4

5

Wind Blade Manufacturing Operations and Process

We have developed significant expertise in advanced composite technology and we use high performance composite materials, precision molding and assembly systems including modular tooling, and advanced process technology, as well as sophisticated measurement, inspection, testing and quality assurance tools, allowing us to produce over 65,00092,000 wind blades since 2001 from our continuing and discontinued operations with a strong, long-term field performance record in a market where reliability is critical to our customers’ success. We manufacture or have manufactured wind blades ranging from 30 meters to approximatelyover 80 meters in length across our global facilities and have the capability to manufacture wind blades of greater lengths as required by existing or new customers. In

combination with our advanced technologies, we seek to create manufacturing processes that are replicable and scalable in our manufacturing facilities located worldwide, regardless of cultural or language barriers. Using continuous improvement principles, we can customize each manufacturing step, from raw materials to finished products. This also allows us to systematically design for the entire manufacturing process so that we can achieve better quality control and increase production efficiencies. We believe that our focus on simplifying and, where feasible, automating production processes is critical to manufacturing high-precision, lightweight and durable products at a reasonablecompetitive cost tofor our customers. We produce high unit volumes of near-aerospace grade products at industrial costs.

Raw Materials

The key raw materials for the wind blades we manufacture include highly advanced fiberglass fabrics, select carbon reinforcements, foam, balsa wood, resin, adhesives for assembly of molded components, gel coat or paint for preparation of cosmetic surfaces and attachment hardware including steel components. Most of these materials are available in multiple geographic regions and in reasonably close proximity to our manufacturing facilities. Our agreements for the supply of raw materials are designed to guaranteesecure volumes that we believe will be required to fulfill our customers’ wind blade commitments.commitments for fixed prices with limited contractual price adjustment provisions. A portion of our raw materials are subject to price volatility, such as the resins and carbon reinforcements used in our manufacturing processes.

Although the majority of materials incorporated into our products are available from a number of sources, certain materials are available only from a relatively limited number of suppliers. We seek multiple suppliers for our raw materials and continually evaluate potential new supplier relationships. However, one of our customers sources all of the critical raw materials that we use to produce such customers' wind blades. Since we do not source procurement of these raw materials for this customer, we have fewer controls and remedies to mitigate raw material and supply chain risks and disruptions relating to such raw materials for such customer.

Precision Molding and Assembly Systems

Over the last decade, we have produced hundreds of precision molding and assembly systems, ranging from 30 meters to approximatelyover 80 meters in length, to support our global operations. We began these operations in our tooling technology center in Warren, Rhode Island. We also manufacture our precision molding and assembly systems production capabilities at a facility in Taicang Port, China, which serves customers around the globe. While capable of cost-effectively delivering precision molding and assembly systems across all of our facilities, our Rhode Island tooling technology center primarily serves the North American market. In 2020, we transitioned most of our North American precision molding and assembly system production capabilities from Warren, Rhode Island to a new facility in Juárez, Mexico, which can serve customers globally. Our precision molding and assembly systems have been used to build tens of thousands of wind blades worldwide.

Our tooling solutions include precision wind blade patterns, precision molding and assembly systems, including modular tooling techniques. We believe that our technological and production expertise are key factors in

6

our continued competitiveness, as we address continually increasing physical dimensions, demanding technical specifications, and strict quality control requirements for wind blades.

Wind Blade Production Process

Production of wind blades requires adherence to the unique specifications of each of our customers, who design their wind turbines and wind blades to optimize performance, reliability and total delivered cost. With our culture of innovation and a collaborative “design for manufacturability” approach, we have the capability and expertise to manufacture wind blades of different designs, utilizing fiberglass, carbon fiber, or other advanced composite materials to meet unique customer specifications. We also have the flexibility to quickly transition our manufacturing facilities to produce different wind blade models and sizes using our precision molding and assembly systems, including modular tooling techniques.

We have developed a highly dependable method for making high-quality wind blades. In conjunction with our continuous improvement principles, we design our proprietary manufacturing processes to be replicable, scalable and transferable to each of our advanced manufacturing facilities worldwide. As a result, we can repeatedly move a product from its design phase to volumeserial production while maintaining quality, even in developing regions of the world. Similarly, we have developed the manual portions of our manufacturing processes based on proven technologies and production methods that can be learned and implemented rapidly by line personnel. We focus on safety, consistency and quality control across our facilities, using hands-on training methods and employing repeatable manufacturing processes.

We use an advanced form of vacuum-assisted resin transfer tooling process to pull liquid resin into a dry lay-up, resulting in light, strong, and reliable composite structures. In our manufacturing process, fiber reinforcements and core materials are laid up in a mold while dry, followed by a vacuum bag that is placed over the layup and sealed to the mold. The wind blade component is then placed under vacuum. The resin is introduced into the wind blade component via resin inlet ports and then distributed through the reinforcement and core materials via a flow medium and a series of channels, saturating the wind blade component. The vacuum removes air and gases during processing, thereby eliminating voids. Pressure differentials drive resin uniformly throughout the wind blade component, providing a consistent laminate. By using a variety of reinforcement and core materials, the structural characteristics of the wind blade can be highly engineered to suit the custom specifications of our customers. Although only occasionally required by our customers, we are also capable of employing additional composite fabrication processes, such as pre-impregnated laminates, in addition to our vacuum infusion process.

Wind Blade Long-Term Supply Agreements

Our current wind blade customers, which include Vestas, GE Wind,Vernova, Nordex, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy S.A. (Siemens Gamesa) and ENERCON GmbH (ENERCON), are some of the world’s largest wind turbine manufacturers. According to data from Bloomberg, our customers represented approximately 52%34% of the global onshore wind energy market, approximately 88%77% of that market excluding China, and 99%87% of the U.S. onshore wind turbine market over the three years ended December 31, 2019,2022, based on MWs of energy capacity installed. In our collaborative dedicated supplier model, our customers are incentivized to maximize the volume of wind blades purchased through lowerdue to pricing at higher purchase volumes. As of February 24, 2021, our existing wind blade supply agreements provide for minimum aggregate volume commitments from our customers of approximately $2.8 billion and encourage our customers to purchase additional volume up to, in the aggregate, a total contract value of approximately $4.6 billion through the end of 2024, which we believe provides us with significant future revenue visibility and helps to insulate us from potential short-term fluctuations or legislative changes in any one market. Our supply agreements generally contain liquidated damages provisions in the event of late delivery, however, we generally do not bear the responsibility for transporting the wind blades we manufacture to our customers.

Our long-termSome of our supply agreements with our customers generallyprovide us with downside protection through minimum annual volume commitments, as well as encourage our customers to maximize the volume of wind blades they purchase from us, since purchasing less than a specified amount typically triggers higher pricing, as well as provide downside protection for us through minimum annual volume commitments.pricing. Some of our long-term supply agreements also provide for annual sales price reductions reflecting assumptions regarding increasesimprovements in our manufacturing efficiency and increases in productivity. We work to continue to drive down or minimize the impact of increases in the cost of materials and production through innovation and global sourcing, a portion of the benefit of which we share with our

7

customers contractually, further strengthening our deep customer relationships. Similarly, we typically share any raw material price increases with our customers. However, one of our customers sources all of the critical raw materials that we use to produce such customers' wind blades and this customer assumes 100% of any such raw material price increases or decreases. Wind blade pricing is based on annual commitments of volume as established in the customer’s contract, with orders less than committed volume resulting in additional costs per wind blade to customers.the customer. Orders in excess of annual commitments may but generally do not result in discounts to customers from the contracted price for the committed volume. Customers may utilize early payment discounts, which are reported as a reduction of revenue at the time the discount is taken.

Vestas

Vestas

In 2014,December 2023, we entered into a newextended our supply agreementagreements with Vestas to supply wind blades from a manufacturing facility in Dafeng, China. Based on the success of this manufacturing arrangement, we expanded our relationship with Vestas through additional supply agreements to manufacture wind blades at our manufacturing facilities in Turkey,India and in Matamoros, Mexico and Yangzhou, China. Additionally, in 2018, we entered into athrough 2024. The term of the Matamoros supply agreement will continue until the one-year anniversary of the date upon which we commence production of a new Vestas wind blade model on up to four manufacturing lines at our Matamoros manufacturing facility. We expect to commence production of this new wind blade model in July 2024. We have the right to terminate the Matamoros supply agreement as of December 31, 2024 if Vestas’ projected annual demand for this new wind blade model is less than or equal to 50% of our dedicated manufacturing capacity allocated to this new wind blade model.

GE Vernova

We have two supply agreements with VestasGE Vernova to supplymanufacture wind blades from a newthree manufacturing facility that was builtfacilities in Chennai, India andJuárez, Mexico. In October 2022, we commenced operations at this facility in the first quarter of 2020. In August 2020, we reachedsigned an agreement with VestasGE Vernova that enabled us to extendsecure a ten-year lease extension of our supplyIowa manufacturing facility. Under the agreement, atwe and GE Vernova plan to develop competitive blade manufacturing options. In December 2022, we extended our Turkey facility by one year through 2022. Each of the supply agreements with VestasGE Vernova for ten of our existing lines in two of our Juarez, Mexico manufacturing facilities through December 2025,

and in December 2023, we added a third manufacturing facility in Juarez, Mexico for four new manufacturing lines, also through December 2025.

Nordex

Generally, our supply agreements with Nordex provide for a minimum number of wind blade sets to be purchased by VestasNordex each year during the term, the schedule for which is established at the outset of the agreement. In return,and we commit to dedicate a specific number of manufacturing lines to VestasNordex for each of the years under the supply agreements. Additionally, we create some of the model-specific tooling for Vestas. If either party commits a material breach of theWe supply agreement, the non-breaching party may terminate the supply agreement if the breach is not remedied or if the parties have not mutually agreed to plan for cure within 30 days after notice of breach has been given.  

GE Wind

We have entered into multiple supply agreements with GE Wind to manufacture wind blades to Nordex from twoour manufacturing facilities in Juárez,Türkiye, and India, and from a manufacturing facility in Matamoros, Mexico and our Newton, Iowa manufacturing facility. Each of the supply agreements with GE Wind provide forthat we took over from Nordex in July 2021, pursuant to a minimum number of wind blade sets to be purchased by GE Wind each year during the term, the schedule for which is established at the outset of the agreement. In return, we commit to dedicate a specific number of manufacturing lines to GE Wind for each of the years under the supply agreements. In August 2018, GE Wind agreed to extend our existingthree-year supply agreement for oneexpiring on June 30, 2024. We are in the process of our Mexicotransitioning the operation of this Matamoros manufacturing facilities byfacility back to Nordex. In December 2023, we extended two years to 2022 and increased the number of wind blade manufacturing lines in that facility from three to five. In addition, GE Wind agreed to transition to a larger blade model in our Newton, Iowa plant in early 2019 and to eliminate its option to terminate its supply agreement at this location prior to its December 2020 expiration. In July 2020, GE Wind agreed to extend our existing supply agreement in one of our Mexico plants by two years to 2022 and our existing supply agreement in our Newton Iowa plant by one year to 2021 with an option to extend through 2022 and added one additional wind blade manufacturing line in Mexico to provide blades for GE Wind’s turbine technologies in North America in 2021. Unless otherwise terminated or renewed, our supply agreements with GE Wind are in effect untilNordex at our Türkiye manufacturing facilities for eight lines through the end of 2021 for our Iowa facility2024 and untiladded two new lines through the end of 2022 for our two Mexico facilities. In addition, either party may terminate these supply agreements upon a material breach by the other party which goes uncured for 30 days after written notice has been provided.

Other Long-Term Supply Agreements

We have entered into other long-term supply agreements in China, Mexico, Turkey and India with Nordex, Siemens Gamesa and ENERCON. With respect to these supply agreements, we agree to dedicate capacity for a set number of wind blades for each calendar year during the term of the agreement in exchange for commitments to purchase minimum annual volumes of wind blade sets. Unless otherwise terminated, these supply agreements generally remain in effect for a period of five years and either party may terminate their respective supply agreements upon a material breach by the other party which goes uncured. Some of these supply agreements contain provisions that allow for our customers to purchase less volume in later years of these supply agreements, reduce the number of dedicated manufacturing lines or to terminate the supply agreement upon notice for reasons such as our failure to deliver the contracted wind blade volumes or our failure to meet certain mutually agreed upon cost reduction targets. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Wind Blade Business— Some of our long-term supply agreements with our customers are subject to early termination and volume reductions at the discretion of our customers,  and any early termination of or reduced volumes of wind blades purchased under these agreements

8

would materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations” included in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.2025.

Research and Development

We have a long history of developing composite products as well as the development of new and advanced materials, tooling, manufacturing processes and inspection methods. Our knowledge and experience of composite materials and manufacturing originates with our predecessor company, Tillotson Pearson Inc., a leading manufacturer of high-performance recreational sail and powerboats along with a wide range of composite structures used in other industrial applications. Leveraging our knowledge and experience, we realized the opportunity to specialize in wind energy and other industrial end-markets where there was a demand for high precision composite manufacturing capabilities.

We conduct research and development in close collaboration with our customers on theand suppliers in areas of design developmentfor manufacturing and deployment of innovative manufacturing processes, including automation, advanced materials, and sophisticatedemerging product quality inspection tools. We have partnered with the U.S. DOE, governmentDepartment of Energy, national laboratories, universities, suppliers, and our customers to innovate through cost sharingcost-sharing and funded development of advanced manufacturing, sustainability (including material recycling) and other innovative programs. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we collaborated on a variety of proposals with universities, government laboratories and private industry resulting in the award of several new projects that include inspection technologies, additive manufacturing of modular wind blades, as well as manufacturing automation applying recycled materials to ensure movement toward a more sustainable, carbon neutral future. We continue to collaborate in national consortia including the Institute for Advanced Composite Manufacturing Innovation Initiative programs. In 2021, we will be collaboratingas a premium member with responsibility to direct research activity by our industrial, government laboratory and university members. We maintain a position on the Industrial Advisory Board for WindSTAR, a National Science Foundation Industry/University Collaborative Research Consortium, and study a broad range of Maine pursuant to a grant from the U.S. DOE’s Officewind energy related technologies with our customers and wind energy owner operators. One such set of Energy Efficiencyactivities is an internal and Renewable Energy to develop a rapid, low-cost additive manufacturing solution (3D printing) for fabricating large, segmented wind blade molds. In February 2018, we entered into an agreement with Navistar to design and develop an all composite Class 8 tractor cab. Thisexternal collaborative development project was entered intoprogram to create a comprehensive multi-layered Artificial Intelligence powered vision system that supports production metrics such as cycle-time and labor headcount and will also drive quality by reducing infusion defects and ensuring uniform resin process across the entire surface of the wind turbine blade.

We continue to expand our intellectual property portfolio through funding internal research and development. Our manufacturing technology team is leveraging our in-house knowledge and expertise in connection with Navistar’s recent award under the DOE’s Super Truck II investment program,modeling, data analysis, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and optical vision systems to implement an engineering configuration that allows for an effective roll-out of a closed-loop blade manufacturing system which is designedwill positively impact quality, labor productivity and cycle-time. We are expanding and diversifying our Model-Based Manufacturing tools and techniques to promote fuel efficiency in commercial vehicles.  We believe incorporating composite materials into a Class 8 tractor cab offers multiple potential performancecover broad technical areas including design, manufacturability, finishing processes and efficiency advantages compared to traditional metals in terms of weight savings, reduced part counts, and non-corrosion. In the first quarter of 2019, we executed a joint development agreement with GE Wind to cooperatively develop advanced blade technology for future wind turbines.factory level repairs.

We employ a highly experienced workforce of engineers in various facets of our business, from research and development projects, to the ongoing, real-time development and implementation of incremental manufacturing and material improvements. We have an advanced engineering center based in Berlin, Germany which focuses on blade design, tooling, materials and process technology development. In addition, we have an advanced engineering center based in Kolding, Denmark which provides technical and engineering resources to our manufacturing facilities and our customers. Our research and development effort places a priority on improving quality through process and procedure improvement, in addition to reducing cost through specification changes and sourcing of more cost-effective suppliers. Other areas of emphasis include composite design, in-house fabrication of precision molding and assembly systems, prototyping, testing, optimization and volume production capabilities. We also encourage our employeesassociates to invent and develop new technologies to maintain our competitiveness in the marketplace. In addition to our internal research and development activities, from time to time, we also conduct research and development activities pursuant to funded development arrangements with our customers and other third parties and we intend to

continue to seek opportunities for product development programs that could create recurring revenue and increase our overall profitability over the long term.

In July 2019, we acquired certain intellectual property and hired a team of engineering resources from the EUROS group, based in Berlin, Germany. This team of technical experts focuses on blade design, tooling, materials and process technology development, strengthened our technical capabilities in support of our global operations and growth. In addition, we established an advanced engineering center in Kolding, Denmark which provides technical and engineering resources to our manufacturing facilities and our customers.

9

Competition

The wind blade market is highly concentrated, competitive and subject to evolving customer needs and expectations. In 2017, GE Wind, our largest customer at the time, completed its acquisition ofOur competitors include LM Wind Power (LM), our largest competitor. We also compete primarily with(a subsidiary of GE Vernova) and other independent wind blade manufacturers such as Sinoma Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai Aeolon Wind Energy Technology Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Aeris Industria E Comercio De Equipamentos Para Geracao De Energia S.A. and ZhongFu Lianzhong Composites Group Co., Ltd., as well as regional wind blade suppliers in geographic areas where our current or prospective manufacturing facilities are or will be located.

We also compete with and in a number of cases supplement, vertically integrated wind turbine OEMs that manufacture their own wind blades. We believe that a number of other established companies are manufacturing wind blades that will compete directly with our offerings, and some of our competitors noted above, may have significant financial and institutional resources.

The principal competitive factors in the wind blade market include reliability, total delivered cost, manufacturing capability, product quality, engineering capability and timely completionon-time delivery of wind blades. We believe we compete favorably with our competitors on the basiswith respect to each of the foregoingthese factors. Our ability to remain competitivecompete will depend to a great extent upon our ongoing performance in the areas of manufacturing capability, timely completiontotal delivered costs, on-time delivery and product quality.

Transportation Products

We seek to create additional recurring revenue opportunities through the supply of other composite structures outsideCompetitive advantages in the wind energy market. blade service market include total delivered cost, speed of response, local footprint, repair quality, competitive labor pricing and capacity to work across regions as demand adapts to business seasonality. Our ability to improve our product and service offerings, including strengthening our response time, adding and managing labor resources, sourcing materials globally at competitive rates while further expanding into new countries, and offering additional value-added engineering support and technical solutions.

The automotive supply industry is highly competitive, and our composite solutions compete against alternative materials and a broad range of competitive suppliers. Our ability to compete will depend on our ability to provide superior performance attributes with our composites solutions, time to market, and continuing to provide a lower upfront investment for our customers.

Automotive Products

We believe transportationautomotive products, including buses, trucks, electric vehicles and high-performance automotive products and components, are ideally suited for our advanced composite technology because of the benefits derived from weight reduction, corrosion resistance, strength, durability and durability.lower upfront capital costs. These benefits should allow us to develop structural composite solutions to assist our customers in developing electric vehicles, including light, medium and heavy-duty trucks, buses and automobiles with clean propulsion systems or in meeting new and developing fuel economy standards.

In addition, by producing a range of composite structures, we are able to leverage the materials and manufacturing process technology and expertise developed through one project to maximize production quality, improve performance and minimize costs across our other manufacturing efforts, including our wind blade business. Our projects for customers in the transportationautomotive market have historically generated project-related revenues for a specific duration. We intend to seek collaborations with additional customers in these markets that will provide recurring revenue and business opportunities for us, in addition to the opportunities provided by our existing customers and relationships, and contribute to our overall profitability over the long term.

Our facilities in Warren, Rhode Island and Juárez, Mexico manufacture products for customers in the transportationautomotive market using, ain some cases, similar proprietary and replicable manufacturing processes that we use to produce wind blades. Our projects for customers in the transportationautomotive market include, or have included, the supply of all-composite bodies for electric buses and last-mile delivery as well as automated people mover systems for airports. We ceased manufacturing composite bus bodies from our Newton, Iowa facility in the first quarter of 2020. In 2019, we made a capital investment of approximately $11.5 million to develop a highly automated manufacturing line for the electric vehicle market within our Warren, Rhode Island facility, and we are currently in the process of commissioning this line. We expect this investment will enable us to further develop our technology, create defensible product and process IP and demonstrate our capability to manufacture composite components cost effectively at automotive volume rates.

Our current principal competitors in the transportationautomotive market include suppliers of conventional steel and aluminum products and non-structural automotive fiberglass and other advanced composites-based manufacturers for transportationautomotive applications.

Intellectual Property

We have a variety of intellectual property (IP) rights, including trademarks, copyrights and patents issued, filed and applied-for in a number of jurisdictions, including the United States,U.S., Germany, the European Union, Türkiye, India and China, trademarks and copyrights, but we believe that our continued success and competitive position depend, in large part, on our proprietary materials, tooling, process and inspection technologies and our ability to innovate.innovate and not on our IP alone. Accordingly, we take measures to protect the confidentiality and control the disclosure of our proprietary technology. We rely primarily on a combination of patents, know-how and trade secrets to establish and protect our proprietary rights and preserve our competitive position. We also seek to protect our proprietary technology, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our customers, employees,associates, consultants and other contractors. Trade secrets, however, are difficult to protect. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our customers, employees,associates, consultants or contractors use intellectual propertyIP owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Backlog

As of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, our backlog for wind blades and related wind products totaled $1,197.7$767.3 million and $1,038.9$919.9 million, respectively. Our backlog includes purchase orders issued in connection with our long-term supply agreements. We generally record a purchase order into backlog when the following requirements have been met: a signed long-term supply agreement or other contractual agreement has been executed with our customer, a purchase order has been issued by our customer and we expect to ship wind blades to or produce the related wind products for such customer in satisfaction of any purchase order within 12 months. Backlog as of any particular date should not be relied upon as indicative of our revenue for any future period.

Regulation

Wind Energy

Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local regulations related to environmental protection, health and safety, labor relationships, general business practices and other matters. These regulations are administered by various foreign, federal, state and local environmental agencies and authorities, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor and comparable agencies in China, Mexico, Turkey,Türkiye, India and individual U.S. states. In addition, our manufacturing operations in China, Mexico, TurkeyTürkiye and India are subject to those countries’ wage and price controls, currency exchange control regulations, investment and tax laws, laws restricting our ability to repatriate profits, trade restrictions and laws that may restrict foreign investment in certain industries. Some of these laws have only been recently adopted or are subject to further rulemaking or interpretation, and their impact on our operations, including the cost of complying with these laws, is uncertain. We believe that our operations currently comply, in all material respects, with applicable laws and regulations. Further, as a U.S. corporation, we are subject to The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA), which generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business. As a U.S. corporation with global operations, we are also subject to foreign antibribery laws and regulations in the countries where we conduct business, including the U.K. Bribery Act and the India Prevention of Corruption Act.

In addition, our business has been and will continue to be affected by subsidizationAugust 2022, the U.S. Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) which effectively extended the wind turbine industry with its influence declining over time as wind energy reaches grid parity with traditional sources of energy. In the United States, the federal government has encouraged capital investment in renewable energy primarily through tax incentives. Production tax credits for new renewable energy projects were first established in 1992. The Production Tax Credit for Renewable Energy (PTC) provided the owner, which provides owners of a wind turbine placed in operation before January 1, 2015turbines with a 10-year credit against its U.S. federal income tax obligations based on the amount of electricity generated by the wind turbine.

The PTCturbine, until the later of 2032 or when greenhouse gas emissions have been reduced by 75% compared to 2022. In addition, a new advanced manufacturing production tax credit (AMPC) was extended in 2015created that can be claimed for the domestic production and sale of clean energy components, such as wind power projects through December 31, 2019, and wasturbine blades. We expect to be phased down overutilize the termAMPC when we restart our Newton, Iowa manufacturing plant. Although the passing of the PTC extension. Specifically,IRA is expected to provide long-term incentive certainty in the PTC was kept atU.S. market, the same rate in effect atU.S. wind industry is waiting on more specific and definitive guidance from the endInternal Revenue Services and U.S. Treasury Department, among others, to define and clarify the implementation of 2014 for wind power projects that either commenced construction or met certain safe harbor requirements by the end of 2016, and thereafter was to be reduced by 20% per year in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. In December 2019, Congress extended the PTC through the end of 2020 and increased the rate from 40% to 60% for projects that eitherthis complex legislation.

11

At the state level, as of December 31, 2020,2023, 30 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have implemented renewable portfolio standard (RPS) programs that generally require that, by a specified date, a certain percentage of a utility’s electricity supplied to consumers within such state is to be from renewable sources (ranging from 10% to 100% and from between the present and 2050).

In addition, there are also increasing regulatory efforts globally to promote renewable power. In December 2020, the European Union (EU) agreed to reduce EU greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In May 2022, the EU announced the REPowerEU plan which seeks to rapidly reduce the EU's dependence on fossil fuels by 2027. Furthermore, the EU introduced the Green Deal Industrial Plan that is expected to further accelerate the expansion of renewable energy and green technologies including easing state aid rules to enable higher subsidies. A key component of the Green Deal Industrial Plan is the Net-Zero Industry Act to simplify regulations, speed up permits and promote cross-border projects to accelerate climate neutrality. In November 2023, EU’s Renewable Energy Directive III entered into effect, which aims to raise the share of renewable power in the EU’s overall energy consumption to 42.5% by 2030, with an additional 2.5% indicative top up that would allow the overall share to reach 45%. Similarly, in December 2020, China announced its goal to reach carbon neutrality by 2060, and in September 2019,November 2021, India targeted to increase its renewable energy capacity to 450500 gigawatts by 2030 and to 40% non-fossil fuel energyreach carbon neutrality by 2030. 2070. Additionally, TurkeyTürkiye enacted Law No. 5346 in 2005, which was recently amended and extended in January 2021, to promote renewable-based electricity generation within their domestic electricity market through feed-in- tariffs and purchase obligations for distribution companies requiring purchases from certified renewable energy producers.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2020,2023, we employed over 14,900more than 12,300 full-time employees,associates, approximately 1,300500 of whom were located in the United States, 2,000 in China, 6,000U.S., 6,600 in Mexico, 4,1003,600 in TurkeyTürkiye, and 1,5001,600 in India. Certain of our employeesassociates in TurkeyTürkiye and at our manufacturing facilityfacilities in Matamoros, Mexico are represented by a labor union.unions. We believe that our relations with our employeesassociates are generally good.

Our human capital strategy focuses on creating an exceptional employeeassociate experience and ensuring that we foster a learning culture where our employeesassociates want to grow with us. Our primary focus areas of our human capital strategy are as follows:

Culture

Culture

We believe our unique culture is a key strategic advantage for us. Our associates are highly engaged, have a strong sense of inclusion and belonging, and are committed to the company,Company, their teams, and the jobs they perform based on our most recent employeeassociate engagement surveys. This strong employeeOur associate engagement is due in part to a strong sense of purpose given our role in the broader renewable energy supply chain. We believe strong employeeassociate engagement and feelings of inclusion and belonging translates into a strong quality focus and orientation. It is through the efforts of our nearly 15,000 employees at year-end 2020 that we have been able to continue to achieve high levels of performance. When we select new persons to join our team, we ensure that the individuals have high levels of commitment and adaptability in addition to the skills needed for the role. Our employeesassociates embrace our core values of safety, operational excellence, commitment, integrity and leadership. Our team members bring our values to life by applying their diverse backgrounds and skillsets to the jobs they are performing, demonstrating high discretionary effort, and embracing our values in their day-to-day lives.

Safety

Safety

Safety is our most important and first core value. We strongly believe that all accidents are preventable and that every associate should return at the end of their shift to their families in the same healthy condition in which they showed up for work. To help drive these beliefs it is our goal to continuously improve our zero-harm culture and implement a global behavior-based safety (BBS) program resulting in zero unsafe behaviors. Our 13All of our manufacturing facilities have safety management systems in place that cover their associates and activities. We ensure the safety of our associates to support our zero-harm culture in a variety of ways, starting with safety education. Safety education is

the foundation for our other safety measures. Associates receive regular training on environmental, health and safety (EHS) related topics. This training includes but is not limited to:

12

Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and InclusionAwareness

We value diversity in all forms, especially diversity of thought, and aspire to create an environment that recognizes and celebrates the benefits that come with a diverse workforce. We know that diversity of our employeeassociate population makes us better and we strive to continue to improve and act with intention in these areas. Most importantly we strive to create a culture of inclusion where everyone has a true sense of belonging and feels they can be themselves in the workplace.

As a global business, we have an incredible opportunity to benefit from the diversity we have in our company.Company. We can and will do more to maximize the positive impact that inclusion, diversity, equity, inclusion,awareness and a feeling of belonging can bring. We believe that this and the rest of our vision statement for inclusion, diversity, equity, and inclusionawareness is a solid representation of what we believe in, are committed to, and how we will hold associates and leaders accountable. We recognize that onehave made progress towards increasing our representation of women at all levels of our greatest areas oforganization, but we recognize we have an opportunity is to further increase the representation of women andas well as increase overall racial and ethnic diversity at all levels ofin leadership as we add more talent to our leadership levels.

Talent

We market open jobs across multiple platforms such as our website, LinkedIn, internal postings and local job boards to ensure that our candidate pool is as diverse as possible. We promote having diversity on the interviewing and selection panel to ensure different points of view are considered as part of the final selection process. We enjoy high levels of retention across all of our geographies. OurOn a global basis, our overall turnover rate has continued to decline over the past three years ondeclined in 2023 after a global basis.slight increase in 2022. We facilitate an annual talent review process in all regions and functional teams to promote the internal development and promotion of internal talent. We have enjoyed high participation in employeeassociate surveys, high engagement levels against industry normative data, and also facilitated a COVID and diversity equity andan inclusion survey in 2020.2022 and 2023.

Environmental, Health and Safety

We are subject to various environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permit requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate governing, among other things, health, safety, pollution and protection of the environment and natural resources, the handling and use of hazardous substances, the generation, storage, treatment and disposal of wastes, and the cleanup of any contaminated sites. We are not aware of any pending environmental compliance or remediation matters that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations. However, failure by us to comply with applicable environmental and other requirements could result in fines, penalties, enforcement actions, third party claims, remediation actions, and could negatively impact our reputation with customers. We have adopted environmental, health and safety policies outlining our commitment to environmental responsibility and accountability.accountability and our desire to eliminate unsafe behaviors in the workplace. These policies apply to the companyCompany as a whole, and our vendors and suppliers and are available on our website. We have a company-wide focus on safety and have implemented a number of measures to promote workplace safety. Customers are increasingly focused on safety records in their sourcing decisions due to increased regulations to report all incidents that occur at their sites and the costs associated with such incidents.

Available Information

Our website address is www.tpicomposites.com. All of our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including this Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, statements of changes in beneficial ownership and amendments to those reports, along with any exhibits to such reports, are available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is neither a part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this Annual

13

Report on Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.

Our investor relations website address is https://ir.tpicomposites.com/websites/tpicomposites/English/0/investor-relations.html and includes key information about our corporate governance initiatives, including our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee charter, charters of the Audit and Compensation committees and our Code of Business Conduct & Ethics.

Information about our Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our Executive Officers as of February 24, 2021:22, 2024:

William E. Siwek. Mr. Siwek joined us in August 2013 as our Chief Financial Officer. In May 2019, Mr. Siwek was named our President and ceased serving as our Chief Financial Officer. In May 2020, Mr. Siwek assumed the role of Chief Executive Officer and was elected to the Board of Directors. Prior to joining us, Mr. Siwek previously served as the Chief Financial Officer for T.W. Lewis Company, an Arizona-based real estate investment company, from September 2012 to September 2013. From May 2010 until September 2012, he was an independent consultant assisting companies in the real estate, construction, insurance and renewable energy industries. Prior to that, Mr. Siwek was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Talisker Mountain, Inc., from January 2009 to April 2010. Prior to that, he was President and Chief Financial Officer of the Lyle Anderson Company from December 2002 to December 2008. Prior to that, Mr. Siwek spent 18 years, from September 1984 to May 2002, with Arthur Andersen where he became a Partner in both Audit and Business Consulting Divisions. Mr. Siwek also serves on the Board of Directors of the American Clean Power Association, a renewable energy industry trade group, which commenced operations in January 2021. Mr. Siwek holds B.S. degrees in Accounting and Economics from University of Redlands and is a Certified Public Accountant.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risk factors. If any of the events contemplated by the following discussion of risks should occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition, growth prospects and cash flows could suffer significantly. Additional risks that we currently do not know about or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business. Certain statements below are forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Risks Related to Our Wind Blade Business

A significant portion of our business is derived from a small number of customers, and two wind blade customers in particular, therefore any loss of or reduction in purchase orders, failure of these customers to fulfill their obligations or our failure to secure long-term supply agreement renewals from these customers could materially harm our business.

Substantially all of our revenues are derived from fourthree wind blade customers. Two customers, Vestas, GE Vernova and GE Wind,Nordex accounted for 49.7%35.8%, 24.6% and 23.4%30.3%, respectively, of our total net sales for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, and 46.1%36.2%, 20.8% and 25.7%32.6%, respectively, of our total net sales for the year ended December 31, 2019,2022, and 32.0%30.9%, 29.0% and 31.7%25.4%, respectively, of our total net sales for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, two customers, Nordex and Siemens Gamesa accounted for 15.3% and 4.7%, respectively, of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2020, 16.1% and 5.1%, respectively, of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2019, and 19.0% and 11.2%, respectively, of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2018.2021. Accordingly, we are substantially dependent on continued business from our current wind blade customers, and Vestas and GE Wind in particular.customers. If one or more of our wind blade customers were to reduce or delay wind blade orders, file for bankruptcy or become insolvent, fail to pay amounts due or satisfactorily perform their respective contractual obligations with us or otherwise terminate or fail to renew their long-term supply agreements with us, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.

Defects in materials and workmanship or wind blade failures could harm our reputation, expose us to product warranty or other liability claims, decrease demand for wind blades we manufacture, or materially harm existing or prospective customer relationships, and our reserves for warranty expenses might not be sufficient to cover all future costs.

Defects in the wind blades we manufacture are unpredictable and an inherent risk in manufacturing technically advanced products that involve a significant amount of manual labor and processes. Defects may arise from multiple causes, including design, engineering, materials, manufacturing and componentscomponent failures as well as deficiencies in our manufacturing processes. Under our supply agreements, we warranty the materials and workmanship of the wind blades while our customers are responsible for the fitness of use and design of the wind blades. We have experienced wind blade failures and defects at some of our facilities during the startup manufacturing phase of new products, and we may experience failures or defects in the future. Wind blades that we have manufactured have also failed in the field. Any wind blade failures or other product defects in the future could materially harm our existing and prospective customer relationships. Specifically, negative publicity about the quality of the wind blades we manufacture or defects in the wind blades supplied to our customers could result in a reduction in wind blade orders, increased warranty claims, product liability claims and other damages or termination of our long-term supply agreements or business relationships with current or new customers. Any of the foregoing could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We provide warranties for all of the wind blades and precision molding and assembly systems we produce, including parts and labor, for periods that typically range from two to five years depending on the product sold. Our estimate of warranty expense requires us to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain, including future rates of product failure, repair costs, shipping and handling and de-installation and re-installation costs at customers’ sites. Our assumptions could be materially different from the actual performance of our products and these remediation expenses in the future. The expenses associated with wind blade repair and remediation activities can be substantial and may include changes to our manufacturing processes. If our estimates prove materially incorrect, we could incur warranty expenses that exceed our reserves and we could be required to make material unplanned cash expenditures, which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

16

We have experienced, and could in the future experience, quality or operational issues in connection with plant construction, expansion or expansion,assumption which could result in losses and cause delays in our ability to complete our projects and may therefore materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We dedicate most of the capacity of our current wind blade manufacturing facilities to existing customers and, as a result, we may need to build additional manufacturing capacity or facilities to serve the needs of new customers or expanded needs of existing customers. Since the third quarter of 2016, we have commencedWe currently conduct operations at four newfive manufacturing facilities in Mexico, one in Turkey, one in Yangzhou, ChinaTürkiye, and one in Chennai, India. The construction of new plants and the expansion or assumption of existing plants involves significant time, cost and other risks. We generally expect our plants to generate losses in their first 12 to 18 months of operations related to production startup costs. Additionally, numerous factors can contribute, and have in the past contributed, to delays or difficulties in the startup of, or the adoption of our manufacturing lines to produce larger wind blade models, which we refer to as model transitions, in our manufacturing facilities. These factors include permitting, construction or renovation delays, defects or issues with product tooling, the engineering and fabrication of specialized equipment, the modification of our general production know-how and customer-specific manufacturing processes to address the specific wind blades to be tested and built, changing and evolving customer specifications and expectations and the hiring and training of plant personnel. Any delays or difficulties in plant startup, expansion or expansionassumption may result in cost overruns, production delays, contractual penalties, loss of revenues, reduced margins and impairment of customer relationships, which could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in 2019,In 2022 and 2023, we experienced construction and startupsignificant production delays with respect to our newat the Matamoros, Mexico manufacturing facility that we took over from Nordex in Yangzhou, China.  These delays resulted in us paying liquidated damagesJuly 2021 due to the poor condition of $7.8 million to one ofthe facility and related equipment, which adversely impacted our customers in 2019profitability and 2020.   financial condition.

Some of our long-term supply agreements with our customers are subject to early termination and volume reductions at the discretion of our customers, and any early termination of or reduced volumes of wind blades purchased under these agreements could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our current long-term supply agreements expire between the endDecember of 20212024 and the endDecember of 2024.2025. Some of our long-term supply agreements contain provisions that allow for the early termination of these agreements upon the customer providing us with advance written notice and paying an early termination fee. Our wind blade supply agreements generally establish annual purchase requirements on which we rely for our future production and financial forecasts. However, the timing and volume of purchases, within certain parameters, may be subject to change by our customers. The amount of the annual purchase requirements typically declinedeclines in the later years of our long-term supply agreements. Our customers may not continue to maintain long-term supply agreements with us in the future. For example, Vestas has notified us that it does not intend to renew our Dafeng,terminated its Yangzhou, China supply agreement which expires at the end of 2021. 2022, even though it was set to expire at the end of 2023, and paid to us an early termination fee.If one or more of our customers terminate or reduce the number of manufacturing lines and volumes of wind blades purchased, or fail to renew their long-term supply agreements with us, it would materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

17

Many of our long-term supply agreements contain liquidated damages provisions, which may require us to make unanticipated payments to our customers.

Many of our long-term supply agreements contain liquidated damages provisions in the event that we fail to perform our obligations thereunder in a timely manner or in accordance with the agreed terms, conditions and standards. Our liquidated damages provisions generally require us to make a payment to the customer if we fail to deliver a product or service on time. We generally try to limit our exposure under any individual long-term supply agreement to a maximum penalty. Nevertheless, if we incur liquidated damages, they may materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our wind turbine OEM customers are facing increasing competition and pricing pressure due to the increasing prevalence of auction-based tenders in wind energy markets, and correspondingly our margins and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Many governments are shifting from feed-in tariffs, which typically provide producers of wind energy with favorable prices for wind generated electricity, to unsubsidized, auction-based tenders as a means of promoting the development and growth of renewable energy sources such as wind energy.  As a result of this shift, our wind turbine OEM customers are experiencing intense pricing pressure with respect to the sale of their turbines. As a result of this pricing pressure, we will be required to further reduce the costs we incur to manufacture wind blades to remain competitive.  We typically share the benefit of cost reductions related to manufacturing wind blades with our customers pursuant to the terms of our long-term supply agreements.  If these pricing pressures continue, we may choose to reduce our margins or pass on a greater percentage of the savings to our OEM customers obtained from manufacturing cost reductions than required under our supply agreements to remain competitive, each of which may materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although a majority of our manufacturing facilities are located outside the United States,U.S., our business is still heavily dependent upon the demand for wind energy in the United StatesU.S. and any downturn in demand for wind energy in the United StatesU.S. could materially harm our business.

We have developed a global footprint to serve the growing wind energy market worldwide and have wind blade manufacturing facilities in the United States, China,U.S., Mexico, TurkeyTürkiye and India. Although a majority of our manufacturing facilities are located outside of the United States,U.S., historically more than half of the wind blades that we produced were deployed in wind farms located within the United States.U.S. Our Iowa manufacturing facility, where production has been shut down since the end of the fourth quarter of 2021, and our Mexico manufacturing facilities manufacture wind blades that are generally deployed within the United States.U.S. In addition, many of our wind blades are exported from our China, TurkeyTürkiye and India manufacturing facilities to the United States. In addition, tariffs imposed on components of wind turbines from China, including wind blades, has had a negative impact on demand for our wind blades manufactured in our Chinese manufacturing facilities.U.S. Consequently, demand for wind energy and our wind blade sales could be adversely affected by a variety of reasons and factors, and any downturn in demand for wind energy in the United StatesU.S. could materially harm our business.

We could experience shortagesexpect that demand for wind turbine blades in 2024 will be slightly down compared to 2023 due to our customers and wind farm developers continuing to defer investments into the future until inflationary pressure and global economies stabilize, and there is clearer regulatory guidance with respect to the IRA and actions proposed by the EU under the REPowerEU plan and the Green Deal Industrial Plan.

We have experienced volatility in the price and availability of raw materials orand components that are critical to our manufacturing needs, as well as ongoing inflationary pressures impacting many of our labor and other costs, and we may continue to, or in the future, experience price increases, supply constraints, and inflationary pressures, which may hinder our ability to perform under our supply agreements.agreements and adversely impact our profitability and financial condition.

We rely upon third parties for raw materials, such as fiberglass, carbon fiber, resins, foam core and balsa wood, and various components for the wind bladesproducts we manufacture. Some of these raw materials and components may only be purchased from a limited number of suppliers. For example, balsa wood is only grownCurrent geopolitical climate, such as the attacks on shipping vessels in the Red Sea, and producedthe economic environment generally, including with respect to inflation, continue to evolve and affect supply chain performance and underlying assumptions in various ways – specifically with volatility in commodity, energy, and logistics costs. However, the overall pricing for the raw materials that we source decreased in 2023 compared to 2022 due to decreases in pricing and logistics costs. We expect to see a limited numberfurther decrease in material pricing in 2024. If the prices for these raw materials and logistics costs revert back to the levels we experienced in 2021 and 2022, such elevated price levels could have a material impact on our results of geographies and is only available from a limited number of suppliers. operations.

Additionally, our ability to purchase the appropriate quantities of raw materials is constrained by our customers’ transitioning wind blade designs and specifications. As a result, we maintain, relatively lowclosely monitor and manage inventory and acquire raw materials and components as needed.needed and with consideration to lead time factors. Due to significantfluctuating international demand for these raw materials from many industries, and extended logistics lead times, we may be unable to acquire sufficient quantities or secure a stable supply for our manufacturing needs. For example, in 2019, we experienced shortages in the supplyOne of balsa wood and other core materials. If shortages or delays occur, we may be unable to provide our products to our customers on time, or at all. In some instances, our customers directly controlsources all of the purchase of certain keycritical raw materials that we use to produce such customers' wind blades. Since we do not source procurement of these raw materials for this customer, we have fewer controls and componentsremedies to mitigate raw material and if they are unablesupply chain risks and disruptions relating to procure and provide us with such raw materials and components, it could cause delays and disruptions with respect to our business and operations. for such customer.

In 2020,2023, we procured approximately 25%11% of our raw materials from China so any ocean logistic delays arising from attacks on shipping vessels in the Red Sea or otherwise, weather events, strikes, other force majeure events or geopolitical developments impacting China could disrupt our supply chain. In addition, a disruption in any aspect of our global supply chain caused by transportation delays, customs

18

delays, cost issues or other factors could result in a shortage of raw materials or components critical to our manufacturing needs.  For example, in 2020 and 2021, we have experienced several delays in receipt of certain raw materials used to make our products primarily due to COVID-19 outbreaks amongst port workers at certain ports in the United States. Any supply shortages, delays in the shipment of materials or components from third party suppliers, or changes in the terms on which they are available could disrupt or materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Ongoing inflationary pressures have caused and may continue to cause many of our material, labor, and other costs to increase, which can have adverse impacts on our results of operations. The government of Mexico increased minimum wages approximately 20% effective January 1, 2023, and an additional 20% effective January 1, 2024. The government of Türkiye increased minimum wages approximately 55%, 34% and 49%, respectively, effective January 1, 2023, July 1, 2023, and January 1, 2024. In May 2023 we agreed to an amendment to our collective bargaining agreement with our associates in Türkiye which resulted in significantly increased wages for these associates. While our customer contracts allow us to pass a portion of these increases to our customers, we will not be able to recover 100% of the wage inflation. If our manufacturing facilities in these countries continue to experience wage inflation at these levels and the increased costs in local currency are not offset with favorable foreign currency fluctuations, such elevated wages could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

Demand for the wind blades we manufacture may fluctuate for a variety of reasons, including the growth of the wind industry, and decreases in demand could materially harm our business and may not be sufficient to support our growth strategy.

Our revenues, business prospects and growth strategy heavily depend on the continued growth of the wind industry and our customers’ continuing demand for wind blades. Customer demand could decrease from anticipated levels due to numerous factors outside of our control that may affect the development of the wind energy market generally, portions of the market or individual wind project developments, including:

In 2023, we experienced a decline in demand for our wind turbine blades due primarily to regulatory uncertainty as our customers and wind farm developers continued to defer investments into the future until inflationary pressure and global economies stabilize, and there is clearer regulatory guidance with respect to the IRA and actions proposed by the EU under the REPowerEU plan, which adversely impacted our operating results. We expect that demand for wind turbine blades in 2024 will remain slightly down. In addition to factors affecting the wind energy market generally, our customers’ demand may also fluctuate based on other factors beyond our control. Any decline in customer demand below anticipated levels could materially harm our revenues and operating results and could delay or impede our growth strategy.

We have experienced in the past, and our future wind blade production could be affected by, operating problems at our facilities, which may materially harm our operating results and financial condition.

Our wind blade manufacturing processes and production capacity have in the past been, and could in the future be, disrupted by a variety of issues, including:

19

The cost of repeated or prolonged interruptions, reductions in production capacity, or the repair or replacement of complex and sophisticated tooling and equipment may be considerable and could result in damages under

or the termination of our long-term supply agreements or penalties for regulatory non-compliance, any of which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We operate a substantial portion of our business in international markets and we may be unable to effectively manage a variety of currency, legal, regulatory, economic, social and political risks associated with our global operations and those in developing markets.

We currently operate manufacturing facilities in the United States, China,U.S., Mexico, Turkey,Türkiye, and India. Since the third quarter of 2016, we have commenced operations at fourfive new manufacturing facilities in Mexico, one in Turkey, one in Yangzhou, ChinaTürkiye, and one in Chennai, India. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, approximately 89%96%, 88%94% and 84%87%, respectively, of our net sales were derived from our continuing international operations and we expect that a substantial portion of our projected revenue growth will be derived from those operations. Our overall success depends, in part, upon our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions. The global nature of our operations is subject to a variety of risks, including:

As we continue to operate our business globally, our success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other related risks. We may be unsuccessful in developing and implementing policies and strategies that will be effective in managing these risks in each country where we do business or conduct operations. Our failure to manage these risks successfully could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

A drop in the price of energy sources other than wind energy, or our inability to deliver wind blades that compete with the price of other energy sources, may materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that the decision to purchase wind energy is, to a significant degree, driven by the relative cost of electricity generated by wind turbines compared to the applicable price of electricity from traditional (i.e., thermal) and other renewable energy sources. Decreases in the prices of electricity from traditional or renewable energy sources other than wind energy, such as solar, wouldcould harm the market for wind energy. In particular, a drop in natural gas prices could lessen the appeal of wind-generated electricity. Technological advancements or the construction of a significant number of power generation plants, including nuclear, coal, natural gas or power plants utilizing other renewable energy technologies, government support for other forms of renewable energy or construction of additional electric transmission and distribution lines could reduce the price of electricity produced by competing methods, thereby making the purchase of wind energy less attractive. The ability of energy conservation technologies, public initiatives and government incentives to reduce electricity consumption or support other forms of renewable energy could also lead to a reduction in the price of electricity, which would undermine the attractiveness of wind energy and thus wind turbines, and, ultimately wind blades. If prices for electricity generated by wind turbines are not competitive, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.

We encounter intense competition for limited customers from other wind blade manufacturers, as well as in-house production by wind turbine OEMs, which may make it difficult to enter into long-term supply agreements, keep existing customers and potentially get new customers.

We face significant competition from other wind blade manufacturers, and this competition may intensify in the future. The wind turbine market is characterized by a relatively small number of large OEMs. The competitive environment in the wind energy industry mayrecently has become more challenging in the years ahead, particularly in the event ofprimarily due to ongoing regulatory uncertainty and supply chain constraints and significant raw material price increases. This challenging environment may lead to further consolidation in the industry, which could lead to us having even fewer customers. In addition, a significant percentage of wind turbine OEMs, including all of our current customers, produce some of their own

21

wind blades in-house. As a result, we compete for business from a limited number of customers that outsource the production of wind blades. We also compete with a number of wind blade manufacturers in China, who are growing in terms of their technical capability and aspire to expand outside of China. Some of our competitors have more experience in the wind energy industry, as well as greater financial, technical or human resources than we do, which may limit our ability to compete effectively with them and maintain or improve our market share. Additionally, our long-term supply agreements dedicate capacity at our facilities to our customers, which may also limit our ability to compete if our facilities cannot accommodate additional capacity. If we are unable to compete effectively for the limited number of customers that outsource production of wind blades, our ability to enter into long-term supply agreements with potential new and existing customers may be materially harmed.

We rely on our research and development efforts to remain competitive, and we may fail to develop on a timely basis new wind blade manufacturing technologies that are commercially attractive or permit us to keep up with customer demands.

The market for wind blades is subject to evolving customer needs and expectations. Our research and development is invested in developing faster and more efficient manufacturing processes in order to build the new wind blades designed by our customers that more effectively capture wind energy and are adaptable to new growth segments of the wind energy market. Research and development activities are inherently uncertain and the results of our in-house research and development may not be successful. In addition, our competition may adopt more advanced technologies or develop wind blades that are more effective or commercially attractive. We believe that our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to be at the forefront of technological innovation in the wind energy industry and to rapidly and cost-effectively adapt our wind blade manufacturing processes to keep pace with changing technologies, new wind blade design and changing customer needs. If we are unable to do so, our business, operating results, financial condition and reputation could be materially harmed.

Various legislation, infrastructure, regulations including permitting and siting and incentives that are expected to support the growth of wind energy in the United StatesU.S. and around the world may not be extended or may be discontinued, phased out or changed, or may not be successfully implemented, which could materially harm wind energy programs and materially decrease demand for the wind blades we manufacture.

The U.S. wind energy industry has been dependent in part upon governmental support through certain incentives including federal tax incentives and state RPS programs and may not be economically viable if a large number of these incentives are not continued. Government-sponsored tax incentive programs including the PTC, and the Investment Tax Credit (ITC), are expected to continue to support have supported the U.S. growth of wind energy. TheIn August 2022, the PTC and ITC were recentlywas extended for an additional year throughuntil the endlater of 2021.2032 or when greenhouse gas emissions have been reduced by 75% compared to 2022. In addition, therea new advanced manufacturing production tax credit (AMPC) was created that can be claimed for the domestic production and sale of clean energy components, such as wind turbine blades. There are also increasing regulatory efforts globally to promote renewable power.energy. In December 2020, the EU agreed to reduce EU greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In May 2022, the EU announced the REPowerEU plan which seeks to rapidly reduce the EU's dependence on fossil fuels by 2027. Furthermore, the EU introduced the Green Deal Industrial Plan that is expected to further accelerate the expansion of renewable energy and green technologies including easing state aid rules to enable higher subsidies. A key component of the Green

Deal Industrial Plan is the Net-Zero Industry Act to simplify regulations, speed up permitting and promote cross-border projects to accelerate climate neutrality in Europe. In November 2023, EU’s Renewable Energy Directive III, which aims to raise the share of renewable power in the EU’s overall energy consumption to 42.5% by 2030, with an additional 2.5% indicative top up that would allow the overall share to reach 45%, entered into effect. We expect that the new government policy will accelerate long-term growth in the wind industry. Despite these favorable long-term policy trends, we don’t expect an increase in demand until 2025, while the wind industry awaits clarity on the implementation guidance related to key components of the IRA and clarity around more robust policies in Europe. In addition, permitting, transmission, transmission queues, the ability of the broader wind industry supply chain to ramp volume, elevated interest rates and inflation, and the cost and availability of capital are further factors limiting the timing of the wind market recovery.

Because of the long lead times necessary to develop wind energy projects, including obtaining necessary permits or access to transmission infrastructure, any uncertainty or delay in reinstituting the PTC and ITC or adopting, extending or renewing the PTC, ITC or other incentives promoting wind energy beyond their current or future expiration dates could negatively impact potential wind energy installations and result in industry volatility. There can be no assurance that the PTC, the ITC, tender offers, auctions or other governmental programs or subsidies for renewable energy will remain in effect in their present form or at all, or that the required transmission infrastructure expansion occurs, and the elimination, reduction, or modification of these programs or subsidies could materially harm wind energy programs in the United StatesU.S. and international markets and materially decrease demand for the wind blades we manufacture and, in turn, materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our long-term growth Although regulatory uncertainty, as well as permitting, siting and success is dependent upon retaining our senior managementtransmission challenges in the U.S. and attractingEurope has tempered demand for wind energy in the near term, we expect global demand for renewable energy, and retaining qualified personnel.

Our growth and success depends to a significant extent on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified research and development, management, manufacturing and other key personnel including engineerswind energy in our various locations. In addition, we rely heavily on our management team, including William E. Siwek, our President and Chief Executive Officer; Ramesh Gopalakrishnan, our Chief Operating Officer - Wind; Bryan Schumaker, our Chief Financial Officer; and other senior management. Although we have executed an employment agreement with each of these executives, these executives and other senior management can resign with little or no notice to us. The inability to recruit and retain key personnel or the unexpected loss of key personnel may materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Hiring those persons may be especially difficult because of the

22

specialized nature of our business and our international operations. If we cannot attract and retain qualified personnel, or if we lose the services of Messrs. Siwek, Gopalakrishnan, or Schumaker, other key members of senior management or other key personnel, and we do not have adequate succession plans in place, our ability to successfully execute our business plan, market and develop our products and serve our customers could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, because of our reliance on our management team, our future success depends, in part, on its ability to identify and develop talent to succeed its senior management. The retention of key personnel and appropriate senior management succession planningparticular, will continue to be criticalgrow in the long term due to a multitude of factors, including: increased cost competitiveness of wind energy compared to fossil fuel generated electricity; increased demand from corporations and utility providers for renewable energy; and recent international policy initiatives designed to promote the successful implementationgrowth of our future strategies.renewable energy.

Risks Related to our TransportationOur Automotive Business

Our efforts to expand our transportationautomotive business or consummate a strategic transaction to further expand and enter into other strategic marketsfund our automotive business may not be successful.

While our primary focus has been to manufacture composite wind blades, our strategy is to expand our transportation business and to enter into other strategic markets. In 2018, we expanded our relationship with Proterra and began supplying bus bodies from a new manufacturing facility in Newton, Iowa in addition to our manufacturing facility in Warren, Rhode Island.also serve the automotive market. We have experienced startup challenges and incurred significant losses to date in connection with the supply of bus bodies to Proterra from our Newton, Iowa manufacturing facility.  As result, we closed our Newton, Iowa bus body manufacturing facility in the first quarter of 2020, and consolidated our bus body manufacturing operation into our Warren, Rhode Island manufacturing facility and a manufacturing facility in Juárez, Mexico.automotive business. The expansion of our transportationautomotive business and our entry into other strategic markets will require improved execution in terms of our start up activity and ongoing manufacturing performance as well as significant levels of investment. As a result, we are in the process of exploring strategic alternatives to ensure our automotive business is sufficiently funded to execute on its growth strategies. We expect to complete this process no later than June 30, 2024. There can be no assurance that our transportation business or other strategic markets will develop as anticipated or that we will have success in any such markets, and if we do not, we may be unableable to recovergrow or adequately fund our investment,automotive business which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may incur material losses and costs as a result of product liability and warranty claims, litigation and other disputes and claims.

We are exposed to warranty and product liability claims if our transportationautomotive products fail to perform as expected. We may in the future be required to participate in a recall of these products or the vehicles incorporating our products. If public safety concerns are raised, we may have to participate in a recall even if our products are ultimately found not to be defective. Vehicle manufacturers have experienced increasing recall campaigns in recent years. Our customers may look to us for contribution when faced with recalls and product liability claims. If our customers demand higher warranty-related cost recoveries, or if our transportationautomotive products fail to perform as expected, our business, financial condition and results of operations could materially suffer.

Risks Related to Our Business as a Whole

Our business, operations and financial condition during the year ended December 31, 2020 were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and we cannot estimate the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and our business may be adversely affected in the future if the COVID-19 pandemic persists.

The COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected our business and operations during the year ended December 31, 2020. During the first quarter of 2020, our China manufacturing facilities were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in the form of reduced production levels and COVID-19 related costs associated with the health and safety of our associates and non-productive labor. During the second quarter of 2020, all of our manufacturing facilities with the exception of our China manufacturing facilities and our Rhode Island manufacturing facility were required to temporarily suspend production or operate at reduced production levels due primarily to certain applicable government-mandated stay at home orders in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, demands from certain of our labor unions to suspend or reduce production and general safety concerns of our associates. By the end of the second quarter of 2020, most of our manufacturing facilities had returned to operating at or near normal production levels. We may be required to reinstate temporary production suspensions or volume reductions at our other manufacturing facilities to the extent there is a resurgence of COVID-19 cases in the regions where we operate or there is an outbreak of positive COVID-19 cases in any of our manufacturing facilities.  In addition, although we currently have not experienced any significant disruptions in our global supply chain due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our global supply chain may in the future be adversely affected if the COVID-19 pandemic persists.

23

Our financial position, revenue, operating results, profitability and cash flows are difficult to predict and may vary from quarter to quarter, which could cause our share price to decline significantly.

Our quarterly revenue, operating results, profitability and cash flows have varied in the past and are likely to vary significantly from quarter to quarter in the future. For example, our quarterly results have ranged from operating income of $29.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 to an operating loss of $15.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The factors that are likely to cause these variations include:

As a result, our revenue, operating results, profitability and cash flows for a particular period are difficult to predict and may decline in comparison to corresponding prior periods regardless of the strength of our business. It is also possible that in some future periods our revenue, operating results and profitability may not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If this occurs, the trading price of our common stock could fall substantially, either suddenly or over time, and our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially harmed.

Our Credit Agreement with Oaktree contains, and any future loan agreements we may enter into may contain, operating and financial covenants that restrict our business and financing activities.

As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding $395.0 million of senior, secured indebtedness under the Credit Agreement and Guaranty, dated as of December 14, 2023, between the Company and Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC (the Credit Agreement) and total outstanding indebtedness of $606.1 million. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets. In addition, from time to time, we enter into various loan, working capital and accounts receivable financing facilities to finance the construction and ongoing operations of our advanced manufacturing facilities and other capital expenditures. The Credit Agreement contains various financial covenants and other restrictions regarding, among other things, maintaining minimum cash balances,

making capital expenditures and other restricted payments, incurring additional indebtedness, creating liens, and paying dividends. The operating and financial restrictions and covenants contained in the Credit Agreement, as well as our other existing and any future financing agreements that we may enter into, may restrict our ability to finance our operations, engage in business activities, expand or fully pursue our business strategies or respond to changing business and economic conditions. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the Credit Agreement or one or more of our other loan facilities, which could cause all of the outstanding indebtedness under such agreements to become immediately due and payable by us and/or enable the applicable lender to terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If we are forced to refinance these borrowings on less favorable terms or if cannot refinance these borrowings, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, if we were unable to repay the outstanding indebtedness upon a default, our lenders could proceed against the assets pledged as collateral to secure that indebtedness. Any acceleration of the amounts due under the Credit Agreement, or the exercise by the applicable lenders or agent of their rights under the related security documents, would likely have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our indebtedness may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

In addition, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to repay our outstanding indebtedness when it becomes due and to meet our other cash needs or to comply with the financial covenants set forth therein. If we are not able to pay our debts as they become due, we could be in default of the Credit Agreement or other indebtedness. We might also be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies to repay indebtedness, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness or obtaining additional debt financing or selling equity securities on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. We may not be able to refinance our debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or our assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if we must sell assets, it may negatively affect our ability to generate revenues.

The fluctuation of foreign currency exchange rates could materially harm our financial results.

Since we conduct a significant portion of our operations internationally, our business is subject to foreign currency risks, including currency exchange rate fluctuations. The exchange rates are affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions. For example, an increase in our TurkeyTürkiye sales and operations will result in a larger portion of our net sales and expenditures being denominated in the Euro and Turkish Lira. Significant fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Turkish Lira and the U.S. dollar, the Turkish Lira and the Euro or the Euro and the U.S. dollar may adversely affect our revenue, expenses, as well as the value of our assets and liabilities. To the extent our future revenues and expenses are generated outside of the United StatesU.S. in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, including the Euro, the Turkish Lira, the Chinese Renminbi, Mexican Peso or India Rupee, among others, we will be

subject to increased risks relating to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations which could materially harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

24

Our manufacturing operations and future growth are dependent upon the availability of capital, which may be insufficient to support our capital expenditures.

Our current wind blade manufacturing activities and future growth will require substantial capital investment. For the years ended December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, our capital expenditures, including those related to discontinued operations, were $65.8$36.1 million and $80.2$18.8 million, respectively, including assets acquired under finance leases in 20202023 and 20192022 of $0.2$0.8 million and $5.8$0.2 million, respectively. We have recently entered into lease agreements with third partiesplan to lease new manufacturing facilities in China, India and Mexico. Major projects expected to be undertaken include purchasing equipment for our new manufacturing facility in Chennai, India and themake continued investmentinvestments in our Turkey,U.S., Türkiye, Mexico, China and IowaIndia facilities. Our ability to grow our business is predicated upon us making significant additional capital investments to expand our existing manufacturing facilities and build and operate new manufacturing facilities in existing and new markets. We generally estimate that the startup of amarkets or access capital to acquire new multi-line manufacturing facility requires cash for net operating expenses and working capital of between $20 million to $25 million and additional capital expenditures primarily for machinery and equipment of between $40 million to $50 million. In addition, we estimate our annual maintenance capital expenditures to be between $1 million to $3 million per facility.businesses. We may not have the capital to undertake these capital investments. In addition, our capital expenditures may be significantly higher if our estimates of future capital investments are incorrect and may increase substantially if we are required to undertake actions to comply with new regulatory requirements or compete with new technologies. The cost of some projects may also be affected by foreign exchange rates if any raw materials or other goods must be paid for in foreign currency. We cannot assure you that we will be able to raise funds on favorable terms, if at all, or that future financings would not be dilutive to holders of our capital stock. We also cannot assure you that completed capital expenditures will yield the anticipated results. IfThe Credit Agreement contains covenants that limit the amount of capital expenditures that we can make, and if we raise additional funds by obtaining loans from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements may include negative covenants, or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operational flexibility and would require us to fund additional interest expense. If we are unable to obtain sufficient capital at a reasonable cost or at all, we may not be able to expand production sufficientlyour business to take advantage of changes in the marketplace or may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of our current operations, which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

As a U.S. corporation with international operations, we are subject toOur business and reputation could be adversely impacted by any violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt PracticesFCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, of 1977, which could impact our ability to compete in certain jurisdictions.and other foreign anti-corruption laws.

As a U.S. corporation, we are subject to the FCPA, which generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business. Other countries in which we operate also have anti-corruption laws, some of which prohibit improper payments to government and non-government persons and entities, and others extend their application to activities outside their country of origin. We have manufacturing facilities in China, Mexico, TurkeyTürkiye and India, countries with a fairly high risk of corruption. Those facilities are subject to routine government oversight. In addition, a number of our raw materials and components suppliers are state-owned, particularly in China. Moreover, due to our need to import raw materials across international borders, we also routinely have interactions, directly or indirectly, with customs officials. In many foreign countries, under local custom, businesses engage in practices that may be prohibited by the FCPA or other similar laws and regulations. Additionally, we continue to hire employeesassociates around the world as we continue to expand.support our international operations. Although we have implemented certain policies, procedures and controls designed to ensure compliance with the FCPA and similar laws, there can be no guarantee that all of our employeesassociates and agents, as well as those companies to which we outsource certain of our business operations, have not taken and will not take actions that violate our policies and the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws, which could subject us to fines, penalties, disgorgement, and loss of business, harm our reputation and impact our ability to compete in certain jurisdictions. In addition, these laws are complex and far-reaching in nature, and, as a result, we may be required in the future to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws or any changes in these laws or the interpretation thereof. Moreover, our competitors may not be subject to the FCPA or comparable legislation,similar laws, which could provide them with a competitive advantage in some jurisdictions.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively address fraud risks.

We maintain a system of internal controls to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a

continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory

25

environments and to expend significant resources to establish and maintain a system of internal controls that will be adequate to satisfy the reporting obligations of a public company. The effectiveness of our internal controls depends in part on the cooperation of senior managers worldwide.

Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure to maintain that system, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and harm our business, and lead to our becoming subject to litigation, sanctions or investigations by The NASDAQ Global Market (NASDAQ), the SEC or other regulatory governmental agencies and bodies. Furthermore, investors’ perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis may harm our stock price.

Our indebtedness may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

In addition, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to repay our outstanding indebtedness when it becomes due and to meet our other cash needs or to comply with the financial covenants set forth therein. If we are not able to pay our debts as they become due, we could be in default under our senior secured credit facility or other indebtedness. We might also be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies to repay indebtedness, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness or selling additional debt or equity securities. We may not be able to refinance our debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or our assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if we must sell assets, it may negatively affect our ability to generate revenues.

Much of our intellectual property consists of trade secrets and know-how that is very difficult to protect. If we experience loss of protection for our trade secrets or know-how, our business would be substantially harmed.

We have a variety of intellectual propertyIP rights, including patents, trademarks and copyrights, but much of our most important intellectual propertyIP rights consist of trade secrets and know-how and effective intellectual propertyIP protection may be unavailable, limited or outside the scope of the intellectual propertyIP rights we pursue in the United StatesU.S. and in foreign countries such as China where we operate. Although we strive to protect our intellectual propertyIP rights, there is always a risk that our trade secrets or know-how will be compromised or that a competitor could lawfully reverse-engineer our technology or independently develop similar or more efficient technology. We have confidentiality agreements with each of our customers, suppliers, key employeesassociates and

26

independent contractors in place to protect our intellectual propertyIP rights, but it is possible that a customer, supplier, employeeassociate or contractor might breach the agreement, intentionally or unintentionally. For example, we believe a key former employee may have shared some of our intellectual property with a competitor in China and this former employee or the competitor may use this intellectual property to compete with us in the future. It is also possible that our confidentiality agreements with customers, suppliers, employeesassociates and contractors will not be effective in preserving the confidential nature of our intellectual propertyIP rights. The patents we own could be challenged, invalidated, narrowed or circumvented by others and may not be of sufficient scope or strength to provide us with any meaningful protection or commercial advantage. Once our patents expire, or if they are invalidated, narrowed or circumvented, our competitors may be able to utilize the inventions protected by our patents. Additionally, the existence of our intellectual propertyIP rights does not guarantee that we will be successful in any attempt to enforce these rights against third parties in the event of infringement, misappropriation or other misuse, which may materially and adversely affect our business. Because our ability to effectively compete in our industry depends upon our ability to protect our proprietary technology, we might lose business to competitors and our business, revenue, operating results and prospects could be materially harmed if we suffer loss of trade secret and know-how protection or breach of our confidentiality agreements.

We may be subject to significant liabilities and costs relating to environmental and health and safety requirements.

We are subject to various environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permit requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate governing, among other things, health, safety, pollution and protection of the environment and natural resources, the handling and use of hazardous substances, the generation, storage, treatment and disposal of wastes, and the cleanup of any contaminated sites. In June 2018, Iowa’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a division of the Iowa Department of Labor, issued a citation and notification of penalty to us alleging that certain of our workplace practices and conditions at our Newton, Iowa wind blade manufacturing facility had violated the Iowa Occupational Safety and Health Act. Specifically, the citation cited us for multiple alleged violations and proposed that we pay an aggregate penalty of $0.2 million. In March 2019, we entered into a settlement agreement with the Iowa Department of Labor pursuant to which we agreed to make a settlement payment of $0.1 million and to implement certain safety enhancements at our Newton, Iowa manufacturing facility to fully resolve this matter.

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures to comply with such laws, regulations and permit requirements. While we believe that we currently are in material compliance with all such laws, regulations and permit requirements, any noncompliance may subject us to a range of enforcement measures, including the imposition of monetary fines and penalties, other civil or criminal sanctions, remedial obligations, and the issuance of compliance requirements restricting our operations.

There can be no assurance that we will not in the future become subject to compliance requirements, obligations to undertake cleanup or related activities, or claims or proceedings relating to environmental, health or safety matters, hazardous substances or wastes, contaminated sites, or other environmental or natural resource damages, that could impose significant liabilities and costs on us and materially harm our business, operating results or financial condition.

27

Claims that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise misuse the intellectual property rights of others could subject us to significant liability and disrupt our business.

Our competitors and third-party suppliers of components and raw materials used in our products protect their intellectual property rights by means such as trade secrets and patents. In the future we may be sued for violations of other parties’ intellectual property rights, and the risk of this type of lawsuit will likely increase as our size, geographic presence and market share expand and as the number of competitors in our market increases. Any such claims or litigation, whether meritorious or not, could disrupt our business and materially harm our operating results and financial condition. In addition, intellectual property disputes have in the past arisen between our customers which negatively affected such customers’ demand for wind blades manufactured by us. If such intellectual property disputes involving, or between, one or more of our customers should arise in the future, our business could be materially harmed.

Work disruptions resulting from our collective bargaining agreements could result in increased operating costs and materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Certain of our employeesassociates in TurkeyTürkiye and Matamoros, Mexico, which in the aggregate represented approximately 38%37% of our workforce as of December 31, 2020,2023, are covered by collective bargaining agreements.

We have separate collective bargaining agreements for each of our Matamoros, Mexico manufacturing facilities. Our collective bargaining agreement at one of our Matamoros, Mexico manufacturing facilities is in effect through March 2025. Our collective bargaining agreement for our Turkey facilities areother facility in Matamoros, Mexico that we took over from Nordex in July 2021, pursuant to a 3-year supply agreement, is in effect through April 2025.

In July 2022, we experienced a brief labor disruption in our Türkiye manufacturing facilities as we worked with the endunion to address the inflationary pressures on wages. Our Türkiye manufacturing facilities have experienced significant wage inflation over the course of 2020the past year. For example, the government of Türkiye increased minimum wages approximately 55%, 34% and we are in the process of negotiating an amendment for calendar year 2021. In March 2018, we entered into a49%, respectively, effective January 1, 2023; July 1, 2023; and January 1, 2024. Our collective bargaining agreement with a labor union for certain of our employeesTürkiye facilities is in our Matamoros, Mexico facility. In January 2019, thousands of workers employed in dozens of manufacturing facilities in Matamoros, Mexico, went on strike.  In general, these workers, who were represented by several different labor unions, demanded an increase in their wage rate and an annual bonus. In February 2019, our manufacturing production employees in Matamoros, Mexico, who are represented by a labor union, went on strike also demanding an increase in their hourly wage rate and the payment of an annual bonus. During this strike, our Matamoros manufacturing facility stopped production for several weeks until we reached a revised agreement with our labor union. We recently amended our Matamoros collective bargaining agreement to adjust the salaries and bonuses payable to our associates for calendar year 2021 that are covered by this agreement.effect through December 2024.

Additionally, our other employeesassociates working at other manufacturing facilities may vote to be represented by a labor union in the future. There can be no assurance that we will not experience labor disruptions such as work stoppages or other slowdowns by workers at any of our facilities. Should significant industrial action, threats of strikes or related disturbances occur, or other challenges with negotiating and extending our collective bargaining agreements with our unionized associates, we could experience further disruptions of operations and increased labor costs in Turkey,Türkiye, Mexico or other locations, which could materially harm our business, operating results or financial condition. Any such work stoppage or slow-down at any of our facilities could also result in additional expenses and possible loss of revenue for us.

Our information technology infrastructure could experience serious failures or disruptions,cyber security attacks, the failure of which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Information technology is part of our business strategy and operations. It enables us to streamline operation processes, facilitate the collection and reporting of business data, and provide for internal and external communications. There are risks that information technology system failures, network disruptions, breaches of data security and phishing and ransomware attacks could disrupt our operations. Any significant disruption or breach may materially harm our business, operating results orand financial condition.

We are faced with increasingly complex tax issues in many jurisdictions, and we could be obligated to pay additional taxes in various jurisdictions.

We may be subject to taxation in many jurisdictions in the United States and around the world with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result of changes in the applicable tax laws, including increased tax rates or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents, which could harm our liquidity and operating results. In addition, the taxing authorities in these jurisdictions could review our tax returns, or authorities in jurisdictions in which we do not file tax returns could assert that we are subject to tax in those jurisdictions, and in

28

either case could impose additional tax, interest and penalties. Further, the authorities could claim that various withholding requirements apply to us or our subsidiaries or assert that benefits of tax treaties are not available to us or our subsidiaries, or that our transfer pricing arrangements with our foreign subsidiaries are improper, any of which could have a material adverse impact on us and the results of our operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially and your investment may decline in value.

The market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, including:

These broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of that company’s securities. Securities class-action litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs or damages and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially harm our business and operating results.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares may be sold into the public market in future sales, which could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market can occur at any time. These sales, or the market perception that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had 36,563,79846,471,131 shares of common stock outstanding. In addition, Oaktree owns approximately 9.9% of our outstanding common stock. All of the shares held by Oaktree can now be sold, subject to any applicable volume limitations under federal securities laws. We may issue debt or equity securities under our automatic shelf registration statement, which we filed in September 2020, or in other registered or unregistered convertible debt or equity offerings.

In the future, we may also issue our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of shares of our common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material

29

portion of our then-outstanding shares of our common stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to you and may cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly.

The exercise of options and warrants and other issuances of shares of common stock or securities convertible into common stock under our equity compensation plans will dilute your interest.

Under our existing equity compensation plans, as of December 31, 2020,2023, we had outstanding options to purchase 1,499,5861,212,503 shares of our common stock, 668,4541,516,377 restricted stock units and 650,523308,741 performance stock units to our employeesassociates and non-employee directors. From time to time, we expect to grant additional options and other stock awards. The exercise of options and warrants at prices below the market price of our common stock could adversely affect the price of shares of our common stock. Additionally, any issuance of our common stock that is not made solely to then-existing stockholders proportionate to their interests, such as in the case of a stock dividend or stock split, will result in dilution to each stockholder by reducing their percentage ownership of the total outstanding shares. If we issue options or warrants to purchase our common stock in the future and those options or warrants are exercised or we issue stock, stockholders may experience further dilution.

We have indebtedness in the form of convertible senior notes, which could adversely affect our financial health and our ability to respond to changes in our business.

In March 2023, we issued and sold an aggregate of $132.5 million principal amount of convertible senior unsecured notes due in 2028 (the Notes) in a private placement offering. Our ability to repay our indebtedness, including the Notes, is significantly dependent on our generation of cash flow. Our indebtedness could have significant negative consequences for our security holders and our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

Our business may not generate sufficient funds, and we may otherwise be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves, to pay amounts due under our indebtedness, including the notes, and our cash needs may increase in the future.

Conversions or exchanges of our convertible senior notes may dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders or may otherwise affect the market price of our Common Stock.

The conversion of some or all the Notes will dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders to the extent we deliver shares of common stock upon conversion of any of the Notes. The notes may from time to time be convertible at the option of their holders prior to their scheduled terms under certain circumstances. On conversion of the Notes, we have the option to pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. If we elect to settle our conversion obligation in shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable on such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the Notes into shares of our common stock, any of which could depress the market price of our common stock.

The Capped Call Transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock.

In connection with the Notes’ issuance, we entered into capped call transactions with certain financial institutions (option counterparties). The capped call transactions are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution of our common stock upon any conversion of the Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. From time to time, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding derivative transactions with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions before the maturity of the Notes. This activity could cause a decrease in the market price of our common stock.

We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions.

The counterparties to the capped call transactions entered into in connection with the offering of the Notes are financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that one or more of the counterparties may default or otherwise fail to perform, or may exercise certain rights to terminate, their obligations under the capped call transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. Global economic conditions have in the past resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If a counterparty to one or more capped call transactions becomes subject to bankruptcy or other insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at the time under such transactions. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, our exposure will increase if the market price or the volatility of our common stock increases. In addition, upon a default or other failure to perform, or a termination of obligations, by a counterparty, the counterparty may fail to deliver the shares of our common stock or cash required to be delivered to us under the capped call transactions and we may suffer adverse

tax consequences or experience more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the counterparties.

Provisions of Delaware law or our charter documents could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company,Company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and could make it more difficult for you to change management.

Provisions of Delaware law and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions may also prevent or delay attempts by stockholders to replace or remove our current management or members of our board of directors. These provisions include: a classified board of directors; limitations on the removal of directors; advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations; the inability of stockholders to act by written consent or to call special meetings; the ability of our board of directors to make, alter or repeal our amended and restated by-laws; and the authority of our board of directors to issue preferred stock with such terms as our board of directors may determine.

The affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote, and not less than 75% of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class, is necessary to amend or repeal the above provisions that are contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. In addition, absent approval of our board of directors, our amended and restated by-laws may only be amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote.

In addition, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits business combination transactions with stockholders of 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock that our board of directors has not approved. These provisions and other similar provisions make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to acquire us without negotiation. These provisions may apply even if some stockholders may consider the transaction beneficial to them.

As a result, these provisions could limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions might also discourage a potential acquisition proposal or tender offer, even if the acquisition proposal or tender offer is at a premium over the then current market price for our common stock.

30

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We have instituted policies and processes dedicated to assessing, identifying, and managing risks from cybersecurity threats. Cybersecurity risks are managed as part of our enterprise risk management program. We are committed to safeguarding our critical information assets and data and have implemented a defense-in-depth strategy that is informed by industry standard cybersecurity frameworks. We benchmark against these frameworks and our internal risk assessment process to inform how we identify, protect, detect, respond to, and recover from risks, threats, vulnerabilities, and cybersecurity incidents across our information assets.

We incorporate reputable third-party vendors and solutions into our cyber risk management strategies to fortify our cyber defense mechanisms. We collaborate with internal stakeholders across the Company to integrate cybersecurity principles into our operations, including deployment of multiple layers of cybersecurity defenses, restricted access based on business need, and integrity of our business information. We also train our employees during onboarding and annually thereafter on matters including cybersecurity awareness, confidential information protection, and phishing attacks.

We actively enhance our cybersecurity program through testing by third-party assessors and measure the results against industry standards. We also have standing engagements with incident response experts and external counsel to provide timely support to our incident response capabilities, and we regularly engage with external experts to analyze the threat landscape.

Our cybersecurity risk management is integrated into our business continuity program and enterprise risk management framework, which promotes proactive planning and preparedness to address potential threats. Members of our global information security team collaborate with subject matter experts within our organization to assess and refine our cybersecurity posture and incident response and preparedness, including evaluating and updating contingency plans, participating in tabletop exercises, threat hunting, red team engagements, and simulating real-world scenarios related to cyber incidents.

Although risks from cybersecurity threats have to date not materially affected us, and we do not believe they are reasonably likely to materially affect our Company, business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, we could, from time to time, experience threats and security incidents relating to our and our third party vendors’ information systems. For more information, please see the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Governance

Our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, and administers its cybersecurity risk oversight function through the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee receives quarterly updates on our enterprise risk management program, including information on cybersecurity risks and initiatives undertaken to identify, assess and mitigate such risks.

Our chief information security officer is the senior director responsible for the cybersecurity organization, which has primary oversight of material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our chief information security officer reports to our chief information officer. Our chief information officer is responsible for the overall Information Technology (IT) organization.

Our chief information officer and chief information security officer assess our cybersecurity readiness through internal assessment tools, as well as third-party assessments, audits, penetration tests, and evaluation against industry standards. We have governance and compliance structures that are designed to elevate issues relating to cybersecurity to our chief information officer and chief information security officer, as appropriate.

Our chief information officer meets with the Audit Committee each quarter to review our information technology systems and discuss key cybersecurity risks. In addition, at least annually, the chief financial officer reviews with the board of directors our global enterprise risk management program, which includes cybersecurity risks.

Item 2. Properties

Our headquarters is located in Scottsdale, Arizona, and we own or lease various other facilities in the United States, China,U.S., Mexico, Turkey,Türkiye, India, Denmark, Germany and Germany.Spain. We believe that our properties are generally in good condition, are well maintained and are generally suitable and adequate to carry out our business at expected capacity for the foreseeable future. The table below lists various information regarding our facilities as of February 24, 2021:22, 2024:

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of our legal proceedings, refer to Note 1417 – Commitments and Contingencies –  (b) Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

On July 22, 2016, our common stock began trading on NASDAQ under the symbol “TPIC.” Prior to that time, there was no public market for our stock.

Performance Graph

The following graph and table illustrate the total stockholder return from July 22, 2016 through December 31, 2020,2023, on our common stock, the Russell 2000 Index, the S&P Small Cap 600 Energy (Sector) Index and the NASDAQ Clean Edge Green Energy Index, assuming an investment of $100.00 on July 22, 2016 including the reinvestment of dividends.

Holders

Holders

As of January 29, 2021,31, 2024, there was one stockholderwere five stockholders of record of our common stock, although there is a much larger number of beneficial owners.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on shares of our capital stock. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, to finance the development and growth of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on the common stock in the future. Any payment of any future dividends to holders of our common stock, will be at the discretion of the board of directors and subject to compliance with certain covenants in our loan agreements, after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, restrictions contained in any future financing instruments, growth plans and other factors the board of directors deems relevant. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Certain of our subsidiaries are limited in their ability to declare dividends without first meeting statutory restrictions of China, including retained earnings as determined under Chinese-statutory accounting requirements. Until 50% ($26.6 million) of registered capital is contributed to a surplus reserve, our China operations can only pay dividends equal to 90% of after-tax profits (10% must be contributed to the surplus reserve). Once the surplus reserve fund requirement is met, our China operations can pay dividends equal to 100% of after-tax profit assuming other conditions are met. As of December 31, 2020, the amount of the surplus reserve fund was $7.0 million. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required in response to Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is set forth in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K which is incorporated herein by reference.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.  There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 and from the period from December 31, 2023 to the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K which have not previously been disclosed in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

NoneNone.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

The following table summarizes the total number of shares of our common stock that we repurchased duringDuring the three months ended December 31, 2020 from certain employees who surrendered2023 we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock to pay the taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units.stock.