Medallion Funding LLC, or RPAC. In addition, we make both marketableMedallion Funding, an SBIC, historically our primary taxi medallion lending company; and nonmarketable equity investments, primarily as a function of our mezzanine lending business.

In recent years, we have focused on growing our consumer lending segments

Freshstart Venture Capital Corp., or Freshstart, which historically originated and maintaining the profitability of ourserviced taxi medallion and commercial lending segment. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we have taken various steps to pursue this strategyloans and improve our corporate governance, including:

Effective April 2, 2018, following authorization by our shareholders, we withdrew our previous election to be regulated as a business development company, or BDC, under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act. Prior to such time, we were a closed-end, non-diversified management investment company that had elected to be treated as a BDC under the 1940 Act.

As a result of this change in status, commencing with the three months ended June 30, 2018:

In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC Topic 946 – Financial Services – Investment Company, we made this change to our financial reporting prospectively, and have not restated or revised periods prior to our change in status to a non-investment company effective April 2, 2018. Accordingly, in this report we refer to both accounting in accordance with US generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, applicable to bank holding companies, or Bank Holding Company Accounting, which applies commencing April 2, 2018, and to that applicable to investment companies under the 1940 Act, or Investment Company Accounting, which applies to prior periods.

Our Market

We provide loans to individuals and small to mid-size businesses, through our subsidiaries, inunder four operating segments:

The following charttable shows the detailsour loans receivable as of December 31, 2023.

(Dollars in thousands)		Loans				Allowance for Credit Losses				Net Loans Receivable
Recreation		$	1,336,226			$	57,532			$	1,278,694
Home improvement			760,617				21,019				739,598
Commercial			114,827				4,148				110,679
Taxi medallion			3,663				1,536				2,127
Strategic partnership (1)			553				—				553
Total		$	2,215,886			$	84,235			$	2,131,651

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Recreation Lending

Recreation lending is a growth-oriented business focused on originating prime and non-prime recreation loans, comprising 60% of our loans receivable as of December 31, 2020.

Consumer Loans

Consumer loans are originated by the Bank, and consist of loans for the purchase of recreational vehicles, boats, and trailers, or recreation lending; and to finance home improvements such as replacement windows and roofs, or home improvement lending. Combined consumer loans outstanding were $1,094,214,000 at December 31, 2020 and comprised 93% of our net loans receivable, compared to $939,973,000, comprising 84% of our net loans receivable, as of December 31, 2019. We believe that the consumer loan portfolio is of acceptable credit quality given the high interest rates earned on the loans, which compensate for the higher degree of credit risk in the loan portfolio.

Recreation Lending. Recreation lending is a high-growth business focused on originating prime and non-prime recreation loans.2023. The segment is a significant source of income, accounting for 76%67% of our interest income for the twelve monthsyear ended December 31, 2020.2023. All of our recreation loans are serviced by a third-party loan servicer andthat we have used the same loan servicer since the business’s inception.

Through the Bank, weWe maintain non-exclusive relationships with approximately 3,3003,200 dealers and financial service providers, or FSPs, not all of which are active at any one time. FSPs are entities that provide finance and insurance, or F&I, services to small dealers that do not have the desire or ability to provide F&I services themselves. The ability of FSPs to aggregate the financing and relationship management for many small dealers makes them valuable to the Bank.us. We receive approximately half of our loan volume from dealers and the other half from FSPs. Approximately 47%Our top ten dealer and FSP relationships were responsible for 43% of recreation lending’s new loan originations for the twelve monthsyear ended December 31, 2020 were from our top ten dealer and FSP relationships.2023. The percentage of new loan originations by the top ten dealer and FSP relationships is a measure of concentration, within the segment's loan originations, which management uses to determine whether to undertake diversification efforts, and which provides investors with information about origination concentration.

The recreation lendingloan portfolio consists of thousands of geographically distributed loans with an average loan size of approximately $14,700$20,000 as of December 31, 2020.2023.The loans are fixed rate loans with an average term at origination of approximately 1112.9 years. The weighted average remaining termmaturity of our loans outstanding at December 31, 2020 is 8.9 years, and the average payoff time is 3.310.0 years. The size, geographic dispersion, source and collateral variety of the loans reduces risk to the Company. As of December 31, 2020,2023, recreation loans were primarily secured by recreational vehicle,vehicles, or RV, loans,RVs, which make up 60%54% of the portfolio, and boat loans, which make up 19% of the portfolio. Recreation loans are made in all fifty states,to borrowers residing nationwide, with the highest concentrations in Texas California, and Florida, at 17%,15% and 10%, and 9% of loans outstanding atas of December 31, 2020 and2023 with no other states over 9%at or above 10%. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the weighted average FICO scores, measured at origination, of our recreation loans outstanding were 683, 671, and 668. The weighted average FICO scores at the time of origination for the loans funded in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were 686, 676, and 684.

Home Improvement Lending

. Through the Bank, we workWorking directly with contractors and FSPs, towe offer flexible customer financing for window, siding, and roof replacement;replacement, swimming pool and solar system installation;installations, and other home improvement projects. Our core product is a standard installment loan, which features affordable monthly payments and competitive interest rates for prime credit customers at no cost to the contractor. We also offer a variety of promotional loan options to help contractors close a challenging sale. Promotional loan options include same-as-cash, no interest, and deferred payment features, which allow borrowers to reduce the total cost of financing or start repayments when it is most convenient. Home improvement loans comprised 34% of our loans receivable as of December 31, 2023.

Home improvement lending operates in a manner similar to recreation lending, with a few key differences. Through the Bank, weWe currently maintain a smaller number of non-exclusive relationships, currently with approximately 800 contractors and FSPs. Management monitors the number of contractors and FSPs and their relative contributions as a means of assessing market share and segment growth. Most of our home improvement-financed sales take place in the borrower’s home instead of a store, with the contractor presenting the borrower with a bid that includes a financing option.

A large proportion of our home improvement-financed sales are facilitated by contractor salespeople with limited financing backgrounds rather than by contractor employees who provide F&I services. The result is contractor demand for financing services that facilitate an in-home transaction (e.g., information technologydigital tools, including mobile applications for phone or tablet, support for E-SIGN compliant electronic signatures, and extended operating hours), and additional supportresources for the salesperson throughout the financing process. Approximately 50%Our top ten contractors and FSP relationships were responsible for 57% of home improvement lending’s new loan originations for the twelve monthsyear ended December 31, 2020 were from our top ten contractors and FSP relationships.2023. The percentage of new loan originations by the top ten contractor and FSP relationships is a measure of concentration, within the segment's loan originations, which management uses to determine whether to undertake diversification efforts, and which provides investors with information about origination concentration.

We offer home improvement loans with only fixed rates, with an average term at origination of approximately 1413.6 years. The weighted average remaining termmaturity of our loans outstanding is 11.512.3 years as of December 31, 2020, and the average payoff term is 2.9 years.2023. The average size of the loans in our home improvement portfolio isat December 31, 2023 was approximately $16,000, and$20,000. The geographic dispersion and source and collateral variety of the home improvement loans reducesloan portfolio supplements credit quality in reducing risk to the Company. As of December 31, 2020,2023, home improvement loans were concentrated in roofs, swimming pools, roofs,and windows and solar panels at 27%41%, 24%, 13%20%, and 8%13%. Home improvement loans are made to borrowers residing in all fifty states,nationwide, with the highest concentrations in Florida, Texas and OhioFlorida both at 11%, 11%, and 9%10% of loans outstanding atas of December 31, 20202023, and with no other states over 9%at or above 10%. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the weighted average FICO scores, measured at origination, of our home improvement loans outstanding were 764, 753, and 754. The weighted average FICO scores at the time of origination for the loans funded in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were 771, 758, and 759.

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Commercial LoansLending

Mainly through our subsidiary Medallion Capital, weWe originate both senior and subordinated loans nationwide to businesses to finance either the purchase of the equipment and related assets necessary to open a new business or the purchase or improvement of an existing business. From the inception of the commercial loan business, in 1987 through December 31, 2020, we have originated more than $996,725,000 of$1.0 billion in commercial loans. Commercial loans of $65,327,000$114.8 million comprised 6%5% of our net loans receivable as of December 31, 2020, compared to $69,767,000, or 6% of our net loans receivable, as of December 31, 2019.2023.

We have worked to increase our commercial loan activity, in recent years, primarily because of the attractive higher yielding nature of most of this business. We focus our marketing efforts on the manufacturing, professional, scientific, and technical services, morewith California, and Minnesota each representing 27% and 12% of the segment portfolio, and no other states having a concentration greater than 53% of which are located in the Midwest region, with the rest scattered across the country.10%. These commercial loans are primarily secured by a second position on all assets of the businesses and generally range in amount from $2,000,000$2.5 million to $5,000,000$6.0 million at origination. As a component of most of the transactions, a portion of the investment is an equity or partnership stake, and occasionally, we also receive warrants to purchase an equity interest in the borrowers or some other form of success fee or profit participation. We planseek to continue expandingexpand our commercial loan activities by developing a more diverse borrower base with a wider geographic area of coverage, and by expanding the targeted industries.

Commercial loans are generally secured by equipment, accounts receivable, real estate, or other assets, and have interest rates averaging 981437 basis points over the prevailing prime rate at the end of 2020, up from 8552023, compared to 473 basis points over the prime rate at the end of 2019.2022.

Taxi Medallion LoansLending

MedallionTaxi medallion loans of $12,725,000$3.7 million comprised less than 1% of our net loans receivable as of December 31, 2020, down from $105,022,000, or 10% of our net loans receivable, as of December 31, 2019. Including loans to unaffiliated investors and unconsolidated subsidiaries, the total amount of2023. Taxi medallion loans under our management was $119,856,000 as of December 31, 2020, compared to $218,603,000 as of December 31, 2019. Since 1979, we have originated approximately $3.6 billioncollateralized by taxi medallions in medallion loans inthe New York City Chicago, Boston, Newark, Cambridge, and other cities within the United States. In addition, our management has a long history of owning, managing, and financing taxi fleets, taxi medallions, and corporate car services, dating back to 1956.

Medallion loans collateralized by New York City taxi medallionsmetropolitan area and related assets comprised 89% and 88%100% of the taxi medallion loan portfolio as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.2023.

While medallion loans become delinquent or default, ourOur taxi medallion loans are secured by the taxi medallion and enhanced with personal guarantees of the owners, shareholders or equity members. When a borrower defaults on a loan, we have the ability to restructure the underlying loan or repossess the taxi medallion collateralizing that loan and sell it in the market or through a foreclosure auction and pursue the personal guarantees, all of which we have done. We have recorded an allowance for loancredit losses against the loans to mitigate potential future losses, and have placedsince 2020, the entire portfolio has remained on nonaccrual. Consistent with our established policy, once loans become 120 days past due, they are charged off down to collateral value and transferred to loan collateral in process of foreclosure. Taxi medallion loan collateral in process of foreclosure which was $53,128,000$10.0 million as of December 31, 2020 compared to $51,235,000 as of December 31, 2019.2023, with 100% located in the New York City metropolitan area.

New York City Market. A New York City taxi medallion is the only permitted license to operate a taxi and accept street hails in New York City, except as discussed below.City. As reported by the Taxi and Limousine Commission, or TLC, taxi medallions sold for a wide variety of prices during 2020. Our analysis of transaction activity supported2023 supporting our estimated value of $79,500, net of liquidation costs, as of December 31, 2020. We also assessed the cash flow analysis of owners and operators. The number of taxi medallions is limited by law to 13,630 medallions outstanding, of which 5,142 were active as of December 31, 2020. A New York State law permits cars for hire to pick up street hails in the boroughs outside Manhattan. Pursuant to such law, the TLC began issuing street hail livery licenses in June 2013.2023.

A prospective taxi medallion owner must qualify under the taxi medallion ownership standards set and enforced by the TLC. These standards prohibit individuals with criminal records from owning taxi medallions, require that the funds used to purchase taxi medallions be derived from legitimate sources, and mandate that taxi vehicles and meters meet TLC specifications. In addition, before the TLC will approve a taxi medallion transfer, the TLC requires a letter from the seller’s insurer stating that there are no outstanding claims for personal injuries in excess of insurance coverage. After the transfer is approved, the owner’s taxi is subject to quarterly TLC inspections.

Most New York City taxi medallion transfers are handled through approximately 19 taxi medallion brokers licensed by the TLC. In addition to brokering taxi medallions, these brokers also arrange for TLC documentation insurance, vehicles, meters, and financing. We have excellent relations with many of the most active brokers, and previously had received referrals from them regularly.

Newark Market. We estimate that Newark taxi medallions sold for approximately $108,700, net of liquidation costs, as of December 31, 2020. The number of Newark taxi medallions has been limited to 600 since 1950 by local law.

Chicago Market. We estimate that Chicago taxi medallions sold for approximately $18,500, net of liquidation costs, as of December 31, 2020. Pursuant to a municipal ordinance,Strategic Partnerships

In 2019, the number of outstanding taxi medallions is capped at 6,995 as of December 31, 2020.

Other Markets. We estimated that Boston and Cambridge taxi medallions sold for approximately $18,500 and $3,250, net of liquidation costs, as of December 31, 2020. These other markets make upBank launched a de minimis percentage of our total medallion loans receivable.

Strategic Partnership

The Bank’s strategic partnership program began in 2019, in which it partnered withto provide lending and other services to financial technology, or fintech, companies to offer loans and other financial services to customers. DuringThe Bank entered into an initial partnership in 2020 and began issuing its first loans. The associated activities are currently limited to originating loans or other receivables facilitated by our strategic partners and selling those loans or receivables to our strategic partners or other third parties without recourse within a specified time after origination, such as three business days. Revenues are currently derived primarily from contracted program fees paid to us by our strategic partners and interest income earned while the first loans were issuedor receivables remain on our books, offset by any transaction fees paid by us to our strategic partners for their role in processing loan applications. We originated $118.3 million and there were $24,000$49.5 million of strategic partnership loans for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We held $0.6 million of strategic partnership loans as of both December 31, 2020.2023 and 2022.

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Our Strategy

Our core philosophy has been “In niches there are riches.” We try to identify markets that are profitable and where we can be an industry leader.obtain defensible market positions. The key elements of our strategy to grow our consumer lending (recreation and home improvement) and commercial lending businesses and increase their profitability include:

Capitalize on our relationships with brokers and dealers. We are committed to establishing, building, and maintaining our relationships with our brokers and dealers. Our marketing efforts are focused on building relationships with dealers in the consumer markets as we work directly with dealerships, contractors and FSPs to offer quality financing for their customers, including those with past credit challenges. We believe that our relationships with dealers and brokers provide us with, in addition to potential investmentloan origination opportunities, significant benefits, including an additional layer of due diligence and additional monitoring capabilities. We have assembled a management team that has developed an extensive network of dealer and broker relationships in our target markets over the last 50 years. We believe that our management team’s relationships with these dealers and brokers have provided and will continue to provide us with significant investmentloan origination opportunities. In 2020,2023, all of our consumer loans were generated by brokers, dealers, contractors, and dealers.FSPs.

Focus on niche industries and our expertise in these niche fields. We specialize in providing consumer loans for the purchase of RVs, boats, and trailers,other consumer recreational equipment, and to finance home improvements through contractors and suppliers in the home improvement sector. We believe our focus on these niche areas provides us with an opportunity to realize favorable returns, with less competition.returns.

Employ disciplined underwriting policies and maintain rigorous portfolio monitoring. We have an extensive loan underwriting and monitoring process. We conduct a thorough analysis of each potential loan and its prospects, competitive position, financial performance, and industry dynamics. We stress the importance of credit and risk analysis in our underwriting process. We believe that our continued adherence to this disciplined process will permit us to continue to generate a stable, diversified and increasing revenue stream of current income from our earning assets to enable us to make distributions to our stockholders.

Leverage the skills of our experienced management team. Our management team is led by our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Alvin Murstein, and our President, Mr. Andrew M. Murstein. Alvin Murstein has over 60 years of experience in the ownership, management, and financing of taxi medallions and other commercial businesses, and Andrew M. Murstein is the third generation in his family to participate in the business and has over 30 years of experience in the ownership, management, and financing of taxi medallions and other commercial businesses. The other members of our management team including the Bank have broad investment backgrounds, with prior experience in banking and non-bank consumer and commercial lending, at specialty finance companies, middle market commercial banks, and other financial services companies. We believe that the experience and contacts of our management team will continue to allow us to effectively implement the key aspects of our business strategy.

Seek strategic acquisitions. In addition to increasing market share in existing lending markets and identifying new niches, we seek to acquire other financing businesses and related portfolios, and specialty finance companies that make secured loans to small businesses and consumers which have experienced historically low loancredit losses similar to our own. Since our initial public offering in May 1996, we have acquired eight specialty finance companies, five loan portfolios, and three taxi rooftop advertising companies.

Implement aExpand our strategic partnership program. We launched an initial fintech partnership during 2020. These activities include originating loans or other receivables marketed by our partners and selling those loans or receivables to our partners without recourseor others, within two to foura specified time after origination, such as three business days as contractually agreed.days. Revenues are to be derived primarily from contracted program fees paid to us by our partners, and interest income earned while the loans or receivables are on our books, offset by transaction fees paid to our partners for processing loan applications. Our partners are non-banks offering loans and other financial services to their customers. In the 2021 first quarter, we entered into a second strategic partnershipWe continue to provide loan origination services to our partner.evaluate and launch additional partnerships.

Carry out cost-cutting measures where appropriate. We are seeking to reduce our expenses in certain areas to better align our structure with its profitability. For example, in 2020 we reduced our employee headcount by 21% at the parent company Medallion Financial Corp. and closed satellite offices in Long Island City, New York, Chicago, Illinois, and Boston, Massachusetts.

Exit non-core investments at a profit.Loan Characteristics We aim to exit our non-core investments when possible. In the 2020 fourth quarter, we sold the assets of LAX Group, LLC. We plan to sell, when practicable to maximize our proceeds, other non-core investments like our remaining art investments of less than $1,000,000 in Medallion Fine Art, Inc.

Loan/Investment Activity

The following table sets forth the components of loan/investment activity in the consolidated/managed investment portfolio for the years indicated.

Loan Characteristics

Consumer Loans. Consumer loans generally require equal monthly payments covering accrued interest and amortization of principal over a negotiated term, generally around eleven to fourteen years. Interest rates offered are fixed. Borrowers may prepay consumer loans without any prepayment penalty. In general, the Bank has established relationships with dealers, FSPs, and contractors, in the industry, whowhich are the sources for consumer loan volumes. The loans are made up of recreation loans and home improvement loans which were 70%64% and 30%36% of total consumer loans at December 31, 2020.2023.

Our recreation loans are secured primarily by RVs, boats and trailersother consumer recreational equipment with a small proportion of loans secured by other collateral such as autos, motorcycles and boat motors. These loans, which together make up our largest and most profitable loan portfolio, have a weighted average yield of 15.62%13.07% at December 31, 2020.2023. Our home improvement loans are secured by the personal property installed on real property, and the security interest for a majoritysome of these loans is perfected with a UCC fixture filing. As of December 31, 2020,2023, these loans had a weighted average yield of 9.14%8.86%.

Commercial Loans. We have typically originated commercial loans in principal amounts generally ranging from $2,000,000$2.5 million to $5,000,000,$6.0 million, and occasionally have originated loans under or in excess of those amounts. These loans are generally retained and typically have maturities ranging from three to ten years and require monthly payments ranging from full amortization over the loan term to fully deferred interest and principal at maturity, with multiple payment options in between. Substantially allAll loans may be prepaid, and in the first five years, a prepayment fee may be owed to us. The term of, and interest rate charged on, certain of our outstanding loans are subject to the regulations of the Small Business Administration, or the SBA. Under SBA regulations, the

maximum rate of interest permitted on loans originated by us is 19%; however, terms and interest rates are subject to market competition for all loans. Unlike medallion loans, for which competition and market conditions preclude us from charging the maximum rate of interest permitted under SBA regulations, we are able to charge the maximum rate on certain commercial loans.

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Taxi Medallion Loans. Our taxi medallion loan portfolio consists of mostly fixed-rate loans, collateralized by first security interests in taxi medallions and related assets (vehicles, meters, and the like).assets. We estimate that the weighted average loan-to-value ratio of all of the taxi medallion loans was 327%183% as of December 31, 2020,2023, compared to 190%339% as of December 31, 2019.2022. These ratios do not factor in the reserve on these loans of $25,043,000$1.5 million and $25,410,000$9.5 million as of December 31, 20202023 and 20192022 and also do not include loan collateral in process of foreclosure, held at the lower of amortized cost or collateral value. In addition, we have recourse against the vast majority of the owners of the taxi medallions and related assets through personal guarantees.

Other than in connection with dispositions of existing taxi medallion assets, Medallion loans generally require equal monthly payments covering accrued interest and amortization of principal over a five to twenty-five year schedule, subject to a balloon payment of all outstanding principal at maturity. Historically, we haveFinancial Corp. has not originated loans with one to five year maturities where interest rates are adjusted and a new maturity period set.taxi medallion loan since 2015, and the Bank has not originated a new taxi medallion loan since 2014.

Generally, we retained the medallion loans we originated. However, from time to time, we participated or sold shares of some loans or portfolios to interested third-party financial institutions. In these cases, we retained the borrower relationships and serviced the sold loans.

Marketing, Origination, and Loan Approval Process

We employ 98 personnel (including 10 furloughed employees at our parent company, Medallion Financial Corp.) as of December 31, 2020, to originate, manage, service, and collect on the consumer, commercial, and medallion loans. Each loan application is individually reviewed through analysis of a number ofseveral factors, including loan-to-value ratios, the borrower’s credit history, public records, personal interviews, trade references, personal inspection of the premises, and approval from the TLC, SBA, or other regulatory body, if applicable. Each medallioncommercial and commercialtaxi medallion loan applicant is required to provide personal or corporate tax returns, premises leases, and/or property deeds.

The Company’s senior management establishes loan origination criteria. Loans that conform to such criteria may be processed by a loan officer with the proper credit authority, and non-conforming loans (other than those by the Bank) must be approved by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President, and/or the Chief Credit Officer and the Investment Oversight Committee of the Company’s board of directors. Loan criteria for loans originated with the Bank is established by the Bank’s board of directors and senior management. The Bank’s policies identify specific approval authorities for its recreation and home improvement medallion, and real estate loans. Policy exceptions are reported to the Bank’s board of directors. Both medallion and commercial loans are sourced from brokers with extensive networks of applicants, and commercial loans are also referred by contacts with banks, attorneys, and accounting firms. Consumer loans are primarily sourced through relationships which have been established with RV and boat dealers, and home improvement contractors throughout our market area. Commercial loans are generally sourced through a network of private equity sponsors who we have long-standing relationships with, and are also referred by contacts with banks.

Sources of Funds

We have historically fundedManagement determines our lending operations primarily through credit facilities with banks and, to a lesser degree, through equity or debt offerings or private placements, and fixed-rate, senior secured notes and long-term subordinated debentures issued to the SBA. Since the inception of the Bank, substantially all of the Bank’s funding has been provided by FDIC insured brokered certificates of deposit. The determination of funding sources, is established by our management, based upon an analysis of the respective financial and other costs and burdens associated with funding sources. We also fund our lending operations through debt offerings and private placements, fixed-rate, senior secured notes, long-term subordinated debentures issued to the SBA, as well as preferred equity securities at our subsidiaries. In the past, we have utilized credit facilities with banks, as well as equity and debt offerings, to fund our lending operations. Our funding strategy and interest rate risk management strategy is to have the proper structuring of debt to minimize both rate and maturity risk, while maximizing returns with the lowest cost of funding over an intermediate period of time. Since the inception of the Bank, substantially all of the Bank’s borrowings have been provided by FDIC insured brokered certificates of deposit.

The table below summarizes our sources of available funds and amounts outstanding under credit facilities, exclusive of deferred financing costs of $5,805,000,$8.5 million, and their respective end of period weighted average interest rates at December 31, 2020.2023. See Note 65 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

(Dollars in thousands)		Total
Cash, cash equivalents, and federal funds sold		$	149,845
Brokered certificates of deposit & other funds borrowed			1,870,939
Average interest rate			3.07	%
Retail notes and privately placed borrowings			139,500
Average interest rate			8.08	%
Maturity		3/24 - 12/33
SBA debentures and borrowings
Amounts undisbursed			10,250
Amounts outstanding			75,250
Average interest rate			3.69	%
Maturity		3/24 - 3/34
Trust preferred securities			33,000
Average interest rate			7.75	%
Maturity		9/37
Total cash (1)		$	149,845
Total debt outstanding		$	2,118,689

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We fund our fixed-rate loans with variable-rate credit lines and bank debt, and withfixed rate brokered or listing service certificates of deposit, fixed rate private notes, fixed-rate SBA debentures and borrowings, and to a lesser extent variable rate borrowings. The mismatch between maturities and interest-rate sensitivities of these balance sheet items results in interest rate risk. We seek to manage our exposure to increases in market rates of interest to an acceptable level by:by incurring fixed-rate debt.

Nevertheless, we accept varying degrees of interest rate risk depending on market conditions. For additional discussion of our funding sources and asset liability management strategy, see Asset/Liability Management on page 57.53.

Competition

Banks, credit unions, and finance companies, some of which are SBICs, compete with us in originating consumer commercial and medallioncommercial loans. Many of these competitors have greater resources than we have, and certain competitors are subject to less restrictive regulations than we are. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be able to identify and complete the financing transactions that will permit us to compete successfully.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 20202023, we employed 187 persons, including 87169 persons: 128 at our Medallion Bank, subsidiary. We believe that relations with our employees are good. The total number of employees includes 11 furloughed employees33 at our parent company, and 8 at Medallion Financial Corp.,Capital. This compares to 158 persons at the end of 2022: 119 at Medallion Bank, 33 at our parent company, and effective March 2, 2021 were terminated as a result of expense-cutting measures due6 at Medallion Capital.

We are committed to the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. We have a single human resources departmenthiring inclusively, fostering an inclusive culture, and ensuring equitable pay for all of our subsidiaries, except for RPAC, which employs its own human resources personnel.

employees. We value diversity among all of our employees. Equal employment opportunity is a fundamental principle at the Company, where employment is based upon personal capabilities and qualifications. We prohibit and do not tolerate any discrimination against employees, applicants, interns or any other covered persons, and we ensure equal employment opportunity without discrimination on the basis of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, ancestry, ethnicity, citizenship status, physical or mental disability, age, sex (including pregnancy), gender, gender identity or gender expression (including transgender status), marital status, familial status, veteran status, genetic information or any other protected characteristic as established by applicable federal, state or local law.

We incentivize our employees through a combination of competitive salary, equity compensation and other benefits. We provide most employees with incentive bonuses in the form of restricted stockcash and stock options.equity. Employee equity ownership helps us attract, retain, motivate and reward employees, while aligning employee compensation with our stockholders’ interests by linking realizable pay with stock performance.

Our Compensation Committee reviews management’s recommendations and advises management and the Board of Directors on broad compensation policies such as salary ranges, annual incentive bonuses, long-term incentive plans, including equity-based compensation programs, and other benefit and perquisite programs.

We have a 401(k) Investment Plan and other generally available benefit programs like health insurance, paid and unpaid leaves, life insurance, disability coverage, accident insurance and critical illness insurance; we believe that the availability of these benefit programs generally enhance employee productivity and loyalty to the Company. We believe it is important for our employees at the Bank to provide service to the communities in which they live and encourage them to take time, including prearranged work time, to participate in activities of local civic organizations, charitable or nonprofit organizations or educational institutions. We value employee development and training and are committed to identifying and developing the talents of our next-generation leaders. Our employee benefits also help protect the health, well-being and financial security of our employees.

The health and safety of our employees is one of our highest priorities. As we continue to monitor the spread of COVID-19 and its ongoing effects, we have and will continue to implement measures to help ensure the health and safety of our employees.  In March 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our employees were directed to work remotely on a temporary basis. To the extent necessary, employees were provided with equipment, including laptops. As the severity of the pandemic subsided and states and cities began reopening, in late June 2020, our employees returned to work in our New York City offices on a part-time basis in accordance with local guidelines, while our employees outside of New York City largely continue to work remotely. The Bank’s current plan is to return most employees to office work, in alternating shifts, sometime in the second quarter of 2021, but such plans are dependent on the case counts, mortality rates, vaccination availability, use and effectiveness and other factors in Utah and Washington State. We have implemented and continue to monitor changes in health and safety legal and regulatory requirements to help protect the health and safety of our employees. Additionally, while there are certain risks with our workforce working remotely, we have implemented additional mitigating controls to help reduce such risks.

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MATERIAL US FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONSSUPERVISION AND REGULATION

For our tax years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we have been taxed as a corporation and must pay corporate-level federal and state income taxes on our taxable income. Because we were taxed as a corporation under Subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code, or the Code, for the tax years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we are able to carry forward any net operating losses incurred to succeeding years. In addition, distributions will generally be taxable to our stockholders to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for US federal tax purposes. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits would be treated first as a return of capital to the extent of a stockholder’s tax basis, and any remaining distributions would be treated as a capital gain. Subject to certain limitations under the Code, corporate distributees would be eligible for the dividends received deduction.

REGULATION

Exemption from the 1940 Act

In order to maintain our status as a non-investment company, we operate so as to fall outside the definition of an “investment company” or within an applicable exception. We expect to continue to fall within the exception from the definition of an “investment company” provided under Section 3(c)(6) of the 1940 Act as a company primarily engaged, directly or through majority-owned subsidiaries, in the business of, among other things, (i) banking, (ii) purchasing and otherwise acquiring notes, drafts, acceptances, open accounts receivable, and other obligations representing part or all of the sales price of merchandise, insurance and services, and (iii) making loans to manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers of, and to prospective purchasers of, specified merchandise, insurance, and services. We monitor our continued compliance with this exception and were compliant with as of December 31, 2020.2023.

Regulation of Medallion Bank as an Industrial Bank

In May 2002, we formed the Bank, which received approval from the FDIC for federal deposit insurance in October 2003. The Bank is subject to extensive federal and state banking laws, regulations, and policies that are intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund, and the banking system as a whole;whole, not for the protection of our other creditors and stockholders.

Under the banking charter, the Bank is authorized to make consumer and commercial loans and may accept all FDIC-insured deposits other than demand deposits (checking accounts). As a state-charted non-member bank with FDIC-insured deposits, the Bank is examined, supervised and regulated by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions, or the Utah DFI. The statutes enforced by, and regulations and policies of, these agencies affect almost all aspects of its business, including by prescribing permissible types of loans and investments, the amount of required capital, the permissible scope of its activities and various other requirements. If the Bank’s regulators were to determine that we have violated banking laws and regulations, including by engaging in unsafe and unsound practices, the Bank could be subject to enforcement and other regulatory actions, which could have an adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Capital Standards

The Bank is subject to risk-based and leverage-based capital ratio requirements under the USU.S. Basel III capital rules adopted by the federal banking regulators.

Under the risk-based capital standards, the Bank’s assets, exposures and certain off-balance sheet items are assigned to broad risk categories, each with designated weights, and the resulting capital ratios represent capital as a percentage of total risk-weighted assets. The minimum capital ratios applicable to us are as follows:

The prompt corrective action framework, which generally applies to FDIC-insured depository institutions, including the Bank, also includes capital requirements the Bank must satisfy in order to, among other things, be able to accept brokered deposits without limitations. See “Prompt Corrective Action” and “Brokered Deposits” below.

In addition to meeting the minimum capital requirements, under the USU.S. Basel III capital rules, the Bank must also maintain the required capital conservation buffer of 2.5% to avoid becoming subject to restrictions on capital distributions (including dividends on the Bank’s preferred stock) and certain discretionary bonus payments to management. The capital conservation buffer is calculated as a ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and it effectively increases the required minimum risk-based capital ratios.

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The table below shows the capital requirements the Bank is required to maintain:

For purposes of calculating the denominator of the three risk-based capital ratios, the assets of covered banking organizations are given risk weights that, under the USU.S. Basel III capital rules, range from 0% to 1,250%, depending on the nature of the asset. Most of the Bank’s loans are assigned a 100% risk weight, with loans that are 90 days or more past due or on nonaccrual assigned a 150% risk weight. In addition, direct obligations of the USU.S. Department of the Treasury or the US Treasury,(U.S. Treasury), or obligations unconditionally guaranteed by the USU.S. government have a 0% risk weight, while general obligation claims on states or other political subdivisions of the United States are assigned a 20% risk weight, except for municipal or state revenue bonds, which have a 50% risk weight.

The USU.S. Basel III capital rules provide for limited recognition in CET1 capital, and deduction from CET1 capital above certain thresholds, of three categories of assets: (i) deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that cannot be realized through net operating loss carrybacks (net of related valuation allowances and of deferred tax liabilities), (ii) mortgage servicing assets (net of associated deferred tax liabilities) and (iii) investments in more than 10% of the issued and outstanding common stock of unconsolidated financial institutions (net of associated deferred tax liabilities). In July 2019, theThe federal banking regulators issuedhave adopted a final rule that is designed to simplify the capital treatment of those categories of assets for banking organizations, such as the Bank, thatwhich are not subject to the advanced approaches in the USU.S. Basel III capital rules. The provisions final rule became fully effective for the Bank on April 1, 2020.

In December 2017, the Basel Committee published standards that it described as the finalization of the Basel III post-crisis regulatory reforms. Among other things, these standards revise the Basel Committee’s standardized approach for credit risk and provide a new standardized approach for operational risk capital. The Basel Committee’s standards will generally be effective on January 1, 2023. As with all standardsIn July 2023, the U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies proposed bya rule implementing the Basel Committee,Committee's finalization of the December 2017 standards are not effective in any jurisdiction until rules implementing such standards have been implemented by the relevant regulators in such jurisdiction. Following the release of these standards, the federal banking regulators stated that the standards are intendedpost-crisis regulatory capital reforms. The proposed rule would apply to achieve various objectives with regard to internationally activelarge banks and thatbanks with significant trading activity. Capital requirements would not change for community banks, which includes the regulators will consider how to apply the standards in the United States.Bank.

Federal banking regulators published a final rule, effective in April 1, 2019, permitting banking organizations to phase in any adverse day-one regulatory capital effects of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 (referred to as the current expected credit loss model, or CECL), over a period of three years. The Bank formally adopted CECL on January 1, 2023. For additional information on ASU 2016-13, see “Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the annual audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act of 2018, or EGRRCPA, required the federal banking regulators to adopt regulations to implement an exemption from the USU.S. Basel III capital rules for smaller banking organizations, including the Bank, thatwhich maintain a “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” of at least 8% to 10%. Specifically, the EGRRCPA provides that if any depository institution or depository institution holding company with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets maintains tangible equity in excess of this leverage ratio, as implemented by the federal banking regulators, it would be deemed to be in compliance with (i) the leverage and risk-based capital requirements promulgated by the federal banking agencies; (ii) in the case of a depository institution, the capital ratio requirements to be considered “well-capitalized” under the federal banking agencies’ “prompt corrective action” regime; and (iii) “any other capital or leverage requirements” to which the depository institution or holding company is subject, unless the appropriate federal banking agency determines otherwise based on the particular institution’s risk profile.profile.

The FDIC has adopted a final rule, which took effect in January 2020, implementing the Community Bank Leverage Ratio. Under the rule, the Community Bank Leverage Ratio is the same as the Tier 1 Leverage Ratio under the Basel III capital rules and a qualifying small banking organization, such as the Bank, that has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meets certain risk-based criteria can choose to apply the Community Bank Leverage Ratio framework if its Community Bank Leverage Ratio is greater than 9%. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, enacted on March 27, 2020, directed by the FDIC and other federal banking regulators to decrease temporarily the Community Bank Leverage Ratio to 8%, which the federal banking regulators implemented did by adopting a temporary rule. The Bank has not elected and currently does not expect to elect to apply the Community Bank Leverage Ratio framework but will continue to assess the framework and may choose to apply it in the future.

As a condition to receipt of FDIC insurance, the Bank entered into the 2003a capital maintenance agreement with the FDIC, or the 2003 Capital Maintenance Agreement, requiring it to maintain a 15% leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average assets) and an adequate allowance for loan and leasecredit losses and restricting the amount of taxi medallion loans that the Bank may finance to three times the Bank’s Tier 1 capital.

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Prompt Corrective Action

The Bank is subject to FDIC regulations which apply to every FDIC-insured depository institution, setting out a system of mandatory and discretionary supervisory actions that generally become more severe as the capital levels of an individual institution decline. Pursuant to provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, or FDIA, and related regulations with respect to prompt corrective action, the federal banking regulators must take “prompt corrective action” with respect to FDIC-insured depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. The FDIA sets forth the following five capital categories: “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.” An insured depository institution’s capital category depends upon how its capital levels compare with various relevant capital measures and certain other factors that are established by regulation.

		“Well-capitalized”		“Adequately capitalized”
CET1 risk-based capital ratio		6.5%		4.5%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		8.0%		6.0%
Total risk-based capital ratio		10.0%		8.0%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		5.0%		4.0%

If a bank meets the quantitative thresholds for well-capitalized status provided above and is not subject to any written agreement, order or directive from the appropriate regulatory agency to meet and maintain a specific capital level, it will qualify as well-capitalized. Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s operations or financial condition. See “Brokered Deposits” below for additional information. Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could also result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications. Pursuant to the 2003 capital maintenance agreement,Capital Maintenance Agreement, the Bank has agreed that the Bank’s capital levels will at all times meet or exceed the levels required for the Bank to be considered well-capitalized under FDIC rules.

Brokered Deposits

The Bank uses “brokered deposits” to fund a substantial portion of the Bank’s activities. Under the FDIA and related regulations, FDIC-insured institutions such as the Bank may only accept brokered deposits without FDIC permission if they meet specified capital standards and are not subject to any written agreement, order or directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level, and are subject to restrictions with respect to the interest they may pay on deposits unless they are well-capitalized. In particular, the FDIA and the FDIC’s regulations prohibit an insured depository institution from accepting brokered deposits or offering interest rates on any deposits significantly higher than the prevailing rate in the bank’s normal market area or nationally (depending upon where the deposits are solicited), unless it is well-capitalized or is adequately capitalized and receives a waiver from the FDIC. A depository institution that is adequately capitalized and accepts

Under FDIC regulations governing brokered deposits under a waiver from the FDIC may not pay an interest rate on any deposit in excess of 75 basis points over certain prevailing market rates.

In December 2020, the FDIC issued a final rule intended to modernize its regulations on brokered deposit and interest rate restrictions. Under the rule, effective April 1, 2021, aA bank that is “adequately capitalized” and accepts brokered deposits under a waiver from the FDIC may not pay an interest rate, onat the time any such deposit is accepted, in excess of (i) 75 basis points over certain national rates described in the FDIC’s regulations or (ii) 90% of the highest interest rate paid on a particular deposit product in the bank’s local market area, if the bank provides notice to the FDIC and evidence of such local rate. There are no such restrictions under the FDIC on a bank that is well-capitalized.

Pursuant to the 2003 capital maintenance agreement,Capital Maintenance Agreement, the Bank has agreed that our capital levels will at all times meet or exceed the level required for the Bank to be considered well-capitalized under FDIC rules. If the Bank was no longer able to accept or renew brokered deposits as a result of failing to meet the requisite capital standards or as a result of being subject to a written agreement, order or directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level, there would be a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

Deposit Insurance

The Bank’s deposits have the benefit of FDIC insurance up to the applicable limits. The FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, is funded by assessments on insured depository institutions, such as us. The Bank’s assessment (subject to adjustment by the FDIC) is currently based on the Bank’s average total consolidated assets less the Bank’s average tangible equity during the assessment period, the Bank’s supervisory ratings, and specified forward-looking financial measures used to calculate the assessment rate.

In October 2022, the FDIC adopted a rule applicable to all FDIC-insured banks that increased initial base deposit insurance assessment rates by 2 basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC, as required under the FDIA, established a plan in September 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ratio to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35 percent within eight years. The increased assessment is intended to improve the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio would reach the required minimum by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028.

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In November 2023, the FDIC adopted a final rule providing for the recovery, by special assessment, of losses to the FDIC deposit insurance fund as a result of the FDIC’s use of the systemic risk exception following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. In addition, the FDIC must recover, by special assessment, losses to the FDIC deposit insurance fund as a result of the FDIC’s use of the systemic risk exception to the least cost resolution test under the FDIA. The special assessment will be collected on the basis of insured depository institution’s uninsured deposits, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion of uninsured deposits, and will therefore not be applicable to us.

Payment of Dividends

The power of the board of directors of an insured depository institution to declare a cash dividend or other distribution with respect to capital is subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions that limit the amount available for such distribution, depending upon earnings, financial condition and cash needs of the institution, as well as general business conditions. Insured depository institutions are also prohibited from paying management fees to any controlling persons or, with certain limited exceptions, making capital distributions, including dividends, if after such transaction the institution would be less than adequately capitalized.

Under Utah law, the Bank may only declare dividends to the Bank’s shareholders out of the Bank’s net profits, after providing for all expenses, losses, interest and taxes accrued or due. Further, the Bank is required to transfer to a surplus fund at least 10% of the Bank’s net profits before dividends for the period covered by the dividend until the surplus fund reaches 100% of the Bank’s capital stock. Any amount paid from the Bank’s net earnings into a fund for the retirement of outstanding debt capital instruments or preferred stock for the period covered by the dividend will be considered an addition to the Bank’s surplus fund if, upon the retirement of such instruments, the amount paid into the retirement fund for the period may be properly carried to the Bank’s surplus fund.

The federal banking agencies also have authority to prohibit depository institutions from engaging in business practices that are considered unsafe or unsound, possibly including payment of dividends or other payments under certain circumstances even if such payments are not expressly prohibited by statute.

In addition, as discussed under “Capital Standards,” if the Bank’s risk-based capital ratios do not satisfy the minimum risk-based requirements plus the capital conservation buffer, the Bank will face graduated constraints on, among other things, capital distributions (including dividends on the Bank’s preferred stock) based on the amount of the shortfall and the amount of the Bank’s eligible retained income. For these purposes, eligible retained income is defined as the greater of (i) net income for the four preceding quarters, net of distributions and associated tax effects not reflected in net income; and (ii) the average net income over the preceding four quarters.

Safety and Soundness

The FDIA also implemented certain specific restrictions on transactions and required federal banking regulators to adopt overall safety and soundness standards for depository institutions related to internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings, stock valuation and compensation, fees and benefits, and such other operational and managerial standards as the agencies deem appropriate. Guidelines adopted by the federal banking regulators establish general standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth and compensation, fees and benefits. In general, these guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines. These guidelines also prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder. The federal banking agencies may require an institution to submit to an acceptable compliance plan as well as have the flexibility to pursue other more appropriate or effective courses of action given the specific circumstances and severity of an institution’s noncompliance with one or more standards. The FDIC may also terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.

Among other things, in addition to the restrictions on brokered deposits discussed above, the FDIA limits the interest rates paid on deposits by undercapitalized institutions and limits the aggregate extensions of credit by a depository institution to an executive officer, director, principal shareholder or related interest.

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Consumer Financial Protection

The Bank is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern the Bank’s consumer lending businesses. These laws include, but are not limited to, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and these laws’ respective state-law counterparts, as well as laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices. These federal and state laws, among other things, require disclosures of the cost of credit and terms of deposit accounts, provide substantive consumer rights, prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, regulate the use of credit

report information, provide financial privacy protections, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive practices and subject the Bank to substantial regulatory oversight. Violations of applicable consumer protection laws can result in significant potential liability from litigation brought by customers, including actual damages, restitution and attorneys’ fees. Federal banking regulators, state attorneys general and state and local consumer protection agencies may also seek to enforce consumer protection requirements and obtain these and other remedies, including regulatory sanctions, customer rescission rights, and civil money penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in substantial reputational harm that could adversely affect our business.

Community Reinvestment Act of 1977

The Bank is subject to certain requirements and reporting obligations under the Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA. Under the CRA, the Bank has an obligation, consistent with safe and sound operations, to help meet the credit needs of ourthe Bank's entire assessment area, including low- and moderate-income individuals and communities in that assessment area. Currently, the Bank's assessment area is Salt Lake County, Utah. In connection with its examination of the Bank, the FDIC is required to assess ourthe Bank's CRA performance in the areas of lending, investments and services. The FDIC may take compliance with the CRA into account when regulating and supervising ourthe Bank's other activities. The CRA also requires the agencies to take into account banks’ records of meeting community credit needs when evaluating applications for, among other things, new branches or mergers. We have elected to be evaluated for ourthe Bank's compliance with CRA requirements based on a strategic plan we adopted with public involvement and regulatory approval. That strategic plan includes measurable goals for helping to meet the credit needs of ourthe Bank's assessment area and is available on ourthe Bank's website. The CRA provides that CRA examination ratings be made public. The Bank received a rating of “Outstanding” in its most recently completed CRA examination.

In December 2019,October 2023, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the OCC, and the FDIC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking intended to (i) clarify which activities qualify for CRA credit; (ii) update where activities count for CRA credit; (iii) create a more transparent and objective method for measuring CRA performance; and (iv) provide for more transparent, consistent, and timely CRA-related data collection, recordkeeping, and reporting. In May 2020, the OCCjointly issued a final rule that implementedsignificantly amended the agencies’ regulatory framework implementing the CRA. The revised federal CRA regulations tailor CRA evaluations to bank size and type, with many of the changes applying only to banks with more than $2 billion in assets, such as the Bank. The final rule introduced major changes in four key areas: (1) the delineation of assessment areas, (2) the overall evaluation framework and performance standards and metrics, (3) the definition of community development activities and (4) data collection and reporting. The final rule will be effective on April 1, 2024, but most provisions of the noticerule, including the new tests, the need to define retail lending assessment areas and the data collection requirements, will become applicable on January 1, 2026. Reporting of proposed rulemaking and added certain clarifications and transitional relief. The FDIC didthe collected data will not join in the final rule and indicated that it was not prepared to finalize the proposal at that time. The Bank will continue to evaluate any changes to the CRA regulations and their impact to the Bank’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.be required until April 1, 2027.

Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

The Bank is subject to certain federal laws that restrict and control our ability to extend credit and provide to or receive services from its affiliates under Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W promulgated thereunder. An affiliate of a bank is any company or entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the bank. These restrictions include quantitative and qualitative limits on the amounts and types of transactions that may take place, including the transfer of funds by the Bank to certain of its affiliates in the form of loans, extensions of credit, investments, or purchases of assets. These restrictions also require that credit transactions with affiliates be collateralized and that its transactions with affiliates be on terms no less favorable to the Bank than comparable transactions with unrelated third parties. Generally, the Bank’s covered transactions with any affiliate are limited to 10% of our capital stock and surplus, and covered transactions with all affiliates are limited to 20% of our capital stock and surplus.

The Bank is also subject to limits under federal law on its ability to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and principal shareholders (persons that beneficially own or control more than 10% of any class of our voting stock), as well as to entities owned or controlled by such persons. Among other things, extensions of credit to such insiders are required to be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than those prevailing for comparable transactions with non-insiders. Also, the terms of such extensions of credit may not involve more than the normal risk of non-repayment or present other unfavorable features and may not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons individually and in the aggregate. Certain extensions of credit also require the approval of the Bank’s board of directors.

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Financial Privacy and Cybersecurity

Federal and state law contains extensive consumer privacy protection provisions. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires financial institutions to periodically disclose their privacy policies and practices relating to their collection, sharing suchand protection of nonpublic personal information and enables retail customers to opt out of institutions’ ability to sharetheir information being shared by financial institutions with unaffiliated third parties under certain circumstances. Other federal and state laws and regulations impact our ability to share certain information with affiliates and non-affiliates for marketing and/or non-marketing purposes, or to contact customers with marketing offers. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act also requires financial institutions to implement a comprehensive information security program that includes administrative, technical and physical safeguards to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information. Federal law also makes it a criminal offense, except in limited circumstances, to obtain or attempt to obtain customer information of a financial nature by fraudulent or deceptive means.

State regulators have been increasingly active in implementingenacting or promulgating privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. In recent years, several states have adopted regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement and maintain cybersecurity programs and providing detailed requirements with respect to these programs, including data encryption requirements. Many states have also implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which became effective in January 2020, applies

In addition, pursuant to for-profit businesses that conduct business in California and meet certain revenue or data collection thresholds and imposes privacy compliance obligations with regardrequirements applicable to the personal information of California residents.

In December 2020, federal banking regulators issued a proposed rule that would implement notification requirements forFDIC-supervised banking organizations, in connection with significant computer-security incidents. Under the proposed rule, a banking organization would besuch as us, we are required to notify its primary federal regulatorthe FDIC within 36 hours after the discovery of an incidentincidents that couldhave materially disrupted, degraded, or are reasonably likely to materially disrupt or impairdegrade the banking organization’s ability to carry out banking operations, activities or processes or deliver services to a material portion of its customer base, affectjeopardize the viability of key business linesoperations of the banking organization, or impactpose a threat to the financial stability of the United States. No such incidents occurred during 2023.

Anti-Money Laundering and the USA PATRIOT Act

The Bank is subject to the anti-money laundering or AML,(AML) provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act, or the BSA, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act, or the PATRIOT Act, and implementing regulations issued by the FDIC and the USU.S. Treasury. The PATRIOT Act, which includes the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001, is intended to facilitate the detection and prosecution of terrorism and international money laundering. The PATRIOT Act establishes standards for verifying customer identification incidental to the opening of new accounts. Other provisions of the PATRIOT Act provide for special information sharing procedures governing communications with the government and other financial institutions with respect to suspected terrorists and money laundering activity, and enhancements to suspicious activity reporting, including electronic filing of suspicious activity reports over a secure filing network. The BSA requires all financial institutions, including banks, to, among other things, establish a risk-based system of internal controls reasonably designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The BSA includes a variety of record-keeping and reporting requirements (such as cash and suspicious activity reporting), as well as due diligence/know-your-customer documentation requirements. In January 2021, the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, or AMLA, which amends the BSA, was enacted.

The AMLA is intended to comprehensively reform and modernize US anti-money laundering laws. Many of the statutory provisions in the AMLA will require additional rulemakings, reports and other measures, and the impact of the AMLA, including on our compliance costs and compliance risk relating to the BSA, will depend on, among other things, rulemaking and implementation guidance. The USU.S. Treasury’s Office of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FinCEN, issued a final rule, applicable as of May 2018, to clarify and enhance customer due diligence requirements for financial institutions. The rule (among other things) imposes certain obligations on covered financial institutions with respect to their “legal entity customers,” including corporations, limited liability companies and other similar entities. For each such customer that opens an account (including an existing customer opening a new account), the covered financial institution must identify and verify the customer’s “beneficial owners,” who are specifically defined in the rule. Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with customer due diligence obligations. The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, or AMLA, which amends the BSA, is intended to comprehensively reform and modernize U.S. anti-money laundering laws. Among other things, the AMLA codifies a risk-based approach to AML compliance for financial institutions; requires the U.S. Department of the Treasury to periodically promulgate priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy; requires the development of standards by the Treasury Department for testing technology and internal processes for BSA compliance; expands enforcement- and investigations-related authority, including a significant expansion in the available sanctions for certain BSA violations and expands BSA whistleblower incentives and protections. Many of the statutory provisions in the AMLA will require additional rulemakings, reports and other measures, and the impact of the AMLA, including on our compliance costs and compliance risk relating to the BSA, will depend on, among other things, rulemaking and implementation guidance.

In June 2021, FinCEN issued the priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy required under the AMLA. The priorities include corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking and proliferation financing.

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Regulation by the SBA

Medallion Funding and Medallion Capital and Freshstart are each licensed by the SBA to operate as SBICs, under the Small Business Investment Act of 1958, as amended, or the SBIA. Freshstart, through 2023, was licensed by the SBA to operate as an SBIC. The SBIA authorizes the licensing of privately-heldprivately held investment vehicles as SBICs in order to provide long term financing to small business concerns. Under the SBIA and the regulations promulgated by the SBA thereunder, a “small business concern” is a business that is independently owned and operated, which is not dominant in its field of operation, and which (i) has a tangible net worth, together with any affiliates, of $19.5$24.0 million or less and average annual net

income after USU.S. federal income taxes for the preceding two fiscal years of $6.5$8.0 million or less (average annual net income is computed without the benefit of any carryover loss), or (ii) satisfies alternative criteria under the Federal government’s North American Industry Classification System, or the NAICS, that assigns codes to the industry in which a small business is engaged and provides a small business size standard based either on the number of persons employed by the business or its gross revenues. In addition, at the end of each fiscal year, at least 25% of the total amount of investments must be made in “smaller enterprises” that have a net worth of $6.0 million or less, and average net income after federal income taxes for the preceding two years of $2.0 million or less. A business that meets the NAICS size standards also qualifies as a “smaller enterprise” for purposes of meeting SBA’s size standard regulations.

Investments by SBICs must generally be in active, primarily domestic businesses. SBIC regulations preclude investment in the following types of businesses: (1) business whose primary business activity is as a relender or reinvestor (that is, directly or indirectly, providing funds to others, purchasing debt obligations, factoring, or long term leasing of equipment with no provision for maintenance or repair); (2) many kinds of real estate projects; (3) single purpose projects that are not continuing businesses; (4) companies located outside the USU.S. intending to use the proceeds of the investment outside of the USU.S. or companies that are located in the USU.S. that have more than 49% of their employees or tangible assets located outside of the US; (5) businesses that are passive and do not carry on an active trade or business; (6) businesses that use 50% or more of the funds to buy goods or services from an associated supplier; and (7) certain “sin businesses” such as gambling and the like.

Under current SBA regulations, the maximum rate of interest that Medallion Funding and Medallion Capital and Freshstart may charge may not exceed the higher of (i) 19% or (ii) the sum of (a) the higher of (i) that company’s weighted average cost of qualified borrowings, as determined under SBA regulations, or (ii) the current SBA debenture rate, plus (b) 11%, rounded to the next lower eighth of one percent. As of December 31, 2020,2023, the maximum rate of interest permitted on loans originated by Medallion Funding, Medallion Capital, and Freshstartour SBICs was 19%. As of December 31, 2020,2023, our outstanding taxi medallion loans had a weighted average rate of interest of 3.00%4.89%, and our outstanding commercial loans had a weighted average rate of interest of 13.06%12.87%. Current SBA regulations also require that each loan originated by an SBIC has a term between one and 20 years.

In addition, SBICs are subject to periodic examination by the SBA, for which the SBA charges examination fees. SBICs must maintain certain records and make them available for SBA examination. SBICs also are required to prepare valuations of their portfolio investments in accordance with prescribed valuation guidelines, maintain certain minimum levels of capital, file annual reports containing financial, management and other information and file notices of certain material changes in their ownership and operations. We are typically examined by the SBA for compliance with applicable SBA regulations.

SBICs are precluded from making investments in a small business if it would give rise to a conflictcertain conflicts of interest. Generally, a conflict of interest may arise if an associate of the SBIC has or makes an investment in the small business that the SBIC is financing or serves as one of its officers or would otherwise benefit from the financing. A conflict of interest would also occur if an SBIC were to lend money to any of its officers, directors, and employees, or invest in any affiliates thereof. Joint investing with an associate (such as another fund controlled by affiliates of the general partner of the fund) may be made on identical terms or on terms that are fair to the SBIC. The SBA also prohibits, without prior SBA approval, a “change of control” or transfers which would result in any person (or group of persons acting in concert) owning 10% or more of any class of capital stock of an SBIC. A “change of control” is any event which would result in the transfer of the power, direct or indirect, to direct the management and policies of an SBIC, whether through ownership, contractual arrangements, or otherwise.

Under SBA regulations, without prior SBA approval, loans and other investments by licensees with outstanding SBA leverage to any single small business concern may not exceed 30% of an SBIC’s “regulatory capital.”

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SBICs may invest idle funds that are not being used to make loans or other long-term investments in certain short-term investments permitted under SBA regulations. These permitted investments include direct obligations of, or obligations guaranteed as to principal and interest by, the government of the USU.S. with a term of 15 months or less and deposits maturing in one year or less issued by an institution insured by the FDIC. These permitted investments must be maintained in (i) direct obligations of, or obligations guaranteed as to principal and interest by, the US, which mature within 15 months from the date of the investment; (ii) repurchase agreements with federally insured institutions with a maturity of seven days or less if the securities underlying the repurchase agreements are direct obligations of, or obligations guaranteed as to principal and interest by the US, and such securities must be maintained in a custodial account in a federally insured institution; (iii) mutual funds, securities, or other instruments that exclusively consist of, or represent pooled assets of, investments described in (i) or (ii) above; (iv) certificates of deposit with a maturity of one year or less, issued by a federally insured institution; (v) a deposit account in a federally insured institution, subject to withdrawal restriction of one year or less; (vi) a checking account in a federally insured institution; or (vii) a reasonable petty cash fund.

SBICs may purchase voting securities of small business concerns in accordance with SBA regulations. Although prior regulations prohibited an SBIC from controlling a small business concern except in limited circumstances, SBA regulations allow an

SBIC to exercise control over a small business for a period of seven years from the date on which the SBIC initially acquires its control position. This control period may be extended for an additional period of time with the SBA’s prior written approval.

If an SBIC defaults in its payment obligations to SBA under its outstanding debentures, fails to comply with any terms of its securities, or violates any law or certain regulations applicable to it, the SBA has the right to accelerate the maturity of all amounts due under its debentures. Additionally, the SBA may appoint a receiver for the SBIC and for its liquidation in the event of a default on payment of a SBIC’s debentures or for serious regulatory violations.

Other

Change in Control

Because the Bank is an “insured depository institution” within the meaning of the Federal Deposit Insurance ActFDIA and the Change in Bank Control Act and we areas well as Medallion Financial Corp. being a “financial institution holding company” within the meaning of the Utah Financial Institutions Act, federal and Utah law and regulations prohibit any person or company from acquiring control of us and, indirectly, the Bank or Medallion Financial Corp., without, in most cases, prior written approval of the FDIC or the Commissioner of the Utah Department of Financial Institutions,DFI, as applicable. Under the Change in Bank Control Act, control is conclusively presumed if, among other things, a person or company acquires 25% or more of any class of ourthe Bank’s voting stock. A rebuttable presumption of control arises if a person or company acquires 10% or more of any class of voting stock and is subject to a number ofseveral specified “control factors” as set forth in the applicable regulations. Although the Bank is an “insured depository institution” within the meaning of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the Change in Bank Control Act, your investment in the Company is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC, or any other agency, and is subject to lossloss..

Under the Utah Financial Institutions Act, control is defined as the power, directly or indirectly, or through or in concert with one or more persons to (1)to: (a) direct or exercise a controlling influence over (i) the management or policies of usa financial institution or (ii) the election of a majority of the directors or trustees of us,an institution; or (2)(b) to vote 20%25% or more of any class of our voting securities by an individualof a financial institution. In addition, under Utah law, there is a rebuttable presumption that a person has control of a Utah financial institution if the person has the power, directly or indirectly, or through or in concert with one or more persons, to vote more than 10% but not less than 25% of any class of our voting securities byof a person other than an individual.financial institution. If any holder of any series of the Bank’s preferred stock is or becomes entitled to vote for the election of the Bank’s directors, such series will be deemed a class of voting stock, and any other person will be required to obtain the non-objection of the FDIC under the Change in Bank Control Act to acquire or maintain 10% or more of that series. Investors are responsible for ensuring that they do not, directly or indirectly, acquire shares of our common stock in excess of the amount which can be acquired without regulatory approval.

Examination and Supervision

Federal and state banking agencies require the Bank to prepare annual reports on financial condition and to conduct an annual audit of financial affairs in compliance with minimum standards and procedures. We must undergo regular on-site examinations by the FDIC and the Utah DFI, which examine for adherence to a range of legal and regulatory compliance responsibilities. A bank regulator conducting an examination has complete access to the books and records of the examined institution. The results of the examination are confidential, with the exception of the CRA examination discussed above. The cost of examinations may be assessed against the examined institution as the agency deems necessary or appropriate.

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Incentive Compensation

The FDIC has issued comprehensive guidance on incentive compensation policies intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk taking. The guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that appropriately balance risk and financial results in a manner that does not encourage employees to expose their organizations to imprudent risk, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors.

The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal banking regulators and the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, to establish joint regulations or guidelines at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total assets, such as us, prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements that encourage inappropriate risk-taking by providing an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits or that could lead to material financial loss to the entity. The federal banking regulators and the SEC proposed revised rules in 2016, which have not been finalized.

Valid When Made and True Lender

In June 2020, theThe FDIC publishedhas adopted a final rule clarifying that a loan made by a state-chartered bank is considered “valid when made” pursuant to the preemptive authority in Section 27 of the FDIA, and therefore the loan’s original terms, including, among others, its interest rate, are valid and enforceable by any subsequent assignee, transferee, or buyer, regardless of the usury laws of other states.states, or the “Valid-When-Made Rule”. Under the Valid-When-Made Rule, the interest rate on a bank-made loan remains valid and enforceable even after the bank sells or transfers it to a party that could not have originated the loan on the same terms as the bank. The FDIC ruleValid-When-Made Rule does not address when a state-chartered bank is the "true lender"“true lender” of a loan, and the ultimate effect of the FDIC rule remains uncertain in light of the overturning of the OCC's analogous rule pursuant to a Congressional Review Act resolution signed by President Biden, and other pending legal challenges to bank-fintech partnerships on the FDIC’s rule and an analogous rule issued byground that the OCC. On August 20,bank is not the “true lender.” In 2020, the state attorneys general of seven states and the District of Columbia filed suit against the FDIC, alleging that the final ruleValid-When-Made Rule conflicts with the FDIA, exceeds the FDIC’s statutory authority, and violates the Administrative Procedure Act. The suitIn February 2022, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California granted the FDIC's motion for summary judgement, holding that the FDIC had the power to issue the Valid-When-Made Rule and that its interpretation of the federal banking laws is ongoing, however, weentitled to judicial deference. We believe the impact to the Bank regardless of outcome, wouldthe Valid-When-Made Rule will be minimalminimal.

Future Legislation

Congress may enact legislation from time to time that affects the regulation of the financial services industry, and state legislatures may enact legislation from time to time affecting the regulation of financial institutions chartered by or operating in those states. Federal and state regulatory agencies also periodically propose and adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. The substance or impact of pending or future legislation or regulation, or the application thereof, cannot be predicted, although enactment of the proposed legislation could impact the regulatory structure under which we operate and may significantly increase our costs, impede the efficiency of our internal business processes, require us to increase our regulatory capital and modify our business strategy, and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Our corporate website is located at www.medallion.com. We make copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act available on or through our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with or furnish them to the SEC. Our SEC filings can be found in the Investors Relations section of our website, the address of which is www.medallion.com/investors.html, or on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. Our Code of Ethical Conduct and Insider Trading Policy can be located in the Corporate Governance section of our website at www.medallion.com/investors_corporate_governance.html. These documents, as well as our SEC filings, are available in print free of charge to any stockholder who requests a copy from our Secretary.

Risks Related to Our Loan Portfolios and Business

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and the related significant negative impact on the global economy and financial markets, have had and could further have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition, particularly given our concentration in the consumer lending business.

The spread of COVID-19 has created a global public-health crisis that has resulted in widespread volatility and deteriorations in employment levels, as well as business, economic, and market conditions that have materially and adversely affected our business, operating results and financial condition. The full extent of the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations, financial position (including capital and liquidity) and prospects depends on a number of evolving factors, including:

In March 2020, we adjusted our payment policies and procedures and created a program to support our borrowers during the pandemic. We have been negotiating payment terms with our borrowers, and allowed them to defer payments up to 180 days, which as of December 31, 2020, there were minimal consumer loans on deferral. Although we believe that our deferral programs have been effective to date in mitigating the effect of COVID-19 on our consumer loan portfolio and consumer businesses are uncertain, and we could suffer potential losses on our consumer portfolios as a result of the effects of the pandemic on the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. The effects of the pandemic on us could be exacerbated given that our business model is largely consumer-directed and the pandemic, and preventative measures taken to contain or mitigate the pandemic, have had and may increasingly have significant negative effects on consumer discretionary spending and unemployment levels.

The impact of COVID-19 is being especially felt in the taxi industry. In March 2020, the Governor of New York State declared states of emergency for both the State and City of New York, and, since then, economic activity generally and taxi ridership in particular have decreased dramatically in New York City. Despite New York City’s phased reopening, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to adversely affect New York City taxi medallion owners and, by extension, our medallion loans and other related assets will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, actions taken by governmental authorities, and the direct and indirect impact of the pandemic on taxi medallion owners and the behaviors of people who have historically taken taxis. With our medallion business, we also adjusted our payment policies and procedures and allowed borrowers to defer payments up to 180 days in March 2020. Since March 31, 2020, payments on medallion loans have decreased significantly compared to payments during the 2020 first quarter and prior periods. For the medallion business, no loans remained on deferral and it was determined it was impossible to quantify anticipated payment activity. As a result, all loans were placed on nonaccrual and written down to net collateral value in the 2020 third quarter. In addition, medallion loans in the New York City market were written down to $79,500 net as of December 31, 2020. We are actively engaged with many borrowers about modifying their loan agreements, and as a result, we placed all medallion loans on TDR as we work with borrowers. We are also continuing to evaluate options for our medallion loan portfolio and related assets, which may result in additional write-downs, charge-offs or impairments, the impact of which could be material to our results of operations and financial condition.

As a result of the cash flow shortages due to the slowdown in the taxi industry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we received from our lending banks 180-day payment deferrals that terminated in August and modifications to provide interest only payments from September through the end of 2020 for the notes payable to banks. We have also worked to extend our maturity dates with lenders throughout 2021. To the extent we continue to experience cash flow shortages, whether as a result of the pandemic or otherwise, we would need to negotiate additional relief from our lenders or seek alternative funding, neither of which can be assured.

As a result of these foregoing factors or other risks and consequences, the pandemic could continue to materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and heighten the other risk described in this Item 1A- Risk

Factors. The full extent to which the pandemic will impact our operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time, and include the duration, severity and scope of the continued outbreak and the actions taken to contain or mitigate the pandemic.

Our business is heavily concentrated in consumer lending, which carries a high risk of loss that is different from and typically higher than the risk of loss associated with commercial lending, and which could be adversely affected by an economic downturn.

Our business is heavily concentrated in consumer lending. As a result, we are more susceptible to fluctuations and risks particular to consumer credit than a more diversified company including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as described above. For example, ourwould be. Our business is particularly sensitive to macroeconomic conditions that affect the USU.S. economy, consumer spending and consumer credit.credit, including for example, the impacts of inflation, which has had and could continue to have an adverse effect on consumer spending, a rising interest rate environment, as well as the impact that geopolitical responses to international and regional wars have had on gasoline prices and the economic environment generally in the United States. We are also more susceptible to the risks of increased regulations and legal and other regulatory actions that are targeted at consumer credit or the specific consumer credit products that we offer (including promotional financing). Our business concentration could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

By its nature, lending to consumers carries with it different risks and typically a higher risk of loss than commercial lending. Although the net interest margins are intended to be higher to compensate us for this increased risk, an economic downturn could result in higher loss rates and lower returns than expected and could affect the profitability of our consumer loan portfolios. For example, in 2023 our net interest margin on gross loans decreased to 8.38% from 8.73%. During periods of economic slowdown, delinquencies, defaults, repossessions, and losses generally increase, and consumers may reduce their discretionary spending in areas such as recreation and home improvement, which constitute athe significant majority of our business. These periods have been, and may continue to be, accompanied by increasing unemployment rates and declining values of consumer products securing outstanding accounts, which weaken collateral coverage and increase the amount of a loss in the event of default.

Additionally, higher gasoline prices, volatile real estate values and market conditions, resetresets of adjustable rate mortgages to higher interest rates, increases in inflation, general availability of consumer credit, or other factors that impact consumer confidence or disposable income, could increase loss frequency and decrease consumer demand for RVs, boats, trailers and other consumer products (including in connection with home improvement projects), as well as weaken collateral values on certain types of consumer products. Any decrease in consumer demand for those products could have a material adverse effect on our ability to originate new loans and, accordingly, on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although declines in commodity prices, and more particularly gasoline prices, generally are financially beneficial to the individual consumer, these declines may also have a negative impact on unemployment rates in geographic areas that are highly dependent upon the oil and natural gas industry, which could adversely affect the credit quality of consumers in those areas.

Our balance sheet consists of a significant percentage of non-prime consumer loans, which are associated with higher than averagehigher-than-average delinquency rates. The actual rates of delinquencies, defaults, repossessions, and losses on these loans could be more dramatically affected by a general economic downturn. In addition, during an economic slowdownslow-down or recession, our servicing costs may increase without a corresponding increase in our net interest income.

Furthermore, our business is significantly affected by monetary and regulatory policies of the USU.S. Federal Government and its agencies. Changes in any of these policies are influenced by macroeconomic conditions and other factors that are beyond our control and could have a material adverse effect on us, through interest rate changes, costs of compliance with increased regulation, and other factors. For example, the Federal Reserve raised the Federal Funds Rate several times in 2022 and 2023. If inflationary pressures persist, our interest expense could increase faster than our interest income, reducing our net interest income and net interest margin, and continuing adverse impacts on consumer spending could reduce demand for our consumer loan products. These developments, along with United States government credit, debt ceiling and deficit concerns, global economic uncertainties and market volatility, have caused and could continue to cause interest rates to be volatile.

The process we use to estimate losses inherent in our credit exposure requires complex judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions and how those economic conditions might impair the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. The degree of uncertainty concerning economic conditions may adversely affect the accuracy of our estimates, which may, in turn, impact the reliability of the process and the quality of our assets.

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Our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations depend on the credit performance of our loans.

As of December 31, 2020, approximately 55%2023, 38% of our recreation loans were non-prime receivables with obligors who do not qualify for conventional consumer finance products as a result of, among other things, adverse credit history. While our underwriting guidelines are designed to confirm that, notwithstanding such factors, the obligor would be a reasonable credit risk, the receivables nonetheless are expected to experience higher default rates than a portfolio of obligations of prime obligors. The weakening of our underwriting guidelines for any reason, such as in response to the competitive environment, in an effort to originate higher yielding loans, a lack of discipline or diligence by our employees in underwriting and monitoring loans or our inability to adequately adapt policies and procedures to changes in economic or other conditions, may result in loan defaults and charge-offs that may necessitate increases to our allowance for loancredit losses, each of which could adversely affect our net income and financial condition. In the event of a default on a recreation loan, generally the most practical recovery method is repossession of the financed vehicle, although the collateral value of the vehicle usually does not fully cover the outstanding account balance and costs of recovery. Repossession sales that do not yield sufficient proceeds to repay the receivables in full typically result in losses on those receivables.

In addition, our prime portfolio has grown in proportion to our overall portfolio over the past several years. While prime portfolios typically have lower default rates than non-prime portfolios, we have less ability to make risk adjustments to the pricing of

prime loans compared to non-prime loans. As a result, to the extent our prime portfolio continues to grow, a larger proportion of our business will consist of loans with respect to which we will have less flexibility to adjust pricing to absorb losses. As a result of these factors, we may sustain higher losses than anticipated in our prime portfolio. Additionally, if our prime loancredit losses are higher than expected then we may also be at risk with regardsregard to our forecasted losses, which could impact our loss reserves and results of operations.

Changes in the taxi and for-hire vehicle industries have resulted in significantly increased competition and have had a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operations and have resulted in losses in our medallion loan portfolio.

The continued expansion of ride-sharing applications, or ride-sharing apps and the issuance of additional livery licenses and other for-hire classifications has changed the taxi and for-hire vehicle industries resulting in significantly increased competition in all of our taxi medallion markets. Many of these for-hire vehicle operators operate outside of the regulatory regime under which we and our borrowers operate, which poses an increased risk of competition because they are able to pass the cost savings of not having to comply with certain regulations to its passengers.

In New York City, Chicago, Boston, and other markets where we originated medallion loans, taxi fares are generally set by government agencies, but expenses associated with operating taxis are largely unregulated. Escalating expenses, such as rising gas prices and an increase in interest rates, coupled with stagnant or declining taxi fares can render taxi operations less profitable and cause borrowers to default on loans from us, which would adversely affect the value of our collateral. There were reductions in fare totals and taxi trips in the 2020 fiscal year, which were likely the result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, together with continued increases in competition, impacts from the congestion pricing surcharge, and use of public transportation.

Decreases in the value of our medallion loan collateral, including the impact on loans in process of foreclosure, and our Chicago taxi medallions purchased out of foreclosure have had, and may continue to have, a material adverse effect on our business.

We stopped originating new medallion loans in July 2015.  Our medallion loans and related assets represent 4% of our total assets at December 31, 2020. There have also been recent decreases in the values of our medallion loan collateral. Increased competition reduced the overall market for taxi services, income from operating medallions, and the value of taxi medallions. If these trends continue and intensify, there would be a further material increase to our loan-to-value ratios, loan delinquencies, and loan defaults , which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

According to TLC data, New York City taxi medallions appreciated in value to a high of $1,320,000 for corporate taxi medallions and $1,050,000 for individual taxi medallions in 2014. In 2017, the New York City Council eliminated the distinction between individual and corporate taxi medallions. We estimate that the market value of New York City taxi medallions declined to $85,000, $79,500 net of liquidation costs, as of December 31, 2020.

We own 159 Chicago taxi medallions that were purchased out of foreclosure in 2003. Additionally, a portion of our loan revenue is derived from loans collateralized by Chicago taxi medallions. The Chicago taxi medallions had appreciated in value from $50,000 in 2003 to approximately $370,000 in 2013. Since that time, however, there has been a decline in the value of Chicago taxi medallions to approximately $24,000, $18,500 net of liquidation costs, as of December 31, 2020.

Government entities may take other actions in the future, which could have adverse effects on the market for taxi medallions and which could affect, potentially materially, our financial condition and results of operations. Every city in which we originated medallion loans, and most other major cities in the United States, limits the supply of taxi medallions, which results in supply restrictions that support the value of taxi medallions. Loosening these restrictions that result in the issuance of additional taxi medallions could decrease the value of taxi medallions in that market and in turn, adversely affect the value of the collateral securing our then outstanding medallion loans in that market.

We estimate that the weighted average loan-to-value ratio of our medallion loans was approximately 327% as of December 31, 2020. If taxi medallion values continue to decline, there is likely to be an increase in medallion loan delinquencies, foreclosures and borrower bankruptcies. Our ability to recover on defaulted medallion loans by foreclosing on and selling the taxi medallion collateral would be diminished, which would result in material losses on defaulted medallion loans which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our medallion loans quickly, we would realize less than the value at which we had previously recorded such medallions.

Uncertainty relating to the reporting of collateral values for our loans may adversely affect the value of our portfolio.

Medallion loans are primarily collateral-based lending, whereby the collateral value generally exceeds the amount of the loan at the time of origination, providing sufficient excess collateral to protect us against losses. Collateral values for medallion loans reflect recent sales prices and are typically obtained from the regulatory agency in a particular local market. We rely on the integrity of the

collateral value benchmarks obtained by the applicable regulatory agencies and other third parties. Any changes or volatility in these benchmarks could cause us to suffer losses. We have experienced a significant downward movement in medallion collateral values which has caused and may continue to cause a negative impact on our valuation analysis and could further significantly lower the fair market value measurements of our portfolio.

We require an objective benchmark in determining the value of our portfolio. If the benchmarks that we currently use are deemed to be unreliable, we will need to use other intrinsic factors in determining the collateral values for our loans.

Our allowance for loancredit losses may prove to be insufficient to cover losses on our loans.

We maintain an allowance for loancredit losses (a reserve established through a provision for losses that decreases our earnings and that, accordingly, affects our financial condition) that we believe is appropriate to provide for incurredcurrent expected losses in our loan portfolio.

The process for establishing an allowance for loancredit losses is critical to our results of operations and financial condition, and requires complex models and judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions.conditions and other assumptions. Changes in economic conditions affecting borrowers, growth in our loan portfolio, changes in the credit characteristics of our loan portfolio, new information regarding our loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the allowance for loancredit losses. In cases where we modify a loan,loans, if the modified loans do not perform as anticipated, we may be required to establish additional allowances on these loans. As of December 31, 2023, the overall allowance for credit losses increased from December 31, 2022, due in part to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 (referred to as the current expected credit loss model, or CECL) methodology on January 1, 2023.

We periodically review and update our methodology, models and the underlying assumptions, estimates and assessments we use to establish our allowance for loancredit losses to reflect our view of current conditions. Moreover, our regulators, as part of their supervisory function, periodically review the methodology, models and the underlying assumptions, estimates and assessments we use for calculating, and the adequacy of, our allowance for loancredit losses. Our regulators, based on their judgment, may conclude that we should modify our methodology, models or the underlying assumptions, estimates and assessments, increase our allowance for loancredit losses, and/or recognize further losses. We continue to review and evaluate our methodology, models and the underlying assumptions, estimates and assessments we use and we will implement further enhancements or changes to them, as needed. We cannot assure youprovide assurance that our loancredit loss reserves will be sufficient to cover actual losses. Future increases in the allowance for loancredit losses or recognized losses (as a result of any review, update, regulatory guidance, changes in accounting standards or otherwise) will result in a decrease in net earnings and capital and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted if we are unsuccessful in developing and maintaining our relationships with dealerships, contractors, and FSPs.

We originate loans by working with third-party sellers of consumer products and not by working directly with consumers. As a result, our ability to originate consumer loans depends on our relationships with a limited number of dealerships, contractors, and FSPs. Although we have relationships with various dealerships, contractors, and FSPs, none of our relationships are exclusive and each may be terminated at any time. In particular, thereaddition, a large proportion of our new loan originations are concentrated in our top ten relationships (57% in our home improvement portfolio and 43% in our recreation portfolio), and the loss of a significant relationship could have a negative effect on demand for our products and our new loan originations. There is also significant competition for the contractor and FSP relationships we depend on in connection with our home improvement lending segment. The loss of any of these relationships, our failure to develop additional relationships, and circumstances in which our existing dealer,dealership, contractor, and FSP relationships generate decreased sales and loan volume all may have a material adverse effect on a substantial part of our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A reduction in demand for our products and failure by us to adapt to such reduction could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The demand for the products we offer may be reduced due to a variety of factors, such as demographic patterns, changes in

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customer preferences or financial conditions, regulatory restrictions that decrease customer access to particular products or the availability of competing products. If we fail to adapt to significant changes in our customers’ demand for, or access to, our products, our revenues could decrease, and our operations could be adversely affected. Even if we do make changes to our product offerings to fulfill customer demand, customers may resist such changes or may reject such products. Moreover, the effect of any product change on the results of our business may not be fully ascertainable until the change has been in effect for some time, and, by that time, it may be too late to make further modifications to such product without causing further adverse effects to our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Decreases or increases in prevailing interest rates could adversely affect our business, our cost of capital and our net interest income.

Our commercial borrowers generally have the right to prepay their loans upon paymentin full or in part at any time. Commercial borrowers are subject to a prepayment penalty of a fee ranging from 1%up to 2% for standard loans, and for higher amounts, as negotiated, for larger more custom loan arrangements.5% during the first year, declining by one percentage point through the fifth year. A borrower is likely to exercise prepayment rights at a time when the interest rate payable on the borrower’s loan is high relative to prevailing interest rates. In a lower interest rate environment, we will have difficulty re-lending prepaid funds at comparable rates, which may reduce the net interest income that we receive. When this occurs, we will generally reinvest these proceeds in temporary investments, pending their future investment in new portfolio companies. These temporary investments will typically have substantially lower yields than the debt being prepaid, and we could experience significant delays in reinvesting these amounts. Any future investment in a new portfolio company

may also be at lower yields than the debt that was repaid. As a result, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected if a substantial number of our portfolio companies elect to prepay amounts owed to us and we are not able to reinvest the proceeds for comparable yields in a timely fashion. Additionally, prepayments could negatively impact our return on equity, which could result in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Our profitability has and may further be directly affected by interest rate levels and fluctuations in interest rates. As interest rates change, our gross interest rate spread on originations either increases or decreases because the rates charged on the loans originated are limited by market and competitive conditions, restricting our ability to pass on increased interest costs to the consumer. For example, in 2023, as interest rates increased, our net interest margin decreased by 64 basis points. Additionally, although a significant percentage of our borrowers are non-prime and are not highly sensitive to interest rate movement, increases in interest rates may reduce the volume of loans we originate. While we monitor the interest rate environment and seek to mitigate the impact of increased interest rates, we cannot provide assurance that the impact of changes in interest rates can be successfully mitigated.

In addition, the majority of our loan portfolio is comprised of fixed-rate loans. AnTo the extent our funding costs increase in response to an increase in market rates of interest, an abrupt increase in market rates of interest may have an adverse impact on our earnings until we are able to originate new loans at higher prevailing interest rates. During 2023, we saw an increase in the cost of certificates of deposit, our largest funding source, and we expect this increase to continue in 2024.

Additionally, because we borrow to fund our loans and investments, a portion of our income is dependent upon the difference between the interest rate at which we borrow funds and the interest rate at which we invest these funds. For example, in 2023 our net interest margin on gross loans decreased to 8.38% from 8.73%. A portion of our investments, such as taxi medallion loans, will have fixed interest rates, while a portion of our borrowings will likelymay have floating interest rates. As a result, a significant change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our net investment income. In periods of rising interest rates, our cost of funds could increase, which would reduce our net investment income. We may hedge against interest rate fluctuations by using standard hedging instruments, subject to applicable legal requirements. These activities may limit our ability to participate in the benefits of lower interest rates with respect to the hedged portfolio. Adverse developments resulting from changes in interest rates or hedging transactions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Also, we will have to rely on our counterparties to perform their obligations under such hedges.

Decreases in the value of our taxi medallion loan collateral, including the impact on loans in process of foreclosure, had and may continue to have, a material adverse effect on our business.

Other than in connection with dispositions of existing taxi medallion assets, or refinancings of maturing loans, we stopped originating new taxi medallion loans in July 2015, and the Bank has not originated new taxi medallion loans since 2014. Our net taxi medallion loans and related assets represent less than 1% of our total assets at December 31, 2023. In recent years, increased competition has reduced the overall market for taxi services, income generated from operating taxi medallions, and the value of taxi medallions. If these trends continue, there will be further negative impacts to our taxi medallion loans and related assets. We continue to utilize a market value for a New York City taxi medallion of $85,000, $79,500 net of liquidation costs, as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, our entire net exposure to taxi medallion assets was concentrated in the New York City metropolitan area and had a net value of $12.1 million on our consolidated balance sheet.

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Government entities may take other actions in the future, which could have adverse effects on the market for taxi medallions and which could affect our financial condition and results of operations. Every city in which we have originated taxi medallion loans, and most other major cities in the United States, limits the supply of taxi medallions, which results in supply restrictions that support the value of taxi medallions. Loosening restrictions that result in the issuance of additional taxi medallions could decrease the value of taxi medallions in that market and in turn, adversely affect the value of the collateral securing our then outstanding taxi medallion loans in that market.

We estimate that the weighted average loan-to-value ratio of our taxi medallion loans was approximately 183% as of December 31, 2023. If taxi medallion values continue to decline, there is likely to be an increase in taxi medallion loan delinquencies, foreclosures and borrower bankruptcies. Our ability to recover on defaulted taxi medallion loans by foreclosing on and selling the taxi medallion collateral would be diminished, which would result in future losses on defaulted taxi medallion loans that could have an effect on our business. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our taxi medallion loans quickly, we would realize less than the value at which we had previously recorded such taxi medallions.

Uncertainty relating to the reporting of collateral values for our taxi medallion loans may adversely affect the value of our portfolio.

We stopped originating taxi medallion loans in July 2015, though we have continued to refinance loans as they mature, and our taxi medallion loan portfolio represented less than 1% of our total assets at December 31, 2023. Although our taxi medallion loan portfolio now represents a small percentage of our operations, further material losses in the portfolio could have a material and adverse impact on our net income for one or more future periods.

During the third quarter of 2020, we placed all taxi medallion loans on nonaccrual and adjusted them down to collateral value, net of liquidation costs. Collateral values for taxi medallion loans reflect recent sales prices and are typically obtained from the regulatory agency in a particular local market. We rely on the integrity of the collateral value benchmarks obtained by the applicable regulatory agencies and other third parties in determining the fair value of our portfolio. Any changes or volatility in these benchmarks could cause us to suffer losses, and if the benchmarks that we currently use are deemed to be unreliable, we will need to use other intrinsic factors in determining the collateral values for our loans. We have experienced a significant downward movement in taxi medallion collateral values, which caused and may again cause a negative impact on our valuation analysis and could further significantly lower the fair market value measurements of our portfolio.

Decreases in the value of our taxi medallion loan collateral have resulted in an increase in the loan-to-value ratios of our taxi medallion loans. If taxi medallion values decline further, there is likely to be an increase in taxi medallion loan delinquencies, foreclosures and borrower bankruptcies. Our ability to recover on defaulted taxi medallion loans by foreclosing on and selling the taxi medallion collateral would be diminished, which would result in material losses on defaulted taxi medallion loans which would have a material adverse effect on our taxi medallion loan portfolio and other taxi medallion-related assets. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our taxi medallion loans and repossessed collateral quickly, we would realize less than the value at which we had previously recorded such taxi medallions.

Financing and Related Risks

We are subject to certain financial covenants and other restrictions under our loan and creditdebt arrangements, which could affect our ability to finance future operations or capital needs or to engage in other business activities.

Our loan and credit agreementsCertain privately placed notes contain financial covenants and other restrictions relating to borrowing base eligibility,financial ratios and minimum tangible net worth, net income, leverage ratios, stockholders’ equity, and collateral values.worth. Our ability to meet these financial covenants and restrictions could be affected by events beyond our control, such as a substantial decline in collateral values or a rise in borrower delinquencies.control. A breach of these covenants could result in an event of default under the applicable debt instrument. Such a default, if not cured or waived, may allow the creditorsholders to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt that is subject to an applicable cross-acceleration or cross-default provision. Most of our credit facilityOur privately placed debt is subject to cross default provisions. Certain other events can constitute an event of default. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under our credit facilities, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. In the event our lenders or holders of the related notes accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. We have regularly needed waivers and extensions, and there can be no guarantee that we will be able to continue to get them if requested. Based on the foregoing factors, the operating and financial restrictions and covenants in our current creditdebt agreements and any future financing agreements could adversely affect our ability to finance future operations or capital needs or to engage in other business activities.

Failure to obtain an extension of our existing credit facilities, failure to obtain additional revolving credit facilities or raise additional capital in the future could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

We utilize secured revolving credit facilities and other facilitiesOur privately placed notes contain certain provisions that require us to fund our investments.meet certain tests in order to raise additional debt. We cannot guarantee that our credit facilitieswe will continue to be available beyond their current maturity dates on reasonable terms or at all, or that we will be ablemeet such tests in the future. Additionally, our ability to otherwise obtain additional sources of funds by selling assets or raising equity to make required payments on maturing indebtedness. Our revolving credit facilities have converted to term loans. Obtaining additional revolvingincluding through credit facilities or other alternative sources of financing may be difficult, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so on terms favorable to us or at all. The availability of revolving credit facilities depends, in part, on factors outside of our control, including regulatory capital treatment for unfunded bank lines of credit, the financial strength and strategic objectives of the banks that participate in our credit facilities and the availability of bank liquidity in general. If the credit facilities are not renewed or extended by our lenders by their maturity dates, we will not be able to make further borrowings under the facilities after they mature and the outstanding principal balances under such facilities will be due and payable at maturity. If we are unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or meet our payment obligations, our financial condition would be adversely affected and our lenders may foreclose on the property securing such indebtedness. If we are unable to extend or replace these facilities or arrange new credit facilities or other types of interim financing, we may need to curtail or suspend loan origination and funding activities which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

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In addition, we may need to raise additional capital in the future to have sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments, including the terms of the 2003 capital maintenance agreement,Capital Maintenance Agreement, and fund our business needs and future growth,

particularly if the quality of our assets or earnings were to deteriorate significantly. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and our financial condition. We may not be able to obtain capital on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of capital markets investors or other disruptions in capital markets, may adversely affect our capital costs and our ability to raise capital and, in turn, our liquidity. Further, if we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when other financial institutions are seeking to raise capital and would then have to compete with those institutions for investors. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Medallion Bank’s use of brokered deposits for its deposit-gathering activities may not be available when needed. The inability to accept and renew brokered deposits would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.

Medallion Bank relies on the established brokered deposit market to originate deposits to fund its operations. Additionally, Medallion Bank’s business, strategy and prospects are dependent on its ability to accept and renew brokered deposits without limitation and, therefore, dependent on its ability to be “well-capitalized” under the FDIC’s regulatory framework.

Medallion Bank’s brokered deposits consist of deposits raised through the brokered deposit market rather than through retail branches. WhileAlthough Medallion Bank has developed contractual relationships with a diversified group of investment brokers, and the brokered deposit market is well developed and utilized by many banking institutions, conditions could change that might affect the availability of brokered deposits. In addition, Medallion Bank’s ability to rely on brokered deposits as a source of funding is subject to capitalization requirements set forth in the FDIC’s prompt corrective action framework. Medallion Bank may not accept or renew brokered deposits unless they areit is “well-capitalized”, or they areit is “adequately capitalized” and they receiveit receives a waiver from the FDIC. A bank that is “adequately capitalized” and that accepts or renews brokered deposits under a waiver from the FDIC is subject to additional restrictions on the interest rates it may offer. See "Our Business - Supervision and Regulation" for additional information.

If the capital levels at Medallion Bank fall below the “well-capitalized” level as defined by the FDIC, or we otherwise fail to maintain “well capitalized” status, Medallion Bank’s ability to raise brokered deposits would be materially impaired. If Medallion Bank’s capital levels fall below the “adequately-capitalized” level as defined by the FDIC, it would be unable to raise brokered deposits. Any impairment or inability to raise brokered deposits would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Brokered deposits may also not be as stable as other types of deposits, and if Medallion Bank experiences a period of sustained operating losses, the cost of attracting deposits from the brokered deposit market could increase significantly. Medallion Bank’s ability to manage its growth to stay within the “well-capitalized” level is critical to our ability to retain open access to this funding source.

Investors in our securities, may be adversely affected and may face significant losses (including the possibility of losing their entire investment) if Medallion Bank is unable to accept or renew brokered deposits or if its access to the brokered deposit market were impaired.

We depend on cash flow from our subsidiaries to make payments on our indebtedness and fund operations.

We are primarily a holding company, and we derive most of our operating income and cash flow from our subsidiaries. As a result, we rely heavily upon distributions from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to make payments on our indebtedness and fund operations. Funds are provided to us by our subsidiaries through dividends and payments on intercompany indebtedness, but we cannot assure you that our subsidiaries will be in a position to continue to make these dividend or debt payments. The Utah Department of Financial Institutions and FDIC have the authority to prohibit or to limit the payment of dividends by Medallion Bank. In addition, as a condition to receipt of FDIC insurance, Medallion Bank entered into a capital maintenance agreement with the FDIC requiring it to maintain a 15% Tier 1 leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average assets). As of December 31, 2020,2023, Medallion Bank’s Tier 1 leverage ratio was 16.9%16.2%. We received dividends from Medallion Bank of $1,500,000$20.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and received dividends from Medallion Capital of $4.8 million and $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, all of which was reinvested in December 2019 and $6,000,000 during 2020.Medallion Capital.

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Legal and Regulatory Risks

We are subject to pending litigation with the SEC for certain violations of the federal securities laws, which could result in material fines and/or other sanctions and accordingly have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price, as well as a bar against our President and Chief Operating Officer.

As described in Note 10 “Commitments and Contingencies” to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, on December 29, 2021, the SEC filed a civil complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Company and its President and Chief Operating Officer alleging certain violations of the antifraud, books and records, internal controls and anti-touting provisions of the federal securities laws. The litigation relates to certain issues that occurred during the period 2015 to 2017, including (i) the Company’s retention of third parties in 2015 and 2016 concerning posting information about the Company on certain financial websites and (ii) the Company’s financial reporting and disclosures concerning certain assets, including Medallion Bank, in 2016 and 2017, a period when the Company had previously reported as a business development company (BDC) under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Since April 2018, the Company does not report as a BDC, and has not worked with such third parties since 2016. The Company does not expect to change previously reported financial results. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on March 22, 2022, the SEC filed an amended complaint on April 26, 2022 and the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on August 5, 2022.

The SEC is seeking injunctive relief, disgorgement plus pre-judgment interest and civil penalties in amounts unspecified, as well as an officer and director bar against the Company’s President and Chief Operating Officer. The Company and its President and Chief Operating Officer intend to defend themselves vigorously and believe that the SEC will not prevail on its claims. Nevertheless, depending on the outcome of the litigation, the Company could incur a loss and other penalties that could be material to the Company, its results of operations and/or financial condition, as well as a bar against its President and Chief Operating Officer. In addition, the Company has and expects to further incur significant legal fees and expenses in defending against such charges by the SEC and the Company may be subject to shareholder litigation relating to these SEC matters.

We operate in a highly regulated environment, and if we are found to be in violation of any of the federal, state, or local laws or regulations applicable to us, our business could suffer.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted in 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly changed federal financial services regulation and affects, among other things, the lending, deposit, investment, trading, and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies. In addition to the statutory requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act, the legislation also delegated authority to USU.S. banking, securities, and derivatives regulators to impose additional restrictions through required rulemaking. The Dodd-Frank Act requires a company that owns an industrial bank to serve as a “source of strength” to the institution and is also subject to the “Volcker Rule.” Although these requirements have not materially impacted us, we cannot assure you that they will not in the future.

Other changes in the laws or regulations applicable to us more generally, may negatively impact the profitability of our business activities, require us to change certain of our business practices, materially affect our business model, limit the activities in which we may engage, affect retention of key personnel, require us to raise additional regulatory capital, increase the amount of liquid assets that we hold, or otherwise affect our funding profile or expose us to additional costs (including increased compliance costs). Any such changes may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to make any necessary changes and may adversely affect our ability to conduct our business as previously conducted or our results of operations or financial condition.

We are also subject to a wide range of federal, state, and local laws and regulations, such as local licensing requirements, and retail financing, debt collection, consumer protection, environmental, health and safety, creditor, wage-hour, anti-discrimination, whistleblower and other employment practices laws and regulations and we expect these costs to increase going forward. The violation of these or future requirements or laws and regulations could result in administrative, civil, or criminal sanctions against us, which may include fines, a cease and desist order against the subject operations or even revocation or suspension of our license to operate the subject business. As a result, we have incurred and will continue to incur capital and operating expenditures and other costs to comply with these requirements and laws and regulations.

The recent change in Presidential Administration increases the likelihood of further changes to laws, regulations and supervisory practices affecting financial institutions, which could include more stringent requirements and greater scrutiny from regulatory authorities.

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The banking industry is highly regulated, and the regulatory framework, together with any future legislative or regulatory changes, may have a significant adverse effect on our operations.

The banking industry is extensively regulated and supervised under both federal and state laws and regulations that are intended primarily for the protection of depositors, customers, federal deposit insurance funds, and the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection of security holders. We are subject to regulation and supervision by the FDIC and the Utah DFI. The laws and regulations applicable to us govern a variety of matters, including permissible types, amounts, and terms of loans and investments we may make, the maximum interest rate that may be charged, the amount of reserves we must hold against deposits we take, the types of deposits we may accept, maintenance of adequate capital and liquidity, changes in the control of Medallion Bank and us, restrictions on dividends, and establishment of new offices. We must obtain approval from our regulators before engaging in certain activities or acquisitions, and there is the risk that such approvals may not be obtained, either in a timely manner or at all. Our regulators also have the ability to compel us to take, or restrict us from taking, certain actions entirely, such as actions that our regulators deem to constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice. Our failure to comply with any applicable laws or regulations, or regulatory policies and interpretations of such laws and regulations, could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties, or damage to our reputation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Federal and state banking laws and regulations, as well as interpretations and implementations of these laws and regulations, are continually undergoing substantial review and change. Financial institutions generally have also been subjected to increased scrutiny from regulatory authorities. Changes in the Presidential Administration or control of Congress also increase the likelihood of further changes to laws, regulations and supervisory practices affecting financial institutions, which could include more stringent requirements and greater scrutiny from regulatory authorities. These changes and increased scrutiny have resulted and may continue to result in increased costs of doing business and may in the future result in decreased revenues and net income, reduce our ability to effectively compete to attract and retain customers, or make it less attractive for us to continue providing certain products and services. Any future changes in federal and state law and regulations, as well as the interpretations and implementations, or modifications or repeals, of such laws and regulations, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways, including those listed above or other ways that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our inability to remain in compliance with regulatory requirements in a particular jurisdiction could have a material adverse effect on our operations in thata given market and on our reputation generally. No assurance can be given that applicable laws or regulations will not be amended or construed differently or that new laws and regulations will not be adopted, either of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The USA PATRIOTPatriot Act of 2001 and the Bank Secrecy Act, or the BSA require financial institutions to design and implement programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with FinCEN. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers and beneficial owners of certain legal entity customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Federal and state bank regulators also have focused on compliance with Bank Secrecy ActBSA and anti-money laundering regulations. In January 2021, the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, or the AMLA, which amends the BSA, was enacted. The AMLA is intended to comprehensively reform and modernize US anti-money laundering laws. Many of the statutory provisions in the AMLA will require additional rulemakings, reports and other measures, and the impact of the AMLA, including on our compliance costs and compliance risk relating to the BSA, will depend on, among other things, rulemaking and implementation guidance. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on conducting acquisitions or expanding activities. During the last several years, a number of banking institutions have received large fines for non-compliance with these laws and regulations. Although we have policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with the BSA and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that such policies or procedures will work effectively all of the time or protect us against liability for actions taken by our employees, agents, and intermediaries with respect to our business or any businesses that we may acquire. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist

financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Increases in FDIC insurance premiums may adversely affect our earnings.

Our deposits are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits and, accordingly, we are subject to FDIC deposit insurance assessments. We generally cannot control the amount of premiums we will be required to pay for FDIC insurance. In connection with financial institution failures or losses that the deposit insurance fund suffers, we may be required to pay higher FDIC premiums, or the FDIC may charge special assessments or require future prepayments. For example, in October 2022 the FDIC increased the initial base deposit insurance assessment rates by 2 basis points beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023 and in November 2023 the FDIC adopted a rule to recover, by special assessment, losses to the deposit insurance fund in connection with the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. See “Supervision and Regulation—Deposit Insurance.” Future increases of FDIC insurance premiums or special assessments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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Regulations relating to privacy, information security and data protection could increase our costs, affect or limit how we collect and use personal information and adversely affect our business opportunities.

We are subject to various privacy, information security, and data protection laws, including requirements concerning cybersecurity and security breach notification, and we could be negatively affected by these laws. For example, our business is subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share nonpublic personal information about our customers with nonaffiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to customers about our information collection, sharing and security practices and afford customers the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with nonaffiliated third parties (with certain exceptions); and (iii) requires that we develop, implement and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing physical, technical, and administrative safeguards appropriate based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of the customer information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various state and federal banking regulators and statesstate legislatures have also enacted data security breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory and/or law enforcement notification requirements in certain circumstances in the event of a security breach. Moreover, legislators and regulators are increasingly adopting, revising or revisingenforcing privacy, information security, and data protection laws or requirements – including privacy-related regulatory activity at the federal level (e.g., by the Federal Trade Commission) and the state level – that potentially could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection, and information security-related practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer or employee information, and some of our current or planned business activities. This could also increase our costs of compliance and business operations and could reduce income from certain business initiatives. This includes increased privacy-related enforcement activity at the federal level, by the Federal Trade Commission, as well as at the state level.

Compliance with current or future privacy, data protection, and information security laws (including those regarding security breach notification) could result in higher compliance technology, and technologyother operational costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. Our failure to comply with privacy, data protection, and information security laws could result in potentially significant regulatory or governmental investigations or actions, litigation, fines, sanctions, and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Our use of third-party vendors and our other ongoing third-party business relationships are subject to regulatory requirements and scrutiny.

We regularly use third-party vendors as part of our business. We also have substantial ongoing business relationships with other third parties. These types of third-party relationships are subject to demanding regulatory requirements and attention by our federal and state bank regulators. Regulation requires us to enhance ouradopt enhanced due diligence, ongoing monitoring and control over our third-party vendors and other ongoing third-party business relationships. In certain cases, we may in the future be required to renegotiate our agreements with these vendors to meet these enhanced requirements, which could increase our costs and potentially limit our competitiveness. We expect that our regulators will hold us responsible for deficiencies in our oversight and control of our third-party relationships and in the performance of the parties with which we have these relationships. As a result, if our regulators conclude that we have not exercised adequate oversight and control over our third-party vendors or other ongoing third-party business relationships or that such third parties have not performed appropriately, we could be subject to enforcement actions, including civil money penalties or other administrative or judicial penalties or fines as well as requirements for customer remediation, any of which could have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If any of the various dealerships, contractors or FSPs through which we originate loans fails to fulfill their obligations to consumers or comply with applicable law, we may incur remediation costs. Although the dealerships, contractors and FSPs that we contract with are required to fulfill their contractual commitments to consumers and to comply with applicable law, from time to time they might not, or a consumer might allege that they did not. This, in turn, can result in claims against us or in loans being uncollectible. In those cases, we may decide that it is beneficial to remediate the situation, either by assisting the consumers to get a refund, working with the dealerships, contractors or FSPs to modify the terms of the loans or reducing the amount due by making a concession to the consumer or otherwise. Historically, the cost of remediation has not been material to our business, but it could be in the future.

Our SBIC subsidiaries are licensed by the SBA and are therefore subject to SBA regulations.

Our SBIC subsidiaries are licensed to operate as SBICs and are regulated by the SBA. The SBA also places certain limitations on the financing terms of investments by SBICs in portfolio companies and prohibits SBICs from providing funds for certain purposes or to businesses in a few prohibited industries. Compliance with SBA requirements may cause the SBIC subsidiaries to forego attractive investment opportunities that are not permitted under SBA regulations.

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Further, SBA regulations require that a licensed SBIC be periodically examined and audited by the SBA to determine its compliance with the relevant SBA regulations. The SBA prohibits, without prior SBA approval, a “change of control” of an SBIC or transfers that would result in any person (or a group of persons acting in concert) owning 10% or more of a class of capital stock of an SBIC. If the SBIC subsidiaries fail to comply with applicable SBIC regulations, the SBA could, depending on the severity of the violation, limit or prohibit their use of debentures, declare outstanding debentures immediately due and payable, and/or limit them from making new investments. In addition, the SBA could revoke or suspend an SBIC license or may appoint a receiver for the SBIC and for its liquidation for willful or repeated violation of, or willful or repeated failure to observe, any provision of the SBIA or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder. Such actions by the SBA would, in turn, negatively affect us.

Our ability to enter into transactions with our affiliates is restricted.

The SBA restricts the ability of SBICs to lend money to any of their officers, directors, and employees, or invest in any affiliates thereof.

Medallion Bank is subject to certain federal laws that restrict and control its ability to engage in transactions with its affiliates. Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and applicable regulations restrict the transfer of funds by Medallion Bank to certain of its affiliates, including us, in the form of loans, extensions of credit, investments, or purchases of assets and restrict its ability to provide services to, or receive services from, its affiliates. Sections 23A and 23B also require generally that Medallion Bank’s transactions with its affiliates be on terms no less favorable to Medallion Bank than comparable transactions with unrelated third parties.

Federal and state law may discourage certain acquisitions of our common stock which could have a material adverse effect on our stockholders.

Because Medallion Bank is an “insured depository institution” within the meaning of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the Change in Bank Control Act and we areMedallion Financial Corp. is a “financial institution holding company” within the meaning of the Utah Financial Institutions Act, federal and Utah law and regulations prohibit any person or company from acquiring control of us and, indirectly Medallion Bank or Medallion Financial Corp., without, in most cases, prior written approval of the FDIC or the Commissioner of the Utah Department of Financial Institutions, as applicable. Under the Change in Bank Control Act, control is conclusively presumed if, among other things, a person or company acquires 25% or more of any class of ourthe Bank’s voting stock. A rebuttable presumption of control arises if a person or company acquires 10% or more of any class of voting stock and is subject to a number ofseveral specified “control factors” as set forth in the applicable regulations. Although Medallion Bank is an “insured depository institution” within the meaning of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the Change in Bank Control Act, your investment in the Company is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC, or any other agency, and is subject to loss. Under the Utah Financial Institutions Act, control is defined as the power, todirectly or indirectly, or through or in concert with one or more persons to: (a) direct or exercise a controlling influence over (i) management or policies of a financial institution or (ii) the election of a majority of the directors or trustees of an institution or (b) vote 20%25% or more of any class of our voting securities by an individualof a financial institution. In addition, under Utah law, there is a rebuttable presumption that a person has control of a Utah financial institution if the person has the power, directly or indirectly, or through concern with one or more persons, to vote more than 10% but not less than 25% of any class of our voting securities byof a person other than an individual.financial institution. Investors are responsible for ensuring that they do not, directly or indirectly, acquire shares of our common stock in excess of the amount which can be acquired without regulatory approval. These provisions could delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us, despite the possible benefit to our stockholders, or otherwise adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

 Although Medallion Bank is an “insured depository institution” within the meaning of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the Change in Bank Control Act, your investment in the Company is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC, or any other agency, and is subject to loss.

Risk Relating to Our Growth and Operations

We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities.Competition with other lenders could adversely affect us.

The consumer lending market is very competitive and is served by a variety of entities, including banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, independent finance companies, and financial technology companies. The recreation lending and home improvement lending markets are also highly fragmented, with a small number of lenders capturing large shares of each market and many smaller lenders competing for the remaining market share. Our competitors often seek to provide financing on terms more favorable to consumers or dealers, contractors, and FSPs than we offer. Many of these competitors also have long-standing relationships with dealers, contractors, and FSPs and may offer other forms of financing that we do not offer, e.g., credit card lending. We anticipate that we will encounter greater competition as we expand our operations, and competition may also increase in more stable or favorable economic conditions. Certain of our competitors are not subject to the same regulatory requirements that we are and, as a result, these competitors may have advantages in conducting certain business and providing certain services and may be more aggressive in their loan origination activities. Increasing competition could also require us to lower the rates we charge on loans in order to maintain our desired loan origination volume, which could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We have in the past and may in the future pursue new strategies and lines of business, and we may face enhanced risks as a result of these changes in strategy, including from transacting with a broader array of customers and exposure to new assets, activities and markets.

In July 2019, we commenced the build-out of a newlaunched our Strategic Partnership Program, through which the Bank partnerswe partner with third parties to offer consumer loans and other financial services. Potential legal and regulatory risks associated with this line of business remain uncertain and may develop in ways that could affect us adversely, including as a result of legal proceedings brought against us on the basis that we are the “true lender” of the loans facilitated, held and serviced by our partners,Strategic Partners, or on the basis of a determination by the FDIC or other financial regulators that our Strategic Partnership Program represents an unsafe and unsound practice.

We may continue to change our strategy and enter new lines of business, including through the acquisition of another company, acquisitions of new types of loan portfolios or other asset classes, or otherwise, in the future. Any new business initiatives, including our Strategic Partnership Program, have in the past and may in the future expose us to new and enhanced risks, including new credit-related, compliance, fraud, market and operational risks, increased compliance and operating costs, different and potentially greater regulatory scrutiny of such new activities and assets, and may expose us to new types of consumerscustomers as well as asset classes, activities and markets.

Any new business initiatives and strategies we may pursue in the future may be less successful than anticipated and may not advance our intended business strategy. We may not realize a satisfactory return on investments or acquisitions, we may experience

difficulty in managing new portfolios or integrating operations, and management’s attention from our other businesses could be diverted. Any of these results could ultimately have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our financial condition and results of operations will depend on our ability to manage growth effectively.

Our ability to achieve our loan and investment objective will depend on our ability to grow, which will depend, in turn, on our management team’s ability to identify, evaluate, and monitor, and our ability to finance and invest in, companies that meet our investment criteria.

Accomplishing this result on a cost-effective basis will be largely a function of our management team’s handling of the investment process, its ability to provide competent, attentive, and efficient services, and our access to financing on acceptable terms. In addition to monitoring the performance of our existing investments, members of our management team and our investment professionals may also be called upon to provide managerial assistance to our portfolio companies. These demands on their time may distract them or slow the rate of investment. In order to grow, we will need to hire, train, supervise, and manage new employees. However, we cannot assure you that any such employees will contribute to the success of our business. Any failure to manage our future growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business depends on our ability to adapt to rapid technological change.

The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new, technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to serve customers better and to reduce costs.better. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements than we do. We may not be able to effectively implement new, technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. In addition, the implementation of technological changes and upgrades to maintain current systems and integrate new ones may also cause service interruptions, transaction processing errors and system conversion delays and may cause us to fail to comply with applicable laws. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry and failure to avoid interruptions, errors and delays could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We expect that new technologies and business processes applicable to the banking industry will continue to emerge, and these new technologies and business processes may be better than those we currently use. Because the pace of technological change is high and our industry is intensely competitive, we may not be able to sustain our investment in new technology as critical systems and applications become obsolete or as better ones become available. A failure to maintain current technology and business processes could cause disruptions in our operations or cause our products and services to be less competitive, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and that of our customers and personally identifiablethe personal information of our customers and employees, on our systems, in third-party data centers, andor on our networks.the systems of service providers or other third parties on which we rely. The secure processing, maintenance, and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Despite our security and business continuity measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, or malfeasance, or other disruptions or vulnerable to other disruptions as a result of systems failures, operational events, employee error, or incidents affecting our third-party service providers (or providers to those third-party service providers). Any such breach or disruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, destroyed, lost, or stolen. Any such access, disclosure, destruction or other lossimpact to the confidentiality, integrity or availability of such information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information and regulatory penalties, disrupt our operations and damage our reputation, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, we may also be required to incur significant costs in connection with any regulatory investigation or civil litigation resulting from a security breach or other information technology disruption that affects us.

We have been, and likely will continue to be, the target of attempted cyber-attacks, computer viruses, malicious code, phishing attacks, denial of service attacks and other information security threats. To date, cyber-attacks have not had a material impact on our financial condition, results or business; however, we could suffer material financial or other losses in the future and we are not able to predict the severity of these attacks. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, the current global economic and political environment, our work-from home arrangements, the outsourcing of some of our business operations, the ongoing shortage of qualified cybersecurity professionals, and the interdependence of third parties to our systems. In addition, our increasing interconnectivity with service providers, dealerships, contractors and FSPs, including through application programming interfaces, increases the risk that a security breach or other disruption affecting a third party materially affects our ability to conduct business. Regulatory agencies have also become increasingly focused on cybersecurity, including as a result of the increasing number of cybersecurity incidents; given this regulatory and cyber threat environment, we may incur additional expenses in order to comply with new obligations.

We are dependent upon our key investment personnelsenior management team for our future success.

We depend on the diligence, skill, and network of business contacts of the investment professionals we employ for sourcing, evaluating, negotiating, structuring, and monitoring our investments. Our future success will also depend, to a significant extent,depends on the continued service and coordination of our senior management team particularly,and its coordination with the senior management team at Medallion Bank. These members of senior management include Alvin Murstein, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Andrew M. Murstein, our President Larry D. Hall,and Chief Operating Officer, Anthony N. Cutrone, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Donald S. Poulton, President and his management team forChief Executive Officer, Medallion Bank, D. Justin Haley, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Medallion Bank, and Alex TravisSteven M. Hannay, Executive Vice President and his management team atChief Lending Officer, Medallion Capital.Bank. The departure of Messrs. Murstein or Mr. Hall, or any other member of our senior management or the senior management team at Medallion Bank could have a material adverse effect on our ability to manage or grow our business and effectively mitigate risk.

The development and use of Artificial Intelligence, or AI, present risks and challenges that may adversely impact our business.

We or our third-party vendors, service providers, dealerships, contractors or FSPs with which we have relationships may develop or incorporate AI technology in certain business processes, services or products. The development and use of AI present a number of risks and challenges to our business. The legal and regulatory environment relating to AI is uncertain and rapidly evolving, both in the U.S. and internationally, and includes regulatory schemes targeted specifically at AI as well as provisions in intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, employment and other laws applicable to the use of AI. These evolving laws and regulations could increase our compliance costs and the risk of non-compliance. AI models, particularly generative AI models, may produce output or take action that is incorrect, that result in the release of private, confidential or proprietary information, that reflect biases included in the data on which they are trained, infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, or that is otherwise harmful or which produce outcomes contrary to the expectations of consumers. In addition, the complexity of many AI models makes it challenging to understand why they are generating particular outputs. This limited transparency increases the challenges associated with assessing the proper operation of AI models, understanding and monitoring the capabilities of the AI models, reducing erroneous output, eliminating bias and complying with regulations that require documentation or explanation of the basis on which decisions are made. Further, we may rely on AI models developed by third parties, and, to that extent, would be dependent in part on the manner in which those third parties develop and train their models, including risks arising from the inclusion of any unauthorized material in the training data for their models, and the effectiveness of the steps these third parties have taken to limit the risks associated with the output of their models, matters over which we may have limited visibility. Any of these risks could expose us to liability or adverse legal or regulatory consequences and harm our reputation and the public perception of our business or the effectiveness of our security measures or other controls.

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In addition to our use of AI technologies, we are exposed to risks arising from the use of AI technologies by bad actors to commit fraud and misappropriate funds and to facilitate cyberattacks. Generative AI, if used to perpetrate fraud or launch cyberattacks, could create panic at a particular financial results.institution or exchange, which could pose a threat to financial stability.

Terrorist attacks, other acts of violence or war, and natural disasters may affect any market for our securities, impact the businesses in which we invest, and harm our operations and profitability.

Terrorist attacks and natural disasters may harm our results of operations and your investment. We cannot assure you that there will not be further terrorist attacks against the USU.S. or USU.S. businesses or major natural disasters hitting the United States. Such attacks or natural disasters in the USU.S. or elsewhere may impact the businesses in which we directly or indirectly invest by undermining economic conditions in the United States. In addition, a portion of our business is focused inon the New York City metropolitan area, which suffered a terrorist attack in 2001 and has faced continued threats. Another terrorist attack in New York City or elsewhere could severely impact our results of operations. Losses resulting from terrorist attacks are generally uninsurable.

Our operations could be interrupted if certain external vendors on which we rely experience difficulty, terminate their services or fail to comply with banking laws and regulations.

We depend to a significant extent on relationships with third parties that provide services, primarily information technology services critical to our operations. Currently, we obtain services from third parties that include information technology infrastructure and support, plus loan origination, loan servicing, and accounting systems and support. If any of our third-party service providers experience difficulties or terminate their services and we are unable to replace our service providers with other service providers, our operations could be interrupted. It may be difficult for us to replace some of our third-party vendors, particularly vendors providing our loan origination, loan servicing and accounting services, in a timely manner if they are unwilling or unable to provide us with these services in the future for any reason. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period of time, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Even if we are able to replace these third parties, it may be at higher cost to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. In addition, if a third-party provider fails to provide the services we require, fails to meet contractual requirements, such as compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or suffers a cyber-attack or other security breach, our business could suffer economic and reputational harm that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Misconduct by current or former employees could expose us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.

We are vulnerable to reputational harm because we operate in an industry in which integrity and the confidence of the dealerships, contractors, and FSPs that sell our consumer products are of critical importance. Our current and former directors, and employees could engage or could have engaged in misconduct that adversely affects our business. For example, if such a person were to engage, or previously engaged, in fraudulent, illegal or suspicious activities, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions and suffer serious harm to our reputation (as a consequence of the negative perception resulting from such activities), financial position, third-party relationships and ability to forge new relationships with third-party dealers, contractors or contractors.FSPs. Our business often requires that we deal with confidential information. If our current and former directors, and employees were to improperly use or disclose this information or previously improperly used or disclosed this information, even if inadvertently, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position and current and future business relationships. It is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not always be effective. Misconduct by our current and former employees or former directors, and employees, or even unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct, could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We borrow money, which magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested, and increases the risk of investing in us.

Borrowings, also known as leverage, magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested, and therefore increase the risk associated with investing in us. We borrow from the brokered CD market, private and public note placements and issue senior debt securities to banks and other lenders, and through long-term subordinated SBA debentures. These creditors have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of our stockholders. If the value of our assets increases, then leveraging would cause stockholders’ equity to increase more sharply than it would have had we not leveraged. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause stockholders’ equity to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any increase in our income in excess of interest payable on the borrowed funds would cause our net income to increase more than it would without the leverage, while any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could reduce the amount available for distribution payments.

As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had $1.3$2.1 billion of outstanding indebtedness with a weighted average borrowing cost of 2.37%3.50%.

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Approximately $730 million$0.7 billion of our borrowing relationships have maturity dates during 2021 through 2022, including almost $6352024, a vast majority of which are brokered certificates of deposit. We currently have $33.0 million of brokered CDs. We have been in active and ongoing discussions with eachindebtedness of these lenders and have extended each ofwhich the facilities as they matured. Certain lenders have worked with us to extend and change the terms of the borrowing agreements, but we cannot assure you that they will continue to do so. Additionally, with the cessation of LIBOR by the end of 2021, there could beinterest rate adjustments that may have material impacts to our cost of borrowings.is SOFR-based. See Note 65 of our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the current and new lending arrangements to date.

Additional Risks Relating to Our Loan Portfolios and Investments

Lending to small businesses involves a high degree of risk and is highly speculative.

Lending to small businesses involves a high degree of business and financial risk, which can result in substantial losses and should be considered speculative. Historically, our borrower base consists primarily of small business owners that may have limited resources and that are generally unable to obtain financing from traditional sources. There is generally no publicly available information about these small business owners, and we must rely on the diligence of our employees and agents to obtain information in connection with our credit decisions. In addition, these small businesses often do not have audited financial statements. Some smaller businesses have narrower product lines and market shares than their competition. Therefore, they may be more vulnerable to customer preferences, market conditions, or economic downturns, which may adversely affect the return on, or the recovery of, our investment in these businesses.

Our portfolio is and may continue to be concentrated in a limited number of portfolio companies, industries and sectors, which will subject us to a risk of significant loss if any of these companies default on its obligations to us or by a downturn in the particular industry or sector.

Our portfolio is and may continue to be concentrated in a limited number of portfolio companies, industries and sectors. In addition, taxi companies that constitute separate issuers may have related management or guarantors and constitute larger business relationships to us. We do not have fixed guidelines for diversification, and while we are not targeting any specific industries, our investments are, and could continue to be, concentrated in relatively few industries. As a result, the aggregate returns we realize may be adversely affected if a small number of loans perform poorly or if we need to write down the value of any one loan. If our larger borrowers were to significantly reduce their relationships with us and seek financing elsewhere, the size of our loan portfolio and operating results could decrease. In addition, larger business relationships may also impede our ability to immediately foreclose on a particular defaulted portfolio company as we may not want to impair an overall business relationship with either the portfolio company management or any related funding source. Additionally, a downturn in any particular industry or sector in which we are invested could also negatively impact the aggregate returns we realize.

The lack of liquidity in our investments may adversely affect our business.

We generally make investments in private companies. Substantially all of these securities are subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or are otherwise less liquid than publicly traded securities. The illiquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments if the need arises. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we had previously recorded our investments. We may also face other restrictions on our ability to liquidate an investment in a portfolio company to the extent that we have material non-public information regarding such portfolio company.

In addition, the illiquidity of our loan portfolio and investments may adversely affect our ability to dispose of loans at times when it may be advantageous for us to liquidate such portfolio or investments. In addition, if we were required to liquidate some or all of the investments in the portfolio, the proceeds of such liquidation may be significantly less than the current value of such investments. Because we borrow money to make loans and investments, our net operating income is dependent upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds and the rate at which we invest these funds. As a result, there can be no assurance that a significant change in market interest rates will not have a material adverse effect on our interest income. In periods of rising interest rates, our cost of funds would increase, which would reduce our net operating income before net realized and unrealized gains. We use a combination of long-term and short-term borrowings and equity capital to finance our investing activities. Our long-term fixed-rate investments are financed primarily with short-term floating-rate debt, and to a lesser extent by term fixed-rate debt. We may use interest rate risk management techniques in an effort to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Such techniques may include various interest rate hedging activities.

We have analyzed the potential impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income. Assuming that the balance sheet were to remain constant and no actions were taken to alter the existing interest rate sensitivity a hypothetical immediate 1% increase in interest rates would result in an increase to the line item “net income”net income as of December 31, 20202023 by approximately $1,183,000$1.6 million on an annualized basis, and the impact of such an immediate increase of 1% over a one year period would have been approximately ($1,763,000)a reduction in net income by $1.9 million at December 31, 2020.2023. Although management believes that this measure is indicative of our sensitivity to interest rate changes, it does not adjust for potential changes in credit quality, size, and composition of the assets on the balance sheet, and other business developments that could affect net increase in net assets resulting from operations in a particular quarter or for the year taken as a whole. Accordingly, no assurances can be given that actual results would not differ materially from the potential outcome simulated by these estimates.

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Sales of loans could have an adverse effect on the credit or other characteristics of the loans and portfolios we retain.

From time to time, we have sold portfolios of loans, and those transactions have generally included loans with stronger credit characteristics than the overall composition of our loan portfolio. Accordingly, following those transactions, the overall credit characteristics of our loan portfolio declined due to the transfer of the loans with stronger credit characteristics. In the future, the credit

characteristics of our loan portfolio could change as a result of loan sales, and other characteristics could change as well. For example, if we sell loans with less favorable credit characteristics, the net interest income and net interest margin for our loan portfolio could be adversely affected because loans with less favorable credit characteristics typically generate more net interest income and higher net interest margin.

We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about customers.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions, and in evaluating and monitoring our loan portfolio on an ongoing basis, we may rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers, including financial statements, credit reports and other financial information. We may also rely on representations of those customers or of other third parties, such as independent auditors, as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. The failure to receive financial statements, credit reports or other financial or business information related to our customers on a timely basis, or the inadvertent reliance by us on inaccurate, incomplete, fraudulent or misleading forms of any of the foregoing information, could result in loancredit losses, reputational damage or other effects that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Laws and regulations implemented in response to climate change could result in increased operating costs for our portfolio companies.

CongressClimate change may cause extreme weather events that may disrupt our operations, the operations of the FSPs, dealerships or contractors with which we have relationships, or the businesses and other governmental authorities have either considered or implemented various laws and regulations in response to climate change and the reduction of greenhouse gases. Existing environmental regulations could be revised or reinterpreted, new laws and regulations could be adopted, and future changes in environmental laws and regulations could occur, which could impose additional costs on the operationemployers of our portfolio companies. For example, regulations to cut gasoline use and control greenhouse gas emissions from new carsborrowers. Any such disruptions could adversely affect our medallion portfolio companies. Our portfolio companies may have to make significant capital and other expenditures to comply with these laws and regulations. Changes in, or new, environmental restrictions may force our portfolio companies to incur significant expenses or expenses that may exceed their estimates. There can be no assurance that such companies would be able to recover all or any increased environmental costs from their customers or that their business, financial condition or results of operations would not be materially and adverselyability to originate new loans. Climate change and the transition to a less carbon-dependent economy could also have a negative impact on origination volumes in our Recreation Lending segment if demand for recreational vehicles decreases due to climate-related concerns. In addition, our credit risks could increase and demand for our products could decrease if and to the extent our borrowers work in industries that are negatively affected by such expendituresclimate change and climate transition efforts.

New regulations or any changesguidance relating to climate change, as well as the perspectives of regulators, employees and other stakeholders regarding climate change, may affect whether and on what terms and conditions we engage in environmental lawscertain activities or offer certain products. Federal and regulations,state banking regulators and supervisory authorities and other stakeholders have increasingly viewed financial institutions as playing an important role in helping to address risks related to climate change, both directly and with respect to their customers, which casemay result in financial institutions coming under increased requirements and expectations regarding the valuedisclosure and management of these companies could be adversely affected.

Our business may be further adversely affected if New York City experiences a sustained economic downturn.

Historically, a significant portion of our loan revenue is derived from medallion loans collateralized by New York City taxi medallions. An economic downturn in New York City could lead to an additional increase in defaults on our medallion loanstheir climate risks and related lending activities. For example, in October 2023, the federal bank regulatory agencies jointly issued principles for climate-related financial risk management for large financial institutions, which apply to regulated financial institutions with more than $100 billion in total consolidated assets.

An economic downturn While these principles do not apply to us, we may also become subject to new or heightened regulatory requirements relating to climate change, such as requirements relating to operational resiliency or analyses for various climate stress scenarios. Any such new or heightened requirements could result in additional commercialincreased regulatory, compliance or other costs or higher capital requirements. The risk associated with, and consumer loan customers experiencing declines in business activities and/or personal resources,the perspective of regulators, employees and other stakeholders regarding, climate change is evolving rapidly, which could leadmakes it difficult to difficulties in their servicingassess the ultimate impact on us of their loans with us,climate change-related risks and increasing the level of delinquencies, defaults,uncertainties, and loan losses in our commercial and consumer loan portfolios.we expect that climate change-related risk will increase over time.

Our portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, our investments in such companies.

We invest in our portfolio companies primarily through senior secured loans, junior secured loans, and subordinated debt issued by small- tosmall-to mid-sized companies. Our portfolio companies may have, or may be permitted to incur, other debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, the debt in which we invest. By their terms, such debt instruments may entitle the holders to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments with respect to the debt instruments in which we invest. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization, or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, holders of debt instruments ranking senior to our investment in that portfolio company would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any distribution. After repaying such senior creditors, such portfolio company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of debt ranking equally with debt instruments in which we invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such debt in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization, or bankruptcy of the relevant portfolio company.

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There may be circumstances where our debt investments could be subordinated to claims of other creditors or we could be subject to lender liability claims.

Even though we may have structured most of our investments as senior loans, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we actually provided managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might recharacterize our debt investment and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. We may also be subject to lender liability claims for actions taken by us with respect to a borrower’s business or instances where we exercise control over the borrower. It is possible that we could become subject to a lender’s liability claim, including as a result of actions taken in rendering significant managerial assistance.

If our underwriting processes do not adequately assess risk, contain errors or are otherwise ineffective, whether due to automation or otherwise, our reputation and relationships with dealerships, contractors and FSPs could be harmed, our market share could decline and our financial condition, liquidity and result of operations could be adversely affected.

Our ability to maintain relationships with dealerships, contractors and FSPs is significantly dependent on our ability to effectively evaluate a borrower's credit profile and likelihood of default in a timely fashion. To conduct this evaluation, we utilize credit, pricing, loss forecasting and scoring models that allow us to automate elements of our underwriting processes. Our models are based on algorithms that evaluate several factors, including behavioral data, transactional data, bank data and employment information, which may not effectively predict future credit loss. We have also been increasing the role of technology and automation in our credit underwriting processes. If we are unable to effectively segment borrowers into relative risk profiles, we may be unable to offer attractive interest rates. Additionally, if these models fail to adequately assess the creditworthiness of our borrowers, whether due to flaws in model design, inaccurate or insufficient data or otherwise, we may experience higher than forecasted losses and our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We regularly refine these algorithms based on new data and changing macro-economic conditions. However, the models that we use may not accurately assess the creditworthiness of our borrowers and may not be effective in assessing creditworthiness in the future. In addition, allegations, whether or not accurate, that underwriting decisions do not treat borrowers fairly, or comply with applicable laws or regulations, can result in negative publicity, reputational harm and regulatory scrutiny.

We may not control many of Medallion Capital’s portfolio companies.

We maydo not control many of Medallion Capital’s portfolio companies, even though we may have board representation or board observation rights. As a result, we are subject to the risk that a Medallion Capital portfolio company in which we invest may make business decisions with which we disagree, and the management of such company may take risks or otherwise act in ways that do not serve our interests as debt investors.

We may not realize gains from our equity investments.

Certain investments that we have made in the past and may make in the future include warrants or other equity securities. In addition, we may from time to time make non-control, equity co-investments in companies in conjunction with private equity sponsors. Our goal is ultimately to realize gains upon our disposition of such equity interests. However, the equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. We also may be unable to realize any value if a portfolio company does not have a liquidity event, such as a sale of the business, recapitalization, or public offering, which would allow us to sell the underlying equity interests.

None.

We lease office space in New York City for our corporate headquarters under a lease expiring in April 2027. We also lease office space for loan origination offices and subsidiary operations in Newark, New Jersey, which, along with our New York City office, handles our taxi medallion loan segment, and in Minneapolis,Excelsior, Minnesota, which handles our commercial lending segment. Medallion Bank leases office space in Salt Lake City, Utah under a lease expiring in November 2027,2030, which handles the recreation and home improvement lending segments, and in Bothell, Washington, which handles our home improvement lending segment.segments. We do not own any real property, other than foreclosed properties obtained as a result of lending relationships. We believe that our leased properties, taken as a whole, are in good operating condition and are suitable for our current business operations.

We are currently involvedITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

See Note 10 “Commitments and Contingencies” subsections (c) and (d) to the consolidated financial statements included in variousItem 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details of the Company’s legal proceedings, incident toincluding the ordinary course of our business, including collection matters with respect to certain loans. We intend to vigorously defend any outstanding claims and pursue our legal rights. In the opinion of our management and based upon the advice of legal counsel, there is no proceeding pending or to the knowledge of management threatened, which in the event of an adverse decision could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.SEC litigation.

Not applicable.

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PART II

STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The following graph commences as of December 31, 20152018 and compares the Company’s common stock with the cumulative total return for the NASDAQ Composite Index and the Russell 2000 Index. Furthermore, the following graph assumes the investment of $100 on December 31, 20152018 in each of the Company’s common stock, the stocks comprising the NASDAQ Composite Index and the Russell 2000 Index and assumes dividends are reinvested.

Cumulative Total Return

Based on Initial Investment of $100 on December 31, 2015

2018, with dividends reinvested

 

Our common stock is quoted on NASDAQ under the symbol “MFIN.” Our common stock commenced trading on May 23, 1996. As of March 12, 2021,6, 2024, there were approximately 348172 holders of record of our common stock. On March 12, 2021,6, 2024, the last reported sale price of our common stock was $7.56$8.37 per share.

We are subject to federal and applicable state corporate income taxes on our taxable ordinary income and capital gains. We have notBeginning in March 2022, the Company's board of directors reinstated our quarterly dividend. A dividend of $0.08 per share was paid in March, May, and August 2023. On October 24, 2023, the Company’s board of directors authorized and increased the quarterly dividend to $0.10 per share, and a dividend of $0.10 per share was paid in November 2023. The Company currently expects to continue to pay quarterly dividends since 2016 and do not currently anticipate paying dividends.at the current rate for the foreseeable future. We may, however, re-evaluate paying dividendsthe dividend policy in the future depending on market conditions. There can be no assurance that we will continue to pay any cash distributions, as we may retain our earnings to facilitate the growth of our business, to finance our investments, to provide liquidity, or for other corporate purposes.

We have adopted a dividend reinvestment plan pursuant to which stockholders may elect to have distributions reinvested in additional shares of common stock. When we declare a distribution, all participants will have credited to their plan accounts the number of full and fractional shares (computed to three decimal places) that could be obtained with the cash, net of any applicable withholding taxes that would have been paid to them if they were not participants. The number of full and fractional shares is computed at the weighted average price of all shares of common stock purchased for plan participants within the 30 days after the distribution is declared plus brokerage commissions. The automatic reinvestment of distributions will not release plan participants of any income tax that may be payable on the distribution. Stockholders may terminate their participation in the dividend reinvestment plan by providing written notice to the Plan Agent at least 10 days before any given distribution payment date. Upon termination, we will issue to a stockholder both a certificate for the number of full shares of common stock owned and a check for any fractional shares, valued at the then current market price, less any applicable brokerage commissions and any other costs of sale. There are no additional fees or expenses for participation in the dividend reinvestment plan. Stockholders may obtain additional information about the dividend reinvestment plan by contacting the American Stock Transfer &Equiniti Trust Company, LLC at 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11219.PO Box 10027, Newark, NJ, 07101.

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UNREGISTERED SALESPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND USE OF PROCEEDSAFFILIATED PURCHASERS

We did notOn April 29, 2022, our board of directors authorized a new stock repurchase anyprogram with no expiration date, pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase up to $35 million of our shares, duringwhich was increased to $40 million on August 10, 2022, also with no expiration date. Such new repurchase program replaced the three months endedprevious one, which was terminated. As of December 31, 2020. Accordingly, under our Stock Repurchase Program previously authorized by our Board of Directors,2023, up to $22,874,509$19,998,012 of shares remain authorized for repurchase under our stock repurchase program.

The Company did not repurchase shares of common stock during the program.quarter ended December 31, 2023.

Reserved

OBJECTIVE

The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019,2023, 2022, and 2018.2021. This section is intended to provide managementsmanagement's perspective of our financial condition and results of operation.operations. In addition, this section contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to the inherent uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions. Certain factors that could cause actual results and conditions to differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements are described in the Risk Factors section on page 20.19. Additionally, more information about our business activities can be found in “Business.”

GENERALCOMPANY BACKGROUND

We are a specialty finance company whose strategic focus and growth in recent years has been throughour consumer finance and commercial lending businesses operated by Medallion Bank, (aor the Bank, and Medallion Capital, Inc., or Medallion Capital. The Bank is a wholly-owned subsidiary), whichsubsidiary that originates consumer loans for the purchase of recreational vehicles, boats, motorcycles, and trailers,home improvements, and provides loan origination and other services to finance home improvements. Historically we have hadfintech partners. Medallion Capital is a leading position in originating, acquiring, and servicingwholly-owned subsidiary that originates commercial loans that finance taxi medallions and various types of commercial businesses.

Since Medallion Bank acquired a consumer loan portfolio and began originating consumer loans in 2004, it has increasedthrough its consumer loan portfolio at a compound annual growth rate of 16% (19% if there had been no loan sales during 2016, 2017, and 2018). We have transitioned away from medallion lending and have placed our strategic focus on our growing consumer finance portfolios.mezzanine financing business. As a result of our change in strategy, as of December 31, 2020,2023, our consumer loans represented 93%95% of our netgross loan portfolio withand commercial loans representing 6% and medallion loans representing 1%represented 5%. Total assets under management, which includes assets serviced for third party investors, were $1.8$2.6 billion as of December 31, 2020,2023 and $1.7$2.3 billion as of December 31, 2019, and have grown at a compound annual growth rate of 9% from $215,000,000 at the end of 1996.2022.

Our loan-related earnings depend primarily on our level of net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between the total yield on our loan portfolio and the average cost of borrowed funds. We fund our operations through a wide variety of interest-bearing sources, such asincluding bank certificates of deposit issued to customers,consumers, debentures issued to and guaranteed by the SBA, privately placed notes, and bank term debt.trust preferred securities. Net interest income fluctuates with changes in the yield on our loan portfolioportfolios and changes in the cost of borrowed funds, as well as changes in the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities held by us. Net interest income is also affected by economic, regulatory, and competitive factors that influence interest rates, loan demand, and the availability of funding to finance our lending activities. We, like other financial institutions, are subject to interest rate risk to the degree that our interest-earning assets reprice, either due to inflation or other factors, on a different basis than our interest-bearing liabilities. We continue to monitor global supply chain disruptions, gas prices, labor shortages, unemployment, and other factors contributing to U.S. inflation and economic health, as well as other factors which contribute to competition and changes in the demand for our loan products. We are taking steps in the event of a potential economic downturn and in light of the current inflationary environment to moderate the pace of our recent growth.

We also provide debt, mezzanine, and equity investment capital to companies in a variety of industries, consistent with our investment objectives.commercial industries. These investments may be venture capital style investments which may not be fully collateralized. Our investments are typically in the form of secured debt instruments with fixed interest rates accompanied by an equity stake or warrants to purchase an equity interest for a nominal exercise price (such warrants are included in equity investments on the consolidated balance sheets). Interest income is earned on the debt instruments.

Beginning in 2019, Medallion Bank began the process to build-out a strategic partnership program with financial technology, or fintech, companies. Medallion Bank entered into an initial partnership in 2020 and began issuing its first loans, while continuing to explore opportunities with additional fintech companies.

In recent years, we have focused on growing our consumer lending segments and maintaining the profitability of our commercial lending segment. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we have taken various steps to pursue this strategy and improve our corporate governance, including:

On March 7, 2018, a majority of the Company’s shareholders authorized our board of directors to withdraw our election to be regulated as a business development company, or BDC, under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act, and we withdrew such election effective April 2, 2018. At that point, we were no longer a BDC or subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs. Historically, the composition of our assets caused it to meet the definition of an “investment company,” and we made a corresponding election to be treated as a BDC. Now that we have de-elected BDC status, it operates so as to fall outside the definition of an “investment company” or within an applicable exception.

As a result of this change in status, commencing with the three months ended June 30, 2018:

As we made this change to our financial reporting prospectively, in this report we refer to both accounting in accordance with US generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, applicable to bank holding companies, or Bank Holding Company Accounting, which applies commencing April 2, 2018, and to that applicable to investment companies under the 1940 Act, or Investment Company Accounting, which applies to prior periods.

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Medallion Bank, or theThe Bank is aan industrial bank regulated by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions whichthat originates consumer loans, raises deposits, and conducts other banking activities. The Bank generally provides us with our lowest cost of funds which it raises through bank certificates of deposit. To take advantage of this low cost of funds, historically we have referred a portion of our taxi medallion and commercial loans to the Bank, which originated these loans, and have since been serviced by Medallion Servicing Corp., or MSC. However, at this timeother than in connection with dispositions of existing taxi medallion assets, the Bank ishas not originatingoriginated any new taxi medallion loans since 2014 (and Medallion Financial Corp. has not originated any new taxi medallion loans since 2015) and is working with MSC to service its existing portfolio.remaining portfolio, as it winds down. MSC earns referral and servicing fees for these activities.

COVID-19

In 2019, the Bank launched a strategic partnership program to provide lending and other services to financial technology, or fintech, companies. The ongoing coronavirus, or COVID-19, pandemic,Bank entered into an initial partnership in 2020 and began issuing its broad impactfirst loans. The Bank continues to evaluate and preventive measures taken to contain or mitigate the outbreak have had, and are likely tolaunch additional partnership programs with fintech companies.

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We continue to consider various alternatives for the Bank, which may include an initial public offering of its common stock, the sale of all or part of the Bank, a spin-off or other potential transaction. We do not have significant negative effects on the US and global economy, employment levels, employee productivity, and financial market conditions. This has had, and may continue to have increasingly negative effects on the ability of our borrowers to repay outstanding loans, the value of collateral securing loans, the demanda deadline for loans and other financial services products and consumer discretionary spending. As a resultits consideration of these or other consequences, the outbreak has adverselyalternatives, and materially affected our business, results of operations and financial condition. The effects of the outbreak on us couldthere can be exacerbated givenno assurance that our business model is largely consumer and small business directed, which are more severely affected by COVID-19 and the preventative measures taken to contain or mitigate the outbreak, including its significant negative effects on consumer discretionary spending. The full extent to which the outbreakthis process will continue to impact our operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time, and include the duration, severity and scope of the continued outbreak, the actions taken to contain or mitigate the outbreak and how long, and to what extent the economic recovery from its effects will take.

We have taken steps to operate through this crisis. For example, in late June our employees returned to work in our New York City offices on a part-time basis in accordance with guidelines issued by New York, while our employees outside New York largely continue to work remotely. While there are elevated risks with our workforce working remotely, we have implemented additional mitigating controls to help reduce such risks. In addition, to better align our structure with profitability and reduce expenses, effective May 11, 2020, we had furloughed approximately 28% of the employees at our parent company, Medallion Financial Corp. As of December 31, 2020, 21% of employees, all of whom were employees of our parent company, Medallion Financial Corp., and no employees of our consolidated subsidiaries remain on furlough. As part of our expense-cutting measures, effective March 2, 2021, we terminated such Medallion Financial Corp. employees on furlough. Additionally, we closed our satellite offices in Long Island City, New York, Chicago, Illinois, and Boston, Massachusetts.

The Bank temporarily increased its cash levels by increasing its deposits, and in order to take advantage of the current lower interest rates. MCI drew on its remaining unfunded commitments and received a commitment from the SBA for $25,000,000 in debenture financing with a ten-year term upon a capital infusion from Medallion Financial. RPAC received $747,000 under the Paycheck Protection Program in the second quarter, and has not yet applied for forgiveness, but expects to do so.

With our consumer business, in March 2020, we adjusted our payment policies and procedures, and created a program to support our borrowers during the pandemic. We have been negotiating payment terms with our borrowers, and allowed them to defer payments up to 180 days. As of December 31, 2020, there were minimal consumer loans on deferral and the level of potential loans 90 days or more past due would have likely resulted in increased charge-offs on the consumer loan portfolios had they not been granted. For our consumer loan portfolios, although we believe that our deferral programs have been effective to date in mitigating the effect of COVID-19, the ultimate effects of COVID-19 on the consumer portfolio remains to be seen. In addition, we increased our allowance for loan losses on consumer loans, and continued to monitor our loan portfolios as market conditions changed in both March and June of 2020. Overall, the effects of the pandemic on us could be exacerbated given that our business model is largely consumer-directed and the pandemic, and preventative measures taken to contain or mitigate the pandemic, had and may increasingly have significant negative effects on consumer discretionary spending.

With our medallion business, we also adjusted our payment policies and procedures and allowed borrowers to defer payments up to 180 days. As of December 31, 2020, there were no medallion loans on deferral and we determined that anticipated payment activity on our medallion portfolio was impossible to quantify upon exit of the deferral moratorium, and therefore deemed all such loans as impaired. As a result, all medallion loans were placed on nonaccrual and written down to a net collateral value of $90,300 for New York City medallions along with write downs in most other markets during the 2020 third quarter and we wrote down the New York City collateral an additional $10,800, to $79,500 net in the 2020 fourth quarter. These writedowns of the medallion assets led to an increase of provision of approximately $25,945,000 related to medallion loans and approximately an additional $20,142,000 related to collateral write down on other owned assets.

Substantially all our medallion loans and related assets are concentrated in New York City. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020, the Governor of New York State declared states of emergency for both the State and City of New York, and, since March 2020, economic activity generally and taxi ridership in particular have decreased dramatically in New York City. Despite New York City’s phased reopening plan, there has not been a substantial increase in ridership and gross meter fares. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to adversely affect New York City taxi medallion owners and, by extension, our medallion loans and related assets will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, actions taken by governmental authorities, and the direct and indirect impact of the pandemic on taxi medallion owners and the behaviors of people who have historically taken taxis.

Since March 31, 2020, payments on medallion loans have decreased significantly compared to the payments during the first quarter of 2020 and in prior periods. We are actively engaged with many borrowers about modifying their loan agreements, and as a result, we placed all medallion loans on TDR as we work with borrowers. We will continue to monitor our medallion loan portfolio and related assets, which may result in additional write-downs, charge-offsany transaction being announced or impairments, the impact of which could be material to our results of operations and financial condition.consummated.

In regards to our commercial business, many of our mezzanine portfolio companies were able to access the Paycheck Protection Program, providing needed liquidity during a period of depressed market demands. For the mezzanine portfolio, performance is slowly recovering although lingering impacts of COVID-19 continues to weigh on performance. Refer to “Risk Factors -- The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and the related significant negative impact on the global economy and financial markets, have had and could further have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.”

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

We follow financial accounting and reporting policies that are in accordance with GAAP. Some of these significant accounting policies require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments. The policies noted below, however, are deemed to be our “critical accounting policies” under the definition given to this term by the SEC. According to the SEC, “critical accounting policies” mean those policies that are most important to the presentation of a company’s financial condition and results of operations, and require management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

The judgments used by management in applying the critical accounting policies may be affected by deterioration in the economic environment, which may result in changes to future financial results. Specifically, subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes to the allowance for loancredit losses in future periods, and the inability to collect on outstanding loans could result in increased loancredit losses.

Provision and Allowance for LoanCredit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, prevailing economic conditions, and excess concentration risks. In analyzing the adequacy of the allowance for loancredit losses, the Company uses historical delinquency and actual loss rates with a three-year look-back period for taxi medallion loans and a one-year look-back period for recreation and home improvement loans and uses historical loss experience and other projections for commercial loans. The allowance is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and size of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, prevailing economic conditions, and excess concentration risks. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

Our methodology to calculate the general reserve portion of the allowance includes the use of quantitative and qualitative factors. We initially determine an allowance based on quantitative loss factors for loans evaluated collectively for impairment. The quantitative loss factors are based primarily on historical loss rates, after considering loan type, historical loss and delinquency experience. The quantitative loss factors applied in the methodology are periodically re-evaluated and adjusted to reflect changes in historical loss levels or other risks. Qualitative loss factors are used to modify the reserve determined by the quantitative factors and are designed to account for losses that may not be included in the quantitative calculation according to management’s best judgment. PerformingIf our qualitative loss factor rates were to increase 50 basis points, our recreation and home improvement general reserve would increase by $6.7 million and $3.8 million, respectively. Likewise, if our qualitative loss factor rates were to decrease 50 basis points, our recreation and home improvement general reserve would decrease by $6.7 million and $3.8 million, respectively.

The allowance is maintained at a level estimated by management to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolios based on management’s evaluation of the portfolios, the related credit characteristics, and macroeconomic factors affecting the portfolios. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance totaled $84.2 million and $63.8 million, which represented 3.80% and 3.33% of total loans, respectively. The increase in the allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by the adoption of the CECL accounting standard, which resulted in a $13.7 million increase in our allowance for credit losses, and due to growth in our recreation and home improvement loan portfolios, as well as growth in the commercial loan portfolio, offset by a reduction in allowance specific to the taxi medallion portfolio as the taxi medallion loan portfolio continued to shrink through collections.

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All taxi medallion loans are recorded at book valuedeemed impaired and the general reserve maintained to absorb expected losses consistent with GAAP.

All medallion loans that reach 90 days or more delinquent requirehave a specific allowance for thoseeach loan, such that the underlying net loan has a value no greater than collateral value. The determination of taxi medallion collateral fair value is derived quarterly for each jurisdiction. For taxi medallion loans, whichdelinquent nonperforming loans are valued at collateral value for the most recent quarter. Collateral value for the taxi medallion loans is generally determined on an individual basis.utilizing factors deemed relevant under the circumstances of the market including but not limited to: actual transfers, pending transfers, median and average sales prices, discounted cash flows, market direction and sentiment, and general economic trends for the industry and economy. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. We deem a loan impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect the amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled principal and interest payments. All impaired loans also require a specific allowance. We charge-off loans in the period that such loans are deemed uncollectible or when they reach 120 days delinquent regardless of whether the loan is a recreation, home improvement, or taxi medallion loan.

The methodology used in the periodic review of reserve adequacy, which is performed at least quarterly, is designed to be responsive to changes in portfolio credit quality and inherent credit losses. The changes are reflected in both the pooled formula reserve and in specific reserves as the collectability of larger classified loans is regularly recalculated with new information as it becomes available. Management is primarily responsible for the overall adequacy of the allowance.

Medallion Loan Collateral Valuation

Due to the low volume of market transfer activity as medallion values declined in recent years, the determination of taxi medallion collateral fair value has been derived quarterly for each jurisdiction taking into consideration recent market transfer activity, to the extent it is available, as well as a discounted cash flow model when trading activity alone was deemed insufficient or unreliable. In general, recent market transfers published by each jurisdiction have been analyzed to derive the median transfer activity value.  However, depending on the circumstances, when analyzing transfer activity, transactions which management determined from available information not to be arms-length have been excluded from the calculation of the median transfer value. When discounted cash flow models have been used, significant inputs typically include the discount rate, taxi fare/lease revenue, and associated expenses such as vehicle costs, fuel, credit card processing fees, repair costs, and insurance premiums. A higher discount rate, lower taxi fare/lease revenue and higher associated expenses would each produce a lower fair value. At period end, the transfer activity and, if applicable, discounted cash flow values, are taken into consideration to arrive at a fair value of the medallion collateral in each jurisdiction. For the current period, transfer activity was the primary consideration utilized in our valuation process.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets arose as a result of the excess of the fair value that was determined by an independent third party expert over the book value of several of our previously unconsolidated portfolio investment companies as of April 2, 2018. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment by a third party expert andnot amortized, but is reviewedsubject to quarterly review by management quarterly. For theto determine whether additional impairment testing is needed, and such testing is performed at least on an annual basis. The annual goodwill testing, the assessment is based uponfocused on the Bank goodwill of $150,803,000$150.8 million and the race organization intangible assetassets of $26,165,000,$20.6 million, both of which utilized a step zero qualitative impairment analysis based on historical and projected financial data. The Bank-related intangible assets are amortized over their approximate useful life.

Deferred Taxes

Deferred taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax basis and are stated at tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that it is more like than not that it will be recognized. In addition, a valuation allowance is recorded when it is deemed that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the temporary differences.

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Average Balances and Rates AVERAGE BALANCES AND RATES

The following table shows the Company’sour consolidated average balance sheets, interest income and expense, and the average interest earning/bearing assets and liabilities, and which reflect the average yield on assets and average costs on liabilities as of and for the twelve monthsyears ended December 31, 20202023, 2022, and 20192021.

		Year Ended December 31,
		2023												2022												2021
(Dollars in thousands)		Average Balance				Interest				Average Yield/Cost				Average Balance				Interest				Average Yield/Cost				Average Balance				Interest				Average Yield/Cost
Interest-earning assets
Interest earning cash equivalents		$	23,773			$	881				3.71	%		$	4,288			$	153				3.57	%		$	3,149			$	56				1.78	%
Federal funds sold			70,021				3,130				4.47				71,847				956				1.33				45,096				23				0.05
Investment securities			52,065				1,728				3.32				46,832				1,176				2.51				45,195				769				1.70
Loans
Recreation			1,283,434				167,765				13.07				1,085,211				139,145				12.82				879,625				118,305				13.45
Home improvement			708,031				62,703				8.86				526,377				44,703				8.49				374,083				34,204				9.14
Commercial			99,394				12,903				12.98				87,936				9,705				11.04				66,874				7,070				10.57
Taxi medallion			5,924				1,550				26.16				13,803				627				4.54				21,266				(1,483	)			(6.97	)
Strategic partnerships			1,387				380				27.40				537				156				29.05				70				22				31.43
Total loans			2,098,170				245,301				11.69				1,713,864				194,336				11.34				1,341,918				158,118				11.78
Total interest-earning assets, before allowance			2,244,029								11.19				1,836,831								10.70				1,435,358								11.08
Allowance for credit losses			(76,596	)											(56,866	)											(50,592	)
Total interest-earning assets, net of allowance			2,167,433				251,040				11.58	%			1,779,965				196,621				11.06				1,384,766				158,966				11.51
Non-interest-earning assets
Cash			16,704												39,535												47,050
Equity investments			11,036												10,570												9,830
Loan collateral in process of foreclosure (1)			18,230												28,823												47,764
Goodwill and intangible assets			172,118												173,563												199,160
Other assets			52,680												46,794												44,129
Total non-interest-earning assets			270,768												299,285												347,933
Total assets		$	2,438,201											$	2,079,250											$	1,732,699
Interest-bearing liabilities
Deposits		$	1,764,262			$	47,784				2.71	%		$	1,440,328			$	22,666				1.57	%		$	1,134,531			$	17,543				1.55	%
Retail and privately placed notes			123,808				10,286				8.31				121,000				10,008				8.27				120,704				10,226				8.47
SBA debentures and borrowings			68,519				2,387				3.48				69,188				2,228				3.22				64,733				2,116				3.27
Trust preferred securities			33,000				2,489				7.54				33,000				1,283				3.89				33,000				981				2.97
Notes payable to banks			—				—				—				—				—				—				10,960				134				1.22
Other borrowings			—				—				—				—				—				—				6,782				140				2.06
Total interest-bearing liabilities			1,989,589				62,946				3.16				1,663,516				36,185				2.17				1,370,710				31,140				2.28
Non-interest-bearing liabilities
Deferred tax liability			23,747												22,187												7,444
Other liabilities (2)			37,749												30,574												27,634
Total non-interest-bearing liabilities			61,496												52,761												35,078
Total liabilities			2,051,085												1,716,277												1,405,788
Non-controlling interest			69,253												69,253												72,162
Total stockholders’ equity			317,863												293,720												254,749
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	2,438,201											$	2,079,250											$	1,732,699
Net interest income						$	188,094											$	160,436											$	127,826
Net interest margin, gross											8.38												8.73												8.91
Net interest margin, net of allowance											8.68	%											9.05	%											9.25	%

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For the year ended December 31, 2018.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020,2023, our net loans receivable yielded 12.33% (compared11.69% as compared to 12.49%11.34% for the twelve monthsyear ended December 31, 2019), mainly driven by2022. The 35 basis point increase reflects a higher yield on our loan portfolios, as we have increased the slight decline inrates charged on new consumer originations over the past year as prevailing market interest rates have increased. We have used the higher interest rate environment as an opportunity to increase the rates on both newly issued recreation loan averageand home improvement loans, which is expected to continue to increase the yield which had been driven by the increase in the reserves as a result of COVID-19on these portfolios over time, as well as lowerincrease the credit quality of our new issuances, particularly in our recreation segment, with the average FICO scores, measured at origination, of our recreation loans outstanding being 683 as of December 31, 2023 compared to 671 as of December 31, 2022. We use weighted average FICO scores as an indicator of portfolio risk.

Our debt, with certificates of deposits being our largest source, funds our growing lending business. Our average interest duecost for the year ended December 31, 2023 of 3.16% increased 99 basis points from 2.17% for the year ended December 31, 2022, attributable to deferrals granted during the year. In addition, in 2020 there was a decline oncurrent higher interest rate environment, particularly the commercial loan yieldhigher cost associated with our deposits. To the extent that prevailing market interest rates remain at current levels, we expect our cost of funds to continue to increase as a result of the increase in non-accrual loans, and in the medallion

portfolio, also due to all loans being placed on non-accrual. The debt, mainlywe issue new certificates of deposit helpsto replace maturing certificates of deposit and fund our growth. We have taken, and continue to take, steps to pass along a portion of the growing consumer loan business and as market rates have decreased, so hasinterest rate increases on newly originated loans, the averageprocess for which is slower than the pace of funding cost of borrowing.increases, thereby compressing our net interest margins.

Rate/Volume AnalysisRATE/VOLUME ANALYSIS

The following table presents the change in interest income and expense due to changes in the average balances (volume) and average rates, calculated for the twelve monthsyears ended December 31, 20202023, 2022, and 2019 and2021.

		Year Ended December 31,
		2023												2022												2021
(Dollars in thousands)		Increase (Decrease) In Volume				Increase (Decrease) In Rate				Net Change				Increase (Decrease) In Volume				Increase (Decrease) In Rate				Net Change				Increase (Decrease) In Volume				Increase (Decrease) In Rate				Net Change
Interest-earning assets
Interest earning cash and cash equivalents		$	755			$	2,147			$	2,902			$	174			$	223			$	397			$	(31	)		$	(55	)		$	(86	)
Investment securities			174				378				552				41				366				407				(24	)			(205	)			(229	)
Loans
Recreation			25,911				2,709				28,620				26,435				(5,595	)			20,840				14,749				(7,150	)			7,599
Home improvement			16,087				1,913				18,000				12,912				(2,413	)			10,499				7,961				(1,030	)			6,931
Commercial			1,487				1,711				3,198				2,382				818				3,200				(287	)			23				(264	)
Taxi medallion			(2,062	)			2,985				923				(526	)			2,704				2,178				11,994				(11,959	)			35
Strategic partnerships			233				(9	)			224				136				(2	)			134				19				(1	)			18
Total loans		$	41,656			$	9,309			$	50,965			$	41,339			$	(4,488	)		$	36,851			$	34,436			$	(20,117	)		$	14,319
Total interest-earning assets		$	42,585			$	11,834			$	54,419			$	41,554			$	(3,899	)		$	37,655			$	34,381			$	(20,377	)		$	14,004
Interest-bearing liabilities
Deposits		$	8,774			$	16,344			$	25,118			$	4,812			$	311			$	5,123			$	1,302			$	(6,089	)		$	(4,787	)
Retail and privately placed notes			233				45				278				24				(242	)			(218	)			4,263				(850	)			3,413
SBA debentures and borrowings			(23	)			182				159				143				(31	)			112				(223	)			(294	)			(517	)
Trust preferred securities			—				1,206				1,206				—				302				302				—				14				14
Notes payable to banks			—				—				—				(134	)			0				(134	)			(261	)			(850	)			(1,111	)
Other borrowings			—				—				—				(140	)			0				(140	)			(31	)			8				(23	)
Total interest-bearing liabilities		$	8,984			$	17,777			$	26,761			$	4,705			$	340			$	5,045			$	5,050			$	(8,061	)		$	(3,011	)
Net		$	33,601			$	(5,943	)		$	27,658			$	36,849			$	(4,239	)		$	32,610			$	29,331			$	(12,316	)		$	17,015

For the nine monthsyear ended December 31, 2018.

During2023, the twelve months ended December 31, 2020,increase in interest income increased primarily due to the increased volume of our consumer loan portfolios, even as the average rate decreased on the recreation loan portfolio. Additionally, we continued to see a decline in our overall medallion portfolio as all loans had been placed on non-accrual, and they have continued to age 120 days or more past due and be charged-off to loan collateral in process of foreclosure. Interest expense decreased for 2020 primarilywas mainly driven by the increase in volume of consumer loans, with a large portion of that increase occurring in the first half of the year, as well as an increase in overall decreaseyield on interest-earning assets as we issue new loans at interest rates higher than the weighted average rates of our then current portfolio. The increase in interest expense was driven by an increase in borrowing costs, primarily the increases in deposits as older deposits mature and are replaced at current market rates, mainly on the deposits.as well as an overall increase in borrowings.

Our interest expense is driven by the interest rates payable on our bank certificates of deposit, short-term credit facilities with banks,privately placed notes, fixed-rate, long-term debentures issued to the SBA, and trust preferred securities, and has historically included credit facilities with banks and other short-term notes payable. The Bank issues brokered banktime certificates of deposit, which are, on average, our lowest borrowing costs. The Bank is able to bid on these deposits at a wide variety of maturity levelsoptions, which allows for improvedmore flexible interest rate management strategies. In September 2023, we issued and sold $39.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.25% senior notes due in September 2028, and repurchased $33.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 8.25% senior notes due in March 2024. In December 2023, we issued and sold $12.5 million aggregate principal amount of 9.00% senior notes due in December 2033. The proceeds of both offerings were used for general corporate purposes and repayment of the senior notes maturing in March 2024.

Our cost of funds is primarily driven by the rates paid on our various debt instruments and their relative mix,borrowings and changes in the levels of average borrowings outstanding. See Note 65 to the consolidated financial statements for details onregarding the terms of our outstanding debt. Our debentures issued to the SBA typically have terms of ten years.

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We measure our borrowing costs as our aggregate interest expense for all of our interest-bearing liabilities divided by the average amount of such liabilities outstanding during the period. The tables above as well as below showtable shows the average borrowings and related borrowing costs for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022, and 2018.2021. We expect our borrowing costs to further increase as prevailing interest rates continue at, or rise from, these levels.

We continue to seek SBA funding through Medallion Capital, to the extent it offers attractive rates. SBA financing subjects its recipients to limits on the amount of secured bank debt they may incur. We use SBA funding to fund loans that qualify under the Small Business Investment Act of 1985, as amended, or the SBIA, and SBA regulations. In July 2020,2023, we obtained a $25,000,000$20.0 million commitment from the SBA. We believe that financing operations primarilySBA, $9.8 million of which has been utilized as of December 31, 2023, with short-term floating rate secured bank debt has generally decreased our interest expense, but has also increased our exposure to$5.2 million currently drawable, and the riskbalance of increases in market interest rates, which we mitigate with certain interest rate strategies.$5.5 million drawable upon the infusion of $2.4 million of capital. At December 31, 20202023 and 2019, short-term2022, adjustable rate debt constituted 4%less than 2% of total debt.debt, and was comprised solely of our trust preferred securities borrowings.

LoansLOANS

The gross loansLoans are reported at the principal amount outstanding, inclusive of deferred loan acquisition costs, which primarily includes deferred fees paid to loan originators, and which isare amortized to interest income over the life of the loan. DuringFor the twelve monthsyears ended December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, there was continued growth in the consumer lending segments, which was partially offset by the continued shrinkage of the medallion portfolio as loans have continued to age over 120 daysrecreation and be transferred to loan collateral in the process of foreclosure and payments received from borrowers. In addition, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in charge-offs and loans transferred for the medallion segment.home improvement segments.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 (Dollars in thousands)		Recreation				Home Improvement				Commercial				Taxi Medallion				Strategic Partnership				Total
Gross loans – December 31, 2022		$	1,183,512			$	626,399			$	92,899			$	13,571			$	572			$	1,916,953
Loan originations			447,039				357,394				34,850				2,426				118,338				960,047
Principal payments, sales, maturities, and recoveries			(231,158	)			(209,894	)			(13,389	)			(6,859	)			(118,357	)			(579,657	)
Charge-offs			(50,512	)			(12,308	)			(1,019	)			(3,829	)			—				(67,668	)
Transfer to loan collateral in process of foreclosure, net			(18,875	)			—				—				(2,306	)			—				(21,181	)
Amortization of origination costs			(12,270	)			2,668				14				—				—				(9,588	)
FASB origination costs, net			18,490				(3,642	)			(164	)			660				—				15,344
Paid-in-kind interest			—				—				1,636				—				—				1,636
Gross loans – December 31, 2023		$	1,336,226			$	760,617			$	114,827			$	3,663			$	553			$	2,215,886

Year Ended December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands)		Recreation				Home Improvement				Commercial				Taxi Medallion				Strategic Partnership				Total
Gross loans – December 31, 2021		$	961,320			$	436,772			$	76,696			$	14,046			$	90			$	1,488,924
Loan originations			513,062				392,543				28,172				605				49,526				983,908
Principal payments, sales, maturities, and recoveries			(259,326	)			(196,203	)			(6,610	)			(419	)			(49,044	)			(511,602	)
Charge-offs			(27,055	)			(6,393	)			(6,083	)			(314	)			—				(39,845	)
Transfer to loan collateral in process of foreclosure, net			(12,444	)			—				—				(347	)			—				(12,791	)
Amortization of origination costs			(10,470	)			1,763				—				—				—				(8,707	)
Amortization of loan premium			(213	)			(322	)			—				—				—				(535	)
FASB origination costs, net			18,638				(1,761	)			—				—				—				16,877
Paid-in-kind interest			—				—				724				—				—				724
Gross loans – December 31, 2022		$	1,183,512			$	626,399			$	92,899			$	13,571			$	572			$	1,916,953

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The following table presents the approximate maturities and sensitivity to change in interest rates for our loans as of December 31, 2020.2023.

		Loan Maturity
(Dollars in thousands)		Within 1 year				After 1 to 5 years				After 5 to 15 years				After 15 years				Total
Fixed-rate		$	21,076			$	252,085			$	1,753,773			$	147,289			$	2,174,223
Recreation			1,874				128,397				1,131,052				29,632				1,290,955
Home improvement			8,940				33,024				604,448				117,657				764,069
Commercial			7,636				89,074				18,273				—				114,983
Strategic partnerships			553				—				—				—				553
Taxi medallion			2,073				1,590				—				—				3,663
Adjustable-rate		$	500			$	1,136			$	—			$	—			$	1,636
Recreation			500				1,136				—				—				1,636
Commercial			—				—				—				—				—
Taxi medallion			—				—				—				—				—
Total loans(1)(2)(3)		$	21,576			$	253,221			$	1,753,773			$	147,289			$	2,175,859

Provision and Allowance for Loan Loss

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020,2023, there were no floating-rate loans.