Ebvallo™ (Tab-cel®)

Tab-cel^®EBV+ PTLD

EBV+ PTLD

Since its discovery as the first human oncovirus, EBV has been implicated in the development of a wide range of diseases, including lymphomas and other cancers. EBV is widespread in human populations and persists as a lifelong, asymptomatic infection. In healthy individuals, a small percentage of T cells are devoted to keeping EBV in check. In contrast, immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplants or HCT,(HCT) or solid organ transplants or SOT,(SOT) have a reduced ability to control EBV. Left without appropriate immune surveillance, EBV transformedEBV-transformed cells can, in some patients, proliferate and cause an aggressive, life-threatening cancer called EBV+ PTLD.PTLD. Nearly all cases of PTLD that occur following HCT are EBV positive while approximately 60% of PTLD cases that occur following SOT are EBV positive. Approximately 10-15% of PTLD patients are children.

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Historical studies suggest a high unmet medical need for improved therapies in patients with EBV+ PTLD who have failed rituximab or rituximab plus chemotherapy,, with approximately 40% to 60% of patients either not responding to or progressing following this first line of therapy. Expected median overall survival in patients with EBV+ PTLD following HCT who have failed rituximab-based first line therapy is between 16approximately 1.7 months, and 56 days, with a one-year survival rate of approximately 23% based on our evaluation of available historical outcomes data. Estimated one- and two-year survival following incomplete response to rituximab infor patients with high-risk EBV+ PTLD afterfollowing SOT who have failed rituximab-based first line therapy, the median overall survival is 36% and 0%, respectively.approximately 3.3 months. The use of chemotherapy in patients with EBV+ PTLD who have failed rituximab is frequently associated with significant rates of treatment-related mortality due to the frailty of the patients and severe toxicities associated with chemotherapy. Based on our market research, we estimate there were several hundred EBV+ PTLD patients who failed rituximab or rituximab plus chemotherapy in the U.S. in 2018.2019.

Tab-cel^® (Ebvallo™) for EBV+ PTLD

In June 2015, we licensed certain patent rights, know-how and a library of T cells and cell lines specific to EBV from MSK in under an agreement we refer to asexclusive license agreement. In accordance with the 2015 MSK License Agreement. In the 2015 MSK License Agreement,license agreement, we agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the licensed products and to make milestone payments with respect to the licensed programs and to make royalty payments to MSK to the extent product candidates arising from the collaboration are commercialized. Our most advancedfirst commercial product, candidate, tab-cel^®,Ebvallo, is part of this MSK collaboration and targets EBV.

Tab-cel® (Ebvallo™) is an allogeneic EBV-specific T-cell immunotherapy that is approved in development for the treatment of EBV-associated hematologic malignanciesEU and solid tumors.

Tab-cel^® is currently in Phase 3 development in the U.S. for the treatment of patients with EBV+ PTLD who have failed rituximab or rituximab plus chemotherapy. Based on our market research, we estimate there were several hundredTab-cel is also under development for other EBV+ PTLD patients who failed rituximab or rituximab plus chemotherapydiseases with significant unmet medical need through a Phase 2 multi-cohort study that was initiated in the U.S. in 2018. third quarter of 2020.

Tab-cel^® has received Breakthrough Therapy Designation or BTD,(BTD) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or FDA, (FDA) for the treatment of patients with EBV+ PTLD after HCT who have failed rituximab Priority Medicines, or PRIME, designation from the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, for the same indication, and orphan designation in the U.S. and European Union (EU) for the treatment of patients with EBV+ PTLD following HCT or SOT.

Tab-cel^® is also under development for other EBV-associated hematologic malignancies and solid tumors through a multi-cohort study, and for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, or NPC, in a separate clinical study.

Tab-cel^® for EBV+ PTLD

In clinical studies conducted at MSK that have enrolled patients with EBV+ PTLD following HCT and SOT, efficacy following treatment with tab-cel^® monotherapy compared favorably with historical data in these patient populations. Patients with EBV+ PTLD after HCT who have failed rituximab and were treated with tab-cel^® had one-yeartwo-year overall survival of approximately 70%83% in two separate clinical studies.studies. In the setting of EBV+ PTLD after SOT in patients who have failed rituximab,, similar results were observed, with one-yeartwo-year overall survival of approximately 60%86% in tab-cel^®-treatedtab-cel-treated patients. A response rate of greater than or equal to 50% was observed in HCT and SOT patients in these studies.

In December 2017, we initiated two Phase 3 studies for tab-cel^® intended to support approval in two separate indications, the treatment of EBV+ PTLD following HCT (which was referred to as the MATCH study) and SOT in patients who have failed rituximab (which(which was referred to as the ALLELE study).

The Phase 3 MATCH study was a multicenter, open label, single arm study designed to enroll approximately 35 patients with EBV+ PTLD following HCT who have failed rituximab. The Phase 3 ALLELE study was initially a multicenter, open label study designed with two non-comparative cohorts of approximately 35 patients each. The first cohort included patients who previously received rituximab monotherapy, and the second cohort included patients who previously received rituximab plus chemotherapy. The primary endpoint of both the MATCH and ALLELE studies was confirmed best objective response rate, or ORR, defined as the percent of patients achieving either a complete or partial response to treatment with tab-cel^® confirmed after the initial tumor assessment showing a response.

In 2019,, after discussion and alignment with regulators, we combined MATCH and ALLELE into a single study (which we now refer to as the ALLELE study) that now consists of an HCT cohort for EBV+ PTLD patients who have failed rituximab, and ana single SOT cohort for EBV+ PTLD patients who have failed prior treatment with rituximab with both chemotherapyor without chemotherapy. Additionally, we expanded the ALLELE study geographically to include clinical sites in Europe and non-chemotherapy prior treatment experience.Canada.

In the third quarter of 2020, we completed an interim analysis for the ALLELE study. Data from the interim analysis showed a 50 percent objective response rate (ORR) to tab-cel with independent oncologic and radiographic assessment (IORA) in patients with relapsed-refractory EBV+ PTLD following HCT or SOT, that had reached at least six months follow-up after the ORR assessment. This ORR is consistent with previously published investigator assessed data. The primary endpointtab-cel safety profile is also consistent with previously published data, with no new safety signals. In December 2022, we presented updated interim analysis and safety results from the ALLELE study and updated efficacy and safety data from two single-center, open-label studies, and multicenter expanded access program in patients with EBV+ Leiomysosarcomas at the 2022 American Society of ALLELE remains as confirmed best ORR, as determinedHematology Annual Meeting.

In October 2021, we entered into the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement, pursuant to which we granted to Pierre Fabre an exclusive, field-limited license to commercialize and distribute Ebvallo in Europe and select emerging markets. We retain full rights to tab-cel in other major markets, including North America, Asia Pacific and Latin America. In September 2022, we amended the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement to receive an additional $30 million milestone payment from Pierre Fabre in exchange for a reduction in royalties and the supply price mark up on Ebvallo purchased by independent review,Pierre Fabre. See section ‘Terms of Certain License and is designedCollaboration Agreements’ below for additional details. In December 2022, we sold a portion of our right to rule outreceive royalties and certain milestones in Ebvallo under the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement to HCRx for a 20% ORR as the null hypothesis. This means that if the lower boundtotal investment amount of $31.0 million, subject to a cap between 185% and 250% of the 95% confidence interval on ORR amongtotal investment amount by HCRx.

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In November 2021, we submitted an EU marketing authorization application (MAA) for tab-cel in patients receiving at least one dose of tab-cel^® exceeds 20% atwith EBV+ PTLD. In December 2022, the end ofEC granted marketing authorization for Ebvallo under the study, then the study would be expected to meet the primary endpoint“exceptional circumstances” regulatory pathway as a monotherapy for the treatment of PTLD.adult and pediatric patients two years of age and older with relapsed or refractory EBV+ PTLD who have received at least one prior therapy. For example, assuming enrollment of 33SOT patients, prior therapy includes chemotherapy unless chemotherapy is inappropriate. Our request to transfer the marketing authorization for Ebvallo to Pierre Fabre was adopted by the EC in a cohort of ALLELE, an observed

ORR above approximately 37% would be expectedFebruary 2023. Pierre Fabre is planning to meetcommence Ebvallo launch activities in the primary endpoint for that cohort. Secondary endpoints include duration of response, overall survival, safety, quality of life metrics, and other measures to evaluate its health economic impact. Additionally, we expect to expand the ALLELE study geographically to include clinical sites outside the U.S. We submitted clinical trial applications, or CTAs, to severalfirst European countries in 2019the first quarter of 2023. Under the “exceptional circumstances” marketing authorization, Pierre Fabre is subject to enable opening EU clinical sitescertain ongoing post-marketing obligations to continue confirmation of the benefits of Ebvallo. Since Ebvallo was approved under the exceptional circumstances regulatory pathway, continuation of the Ebvallo marketing authorization is subject to annual reassessments. The annual reassessments will determine whether the Ebvallo marketing authorization should be maintained, changed, or suspended, based on Pierre Fabre’s fulfillment of post-marketing obligations and the risk/benefit profile of Ebvallo.

In October 2022, we filed the MAA for Ebvallo with the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority (MHRA) in 2020, and our CTAs in Austria, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK) and anticipate a decision on the potential approval of the MAA in the UK by March 2023.

We have performed extensive studies demonstrating analytical comparability between the tab-cel manufacturing process versions used for the pivotal ALLELE study and that intended for commercialization. Comprehensive comparability analyses covered 21 key attributes for potency, purity and alloreactivity. We believe analytic comparability between tab-cel process versions has been demonstrated based on well-established statistical methodology and application of International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and is further supported by significant and consistent clinical experience. These comparability data analyses were submitted to the EMA through our MAA filing. EMA stated in its assessment report issued following approval of the MAA for tab-cel by the EC that it considered comparability of the intended commercial product with the clinically used product to be shown.

We have been approved.

We plan to initiate a biologics license application, or BLA, submission for patients with EBV+ PTLD to the FDA in the second half of 2020. We plan to discuss the totality of tab-cel^® results with the FDA in a pre-BLA meeting prior to initiating the BLA submission.

We are also planning the submission of a marketing authorization of tab-cel^® in the European Union. In February 2016, tab-cel^® was granted orphan drug designation by the European Commission for the treatment of patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Tab-cel^® has also been granted access to the PRIME scheme. PRIME is a program launched by the EMA to enhance support for the development of medicines that target an unmet medical need. This voluntary program is based on enhanced interaction and early dialogue with developers of promising medicines, to optimize development plans and speed up evaluation so these medicines can reach patients earlier. The program focuses on medicines that may offer a major therapeutic advantage over existing treatments, or benefit patients without treatment options. These medicines are considered priority medicines by EMA. To be accepted for PRIME, a medicine must show its potential to benefit patients with unmet medical needs based on early clinical data. We remainengaged in discussions with the European Medicines Agency, or EMA. FDA regarding a potential biologics license application (BLA) submission for tab-cel in the United States, including on (i) the content of chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) module 3 and the assessment of comparability between the product used in the pivotal ALLELE study and that intended for commercialization and (ii) the clinical data package requirements.

In February 2022, we held a Type B CMC meeting with the FDA to discuss comparability between the intended commercial and pivotal clinical trial process versions. This meeting did not result in alignment on comparability and the FDA initially recommended we conduct a clinical study with commercial product as the FDA did not agree that comparability has been demonstrated between product used in the pivotal ALLELE study and the intended commercial product. Following further discussions, the FDA recommended a potential path to a BLA submission without the need for a new clinical study.

We have submittedsubsequently held another meeting with the FDA to discuss topics relating to CMC, which culminated in clear guidance and agreement on specific CMC module 3 requirements for a Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP,potential BLA submission. Following this meeting, we filed an amendment to EMA. Following an agreement with EMA on the PIP, we plan to submit a tab-cel^® EU marketing authorizationInvestigational New Drug (IND) application for patients with EBV+ PTLD in 2021.

We are continuing our preparations to support the planned commercialization of tab-cel^®. This includes the development of our proprietary T-cell order management platform, Atara MatchMe^TM, that is being developed to provide patient care teamsadditional CMC information requested by the FDA.

In February 2023, we held a meeting with accessthe FDA on clinical aspects for a potential BLA submission for tab-cel. Following this discussion, we and the FDA expect to therapy throughhold another meeting to further discuss CMC matters relating to a web-based interface. potential BLA submission for tab-cel, including aspects related to comparability that may support pooling clinical data from different process versions. We expect to pursue approvals provide a further update on a potential BLA submission for tab-cel in key geographiesthe second quarter of 2023. and may seek partners to aid in our commercialization efforts in select markets.

Tab-cel^® Multi-Cohort Study

We expectcontinue to pursue development of tab-cel^® in earlier linesadditional patient populations, with a primary focus on immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (IA-LPDs), given the commonality of therapy,their EBV-driven mechanism of disease in immunocompromised patients, high unmet medical need and positive clinical data to date with tab-cel. In patients where previous treatments have failed, the objective response rates, including complete response, were 33.3% (three out of nine patients) in our plannedAID-LPD and 37.5% (three out of eight patients) in PID-LPD groups. Tab-cel was generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile consistent with previously published clinical studies. These clinical data demonstrated that tab-cel was well-tolerated and showed encouraging clinical activity in this patient population, with objective response rates ranging from 50% (two out of four patients) to 80% (four out of five patients). The overall survival (OS) rate at one year in patients with EBV viremia treated in the EAP-201 study was 100 percent for a median follow-up of 14.6 months (min 12.2, max 17.8).

In the third quarter of 2020, we initiated a Phase 2 multi-cohort study and are actively opening sites and enrolling in six patient populations, including four within IA-LPDs and two in other EBV-driven diseases, in both the U.S. and EU. We continue to enroll

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patients in this study. We expect to initiate enrollment inanticipate investigating additional label expansion opportunities with this multi-cohort study. Data from this study including up to six additional EBV+ ultra-rare diseases for patients,is expected in the second half of 2020 based on previous clinical experience treating these patients.2023.

Tab-cel^® for NPCNPC

NPCNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of head and neck cancer that is primarily associated with EBV. Standard treatment for NPC typically includes radiation therapy, platinum-based chemotherapy or a combination of both. Surgical intervention is only rarely employed and is usually only utilized in select early stageearly-stage cases. There are no approved therapeutic agents available to treat relapsed/refractory NPC, although there are multiple agents in development for this patient population.

In April 2017, we entered into an agreement with Merck Sharp & Dohme (known as MSD outside of the U.S. and Canada) to provide drug supply for a study to be sponsored and conducted by us to evaluate tab-cel^® in combination with Merck’s anti-PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1) therapy, KEYTRUDA^® (pembrolizumab), in patients with platinum-resistant or recurrent EBV-associated NPC. ThisOur Phase 1b/21b study, which was initiated in 2018, achieved its safety endpoints and stable disease in some patients. Due to the fourth quarterevolving treatment landscape of 2018, will evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of the combination. We enrolled the final planned patient in the Phase 1b part of the study in February 2020. Based on our market research, we estimate the incidence during 2018 of NPC in the U.S.EBV-driven nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), United Kingdom, France, Italy and Spain was collectively approximately 3,800 patients and approximately 71,000 patients in East Asia. Our study is designed to address a sub-population of the total incidence of this disease.

EAP and SPU Programs

Atara continues to see strong tab-cel^® investigator, physician and patient interest and, for cases in which we are not able to enroll patients in its EBV+ PTLD Phase 3 clinical study,actively conducting any development activities while we are providing tab-cel^® to patients in need underreassess our expanded access protocol, or EAP,approach and single patient use, or SPU, programs. The primary objective of these programs is to provide tab-cel^® monotherapy tothe development and regulatory pathways for patients with EBV-associated diseasesplatinum resistant or certain EBVrecurrent EBV-drive NPC.+ malignancies for whom there are no other therapeutic options.

ATA188

Multiple Sclerosis

Atara isWe are also developing ATA188, aan allogeneic T-cell immunotherapy targeting EBV antigens believed to be important for the potential treatment of multiple sclerosis or MS.(MS). MS is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system or CNS,(CNS) that disrupts the myelination and normal functioning of the brain, optic nerves and spinal cord through inflammation and tissue loss. The evolution of MS results in an increasing loss of both physical and cognitive (e.g., memory) function. This has a substantial negative impact on the more-than twoapproximately 2.3 million peoplepatients worldwide affected bydiagnosed and living with MS, with approximately 800,000 diagnosed prevalent casesone million of MS in the U.S. and EU in 2019.those patients having a progressive form of MS.

There are two categories of MS: progressive MS or PMS,(PMS) and relapsing-remitting MS or RRMS.(RRMS). RRMS is a form of MS that is characterized by episodes of new or worsening signs or symptoms (relapses) followed by periods of recovery and quiescence during which the disease does not progress. PMS is a severe form of MS that is characterized by persistent progression and worsening of MS symptoms and physical disability over time for which there are few therapeutic options. There are two types of PMS: primary progressive MS or PPMS,(PPMS) and secondary progressive MS or SPMS. Published reports indicate that together, PPMS and SPMS make up approximately 43% of MS patients.(SPMS). PPMS occurs when the patient has a disease course characterized by steady and progressive worsening after disease onset. SPMS initially begins as RRMS, but once patients have continuous progression of their disease, they have developed SPMS.

Scientific and clinical findings support a potential biologic connection between EBV and MS. EBV is present in nearly all patients with MS. The MS disease course has been shown to correlate with measures of EBV activity, and with exhaustion of endogenous EBV-specific T cell populations. In addition, in separate studies, clear differences in location and frequency of EBV-infected B cells and plasma cells were evident between the brains of subjects without MS and the brains of MS patients, where EBV-infected B cells and plasma cells were in close proximity to areas of active demyelination. Further data suggest that EBV-positive B cells and plasma cells in the CNS have the potential to catalyze an autoimmune response, resulting in the typical MS pathophysiology. In patients with MS, their T cells may be unable to control EBV-positive B cells and plasma cells so that B cells and plasma cells could then accumulate in the brain, function as antigen-presenting cells and generate antibodies that attack and destroy myelin, the protective layer that insulates nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This loss of myelin ultimately leads to MS symptoms. The role of B cells in MS is supported by the approval by the FDA of ocrelizumab for PPMS, which broadly targets B cells (and not plasma cells) outside of the CNS through their expression of a cell surface marker known as CD20.

Based on our analysis of industry data and assumed increases in treatment rates and market share for a best-in-class treatment, we estimate that the potential annual U.S. market opportunity in PMS could be at least $3.5 billion by 2025.

ATA188 for MS

We licensed rights to certain know-how and technology from QIMR Berghofer that uses targeted antigen recognition to create off-the-shelf T-cell immunotherapy product candidates applicable to a variety of diseases, including autoimmune conditions such as MS. Our license agreement with QIMR Berghofer requires that we make various milestone and royalty payments to QIMR Berghofer based on the sales of products arising from this collaboration, if any. We are also working with QIMR Berghofer on the development of EBV-targeted and other virally targeted T cells. Through this technology, we are expanding the role of T-cell-based immunotherapy beyond oncology and viral infections to autoimmune diseases.

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Our T-cell immunotherapy product candidate utilizing this technology, ATA188, is an off-the-shelf EBV-specific T-cell preparation that utilizes an MS-specific targeted antigen recognition technology that enables the T cells we administer to selectively identify cells expressing the EBV antigens that we believe are important for the potential treatment of MS. ATA188 is designed to selectively target only those cells which are EBV-positive while sparing those that are not. Recent studies published in Science and Nature provide new epidemiological data suggesting that EBV is the leading cause of MS, and mechanistic data suggesting EBV infection can initiate and propagate the autoimmune attack on the brain in MS. We believe that eliminating only EBV-positive B cells and plasma cells has the potential to benefit some patients with MS.PMS and SPMS.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we initiated an open label, single arm, multi-center, multi-national Phase 1 study with allogeneic ATA188 for patients with PMS. The primary objective of this Phase 1 study is to assess the safety of ATA188 in patients followed for at least one year after the first dose. Key secondary endpoints in the study include measures of clinical improvement, using recognized scales for MS symptoms, function and disability including Expanded Disability Status Scale or EDSS,(EDSS), Fatigue Severity Score, MS Impact Scale-29 (physical), Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), 9-Hole Peg Test, 12-Item MS Walking Scale (MSWS-12) and Visual Acuity.

Enrollment for the fourth and final Phase 1 dose escalation cohort in the Phase 1a portion of the study was completed in the third quarter of 2019 and we presented initialupdated efficacy and updated safety results from this study at the MSVirtual2020: 8th Joint ACTRIMS-ECTRIMS Meeting in September 20192020. The data demonstrated that ATA188 was well-tolerated across all four dose cohorts, with no dose-limiting toxicities and no fatal adverse events. Additionally, patients who demonstrated sustained disability improvement (SDI) at any timepoint maintained improvement at all future timepoints, and higher proportion of patients showed SDI with increasing dose (42% in cohorts 3 and 4 (higher doses) versus 17% in cohorts 1 and 2 (lower doses)). SDI is defined as clinically significant improvement in EDSS or T25FW observed at two consecutive time points. ATA188 treatment showed no clinically meaningful effect on cytokine levels and no dose-related safety trends were identified. Rhinorrhea (runny nose) was the only treatment-related event that occurred in more than one subject. No dose-limiting toxicities and no fatal adverse events have been reported. The safety profile has remained consistent with previously reported data. We also presented preclinical translation data at ACTRIMS-ECTRIMS that further support the proposed mechanism of action of ATA188 targeting EBV-infected B cells. These combined analyses of T cells comprising ATA188 are consistent with its proposed mechanism of targeting EBV-infected B cells by recognizing MS-relevant EBV antigens on these cells via defined TCRs. While these data will need to be confirmed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, they indicate the potential for the first treatment option in PMS to halt or reverse the progression of disease. We believe these results align with the body of evidence supporting the important role of EBV-infected B cells in the chronic autoimmune pathology of MS.

We are currently progressing an open-label extension (OLE) of the Phase 1 study of ATA188 for patients with primary and secondary PMS. We presented long-term two-year clinical data from the OLE and translation data from the Phase 1 study in October 2021 at the 35³⁷th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). These results were basedBased on the clinical data, most patients either demonstrated sustained disability improvement or stable disease. The presentation also featured new imaging biomarker data considered to reflect the state of myelination in the central nervous system, known as magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). MTR may provide important insights into the mechanism of July 29, 2019,EDSS improvement in our clinical assessment of ATA188.

In June 2020, we enrolled the first patient in our Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-expansion trial (EMBOLD) to evaluate the efficacy and showed that across four planned dose cohorts,safety of ATA188 was well tolerated in PMS patients with no evidencePMS and we continue to enroll patients in this study. Based on the data from the Phase 1a portion of cytokine release syndrome, graft versus host diseasethe study, we selected the cohort 4 dose for enrollment in the Phase 2 EMBOLD study. In addition to measuring change in disability measures compared to baseline, especially SDI over time, the study also includes multiple measures of patients’ function as well as various biomarkers.

In March 2022, we presented updated Phase 1 and OLE data that demonstrated 20 out of 24 patients have had either EDSS improvement or dose-limiting toxicities.

Following a six-month assessmentEDSS stability throughout their observation in the study with up to 42 months follow-up; 33% of patients in cohort 3the high-dose cohorts achieved confirmed expanded disability status scale (EDSS) improvement at the 12-month timepoint.

In January 2021, we discussed updates to the design of the EMBOLD study with the FDA and gained alignment on several points, as well as potential registrational studies: (i) a disability improvement endpoint is appropriate, with the FDA articulating a preference for EDSS improvement; (ii) the criteria used to enroll the study population of SPMS and PPPMS are appropriate; and (iii) the Phase 2 trial should run for at least 12 months, and a properly conducted interim analysis is appropriate. We also submitted a protocol amendment to the FDA, increasing the number of patients to 80, changing the primary end point of the study to EDSS disability improvement and maintaining the biological and functional endpoints.

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In June 2022, we completed the planned Interim Analysis (IA) of the EMBOLD study and determined no sample size adjustment or modification would be made to the study. Based on the analysis of the EMBOLD data available at the time of the IA, there was not a sufficient dataset to draw conclusions about the predictive value of six months EDSS improvement for 12 months EDSS improvement. The Independent Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (IDSMC) believes the six-month interim endpoint may be an inaccurate measure of the potential of this intervention in this condition. The IDSMC recommended the study we selected this cohort 3 dose to initiate the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1b part of this study, for which we plan to initiatecontinue without sample size adjustment or modification. Based on enrollment for patients with PMS in the second or third quarterEMBOLD at the end of 2020. We expectJuly, approximately 90 patients are planned to present six- and twelve-month ATA188 Phase 1a clinical results for cohorts 3 and 4be included in the firstread out of the study primary endpoint of confirmed disability improvement of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at 12 months. Communication of such data is planned to occur in an appropriate forum in October 2023.

In October 2022, we presented new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker imaging and second halves of 2020, respectively.

In addition to ATA188, QIMR Berghofer had previously completed aOLE clinical data from the Phase 1 study of ATA190, an autologous EBV-specific T-cell preparation that utilizesATA188 in progressive MS at the same approach to targeted antigen recognition as 2022 European Committee for Treatment and Research In Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) conference.

ATA188 has received fast track designation for the treatment of patientsPPMS and SPMS from the FDA.

We continue to plan for Phase 3 readiness, including interacting with PMS. the FDA based on two fast track designations, and further developing our proprietary large-scale bioreactor manufacturing process.

ATA3219

We are also developing ATA3219, a potential best-in-class, allogeneic CD19 CAR T immunotherapy targeting B-cell malignancies, leveraging our next-generation 1XX CAR co-stimulatory domain and EBV T-cell platform and does not require TCR or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene editing. Data from preclinical studies for ATA3219 suggest enhanced functional persistence, polyfunctional phenotype and efficient targeting of CD19-expressing tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo with a manufacturing process that focuses on T cell stemness.

Based on continued encouraging ATA188 results, acceleration ofacademic data from a clinical study, an EBV T-cell platform has the ATA188 randomized Phase 1b study and the Company’s strategic focus onpotential to generate off-the-shelf, allogeneic T-cell immunotherapies, Atara does not plan to initiate a randomized study of ATA190 in PMS at this time and will evaluate strategic options for this program.

CAR T Programs

Our current CAR T pipeline is as follows:

AML: acute myeloid leukemia; DNR: Dominant Negative Receptor

ATA2271/ATA3271

Atara’s pipeline includes next-generation CAR T immunotherapies with high response rates, durable responses and low risk of toxicity that can be rapidly delivered to patients.

We continue to make progress on the ATA3219 manufacturing process for patients with hematologic malignanciesscale-up. We currently intend to file an IND for the ATA3219 program in the second quarter of 2023 following completion of process optimization and solid tumors,manufacturing runs in the GMP manufacturing suites of our CMO. Our EBV CD19 CAR T program is enriched for a memory T-cell phenotype and viral diseases, includingcontinues to show robust activity in preclinical studies.

Additional Programs and Platform Expansion Activities

In addition to the prioritized programs described above, we have a number of other clinical and preclinical programs.

Our CAR T immunotherapy pipeline include autologous ATA2271 and allogeneic ATA3271 targeting mesothelin, which are partnered with MSKis a tumor antigen expressed on a number of solid tumors including mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and other tumors over-expressing mesothelin. Both programs were licensed to Bayer in December 2020, pursuant to an exclusive, field-limited license (the Bayer License Agreement). In May 2022, Bayer notified us of its decision to terminate the Bayer Agreements and on August 2, 2022, we entered into the Bayer Termination Agreement which returned full product development and commercialization rights for ATA2271 and ATA3271 to us effective July 31, 2022. See section ‘Terms of Certain License and Collaboration Agreements’ below for additional details..

In 2018, we entered into several agreements to expand our collaboration with MSK to the development of CAR T immunotherapies, with a license in May 2018 related to multiple collaboration targets and a license in December 2018 related to our next-generation CAR T program targeting mesothelin. Under these CAR T agreements, we agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval and, if approved, commercialize certain collaboration targets and to make certain milestone and royalty payments.

We have prioritized our mesothelin-targeted next-generation13

ATA2271 is designed to improve efficacy persistence, and durability of response versus CD28/CD3z-based CARs by using a novel 1XX CAR T program,co-stimulatory signaling domain and cell intrinsic checkpoint inhibition technology with a PD-1 dominant negative receptor (DNR). Data from investigational new drug application (IND) enabling studies for ATA2271 were presented at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Virtual Meeting II in June 2020. These data support the first application of the combination of 1XX co-stimulatory domain and cell intrinsic checkpoint inhibition technology with a PD-1 DNR that are associated with less cell exhaustion, improvements in functional persistence, serial cell killing and in vivo efficacy, which consists of ATA2271 and ATA3271. Results presentedwas maintained through multiple tumor re-challenges when compared with first-generation CD28/CD3z-based mesothelin CAR. The FDA accepted the IND application submitted by our collaborators at MSK have demonstrated that their regionally-delivered mesothelin-targeted,in August 2020, and in September 2020, MSK initiated an open-label, single-arm Phase 1^st generation autologous CAR T cells were well tolerated and showed encouraging anti-tumor activity in combination with pembrolizumab, a PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. These collaborator results support our planned development clinical study of ATA2271, a next-generation, mesothelin-targeted autologous CAR T immunotherapy using MSK’s novel 1XX CAR signaling domain and PD-1 dominant negative receptor, or DNR, checkpoint inhibition technologies for patients with mesothelin-associated solid tumors. We expect our collaborators at MSK to submit an investigational new drug, or IND, application to the FDA for ATA2271 for patients with advanced mesotheliomamesothelioma. The first preclinical, clinical and translational data from the lowest dose cohorts of this study, demonstrating early safety and persistence of ATA2271, was presented during a mini oral session at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Immuno-Oncology Congress in December 2021. MSK has enrolled and dosed the third cohort of this study. In February 2022, MSK notified the FDA of a fatal serious adverse event associated with a patient treated in the second or third, quarterhigher dose cohort in this study. MSK voluntarily paused enrollment of 2020.new patients in this study on a temporary basis while additional information regarding this case is gathered and reviewed. In parallel, we are conducting preclinical work onOctober 2022, MSK communicated their assessment to the FDA, following which enrollment in this study recently resumed after the voluntary pause. In December 2022, the latest findings, including clinical and safety observations, were presented during a session at the ESMO Immuno-Oncology Congress.

ATA3271 is an off-the-shelf, allogeneic version of this mesothelin CAR T program,therapy targeting mesothelin using a PD-1 DNR and 1XX CAR co-stimulatory signaling domain through our EBV T-cell platform. In preclinical data for ATA3271 we observed anti-tumor activity that we believe indicated functional persistence and significant survival benefit, and we found no evidence of allocytotoxicity in vivo, suggesting that allogeneic MSLN-CAR-engineered EBV T cells are a promising approach for the treatment of MSLN-positive cancers. Following termination of the Bayer Agreements, we have paused development of ATA3271.

ATA3219

We are also developing ATA3219, an off-the-shelfATA3431, a multi-targeted allogeneic CAR T immunotherapy targeting CD19 for patientsB-cell malignancies. We are also collaborating with B-cell lymphomas,QIMR Berghofer to serve asdevelop a potential proof-of-concept for our next generation technologies and allogeneic EBV CAR T platform.vaccine which is differentiated from earlier EBV vaccine efforts that solely focused on B cell responses to EBV.

In February 2020, an academic off-the-shelf, allogeneic CD19 CAR T clinical study using an EBV T-cell construct for patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies was presented at the 2020 Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (TCT) Meetings. Findings from this study provide initial clinical proof-of-principle that an EBV T-cell platform has the potential to generate off-the-shelf, allogeneic CAR T immunotherapies with high and durable responses, low risk of toxicity and that can be rapidly delivered to patients.

Additional Programs and Platform Expansion Activities

In addition to the prioritized programs described above, we have a number of preclinical programs. For example, in August 2018, we entered into a strategic collaboration with Moffitt. As part of this relationship, we agreed to collaborate with Moffitt to develop multi-targeted CAR T immunotherapies designed to address cancers with diverse cell types that often become resistant to treatment, such as acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, (ATA2321) and B-cell malignancies (ATA2431), and to make certain milestone and royalty payments associated with the collaboration targets. In addition, the collaboration includes the use of novel CAR T intracellular co-stimulatory domains that may improve CAR T proliferation when responding to an appropriate antigen and enhance CAR T persistence by reducing T-cell exhaustion.

We believe our platform will have utility beyond the current set of targets to which it has been directed. We continue to evaluate additional product candidates, including those derived from collaborations with our partners. We expect to further research and develop additional cellular therapies, which may include T-cell programs targeted against other antigens as well as engineered T-cell immunotherapies such as CAR T-cell programs. We believe that viral antigens are well suited to adoptive immunotherapy given that people with normal immune systems are able to mount robust responses to these viral targets, but immunocompromised patients and some cancer patients are not.partners. We also continue to evaluate opportunities to license or acquire additional product candidates or technologies to enhance our existing platform.

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. We face competition from numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology enterprises, as well as from academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions for our current product candidates. Some of these competitors or potential competitors have significantly greater established presences in the market, financial resources and technical expertise than we do. Our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than any products that we may develop.

Should any of our T-cell product candidates be approved for use, we will face substantial competition. In addition to the current standard of care for patients, commercial and academic clinical studies are being pursued by a number of parties in the field of immunotherapy. Early results from these studies have fueled continued interest in T-cell immunotherapy. In addition, if approved, our T-cell programs would compete with currently marketed drugs and therapies used for treatment of the indications we are addressing, and potentially with drugproduct candidates currently in development for the same indications.

EBV+ PTLD

There are currently no FDA- or EMA-approvedFDA-approved products for the treatment of EBV+ PTLD,. and there are no EC-approved products for this indication except for Ebvallo. However, we are aware that some marketed products and therapies are used off-label by some healthcare professionals and institutions in the treatment of EBV+ PTLD,, such as rituximab and combination chemotherapy regimens. In addition, a number of companies and academic institutions are developing drugproduct candidates for EBV+ PTLD and other EBV-associatedEBV-driven diseases including: Viracta Therapeutics, Inc., which is conducting a pivotal, Phase 1b/2 clinical study for nanatinostat (formerly named tractinostat, or VRx-3996) in combination with antiviral drug valganciclovir in relapsed/refractory EBV+lymphomas,EBV+ lymphomas; AlloVir (formerly known as ViraCyte), which has completed a Phase 2 clinical study for Viralym-Mposoleucel (ALVR105), an allogeneic, multi-virus T-cell product that targets six viruses in allogeneic HSCT recipients with ≥1 treatment-refractory infection, including EBV, and is planning to initiate severalconducting two Phase 3 studiesclinical trials for Virus-Associated Hemorrhagic-Cystitis, as well as a Phase 3 trial for the prevention of BKV,

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CMV, AdV, EBV, HHV06 and JCV in the next yearpost-allogeneic HSCT patients and Tessa Therapeutics Pte Ltd., or Tessa, which hasis conducting a preclinicalPhase 1 study with an allogeneic CD30-CAR EBVST product candidate that is an allogeneic CD30-targeted CAR EBV-specific T-cell therapy.

in relapsed refractory CD30 positive lymphoma.NPC

Drug therapies approved or commonly used for the treatment of NPC include radiation therapy, often given in combination with chemotherapy, and cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, or EGFR. Surgery for NPC is also occasionally used after chemoradiotherapy or to treat relapsed/refractory NPC. Several development candidates are being evaluated for NPC. Tessa is evaluating TT10, an autologous, EBV-specific T-cell product, in a phase 3 clinical study for advanced NPC. In addition, a number of companies are evaluating immunotherapies in combination with PD1/PDL1 inhibitors for the treatment of head and neck cancers, including NPC. These include Bristol-Myers Squibb Company’s ipilimumab, relatilimab and daratumumab, Roche Pharmaceuticals’ bevacizumab and AstraZeneca PLC’s tremelimumab.

Multiple Sclerosis

Competition in the MS market is high with at least seventeen20 therapies, including threefour generics or bioequivalents, approved in the U.S. and EU for the treatment of RRMS in the U.S.various forms of MS, including clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and EU.primary progressive MS (PPMS). There are many competitors in the RRMSMS market, including major multi-national fully-integrated pharmaceutical companies and established biotechnology companies. Most recently, Vumerity™ (diroximel fumarate)Briumvi (ublituximab), marketed by Biogen,TG Therapeutics, Ponvory (S1P modulator), marketed by Johnson & Johnson, and Mayzent^Kesimpta® (siponimod) (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody), marketed by Novartis, were approved in the U.S. and/or EU for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS in the U.S (Vumerity) and EU (Mayzent). MS.

There are numerous development candidates in Phase 3 studies for RRMS including TG Therapeutics’ anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ublituximab and EMD Serono’s BTK inhibitor, evobrutinib. Novartis’ anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ofatumumab and J&J/Janssen’s sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) modulator, ponesimod have completed their Phase 3 studies and have filed (ofatumumab) both relapsing and/or plan to file (ponesimod) for regulatory approval in the future. Celgene’s ozanimod, an S1PR1 and S1PR5 agonist is awaiting FDA and EMA regulatory approval with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, date in March 2020, and EMA in the first halfprogressive forms of 2020.

Six therapies have been approved for the treatment of PMS. Ocrevus^® is approved in the U.S. and EU for the treatment of PPMS. Extavia^® (marketed by Novartis) and Betaferon^® (marketed by Bayer AG) are approved in the European Union for the treatment of SPMS when disease is active, or active SPMS. Mayzent^® (siponimod), marketed by Novartis and Mavenclad^® (cladribine), marketed by EMD Serono, were most recently approved for the treatment of active SPMS in the U.S. and EU (Mayzent). In addition, mitoxantrone, which is now generic, is approved to treat SPMS in the U.S.

The SPMS and PPMS markets have active development pipelinesMS and additional novel agents could be approved in either or both indications in the future. Several development candidates are being evaluated in Phase 3 studies for progressive forms of MSfuture including primary and secondary progressive MS. These are MedDay’s MD-1003, a concentrated form of biotin,Merck KgaA’s Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, evobrutinib, Roche’s BTK inhibitor, fenebrutinib, Sanofi’s BTK inhibitor, tolebrutinib and AB Science’s masitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.inhibitor, masitinib. Medicinova is planning to initiate a Phase 3 study of its PDE inhibitor, ibudilast (MN166) in patients with non-relapsing secondary progressive MS.non-active SPMS.

CAR T Program

There are currently twosix autologous CAR T therapies approved in the U.S. and EU,and/or EU: Novartis’ Kymriah® (tisagenlecleucel) and, Gilead/Kite’s Yescarta® (axicabtagene ciloleucel). and TecartusTM(brexucabtagene autoleucel) and Bristol-Myers Squibb filed its BLASquibb’s Breyanzi®(lisocabtagene maraleucel) and Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel) with the FDA for lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) in December 2019.2seventy bio and Johnson & Johnson and Legend Biotech’s Carykti™ (ciltacabtagene autoleucel). There are more than 100 CAR T’smany CAR-mediated cell therapies in development, including at least 35 whichand, although the majority are autologous, they also include allogeneic and off-the-shelf cell therapies. There are multiple allogeneic CAR platforms being developed with differences in approaches to minimize instances of donor cells recognizing the patient’s body as foreign or rejection of the donor cells by the patient’s body. These approaches include the use of gene-editing to remove or inhibit the TCR and the use of cell types without a TCR. The majority of clinical stage allogeneic CAR programs utilize alpha beta T cells as the cell type and gene editing of the T-cell receptor and HLA as the preferred technology approach, however, other strategies are also in development. It is possible that some of these other approaches will have more favorable characteristics than the approach we utilize, which would result in them being favored by potential partners or customers over our products. Depending on the diseases that our CAR T therapieswe target in the future, we may face competition from both autologous and allogeneic CAR T therapies and other modalities such as(e.g., small molecules, and antibodies, bispecifics) in the indication of interest.

Terms of Certain License and ResearchCollaboration Agreements

Out-licensing

Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement

In October 2021, we entered into the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement, pursuant to which, we granted to Pierre Fabre an exclusive, field-limited license to commercialize and Development Collaboration Agreements

2015 MSK Licensedistribute Ebvallo in Europe and select emerging markets in the Territory following regulatory approval. Atara retains full rights to tab-cel in other major markets, including North America, Asia Pacific and Latin America. In September 2022, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement (PF Amendment). Under the terms of the PF Amendment, following European Commission approval of Ebvallo for EBV+ PTLD and subsequent filing of the Marketing Authorization Application transfer to Pierre Fabre, we will be entitled to receive an additional $30 million milestone payment in exchange for, among other things, a reduction in: (i) royalties we are eligible to receive as a percentage of net sales of Ebvallo in the Territory, and (ii) the supply price mark up on Ebvallo purchased by Pierre Fabre. Additionally, we also agreed to extend the time period for provision of certain services to Pierre Fabre under the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement. In December 2022, we sold a portion of our right to receive royalties and certain milestones in Ebvallo under the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement to HCR Molag Fund L.P (HCRx) for a total investment amount of $31.0 million, subject to a cap between 185% and 250% of the total investment amount by HCRx.

We are responsible at our cost for the conclusion of the ongoing Phase 3 ALLELE clinical study and the Phase 2 multi-cohort clinical study. We will also be responsible at our cost for certain other activities directed to obtaining regulatory approval for tab-cel for EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease pursuant to the terms of the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement in Europe. Pierre Fabre will be responsible at its cost for obtaining and maintaining all other regulatory approvals, post-approval obligations and for commercialization and distribution of Ebvallo in the Territory. We will own any intellectual property rights developed solely by us under the Agreement.

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Pierre Fabre paid us an upfront cash payment of $45.0 million for the exclusive license grant in the fourth quarter of 2021. In December 2022, we met the contractual right to receive $40.0 million in milestone payments upon certain regulatory milestones. Subject to the terms of the HCRx Agreement, we are entitled to receive an aggregate of up to $308.0 million in remaining milestone payments upon achieving certain regulatory and commercial milestones in addition to double-digit tiered royalties as a percentage of net sales of Ebvallo, until the later of 12 years after the first commercial sale in such country, the expiration of specified patent rights, or the expiration of all regulatory exclusivity for such product on a country-by-country basis.

In December 2022, we entered into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement with Pierre Fabre for us to manufacture Ebvallo for Pierre Fabre to use in the Territory based on a fixed price through December 31, 2023 and cost plus a margin beginning on January 1, 2024. We are responsible for manufacturing and supplying Pierre Fabre with Ebvallo for commercialization in the Territory at Pierre Fabre’s cost for a minimum of seven years from the first commercial sale, as defined in the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement, of Ebvallo in the Territory. Following this period, we have the option to transfer the manufacturing responsibility and related manufacturing technology to a third party CMO, and Pierre Fabre may also elect to directly assume the manufacturing responsibility and receive the related manufacturing technology.

We are also responsible for cell selection services at our cost for a certain period of time unless the parties agree to transfer the related cell selection technology to Pierre Fabre prior to this date. After this period of time, if we agree to continue to provide cell selection services, it shall be at the sole expense of Pierre Fabre.

Bayer License and Collaboration Agreements

In December 2020, we entered into the Bayer License Agreement to develop mesothelin-directed CAR T-cell therapies for the treatment of solid tumors, pursuant to which we granted to Bayer an exclusive, field-limited license under the applicable patents and know-how owned or controlled by us and our affiliates covering or related to ATA2271 and ATA3271 (Licensed Products).

Under the terms of the Bayer License Agreement, we were responsible at our cost for all mutually agreed preclinical and clinical activities for ATA2271 through the first in human Phase 1 clinical study in collaboration with MSK, following which Bayer was to be responsible for the further development of ATA2271 at its cost. Bayer was responsible for the development of ATA3271 at Bayer’s cost, except for certain mutually agreed preclinical, translational, manufacturing and supply chain activities performed by us relating to ATA3271. Bayer was also solely responsible for commercializing the Licensed Products at its cost.

In May 2022, Bayer notified us of its decision to terminate the Bayer Agreements, and on August 2, 2022, we entered into the Bayer Termination Agreement with an effective date of July 31, 2022. Upon the termination effective date, full product development rights related to the Licensed Products reverted to Atara. In return for certain activities performed by Atara prior to the termination effective date, Bayer paid Atara $4.2 million in September 2022.

In-licensing

MSK Agreements

In June 2015, we entered into the 2015 MSK License Agreement. Under the terms of the 2015 MSK License Agreement, MSK granted us a worldwide,an exclusive license to certain patent rights, know-how and a library of T cells and cell lines, to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize T-cell products specific to cytomegalovirus, or CMV, EBV or WT1 that comprise or are based on or made using these licensed rights. We agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the licensed products and, if commercialized, continue active marketing effortsagreement with MSK for any commercialized licensed product through the term of the license agreement.

Under the 2015 MSK License Agreement, we are obligated to make milestone payments of up to $33.0 million with respect to the three licensed clinical stage T-cell programstherapies. We are required to make payments to MSK based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales-related milestones. We are also required to make escalating mid to high single-digitmilestones, as well as mid-single-digit percentage tiered royalty payments to MSK based on future sales of anyproducts resulting from the development of the licensed products.product candidates, if any. In addition, under certain circumstances, we mustare required to make certain minimum annual royalty payments to MSK, which are creditable against earned royalties owed for the same annual period. We are also obligatedrequired to pay a low double-digit percentage of any consideration we receive for sublicensing the licensed rights.

The 2015 MSK License Agreementlicense agreement expires for each licensed T-cell product on a licensed product-by-licensed product basisproduct-by-product and a country-by-country basis on the latest of: (i) expiration of the last licensed patent rights related to aeach licensed product, in a country, (ii) expiration of any market exclusivity period granted by law with respect to aeach licensed product, in a country, and (iii) a specified number of years after the first commercial sale of the licensed product in aeach country. Upon expiration of the 2015 MSK License Agreement,license agreement, Atara will retain non-exclusive rights to the licenses granted to us will become non-exclusive royalty-free, perpetual and irrevocable. MSK may terminate the 2015 MSK License Agreement if we materially breach the agreement and do not cure this breach within a specified period or if we experience certain insolvency events.licensed products.

In May and December 2018, we licensed additional CAR T-related technology from MSK. We are obligated to make additional milestone payments based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales-related milestones, as well as mid-single-digit percentage tiered royalty payments based on future sales of products resulting from the development of the licensed product candidates, if any.

In March 2021, we amended and restated our license agreement with MSK to terminate our license to certain rights and license additional know-how rights not otherwise covered by our existing agreements.

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QIMR Berghofer License Agreement and Research and Development Collaboration AgreementAgreements

In September 2016,October 2015, we entered into an amended and restatedexclusive license agreement and an amended and restateda research and development collaboration agreement with QIMR Berghofer, eachBerghofer. Under the terms of whichthe license agreement, we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize allogeneic T-cell therapy programs utilizing technology and know-how developed by QIMR Berghofer. In September 2016, the exclusive license agreement and research and development collaboration agreement were amended and restated. Under the amended and restated prior agreements, entered into with QIMR Berghoferwe obtained an exclusive and worldwide license to develop and commercialize additional T-cell programs, as well as the option to license additional technology in October 2015.June 2018. We further amended and restated our license agreement and research and development collaboration agreements with QIMR Berghofer in August 2019 to eliminateterminate our license to certain rights related to CMV.cytomegalovirus (CMV). In addition, we further amended and restated our license agreement and research and development collaboration agreements with QIMR Berghofer in August 2020 to terminate our license to certain rights related to BK polyomavirus and JC polyomavirus. In December 2021, we further amended and restated our license agreement and research and development collaboration agreements with QIMR Berghofer to terminate our license to certain rights related to HPV associated cancers. We refer to our August 2019 secondDecember 2021 fourth amended and restated license agreement with QIMR Berghofer as the QIMR License Agreement and our August 2019 secondDecember 2021 fourth amended and restated research and development collaboration agreement with QIMR Berghofer as our QIMR Collaboration Agreement.

Under the QIMR License Agreement and QIMR Collaboration Agreement, we possess an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize allogeneic T-cell programs utilizing technology and know-how developed by QIMR Berghofer.

The QIMR License Agreement provides for various milestone payments of up to $15 million and low to mid single-digit royalty payments to QIMR Berghofer based on future product sales, if any. Under the terms of the QIMR Collaboration Agreement, we are required to reimburse the cost of agreed-upon development activities related to programs developed under the collaboration. The QIMR Collaboration Agreement also provides for various milestone payments of up to $7 million to QIMR Berghofer based on the achievement of certain developmental and regulatory milestones.

We have the right at any time to terminate the QIMR License Agreement, at will, by providing written notice of termination to QIMR Berghofer and paying QIMR Berghofer a break-up fee equal to 50 percent of the amount of the next milestone payment that would be payable to QIMR Berghofer. QIMR Berghofer or we may terminate the QIMR Collaboration Agreement at any time if either party determines that the collaboration is no longer academically, technically, or commercially feasible by giving the other party 30-day written notice. In the event of a material breach of either agreement, QIMR Berghofer or we may terminate the agreement if the breaching party does not cure such breach within a specified period.

Intellectual Property

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our product candidates, to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. We seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing U.S. and non-U.S. patent applications and other regulatory filings related to our proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We also rely on trademarks, trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and potential in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position. Some of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and other intellectual property rights we rely on are owned by us and others are in-licensed from our partners. When we refer to “our” technologies, inventions, patents, patent applications or other intellectual property rights, we are referring to both the rights that we own or possess as well as those that we in-license. Additionally, we expect to benefit from a variety of statutory frameworks in the U.S., Europe and other countries that relate to the regulation of biosimilar molecules and orphan drug status. These statutory frameworks provide certain periods of regulatory exclusivity for qualifying molecules. See “Government Regulation.”

Patents

We seek composition-of-matter and/or associated method patents, including method-of-treatment patents, for each of our product candidates in key therapeutic areas. The U.S. patent system permits the filing of provisional and non-provisional patent applications. A provisional patent application is not examined for patentability by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or USPTO,(USPTO), and automatically expires 12 months after its filing date. As a result, a provisional patent application cannot mature into an issued patent. Provisional patent applications are often used, among other things, to establish an early effective filing date for a later-filed non-provisional patent application. A non-provisional patent application is examined by the USPTO and can mature into a patent once the USPTO determines that the claimed invention meets the standards of patentability.

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Individual patents extend for varying periods of time depending on the date of filing of the patent application, the priority date claimed, and the legal term of patents as determined by the applicable law in the countries in which those patents are obtained. Generally, patents issued from applications filed in the U.S. are effective for 20 years from the earliest non-provisional filing date. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period; however, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term including the restoration period must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. Additionally, patent term adjustments can extend term to account for certain delays by the USPTO during prosecution before that office. The duration of non-U.S. patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically, the life of a non-U.S. patent is 20 years from the earliest international filing date, not inclusive of any patent term extension that may be available. The actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country to country and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of extensions of patent term, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.

National and international patent laws concerning protein-based biologics such as our products remain highly unsettled. No consistent policy regarding the patent-eligibility or the breadth of claims allowed in patents in this field has emerged to date among the U.S., Europe or other countries. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the U.S. or other countries can diminish our ability to protect our inventions and enforce our intellectual property rights. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth or enforceability of claims that may be granted in our patents or in third-partythird party patents. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive intellectual property litigation. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our product candidates and technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims for our patents and enforcing those claims once a patent is granted. We do not know whether any of our patent applications will result in the issuance of any patents. Our issued patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop and commercialize similar drugs or duplicate our technology, business model or strategy without infringing our patents. Because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of any drug we may develop from our product candidates, it is possible that, before any of our drugs can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent.

Our global patent estate consists of both solely-owned and in-licensed patents and patent applications, is directed to compositions of matter and/or associated methods, including methods of treatment, and consists of 4333 patent families having a total of more than 245330 issued patents or patent applications. Our patents and patent applications (if issued) are expected to expire between 20222023 and 2040,2042, not inclusive of any patent term extension that may be available in any associated jurisdiction.

Trade Secrets

In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets and know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants and invention assignment agreements with our employees. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed by an employee. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or any unauthorized disclosure of our proprietary information. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Trademarks

We also rely upon trademarks to develop and maintain our competitive position, and we continue to pursue and obtain trademark rights relating to our business. We have a vigorous global program of trademark registration and enforcement to maintain and strengthen the value of our trademarks and prevent the unauthorized use of those trademarks. Our global trademark portfolio consists of sevensixteen different trademark families comprised of more than 100178 registrations and pending applications.

Government Regulation and Product Approval

As a biopharmaceutical company that operates in the United States, we are subject to extensive regulation. Our T-cell immunotherapies, if approved, will be products regulated as biological products, or biologics. With this classification, commercial production of our products will need to occur in registered facilities in compliance with current good manufacturing practice or cGMP,(cGMP) for biologics. The FDA categorizes human cell- or tissue-based products as either minimally manipulated or more than minimally manipulated and has determined that more than minimally manipulated products require clinical trials to demonstrate product safety

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and efficacy and the submission of a BLA for marketing authorization. Our product candidates are considered more than minimally manipulated and will require evaluation in clinical trials and the submission and approval of a BLA before we can market them.

Government authorities in the United States (at the federal, state and local level) and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacturing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, tracking and tracing, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of biopharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA before they may be legally marketed in the U.S. and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agency before they may be legally marketed in foreign countries. Generally, our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the U.S., although there can be important differences. Additionally, some significant aspects of regulation in Europe are addressed in a centralized way, but country-specific regulation remains essential in many respects. The process for obtaining regulatory marketing approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

U.S. Product Development Process

In the U.S., the FDA regulates pharmaceutical and biological products under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act or FDCA,(FDCA), the Public Health Service Act or PHSA,(PHSA), and their implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. FDA sanctions could include, among other actions, refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, warning or other enforcement letters, product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us. The process required by the FDA before a biological product may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following:

Before testing any biological product candidate, including our product candidates, in humans, the product candidate enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests, also referred to as nonclinical studies, include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and activity of the product candidate. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including applicable GLPs. The clinical trial sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical trial protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions regarding the proposed clinical trials and places the trial on a clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose

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clinical holds on a biological product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concernsunacceptable and significant risks to clinical trial subjects or non-compliance.non-compliance with FDA requirements. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not continue or recommence in the U.S. without FDA authorization and then only under terms authorized by the FDA. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminate the conduct of such trials.trials in the U.S.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the biological product candidate to patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selectioninclusion and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety, including stopping rules that assure a clinical trial will be stopped if certain adverse events should occur. Each protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Clinical trials must be conducted and monitored in accordance with the FDA’s regulations comprising the GCP requirements, including the requirement that all research patients provide informed consent. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent IRB at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the form and content of the informed consent document that must be signed by each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Some studies also include oversight by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical study sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board, which provides authorization for whether or not a study may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study and may halt the clinical trial if it determines that there is an unacceptable safety risk for subjects or other grounds, such as no demonstration of efficacy. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical studies and clinical study results to public registries.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

Post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted, and in some cases are required by the FDA, after initial marketing approval. These clinical trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication, particularly for long-term safety follow-up. During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical trial investigators. Annual progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted to the FDA. Written IND safety reports must be promptly submitted to the FDA and theto investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events, any findings from other studies teststhat suggest a significant risk in humans exposed to the drug, laboratory animalsanimal testing or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk forto human patients, or any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over thatthe rate listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor must submit an IND safety report within 15 calendar days after the sponsor determines that the information qualifies for reporting. The sponsor also must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction within seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the information. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor or its data safety monitoring board may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research patients are being exposed to poses an unacceptable health risk, including risks inferred from other unrelated immunotherapy trials. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the biological product has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

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Concurrently with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional studies and must also develop additional information about the physical characteristics of the biological product as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. To help reduce the risk of the introduction of adventitious agents with use of biological products, the FDCA, PHSA emphasizesand FDA regulations emphasize the importance of manufacturing control for products whose attributes cannot be precisely defined. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency and purity of the final biological product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the biological product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

U.S. BLA Review and Approval Processes

After the completion of clinical trials of a biological product, FDA approval of a BLA for an innovator biological product must be obtained before commercial marketing of the biological product. The BLA submission must include results of product development, laboratory and animal studies, human trials, information on the manufacture and composition of the product, proposed labeling and other relevant information. The testing and approval processes require substantial time and effort and there can be no assurance that the FDA will accept the BLA for filing and, even if filed, that any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.

Under PDUFA,the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, as amended (PDUFA), each BLA must be accompanied by a significant user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees for licensed innovator biological products on an annual basis. PDUFA also imposes an annual program fee for innovator biological products. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on BLAs for innovator biological products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.

Within 60 days following submission of the application, the FDA reviews a BLA submission to determine if it is substantially complete before the agency accepts it for filing. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable at the time of submission and may request additional information. In this event, the BLA must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application also is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review of the BLA. The FDA reviews the BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe, potent, and/or effective for its intended use, and has an acceptable purity profile, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP to assure and preserve the product’s identity, safety, strength, quality, potency and purity. The FDA may refer applications for novel biological products or biological products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. During the biological product approval process, the FDA also will determinedetermines whether a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy or REMS,(REMS) is necessary to assure the safe use of the biological product. A REMS is a safety strategy to manage a known or potential serious risk associated with a medicine and to enable patients to have continued access to such medicines by managing their safe use, and could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the BLA must submit and obtain approval for a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve a BLA without a REMS, if required.

Before approving a BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliancecomply with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. For immunotherapy products, the FDA also will not approve the product if the manufacturer is not in compliance with the GTPs, to the extent applicable. TheseGTPs are FDA regulations and guidance documents that govern the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the manufacture of human cells, tissue, and cellular and tissue basedtissue-based products or HCT/Ps,(HCT/Ps), which are human cells or tissue intended for implantation, transplant, infusion, or transfer into a human recipient. The primary intent of the GTP requirements is to ensure that cell and tissue-based products are manufactured in a manner designed to prevent the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable disease. FDA regulations also require tissue establishments to register and list their HCT/Ps with the FDA and, when applicable, to evaluate donors through screening and testing. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure that the clinical trials were conducted in compliance with IND trial requirements and GCP requirements. To assure cGMP, GTP and GCP compliance, an applicant must incur significant expenditure of time, money and effort in the areas of training, record keeping, production, and quality control.

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Notwithstanding the submission of relevant data and information, the FDA may ultimately decide that the BLA does not satisfy its regulatory criteria for approval and deny approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. If the agency decides not to approve the BLA in its present form, the FDA will issue a complete response letter that describes all of the specific deficiencies in the BLA identified by the FDA. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, for example, requiring additional clinical trials. Additionally, the complete response letter may include recommended actions that the applicant might take to place the application in a condition for approval. If a complete response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application.

If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling. The FDA may impose restrictions and conditions on product distribution, prescribing, or dispensing in the form of a risk management plan or REMS, or otherwise limit the scope of any approval. In addition, the FDA may require post marketing clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, designed to further assess a biological product’s safety and effectiveness, and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act or PREA, a BLA or supplement(PREA) requires applicants to a BLA must contain data to assess the safetystudy certain drugs and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indicationsbiological products in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administrationwith the potential of obtaining pediatric labeling for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product, if the drug is found to be safe and effective. effective for use in children. With enactment of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012, or FDASIA, sponsors must submit an initial pediatric study plan in the BLA. Pediatric study plans must contain an outline of the proposed pediatric study or studies the applicant plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, any deferral or waiver requests, and other information required by regulation and must be agreed upon by the FDA. The FDA or the applicant may request an amendment to the plan at any time.

The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers.waivers for pediatric studies, including the study of all pediatric patients or subpopulations based on age on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant. Additional requirements and procedures relating to deferral requests and requests for extension of deferrals are contained in FDASIA. Unless otherwise required by regulation, the pediatric data requirements do not apply to products with orphan designation. Pediatric exclusivity is a type of non-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted, provides for the attachment of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing regulatory exclusivity. This six-month exclusivity may be granted if a BLA sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written request from the FDA for such data. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted. If reports of requested pediatric studies are submitted to and accepted by the FDA within the statutory time limits, whatever statutory or regulatory periods of exclusivity or patent protection cover the product are extended by six months. This is not a patent term extension, but it effectively extends the regulatory period during which the FDA cannot approve another application.

Orphan Drug Designation in the U.S.

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the U.S. a drug or biologic for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the U.S. for that drug or biologic. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. The orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review or approval process.

If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full BLA, to market the same biologic for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug or biologic for the same disease or condition, or the same drug or biologic for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the BLA application user fee.

A designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the U.S. may be lost if the FDA later determines

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that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

Expedited Development and Review Programs in the U.S.

The FDA has a fast track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new products that meet certain criteria. Specifically, new products are eligible for fast track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address an unmet medical needsneed for the disease or condition. Fast track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. Unique toFor a product that has received fast track product,designation, the FDA may consider for review sections of the BLA on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if thesubmitted. A sponsor providesseeking a rolling submission must provide a schedule for the submission of the sections of the BLA, the FDA agrees to accept sectionseach section of the BLA, and determinesthe FDA must agree to the rolling submission and that the schedule is acceptable, andacceptable. In addition, the sponsor paysmust pay any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the BLA.

Any product, submitted to the FDA for approval, including a product with a fast track designation, may also be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. A product is eligible for priority review if it is intended for treatment of a serious condition and has the potential to provide safe and effective therapy where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists or a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease compared to marketed products. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new product designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review. The FDA intends to take action on applications under priority within 6 months of the application filing date, compared with 10 months from the filing date for regular applications.

Additionally, a product may be eligible for accelerated approval. Products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions may receive accelerated approval upon a determination that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug or biological product receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical studies.studies to demonstrate clinical benefit. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition for accelerated approval pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.

Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy (RMAT) designation was established by FDA in 2017 to facilitate an efficient development program for, and expedite review of, any drug that meets the following criteria: (1) it qualifies as a RMAT, which is defined as a cell therapy, therapeutic tissue engineering product, human cell and tissue product, or any combination product using such therapies or products, with limited exceptions; (2) it is intended to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition; and (3) preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug has the potential to address unmet medical needs for such a disease or condition. RMAT designation provides potential benefits that include more frequent meetings with FDA to discuss the development plan for the product candidate and eligibility for rolling review and priority review. Products granted RMAT designation may also be eligible for accelerated approval on the basis of a surrogate or intermediate endpoint reasonably likely to predict long-term clinical benefit, or reliance upon data obtained from a meaningful number of sites, including through expansion to additional sites. Once approved, when appropriate, the FDA can permit fulfillment of post-approval requirements under accelerated approval through the submission of clinical evidence, clinical studies, patient registries, or other sources of real worldreal-world evidence such as electronic health records; through the collection of larger confirmatory datasets; or through post-approval monitoring of all patients treated with the therapy prior to approval.

Breakthrough therapy designation is also intended to expedite the development and review of products that treat serious or life-threatening conditions. The designation by FDA requires preliminary clinical evidence that a product candidate, alone or in combination with other drugs and biologics, demonstrates substantial improvement over currently available therapy on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. Breakthrough therapy designation comes with all of the benefits of fast trackFast Track designation, which means that the sponsor may file sections of the BLA for review on a rolling basis if certain conditions are satisfied, including an agreement with FDA on the proposed schedule for submission of portions of the application and the payment of applicable user fees before the FDA may initiate a review.

Fast Track designation, priority review, RMAT and breakthrough therapy designation do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process. The FDA may revoke any of these designations if the product no longer meets applicable criteria.

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Post-Approval Requirements in the U.S.

Any products for which we receive FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved uses (known as “off-label use”), limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet. Although a physician may prescribe a legally available product for an off-label use, if the physician deems such product to be appropriate in his/her professional medical judgment, a manufacturer may not market or promote off-label uses. However, it is permissible to share in certain circumstances truthful and not misleading information that is consistent with the product’s approved labeling.

In addition, the distribution of prescription drug products, including most biological products that require a prescription, are subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or the PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription drug product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution.

Furthermore, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to applicable manufacturing requirements after approval to ensure the long-term stability of the product. cGMP regulations require among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved products are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer, or holder of an approved BLA, including, among other things, recall or withdrawal of the product from the market. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. Other types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications and claims, are also subject to further FDA review and approval.

The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development.

U.S. Marketing Exclusivity

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act or BPCIA,(BPCIA), amended the PHSA to authorize the FDA to approve similar versions of innovative biologics, commonly known as biosimilars. A competitor seeking approval of a biosimilar must file an application to establish that its molecule asis highly similar to an approved innovator biologic, among other requirements. notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components, and shows no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity, and potency, which can generally be shown through analytical studies, animal studies, and a clinical study or studies. Separately, a product that is biosimilar to the reference product is considered interchangeable if the product demonstrates that it can be expected to produce the same clinical results as the reference product in any given patient and, for products that are administered multiple times to an individual, the interchangeable biosimilar and the reference biological product may be alternated or switched after one has been previously administered without increasing safety risks or risks of diminished efficacy relative to exclusive use of the reference biological product. A product shown to be biosimilar or interchangeable with an FDA-approved reference biologic which can potentially reduce the cost and time required to obtain approval to market the product. Complexities associated with the larger, and often more complex, structures of biological products, as well as the processes by which such products are manufactured, pose significant hurdles and have slowed implementation of the BPCIA by the FDA.

The BPCIA, however, bars the submission of BLAs for biosimilars to an approved application until four years after the licensure date for the reference biologic. In addition, the FDA from approvingmay not approve biosimilar applications for 12 years after an innovator biological product receives initial marketing approval. During this 12-year period of reference product exclusivity, another company may obtain FDA licensure and market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing that applicant’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the

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safety, purity and potency of its product. The BPCIA also created certain exclusivity periods for biosimilars approved as interchangeable products. At this juncture, it is unclear whether products deemed “interchangeable” by the FDA will, in fact, be readily substituted by pharmacies, which are governed by state pharmacy law. This 12-year period of data exclusivity may be extended by six months, for a total of 12.5 years, if the FDA requests, thatand the innovator company conductcompletes pediatric clinical investigations of the product.

The development and, if approved, marketing of biosimilars is subject to user fees under the Biosimilar User Fee Amendments of 2022 (BsUFA), which currently apply through September 2027 and may be renewed or amended thereafter. Sponsors must submit an initial biosimilar biological product development (BPD) fee on the earlier of the submission of an IND or within 7 calendar days of FDA granting a first BPD meeting, and annually thereafter until the sponsor submits a BLA that is accepted for filing, or the sponsor discontinues participation in the BPD program. FDA may also remove a sponsor from the BPD program if the sponsor has failed to pay annual BPD fees for a period of 2 consecutive fiscal years. Sponsors who discontinue participation in the BPD program but want to reengage FDA on product development must also pay all prior assessed BPD fees still owed and a reactivation fee and will be subject to annual BPD fees. Once a sponsor submits a BLA for a biosimilar, they are subject to application fees. And, once a biosimilar BLA is approved, the sponsor is subject to annual program fees. The FDA amends the specific fee amounts under BsUFA on an annual basis.

The BPCIA is complex and continues to be interpreted and implemented by the FDA. In addition, there has been discussion of whether Congress should reduce the 12-year reference product exclusivity period. Other aspects of the BPCIA, some of which may impact the BPCIA exclusivity provisions, have also been the subject of recent litigation. As a result, the ultimate implementation of the BPCIA is subject to significant uncertainty.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of the FDA approval of the use of our product candidates, some of our U.S. patents, if granted, may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent restoration term of up to five years, as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of a BLA plus the time between the submission date of a BLA and the approval of that application. Only one patent applicable to an approved product is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we may intend to apply for restoration of patent term for one of our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant BLA.

Pediatric exclusivity is another typeReimbursement of regulatory market exclusivityApproved Products in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a trial.U.S.

Reimbursement

In both domestic and foreign markets, sales and reimbursement of any approved products will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of such products will be covered by third-partythird party payors, such as government health programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. Third party payors determine which medications they will cover and establish reimbursement amounts. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Interim reimbursement amounts for new drugs, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our costs and may only be temporary. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S. Coverage and reimbursement policies for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor as there is no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products among third party payors in the U.S. Third party payors in the U.S. often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement as the process of determining coverage and reimbursement is often time consuming and costly which will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage or adequate reimbursement will be obtained. It is difficult to predict at this time what government authorities and third party payors will decide with respect to coverage and reimbursement for our drug products.

These third-partythird party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services and imposing controls to manage costs. The containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. Governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. For example, inIn the U.S. there have

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been several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the cost of drugs under Medicare, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. For example, included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 were several drug price reporting and transparency measures, such as a new requirement for certain Medicare plans to develop tools to display Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit information in real time and for group and health insurance issuers to report information on pharmacy benefit and drug costs to the Secretaries of the Departments of Health and Human Services, Labor and the Treasury. Additionally, on July 9, 2021, President Biden issued an Executive Order to promote competition in May 2018, the U.S. presidentialeconomy that included several initiatives addressing prescription drugs. Among other provisions, the Executive Order stated that the Biden administration laid out a “Blueprint”will “support aggressive legislative reforms that would lower prescription drugs, including by allowing Medicare to lowernegotiate drug prices, by imposing inflation caps, and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposalsthrough other related reforms.” In response to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lowerExecutive Order, on September 9, 2021, the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. The Department of Health and Human Services or HHS, has startedissued a Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices that identified potential legislative policies and administrative tools that Congress and the processagency can pursue in order to make drug prices more affordable and equitable, improve and promote competition throughout the prescription drug industry, and foster scientific innovation. Most recently, in August 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of soliciting feedback on some of these measures2022, which implements substantial changes to the Medicare program, including drug pricing reforms and atchanges to the same time, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. In January 2019, the HHS Office of Inspector General proposed modifications to U.S. federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute safe harbors which, among other things, will affect rebates paid by manufacturers to Medicare Part D plans,benefit design. Among other reforms, the purposeInflation Reduction Act of which is2022 imposes inflation rebates on drug manufacturers for products reimbursed under Medicare Parts B and D if the prices of those products increase faster than inflation; implements changes to further reduce the costMedicare Part D benefit that, beginning in 2025, will cap benefit annual out-of-pocket spending at $2,000 while imposing new discount obligations for pharmaceutical manufacturers; and, beginning in 2026, establishes a “maximum fair price” for a fixed number of drugpharmaceutical and biological products to consumers. Although some of thesecovered under Medicare Parts B and other proposals may require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, members of CongressD following a price negotiation process with the Centers for Medicare and the presidential administration have indicated that they will continue to seek new legislative or administrative measures to control drug costs. Medicaid Services. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Within the U.S., if we obtain appropriate approval in the future to market any of our product candidates, we may seek approval and coverage for those products under Medicaid, Medicare and the Public Health Service or PHS,(PHS), pharmaceutical pricing program and also seek to sell the products to federal agencies.

Medicaid is a joint federal and state program that is administered by the states for low income and disabled beneficiaries. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, manufacturers are required to pay a rebate for each unit of producta covered outpatient drug reimbursed by the state Medicaid programs. The amount of the rebate for each product is set by law and may be subject to an additional discount if certain pricing increases more than inflation.

Medicare is a federal program administered by the federal government that covers individuals age 65 and over as well as those with certain disabilities. Medicare Part D provides coverage to enrolled Medicare patients for self-administered, outpatient drugs (i.e., drugs typically dispensed by a pharmacy and that do not need to be administered by a physician). Medicare Part D is administered by private prescription drug plans approved by the U.S. government and each drug plan establishes its own Medicare Part D formulary for prescription drug coverage and pricing, subject to CMS rules and requirements, which the drug plan may modify from time-to-time.

Medicare Part B covers most injectable drugs given in an in-patient setting, and some drugs administered by a licensed medical provider in hospital outpatient departments and doctors’ offices. Medicare Part B is administered by Medicare Administrative Contractors, which generally have the responsibility of making coverage decisions.decisions in accordance with CMS rules and requirements. Subject to certain payment adjustments and limits, Medicare generally pays for Part B covered drugs based on a percentage of manufacturer-reported average sales price.

Drug products are subject to discounted pricing when purchased by federal agencies via the Federal Supply Schedule or FSS.(FSS). FSS participation is required for a drug product to be covered and paid for by certain federal agencies and for coverage under Medicaid, Medicare Part B and the PHS pharmaceutical pricing program.program, commonly referred to as the 340B Drug Pricing Program. FSS pricing is negotiated periodically with the Department of Veterans Affairs. FSS pricing is intended to not exceed the price that a manufacturer charges its most-favored non-federal customer for its product. In addition, prices for drugs purchased by the Veterans Administration, Department of Defense (including drugs purchased by military personnel and dependents through the TRICARE retail pharmacy program), Coast Guard, and PHS are subject to a cap on pricing (known as the “federal ceiling price”) and may be subject to an additional discount if pricing increases more than inflation.

To maintain coverage of drugs under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, manufacturers are required to extend discounts to certain purchasers under the PHS pharmaceutical pricing program. Purchasers eligible for discounts include hospitals that serve a

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disproportionate share of financially needy patients, community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the PHS.

In March 2010, the U.S. Congress enacted the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, andas amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act or(collectively, the Affordable Care Act,Act), which included changes to the coverage and payment for drug products under government health care programs. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to numerous elements of the Affordable Care Act, as well as efforts by both the executive and legislative branches of the federal government to repeal or replace certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act. For example, the President signed Executive Orders designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the Affordable Care Act. In addition, the U.S. Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the Affordable Care Act. Whilewhile Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, it has enacted laws that modify certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act, such as removing penalties, starting January 1, 2019, for not complying with the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate to carry health insurance, delaying the implementation of certain mandated fees, and increasing the point-of-sale coverage gap discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D. In December 2019,June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Appealscertain aspects of the ACA, without ruling on the merits of the constitutionality arguments. Additionally, the American Rescue Plan of 2021, Pub. L. No. 117-2, enacted on March 11, 2021, temporarily increased premium tax credit assistance for those eligible for subsidies for 2021 and 2022 and removed the 5th Circuit upheld a District Court ruling400% federal poverty level limit that otherwise applies for purposes of eligibility to receive premium tax credits. Most recently, the individual mandate was unconstitutionalInflation Reduction Act of 2022 extended this increased tax credit assistance and remandedremoval of the case back to400% federal poverty limit through 2025.It is unclear how the Texas District Court to determine whetherhealthcare reform measures of the remaining provisions ofBiden administration and any future litigation will impact the Affordable Care Act and our business.

U.S. Health Care Laws

Healthcare providers and third party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. Our current and future arrangements with third party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct research and would market, sell and distribute our products. As a biopharmaceutical company, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third party payors, federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are invalidand will be applicable to our business. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:

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Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, disgorgement, additional reporting requirements or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

Foreign Regulation

In addition to regulations in the U.S., we are subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical studies and commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates.candidates and interactions with healthcare professionals. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product candidate, we must obtain approval from the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries or economic areas, such as the European Union, before we may commence clinical studies or market products in those countries or areas. The approval process and requirements governing the conduct of clinical studies, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from place to place, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval.

Certain countries outside of the U.S. have a process that requires the submission of a clinical studytrial application or CTA,(CTA), which is much like an IND in the U.S., prior to the commencement of human clinical studies. In Europe,the EU, for example, in accordance with the requirements of the EU Clinical Trials Regulation 536/2014 (CTR), a CTA must be submitted to the competent national health authority or a single application must be made to the centralized EU Portal, Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS) and to independent ethics committees in each country in which a company intends to conduct clinical studies. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements, clinical study development may proceed in that country. In all cases, the clinical studies must be conducted in accordance with GCP and other applicable regulatory requirements. As part of the application process, the sponsor shall propose a reporting Member State, who will coordinate the validation and evaluation of the application. The reporting Member State shall consult and coordinate with the other concerned Member States. If an approval is issued, the sponsor can start the clinical trial in all concerned Member States. However, a concerned Member State can in limited circumstances declare an “opt-out” from an approval. In such a case, the clinical trial cannot be conducted in that Member State. The CTR also aims to streamline and simplify the rules on safety reporting and introduces enhanced transparency requirements such as mandatory submission of a summary of the clinical trial results to the EU Database. Under the CTR, clinical trial sponsors have been able to, but are not obligated to, use the CTIS starting January 31, 2022. Beginning January 31, 2023, clinical trial sponsors must use the CTIS to apply to start a new clinical trial in the EU or EEA, but clinical trials already approved under the previous law, the Clinical Trials Directive (CTD) can continue running under the CTD until January 31, 2025, at which time the sponsor must comply with the CTR and record information on these studies in the CTIS. National regulators in the EU Member States and EEA countries began to carry out their legal responsibilities in evaluating and overseeing clinical trials using the CTIS beginning January 31, 2022.

Under EU regulatory systems, a company may submit marketing authorization applications eitherMarketing Authorization Applications under anational, centralized or decentralized, procedure.or mutual-recognition procedures. We expect to utilize the centralized procedure, which is compulsory for medicinal

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products produced by biotechnology or those medicinal products containing new active substances for specific indications such as the treatment of AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral diseases and designated orphan medicines, and optional for other medicines which are highly innovative. Under the centralized procedure, a marketing application is submitted to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, where it will be evaluated by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. If this committee delivers a favorable opinion, this typically results in the grant by the European Commission of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU member states within 67 days of receipt of the opinion. The initial marketing authorization is valid for five years, but once renewed is usually valid for an unlimited period. Conditiona

lmarketingConditional marketing authorization in the European UnionEU is permittedbasedonincompleteclinicaldat based on incomplete clinical data for aforalimitednumberofmedicinalproductsfor limited number of medicinal products for human use, including products designated as orphan medicinal products under EU law, if (1) the risk-benefit balance of the product is positive, (2) it is likely that the applicant will be in a position to provide the required comprehensive clinical study data, (3) unmet medical needs will be fulfilled and (4) the benefit to public health of the immediate availability on the market of the medicinal product outweighs the risk inherent in the fact that additional data are still required. Specific obligations, including with respect to the completion of ongoing or new studies, and with respect to the collection of pharmacovigilance data, may be specified in the conditional marketing authorization. Conditional marketing authorizations are valid for one year and may be renewed annually, if the risk-benefit balance remains positive, and after an assessment of the need for additional or modified conditions. A different marketing authorization pathway is also available to sponsors, called “exceptional circumstances” under which the EC grants marketing authorization of a product for a specific condition or disease when comprehensive data cannot be obtained even after authorization (e.g., for rare conditions or diseases). Sponsors who obtain marketing authorization for a drug product under exceptional circumstances are subject to ongoing post-marketing obligations to continue confirmation of the benefits of the product. Continuation of a marketing authorization granted under the “exceptional circumstances” regulatory pathway is subject to annual re-assessments. The annual re-assessment will determine whether the marketing authorization should be maintained, changed, or suspended, based on sponsor’s fulfillment of its post-marketing obligations and the risk/benefit profile of product.,includingproductsdesignatedasorphanmedicinalproductsunderEUlaw,if(1)therisk-benefitbalanceoftheproductispositive,(2)itis likelythattheapplicantwillbeinapositiontoprovidetherequiredcomprehensiveclinicalstudydata,(3)unmetmedicalneedswillbefulfilledand(4) thebenefittopublichealthoftheimmediateavailabilityonthemarketofthemedicinalproductoutweighstheriskinherentinthefactthatadditionaldataarestillrequired.Specificobligations,includingwithrespecttothecompletionofongoingornewstudies,andwithrespecttothe collectionofpharmacovigilancedata,maybespecifiedintheconditionalmarketingauthorization.Conditionalmarketingauthorizationsarevalidfor oneyearandmayberenewedannually,iftherisk-benefitbalanceremainspositive,andafteranassessmentoftheneedforadditionalormodified conditions.

As in the U.S., we may apply for designation of a product as an orphan drug for the treatment of a specific indication in the European UnionEU before the application for marketing authorizationMAA is made. Orphan drugs in Europe enjoy economic and marketing benefits, including up to 11 years of orphan market exclusivity for the approved indication unless another applicant can show that its product is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior to the orphan-designated product. The PRIority MEdicines, or PRIME initiative was established by the EMA to help promote and foster the development of new medicines in the European Union that demonstrate potential for a major therapeutic advantage in areas of unmet medical need. Benefits from theof PRIME designation include early confirmation of potential for accelerated assessment, early dialogue and increased interaction with relevant regulatory committees to discuss development options, scientific advice at key development milestones, and proactive regulatory support from the EMA.EMA in order for the product to obtain a faster MAA.

In the EU, companies developing a new medicinal product must agree to a Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP,pediatric investigation plan (PIP) with the EMA and must conduct pediatric clinical trials in accordance with that PIP, unless a deferral or waiver applies, (e.g., because the relevant disease or condition occurs only in adults).PIP. The marketing authorization applicationMAA for the product must include the results of pediatric clinical trials conducted in accordance with the PIP, unless a waiver applies, in which case studies in children are not required (for example, if the disease or condition occurs only in adults). or a deferral has been granted, in which case the pediatric clinical trials must be completed at a later date. Products that are granted a marketing authorization on the basis of the pediatric clinical trials conducted in accordance with the PIP are eligible for a six month extension of the protection under a supplementary protection certificate (if any is in effect at the time of approval) or, in the case of orphan medicinal products, a two year extension of the orphan market exclusivity. This pediatric reward is subject to specific conditions and is not automatically available when data in compliance with the PIP are developed and submitted.

Outside the U.S., there are additional challenges in ensuring adequate coverage and payment for our products. Pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control in many countries. Pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can extend well beyond the receipt of regulatory approval for a product and may require us to conduct a clinical study that compares the cost effectiveness of our product candidates or products to other available therapies. The conduct of this type of clinical study could be expensive and result in delays into our or our commercialization partners’ commercialization efforts. Third-partyThird party payors are challenging the prices charged for medical products and services, and many third-partythird party payors limit reimbursement for newly-approved health care products. Budgetary pressures in many European UnionEU countries are also causing governments to consider or implement various cost-containment measures, such as price freezes, increased price cuts and rebates. If budget pressures continue, governments may implement additional cost-containment measures. Cost-control initiatives could decrease the price we might establish for products that we may develop or sell, which would result in lower product revenues or royalties payable to us. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products.

The EC is currently conducting a wholesale review of the pharmaceutical legal framework, which includes the regulatory protection afforded to medicinal products such as data exclusivity, marketing protection, market exclusivity for orphan indications and pediatric extension. It is expected that the protection currently afforded in the EU will be reduced in the years to come and the new EU

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legislative proposal is expected to be published by the EC in the second quarter of 2023, although this timeline may be further prolonged.

Brexit and the Regulatory Framework in the United Kingdom

Following the result of a referendum in 2016, the United Kingdom left the EU on January 31, 2020, commonly referred to as Brexit. Pursuant to the formal withdrawal arrangements agreed between the United Kingdom and the EU, the United Kingdom was subject to a transition period until December 31, 2020 (the Transition Period) during which EU rules continued to apply. A UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (the Deal) that outlines the future trading relationship between the United Kingdom and the EU was agreed in December 2020 and has been approved by each EU member state and the United Kingdom.

Since a significant proportion of the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom applicable to our business and our product candidates is derived from EU directives and regulations, UK Legislation has retained existing EU law. However, new UK legislation is being drafted and the UK has not implemented new EU law, such as the CTR; therefore Brexit has had, and will continue to have, a material impact upon the regulatory regime with respect to the development, manufacture, importation, approval and commercialization of our product candidates in the United Kingdom and the EU. Great Britain (made up of England, Scotland and Wales) is no longer covered by the EEA’s procedures for the grant of marketing authorizations (Northern Ireland will be covered by the centralized authorization procedure and can be covered under the decentralized or mutual recognition procedures, as the EU legal framework continues to apply in Northern Ireland, under the Northern Ireland Protocol). A separate marketing authorization will be required to market drugs in Great Britain. It is currently unclear whether the Medical Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the United Kingdom is sufficiently prepared to handle the increased volume of Marketing Authorization Applications that it is likely to receive. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any marketing approvals, would delay or prevent us from commercializing our product candidates in the United Kingdom or the EU and restrict our ability to generate revenue and achieve and sustain profitability.

While the Deal provides for the tariff-free trade of medicinal products between the United Kingdom and the EU there may be additional non-tariff costs to such trade which did not exist prior to the end of the Transition Period. Further, should the United Kingdom diverge from the EU from a regulatory perspective in relation to medicinal products, tariffs could be put into place in the future. We could therefore, both now and in the future, face significant additional expenses (when compared to the position prior to the end of the Transition Period) to operate our business, which could significantly and materially harm or delay our ability to generate revenues or achieve profitability of our business. Any further changes in international trade, tariff and import/export regulations as a result of Brexit or otherwise may impose unexpected duty costs or other non-tariff barriers on us. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United Kingdom. It is also possible that Brexit may negatively affect our ability to attract and retain employees, particularly those from the EU.

Orphan designation in Great Britain following Brexit is granted on an essentially identical basis to in the EU, but is based on the prevalence of the condition in Great Britain. It is therefore possible that conditions that are currently designated as orphan conditions in Great Britain will no longer be designated as such and that conditions that are not currently designated as orphan conditions in the EU will be designated as such in Great Britain.

Additional Regulation

As a pharmaceuticalbiopharmaceutical company, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-partythird party payors, federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. We are also subject to regulation under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Environmental Protection Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and other present and potential federal, state or local regulations. These and other laws govern our use, handling and disposal of various biological and chemical substances used in, and waste generated by, our operations. Our research and development involves the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals and viruses. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of such materials comply with the standards prescribed by state and federal regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be completely eliminated. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any damages that result and any such liability could exceed our resources.

Manufacturing

Our manufacturingIn April 2022, we sold all of our right, title and interest in and to certain assets related to the Atara T-Cell Operations and Manufacturing facility (ATOM Facility) located in Thousand Oaks, California hasto FDB. We also entered into a Master Services and

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Supply Agreement with FDB (Fujifilm MSA) which became effective in April 2022 and could extend for up to ten years. Pursuant to the flexibilityFujifilm MSA, FDB will supply us with specified quantities of our product and product candidates, manufactured in accordance with cGMP standards. The Fujifilm MSA does not obligate us to manufacture multiplepurchase our product and product candidates exclusively from FDB. Based on our expectations of patients and demand for product in the EU, we believe our current inventory of Ebvallo is sufficient to supply commercial demand in the EU until the end of 2023.

We continue to scale our EBV T-cell manufacturing platform to improve product yields from a single donor leukapheresis collection and have generated data confirming the use of stirred-tank bioreactors to improve yield and cell growth productivity. We believe our scalable technology can potentially be a key enabler to deliver biologic-like cost of goods manufactured and could be leveraged across our portfolio, including our CAR T immunotherapies while integrating researchprograms. There have been transient interruptions in the supply of raw materials and process science functions to enable increased collaboration for rapid product development. Our research andconsumables used in the development and processmanufacturing of our preclinical and analytical development labs are currently supporting preclinical development activities. Our facility is designedclinical cell therapies related to global regulatory standards, and the required facility commissioning and qualification activities to support clinical manufacturing are complete. Commercial production qualification activitiesCOVID-19 pandemic, including leukapheresis collections, which supply raw materials used for our facilityproduct candidates. If we are progressing wellunable to obtain such raw materials or other necessary raw materials in a timely manner, our business operations and togethermanufacturing capabilities could be adversely affected.

In addition to FDB, we also work with our contracted manufacturing partner, are aligned with our planned commercial product supply strategy.

In December 2019, we entered intoCharles River Laboratories Inc. (CRL) pursuant to a Commercial Manufacturing Services Agreement or the Manufacturing Agreement, with Cognate Bioservices, Inc., or Cognate. The Manufacturing Agreement supersedes the Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement, or the DMSA Agreement, with Cognate dated August 10, 2015, as amended. The Manufacturing Agreement governs similar manufacturing services provided for under the DMSA Agreement with similar terms. Specifically, pursuantCRL MSA) that we entered into in December 2019. Pursuant to the Manufacturing Agreement, CognateCRL MSA, CRL provides manufacturing services for our product and certain of our product candidates. The initial term of the Manufacturing Agreement runs until December 31, 2021 and is renewable with Cognate’s approval for an additional one-year period. We may terminate the Manufacturing Agreement for convenience on six months’ written notice to Cognate, or immediately if Cognate is unable to perform the services under the Manufacturing Agreement or fails to obtain or maintain certain necessary approvals. The Manufacturing Agreement includes standard mutual termination rights for uncured breach or insolvency, or a force majeure event preventing the performance of services for at least ninety days. In connection with the entry into the Manufacturing Agreement,February 2023, we and Cognate also entered into a Fifth Amendment to the DMSA Agreement, which amended the expiration dateCRL MSA to extend the term until the earlier of the DMSA Agreement to December 31, 2019.September 30, 2023 or receipt of certain batches of our product and product candidates.

Our current manufacturing strategy is to evaluate each product candidate and determine which site in our manufacturing network provides the phase-appropriate technical, quality and regulatory compliance requirements. In addition, the long-range supply requirements of our product candidates are evaluated periodically to ensure we are planning manufacturing capacity and capabilities accordingly across our network. Our manufacturing network is comprised of our own facility and the manufacturing capabilities of our partners, including MSK and Q-Gen Cell Therapeutics, an affiliate of QIMR Berghofer, and contract manufacturing organizations or CMOs,(CMOs), including Cognate.SAFC Carlsbad, Inc., FDB and CRL. This strategic approach provides us with the flexibility to support our clinical and commercial production needs, address time or capacity constraints as well as provide supply redundancy, where appropriate.

Our T-cell product candidates require blood-derived starting materials which are received from healthy, consenting third-partythird party donors through FDA- and EMA-compliant collection centers. Our manufacturing operations are conducted under Code of Federal Regulations Good Manufacturing Practices or GMPs,(GMPs), as well as Good Tissue Practices or GTPs.(GTPs). GTPs are FDA regulations and guidance documents that govern the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the manufacture of human cells, tissues and cellular- and tissue-based products, or HCT/Ps, which are human cells or tissue intended for implantation, transplant, infusion or transfer into a human recipient. The primary intent of the GTP requirements is to ensure that cell and tissue-based products are manufactured in a manner designed to prevent the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable disease. FDA regulations also require tissue establishments to register and list their HCT/Ps with the FDA and, when applicable, to evaluate donors through screening and testing.

Through agreements with our partners, we have acquired the right to use certain manufacturing process know-how related to producing clinical research-related drug supply. These include materials to support the manufacturing of clinical study material, including key starting materials and intermediates as well as existing inventory of clinical study materials. We also have the ability to obtain supply from third parties to ensure we have the necessary bloodstarting materials donated from healthy consenting third-partythird party donors.

EmployeesHuman Capital Management

As of December 31, 2019,2022, we had 393334 employees. We believe that the success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Our human capital strategy is designed to enable successful execution of our business objectives, while fostering a collaborative and innovative culture, that embraces diversity and inclusion. We monitor our success with insights across human capital metrics such as employee engagement, vacancy rates, time to hire, promotion rates, performance ratings, succession depth, retention, EEO compliance, pay equity, and diversity representation. The principal purposes of our compensation policies and equity incentive plans are to attract, retain and motivate employees and directors by paying for performance through the granting of stock-based compensation awards and cash-based performance bonus awards. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or are a party to a collective bargaining agreement and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

COVID-19 Business Update

We continue to monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and operations and have taken steps designed to minimize such impacts and maintain business continuity. We have transitioned a portion of our workforce to a remote,

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work-from-home model, while maintaining essential in-person laboratory functions in order to advance key research, development and manufacturing priorities. We implemented safety protocols and procedures to support our onsite workforce.

Our clinical study and operational teams work with clinical sites to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Where needed, remote study visits, tele-medicine, home health care, and other methods have been leveraged to ensure continuity of care for patients while preserving key endpoint data.

To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has not materially impacted our or our partners’ clinical, research and development, regulatory, and manufacturing operations or timelines. However, at the onset of the pandemic, we experienced, and we may again experience, some transient delays in clinical study operations, as a result COVID-19.

The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our business and operations is subject to future developments which are uncertain and difficult to predict.

For additional information about risks and uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic that may impact our business, financial condition and operations, see the section titled “1A. Risk Factors” under Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 2012. Our principal corporate offices are located at 611 Gateway Blvd.2380 Conejo Spectrum St., Suite 900, South San Francisco,200, Thousand Oaks, California 9408091320 and our telephone number at that address is (650) 278-8930.(805) 623-4211. Our website address is www.atarabio.com.

Available Information

We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other materials with the Securities and Exchange Commission or SEC.(SEC). We make these reports available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other filings we make with the SEC.

The SEC also maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risks.risk. Investors should carefully consider all of the risk factors and uncertainties described below, in addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section of this report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before investing in our common stock.

The risks described below may not be the only ones relating to our company and additional risks that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect us. If any of these risks, including those described below, materialize, our business, competitive position, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects could be seriously harmed. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stocksecurities could decline, and investors may lose all or a part of their investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Results and Capital Needs

We have incurred substantial losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that a product candidatecandidates will fail to prove effective, gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. We do not have any productsone product, Ebvallo, which is approved by regulatory authoritiesin the EU and have not generated any revenues from commercial product sales, or otherwise to date, and have incurred significant research, development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations and expect to continue to incur such expenses. As a result, we have not been profitable and have incurred significant operating losses in every annual reporting period since our inception. For the year ended December 31, 2019,2022, we reported a net loss of $291.0 million and$228.3 million.

To date, we had an accumulated deficit of $818.0 million as of December 31, 2019.

have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales. We do not expectknow when, or if, we will generate sufficient revenue from commercial product sales to generate revenues for the foreseeable future, if at all.offset our operating expenses. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate these losses to increasefuture as we continue to research, develop and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and any additional product candidates we may acquire, in-license or develop, and potentially begin to commercialize product candidates that may achieve regulatory approval.develop. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growthchange of our expenses and our ability to generate revenues. If any of our product candidates fails in clinical studies or does not gain regulatory approval, or if approved, fails to achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. We anticipate that ourOur expenses willmay increase in the future as we continue to invest in research and development of our existing product candidates, investigate and potentially acquire new product candidates and expand our manufacturing and commercialization activities.candidates.

We have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

Our company was formed in August 2012. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, acquiring product and technology rights and conducting product development activities for our product candidates. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete any Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical studies, obtain regulatory approval in the U.S., consistently manufacture a commercial scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization for any of our product candidates.candidates or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf. In addition, the adoptive immunotherapy technology underlying our T-cell product candidates, including our next-generation CAR T programs, is new and largely unproven. Any predictions about our future success, performance or viability, particularly in view of the rapidly evolving immunotherapy field, may notprove to be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or approved products on the market.inaccurate.

In addition, as a young business, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. We will need to transition at some point from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition. We expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, any of our quarterly or annual periods’ results are not indicative of future operating performance.

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We currently have no source ofcommercial product revenues. We may never generate revenues from the sale of commercial products or achieve profitability.

To date, we have not generated any revenues from commercial product sales or otherwise. Even if we are able to successfully achievesales. We have regulatory approval for one product, Ebvallo, in the EU. We have outlicensed the commercialization rights to Ebvallo in the EU to Pierre Fabre under the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement and we have sold certain of our product candidates, we do not know when we will generate revenues or become profitable, if at all.royalty and milestone interests under the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement, subject to a specified cap, to HCRx pursuant to the HCRx Agreement. Our ability to generate revenues from product sales and achieve profitability will be subject to the Pierre Fabre Commercialization Agreement, the HCRx Agreement and depend on our commercialization partners’ ability to successfully commercialize products, including any of our current product and product candidates, and other product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future. Our ability to generate revenues from the sale of products and achieve profitability will also dependsdepend on a number of additional factors, including our ability to:

Our revenues forfrom Ebvallo or any product candidate for which regulatory approval is obtained will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval, the accepted price for the product, the ability to get reimbursement at any price, and whether we own the commercial rightsterms and conditions of our commercialization agreement with our partner for that territory. Except for certain milestone payments payable to us in connection with the approval and transfer of the Ebvallo marketing authorization, we will not receive any meaningful milestones or royalty payments from Pierre Fabre until the applicable royalty caps under the HCRx Agreement are met, which could take many years, if at all. If the number of our addressable disease patients is not as significant as we estimate, the indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than we expect, or the reasonably accepted population for treatment is narrowed by competition, physician choice, or treatment guidelines weor a reduction in the incidence of the addressable disease, our partners may not generate significant revenues from sales ofsuccessfully commercialize our products, even if approved. In addition,The timing and amount of any milestone and royalty payments we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product candidate.may receive from our partners, as well as the commercial success of our products will depend on, among other things, the efforts, allocation of resources, negotiation of pricing and reimbursement and successful commercialization of our products by our partners. As a result, even if we generate product revenues, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to reduce our operations.

We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercializationmanufacturing efforts.

We expect to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future to continue the clinical development and manufacturing of our T-cell immunotherapy product candidates, and the advancement and expansion of our preclinical research pipeline. We also expect to continue to expend resources for the development and manufacturing of our product and product candidates and the technology we have licensed or have an exclusive right to license from our partners. These expenditures will include costs associated with research and development, potentially acquiring or licensing new product candidates or technologies, conducting preclinical and clinical studies and potentially obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing products, as well as marketing and selling products approved for

sale, if any.products. Under the terms of our license agreements with each of our in-license partners, we are obligated to make payments upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and

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commercial milestones. We will also need to make significant expenditures to develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing and distribution for any products, if any, that we intend to sell ourselves in the markets in which we choose to commercialize on our own. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the design and outcome of our ongoing, planned and anticipated clinical studies is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product and product candidates.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including: