Information from portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 20212024 is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. For example, statements regarding our expected financial position, business strategy and other plans and objectives for future operations, and assumptions and predictions about potential markets, future product demand, product development targets and expected timing, expenses, sales and the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemicsales are all forward-looking statements. These statements may be found in the items of this Annual Report entitled “Description of Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as well as in this Annual Report generally. These statements are generally accompanied by words such as “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “potential(ly),” “continue,” “forecast,” “predict,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology.

We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. We believe that the assumptions and expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, based on information available to us on the date hereof, but we cannot assure you that these assumptions and expectations will prove to have been correct or that we will take any action that we may presently be planning. However, these forward-looking statements are inherently subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results or experience may differ materially from those expected or anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, research and product development uncertainties, clinical trial results, regulatory policies and approval requirements, competition from other similar businesses, market and general economic factors, the availability of resources and the other risks discussed in Part I, Item 1A1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto included in this Annual Report.

We have identified some of the important factors that could cause future events to differ from our current expectations and they are described in this Annual Report in the section entitled “Risk Factors” which you should review carefully. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this Annual Report. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we project. We do not undertake, and specifically decline any obligation, to update any forward-looking statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any statements to reflect new information or future events or developments.

i

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Business Overview

International Stem Cell Corporation (sometimes referred to herein as “ISCO”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on therapeutic and biomedical product development with multiple long-term therapeutic opportunities and two revenue-generating businesses offering potential for increased future revenue.

We currently have no revenue generated from our principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development through research and development efforts. We have generated revenue from our two commercial businesses, anti-aging and research products, of a total of $7.1$7.8 million and $9.5$8.2 million for the years ended December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively.

Our products are based on multi-decade experience with human cell culture and a proprietary type of pluripotent stem cells, “human parthenogenetic stem cells” (“hpSCs”). Our hpSCs are comparable to human embryonic stem cells (“hESCs”) in that they have the potential to be differentiated into many different cells in the human body. However, the derivation of hpSCs does not require the use of fertilized eggs or the destruction of human embryos and also offers the potential for the creation of immune-matched cells and tissues that are less likely to be rejected following transplantation. ISCO scientists have created the first parthenogenetic, homozygous stem cell line that can be a source of therapeutic cells for hundreds of millions of individuals with minimal immune rejection after transplantation. We have facilities and manufacturing processes that we believe comply with the requirements of current Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) standards as defined by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”).

We are developing different cell types from our stem cells that may result in therapeutic products. We focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy are already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of functional cells or tissue. We believe that the most promising potential clinical applicationsapplication of our technology are:

Our most advanced project is the neural stem cell program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In 2013 we published in Nature Scientific Reports the basis for our patent on a new method of manufacturing neural stem cells which is used to produce the clinical-grade cells necessary for future clinical studies and commercialization. In 2014 we completed the majority of the preclinical research establishing the safety profile of neural stem cells (“NSC”) in various animal species including non-human primates. In June 2016 we published the results of a 12-month pre-clinical non-human primate study that demonstrated the safety, efficacy and mechanism of action of the ISC-hpNSC®. In 2017, we began our Phase I trial of ISC-hpNSC®, human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. This trial involves three groups, each with four patients, with each group receiving an increasing amount of ISC-hpNSC via intracerebral transplantation. Patients are evaluated for 12 months (active phase of the study) with an additional 5-year observational follow-up period to assess safety. We reported 12-month results from the first cohort and 6-month interim results of the second cohort at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting (Neuroscience 2018) in November 2018. In April 2019, we announced the completion of subject enrollment, with the 12th subject receiving a transplantation of the highest dose of cells. There have been no safety signals or serious adverse effects seen to date as related to the transplanted ISC-hpNSC® cells. We anticipate providing full resultsannounced successful completion of the activedose escalating phase 1 clinical trial in June 2021. In terms of preliminary efficacy, where scores are compared against baseline before transplantation, we observed a potential dose-dependent response, with an apparent peak effectiveness at our middle dose. The % OFF-Time, which is the time during the day when levodopa medication is not performing optimally and follow up periods ofPD symptoms return, decreased an average 47% from the phase I clinical studybaseline at 12 months post transplantation in cohort 2. This trend continued through 24 months where the % OFF-Time in the second quartercohort dropped by 55% from the initial reading. The same was true for % ON-Time without dyskinesia, which is the time during the day when levodopa medication is performing optimally without dyskinesia. The % ON-Time increased an average of 2021.42% above the initial evaluation at 12 months post-transplantation in the second cohort.

Each of these product candidates will require extensive preclinical and clinical development and may require specific unforeseen licensing rights obtained at substantial cost before regulatory approval may be achieved and the products sold for therapeutic use.

Additionally, we are subject to various other risks; for example, our business is at an early stage of development and we may not develop therapeutic products that can be commercialized; we have a history of operating losses, do not expect to be profitable in the near future and our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern; and we will need additional capital to conduct our operations and develop our products and our ability to obtain the necessary funding is uncertain. Please see the heading “Risk Factors” beginning on page 14.Refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion.

Market Opportunity and Growth Strategy

Therapeutic Market – Clinical Applications of hpSCs for Disease Treatment

With respect to therapeutic research and product candidates, we focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy is already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of safe and functional cells or tissue. We believe that the most promising potential clinical applications of our technology are: 1) Parkinson’s disease (“PD”); 2) traumatic brain injury (“TBI”), and 3) metabolic/liver diseases. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating neural stem cells from hpSCs as a potential treatment of PD, TBI, and stroke. Liver cells from our hpSCs may also be able to treat a variety of hepatic and metabolic liver diseases.

Our most advanced project is the neural stem cell program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In 2013 we published in Nature Scientific Reports the basis for our patent on a new method of manufacturing neural stem cells which is used to produce the clinical-grade cells necessary for future clinical studies and commercialization. In 2014 we completed the majority of the preclinical research establishing the safety profile of NSC in various animal species including non-human primates. In June 2016 we published the results of a 12-month pre-clinical non-human primate study that demonstrated the safety, efficacy and mechanism of action of the ISC-hpNSC^®. In 2017, we began our Phase I trial of ISC-hpNSC®, human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. This trial involves three groups, each with four patients, with each group receiving an increasing amount of ISC-hpNSC via intracerebral transplantation. Patients are evaluated for 12 months (active phase of the study) with an additional 5-year observational follow-up period to assess safety. In 2017 we dosed four patients in our Phase I trial of ISC-hpNSC^®, human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. We reported 12-month results from the first cohort and 6-month interim results of the second cohort at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting (Neuroscience 2018) in November 2018. In April 2019, we announced the completion of subject enrollment, with the 12th subject receiving a transplantation of the highest dose of cells. There have been no safety signals or serious adverse effects seen to date as related to the transplanted ISC-hpNSC^® cells. We anticipate providing full results of the Phase I clinical study in the second quarter of 2021.

In November 2014 in an important ruling, the FDA cleared ISCO’s human parthenogenetic stem cells line for investigational clinical use. This was a necessary step in the process of advancing stem cell therapies based on ISCO’s core technology into clinical development and on to commercialization. Although the Phase I study is conducted in Australia, and therefore not subject to FDA oversight, we anticipate that a significant portion of future studies will be carried out in the United States where this approval is necessary.

In August 2014, we announced the launch of a stroke program, evaluating the use of ISC-hpNSC^® transplantation for the treatment of ischemic stroke using a rodent model of the disease. The Company has a considerable amount of safety data on ISC-hpNSC from the Parkinson’s disease program and, as there is evidence that transplantation of ISC-hpNSC may improve patient outcomes as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in stroke, having a second program that can use this safety dataset is therefore a logical extension. In 2015 the Company together with Tulane University demonstrated that NSC can significantly reduce neurological dysfunction after a stroke in animal models.

In October 2016, we announced the results of the pre-clinical rodent study, evaluating the use of ISC-hpNSC^® transplantation for the treatment of TBI. The study was conducted at the University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine. We demonstrated that animals receiving injections of ISC-hpNSC^® displayed the highest levels of improvements in cognitive performance and motor coordination compared to vehicle control treated animals. In February 2019, we published the results of the pre-clinical study in Theranostics, a prestigious peer-reviewed medical journal.  The publication titled “Human parthogenetic neural stem cell grafts promote multiple regenerative processes in a traumatic brain injury model” demonstrated that the clinical-grade neural stem cells used in our PD clinical trial, ISC-hpNSC^®, significantly improved TBI-associated motor, neurological, and cognitive deficits without any safety issues.

Anti-Aging Cosmetic Market – Skin Care Products

Products that provide anti-aging benefits represent a significant portion of the global facial skincare market. In key regions, such as the United States and Asia, the growth of the facial skincare market is driven by an increase in consumer disposable income and growing popularity of skincare products based on biotechnology, such as human stem cells. Currently this market segment is in its early stages of development and we believe it has a significant growth potential. Our goal is to leverage our leadership in human stem cell and proprietary targeted small molecule technology in order to develop and commercialize advanced anti-aging skincare products for our retail and professional sales channels.

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”), develops, manufactures and markets a line of luxury skincare products with anti-aging benefits that is based on our proprietary human non-embryonic stem cell extract and targeted small molecule technologies.

LSC’s products are sold in the United States and internationally through a branded website, several authorized online retailers, and a limited network of professional accounts, including dermatologists, plastic surgeons, medical, day and resort spas.

Biomedical Market – Primary Human Cell Research Products

The global market for human cell systems for use in basic research is extremely large, with continuing anticipated growth. We believe that the following are the main drivers in the research market:

Our wholly-owned subsidiary Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”) develops, manufactures and commercializes over 200 human cell culture products, including frozen human “primary” cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells, in order to address this significant market opportunity. LCT’s scientists have used a standardized, methodical, scientific approach to basal medium optimization to systematically produce optimized products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques can also be used to produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to the research and therapeutic markets.

Each LCT cell product is quality tested for the expression of specific markers (to assure the cells are the correct type), proliferation rate, viability, morphology and absence of pathogens. Each cell system also contains associated donor information and all informed consent requirements are strictly followed.

While we have continued to expand our sales and marketing efforts to increase revenue, our commercial operations do not generate sufficient funds to fully support our core therapeutic and research efforts. Underpinning our research into the therapeutic properties of hpSC, we plan to expand our collection of parthenogenetic stem cell lines by creating and banking new clinical-grade hpSC lines at our Oceanside, California facility. We intend to create these new lines according to good tissue practices (“GTP”) and current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) and use them as sources for our own internal development programs and to generate revenue through licensing opportunities. We are actively working with a number of in vitro fertility (“IVF”) clinics in the southern California region enrolling individuals who are willing to donate oocytes for research purposes to create new hpSC lines.

Corporate Structure

International Stem Cell Corporation is a Delaware corporation which has four wholly owned subsidiaries: International Stem Cell Corporation, a California corporation (“ISC California”), LCT, LSC,Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”), Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”), and Cyto TherapeuticsTherapeutics.

Cyto Therapeutics was registered in the state of Victoria, Australia onin December 19, 2014 and is a limited proprietary company and a wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Cyto Therapeutics is a research and development company for the Therapeutic Market, which is conducting clinical trials in Australia for the use of ISC-hpNSC® in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Our principal executive offices are located at 5950 Priestly Drive, Carlsbad,9745 Businesspark Ave, San Diego, CA 92008,92131, and our telephone number is (760) 940-6383. Our corporate website address is www.internationalstemcell.com, Lifeline Cell Technology’s website address is www.lifelinecelltech.com, and Lifeline Skin Care’s website address is www.lifelineskincare.com. Information found on, or accessible

through, our websites is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our common stock is currently quoted on the OTC QB and trades under the symbol “ISCO”.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are Stem Cells?

Cells are the basic living units that make up humans, animals, plants and other organisms. Stem cells have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells. First, they can renew themselves for long periods of time. Second, they are unspecialized and under certain conditions can be induced to become cells with special functions such as metabolically active cells of the liver or transparent and protective cells of the eye. Until recently, scientists have worked with two major kinds of stem cells, embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and adult stem cells that each has different properties and characteristics. ISCO has developed a third category of stem cells named parthenogenetic stem cells (the hpSCs mentioned above) that promise to have significant therapeutic advantages relative to these other types.

What are Pluripotent Stem Cells?

Pluripotent stem cells are able to be differentiated or developed into virtually any other cell made in an organism. Both embryonic and parthenogenetic stem cells are pluripotent. Some scientists are exploring manipulation of adult cells into a potentially pluripotent stage. This type of stem cells is called induced pluripotent stem cells.

What are Embryonic Stem Cells?

Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos at an early stage of development, typically when they are in a structure of a small number of cells called the blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells are expanded in a laboratory cell culture process. Once cell lines are established, batches of them can be frozen and shipped to other laboratories for further culture and experimentation.

What are Adult Stem Cells?

An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. An adult stem cell can renew itself (generally to a lesser degree than can embryonic or parthenogenetic stem cells) and differentiate to a limited number of specialized cell types. These cells can be isolated from different tissues such as the bone marrow, fat tissue, and umbilical cord blood.

Why are Embryonic Stem Cells Important?

Human embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into virtually any other cell in the body and to reproduce themselves almost indefinitely. In theory, if stem cells can be grown and their development directed in culture, it would be possible to grow cells for the treatment of specific diseases.

An early potential application of human embryonic stem cell technology may be in drug screening and toxicology testing.

The study of human development may also benefit from embryonic stem cell research in that understanding the events that occur at the first stages of development has potential clinical significance for preventing or treating birth defects, infertility and pregnancy loss. The earliest stages of human development have been difficult or impossible to study. Human embryonic stem cells offer insights into developmental events that cannot be studied directly in humans or fully understood through the use of animal models.

What are Parthenogenetic Stem Cells and how are they different?

Parthenogenetic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells created from unfertilized human eggs through a “parthenogenesis” process. Parthenogenesis requires that an unfertilized human egg be “activated” by chemical, physical or other means. Activation results in a non-viable “parthenote” from which pluripotent parthenogenetic stem cell lines can be derived. The cell lines used by ISCO are human parthenogenetic stem cells. Currently, ISCO owns the largest published collection of human parthenogenetic stem cell lines. Our research is based on perfecting proprietary techniques for deriving stem cells through parthenogenesis that result in stem cell lines that have the same capacity to become all cells found in the human body, but do not require use or destruction of a viable human embryo. Furthermore, parthenogenetic stem cells can be produced in a simplified (“homozygous”) form that enables each line to be an immunological match for millions of people. We do not obtain stem cells from fetal tissue nor does our technology require the use of discarded frozen human embryos.

Why Not Use Stem Cells Derived from Adults?

There are several approaches now in human clinical trials that utilize adult stem cells. However, these cells have limited availability and limited ability to proliferate in culture as well as risk of genetic manipulation.mutation. Therefore, obtaining clinically significant amounts of adult stem cells may prove to be difficult.

Why is Stem Cell Research Controversial?

The sources of some types of stem cells cause social and religious controversy. For example, some scientists obtain stem cells from aborted fetal tissue, causing opposition from those opposed to abortion. Another controversial source of stem cells is residual human embryos (from fertilized human eggs) that remain after vitro fertilization procedures and are used to create embryonic stem cell lines.

Is Stem Cell Research Banned in the United States?

Embryonic stem cell research, in general, is not banned in the United States. Work by private organizations is not limited except by the restrictions applicable to all human research. In addition, Proposition 71 in California, which voters approved in November 2004, specifically allows state funds to be used for stem cell research.

Why Not Use the Currently “Approved” Embryonic Stem Cells Lines?

Most, if not all, human embryonic stem cell lines in research now have complex (“heterozygous”) immune compositions that are likely to cause the differentiated cells to be rejected by most patients.

Why Not use Adult Cells Reprogrammed to become Pluripotent Cells?

Induced pluripotent cells (“iPSs”) benefit from not being derived from human embryos but may face a number of other limitations such as uncertainty as to which genes are turned on and off. Furthermore, like embryonic stem cells, iPSs have complex (“heterozygous”) immune compositions that are likely to cause the differentiated cells to be rejected by most patients.

Ethical Issues

The use of embryonic stem cells derived from fertilized human eggs has created an ethical debate in the United States and around the world. However, since no fertilized human eggs are used in creating our stem cells and no human embryo is being created, used or destroyed, we expect that our parthenogenetic stem cells will be more readily accepted in circumstances where there are ethical concerns with using traditional embryonic stem cells.

We also have licensed worldwide rights to use a technology known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (“SCNT”) to create human stem cells. The President’s Council on Bioethics, as reported in the publication “Reproduction and Responsibility—The Regulation of New Biotechnologies 2004,” has agreed on a series of recommendations for the use of such technology. Countries such as the United Kingdom have made similar recommendations.

Our Platform Technology

We have developed a proprietary process based on parthenogenesis for the creation of a new type of stem cell that has shown to exhibit the pluripotency and proliferative benefits of embryonic stem cells yet avoid the use or destruction of fertilized human eggs or embryos. Furthermore, since parthenogenetic stem cells can be created with immunogenetically identical (“homozygous”) chromosome

pairs, each line has potential to be an immune match for tens of millions of patients. If such cells were to be differentiated into functional mature cells they would, theoretically, be universally applicable across a wide range of medical conditions.

We also hold licenses to three other technologies to create human pluripotent stem cells: SCNT technology (as mentioned previously); a technology that may be useful to create induced pluripotent stem cells (“iPS”); and “single blastomere technology” which uses a single cell obtained from a fertilized blastocyst to create an embryonic stem cell line. Each of these technologies has unique cell therapy applications and provides us with a broad base of technologies from which we can operate in the future.

Our Facilities

We have built the capacity to manufacture human cells for research use in our research and development (“R&D”) facility in San Diego, California and for preclinical and clinical trials and ultimately for therapeutic use through the completion of our cGMP manufacturing laboratoriesfacility in Oceanside, California and Frederick, Maryland. The Oceanside

laboratory is designed specifically for the derivation of clinical-grade parthenogenetic stem cell lines for our stem cell bank and their differentiated derivatives for future clinical trials.

Our Products

Therapeutic Product Candidates

We are developing different cell types from our stem cells that may result in therapeutic products. We focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy is already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of functional cells or tissue.

We believe that the most promising potential clinical applications of our technology are:

PD: Our most advanced project is the neural stem cell program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In 2013, we published in Nature Scientific Reports the basis for our patent on a new method of manufacturing neural stem cells, which we intend to useis used to produce the clinical-grade cells necessary for future clinical studies and commercialization. In 2016 we published all important pre-clinical data in two peer-reviewed journals, Cell Transplantation and Nature Scientific Reports. In 2014, we completed the majority of the preclinical research, establishing the safety profile of NSC in various animal species, including non-human primates. In June 2016, we published the results of a 12-month pre-clinical non-human primate study, thatwhich demonstrated the safety, efficacy and mechanism of action of the ISC-hpNSC^®ISC- hpNSC®. In 2017, we begandosed four patients in our Phase I trial of ISC-hpNSC®, human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.  This trial involves three groups, each with four patients, with each group receiving an increasing amount of ISC-hpNSC via intracerebral transplantation.  Patients are evaluated for 12 months (active phase of the study) with an additional 5-year observational follow-up period to assess safety. We reported 12-month results from the first cohort and 6-month interim results of the second cohort at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting (Neuroscience 2018) in November 2018. In April 2019, we announced the completion of subject enrollment, with the 12th subject receiving a transplantation of the highest dose of cells. There have been no safety signals or serious adverse effects seen to date as related to the transplanted ISC-hpNSC® cells.

We anticipate providing full resultsannounced a successful completion of the activedose escalating phase 1 clinical trial in June 2021. In terms of preliminary efficacy, where scores are compared against baseline before transplantation, we observed a potential dose-dependent response with an apparent peak effectiveness at our middle dose. The % OFF-Time, which is the time during the day when levodopa medication is not performing optimally and follow up periods ofPD symptoms return, decreased an average 47% from the phase I clinical studybaseline at 12 months post transplantation in cohort 2. This trend continued through 24 months where the % OFF-Time in the second quartercohort dropped by 55% from the initial reading. The same was true for % ON-Time without dyskinesia, which is the time during the day when levodopa medication is performing optimally without dyskinesia. The % ON-Time increased an average of 2021.42% above the initial evaluation at 12 months post-transplantation in the second cohort.

Stroke: In August 2014, we beganannounced the launch of a stroke program, evaluating the use of ISC-hpNSC® transplantation for the treatment of ischemic stroke using a rodent model of the disease. The Company has a considerable amount of safety data on ISC-hpNSC® from the Parkinson’s disease program and, as there is evidence that transplantation of ISC-hpNSC® may improve patient outcomes as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in stroke, having a second program that can use this safety dataset is therefore a logical extension. In 2015, the Company together with Tulane University demonstrated that NSC can significantly reduce neurological dysfunction after a stroke in animal models.

TBI: In October 2016, we evaluatedannounced the results of the pre-clinical rodent study, evaluating the use of ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC® transplantation for the treatment of TBI using a rodent modelTBI. The study was conducted at the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine. We demonstrated that animals receiving injections of ISC-hpNSC® displayed the highest levels of improvements in cognitive performance and motor coordination compared to vehicle control treated animals. In February 2019, we published the results of the disease. As we have already developed safety data on NSC from the Parkinson's disease program we believe can leverage such datapre-clinical study in Theranostics, a prestigious peer-reviewed medical journal. The publication titled, "Human parthenogenetic neural stem cell grafts promote multiple regenerative processes in a program fortraumatic brain injury model,” demonstrated that the treatment of ischemic stroke.clinical-grade neural stem cells used

in our Parkinson’s disease clinical trial, ISC-hpNSC®, significantly improved TBI-associated motor, neurological, and cognitive deficits without any safety issues.

Each of these product candidates will require extensive preclinical and clinical development and may require specific unforeseen licensing rights obtained at substantial cost before any regulatory approval may be achieved and the products sold for therapeutic use.

Anti-Aging Skin Care Products

ISCO’s wholly owned subsidiary Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”) develops, manufactures and sells anti-aging skin care products based on two core technologies: encapsulated extract derived from hpSC and specially selected targeted small molecules. As of December 31, 2020 ISCO’s LSC subsidiary had developed, launched and was actively selling five distinct skincare2023, LSC’s products based on its proprietary stem cell technology.include:

As of December 31 2020, LSC had developed, launched and sold three skincare products based on the Company’s proprietary targeted small molecule technology.

LSC’s products are regulated as cosmetics. LSC’s products are sold domestically through a branded website, Amazon, and ecommerce partners.

Research Products

ISCO’s LCT subsidiary develops, manufactures and commercializes over 200 human cell culture products. These products include frozen human “primary” cells and stem cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells. LCT’s scientists have used a technologytechnique called basal medium optimization to systematically produce optimized products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques also produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to research and therapeutic markets. These human cell-based products are used domestically and internationally by research scientists in pharmaceutical, academic and government research organizations to study human disease and basic cell biology. LCT’s products eliminate the need for scientists to create their own cells, media and reagents or attempt to adapt “off the shelf” products to match specific experimental needs and they are superior to using animals or non-human animal cells as research tools because they are more relevant to the study of human disease. Strict quality assurance provides a high level of consistency and standardization of these products. LCT offers products that contain no animal products (“called “Xeno-free” products), allowing researchers to have better control of their experiments and to conduct research using products that ultimately can be more appropriate for therapeutic applications.

Often LCT’s research customers use our cell-based research products in their clinical research, eventually adapting them for therapeutic applications. If one of our research products is adopted by a successful producer of therapeutic cells, ISCO may become a supplier to the much larger therapeutic market through LCT’s products. This is based on the fact that once regulatory product submissions are made to the FDA and similar authorities, the media and reagents used during development cannot be changed easily after approval. These uses of LCT’s products bring opportunities to ISCO for future therapeutic products.

LCT products and applications include:

Each LCT cell product is quality tested for the expression of specific markers (to assure the cells are the correct type), proliferation rate, viability, morphology and absence of pathogens. Each cell system also contains associated donor information and all informed consent requirements are strictly followed.

LCT’s research products are marketed and sold by its internal sales force, LCT brand distributors in Europe and Asia and original equipment manufacturing (OEM)(“OEM”) partners, which are then re-branded and sold with OEM partnerspartners’ labels.

Our Markets

Therapeutic Markets

ISCO is currently pursuing a number ofone clinical stage program and several scientific development programs designed to lead to the creation of new therapeutic products. We anticipate that, with their superior immune-matching characteristics, our cells will be able to reduce or eliminate the need for immune-suppression drugs and the adverse reactions they trigger in patients.

Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease (“PD”) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. According to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, there are more than one million sufferers in the United States with over $2 billion spent on related medication costs. Currently there is no cure for PD and the improvements in symptoms provided by available PD drugs often diminish with time. UsingLeveraging our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creatinghave developed neural stem cells derived from hpSCshuman pluripotent stem cells (“hpSCs”) as a potential treatment offor PD and potentially other central nervous system disorders,diseases, including traumatic brain injury,in order to address this significant market opportunity.

Traumatic Brain Injury. Over 1.7 million people in North America suffer annually from traumatic brain injury, with associated medical costs exceeding $70 billion. According to the World Health Organization, the global incidence for traumatic brain injury is approximately 10 million people annually. According to the CDC, traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, contributing to about 30% of all injury deaths.

Liver disease. Liver disease affects one in ten persons according to the American Liver Foundation, and is one of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. There are more than 100 individual diseases of the liver; and for people with liver failure, the only effective treatment is full or partial organ transplantation. However, the demand for liver organs far exceeds the number of transplants available. According to the American Liver Foundation, over 16,000 individuals in the United States are waiting for a transplant. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating liver cells from hpSCs that may be used to treat a variety of hepatic and metabolic liver diseases to address this significant market opportunity. Importantly, liver cell transplantation has already been used in early stage clinical trials to treat patients with liver failure and has proven especially useful as a “bridge” to keep patients alive until they can receive a whole liver transplant.

Anti-Aging Cosmetic Market

Skin care products play a key role in the daily healthcare routines of many consumers. Greater emphasis on advertising, broader and more integrated distribution networks, raising standards of living in emerging markets, and population aging trends in developed nations are the major factors driving the global demand for skin care products.

The global skin care market is generally comprised of three categories of product -facial– facial care, body care, and special needs products. Top selling products in the facial skincare category include skin brighteners, anti-aging creams and serums, toners, masks, anti-acne and sun protection products.

Facial skincare products that provide anti-aging benefits represent a significant portion of the global skincare market. Increased longevity leads consumers to seek out high quality, technologically advanced skincare products that can help them maintain a youthful appearance. Anti-aging products that are backed by scientific research remain in high demand among sophisticated consumers despite premium prices.

Research Market

The research market for cell systems consists of scientists performing basic and applied research in the biological sciences. Basic research involves the study of cell biology and biochemical pathways. Applied research involves drug discovery, vaccine development, clinical research and cell transplantation. The domestic market can be broken into three segments: (i) academic researchers in universities and privately-funded research organizations; (ii) government institutions such as the National Institutes of Health, the United States Army, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and others; and (iii) industrial organizations such as pharmaceutical companies and consumer product companies. It is estimated that the combined academic and government markets comprise approximately 40% of the total market and that the industrial segment comprises approximately 60%. We believe the following are the main drivers in the research market for commercial cell systems:

Intellectual Property

Patents

In 20202022, ISCO was issued two patentsone patent for technology generated by our R&D team. These patents cover small molecule technology utilized in the Company’s skin care product lines, and wereThe patent, issued in the Great Britain and Mexico.USA, covers the use of Parthenogenic Activation of Human Oocytes. As of December 31, 2023, we held a total of 39 patents. These patents expire from January 2025 through May 2037.

In addition, we have obtained exclusive worldwide licenses to patents and patent applications from Astellas Pharma. OurWe believe that our licensed and internally-generated patents provide the intellectual property rights we need to operate in the pluripotent stem cell field and to progress through the stages of creating a therapeutic stem cell product. These stages include the derivation, isolation, expansion and differentiation of stem cells. The intellectual property available to us enables us to create manufacturing methods that eliminate animal proteins in order to satisfy FDA requirements. In addition, we have rights to sell research products derived through our licensed intellectual property in order to generate income. In 2020, one new Astellas licensed patent covering various aspects of cell differentiation was issued in Australia.

The majority of the patents and applications have been filed in the US and in foreign countries through the Patent Cooperation Treaty or by direct country filings in those jurisdictions deemed significant to our operations. Our currently issued patents will expire at various times commencing in 2020.

We have protected our research products and branding through both patents and trademarks. Lifeline Skin Care has filed patent applications covering its proprietary core technologies and methods of using stem cells and targeted small molecules to create skin care products. LSC unique product formulas are protected as trade secrets. ISCO, LCT, and LSC have registered trademarks on their company names, logos and various product names to protect their branding investment. Lifeline Cell Technology’s reagent formulations are protected as trade secrets.

The patentability of human cells in countries throughout the world reflects widely differing governmental attitudes. In the United States, hundreds of patents covering human embryonic stem cells have already been granted, including those on which we rely. Certain countries in Europe and Asia have taken the position that hES cells themselves are not patentable. ISCO believes that such restrictions are not appropriate as applied to parthenogenetic stem cells and is working with patent legislators in Europe to create exemptions for human parthenogenetic stem cells. As a result, we plan to file internationally wherever feasible and focus our research strategy on cells that best fit the US and foreign country definitions of patentable cells and technologies.

In December 18, 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the European Union’s highest court ruled that the Company’s core technology patent applications are not covered by the prohibition on patenting embryonic stem cells, removing the final barrier to the approval of ISCO’s parthenogenetic stem cell patents in the European Union. This final and definitive ruling by the EU’s highest court now formally separates parthenogenetic stem cells from embryonic stem cells and removes the exclusion from patentability on the former while maintaining the ban on the later.

License Agreements

In May 2005, we entered into three exclusive license agreements (“ACT IP,” “Infigen IP,” and “UMass IP” or collectively “ACTC agreements”) with Astellas Pharma Inc. (“Astellas") for the production of therapeutic products in the fields of diabetes, liver disease, retinal disease and the creation of research products in all fields. In February 2013, each of these license agreements was amended and

restated, pursuant to which we continue to have rights to Astellas Pharma’s human cell patent portfolio and non-exclusive rights to future developments in the area of diabetes and liver disease, as well as certain rights to patents covering Single Blastomere technology. A significant feature of the licensed Single Blastomere technology is a method of ethically obtaining human embryonic stem cells that allows us to isolate and differentiate hES stem cells directly from a “blastocyst” without harming the embryo. Using other licensed technology, the hES cells can be immediately differentiated into stem cells capable of expansion and differentiation into other types of cells. Under the terms of the amendments, we have also acquired additional exclusive rights in the area of parthenogenesis and the use of parthenogenetically derived stem cells for treatment of human diseases.

The agreements with Astellas further provide that we are no longer obligated to make milestone payments or to meet any minimum research and development requirements. We will no longer pay any royalties related to the ACT IP or Infigen IP, and our obligation to pay a minimum license fee for the UMass IP has been reduced to $75,000$75 thousand annually, payable in two installments to Astellas.

The agreements continue until the expiration of the last valid claim within the licensed patent rights. Either party to each amended and restated license agreement may terminate the agreement for an uncured breach or we may terminate the agreements at any time with a 30-day written notice.

Research Agreements

ISCO actively pursues sponsored research agreements with local and international research organizations and has established research collaborations with collaborators from Yale University, University of South Florida, Tulane University, University of California, San Diego, The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla), and the Sanford Burnham Preby Medical Discovery Institute. We are in frequent negotiations to develop collaborative research agreements with additional domestic and international research organizations from both the public and private sector. These agreements allow us to team up with nationally and internationally known research scientists to study stem cell technologies developed or licensed by ISCO for possible use in therapeutic or research fields. In addition to the research collaborations mentioned above, we provide our stem cell lines to researchers at many universities and other research facilities. Ordinarily, the stem cell lines are provided without charge, but we retain the right to either an exclusive or non-exclusive right to use any technology that may be developed that is necessary in order for us to make therapeutic products based on the research that uses our cells.

Competition

The development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents for human disease is intensely competitive. Pharmaceutical companies currently offer a number of pharmaceutical products to treat Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, liver diseases, and other diseases for which our technologies may be applicable. Many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating new drugs and therapeutic approaches for the same purposes, which may achieve new efficacy profiles, extend the therapeutic window for such products, alter the prognosis of these diseases, or prevent their onset. We believe that our therapeutic products, when and if successfully developed, will compete with these products principally on the basis of improved and extended efficacy and safety and their overall economic benefit to the health care system. We believe that our most significant competitors will be fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and more established biotechnology companies. Smaller companies may also be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies.

Some of our primary competitors in the development of stem cell therapies are BioTime, SanBio, BlueRock Therapeutics, and ReNeuron. Our primary competitors in the skin care market are Obagi, ZO Skin Health, Skinceuticals, SkinMedica (now owned by(a subsidiary of Allergan), and Murad. In the field of research products, our primary competitors for human cells, media and reagents are Lonza, EMD Millipore, Life Technologies (now owned by(a subsidiary of Thermo Fisher Scientific), StemCell Technologies, Zen-bio, PromoCell, and Specialty Media. In each of these areas many of our competitors have substantially greater resources and experience than we do.

Sales and Marketing

To date, sales of our research products have been derived primarily through our in-house sales force and via OEM partners and LCT brand distributors in Europe and Asia. Approximately 41%46% of our total product sales in 2020for the year ended December 31, 2023 were from one customer.

LSC has phased out its retail product line in 2019, with the exception of select cleanser products that were offered to both professional and retail customers. LSC is now offering its ProPLUS product line through its branded website — – www.lifelineskincare.com, as well as through a network of select online retailers and a limited number of professional accounts, such as dermatologists, and plastic surgeons. Domestically, we plan to increase distribution of our products through increasing brand awareness, strategic partnerships, and sales promotions.

Government Regulation

Regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries is a significant factor in development, manufacture and marketing of our proposed therapeutic and skin care products and in our ongoing research and product development activities. The nature and extent to which such regulation applies to us will vary depending on the nature of any products that we may develop. We anticipate that many, if not all, of our proposed therapeutic products will require regulatory approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. In particular, human therapeutic products are subject to rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing and other approval procedures of the FDA, and similar regulatory authorities in European and other countries. Various governmental statutes and regulations also govern or influence testing, manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage and recordkeeping related to such products and their marketing. The process of obtaining these approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and money, and there can be no guarantee that approvals will be granted.

We have made extensive progress in obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals of research protocols, informed consent documents and donor protection procedures to obtain oocytes in the United States for the production of our parthenogenetic stem cell bank. These approvals include: federally mandated Institutional Review Board (IRB)(“IRB”) and State of California required Stem Cell Research Oversight (SCRO)(“SCRO”) committee.

FDA Approval Process

Prior to commencement of clinical studies involving humans, pre-clinical testing of new pharmaceutical products is generally conducted on animals in the laboratory to evaluate the potential efficacy and safety of the product candidate. The results of these studies are submitted to the FDA as a part of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application, which must become effective before clinical testing in humans can begin. Typically, human clinical evaluation involves a time-consuming and costly three-phase process. In Phase I, clinical trials are conducted with a small number of people to establish safety pattern of drug distribution and metabolism within the body. In Phase II, clinical trials are conducted with groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease in order to determine preliminary efficacy, possible dosages and expanded evidence of safety. In some cases, an initial trial is conducted in diseased patients to assess both preliminary efficacy and preliminary safety and patterns of drug metabolism and distribution, in which case it is referred to as a Phase I/II trial. In Phase III, large-scale, multi-center, comparative trials are conducted with patients afflicted with a target disease in order to provide enough data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety required by the FDA. The FDA closely monitors the progress of each of the three phases of clinical testing; and may, at its discretion, re-evaluate, alter, suspend or terminate the testing based upon the data which have been accumulated to that point and its assessment of the risk/benefit ratio to the patient. Monitoring of all aspects of the study to minimize risks is a continuing process. All adverse events must be reported to the FDA.

The results of the pre-clinical and clinical testing on a non-biologic drug and certain diagnostic drugs are submitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug Application (“NDA”) for approval prior to commencement of commercial sales. In the case of vaccines or gene and cell therapies, the results of clinical trials are submitted as a Biologics License Application (“BLA”). In responding to a NDA or BLA, the FDA may grant marketing approval, request additional information or refuse to approve if the FDA determines that the application does not satisfy its regulatory approval criteria. There can be no assurance that approvals will be granted on a timely basis, if at all, for any of our proposed products.

In November 2014, in an important ruling the FDA cleared ISCO’s human parthenogenetic stem cells line for investigational clinical use. This was a necessary step in the process of eventually advancing stem cell therapies based on ISCO��sISCO’s core technology into clinical development. Although the Phase I trial for the Parkinson’s Disease program is anticipated to be conducted in Australia, and therefore not subject to FDA oversight, any future studies will likely be carried out in the United States where this approval is necessary.

In recognition of the challenges that accompany development of cellular therapy (CT)(“CT”) products, the FDA has recently initiated an expedited review and approval process for promising investigational CTs. The first step in the pathway is submission of a request for

Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy (RMAT)(“RMAT”) designation by the sponsor to the FDA, either at the same time as the initial IND filing or by amendment to an active IND (prior to the end-of-phase 2 meeting). Upon grant of RMAT designation by the FDA, the sponsor receives access to a number of benefits, the most advantageous of which is early interactions with senior FDA managers for the purpose of discussing potential surrogate or intermediate clinical endpoints to support accelerated approval requirements. Consideration for accelerated approval, heretofore unavailable to regenerative medicine products, represents a major regulatory advance because it would enable ISCO to market ISC-hpNSC earlier than would be possible through the traditional approval process.

European and Other Regulatory Approval

Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, approval of a product by comparable regulatory authorities in Europe and other countries will likely be necessary prior to commencement of marketing the product in such countries. The regulatory authorities in each

country may impose their own requirements and may refuse to grant an approval, or may require additional data before granting it, even though the relevant product has been approved by the FDA or another authority. As with the FDA, the regulatory authorities in the European Union (“EU”), Australia and other developed countries have lengthy approval processes for pharmaceutical products. The process for gaining approval in particular countries varies,vary, but generally follows a similar sequence to that described for FDA approval. In Europe, the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products provides a mechanism for EU-member states to exchange information on all aspects of product licensing. The EU has established a European agency for the evaluation of medical products, with both a centralized community procedure and a decentralized procedure, the latter being based on the principle of licensing within one member country followed by mutual recognition by the other member countries.

In Australia, the approval process for commencing Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials resides with Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)(“TGA”) and the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC)(“HREC”). Prior to commencing a clinical trial, a sponsor must submit to TGA a CTX or CTN application and must submit to the HREC a study protocol, an investigator brochure, and a template informed consent for such clinical trial. The HREC approval process generally takes four to eight weeks.

Other Regulations

We are also subject to various United States federal, state, local and international laws, regulations, and recommendations relating to the treatment of oocyte donors, the manufacturing environment under which human cells for therapy are derived, safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with our research work. We cannot accurately predict the extent of government regulation which might result from future legislation or administrative action.

Other Regulations for Lifeline Skin Care

The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FFDCA”) and the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (“FPLA”) provide the regulatory framework for selling cosmetics. The FFDCA oversees the safety of cosmetics. The FPLA ensures that the labeling is not false or misleading and includes all relevant information in a prominent and conspicuous manner.

Safety and efficacy testing of the products is performed by independent third partythird-party testing organization.

Information about our Executive Officers

For information concerning our executive officers, seerefer to Part III, Item 1010. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2020,2023, including our 32 executive officers, we had 3329 full-time and 2 part-time employees. None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements.

The Company considers its diverse and innovative workforce to be one of its most valuable resources. In recognition of our employees’ contributions to the Company’s business objectives and long-term research and business success, we strive to provide a dynamic, safe, and inclusive work environment that enables each employee to develop professionally as part of the team, as well as be rewarded for individual initiative. In order to achieve this goal, we focus on the following aspects of human capital management:

Corporate Values and Ethics

The key elements of our corporate value system are described in our Code of Business Conduct Policy (the “Business Code”), which provides uniform guidance to all our employees regarding expectations for proper workplace behavior and ethical decision making. Our Board of Directors adopted and regularly reviews the Code of Business Conduct, which applies to all of our employees, officers and directors of the Company.

The values outlined in the Business Code, including personal honesty, professional integrity, and organizational transparency, are vital to achieving our business and research objectives, as well as to serving our stakeholders. We have established a reporting hotline that enables employees to file anonymous reports of any suspected violations of the Business Code or other policies.

Workplace Diversity and Inclusion

As a truly international team, we value and celebrate unique talents, backgrounds, and perspectives each employee contributes to achieving our corporate and research objectives. As an equal opportunity employer, we strive to ensure we evaluate a diverse group of candidates for every role with the goal of identifying the best possible candidates to fill open positions within the Company.

Compensation & Benefits

Our compensation and benefits programs, with oversight from the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors, are designed to attract, retain and reward employees through competitive salaries, incentive bonus and stock option grant eligibility, a 401(k) Plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, paid time off, family leave, and employee assistance programs.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below as well as other information provided to you in this document, including information in the section of this document entitled “Forward Looking Statements”. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, the value of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our business is subject to risks arising from epidemic diseases, such as the recent global outbreak of the COVID-19 coronavirus.

The outbreak of the coronavirus, COVID-19, which has been declared by the World Health Organization to be a pandemic has spread across the globe and is impacting worldwide economic activity. A pandemic, including COVID-19 or other public health epidemic, poses the risk that we or our employees, contractors, customers, suppliers, third party shipping carriers, government and other partners may be prevented from or limited in their ability to conduct business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to the spread of the disease within these groups or due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. The impact that COVID-19 could have on our business, the continued spread of COVID-19 and the measures taken by the governments of states and countries affected could disrupt, among other things, the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of our products. Our laboratory operations, including laboratory employees, may be subject to closure or shut down due to the spread of the disease within these individuals, or as part of a larger scale government recommendation or mandate. Any disruption in our laboratory operations would have a material adverse effect on our business and would impede our ability to manufacture and ship products to our customers in a timely manner, or at all. Additionally, the demand for our skincare products may continue to significantly decline as COVID-19 continues to spread, including as a result of prioritization of customer financial resources toward essential household items or government-imposed quarantines that impede the ability of our customers to purchase our professional skincare product line through spas and medical offices that may not be considered essential businesses and are mandated to close for an indefinite amount of time. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The COVID-19 outbreak and mitigation measures have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on global economic conditions which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. The extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak continues to affect our results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of the virus and the actions to contain its impact.

Our business is at an early stage of development, and we may not develop therapeutic products that can be commercialized.

Our business is at an early stage of development. We do not have any products in late stagelate-stage clinical trials. We are still in the early stages of identifying and conducting research on potential therapeutic products. Our potential therapeutic products will require significant research and development and pre-clinical and clinical testing prior to regulatory approval in the United States and other countries. We may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals, enter new and later stage clinical trials for any of our product candidates, or commercialize any products. Our product candidates may prove to have undesirable and unintended side effects or other characteristics adversely affecting their safety, efficacy or cost effectiveness that could prevent or limit their use. Any product using any of our technology may fail to provide the intended therapeutic benefits, or achieve therapeutic benefits equal to or better than the standard of treatment at the time of testing or production.

We have a history of operating losses, do not expect to be profitable in the near future.

We have not generated any profits since our entry into the biotechnology business and have incurred significant operating losses. We expect to incur additional operating losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect our operating losses to increase significantly. Our commercial businesses have not generated revenues in amounts to support our research and development efforts, and we may not achieve that level of revenues in the foreseeable future.

We have expended substantial funds to develop our technologies, products, and product candidates. Based on our financial condition, recurring losses, and projected spending, which raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we were unable to continue as a going concern, the values we receive for our assets on liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

We will need additional capital to conduct our operations and develop our products and our ability to obtain the necessary funding is uncertain.

During the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, we used a significant amount of cash to finance our continued operations, and we need to obtain significant additional capital resources in order to develop products going forward. We may not be successful in maintaining

our normal operating cash flow and the timing of our capital expenditures may not result in cash flows sufficient to sustain our operations through the next twelve months. If financing is not sufficient and additional financing is not available or available only on terms that are detrimental to our long-term survival, it could have a major adverse effect on our ability to pursue our clinical research and product development programs and could ultimately affect our ability to continue to function. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Additional financing through strategic collaborations, public or private equity or debt financings or other financing sources may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Additional equity financing could result in significant dilution to our stockholders, and any debt financings will likely involve covenants restricting our business activities. Additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, if we obtain additional funds through arrangements with collaborative partners, these arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, product candidates or products that we might otherwise seek to develop and commercialize on our own. If sufficient capital is not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or product development initiatives, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or business prospects.

We have limited clinical testing and regulatory capabilities, and human clinical trials are subject to extensive regulatory requirements, very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement. Our products may fail to achieve necessary safety and efficacy endpoints during clinical trials, which may limit our ability to generate revenues from therapeutic products.

Due to the relatively early stage of our therapeutic products and stem cell therapy-based systems, we have not yet invested significantly in internal clinical testing and regulatory capabilities, including for human clinical trials. We cannot assure you that we will be able to invest or develop resources for these capabilities successfully or as expediently as necessary. In particular, human clinical trials can be very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is time consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be affected by several factors, including:

In addition, we or the FDA (or other applicable regulatory agency) may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA or other regulatory agency finds deficiencies in our submissions or the conduct of these trials.

Patents held by other persons may result in infringement claims against us that are costly to defend and which may limit our ability to use the disputed technologies and prevent us from pursuing research and development or commercialization of potential products.

A number of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other companies, universities and research institutions have filed patent applications or have been issued patents relating to cell therapy, stem cells, and other technologies potentially relevant to or required by our expected products. We cannot predict which, if any, of such applications will issue as patents or the claims that might be allowed. We are aware that a number of companies have filed applications relating to stem cells. We are also aware of a number of patent applications and patents claiming use of stem cells and other modified cells to treat disease, disorder or injury.

If third party patents or patent applications contain claims infringed by either our licensed technology or other technology required to make and use our potential products and such claims are ultimately determined to be valid, we might not be able to obtain licenses to these patents at a reasonable cost, if at all, or be able to develop or obtain alternative technology. If we are unable to obtain such licenses at a reasonable cost, we may not be able to develop some products commercially. We may be required to defend ourselves in court against allegations of infringement of third partythird-party patents. Patent litigation is very expensive and could consume substantial resources and create significant uncertainties. An adverse outcome in such a suit could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require disputed rights to be licensed from third parties, or require us to cease using such technology.

The outcome of pre-clinical, clinical and product testing of our products is uncertain, and if we are unable to satisfactorily complete such testing, or if such testing yields unsatisfactory results, we may be unable to sell our proposed products.

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any potential human products, our products will be subjected to extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing to demonstrate their safety and efficacy in humans. The clinical trials of our prospective products, or those of our licensees or collaborators, may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy of such products at all, or to the extent necessary to obtain appropriate regulatory approvals. Similarly, the testing of such prospective products may not be completed in a timely manner, if at all, or only after significant increases in costs, program delays or both, all of which could harm our ability to generate revenues. In addition, our prospective products may not prove to be more effective for treating disease or injury than current therapies. Accordingly, we may have to delay or abandon efforts to research, develop or obtain regulatory approval to market our prospective products. The failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a therapeutic product under development could delay or prevent regulatory approval of the product and could harm our ability to generate revenues, operate profitably or produce any return on an investment in us.

Even if we are successful in developing a therapeutic application using our cell technologies, it is unclear whether cell therapy can serve as the foundation for a commercially viable and profitable business.

Stem cell technology is rapidly developing and could undergo significant change in the future. Such rapid technological development could result in our technologies becoming obsolete. While our product candidates appear promising, they may fail to be successfully commercialized for numerous reasons, including, but not limited to, competing technologies for the same indications. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop a commercially successful therapeutic application for our stem cell technologies.

Moreover, advances in other treatment methods or in disease prevention techniques could significantly reduce or entirely eliminate the need for our cell therapy services, planned products and therapeutic efforts. There is no assurance that cell therapies will achieve the degree of success envisioned by us in the treatment of disease. Additionally, technological or medical developments may materially alter the commercial viability of our technology or services and require us to incur significant costs to replace or modify programs in which we have a substantial investment. We are focused on cell therapy, and if this field is substantially unsuccessful, this could jeopardize our success or future results. The occurrence of any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our competition includes fully integrated biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that have significant advantages over us.

The market for therapeutic stem cell products is highly competitive. We expect that our most significant competitors will be fully integrated and more established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. These companies are developing stem cell-based products and they have significantly greater capital resources and research and development, manufacturing, testing, regulatory compliance, and marketing capabilities. Many of these potential competitors are further along in the process of pharmaceutical product development and also operate large, company-funded research and development programs. As a result, our competitors may develop

more competitive or affordable products, or achieve earlier patent protection or product commercialization than we are able to achieve. Competitive products may render any products or product candidates that we develop uneconomic or obsolete.

If competitors develop and market products that are more effective, safer, or less expensive than our product candidates or offer other advantages, our commercial prospects will be limited.

Our cell therapy development programs face, and will continue to face, intense competition from pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as numerous academic and research institutions and governmental agencies engaged in drug discovery activities or funding, both in the United States and abroad. Some of these competitors are pursuing the development of drugs and other therapies that target the same diseases and conditions that we are targeting with our product candidates.

As a general matter, we also face competition from many companies that are researching and developing cell therapies. Many of these companies have financial and other resources substantially greater than ours. In addition, many of these competitors have significantly greater experience in testing pharmaceutical and other therapeutic products, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals, and marketing and selling. If we ultimately obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we also will be competing with respect to manufacturing efficiency and marketing capabilities, areas in which we have limited or no commercial-scale experience. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated by our competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances made in the commercial applicability of our technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these fields.

Restrictive and extensive government regulation could slow or hinder our production of a cellular product.

The research and development of stem cell therapies is subject to and restricted by extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. The process of obtaining FDA and other necessary regulatory approvals is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. We may fail to obtain the necessary approvals to continue our research and development, which would hinder our ability to manufacture or market any future product.

The development and commercialization of our product candidates is subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and abroad, and the failure to receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates would likely have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.

The process of obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals is expensive, generally takes many years and is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, particularly with complex and/or novel product candidates such as our product candidates. Changes in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application or may make it easier for our competitors to gain regulatory approval to enter the marketplace. Ultimately, the FDA and other regulatory agencies have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our product candidate data are insufficient for approval without the submission of additional pre-clinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying agency interpretations of the data obtained from pre-clinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product candidate. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

Any of the following factors, among others, could cause regulatory approval for our product candidates to be delayed, limited or denied:

Any difficulties or failures that we encounter in securing regulatory approval for our product candidates would likely have a substantial adverse impact on our ability to generate product sales and could make any search for a collaborative partner more difficult.

Research in the field of embryonic stem cells is currently subject to strict government regulations, and our operations could be restricted or outlawed by any legislative or administrative efforts impacting the use of nuclear transfer technology or human embryonic material.

Significant portions of our business are focused on human cell therapy, which includes the production of human differentiated cells from stem cells and involves human oocytes. Although our focus is on parthenogenetic stem cells derived from unfertilized oocytes, certain aspects of that work may involve the use of embryonic stem cells. Research utilizing embryonic stem cells is controversial, and currently subject to intense scrutiny, particularly in the area of the use of human embryonic material.

Federal law is not as restrictive regarding the use of federal funds for human embryonic cell research, commonly referred to as hES cell research as it once was. However, federal law does prohibit federal funding for creation of parthenogenetic stem cells. Our operations may also be restricted by future legislative or administrative efforts by politicians or groups opposed to the development of hES cell technology, parthenogenetic cell technology or nuclear transfer technology. Further, future legislative or administrative restrictions could, directly or indirectly, delay, limit or prevent the use of hES technology, parthenogenetic technology, or nuclear transfer technology, the use of human embryonic material, or the sale, manufacture or use of products or services derived from nuclear transfer technology or hES or parthenogenetic technology.

We may be unsuccessful in our efforts to comply with applicable federal, state and international laws and regulations, which could result in loss of licensure, certification or accreditation or other government enforcement actions or impact our ability to secure regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Although we seek to conduct our business in compliance with applicable governmental healthcare laws and regulations, these laws and regulations are exceedingly complex and often subject to varying interpretations. The cell therapy industry is the topic of significant government interest, and thus the laws and regulations applicable to our business are subject to frequent change and/or reinterpretation. As such, there can be no assurance that we will be able, or will have the resources, to maintain compliance with all such healthcare laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such healthcare laws and regulations, as well as the costs associated with such compliance or with enforcement of such healthcare laws and regulations, may have a material adverse effect on our operations or may require restructuring of our operations or impair our ability to operate profitably.

Our manufacture of certain cellular therapy products triggers additional FDA requirements applicable to hESCs which are regulated as a drug, biological product, or medical device. FDA’s GMP regulations govern the manufacture, processing, packaging and holding of cell therapy products regulated as drugs. FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or QSR, similarly governs the manufacture, processing, packaging and holding of cell therapy products regulated as medical devices. We must comply with GMP or QSR requirements including quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation for certain products. We may be unable to comply with these GMP or QSR requirements and with other FDA, state and foreign regulatory requirements. These requirements may change over time and we or third-party manufacturers may be unable to comply with the revised requirements.

We will continue to be subject to extensive FDA regulation following any product approvals, and if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may suffer a significant setback in our business.

Even if we are successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will continue to be subject to the requirements of and review by, the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities in the areas of manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, adverse event reporting, labeling, advertising, and promotional activities, among other things. In addition, any marketing approval we receive may be limited in terms of the approved product indication or require costly post-marketing testing and surveillance. Discovery after approval of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or manufacturing process, or a failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in actions such as:

The occurrence of any of these actions would likely cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Health care companies have been the subjects of federal and state investigations, and we could become subject to investigations in the future.

Both federal and state government agencies have heightened civil and criminal enforcement efforts. There are numerous ongoing investigations of health care companies, as well as their executives and managers. In addition, amendments to the Federal False Claims Act, have made it easier for private parties to bring “qui tam” (whistleblower) lawsuits against companies under which the whistleblower may be entitled to receive a percentage of any money paid to the government. The Federal False Claims Act provides, in part, that an action can be brought against any person or entity that has knowingly presented, or caused to be presented, a false or fraudulent request for payment from the federal government, or who has made a false statement or used a false record to get a claim approved. The government has taken the position that claims presented in violation of the federal anti-kickback law, Stark Law or other healthcare-related laws, including laws enforced by the FDA, may be considered a violation of the Federal False Claims Act. Penalties include substantial fines for each false claim, plus three times the amount of damages that the federal government sustained because of the act of that person or entity and/or exclusion from the Medicare program. In addition, a majority of states have adopted similar state whistleblower and false claims provision. Any future investigations of our business or executives could cause us to incur substantial costs, and result in significant liabilities or penalties, as well as damage to our reputation.

Restrictions on the use of human stem cells, and the ethical, legal and social implications of that research, could prevent us from developing or gaining acceptance for commercially viable products in these areas.

Although our stem cells are derived from unfertilized human eggs through a process called “parthenogenesis” that can produce cells suitable for therapy but are believed to be incapable of producing a human being, such cells are nevertheless often incorrectly referred to as “embryonic” stem cells. Because the use of human embryonic stem cells gives rise to ethical, legal and social issues regarding the appropriate use of these cells, our research related to human parthenogenetic stem cells could become the subject of adverse commentary or publicity and some political and religious groups may still raise opposition to our technology and practices. In addition, many research institutions, including some of our scientific collaborators, have adopted policies regarding the ethical use of human embryonic tissue, which, if applied to our procedures, may have the effect of limiting the scope of research conducted using our stem cells, thereby impairing our ability to conduct research in this field. In some states, use of embryos as a source of stem cells is prohibited.

To the extent we utilize governmental grants in the future, the governmental entities involved may retain certain rights in technology that we develop using such grant money and we may lose the revenues from such technology if we do not commercialize and utilize the technology pursuant to established government guidelines.

Certain of our licensors’ research have been or are being funded in part by government grants. Our research may also be government-funded in the future. In connection with certain grants, the governmental entity involved retains various rights in the technology developed with the grant. These rights could restrict our ability to fully capitalize upon the value of this research by reducing total revenues that might otherwise be available since such governmental rights may give the government the right to practice the invention without payment of royalties if we do not comply with applicable requirements.

We rely on parthenogenesis, cell differentiation and other stem cell technologies that we may not be able to successfully develop, which may prevent us from generating revenues, operating profitably or providing investors any return on their investment.

We have concentrated our research on our parthenogenesis, cell differentiation and stem cell technologies, and our ability to operate profitably will depend on being able to successfully implement or develop these technologies for human applications. These are emerging technologies with, as yet, limited human applications. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully implement or develop our nuclear transfer, parthenogenesis, cell differentiation and other stem cell technologies or that these technologies will result in products or services with any significant commercial utility. We anticipate that the commercial sale of such products or services, and royalty/licensing fees related to our technology, would be an additional source of revenues.

If we are unable to keep up with rapid technological changes in our field or compete effectively, we will be unable to operate profitably.

We are engaged in activities in the biotechnology field, which is characterized by extensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. If we fail to anticipate or respond adequately to technological developments, our ability to operate profitably could suffer. Research and discoveries by other biotechnology, agricultural, pharmaceutical, or other companies may render our technologies or potential products or services uneconomical or result in products superior to those we develop. Similarly, any technologies, products or services we develop may not be preferred to any existing or newly developed technologies, products, or services.

We may not be able to protect our proprietary technology, which could harm our ability to operate profitably.

The biotechnology, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries place considerable importance on obtaining patent and trade secret protection for new technologies, products, and processes. Our success will depend, to a substantial degree, on our ability to obtain and enforce patent protection for our products, preserve any trade secrets and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others. We cannot assure you that:

We are aware of certain patents that have been granted to others and certain patent applications that have been filed by others with respect to nuclear transfer and other stem cell technologies. The fields in which we operate have been characterized by significant efforts by competitors to establish dominant or blocking patent rights to gain a competitive advantage, and by considerable differences of opinion as to the value and legal legitimacy of competitors’ purported patent rights and the technologies they actually utilize in their businesses.

Considerable research in the areas of stem cells, cell therapeutics and regenerative medicine is being performed in countries outside of the United States, and a number of our competitors are located in those countries. The laws protecting intellectual property in some of those countries may not provide adequate protection to prevent our competitors from misappropriating our intellectual property.

Our business is highly dependent upon maintaining licenses with respect to key technology.

Although our primary focus relates to intellectual property we have developed internally, some of the patents we utilize are licensed to us by Astellas Pharma, which has licensed some of these from other parties, including the University of Massachusetts (“UMass”). These licenses are subject to termination under certain circumstances (including, for example, our failure to make minimum royalty payments). The restriction or loss of any of such licenses, or the conversion of such licenses to non-exclusive licenses, could adversely affect our operations and/or enhance the prospects of our competitors.

Although our licenses with Astellas allow us to cure any defaults under the underlying licenses to them and to take over the patents and patents pending in the event of default by Astellas, the cost of such remedies could be significant, and we might be unable to adequately maintain these patent positions. If so, such inability could have a material adverse effect on our business. Some of these licenses also contain restrictions (e.g., limitations on our ability to grant sublicenses) that could materially interfere with our ability to generate revenue through collaborative relationships or other transactions that involve the licensing or sale to third parties of important and valuable technologies that we have, for strategic reasons, elected not to pursue directly. In the future we may require further licenses to complete and/or commercialize our proposed products. We may not be able to acquire any such licenses on a commercially-viablecommercially viable basis.

We have experienced in the past and may experience in the future network or system failures, or service interruptions, including cybersecurity attacks, or other technology risks. Our inability to protect our systems and data against such risks could harm our business and reputation.

Our ability to provide uninterrupted and high levels of service depends upon the performance of our internal network, systems, and related infrastructure, and those of our third-party vendors. Any significant interruptions in, or degradation of, the quality of the services, including infrastructure storage and support, that these third parties provide to us could severely harm our business and reputation and lead to the loss of customers and revenue. Our internal network, systems, and related infrastructure, in addition to the networks, systems, and related infrastructure of our third-party technology vendors, may be vulnerable to computer viruses and other malware that infiltrate such systems and networks, as well as physical or electronic security breaches, natural disasters, and similar disruptions. They have been and may continue to be the target of attempts to identify and exploit network and system vulnerabilities, penetrate or bypass security measures in order to interrupt or degrade the quality of the services we receive or provide, or otherwise gain unauthorized access to our networks and systems or those of our third-party vendors. These vulnerabilities or other attempts at access may result from, or be caused by, human error or technology failures, however, they may also be the product of malicious actions by third parties intending to harm our business. The methods that may be used by these third parties to cause interruptions or failures or to obtain unauthorized access to information change frequently, are difficult to detect, evolve rapidly, and are increasingly sophisticated and hard to defend against.

Although we have not incurred material losses or liabilities as a result of security breaches or attempted security breaches and continue to invest in security measures, we cannot be certain that our defensive measures, and those employed by our third-party vendors, will be sufficient to defend against all such current and future methods.

Our careful vetting of third parties to provide technology services and the contractual requirements related to the security that we impose on our third-party vendors who have access to this data may not be sufficient to protect us from network or system failures or service interruptions.

Any actual or perceived security breach, whether experienced by us or a third-party vendor; the reporting or announcement of such an event, or reports of perceived security vulnerabilities of our systems or the systems of our third-party service providers whether accurate or not; or our failure or perceived failure to respond or remediate an event or make adequate or timely disclosures to the public, regulatory or law enforcement agencies following any such event may be material and lead to harm to our financial condition, business reputation, and prospects of future business due to, among other factors: loss of customer confidence arising from interruptions or outages, delays, failure to meet contractual obligations, and loss of data or public release of confidential data; increase regulatory scrutiny on us; compromise our trade secret and intellectual property; expose us to costly uninsured liabilities such as material fines, penalties, liquidated damages, and overall margin compression due to renegotiation of contracts on less favorable terms or loss of business; liability

for claims relating to misuse of personal information in violation of contractual obligations or data privacy laws; and potential theft of our intellectual property.

A security breach could occur and persist for an extended period of time without detection. We expect that any investigation of a security breach could take a substantial amount of time, and during such time we may not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated, all of which could further increase the costs and consequences of such a breach. Further, detecting and remediating such incidents may require specialized expertise and there can be no assurance that we will be able to retain or hire individuals who possess, or otherwise internally develop, such expertise. Our remediation efforts therefore may not be successful. The inability to implement, maintain, and upgrade adequate safeguards could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Moreover, there could be public announcements regarding any data security-related incidents and any steps we take to respond to or remediate such incidents.

The occurrence of any such failure may also subject us to costly lawsuits, claims for contractual indemnities, as well as divert valuable management, research and development, information technology, and marketing resources toward addressing these issues and delay our ability to achieve our strategic initiatives. In addition, we gather, as permitted by law, non-public, personally-identifiablepersonally identifiable financial information from customers, such as names, addresses, telephone numbers, bank and credit card account numbers and financial transaction information, and the compromise of such data, which may subject us to fines and other related costs of remediation.

Certain of our technology may not be subject to protection through patents, which leaves us vulnerable to theft of our technology.

Certain parts of our know-how and technology are not patentable or are trade secrets. To protect our proprietary position in such know-how and technology, we intend to require all employees, consultants, advisors, and collaborators to enter into confidentiality and invention ownership agreements with us. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure. Further, in the absence of patent protection, competitors who independently develop substantially equivalent technology may harm our business.

We depend on our collaborators to help us develop and test our proposed products, and our ability to develop and commercialize products may be impaired or delayed if collaborations are unsuccessful.

Our strategy for the development, clinical testing and commercialization of our proposed products requires that we enter into collaborations with corporate partners, licensors, licensees and others. We are dependent upon the subsequent success of these other parties in performing their respective responsibilities and the continued cooperation of our partners. Our collaborators may not cooperate with us or perform their obligations under our agreements with them. We cannot control the amount and timing of our collaborators’ resources that will be devoted to our research and development activities related to our collaborative agreements with them. Our collaborators may choose to pursue existing or alternative technologies in preference to those being developed in collaboration with us.

Under agreements with collaborators, we may rely significantly on such collaborators to, among other things:

The development and commercialization of potential products will be delayed if collaborators fail to conduct these activities in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, our collaborators could terminate their agreements with us, and we may not receive any development or milestone payments. If we do not achieve milestones set forth in the agreements, or if our collaborators breach or terminate their collaborative agreements with us, our business may be materially harmed.

Contractual arrangements with licensors or collaborators may require us to pay royalties or make other payments related to the development of a product candidate, which would adversely affect the level of our future revenues and profits.

Even if we obtain all applicable regulatory approvals and successfully commercialize one or more of our cell therapy candidates, contractual arrangements between us and a licensor, collaborator or other third party in connection with the respective product may require that we make royalty or other payments to the respective third party, and as a result we would not receive all of the revenue derived from commercial sales of such product.

Our reliance on the activities of our non-employee consultants, research institutions, and scientific contractors, whose activities are not wholly within our control, may lead to delays in development of our proposed products.

We rely extensively upon and have relationships with scientific consultants at academic and other institutions, some of whom conduct research at our request, and other consultants with expertise in clinical development strategy or other matters. These consultants are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. We have limited control over the activities of these consultants and, except as otherwise required by our collaboration and consulting agreements to the extent they exist, can expect only limited amounts of their time to be dedicated to our activities. These research facilities may have commitments to other commercial and non-commercial entities. We have limited control over the operations of these laboratories and can expect only limited amounts of time to be dedicated to our research goals.

We may not be able to obtain third party patient reimbursement or favorable product pricing, which would reduce our ability to operate profitably.

Our ability to successfully commercialize certain of our proposed products in the human therapeutic field may depend to a significant degree on patient reimbursement of the costs of such products and related treatments at acceptable levels from government authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as health maintenance organizations. Reimbursement in the United States or foreign countries may not be available for any products we may develop, and, if available, may be decreased in the future. Also, reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products with a consequent harm to our business. We cannot predict what additional regulation or legislation relating to the health care industry or third partythird-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such regulation or legislation may have on our business. If additional regulations are overly onerous or expensive, or if health care related legislation makes our business more expensive or burdensome than originally anticipated, we may be forced to significantly downsize our business plans or completely abandon our business model.

Our products may be expensive to manufacture, and they may not be profitable if we are unable to control the costs to manufacture them.

Our products may be significantly more expensive to manufacture than other therapeutic products currently on the market today. We hope to substantially reduce manufacturing costs through process improvements, development of new methods, increases in manufacturing scale and outsourcing to experienced manufacturers. If we are not able to make these, or other improvements, and depending on the pricing of the product, our profit margins may be significantly less than that of other therapeutic products on the market today. In addition, we may not be able to charge a high enough price for any cell therapy product we develop, even if they are safe and effective, to make a profit. If we are unable to realize significant profits from our potential product candidates, our business would be materially harmed.

We presently lack sufficient manufacturing capabilities to produce our therapeutic product candidates at commercial scale quantities and do not have an alternate manufacturing supply, which could negatively impact our ability to meet any future demand for the product.

We expect that we would need to significantly expand our manufacturing capabilities to meet potential demand for our therapeutic product candidates, if approved. Such expansion would require additional regulatory approvals. Even if we increase our manufacturing capabilities, it is possible that we may still lack sufficient capacity to meet demand.

We do not presently have any alternate supply for our products. If our facilities where our products are currently being manufactured or equipment were significantly damaged or destroyed, or if there were other disruptions, delays or difficulties affecting manufacturing capacity, including if such facilities are deemed not in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) requirements, future clinical studies and commercial production for our products would likely be significantly disrupted and delayed. It would be both time consuming and expensive to replace this capacity with third parties, particularly since any new facility would need to comply with the regulatory requirements.

Ultimately, if we are unable to supply our products to meet commercial demand, whether because of processing constraints or other disruptions, delays or difficulties that we experience, our production costs could dramatically increase, and sales of the product and its long-term commercial prospects could be significantly damaged.

To be successful, our proposed products must be accepted by the health care community, which can be very slow to adopt or unreceptive to new technologies and products.

Our proposed products and those developed by our collaborative partners, if approved for marketing, may not achieve market acceptance since hospitals, physicians, patients or the medical community in general may decide not to accept and utilize these products.

The products that we are attempting to develop represent substantial departures from established treatment methods and will compete with a number of more conventional therapies manufactured and marketed by major pharmaceutical companies. The degree of market acceptance of any of our developed products will depend on a number of factors, including:

If the healthcare community does not accept our products for any of the foregoing reasons, or for any other reason, our business would be materially harmed.

Our business is based on novel technologies that are inherently expensive, risky and may not be understood by or accepted in the marketplace, which could adversely affect our future value.

The clinical development, commercialization and marketing of cell and tissue-based therapies are at an early-stage, substantially research-oriented, and financially speculative. To date, very few companies have been successful in their efforts to develop and commercialize a stem cell product. In general, stem cell products may be susceptible to various risks, including undesirable and unintended side effects, unintended immune system responses, inadequate therapeutic efficacy, or other characteristics that may prevent or limit their approval or commercial use. Furthermore, the number of people who may use cell or tissue-based therapies is difficult to forecast with accuracy. Our future success is dependent on the establishment of a significant market for cell- and tissue-based therapies and our ability to capture a share of this market with our product candidates.

Our development efforts with our therapeutic product candidates are susceptible to the same risks of failure inherent in the development and commercialization of therapeutic products based on new technologies. The novel nature of cellular therapeutics creates significant challenges in the areas of product development and optimization, manufacturing, government regulation, third-party reimbursement and market acceptance. For example, the United States FDA has relatively limited experience regulating therapies based on cells, and there are few approved treatments utilizing cell therapy.

During the year endedDecember 31, 2023, we derived approximately 46% of our revenues from one customer.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, we derived approximately 41% of our revenues from one customer.

During the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, one customer accounted for 41%46% of our consolidated revenues. To the extent that this significant customer reduces or delays its purchases from us or terminate its relationship with us, our revenues would decline significantly, and our financial condition and results of operations would suffer substantially.

We depend on key personnel for our continued operations and future success, and a loss of certain key personnel could significantly hinder our ability to move forward with our business plan.

Because of the specialized nature of our business, we are highly dependent on our ability to identify, hire, train, and retain highly qualified scientific and technical personnel for the research and development activities we conduct or sponsor. The loss of one or more

key executive officers, or scientific officers, would be significantly detrimental to us. In addition, recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel to perform research and development work is critical to our success. Our anticipated growth and expansion into areas and activities requiring additional expertise, such as clinical testing, regulatory compliance, manufacturing and marketing, will require the addition of new management personnel and the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our present and planned activities. Accordingly, we may not be able to continue to attract and retain the qualified personnel, which would adversely affect the development of our business.

We may not have sufficient product liability insurance, which may leave us vulnerable to future claims we will be unable to satisfy.

The testing, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of human therapeutic products entail an inherent risk of product liability claims. We currently have a limited amount of product liability insurance, which may not be adequate to meet potential product liability claims. In the event we are forced to expend significant funds on defending product liability actions, and in the event those funds come from operating capital, we will be required to reduce our business activities, which could lead to significant losses. Adequate insurance coverage may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, if at all. If available, we may not be able to maintain any such insurance at sufficient levels of coverage and any such insurance may not provide adequate protection against potential liabilities. Whether or not

a product liability insurance policy is obtained or maintained in the future, any product liability claim could harm our business or financial condition.

Many of the key materials in our products and packaging, and manufacturing services for certain of our other products, are obtained from a single or limited number of suppliers. Thus, we are at risk of shortages, price increases, tariffs, changes, delay, or discontinuation of key materials and manufacturing services, which could disrupt and materially and adversely affect our business.

Many of the key materials used to manufacture or package our LCT products come from limited or single sources of supply. In addition, in some cases primarily for our LSC products, we rely only on one manufacturer or a limited number of contract manufacturers to fill and finish, test, and package our products. In general, our contract manufacturers fabricate or procure certain materials and packaging on our behalf, subject to certain approved procedures or supplier lists. We do not have firm commitments from many of these suppliers and manufacturers to provide all materials and services, or to provide them in quantities and on timelines that we may require.

Due to our reliance on the key materials provided by suppliers and services provided by contract manufacturers, we are subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times or other disruptions in the supply of certain materials or services. For example, our ability to ship LCT products has recently been adversely affected by shortages in plastic resin that is used to make the packaging containers for those products. Our ongoing efforts to identify alternative suppliers (for many of the single-sourced or limited-sourced materials used in our products) and alternative contract manufacturers (for the assembly of our LSC products) may not be successful. We are subject to the risk that our suppliers may discontinue or modify the materials they provide to us, or that the materials may cease to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, materials shortages or delays or other problems in product assembly, and the availability of these materials or services may be difficult to predict. For example, our suppliers or manufacturers may experience temporary or permanent disruptions in their manufacturing operations due to equipment breakdowns, labor strikes or shortages, natural disasters, the occurrence of a contagious disease or illness, such as the novel coronavirus outbreak, component or material shortages, cost increases, acquisitions, insolvency, bankruptcy, business shutdowns, trade restrictions, changes in legal or regulatory requirements, or other similar problems.

Additionally, various sources of supply-chain risk, including strikes or shutdowns at delivery ports or loss of or damage to our products while they are in transit or storage, intellectual property theft, losses due to tampering, third-party vendor issues with quality or sourcing control, failure by our suppliers to comply with applicable laws and regulation, potential tariffs or other trade restrictions, or other similar problems, could limit or delay the supply of our products or harm our reputation. In the event of a shortage or supply interruption from suppliers or contract manufacturers, we may not be able to develop alternate sources quickly, cost-effectively, or at all. Any interruption or delay in material supply or manufacturing, any increases in material or manufacturing costs, or the inability to obtain these materials or services from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would harm our ability to provide our products on a timely basis. This could materially and adversely affect our business.

Economic uncertainties and unfavorable economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or our access to capital.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be adversely affected by general economic conditions and uncertainties, including in the financial markets. Negative economic conditions, both in the United States and abroad, including the effects of changes in economic growth and expectations, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, financial and credit market fluctuations, international trade relations and/or the imposition of trade tariffs, political turmoil, natural catastrophes, regional or global outbreaks of contagious diseases, such as the novel coronavirus pandemic, terrorist attacks and warfare (such as the Russia – Ukraine conflict and any resulting sanctions imposed), as well as related governmental or regulatory responses, could cause a decrease or deferral in spending by our customers and otherwise negatively affect our business. A severe or prolonged economic downturn or economic uncertainties from these or other factors could also adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruptions. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our business is subject to risks arising from epidemic diseases or other public health emergencies.

A pandemic, including COVID-19 or other public health epidemic, poses the risk that we or our employees, contractors, customers, suppliers, third party shipping carriers, government and other partners may be prevented from or limited in their ability to conduct business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to the spread of the disease within these groups or due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. The occurrence of any pandemic or other public health emergency could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Our Capital Structure

Stock prices for biotechnology companies have historically tended to be very volatile.

Stock prices and trading volumes for many biotechnology companies fluctuate widely for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following factors, some of which may be unrelated to their businesses or results of operations:

This market volatility, as well as general domestic or international economic, market and political conditions, could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Two of our executive officers and directors can significantly influence our direction and policies, and their interests may be adverse to the interests of our other stockholders.

As of December 31, 2020,2023, Dr. Andrey Semechkin, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, and Dr. Russell Kern, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director, beneficially own approximately 80%63% of our outstanding shares of common stock, including shares issuable upon conversion of the outstanding shares of our Series D, Series G, and Series I-2 Preferred Stock and shares issuable upon exercise of options and warrants that they hold and that are exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2020.2023. As a result of their holdings and the rights, preferences, and privileges of those series of preferred stock, Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern may appoint and remove two of our four directors and propose candidates for nomination

of up to two additional directors, and therefore will be able to significantly influence the election of our Board of Directors. They may also prevent corporate transactions (such as a merger, consolidation, a sale of all or substantially all of our assets or a financing transaction) that may be favorable from the standpoint of our other stockholders, or they may cause a transaction that our other stockholders may view as unfavorable.

The rights of holders of our common stock are subordinate to significant rights, preferences and privileges of our existing five series of preferred stock, and to any additional series of preferred stock created in the future.

Under the authority granted by our Certificate of Incorporation, our Board of Directors has established fivefour separate series of outstanding preferred stock, including Series B, Series D, Series G Series I-1 and Series I-2 Preferred Stock, which have various rights and preferences senior to the shares of common stock. Shares of some series of our existing preferred stock are also entitled to enhanced voting rights and liquidation preferences. As a result of the various voting rights, the holders of our existing preferred stock may be able to block the proposed approval of various corporate actions, which could prevent us from achieving strategic or other goals dependent on such actions. As a result of the liquidation preferences, in the event that we voluntarily or involuntary liquidate, dissolve or windup our affairs (including as a result of a merger), the holders of our preferred stock would be entitled to receive stated amounts per share, including any accrued and unpaid dividends, before any distribution of assets or merger consideration is made to holders of our common stock. Additionally, these shares of preferred stock may be converted, at the option of the holders, into common stock at rates that may be adjusted, for the benefit of holders of preferred stock, if we sell equity securities below the then existing conversion prices. Any such

adjustments would compound the potential dilution suffered by holders of common stock if we issue additional securities at prices below the current conversion prices (ranging from $1.08$0.12 to $9.70$9.69 per share as of December 31, 2020)2023). Additionally, subject to the consent of the holders of our existing preferred stock, our Board of Directors has the power to issue additional series of preferred stock and to designate, as it deems appropriate (subject to the rights of the holders of the current series of preferred stock), the special dividend, liquidation or voting rights of the shares of those additional series. The creation and designation of any new series of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power, dividend, liquidation, and other rights of holders of our common stock and, possibly, any other class or series of stock that is then in existence.

The market price for our common stock has been and may continue to be particularly volatile given our status as a relatively unknown company with a limited operating history and lack of profits, which could lead to wide fluctuations in our share price. The price at which stockholders purchase shares of our common stock may not be indicative of the price of our common stock that will prevail in the trading market.

The market for our common stock may be characterized by significant price volatility when compared to seasoned issuers, and we expect that our stock price could continue to be more volatile than a seasoned issuer for the indefinite future. The potential volatility in our share price is attributable to a number of factors. First, there has been limited trading in our common stock. As a consequence of this lack of liquidity, any future trading of shares by our stockholders may disproportionately influence the price of those shares in either direction. Second, we are a speculative or “risky” investment due to our limited operating history and lack of profits to date, and uncertainty of future market acceptance for our potential products. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk averse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the stock of a seasoned issuer. Many of these factors will be beyond our control and may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common stock will be at any time or as to what effect that the sale of shares or the availability of shares for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

In addition, the market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to:

Certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and Delaware law may make it more difficult for a third party to affect a change-in-control.

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the Board of Directors to issue up to 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock and our Board of Directors has created and issued shares of fivefour series of preferred stock that remain outstanding, including Series B, Series D Series G, Series I-1 and Series I-2 Preferred Stock. The terms of various series of Preferred Stock include, among other things, voting rights on particular matters (for example, with respect to the Series D Preferred Stock, restricting our ability to undergo a change in control or merge with, or sell assets to, a third-party), preferences as to dividends and liquidation, and conversion rights. These preferred stock rights diminish the rights of holders of our common stock, and therefore could reduce the value of such common stock. In addition, as long as shares of our Series B, Series D and Series G Preferred Stock remain outstanding, or if our Board creates and issues additional shares of preferred stock in the future with rights that restrict our ability to merge with, or sell assets to, a third party, it could make it more difficult, delay, discourage, prevent or make it more costly to acquire the Company or affect a change-in-control.

The application of the “penny stock” rules to our common stock could limit the trading and liquidity of our common stock, adversely affect the market price of our common stock and increase stockholder transaction costs to sell those shares.

While we are currently exempt from the “penny stock” rules, as long as the trading price of our common stock is below $5.00 per share, the open market trading of our common stock would be subject to the “penny stock” rules, if we otherwise do not continue to qualify for an exemption from the “penny stock” definition. The “penny stock” rules impose additional sales practice requirements on certain broker-dealers who sell securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors (generally those with assets in excess of $1 million or annual income exceeding $200,000$200 thousand or $300,000$300 thousand together with their spouse). These regulations, if they apply, require the delivery, prior to any transaction involving a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule explaining the

penny stock market and the associated risks. Under these regulations, certain brokers who recommend such securities to persons other than established customers or certain accredited investors must make a special written suitability determination regarding such a purchaser and receive such purchaser’s written agreement to a transaction prior to sale. These regulations may have the effect of limiting the trading activity of our common stock, reducing the liquidity of an investment in our common stock and increasing the transaction costs for sales and purchases of our common stock as compared to other securities.

The issuance of our common stock to holders of Series I Preferred Stocks may cause dilution and the sale of the shares of common stock acquired by those holders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our common stock to fall.

As of March 30, 2021, we had 5,124 shares of Series I Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding. The conversion price of the Preferred Stock is subject to certain resets as set forth in the Certificates of Designation, including the date of the amendment to the certificate of incorporation with respect to any reverse stock split. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall.

The holders may ultimately convert the Series I Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock and sell those shares of common stock. Additionally, the conversion of the preferred stock by such holders will result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. Also, the conversion of Series I Preferred Stock into a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the anticipation of such conversion, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

The sale or issuance of a substantial number of shares may adversely affect the market price for our common stock.

The future sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could significantly and negatively affect the market price for our common stock. We expect that we will likely issue a substantial number of shares of our capital stock in financing transactions in order to fund our operations and the growth of our business. Under these arrangements, we may agree to register the shares for resale soon after their issuance. We may also continue to pay for certain goods and services with equity, which would dilute our current stockholders. Also, sales of the shares issued in this manner could negatively affect the market price of our stock.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred substantial tax losses during our history. Subject to various limitations, we may carryforward unused taxable losses, including those generated in the future, and other available credits to offset any future taxable income until the unused losses or credits expire. Federal and state tax laws impose restrictions on the utilization of net operating loss (“NOL”) and tax credit carryforwards in the event of an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Section 382”). Generally, an ownership change occurs if the percentage of the value of the stock that is owned by one or more direct or indirect “five percent shareholders” increases by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage at any time during the

applicable testing period (typically, three years). Under Section 382 and Section 383, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post change income may be limited. BecauseDuring 2023 an analysis was completed to determine whether any ownership change has occurred, as defined by IRC Sections 382 and 383, and it was determined that significant ownership changes occurred in January 2009 and November 2015. As a result of the costownership changes, under IRC Sections 382 and complexity involved383, the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that were generated in theyears prior to 2015 have been significantly limited and a substantial unused amount will expire. During 2023 an analysis of a Section 382was completed to determine whether any ownership change and the fact that we do not have any taxable income to offset, we have not undertaken a study to assess whether an “ownership change” has occurred, or whether thereas defined by IRC Sections 382 and 383, and it was determined that significant ownership changes occurred in January 2009 and November 2015. As a result of the ownership changes, under IRC Sections 382 and 383, the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that were generated in years prior to 2015 have been multiple ownership changes since we becamesignificantly limited and a “loss corporation” as defined in Section 382.substantial unused amount will expire. Future changes in our stock ownership, which may be outside of our control, may trigger an “ownership change.” In addition, future equity offerings or acquisitions that have equity as a component of the purchase price could result in an “ownership change.” If an “ownership change” has occurred or does occur in the future, our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards or other tax attributes may be limited, which could result in an increased future tax liability to us.

Limitations on director and officer liability and indemnification of our officers and directors by us may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against a director.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide, with certain exceptions as permitted by governing state law, that a director or officer shall not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for acts or omissions which involve intentional misconduct, fraud or knowing violation of law, or unlawful payments of dividends. These provisions may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against a director for breach of fiduciary duty and may reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation brought by stockholders on our behalf against a director. In addition, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may provide for mandatory indemnification of directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by governing state law.

Compliance with the rules established by the SEC pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is complex. Failure to comply in a timely manner could adversely affect investor confidence and our stock price.

Rules adopted by the SEC pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 require us to perform an annual assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting and certify the effectiveness of those controls. The standards that must be met for management to assess the internal controls over financial reporting now in effect are complex, costly and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation to meet the detailed standards. We may encounter problems or delays in completing activities necessary to make an assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting. If we cannot perform the assessment or certify that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective investor confidence and share value may be negatively impacted.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.

We continue to evaluate and improve the capabilities of our people, processes, and technologies to address our cybersecurity risks. Our cybersecurity risks, and the controls designed to mitigate those risks, are integrated into our overall risk management governance, and are reviewed by our Board of Directors annually.

Risk Management and Strategy

As of December 31, 2023, we have implemented thorough cybersecurity and data protection policies and procedures. Risks from cybersecurity threats are often assessed as a part of our broader risk management activities and as a fundamental component of our internal control system. Our employees and contractors are required to complete annual cybersecurity awareness trainings, including specific topics related to browser safety, data protection, and email fraud. We have competent employees and consultants with a firm understanding of cybersecurity related to our industry. We invest in advanced technologies for continuous cybersecurity monitoring across our information technology environment which are designed to prevent, detect, and minimize cybersecurity attacks, as well as notify management of such attacks in a timely manner.

Our Information Technology General Controls are firmly established based on recognized industry standards and addresses matters such as risk management, data backup, and disaster recovery. We also engage an outsourced information technology consultant to actively monitor and mitigate security threats, as well as identify vulnerabilities and respond to all cybersecurity incidents affecting us, including timely communication of significant security incidents to senior business leadership and our primary research facility in 8,215 square feetBoard of leased officeDirectors.

Governance

Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our cyber security risk management and laboratory space in Oceanside, California.strategy. Our current lease forsenior leadership, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, frequently meets with and provides informative updates to our Board of Directors regarding our cybersecurity risks and activities, including any recent cyber security incidents and related responses, cybersecurity systems testing, and activities of third parties.

Our Information Security Team is outsourced to two separate service providers, one of which oversees all aspects of IT and facilities to ensure the Company’s infrastructure, including intellectual property, is protected. Specifically, this facility expires in December 2021. The current base rentservice provider is approximately $11,000 per month. The facility has leasehold improvements which include cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices)tasked with communicating any issues or updates necessary and possesses the appropriate level clean rooms designed forof expertise to assess and manage the derivationCompany’s cyber security risk. This service provider reports to our Principal Financial Officer, who oversees prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation efforts through regular communication and reporting channels within our organization and with service providers.

Cybersecurity Threat Disclosure

While we have not, as of clinical-grade stem cells and their differentiated derivatives, research laboratories for our stem cell differentiation studies and segregated rooms for biohazard control and containment of human donor tissue. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% on the anniversary date of this Annual Report, experienced a cybersecurity threat or incident that has had a material impact on our business or operations, there can be no guarantee that we will not experience an incident that results in a material impact to our business or operations in the agreement.

future. In addition, cybersecurity threats are constantly evolving and increasing in sophistication, which increases the difficulty of successfully defending against them or implementing adequate preventative measures. Refer to the primary research facility lease,Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of cybersecurity risks.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

In October 2021, we have entered into a joint lease agreement with S Real Estate Holding, LLC (an affiliate of our CEO and Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer) for ourthe purpose of establishing a new corporate headquarters that combines the Company’s research facility and corporate offices, locatedincluding corporate, R&D, and manufacturing operations, in Carlsbad,San Diego, California. In connection with entering into the joint lease agreement, we entered into a co-tenant agreement with S Real Estate Holdings, LLC, to share costs related to the leased premises. In addition to base rent, the Company and S Real Estate Holdings, LLC, are responsible for certain costs and expenses, including insurance, maintenance costs, taxes and operating expenses. The current lease covers 9,028approximately 7,300 square feet, of which is being used asportions of the Company’s headquarters.facility are designated for use by the Company, S Real Estate Holdings, LLC, or shared. The currentlease for this facility expires in December 2026. At commencement, base rent due under the lease was approximately $11 thousand and increases approximately 3.5% per annum over the lease term. Pursuant to the co-tenant agreement with S Real Estate Holdings, LLC, we are liable for 40% of total base rent and variable lease charges due under the joint lease agreement.

We also lease supplemental office space in a building adjacent to our new corporate headquarter from the same landlord. The supplemental office lease expires on February 28, 2023. As ofin December 31, 2020,2026 and is not subject to the base rent was approximately $14,000 per month.co-tenant agreement with S Real Estate Holdings, LLC. The monthly base rent will increase by 2% annually onnew corporate headquarters lease and supplemental office lease do not contain any options to renew to extend the anniversary date of the agreement. We are also obligated to pay a portion of the utilities for the building and increases in property tax and insurance.lease terms.

In addition, we lease a 13,320 square foot facility in Frederick, Maryland, which is used for laboratory and administrative purposes. The current lease expires in November 2025. As of December 31, 2020,2023, the base rent was approximately $17,000$19 thousand per month. The laboratory is used to develop and manufacture our research products and the administration facility is used for sales and marketing, and general administration purposes. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% on theeach anniversary date of the agreement.

We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current operational needs, and that suitable alternatives will be available in the future as and when needed on commercially reasonably terms.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PARTPART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had 7,539,0898,004,389 shares of common stock outstanding, and approximately 637632 holders of record of our common stock, and we had 5,255,1675,254,353 shares of preferred stock outstanding, and sevenfour holders of record of our preferred stock, with the 5,255,1675,254,353 shares of preferred stock being convertible into 6,132,2787,518,830 shares of common stock.

On March 4, 2019, we were upgraded toWe trade fromon the OTC QB Venture Market to the OTC QX Best Market in the United States under the trading symbol “ISCO”. The OTC QX is a regulated quotation service that displays real-time quotes, last-sale prices and volume information in over-the-counter equity securities. The OTC QX securities are traded by a community of market makers that enter quotes and trade reports. This market is limited in comparison to an exchange and any prices quoted may not be a reliable indication of the value of our common stock.

Dividends

Our Board of Directors determines any payment of dividends. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We do not expect to authorize the payment of cash dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future decision with respect to dividends will depend on our future earnings, operations, capital requirements and availability, restrictions in future financing agreements and other business and financial considerations.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

Not required.ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and relatedaccompanying notes to those consolidated financial statements and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as our plans, expectations and intentions (including those related to clinical trials and business and expense trends), that are based upon current expectations and that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ significantly from management’s expectations. The factors that could affect these forward-looking statements are in Item 1A of Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of this report. This discussion should not be construed to imply that the results discussed herein will necessarily continue into the future, or that any expectations expressed herein will necessarily be indicative of actual operating results in the future. Such discussion represents only the best present assessment by our management.

Business Overview

We have generated aggregate product revenues from our two commercial businesses of $7.1$7.8 million and $9.5$8.2 million for the years ended December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. We currently have no revenue generated from our principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development.

Our products are based on multi-decade experience with human cell culture and a proprietary type of pluripotent stem cells, human parthenogenetic stem cells (“hpSCs”). Our hpSCs are comparable to human embryonic stem cells (“hESCs”) in that they have the potential to be differentiated into many different cells in the human body. However, the derivation of hpSCs does not require the use of fertilized eggs or the destruction of viable human embryos and also offers the potential for the creation of immune-matched cells and tissues that are less likely to be rejected following transplantation. Our collection of hpSCs, known as UniStemCell™, currently consists of 15 stem cell lines. We have facilities and manufacturing protocols that comply with the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)(“GMP”) standards as promulgated by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and enforced by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”).

COVID-19 Pandemic

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been and will likely continue to be extensive in many aspects of society, which has resulted in and will likely continue to result in significant disruptions to the global economy, as well as businesses and capital markets around the world. Impacts to our business have included a reduction in sales volume primarily from media sales in our biomedical market segment and professional channel sales in our anti-aging market segment, temporary or reduced occupancy of portions of our manufacturing facilities, and disruptions or restrictions on our employee's ability to travel to such manufacturing facilities which caused minor delays in manufacturing. Our manufacturing facilities continue to operate as they are deemed essential suppliers in accordance with laws applicable to California and Maryland. We have taken precautionary measures to better ensure the health and safety of our workers, including staggering employees’ shifts and isolating at-risk employees.

The scope and duration of these delays and disruptions, and the ultimate impacts of COVID-19 on our operations, are currently unknown. We are continuing to actively monitor the situation and may take further precautionary and preemptive actions as may be required by federal, state or local authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of public health and safety. We cannot predict the effects that such actions, or the impact of COVID-19 on global business operations and economic conditions, may continue to have on our business, strategy, collaborations, or financial and operating results.

Market Opportunity and Growth Strategy

Therapeutic Market – Clinical Applications of hpSCs for Disease Treatments

With respect to therapeutic research and product candidates, we focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy is already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of safe and functional cells or tissue. We believe that the most promising potential clinical applications of our technology are: 1)are Parkinson’s disease (“("PD”); 2), traumatic brain injury (“("TBI”), and 3) metabolic/liver diseases.stroke. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating neural stem cells from hpSCs as a potential treatment of PD, and TBI, and stroke liver cells from hpSCs that may be able to treat a variety of hepatic and metabolic liver diseases.stroke.

PD: Our most advanced project is the neural stem cell program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In 2013, we published in Nature Scientific Reports the basis for our patent on a new method of manufacturing neural stem cells, which is used to produce the clinical-grade cells necessary for future clinical studies and commercialization. In 2014, we completed the majority of the preclinical research, establishing the safety profile of NSC in various animal species, including non-human primates. In June 2016, we published the results of a 12-month pre-clinical non-human primate study, which demonstrated the safety, efficacy and mechanism of action of the ISC-

hpNSC^® hpNSC®. In 2017, we dosed four patients in our Phase I trial of ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC®, human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. We reported 12-month results from the first cohort and 6-month interim results of the second cohort at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting (Neuroscience 2018) in November 2018. In April 2019, we announced the completion of subject enrollment, with the 12th subject receiving a transplantation of the highest dose of cells. There have been no safety signals or serious adverse effects seen to date as related to the transplanted ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC® cells.

We anticipate providing full resultsannounced a successful completion of the activedose escalating phase 1 clinical trial in June 2021. In terms of preliminary efficacy, where scores are compared against baseline before transplantation, we observed a potential dose-dependent response with an apparent peak effectiveness at our middle dose. The % OFF-Time, which is the time during the day when levodopa medication is not performing optimally and follow up periods ofPD symptoms return, decreased an average 47% from the phase I clinical studybaseline at 12 months post transplantation in second quarter of 2021.

In November 2014 in an important rulingcohort 2. This trend continued through 24 months where the FDA cleared our human parthenogenetic stem cells line for investigational clinical use. This was a necessary step% OFF-Time in the processsecond cohort dropped by 55% from the initial reading. The same was true for % ON-Time without dyskinesia, which is the time during the day when levodopa medication is performing optimally without dyskinesia. The % ON-Time increased an average of advancing stem cell therapies based on our core technology into clinical development and on to commercialization. Although42% above the Phase I study is conducted in Australia, and therefore not subject to FDA oversight, we anticipate that a significant portion of any future studies will likely be carried outinitial evaluation at 12 months post-transplantation in the United States where this approval is necessary.second cohort.

Stroke: In August 2014, we announced the launch of a stroke program, evaluating the use of ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC® transplantation for the treatment of ischemic stroke using a rodent model of the disease. The Company has a considerable amount of safety data on ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC® from the Parkinson’s disease program and, as there is evidence that transplantation of ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC® may improve patient

outcomes as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in stroke, having a second program that can use this safety dataset is therefore a logical extension. In 2015, the Company together with Tulane University demonstrated that NSC can significantly reduce neurological dysfunction after a stroke in animal models.

TBI: In October 2016, we announced the results of the pre-clinical rodent study, evaluating the use of ISC-hpNSC^® ISC-hpNSC® transplantation for the treatment of TBI. The study was conducted at the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine. We demonstrated that animals receiving injections of ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC® displayed the highest levels of improvements in cognitive performance and motor coordination compared to vehicle control treated animals. In February 2019, we published the results of the pre-clinical study in Theranostics, a prestigious peer-reviewed medical journal. The publication titled, “Human"Human parthenogenetic neural stem cell grafts promote multiple regenerative processes in a traumatic brain injury model,” demonstrated that the clinical-grade neural stem cells used in our Parkinson’s disease clinical trial, ISC-hpNSC^®ISC-hpNSC®, significantly improved TBI-associated motor, neurological, and cognitive deficits without any safety issues.

Anti-Aging Cosmetic Market – Skin Care Products

Our wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary LSCLifeline Skin Care, Inc. ("LSC”) develops, manufactures, and offers for salesells anti-aging skin care products based on two core technologies: encapsulated extract derived from hpSC and specially selected targeted small molecules. LSC’s products include:

LSC’s products are regulated as cosmetics. LSC’s products are sold domestically through a branded website, Amazon, and ecommerce partners and through the professional channel (including dermatologists, plastic surgeons, medical, day and resort spas).partners.

Biomedical Market – Primary Human Cell Research Products

Our wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary LCT develops, manufactures and commercializes approximately 200 human cell culture products, including frozen human “primary” cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells. LCT’s scientists have used a standardized, methodical, scientific approach to basal medium optimization to systematically produce optimized products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques can also be used to produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to the research and therapeutic markets. Each LCT cell product is quality tested for the expression of specific markers (to assure the cells are the correct type), proliferation rate, viability, morphology and absence of pathogens. Each cell system also contains associated donor information and all informed consent requirements are strictly followed. LCT’s research products are marketed and sold by its internal sales force, OEM partners and LCT brand distributors in Europe and Asia.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years EndedDecember 31, 20202023 and 20192022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, together with the dollar and percent change in those items (in thousands):

Product Sales

Product sales revenue for the year ended December 31, 20202023 was $7.1 million,$7,789 thousand, compared to $9.5 million$8,180 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. The decrease of $2.4 million,$391 thousand, or 25%5%, was primarily attributable to a $1.9 million decrease of $448 thousand in media product sales within our biomedical market segment primarily due to lower sales volume based on customer demand and a decrease of $126 thousand in sales of our skin care products in our anti-aging market segment during 2023 compared to 2022 due to the discontinuation of a product line described below. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $183 thousand in cell product sales from our biomedical market segment.

Our original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) sales in our biomedical market segment have remained fairly stable year-over-year, with OEM purchasing activity accounting for approximately 58% of sales in this market segment. In 2023, there was a change in the mix of sales from OEM customers as cell sales increased and a $446,000 decrease in professional channelmedia sales decreased. As media sales typically account for approximately 70% of sales in our anti-agingbiomedical market segment, the decrease in 2020 compared to 2019.

Oursales is primarily driven by the decrease in media product sales were adversely impacted by COVID-19 as universities and research laboratoriessales. The change in the United States closed, slowed or shifted operations during 2020. In addition, original equipment manufacturers have reduced purchases as inventory turnover has slowed. This maymix of sales is believed to be the result in a continued decline in product sales as such customers deplete excess inventory in 2021of normalization of OEM planning systems and beyond.lead time measurement post COVID-19 supply chain challenges.

Our professional skin careline of anti-aging products which are largely marketedwas discontinued in 2022 resulting in only one product line and less overall demand. Our professional anti-aging product line is sold to medical professionals and spas that offer walk-up retail, experienced a significant decline in customer demand due to COVID-19 and the related restrictions as these businesses have continued with limited or reduced operations during the year ended December 31, 2020. The impact of these restrictions was mitigated in-part by expanding our offering of professional skin care products through our ecommerce channel. Anti-aging product salesconsumers exclusively through our ecommerce channel remained consistent year-over-year.with less marketing and store front or medical office exposure contributing to the decrease in product sales. In addition, high percentage promotions were decreased leading to a lesser volume of transactions.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 20202023 was $2.8 million,$3,181 thousand, compared to $3.9 million$3,269 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. The decrease of $1.1 million,$88 thousand, or 29%3%, was primarily attributable to a $1.0 million decreaselower cost of direct materials used in costs as a resultproducts from both the biomedical and anti-aging market segments of decreased product sales$158 thousand and a $624,000 decrease in inventory transactions including a reduction in allowance for inventory excessof freight and obsolescence,shipping costs of $24 thousand. This decrease was partially offset by a $393,000higher salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, of $52 thousand and an increase in costoverhead and general laboratory supplies of sales due to unfavorable manufacturing variances and absorption due to reduced customer demand. $29 thousand.

Profit margins increased slightlymargin was 59% for the year ended December 31, 20202023 as compared to 2019, which60% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in profit margin was largely attributable to the reduction in allowance for inventory excess and obsolescence during 2020 compared to the prior year.primarily driven by manufacturing inefficiencies as a result of less sales.

Cost of sales consists primarily of salaries and benefits associated with employee efforts expended directly on the production of the Company’s products, as well as related direct materials, general laboratory supplies and an allocation of overhead. We aim to continue refining our manufacturing processes and supply chain management to improve the cost of sales as a percentage of revenue for both LCT and LSC.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $3,514 thousand, compared to $3,357 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $157 thousand, or 5%, was primarily attributable to an increase in consulting, audit, and brokers fees of $246 thousand combined with higher salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, of $32 thousand, and an increase in logistics costs of $17 thousand. These increases were partially offset by decreases in legal expenses and directors and officers insurance fees of $93 thousand, a decrease in licenses and permit fees of $32 thousand, and a decrease in meals and entertainment expense of $14 thousand.

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation. Other significant costs include facility costs not otherwise included in or allocated to other departments, corporate legal fees not relating to patents, and fees for accounting and consulting services.

Selling and Marketing Expenses

Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1,246 thousand, compared to $1,245 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022. Overall sales and marketing expenses have remained relatively flat year-over-year with an increase of $72 thousand in consulting fees largely offset by a decrease in logistics of $27 thousand, a decrease in advertising costs of $17 thousand, a decrease in personnel-related costs, including sales commissions, of $8 thousand, and a decrease in subscriptions and dues of $7 thousand. The change in expense year-over-year is primarily attributable to changes in our anti-aging market segment.

Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, such as salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation, facility costs not otherwise included in or allocated to other departments, as well as marketing material costs, permits and licenses for ecommerce, and other advertising type expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 20202023 was $1.0 million,$511 thousand, compared to $1.4 million$492 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. The decreaseincrease of $400,000,$19 thousand, or 29%4%, was primarily attributable to a $729,000 decrease$128 thousand increase in personnel-related costs from increased salaries and stock-based compensation primarily as a result of headcount reductions following the conclusion of the treatment phase of the clinical trial in Australia, and a $61,000 decrease in materials and supplies,awards granted. The increase was partially offset by a $458,000 decrease in general lab expenses and materials of $37 thousand, a decrease in the Astellas licensing fees of $31 thousand from the expiration of the licensing agreement in July 2022, and a decrease in consulting fees of $18 thousand. The increase is also offset by an increase of $21 thousand in our Australian research and development tax credit related to qualifiable expenditures from our research and development activities of our AustraliaAustralian subsidiary, Cyto

Therapeutics, which reduced research and development expenses for years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. We expect to continue to experience a decline in research and development expense for the first half of 2021 as we await the full results of the active and follow up periods from our phase 1 clinical trial of ISC-hpNSC®, which are expected to be received in second quarter of 2021. Therapeutics.

Our research and development efforts are primarily focused on the development of treatments for Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, liver diseases, stroke, and the creation of new GMP grade human parthenogenetic stem cell lines. These projects are long-term investments that involve developing both new stem cell lines and new differentiation techniques that can provide higher purity populations of functional cells. Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred and are accounted for on a project-by-project basis. However, much of our research has potential applicability to each of our projects.

Selling and Marketing Expenses

Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $1.8 million, compared to $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of $930,000, or 35%, was primarily attributable to a $525,000 decrease in personnel-related costs, sales commissions and stock-based compensation, primarily as a result of headcount reductions, a $152,000 decrease in marketing and tradeshow related expenses and a $57,000 decrease in consulting and creative services. The reduction in marketing and tradeshow related expenses was largely attributable to travel restrictions as a result of COVID-19.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $4.4 million, compared to $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of $2.8 million, or 39%, was primarily attributable to a $1.4 million decrease in impairment of intangible assets, a $549,000 decrease in accounting and filing-related fees, a $527,000 decrease in personnel-related costs and stock-based compensation, primarily as a result of headcount reductions, a $121,000 decrease in legal fees, and a $46,000 decrease in investor relations fees, partially offset by a $63,000 increase in director and office liability insurance.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 20202023 was $94,000,a $532 thousand compared to other income,expense, net of $1.5 million$148 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease2022. Other income of $1.4 million, or 94%,$671 thousand was primarily attributable to the change in the fair valuea one-time receipt of the warrant liability.Employee Retention Tax Credit for certain employment taxes enacted by the U.S. government in response to the COVID-19 outbreak of $663 thousand in 2023 (refer to Note 8 – Employee Retention Credit within the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion), which was partially offset by other expense. Other expense in both periods primarily relate to interest expense on our related party note payable (refer to Note 10 – Related Party Transactions within the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company enters into contracts in the normal course of business with various third-party consultants and contract research organizations (“CRO”) for preclinical research, clinical trials and manufacturing activities. These contracts generally provide for termination upon notice. Actual expenses associated with these arrangements may be higher or lower due to various reasons, including but not limited to, progress of our development products, and enrollment in clinical trials. Other short-term and long-term commitments that would affect liquidity include lease obligations as well as related party debt repayments.

As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $109.1$110.5 million and have, on an annual basis, incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. Substantially all of our operating losses have resulted from the funding of our research and development programs and general and administrative expenses associated with our operations. We incurred net losses of $2.7 million$131 thousand, which includes the one-time receipt of the Employee Retention Tax Credit of $663 thousand, and $4.3 million$331 thousand for years ended December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had cash of $689,000,$1.6 million, compared to $484,000$742 thousand as of December 31, 2019.2022.

In May 2020, we receivedLicensed Patents

The Company had a $654,000 loan (the “PPP Loan”)minimum annual license fee of $75 thousand payable in two installments per year to Astellas Pharma pursuant to the amended UMass IP license agreement. The patents, along with the license agreement, expired at the end of July 2022. These patents were fully impaired in prior years and therefore the expiration did not result in any additional impairment for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company does not anticipate any short-term liquidity effects from the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) which provided additional liquidity to support our current operations. We have used the full amount of proceeds from the PPP Loan for what we believe to be qualifying expenses and intend to apply for forgiveness for at least a portion of the PPP Loan. There is no assurance thatthis obligation as we will no longer be able to obtain forgiveness ofliable for the PPP Loan in whole or in part. The terms of the PPP Loan, including eligibility and forgiveness, may be subject to further requirements in regulations and guidance adopted by the SBA. Our primary use of cash is to continue to fund our research and development programs and operations.annual licensing fee.

Cash Flows

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 20202023 and 20192022

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 20202023 and 20192022 (in thousands):

Operating Cash Flows

For the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, net cash used inprovided by operating activities was $341,000,$929 thousand, resulting primarily from our net loss of $2.7 million and change in fair value$131 thousand, which includes the one-time receipt of warrant liabilitythe Employee Retention Tax Credit of $207,000, offset by non-cash adjustments of stock-based compensation expense of $1.3 million, operating lease expense of $265,000 and depreciation and amortization of $253,000, coupled with net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $623,000. For the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash used in operating activities was $1.4 million, resulting primarily from our net loss of $4.3 million and change in fair value of warrant liability of $1.5 million, offset by non-cash adjustments of stock-based compensation of $2.1 million, impairment of intangible assets of $1.5 million, operating lease expense of $289,000, depreciation and amortization of $285,000,$663 thousand, and net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $128,000.$100 thousand, consisting primarily of an increase in accounts payable of $42 thousand, and decreases in operating lease liabilities of $229 thousand, accounts receivable of $173 thousand, and inventories of $141 thousand. The decrease in cash is offset by recurring non-cash adjustments to net income of $960 thousand, including depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense, operating lease expense, and related party note payable interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $332 thousand, resulting primarily from our net loss of $331 thousand and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $226 thousand, partially offset by recurring non-cash adjustments to net income of $890 thousand, including depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense, operating lease expense, and interest expense.

Investing Cash Flows

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 20202023 was $108,000,$83 thousand, compared to $494,000$11 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. The decreaseincrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to an increase in purchases of $386,000 was attributable toproperty and equipment of $79 thousand for leasehold improvements, partially offset by a decrease in payments for patent licenses of $250,000 and a decrease in purchases of property and equipment of $136,000 year-over-year.$7 thousand from 2023 compared to 2022.

Financing Cash Flows

NetFor year ended December 31, 2023, no net cash was provided by financing activities for year ended December 31, 2020 was $654,000, compared to $1.3 million$250 thousand cash provided for the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. For the year ended December 31, 2020, net2022, cash providing fromprovided by financing activities consisted of $654,000 inwas wholly attributable to proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program loan. For the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash provided from financing activities consisted of $1.3 million from aour related party note payable from a related party.(refer to Note 10 – Related Party Transactions within the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion).

Going Concern

Management continues to evaluate various financing sources and options to raise working capital to help fund our current research and development programs and operations. We will need to obtain significant additional capital from sources including exercise of outstanding warrants, equity and/or debt financings, license arrangements, grants and/or collaborative research arrangements to sustain our operations and develop products. Unless we obtain additional financing, we do not have sufficient cash on hand to sustain our operations at least through one year after the issuance date. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken to slow its spread, the global credit and financial markets have recently experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. As the pandemic continues and restrictions remain in place or new restrictions are imposed, it may make any additional debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly and more dilutive. Our failure to raise capital or enter into applicable arrangements when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition. Additional debt financing may be expensive and require the Companyus to pledge all or a substantial portion of its assets. Further, if additional funds are obtained through arrangements with collaborative partners, these arrangements may require the Companyus to relinquish rights to some of its technologies, product candidates or products that the Companywe would otherwise seek to develop and commercialize on its own. If sufficient capital is not available, the Companywe may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of its product initiatives.

We currently have no revenue generated from our principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development through research and development efforts. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in maintaining our normal operating cash flow and obtaining additional funds and that the timing of our capital raising, or future financing will result in cash flow sufficient to sustain our operations at least through one year after the issuance date.

Based on the factors above, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements were prepared assuming that we will continue to operate as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are focused on managing our cash flow, the proper timing of our capital expenditures, and raising additional capital or financing in the future.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, and we base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 – Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our most critical

accounting estimates include intangible assets which impacts operating expensescurrent and accrued liabilities,non-current inventories and stock-based compensation which impacts operating expenses.compensation. We review our estimates and assumptions periodically and reflect the effects of revisions in the period in which they are deemed to be necessary. We believe that the following accounting policies are critical to the judgments and estimates used in preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Intangible AssetsAllowance for Excess and Obsolete Inventory

Our intangible assetsinventories, particularly within our biomedical market, consist of acquired patent licensescertain products that have a long or, when frozen, indefinite shelf life. In addition, future demand for our products is uncertain. Accordingly, at each reporting period, we estimate a reserve for allowance for excess and capitalized legal feesobsolete inventory. This estimate is computed using historical sales data and inventory turnover rates, which are subjective in nature and fluctuate between periods. The establishment of a reserve for excess and obsolete inventory establishes a new cost basis in the inventory with a corresponding adjustment to cost of sales. If we are able to sell such inventory, any related to the acquisition, filing, maintenance, and defense of patents and trademarks. Amortization begins once the patent is issued by the appropriate authoritative bodies. Inreserves are reduced in the period in which a patent application is rejected or efforts to pursue the patent are abandoned, all the related accumulated costs are expensed. Our patentsof sale. The Company's allowance for excess and other intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorterobsolete inventory was $739 thousand and $637 thousand as of the useful life of the underlying patent, which is generally 15 years, or when the intangible asset is rejected or abandoned. All amortization expenseDecember 31, 2023 and impairment charges related to intangible assets are included in general and administrative expense2022, respectively. A 10% change in our consolidated statementsreserve estimate in total as of operations.December 31, 2023 would result in a change in reserve of approximately $74 thousand. Our reserves are estimates, which could vary significantly, either favorably or unfavorably, from actual results if future economic conditions, consumer demand and competitive environments differ from our expectations.

Stock-Based Compensation

We are required to measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees and consultants based on estimated fair value. We estimate the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

The determination of fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of certain estimates and highly judgmentalsubjective assumptions that affect the amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. These include estimates of the expected volatility of our stock price, expected option life, expected dividends and the risk-free interest rate. Estimated volatility is a measure of the amount by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate each year during the expected life of the award. The expected option life is calculated using the mid-point methodSimplified Method as prescribed by accounting guidance for stock-based compensation. We determined expected dividend yield to be 0% given that we have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we currently do not anticipate paying such cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate is based upon United States Treasury securities with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the share-basedstock-based awards. If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model change significantly, stock-based compensation expense may differ materially from what we have recorded in the current period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 1 – Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.

Not required.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

The information required by this Item is set forth in our Consolidated Financial Statementsconsolidated financial statements and Notesaccompanying notes thereto beginning at pagePage F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, the Company, with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in such rules) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, atas of December 31, 2019,2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weakness

We previously identified and disclosed in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K and for each interim period during the fiscal year 2020 in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, including the areas of financial reporting and technical accounting, disclosures of equity, identification of the status of intangible assets as issued, pending, expired or abandoned, complex, non-routine, and significant transactions, and adoption of new accounting standards, collectively resulting from lack of continuity and sufficient accounting and finance resources.

In response to the material weakness described above, we made changes in our internal control over financial reporting, which included:

We believe the actions taken to strength our internal control over financial reporting, as well as the results of our testing over the design and operating effectiveness of these controls, remediated the previously identified material weakness as of December 31, 2020. Our remediation efforts are subject to continued management review and supported by testing, as well as oversight by our Audit Committee.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Other than the remediation efforts identified above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting except for the remediation of material weakness described above.

Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”)and includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, effectiveness of internal controls over financial

reporting may vary over time. Our system contains self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.

Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the system of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the 2013 COSO Framework). Based on the above evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.2023.

Remediation of Previously Disclosed Material Weakness

As disclosed in Part II, Item 9A. Controls and Procedures of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, we identified a material weakness in internal control related to ineffective controls over the Company’s LCT inventory reserve as reserves were inappropriately reversed on a per unit basis.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, management implemented our previously disclosed remediation plan to include specific review procedures to ensure inventory reserves are not inappropriately reversed. This included engaging external advisors to oversee the remediation process, enhancing the design of inventory reserve related controls to include review procedures that ensure inventory reserves are properly accounted for and not reversed on a per unit basis, establishing a more robust review processes and procedures, and engaging outside consultants with the necessary technical expertise to supplement the Company’s resources.

As of December 31, 2023, management’s remediation plan was fully implemented, and the enhanced internal controls operated effectively for a sufficient period of time. As such, management has concluded that the material weakness previously identified has been remediated as of December 31, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except for the remediation of our previously disclosed material weakness, there were no changes in our internal controls during the year ended December 31, 2023, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B.OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURES REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this itemItem regarding our directors is incorporated by reference to the information in our definitive Proxy Statement (the “Proxy Statement”) expected to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of December 31, 2020,2023, in connection with our 20212024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the heading “Election of Directors.” The information required by this itemItem regarding our Code of Conduct and Ethics in incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020,2023, under the caption “Code of Conduct and Ethics.” The information required by this itemItem regarding our Governance Committee and Audit Committee is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020,2023, under the caption “Corporate Governance.”

As of December 31, 2020,2023, our executive officers were as follows:

Andrey Semechkin, Ph.D., Co-Chairman and CEO, has been a Director of the Company since December 2008. Dr. Semechkin has served as our Chief Executive Officer since November 2009, and from December 2008 to November 2009 he served in other senior management positions with the Company. Dr. Semechkin is a specialist in system analysis, strategic planning and corporate management. He is a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and has been Deputy Director of Institute of System Analysis since 2004. Dr. Semechkin was awarded the Russian Government Award in Science and Technology in 2006 and has written several scientific books. He has over 2030 years’ experience creating and managing businesses across different industries and scientific sectors.

Russell Kern, Ph.D,Ph.D., Executive Vice President, Chief Scientific Officer, Principal Financial Officer, and CEO of Lifeline Skin Care Inc., became a Director in October 2008. Dr. Kern has served as our Chief Scientific officer since June 2013 and previously served since December 2008 in various scientific and management positions, including as Vice President Research and Development. Dr. Kern was trained in medical genetics, embryology and stem cell biology. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Human Physiology from the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and has broad expertise in neuroscience, and was part of the team, along with scientists from the NYU Medical School that elucidated the physiological changes that occur in the brains of Parkinson’s disease patients. Dr. Kern directs ISCO’s R&D programs including stem cell derivation, differentiation and the pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of stem cell derived cells and tissue. He has developed a general method of deriving highly pure populations of neural stem cells and dopaminergic neurons from pluripotent stems cells that is novel, practical and suitable for use in a clinical setting. Dr. Kern is a well-known speaker on stem cell biology, including the use of stem cells for neurology and skin regeneration. He has more than 40 publications in the field of Parkinson’s disease and stem cell biology, and he is an active member of the American Academy of Neurology and the Society for Neuroscience. Dr. Russell Kern is the son of Dr. Andrey Semechkin, our Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

Sophia Garnette, J.D., Vice President, Legal Affairs & Operations and Principal Financial Officer, received her law degree from the University of Miami School of Law and has experience in various aspects of corporate and biotechnology law, regulatory affairs, project management, and business operations. After joining the Company in March 2011, she has held a variety of business and legal positions, including in-house counsel, advisor to the CEO, and Managing Director for Lifeline Skin Care.ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this itemItem is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020,2023, under the caption “Executive Compensation.”

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, under the captions “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information.”

The information required by this itemItem is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020,2023, under the captions “Related Person Transactions”“Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and “Corporate Governance – Director Independence.Management and Related Stockholder Matters” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information.”

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this itemItem is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020,2023, under the captions “Related Person Transactions” and “Corporate Governance – Director Independence.”

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2023, under the caption “Principal Accounting Fees and Services.”

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES