight to ten hours of programming per weekday, including a substantial portion of weekday prime time, are currently programmed with novelas supplied primarily by Grupo Televisa, S.A. de C.V., or Televisa. Although novelas have been compared to daytime soap operas on ABC, NBC or CBS,the English-language television networks, the differences are significant. Novelas, originally developed as serialized books, have a beginning, middle and end, generally run five days per week and conclude fourthree to eight months after they begin. Novelas also have a much broader audience appeal than soap operas, delivering audiences that contain large numbers of men, childrenwomen, teens and teens, in addition to women,children, unlike soap operas, whose audiences aretend to be primarily women.

UniMás Network Programming. Univision’sUnivision has publicly stated that its other 24-hour general-interest Spanish-language broadcast network, UniMás, is programmed to meet the diverse preferences of the multi-faceted U.S. Hispanic community. UniMás’s programming includes sports (including boxing, soccer and a morning wrap-up at 6 a.m. similar to ESPN’s programming), movies (including a mix of English-language movies translated into Spanish) and novelas not run on Univision’s primary network, as well as reruns of popular novelas broadcast on Univision’s primary network.

Our Local Programming. We believe that our local news brands our stations in our television markets. We shapereport our local news to relate to and inform our audiences. OurAccording to Nielsen, our early local news is ranked first or second among competing local newscasts regardless of language in its designated time slot in 10 of our television markets among adults 18-34 and 18-49 years of age, including ties, and in eightnine markets among adults 18-34 and adults 25-54 years of age, including ties. We have made substantial investments in people and equipment in order to provide our local communities with what we believe are quality newscasts. Our local newscasts have won numerous awards, and we strive to be one ofsupport the most important community voices in each of our local markets. InFor example, in 2020, we partnered with Children’s Miracle Network® in a radio event to raise money for local children’s hospitals and collaborated with the “Vota Conmigo 2020” public service campaign to reach out to newly naturalized Hispanic Americans to encourage them to register to vote. Moreover, in several of our markets, we believe that our local news is the only significant source of Spanish-language daily news for the Hispanic community.

Network Affiliation Agreements. Substantially all of our television stations are Univision- or UniMás-affiliated television stations. Our Univision network affiliation agreement provides certain of our owned stations the exclusive right to broadcast Univision’s primary network and UniMás network programming in their respective markets. The Univision network affiliation agreement expires in 2026, except that it expires in 2021 with respect to our Univision and UniMás network affiliate stations in Orlando, Tampa and Washington, D.C. Under the Univision network affiliation agreement, we retain the right to sell no less than four minutes per hour of the available advertising time on stations that broadcast Univision network programming, and the right to sell approximately four and a half minutes per hour of the available advertising time on stations that broadcast UniMás network programming, subject to adjustment from time to time by Univision.

Our network affiliation agreements with HC2 Network Inc., or HC2, give us the right to broadcast Azteca America network programming on XHAS-TV, serving the Tijuana/San Diego market, through June 30, 2020, and on KMCC-TV, serving the Las Vegas market, and the secondary program streams of KXOF-CD,KETF-CD, serving the Laredo market, and KVYE-TV, serving the Yuma-El Centro market, through February 12, 2020.pursuant to at-will arrangements.

Our network affiliation agreements with Fox Broadcasting Company, or Fox, give us the right to broadcast Fox network programming on KFXV-LDKFXV-TV with a simulcastsimulcasts on KXFX-CD and KMBH-LD, each serving the Matamoros/Harlingen-Weslaco-Brownsville-McAllen market, and KXOF-CD, serving the Laredo market. These agreements expire on OctoberDecember 31, 2019.2022.

We also have agreements with Master Distribution Service, Inc., an affiliate of Fox, which give us the right to provide ten hours per week of MyNetworkTV network programming on KFXV-LD,KFXV-TV, KXOF-CD and KPSE-LD.KPSE-LD, provided that MDS has the right to terminate the agreement for KFXV-TV on 14 days’ notice. These agreements expire in September 20192021 and may be extended for successive one-year periods by mutual consent of the parties.

Our network affiliation agreement with The CW Network, LLC, or CW, gives us the right to broadcast CW network programming through August 2021 on KCWT-CD and on the secondary program streams of KFXV-LDKMBH-LD and KNVO-TV, each serving the Harlingen-Weslaco-Brownsville-McAllen market, and on XHRIO-TV serving the Matamoros/Harlingen-Weslaco-Brownsville-McAllen market. As a result of changes in regulations in Mexico, we were required to prepay the license fees for our

Mexico broadcast licenses for a period of 20 years. We elected not to make the required prepayment for station XHRIO-TV before the deadline to make such prepayment. As a result, we currently expect to stop broadcasting on this station at the end of the current license term, which expires on December 31, 2021.

Our network affiliation agreement with NBCUniversal Media, LLC, or NBC, gives us the right to broadcast NBC network programming on KMIR-TV, serving the Palm Springs market, through December 31, 2021.

Our network affiliation agreement with Multi Tele Ventas, S.A. de C.V., gives us the right to broadcast Milenio Televisión network programming on XDTV-TV, serving the Tijuana/San Diego market, through April 30, 2020.pursuant to an at-will arrangement.

Our affiliation agreement with Family Worship Center Church, Inc. gives us the right to broadcast SonLife network programming on WJAL-TV, serving the Washington, DC market, through June 2021.

Our network affiliation agreement with LATV Networks, LLC, or LATV, gives us the right to broadcast LATV network programming on KTCD-LP, serving the San Diego market, and on secondary program streams of certainmany of our other television stations. Either party may terminate the affiliation with respect to a given station 30 months after the launch of such station. Under the LATV network affiliation agreement, there are no fees paid for the carriage of programming, and we generally retain the right to sell approximately five minutes per hour of available advertising time. Walter F. Ulloa, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is a director, officer and principal stockholder of LATV.

We cannot guarantee that any of our current network affiliation agreements will be renewed beyond their respective expiration dates under their current terms, under terms satisfactory to us, or at all. We do not believe that the termination of any of our network affiliation agreements, other than the one with Univision, would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Marketing Agreements. Our marketing and sales agreements with Univision give us the right to manage the marketing and sales operations of Univision-owned Univision affiliates through 2021 in Orlando, Tampa and Washington, D.C. and through 2026 in Albuquerque, Boston and Denver. We have also entered into marketing and sales agreements with other parties in certaintwo of our other markets.

Long-Term Time Brokerage Agreements. We program each of XDTV-TV, serving the Tecate/San Diego market; XHAS-TV, serving the Tijuana/San Diego market; and XHRIO-TV, serving the Matamoros/Harlingen-Weslaco-Brownsville-McAllen market, under long-term time brokerage agreements. Under those agreements, in combination with certain of our Mexican affiliates and subsidiaries, we provide the programming and related services available on these stations, but the station owners retain absolute control of the content and other broadcast issues. These long-term time brokerage agreements expire in 2038, 2040 and 2045, respectively, and each provides for automatic, perpetual 30-year renewals unless both parties consent to termination. Each of these agreements provides for substantial financial penalties should the other party attempt to terminate prior to itstheir respective expiration dates without our consent, and they do not limit the availability of specific performance as a remedy for any such attempted early termination. As a result of changes in regulations in Mexico, we were required to prepay the license fees for our Mexico broadcast licenses for a period of 20 years. We elected not to make the required prepayment for station XHRIO-TV before the deadline to make such prepayment. As a result, we currently expect to stop broadcasting on this station at the end of the current license term, which expires on December 31, 2021.

Our Television Station Portfolio

The following table lists information concerning each of our owned and/or operated television stations in order of market rank and its respective market:

Source: Nielsen Media Research 20192021 universe estimates.

Digital Television Technology. As we continue to enhance digital television transmission technology for our television stations, we are operating in an environment where we can decide the resolution and number of broadcast streams we provide in our over-the-air transmissions. Depending upon how high a resolution level withat which we elect to transmit our programming, we have the potential to transmit over-the-air broadcast streams containing multiple program streams using the bandwidth authorized to each digital station. The transmission of such multiple programming streams is often referred to as multicasting. We currently are multicasting network programming streams, including LATV and other network programming streams, at most of our television stations, along with our primary network program streams. We periodically evaluate these multicasting operations as well as the amount of bandwidth we must allocate to our primary program streams and may consider either expanding or limiting our multicasting operations, or keeping these multicasting operations substantially as at present, in the future. We also continue to monitor developments in digital television technology. The ATSC sets the industry standards (including the current ATSC 1.0) for the technical operation of digital broadcast television stations. ATSC 3.0 is a major versionrevision of the ATSC standards and comprises around 20 standards covering different aspects of the system. The industry standards are designed to offer support for newer technologies, that will allow for enhanced video quality, datacasting capabilities, individualized advertising messages, and more robust mobile television support. Television industry observers believe that the combination of these functionalities will enable television broadcasters to engage successfully in new commercial endeavors, not previously available on broadcast television, such as targeted commercial advertising.In November 2017, theThe FCC approvedhas set regulations allowing broadcast stations to offer, on a voluntary basis, ATSC 3.0 services (which the FCC has called Next Gen TV).  In doing so, broadcast television stations must offer ATSC 3.0 services alongside a standard ATSC 1.0 digital signal and there will not be a mandatory transition.  We are considering how we will participate in the adoption of ATSC 3.0 technology and we are awaiting the development and sale of the necessary equipment to transmit and receive such broadcast signals, as well as how ATSC 3.0 is being adopted and accepted by viewers and advertisers.

Television Revenue

Approximately 75%72% of the revenue generated from our television operations in 20182020 was derived from local and national advertising revenue, approximately 23%24% from retransmission consent revenue, and approximately 2%4% from spectrum usage rights.

National Advertising. National advertising revenue generally represents revenue from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from outside a station’s market. We typically engage national sales representative firms to work with our station sales managers and solicit national advertising sales, and we pay certain sales representation fees to these firms relating to national advertising sales. Under our network affiliation agreement with Univision, Univision acts as our sales representative for the sale of national advertising on our Univision and UniMás affiliate television stations, and advertisers which have purchased during 20182020 national advertising on these affiliate stations include Charter Communications, Inc., Biden for President, Cox Communications, Inc., Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., U.S. Census Bureau, Mike Bloomberg 2020, Inc., Toyota Motor Corporation, Cox Communications, Inc., Ford Motor Company, H-E-B, Honda Motor Company, Ltd., Conn’s,Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., General Motors Company and Fred Loya Insurance.Adventist Health System/West. Azteca America acts as our national sales representative for the sale of national advertising on our Azteca America affiliate station, and Katz Communications, Inc., or Katz, acts as our national sales representative for the sale of national advertising on KMIR-TV and KPSE-LD in the Palm Springs, California market and on our stations that broadcast Fox and CW programming. In 2018,2020, national advertising accounted for approximately 38%42% of our total television revenue.

Local Advertising. Local advertising revenue is generated predominantly from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from within a station’s market or directly with a station’s sales staff.market. Local advertising sales include sales to advertisers that are local businesses or advertising agencies, and regional and national businesses or advertising agencies, which place orders from within a station’s market or directly with a station’s local sales staff. We employ our own local sales force that is responsible for soliciting local advertising sales directly from advertisers and their agencies. In 2018,2020, local advertising accounted for approximately 37%30% of our total television revenue.

Retransmission Consent Revenue. We generate retransmission consent revenue from retransmission consent agreements that are entered into with MVPDs. This revenue represents payments from these entities for access to our television station signals so that they may rebroadcast our signals on their services and charge their subscribers for this programming. In addition, we generally pay either a per subscriber fee to or share certain of the retransmission consent revenue received from MVPDs with the network providing the programming, which is known in the television industry as reverse network compensation. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, retransmission consent revenue was approximately $35.1 million and $31.4 million, respectively.

Under our proxy agreement with Univision, we grant Univision the right to negotiate the terms of retransmission consent agreements for our Univision- and UniMás-affiliated television station signals, which covers substantially all of our retransmission consent revenue. Among other things, the proxy agreement provides terms relating to compensation to be paid to us by Univision with respect to retransmission consent agreements entered into with MVPDs. The term of the proxy agreement extends with respect to any MVPD for the length of the term of any retransmission consent agreement in effect before the expiration of the proxy agreement. On October 2, 2017, we entered into the current proxy agreement with Univision, which superseded and replaced the prior comparable agreement with Univision.  The term of the current proxy agreement expires on December 31, 2021 for our Univision and UniMás network affiliate stations in Orlando, Tampa and Washington, D.C, and on December 31, 2026 with respect to our Univision and UniMás network affiliate stations in Albuquerque, Boston and Denver.

As a result of the adoption of legislationprovisions in late 2014, modifying the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, or the Communications Act, we are no longernot able to negotiate retransmission consent agreements with other television stations located in the same television market.  The application of this statutory modificationprovision prevents us from negotiating with Univision in the six television markets where we and Univision both own television stations.We expect to handle our future negotiations directly with MVPDs in those markets where we and Univision are both station owners.

In 2018,2020, retransmission consent revenue accounted for approximately 23%24% of our total television revenue. We anticipate that retransmission consent revenue will continue to be an important source of net revenues in future periods.

Revenue from Spectrum Usage Rights. We generate revenue from agreements associated with our television stations’ spectrum usage rights from a variety of sources, including but not limited to entering into agreements with third parties to utilize spectrum for the broadcast of their multicast networks, charging fees to accommodate the operations of third parties, including moving channel positions or accepting interference from our broadcasting operations and modifying and/or relinquishing spectrum usage rights while continuing to broadcast through channel sharing or other arrangements.  Revenue from such agreements is recognized over the period of the leaseprogramming agreements or when we have relinquished all or a portion of our spectrum usage rights for a station or have relinquished our rights to operate a station on the existing channel free from interference. In 2018,2020, revenue from spectrum usage rights accounted for approximately 2%4% of our total television revenue.  

Television Marketing/Audience Research

The relative advertising rates charged by competing stations within a market depend primarily on the following factors:

Nielsen ratings provide advertisers with an industry-accepted measure of television viewing. Nielsen offers a ratings service measuring all television audience viewing. In recent years, Nielsen has modified the methodology of its ratings service in an effort to more accurately measure U.S. Hispanic viewing by using language spoken in the home as a control characteristic of its metered market sample. Nielsen has also added weighting by language as part of its local metered market methodology in many of our metered markets. Nielsen also continues to improve the methods by which it electronically measures television viewing, including using return path data, which is information acquired from MVPDs, and has expanded its Local People Meter service to several of our markets. We believe that this improvementthese improvements will continue to result in more accurate ratings, gains for us, allowing usour advertisers to further increasemore precisely target our advertising rates.viewers. We have made significant investments in experienced sales managers and account executives and have provided our sales professionals with research tools to continue to attract major advertisers.

Television Competition

We face intense competition in the television broadcasting business. In each local television market, we compete for viewers and revenue with other local television stations, which are typically the local affiliates of the fourfive principal English-language television networks, NBC, ABC, CBS, and Fox and in certain markets, the CW Network. In certain markets, we also compete for Spanish-language viewers with the local affiliates or owned and operated stations of Telemundo, the Spanish-language television network owned by Comcast Corporation, as well as the Azteca America network and other Spanish-language networks. Telemundo is an industry leader in the production and distribution of high-quality Spanish-Language content to U.S. Hispanics and audiences around the world. Telemundo’s multiple platforms include the Telemundo Network, a Spanish-language television network featuring original productions, theatrical motion pictures, news and sporting events. Several of the companies with which we compete have significantly greater resources and longer operating histories than we do.

We also directly or indirectly compete for viewers and revenue with both English- and Spanish-language independent television stations, other video media (both online(including streaming, mobile and on demand), suppliers of cable television network programs, direct broadcast satellite systems, newspapers, magazines, radio, software applications for mobile media devices, or apps, and other forms of entertainment and advertising. In certain markets we operate radio stations that indirectly compete for local and national advertising revenue with our television business.stations. Additionally, advertisers allocate finite advertising budgets across different media. We believe the advent of new technologies and services may result in continued emphasis by certain advertisers on these new technologies and services as compared to legacy television.media, such as television and radio.

We believe that our primary competitive advantages are the quality of the programming we receive through our affiliation with Univision and the quality of our local news programming. According to Nielsen, Univision’s primary network is the most-watched Spanish-language network in the United States during prime time among U.S. Hispanics. Similarly, our local news achieves strong audience ratings. OurAlso, according to Nielsen, our early local news is ranked first or second among competing local newscasts regardless of language in its designated time slot in 10 of our television markets among adults 18-34 and 18-49 years of age, including ties, and in eight9 markets among adults 18-34 and adults 25-54 years of age, including ties.

TelemundoDigital

Overview

We provide digital advertising solutions that allow advertisers to reach global online audiences, through operations that are located primarily in the United States, Spain, and Latin America. We operate proprietary technology and data platforms that deliver digital advertising in various advertising formats to allow advertisers to reach those audiences across a wide range of Internet-connected devices. Those platforms deliver advertising to our owned-and-operated digital sites, as well as third-party sites and apps, that contain digital advertising inventory, including those that we access directly through the owners of those sites and apps or through third-party platforms and exchanges. We access data from these digital media sites and apps and apply our data analytics capabilities to better target and aggregate audience segments that will be relevant to individual advertisers, while allowing the publishers of digital media sites and apps to better sell their digital advertising inventory.

Our Solutions and Technology Platforms

We have developed a suite of digital advertising solutions, both organically and as a result of a series of acquisitions. Through these solutions, we offer advertisers the opportunity to reach and engage with their target audiences by providing access to digital inventory at scale across a wide range of Internet-connected devices. Our solutions include Cisneros Interactive (“Cisneros Interactive”), a business in which we have a majority interest, which maintains sales partnerships with some of the world’s leading digital publishers, including Facebook, Inc., or Facebook, Spotify AB and LinkedIn Corporation, in many countries in Latin America. In those markets, Cisneros Interactive supports advertisers and agencies in their local selling efforts, including by providing credit and local payment options.

Our solutions also include the Smadex platform, which enables clients to purchase electronically and manage data-driven advertising campaigns. This practice – the purchase and sale of advertising inventory electronically – is referred to as programmatic advertising. Programmatic advertising, in addition to being automated, also enables more precise audience targeting. Our other solutions include AudioEngage, a digital audio advertising platform hosting radio and music programming and podcasts; ScrollerAds, a programmatic seller of video advertising; Dataxpand, a data management platform allowing businesses to gain insights into consumer-related data; and our marketing solutions division for small and medium enterprises and national advertisers.

Our ability to optimize the second-largestdelivery of digital advertisements depends on our ability to successfully leverage data, including data that we collect from advertisers, publishers and third parties, as well as our own operating history. Using cookies and non-cookie based mechanisms, we collect information about the interactions of users with advertisers and publishers’ digital properties, including, for example, information about the placement of advertisements and users’ interactions with our clients’ websites or advertisements. Our ability to successfully leverage such data depends, in part, on our continued ability to access and use such data, which could be restricted by a number of factors, including new developments in, or new interpretations of, laws, regulations and industry standards, consumer choice, changes in technology, including changes in web browser technology, increased visibility of consent or “do not track” mechanisms or “ad-blocking” software, and restrictions imposed by large software companies and platform providers, web browser developers or other software developers. For example, mobile operating system and browser providers have announced product changes as well as future plans to limit the ability of application developers to collect and use data to target and measure advertising. Today, three major web browsers – Apple’s Safari, Mozilla’s Firefox and Microsoft’s Edge – block third-party cookies by default. Google has introduced new controls over third-party cookies in its Chrome web browser and has announced plans to phase out support for third-party cookies in Chrome by early 2022. Last year Apple announced that it plans to make certain changes to its products and data use policies in connection with the release of its iOS 14 operating system that will reduce the ability to target and measure advertising.

Our use of data, combined with our significant audience reach, access to a large volume of digital advertising space and broad array of advertising formats, allow us to deliver marketing solutions that can help grow our clients’ businesses. Through data analytics, we also enable advertisers to gain insights into the performance of their advertising campaigns and manage those campaigns with a view toward maximizing return on their advertising investment.

We believe that key benefits of our digital advertising solutions include the following:

Sophisticated targeting. Our platforms and solutions specifically identify and reach online audiences across a wide range of Internet-connected devices.

We believe that one of the main strengths of our platforms is that they can access and analyze large amounts of data in order to provide a multidimensional view of individual consumer profiles on an anonymous basis. This understanding allows advertisers to reach and engage consumers more effectively.

We have also developed a number of audience categories to which advertisers can target their advertisements. Audience categories can be based on a variety of user attributes, including location, demographics, affluence, intent, gender and interests. We identify these attributes and audience categories based upon information we have gathered about online users’ online activity on an

anonymous basis, a process known as interest-based or online behavioral advertising. We analyze these data to build sophisticated user profiles and audience groups that, in combination with our data analytics and the real-time decision-making, optimization and targeting capabilities of our platform, enable us to deliver highly targeted advertising campaigns for our advertiser clients, as well as analytics to help them better understand audiences and consumers. As we deliver more advertisements, we are able to collect additional information about users, audiences and the effectiveness of particular advertising campaigns, which in turn enhances our targeting capabilities and allows us to deliver better performance for advertisers and better opportunities for our publisher partners to increase their revenue streams. In addition, advertisers are willing to pay a higher rate for digital advertising when more detailed consumer data can be used to help them make their decisions about purchasing advertising and to engage with the consumers whom they desire to reach.

Premium content.  We provide our advertiser clients with access to premium digital content, which is professionally produced and we believe offers a quality viewing experience, through our owned and operated digital media sites and those of our publisher partners. This enables publishers to more effectively monetize their digital content, and enables advertisers to more effectively reach audiences who engage with such premium content.

Scale and reach across a range of Internet-connected devices.  We enable advertisers to use our digital media advertising solutions to address their online and mobile advertising needs in seeking to reach their desired audiences at scale across a wide range of Internet-connected devices, including computers, smartphones and tablets.

Variety of advertising formats. We enable advertisers to deliver a variety of online and mobile advertising formats, including video advertisements, display banners, rich media and native advertising formats. We believe that these advertising formats provide an opportunity for advertisers to create a variety of advertising content that increases audience interaction and engagement, which in turn drives better results for advertisers.

Brand safety.  Our proprietary technology contextually evaluates the content of digital media sites on which we deliver advertisements in order to identify content that is most appropriate or desirable for an individual advertiser, and also ensure that advertisements are not being delivered within content that is identified as objectionable to the advertiser, such as content that contains distasteful or obscene language, violence, gambling, sex or criminal activity, which we refer to as brand safety. We believe that the combination of our practice of selecting publisher partners and our proprietary technology provides a high level of brand safety for our advertisers.

Digital Advertising

We provide our advertiser clients with opportunities to reach their target audiences through brand advertising and performance-based advertising. Brand advertising is generally intended to establish a long-term, positive consumer attitude toward an advertiser or its products or services, and brand advertisers typically measure campaign effectiveness using metrics such as reach (how many consumers within the advertiser’s target audience were exposed to the advertisement) and frequency (how many times the consumer within the target audience was exposed to the advertisement). Performance-based advertising is generally intended to induce a specific action, such as clicking on an advertisement, and direct response advertisers typically measure campaign effectiveness using metrics related to consumer response to a particular advertisement.

We generate digital revenue by delivering digital advertisements on digital media sites across a wide range of Internet-connected devices. Advertisers and agencies typically purchase advertising from us through campaigns that are sold and managed by our direct sales force, which we refer to as managed campaigns. Managed campaigns provide advertisers with a higher degree of “white glove” customer service, with dedicated account teams that use an automated platform to deliver advertising campaigns for advertisers.

We typically contract with advertisers or agencies through insertion orders, which set forth campaign parameters such as size and duration of the campaign, type of advertising format and pricing. Digital advertisers and their agencies submit advertising insertion orders to us and we fulfill those orders by delivering their digital advertisements to audiences through digital media properties. We are typically paid by advertisers on the basis of the number of viewer impressions occurring when an advertisement is delivered, known as a cost per thousand basis, or on the basis of the number or type of actions taken by viewers to whom an advertisement is delivered, known as a cost per action basis. We generally pay our publisher partners a negotiated percentage of this revenue. Prior to running an advertising campaign, the advertiser or agency may work with our creative team to provide the creative direction of the campaign and design in order to most effectively reach the audiences most desirable to it.

Our Digital Customers

Our digital customer base consists primarily of advertisers of all sizes and the advertising agencies that represent them. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had over 3,000 advertising clients, including top brand advertisers from nearly all major industries,

including e-commerce, entertainment, gaming, delivery services, financial technology, communications, lifestyle, and travel. We do not believe that our business is substantially dependent upon any individual advertiser or industry.

Our Digital Publisher Network

We have contractual relationships with premium publishers, or owners of sites that contain premium digital content and provide digital advertising inventory. We consider a premium publisher to be a publisher that has content that is professionally produced and offers a quality viewing experience. These relationships provide us with digital advertising inventory, which we utilize to deliver our digital advertising solutions to our digital advertising customers. We engage our publisher partners through a variety of methods, including outreach by a dedicated business development team. We do not believe that the success of our business is dependent on our relationship with any single publisher partner.

We seek to identify owners of digital media properties featuring premium digital content that, individually or collectively, have the audience scale, composition and accessibility across Internet-connected devices to achieve the objectives of our advertisers. We review a variety of criteria to determine the quality of the advertising inventory and its appropriateness for our advertiser clients, including content, the characteristics of the publisher’s viewing audience, the targeting attributes that can be obtained from the digital media property in real time and the volume of available digital content and impressions.

Digital Competition

The digital advertising market is dynamic, rapidly changing and highly competitive, influenced by frequent technological advances, trends in both the overall advertising and digital advertising markets and changing customer perceptions and expectations. We compete with many very large online digital companies, including Facebook and Google, Inc., as well as other publishers who attract advertisers to their digital offerings, as well as other advertising technology companies and advertising networks. In the television and radio broadcast space, our digital operations also compete for advertising commitments with television broadcasters, cable television networks, radio broadcasters, print media and other traditional publishers. Many of our competitors in this space have significant client relationships, much larger financial resources and/or longer operating histories than we have. Moreover, as many advertisers seek automation and enhanced targeting of increasingly fragmented audiences, they are moving a greater percentage of their advertising budgets to programmatic channels. As a result, we face more competition from online digital companies that have allocated resources to the automated buying and selling of advertising inventory through traditional channels, like desktop and new and developing channels, including mobile.

We believe that the principal competitive factors in digital media include effective audience targeting capabilities, multi-device campaign delivery capability, proven and scalable technologies, audience scale and reach, relationships with leading advertisers and their respective agencies, brand awareness and reputation, ability to gather and use data to deliver more relevant advertisements, ability to ensure brand safety, ability to prevent click fraud, use of analytics to effectively measure performance and ability to adapt to rapidly changing technologies that both respond to, and influence, consumer expectations. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to all of these factors and that we are well-positioned to be a leading provider of Spanish-language content worldwide. Telemundo’s multiple platforms include the Telemundo Network, a Spanish-language television network featuring original productions, theatrical motion pictures, news and sporting events.digital advertising solutions to reach audiences globally.

Radio

Overview

We own and operate 4948 radio stations (38 FM and 1110 AM), 4645 of which are located in the top 50 Hispanic markets in the United States, and we operate the Entravision Solutions as our national sales representation division.Radio Network, through which we sell advertisements and provide syndicated radio programming to more than 100 markets across the United States. According to Nielsen, Media Research, our radio stations broadcast into markets with an aggregate of approximately 2022 million U.S. Hispanics, which is approximately 40%36% of the Hispanic population in the United States.  Our radio operations combine network and local programming with local time slots available for advertising, news, traffic, weather, promotions and community events. This strategy allows us to provide quality programming with significantly lower costs of operations than we could otherwise deliver solely with all locally produced programming.

Radio ProgrammingOur Digital Customers

Radio Networks. Our networks allowdigital customer base consists primarily of advertisers of all sizes and the advertising agencies that represent them. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had over 3,000 advertising clients, including top brand advertisers from nearly all major industries,

including e-commerce, entertainment, gaming, delivery services, financial technology, communications, lifestyle, and travel. We do not believe that our business is substantially dependent upon any individual advertiser or industry.

Our Digital Publisher Network

We have contractual relationships with national product distributionpremium publishers, or owners of sites that contain premium digital content and provide digital advertising inventory. We consider a premium publisher to be a publisher that has content that is professionally produced and offers a quality viewing experience. These relationships provide us with digital advertising inventory, which we utilize to deliver our digital advertising solutions to our digital advertising customers. We engage our publisher partners through a uniformvariety of methods, including outreach by a dedicated business development team. We do not believe that the success of our business is dependent on our relationship with any single publisher partner.

We seek to identify owners of digital media properties featuring premium digital content that, individually or collectively, have the audience scale, composition and accessibility across Internet-connected devices to achieve the objectives of our advertisers. We review a variety of criteria to determine the quality of the advertising messageinventory and its appropriateness for our advertiser clients, including content, the characteristics of the publisher’s viewing audience, the targeting attributes that can be obtained from the digital media property in real time and the volume of available digital content and impressions.

Digital Competition

The digital advertising market is dynamic, rapidly changing and highly competitive, influenced by frequent technological advances, trends in both the overall advertising and digital advertising markets and changing customer perceptions and expectations. We compete with many very large online digital companies, including Facebook and Google, Inc., as well as other publishers who attract advertisers to their digital offerings, as well as other advertising technology companies and advertising networks. In the television and radio broadcast space, our digital operations also compete for advertising commitments with television broadcasters, cable television networks, radio broadcasters, print media and other traditional publishers. Many of our competitors in this space have significant client relationships, much larger financial resources and/or longer operating histories than we have. Moreover, as many advertisers seek automation and enhanced targeting of increasingly fragmented audiences, they are moving a greater percentage of their advertising budgets to programmatic channels. As a result, we face more competition from online digital companies that have allocated resources to the growing Hispanic market aroundautomated buying and selling of advertising inventory through traditional channels, like desktop and new and developing channels, including mobile.

We believe that the countryprincipal competitive factors in an efficient manner.

Although our networks have a broad geographicdigital media include effective audience targeting capabilities, multi-device campaign delivery capability, proven and scalable technologies, audience scale and reach, technology allows our stationsrelationships with leading advertisers and their respective agencies, brand awareness and reputation, ability to offer the necessary local feelgather and use data to deliver more relevant advertisements, ability to ensure brand safety, ability to prevent click fraud, use of analytics to effectively measure performance and ability to adapt to rapidly changing technologies that both respond to, and influence, consumer expectations. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to all of these factors and that we are well-positioned to be responsivea leading provider of digital advertising solutions to reach audiences globally.

Radio

Overview

We own and operate 48 radio stations (38 FM and 10 AM), 45 of which are located in the top 50 Hispanic markets in the United States, and we operate the Entravision Radio Network, through which we sell advertisements and provide syndicated radio programming to more than 100 markets across the United States. According to Nielsen, our radio stations broadcast into markets with an aggregate of approximately 22 million U.S. Hispanics, which is approximately 36% of the Hispanic population in the United States.  Our radio operations combine network and local clients and community needs. Designatedprogramming with local time slots are usedavailable for local advertising, news, traffic, weather, promotions and community events. The audience gets the benefit of a national radio sound along with local content. To further enhance this effect, our on-air personalities frequently travel to participate in local promotional events. For example, in selected key markets our on-air personalities appear at special events and client locations. We promote these events as “remotes” to bond the national personalities to local listeners. Furthermore, all of our stations can disconnect from their networks and operate independently in the case of a local emergency or a problem with our central Multiprotocol Label Switching, or MPLS, transmission.

Radio Formats. Each of our two radio networks produce a music format that is simultaneously distributed via MPLS with a high definition quality sound to our stations. Each of these formats appeals to different listener preferences:

We also broadcast in Spanish National Football League games, such as Sunday Night Football and the American Football Conference playoffs, carried on 26 radio stations.

Our radio networks are broadcast in 14 of the 16 radio markets that we serve. In addition, in markets where competing stations already offer programming similar to our network formats, or where we otherwise identify an available niche in the marketplace, we run alternative programming that we believe appeals to local listeners, including the following:

Our Radio Station Portfolio

The following table lists information concerning each of our owned and operated radio stations in order of market rank and its respective market:

Market rank source: Nielsen Media Research 2019 estimates.

Radio Advertising

Substantially all of the revenue generated from our radio operations is derived from local and national advertising.

Local. Local advertising revenue is generated predominantly from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from within a station’s market or directly with a station’s sales staff, and also from a third-party network inventory agreement, digital, and non-traditional revenue. Local advertising sales include sales to advertisers that are local businesses or advertising agencies, and regional and national businesses or advertising agencies, which place orders from within a station’s market or directly with a station’s sales staff. We employ our own local sales force, in each of our markets, that is responsible for soliciting local advertising sales directly from advertisers and their agencies. In 2018, local advertising revenue accounted for approximately 61% of our total radio revenue.

National. National advertising revenue generally represents spot and network revenue from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from outside a station’s market. Entravision Solutions, one of our divisions, typically acts as our national sales representative to solicit national advertising sales on our Spanish-language radio stations. In 2018, national advertising revenue accounted for approximately 39% of our total radio revenue.

Radio Marketing/Audience Research

We believe that radio is an efficient means for advertisers to reach targeted demographic groups. Advertising rates charged by our radio stations are based primarily on the following factors:

Nielsen Audio provides advertisers with the industry-accepted measure of listening audience classified by demographic segment and time of day that the listeners spend on particular radio stations. Radio advertising rates generally are highest during the hours of 6:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M. These hours are considered the peak times for radio audience listening.

Historically, advertising rates for Spanish-language radio stations have been lower than those for English-language stations with similar audience levels. We believe that, over time, possibilities exist to narrow the disparities that have historically existed between Spanish-language and English-language advertising rates as new and existing advertisers recognize the growing desirability of the U.S. Hispanic population as an advertising target. For example, U.S. Hispanics spend more on food at home than the national average. We also believe that having multiple stations in a market enablesstrategy allows us to provide listenersquality programming with alternatives, to secure a higher overall percentagesignificantly lower costs of a market’s available advertising dollars, and to obtain greater percentages of individual customers’ advertising budgets.

Each station broadcasts an optimal number of advertisements each hour, depending upon its format, in order to maximize the station’s revenue without jeopardizing its audience listenership. Our non-network stations have up to 14 minutes per hour for commercial inventory and local content. Our network stations have up to one additional minute of commercial inventory per hour. The pricing is based on a rate card and negotiations subject to the supply and demand for the inventory in each particular market and the network.

Radio Competition

We face intense competition in the radio broadcasting business. The financial success of each of our radio stations and markets depends in large part on our audience ratings, our ability to maintain and increase our market share of overall radio advertising revenue and the economic health of the market and the nation. In addition, our advertising revenue depends upon the desire of advertisers to reach our audience demographic. Each of our radio stations competes for audience share and advertising revenue directly with both Spanish-language and English-language radio stations in its market, and with other media, such as newspapers, broadcast and cable television, magazines, outdoor advertising, satellite-delivered radio services, applications for mobile media devices, podcasts, and other forms of digital delivery, and direct mail advertising. In addition, in certain markets we operate television stations that indirectly compete for local and national advertising revenue with our radio business. Our primary competitors in our markets in Spanish-language radio are Univision, iHeartMedia Inc. (formerly Clear Channel Communications Inc.) and Spanish Broadcasting System, Inc. These and many of the other companies with which we compete are large national or regional companies that have significantly greater resources and longer operating historiesoperations than we do.

Factors that are material to our competitive position include management experience, a station’s audience rank in its market, signal strength and coverage, and audience demographics. If a competing station within a market converts to a format similar to that of one of our stations, or if one of our competitors upgrades its stations, we could suffer a reduction in ratings and advertising revenue in that market. The audience ratings and advertising revenue of our individual stations are subject to fluctuation and any adverse change in certain of our key radio markets could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

The radio industry is subject to competition from new media technologies that are being developed or introduced, such as:

Advertisers allocate finite advertising budgets across different media. We believe the advent of new technologies and services may result in continued emphasis by certain advertisers on these new technologies and services as compared to legacy radio. Accordingly, while we also believe that none of these new technologies and services can completely replace local broadcast radio stations due to the fact of localism that broadcast radio offers, the challenges from new technologies and services will continue to require attention from management. Among other things, we intend to continue to review potential opportunities to utilize such new technologies in our radio operations where appropriate.

Digital

Overview

We provide digital advertising solutions that allow advertisers to reach global online audiences, through operations that are located primarily in Spain, Mexico, Argentina and other countries in Latin America. We operate proprietary technology and data platforms that deliver digital advertising in various advertising formats to allow advertisers to reach those audiences across a wide range of Internet-connected devices on our owned and operated digital media sites, the digital media sites of our publisher partners, or owners of Internet and mobile sites and software applications, or apps, that contain premium digital content and digital advertising inventory who provide us with access to their digital advertising inventory, and on other digital media sites we access through third-party platforms and exchanges. We access data from these digital media sites and apps and apply our proprietary data analytics capabilities to better target and aggregate audience segments that will be relevant to individual advertisers, while allowing the publishers of digital media sites and apps to better sell their digital advertising inventory.

Our Solutions and Technology Platform

Through our suite of digital advertising solutions, including the Headway Digital programmatic advertising platform, the Smadex demand side platform, the Mobrain mobile advertising platform and the Pulpo Media advertising network, we offer advertisers the opportunity to reach and engage with their target audiences by providing access to premium digital inventory at scale across a wide range of devices.  Our significant audience reach, access to a large volume of digital advertising space, sophisticated targeting capabilities and broad array of advertising formats allow us to deliver marketing solutions that can help grow our clients’ businesses. Through data analytics, we also enable advertisers to gain insights into the performance of their advertising campaigns and manage those campaigns with a view toward maximizing return on their advertising investment.

We believe that key benefits of our digital advertising solutions include the following:

Sophisticated targeting. Our platform and solutions specifically identify and reach online audiences across a wide range of Internet-connected devices.

We believe that one of the main strengths of our platform is that it accesses and analyzes large amounts of data to provide a multidimensional view of individual consumer profiles on an anonymous basis. This understanding allows advertisers to more effectively reach and engage consumers.

We have also developed a number of audience categories to which advertisers can target their advertisements. Audience categories can be based on a variety of user attributes, including location, demographics, affluence, intent, gender and interests. We identify these attributes and audience categories based upon information we have gathered about online users’ online activity on an anonymous basis, a process known as interest-based or online behavioral advertising. We analyze this data to build sophisticated user profiles and audience groups that, in combination with our proprietary data analytics and the real-time decision-making, optimization and targeting capabilities of our platform, enable us to deliver highly targeted advertising campaigns for our advertiser clients, as well as analytics to help them better understand audiences and consumers. As we deliver more advertisements, we are able to collect additional information about users, audiences and the effectiveness of particular advertising campaigns, which in turn enhances our targeting capabilities and allows us to deliver better performance for advertisers and better opportunities for our publisher partners to increase their revenue streams. In addition, advertisers are willing to pay a higher rate for digital advertising when deeper consumer data can be used to help them make their decisions about purchasing advertising and to engage with the consumers whom they desire to reach.

Premium content.  We provide our advertiser clients with access to premium digital content, which is professionallyall locally produced and we believe offers a quality viewing experience, through our owned and operated digital media sites and those of our publisher partners. This enables publishers to more effectively monetize their digital content, and enables advertisers to more effectively reach audiences who engage with such premium content.programming.

Scale and reach across a range of Internet-connected devices.  We enable advertisers to use our digital media advertising solutions to address their online and mobile advertising needs in seeking to reach their desired audiences at scale across a wide range of Internet-connected devices, including computers, smartphones and tablets.

Variety of advertising formats. We enable advertisers to deliver a variety of online and mobile advertising formats, including video advertisements, display banners, rich media and native advertising formats. We believe that these advertising formats provide an opportunity for advertisers to create a variety of advertising content that increases audience interaction and engagement, which in turn drives better results for advertisers.

Brand safety.  Our proprietary technology contextually evaluates the content of digital media sites on which we deliver advertisements in order to identify content that is most appropriate or desirable for an individual advertiser, and also ensure that advertisements are not being delivered within content that is identified as objectionable to the advertiser, such as content that contains distasteful or obscene language, violence, gambling, sex or criminal activity. We believe that the combination of our practice of selecting publisher partners and our proprietary technology provides a high level of brand safety for our advertisers.

Digital Advertising

We provide our advertiser clients with opportunities to reach their target audiences through brand advertising and performance-based advertising. Brand advertising is generally intended to establish a long-term, positive consumer attitude toward an advertiser or its product or service, and brand advertisers typically measure campaign effectiveness using metrics such as reach (how many consumers within the advertiser’s target audience were exposed to the advertisement) and frequency (how many times the consumer within the target audience was exposed to the advertisement). Performance-based advertising is generally intended to induce a specific action, such as clicking on an advertisement, and direct response advertisers typically measure campaign effectiveness using metrics related to consumer response to a particular advertisement.

We generate digital revenue by delivering digital advertisements on digital media sites across a wide range of Internet-connected online and mobile devices. Advertisers and agencies typically purchase advertising from us through campaigns that are sold and managed by our direct sales force, which we refer to as managed campaigns. Managed campaigns provide advertisers with a higher degree of “white glove” customer service, with dedicated account teams that use an automated platform to deliver advertising campaigns for advertisers.

We typically contract with advertisers or agencies through insertion orders, which set forth campaign parameters such as size and duration of the campaign, type of advertising format and pricing. Digital advertisers and their agencies submit advertising insertion orders to us and we fulfill those orders by delivering their digital advertisements to audiences through digital media properties. We are typically paid by advertisers on the basis of the number of viewer impressions occurring when an advertisement is delivered, known as a cost per thousand basis, or on the basis of the number or type of actions taken by viewers to whom an advertisement is delivered, known as a cost per action basis. We generally pay our publisher partners a negotiated percentage of this revenue. Prior to running an advertising campaign, the advertiser or agency may work with our creative team to provide the creative direction of the campaign and design in order to most effectively reach the audiences most desirable to it.

Our Digital Customers

Our digital customer base consists primarily of advertisers of all sizes and the advertising agencies that represent them. For the year ended December 31, 2018,2020, we had over 4,0003,000 advertising clients, including top brand advertisers from nearly all major industries,

including automotive, consumer products,e-commerce, entertainment, gaming, delivery services, healthcare, telecommunications, travel, retail, financefinancial technology, communications, lifestyle, and media.  Digital revenue from individual advertisers varies from period to period.travel. We do not believe that our business is substantially dependent upon any individual advertiser or industry, and no individual advertiser represented more than 5% of our digital revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018.industry.

Our Digital Publisher Network

We have contractual relationships with premium publishers, or owners of sites that contain premium digital content and provide digital advertising inventory. We consider a premium publisher to be a publisher that has content that is professionally produced and offers a quality viewing experience. These relationships provide us with digital advertising inventory, which we utilize to deliver our digital advertising solutions to our digital advertising customers. We engage our publisher partners through a variety of methods, including outreach by a dedicated business development team. We do not believe that the success of our business is dependent on our relationship with any single publisher partner.

We seek to identify owners of digital media properties featuring premium digital content that, individually or collectively, have the audience scale, composition and accessibility across Internet-connected devices to achieve the objectives of our advertisers. We review a variety of criteria to determine the quality of the advertising inventory and its appropriateness for our advertiser clients, including content, the characteristics of the publisher’s viewing audience, the targeting attributes that can be obtained from the digital media property in real time and the volume of available digital content and impressions.

Digital Competition

The digital advertising market is dynamic, rapidly changing and highly competitive, influenced by frequent technological advances, trends in both the overall advertising market as well as theand digital advertising market.markets and changing customer perceptions and expectations. We compete with many very large online digital companies, such asincluding Facebook Inc. and Google, Inc., as well as other publishers who attract advertisers to their digital offerings, as well as other advertising technology companies and advertising networks. In the television and radio broadcast space, our digital operations also compete for advertising commitments with television broadcasters, cable television networks, radio broadcasters, print media and other traditional publishers. Many of our competitors in this space have significant client relationships, much larger financial resources andand/or longer operating histories than we have. Moreover, as many advertisers seek automation and enhanced targeting of increasingly fragmented audiences, they are moving a greater percentage of their advertising budgets to programmatic channels. As a result, we face more competition from online digital companies that have allocated resources to the automated buying and selling of advertising inventory through traditional channels, like desktop and new and developing channels, including mobile.

We believe that the principal competitive factors in digital media include effective audience targeting capabilities, multi-device campaign delivery capability, proven and scalable technologies, audience scale and reach, relationships with leading advertisers and their respective agencies, brand awareness and reputation, ability to gather and use data to deliver more relevant advertisements, ability to ensure brand safety, ability to prevent click fraud, and use of analytics to effectively measure performance.performance and ability to adapt to rapidly changing technologies that both respond to, and influence, consumer expectations. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to all of these factors and that we are well-positioned to be a leading provider of digital advertising solutions to reach audiences globally.

Radio

Overview

We own and operate 48 radio stations (38 FM and 10 AM), 45 of which are located in the top 50 Hispanic markets in the United States, and we operate the Entravision Radio Network, through which we sell advertisements and provide syndicated radio programming to more than 100 markets across the United States. According to Nielsen, our radio stations broadcast into markets with an aggregate of approximately 22 million U.S. Hispanics, which is approximately 36% of the Hispanic population in the United States.  Our radio operations combine network and local programming with local time slots available for advertising, news, traffic, weather, promotions and community events. This strategy allows us to provide quality programming with significantly lower costs of operations than we could otherwise deliver solely with all locally produced programming.

Radio Programming

Radio Networks. Our networks allow advertisers with national product distribution to deliver a uniform advertising message to the growing Hispanic market around the country in an efficient manner.

Although our networks have a broad geographic reach, technology allows our stations to offer the necessary local feel and to be responsive to local clients and community needs. Designated time slots are used for local advertising, news, traffic, weather, promotions and community events. The audience gets the benefit of a national radio sound along with local content. To further enhance this effect, our on-air personalities frequently travel to participate in local promotional events, although such travel has been

restricted since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, in selected key markets our on-air personalities appear at special events and client locations. We promote these events as “remotes” to bond the national personalities to local listeners. Furthermore, all of our stations can disconnect from their networks and operate independently in the case of a local emergency or a problem with our central Multiprotocol Label Switching, or MPLS, transmission.

Radio Formats. Each of our four radio networks produce a music format that is simultaneously distributed via MPLS with a high definition quality sound to our stations. Each of these formats appeals to different listener preferences:

We broadcast, on an exclusive basis, National Football League games in Spanish, including Sunday Night Football, Monday Night Football, the NFL playoffs, including the Super Bowl, and the Pro Bowl, on 16 radio stations. We also broadcast Mexican National Soccer team matches through our partner Futbol de Primera, including a one-hour soccer program with general soccer updates and interviews, on 14 radio stations. We will also broadcast the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

Our radio networks are broadcast in 14 of the 16 radio markets that we serve. In addition, in markets where competing stations already offer programming similar to our network formats, or where we otherwise identify an available niche in the marketplace, we run alternative programming that we believe appeals to local listeners, including the following:

Additionally, in November 2020, we launched “El Botón”, an online platform that allows consumers to stream our radio shows and stations directly on their mobile phones or other devices.

Our Radio Station Portfolio

The following table lists information concerning each of our owned and operated radio stations in order of market rank and its respective market:

Market rank source: Nielsen Media Research 2021 universe estimates.

Radio Advertising

Substantially all of the revenue generated from our radio operations is derived from local and national advertising.

Local. Local advertising revenue is generated predominantly from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from within a station’s market. Local advertising sales include sales to advertisers that are local businesses or advertising agencies, and regional and national businesses or advertising agencies, which place orders from within a station’s market or directly with a station’s sales staff. We employ our own local sales force, in each of our markets, that is responsible for soliciting local advertising sales directly from advertisers and their agencies. In 2020, local advertising revenue accounted for approximately 60% of our total radio revenue.

National. National advertising revenue generally represents spot and network revenue from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from outside a station’s market. Since January 2020, Katz has acted as our national sales representative to solicit national spot advertising sales on all of our radio stations, and we act as our own network sales representative. Prior to January 2020, Entravision Solutions, one of our divisions, typically acted as our national sales representative to solicit national advertising sales on our Spanish-language radio stations. In 2020, national advertising revenue accounted for approximately 40% of our total radio revenue.

Radio Marketing/Audience Research

We believe that radio is an efficient means for advertisers to reach targeted demographic groups. Advertising rates charged by our radio stations are based primarily on the following factors:

Nielsen Audio provides advertisers with the industry-accepted measure of listening audience classified by demographic segment and time of day that the listeners spend on particular radio stations. Radio advertising rates generally are highest during the hours of 6:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M. These hours are considered the peak times for radio audience listening.

Historically, advertising rates for Spanish-language radio stations have been lower than those for English-language stations with similar audience levels. We believe that, over time, possibilities exist to narrow the disparities that have historically existed between Spanish-language and English-language advertising rates as new and existing advertisers recognize the growing desirability of the U.S. Hispanic population as an advertising target. For example, U.S. Hispanics spend more on food at home than the national average. We also believe that having multiple stations in a market enables us to provide listeners with alternatives, to secure a higher overall percentage of a market’s available advertising dollars, and to obtain greater percentages of individual customers’ advertising budgets.

Each station broadcasts an optimal number of advertisements each hour, depending upon its format, in order to maximize the station’s revenue without jeopardizing its audience listenership. Our non-network stations have up to 14 minutes per hour for commercial inventory and local content. Our network stations have up to one additional minute of commercial inventory per hour. The pricing is based on a rate card and negotiations subject to the supply and demand for the inventory in each particular market and the network.

Radio Competition

We face intense competition in the radio broadcasting business. The financial success of each of our radio stations and markets depends in large part on our audience ratings, our ability to maintain and increase our market share of overall radio advertising revenue and the economic health of the market and the nation. In addition, our advertising revenue depends upon the desire of advertisers to reach our audience demographic. Each of our radio stations competes for audience share and advertising revenue directly with both Spanish-language and English-language radio stations in its market, and with other media, such as newspapers, broadcast, cable, satellite and streaming television, magazines, outdoor advertising, satellite-delivered radio services, apps, podcasts and other forms of digital audio delivery, and direct mail advertising. In addition, in certain markets we operate television stations that indirectly compete for local and national advertising revenue with our radio business. Our primary competitors in our markets in Spanish-language radio are Univision, iHeartMedia Inc. (formerly Clear Channel Communications Inc.) and Spanish Broadcasting System, Inc. These and many of the other companies with which we compete are companies that have significantly greater resources and longer operating histories than we do.

Factors that are material to our competitive position include management experience, a station’s audience rank in its market, signal strength and coverage, and audience demographics. If a competing station within a market converts to a format similar to that of one of our stations, or if one of our competitors upgrades its stations, we could suffer a reduction in ratings and advertising revenue in that market. The audience ratings and advertising revenue of our individual stations are subject to fluctuation and any adverse change in certain of our key radio markets could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

The radio industry is subject to competition from new media technologies that are being developed or introduced, such as:

Advertisers allocate finite advertising budgets across different media. We believe that the advent of new technologies and services may result in continued emphasis by certain advertisers on these new technologies and services as compared to legacy media, such as radio. Accordingly, while we also believe that none of these new technologies and services can completely replace local broadcast radio stations due to the element of localism that broadcast radio offers, the challenges we face in our radio operations from new technologies and services will continue to require attention from management. Among other things, we intend to leverage potential opportunities to adopt new technologies in our radio operations where appropriate, including digital streaming and podcasting, such as “El Botón”. We cannot guarantee that such adoption of new technologies, if any, will adequately address the challenges we face in our radio operations.

Seasonality

Seasonal net revenue fluctuations are common in the television and radio broadcasting and digital media, industries and are due primarily to fluctuations in advertising expenditures by local and national advertisers. In our television and radio segments, our second and third fiscal quarters generally produce the highest net revenue for the year. In our digital segment, net revenue generally increases in each fiscal quarter over the course of the year. In addition, advertising revenue across our segments is generally higher during presidential election years (2016, 2020,(2020, 2024, etc.), resulting from significant political advertising and, to a lesser degree, Congressional mid-term election years (2018, 2022,(2022, 2026, etc.), resulting from increased political advertising in those years compared to other years. Advertising revenue in our radio segment is also generally higher during years when we broadcast the FIFA World Cup on our radio stations.

Intellectual Property

We believe that our ability to protect our intellectual property is an important factor in the success and continued growth of our business. We protect our intellectual property through a combination of trade secrets law, copyrights, trademarks and contracts. We have established business procedures designed to maintain the confidentiality and security of our proprietary information, including the use of confidentiality agreements and assignment of inventions agreements with employees, independent contractors, consultants and companies with which we conduct business. While we believe that such measures are generally effective, we cannot guarantee that such measures will adequately protect our intellectual property from use, misuse or infringement by othersothers.

In the course of our business, we use various trademarks, trade names and service marks, including our logos and FCC call letters, in our advertising and promotions, as well as proprietary technology platforms and other technology. Some of our technology relies upon third party licensed intellectual property. We do not hold or depend upon any material patent, government license, franchise or concession, except for our broadcast licenses granted by the FCC.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018,2020, we had approximately 1,1561,001 full-time employees worldwide.  Approximately 814607 of those full-time employees were in the United States, including 559439 full-time employees in our television segment, 217146 full-time employees in our radio segment and 3822 full-time employees in our digital media segment. As of December 31, 2018,2020, three of our full-time television segment employees in the United States were represented by a labor union that has entered into a collective bargaining agreement with us.

We had 4228 full-time employees in Mexico in our television segment as of December 31, 2020, of whom 25eight were covered by a collective bargaining agreement. That agreement which was most recently renewed on FebruaryJanuary 1, 20192020 for a new term of two years.

In our digital segment, we had 145120 full-time employees and seven part-time employees in Argentina, 8192 full-time employees and seven part-time employees in Spain, 3432 full-time employees in Uruguay, 22 full-time employees in Mexico, 1120 full-time employees in Uruguay, nineBrazil, 19 full-time employees in Colombia, 10 full-time employees in Peru, eight full-time employees in Guatemala, eight full-time employees in Bolivia, seven full-time employees in Chile, seven full-time employee in Costa Rica, six full-time employees in Israel, eight six full-time employees in Colombia, seven Dominican Republic, five full-time employees in Brazil, threeEcuador, and four full-time employees in Chile, one full-time employee in the United Kingdom, and one full-time employee in Costa Rica. NonePanama, as of December 31, 2020. Sixty of these employees was a memberare members of a union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

We believe that our relations with our employees and these unions are generally good.

Human Capital Management

We are a global company, and as a result we endeavor to have a diverse and inclusive workforce reflective of our international footprint. While we do not employ specific human capital measures in our business, we are committed to the overall health, safety and wellness of our employees globally. We offer our employees various health and wellness benefits, which we believe provide a sense of security. We also offer career growth and development opportunities. For example, we make available to our sales team, on a global basis, training to enhance their job-related skills.

We are committed to providing a work environment that is free of unlawful harassment, discrimination and retaliation. We have a strict policy prohibiting sexual harassment, as well as harassment or discrimination based on race, gender and other specified statuses and conditions. Unlawful harassment in any form, including verbal, physical and visual conduct, threats, demands and retaliation, is prohibited. We have established hotline and anonymous complaint processes for any employee who believes that these policies have been violated.

Our overall commitment to our employees has extended to the COVID-19 pandemic. We implemented a work-from-home policy for many of our employees, which policy we believe has delivered a sense of safety. We also adopted additional safety measures for our employees who do not work from home, including our employees who provide essential services on-site. These measures include distancing and masking requirements, office cleaning procedures, communications regarding our policies and procedures related to the pandemic, and limiting non-essential travel.

Regulation of Television and Radio Broadcasting

General. The FCC regulates television and radio broadcast stations pursuant to the Communications Act. Among other things, the FCC:

A licensee’s failure to observe the requirements of the Communications Act or FCC rules and policies may result in the imposition of various sanctions, including admonishment, fines, the grant of renewal terms of less than eight years, the grant of a license renewal with conditions or, in the case of particularly egregious violations, the denial of a license renewal application, the revocation of an FCC license or the denial of FCC consent to acquire additional broadcast properties.

Congress and the FCC have had under consideration or reconsideration, and may in the future consider and adopt, new laws, regulations and policies regarding a wide variety of matters that could, directly or indirectly, affect the operation, ownership and profitability of our television and radio stations, result in the loss of audience share and advertising revenue for our television and radio broadcast stations or affect our ability to acquire additional television and radio broadcast stations or finance such acquisitions. Such matters may include:

We cannot predict what changes, if any, might be adopted, nor can we predict what other matters might be considered in the future, nor can we judge in advance what impact, if any, the implementation of any particular proposal or change might have on our business.

FCC Licenses. Television and radio stations operate pursuant to licenses that are granted by the FCC for a term of eight years, subject to renewal upon application to the FCC. During the periods when renewal applications are pending, petitions to deny license renewal applications may be filed by interested parties, including members of the public. The FCC may hold hearings on renewal applications if it is unable to determine that renewal of a license would serve the public interest, convenience and necessity, or if a petition to deny raises a “substantial and material question of fact” as to whether the grant of the renewal applications would be inconsistent with the public interest, convenience and necessity. However, the FCC is prohibited from considering competing applications for a renewal applicant’s frequency, and is required to grant the renewal application if it finds:

If as a result of an evidentiary hearing the FCC determines that the licensee has failed to meet the requirements for renewal and that no mitigating factors justify the imposition of a lesser sanction, the FCC may deny a license renewal application. Historically, FCC licenses have generally been renewed. We have no reason to believe that our licenses will not be renewed in the ordinary course, although there can be no assurance to that effect. The non-renewal of one or more of our stations’ licenses could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Ownership Matters. The Communications Act requires prior consent of the FCC for the assignment of a broadcast license or the transfer of control of a corporation or other entity holding a license. In determining whether to approve an assignment of a television or radio broadcast license or a transfer of control of a broadcast licensee, the FCC considers a number of factors pertaining to the licensee including compliance with various rules limiting common ownership of media properties, the “character” of the licensee and those persons holding “attributable” interests therein, and the Communications Act’s limitations on foreign ownership and compliance with the FCC rules and regulations.

To obtain the FCC’s prior consent to assign or transfer a broadcast license, appropriate applications must be filed with the FCC. If the application to assign or transfer the license involves a substantial change in ownership or control of the licensee, for example, the transfer or acquisition of more than 50% of the voting equity, the application must be placed on public notice for a period of 30 days during which petitions to deny the application may be filed by interested parties, including members of the public. If an assignment application does not involve new parties, or if a transfer of control application does not involve a “substantial” change in ownership or control, it is a pro forma application, which is not subject to the public notice and 30-day petition to deny procedure. The regular and pro forma applications are nevertheless subject to informal objections that may be filed any time until the FCC acts on the application. If the FCC grants an assignment or transfer application, interested parties have 30 days from public notice of the grant to seek reconsideration of that grant. The FCC has an additional ten days to set aside such grant on its own motion. When ruling on an assignment or transfer application, the FCC is prohibited from considering whether the public interest might be served by an assignment or transfer to any party other than the assignee or transferee specified in the application.

Under the Communications Act, a broadcast license may not, absent a public interest determination by the FCC, be granted to or held by persons who are not U.S. citizens, by any corporation that has more than 20% of its capital stock owned or voted by non-U.S. citizens or entities or their representatives, by foreign governments or their representatives or by non-U.S. corporations. Furthermore, the Communications Act provides that no FCC broadcast license may be granted to or held by any corporation directly or indirectly controlled by any other corporation of which more than 25% of its capital stock is owned of record or voted by non-U.S. citizens or entities or their representatives, or foreign governments or their representatives or by non-U.S. corporations. The FCC, recognizing its authority to allow foreign ownership in excess of these safe harbor levels and to allow for greater foreign investment in domestic broadcast media, has established new policies and practices allowing broadcast licensees to file petitions for declaratory ruling requesting approval (i) of up to and including 100% aggregate foreign ownership by unnamed and future foreign investors in the controlling U.S. parent of a broadcast licensee, (ii) for any named foreign investor who proposes to acquire less than 100% controlling interest to increase the interest to 100% in the future, and (iii) for any non-controlling named foreign investor to increase its interest up to 49.99% in the future.  The new rules also establish that a broadcast licensee only needs to obtain specific approval for foreign investors holding more than 5% interest, and in certain circumstances more than 10% interest, in the U.S. parent of the broadcast licensee, or a controlling interest in the U.S. parent. The licenses for our stations could be revoked if our outstanding capital stock is issued to or for the benefit of non-U.S. citizens in excess of these limitations or in violation of the procedures adopted by the FCC. Our restated certificate of incorporation restricts the ownership and voting of our capital stock to enable us to comply with foreign ownership limitations.

The FCC generally applies its other broadcast ownership limits to “cognizable” interests held by an individual, corporation or other association or entity. In the case of a corporation holding broadcast licenses, the interests of officers, directors and those who, directly or indirectly, have the right to vote 5% or more of the stock of a licensee corporation are generally deemed attributable interests, as are positions as an officer or director of a corporate parent of a broadcast licensee.

Stock interests held by insurance companies, mutual funds, bank trust departments and certain other passive investors that hold stock for investment purposes only become attributable with the ownership of 20% or more of the voting stock of the corporation holding broadcast licenses.

A time brokerage agreement with another television or radio station in the same market creates an attributable interest in the brokered television or radio station as well for purposes of the FCC’s local television or radio station ownership rules, if the agreement affects more than 15% of the brokered television or radio station’s weekly broadcast hours. Likewise, a joint sales agreement (“JSA”) involving radio stations creates a similar attributable interest for the broadcast station that is undertaking the sales function. As for television stations, the FCC adopted and then eliminated the conceptpractice of attribution for television JSAs, in its quadrennial ownership proceeding that is subject to judicial review. The action involving the elimination of attribution for television stations is subject towas an issue in the judicial review as part of the FCC’s 2014 Quadrennial Review process.of media ownership provisions.  The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, or the Third Circuit, reversed and remanded the FCC’s decision.  The FCC and a broadcast industry group successfully petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review the case, and oral argument was held in January, 2021, with a decision expected to be rendered by July 1, 2021.  Until the U.S. Supreme Court decides the case, we cannot determine the impact of any decision on our business.

Debt instruments, non-voting stock, options and warrants for voting stock that have not yet been exercised, insulated limited partnership interests where the limited partner is not “materially involved” in the media-related activities of the partnership and minority voting stock interests in corporations where there is a single holder of more than 50% of the outstanding voting stock whose vote is sufficient to affirmatively direct the affairs of the corporation generally do not subject their holders to attribution.

However, the FCC also applies a rule, known as the equity-debt-plus rule, which causes certain creditors or investors to be attributable owners of a station, regardless of whether there is a single majority stockholder or other applicable exception to the FCC’s attribution rules. Under this rule, a major programming supplier (any programming supplier that provides more than 15% of the station’s weekly programming hours) or a same-market media entity will be an attributable owner of a station if the supplier or same-market media entity holds debt or equity, or both, in the station that is greater than 33% of the value of the station’s total debt plus equity. For purposes of the equity-debt-plus rule, equity includes all stock, whether voting or nonvoting, and equity held by insulated limited partners in limited partnerships. Debt includes all liabilities, whether long-term or short-term.

Under the ownership rules currently in place, the FCC generally permits an owner to have only one television station per market. AIn certain markets, a single owner is permitted to have two stations with overlapping signals so long as they are assigned to different markets. The FCC’s rules regarding ownership permit, however, an owner to operate two television stations assigned to the same market, in markets where that is otherwise permissible, so long as either: