Major Customers

We sell products and services that are used in a range of demanding applications around the world. We have over 500400 diverse customers in the following market sectors: automotive; oil and gas; OCTG; automotive; industrial equipment; mining; construction; rail; aerospace and defense; heavy truck; agriculture; power generation; and power generation.

Products

We believe we produce some of the cleanest, highest performing alloy air-melted steels in the world for our customers’ most demanding applications. Most of our steel is custom-engineered. We leverage our technical knowledge, development expertise and production and engineering capabilities across all of our products and end-markets to deliver high-performance products to our customers.

SBQ Steel Bar, Seamless Mechanical Steel Tubes, and Billets. Our focus is on alloy steel, although in total we manufacture more than 500400 grades of high-performance carbon, micro-alloy and alloy steel, sold as ingots, bars, tubes and billets. These products are custom-made in a variety of chemistries, lengths and finishes. Our metallurgical expertise and what we believe to be unique operational capabilities drive high-value solutions for industrial, energy and mobile customers. Our specialty steels are featured in a wide variety of end products including: gears; hubs; axles; crankshafts and connecting rods; oil country drill pipe; bits and collars; gears; hubs; axles; crankshafts and connecting rods; bearing races and rolling elements; bushings; fuel injectors; wind energy shafts; anti-friction bearings; and other demanding applications where mechanical power transmission is critical to the end customer.

Value-added Precision Products and Services. In addition to our customized steels, we also custom-make precision components that provide us with the opportunity to further expand our market for bar and tube products and capture additional sales. These products provide customers, especially those in the automotive industry, with ready-to-finish components that simplify vendor management, streamline supply chains and often cost less than other alternatives. We also customize products and services for the industrial and energy market sector. We offer well-boring and finishing products that, when combined with our wide range of high-quality alloy steel bars and tubes and our expansive thermal treatment capabilities, can create a one-stop steel source for customers in the energy market sector. Our experts operate precision honing, pull-boring, skiving, outside diameter turning and milling equipment to deliver precision hole-finishing to meet exacting dimensional tolerances.

Our sales force is made up largely of engineers that are backed by a team of metallurgists and other technical experts. While most of our products are sold directly to original equipment (OE) manufacturers, a portion of our sales are made through authorized distributors and steel service centers, representing approximately 23%17% of net sales during 2018.2020. The majority of our customers are served through individually negotiated price agreements. We do not believe there is any significant loss of earnings risk with any given pricing term.

The steel industry, both domestically and globally, is highly competitive and is expected to remain so. Maintaining high standards of product quality and reliability, while keeping production costs competitive, is essential to our ability to compete with domestic and foreign manufacturers of alloy steel and mechanical components and alloy steel.components. For bar products less than 6-inch in diameter, principal competitors include foreign-owned domestic producers Gerdau Special Steel North America (a unit of Brazilian steelmaker Gerdau, S.A) and Republic Steel (a unit of Mexican steel producer ICH). For bar products up to 9-inch in diameter, domestic producers Steel Dynamics, Inc. and Nucor Corporation (in some cases up to 10-inch) are our principal competitors. For very large bars from 10 to 16 inches in diameter, offshore producers as well as specialty forging companies in North America such as Scot Forge and Finkl Steel - Sorel are the primary competitors. For seamless mechanical tubing, offshore producers such as Tenaris, S.A., Vallourec, S.A. and TMK Group are our primary competitors as well as the foreign-owned domestic producer ArcelorMittal Tubular Products (a unit of Luxembourg basedLuxembourg-based ArcelorMittal, S.A.). We also provide unique value-added steel products and supply chain solutions to our customers in the mobile, industrial and energy sectors. Competitors within the value-added market sector include both integrated and automotive sectors.

The backlog of orderslead time for our operations is estimatedproducts varies based on the product type and specifications. As of the date of this filing, lead times for SBQ bars are averaging approximately 9 to have been10 weeks and lead times for tubes are averaging approximately 314,000 and 410,000 tons at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Raw Materials

The principal raw materials that we use to manufacture steel are recycled scrap metal, chrome, nickel, molybdenum oxide, vanadium and other alloy materials. Raw materials comprise a significant portion of the steelmaking cost structure and are subject to price and availability changes due to global demand fluctuations and local supply limitations. Proper selection and management of raw materials can have a significant impact on procurement cost, flexibility to supply changes, steelmaking energy costs and mill productivity. Because of our diverse order book and demanding steel requirements, we have developed differentiated expertise in this area and have created a raw material management system that contributes to our competitive cost position and advantage. In addition to accessing scrap and alloys through the open market, we have established a scrap return supply chain with many of our customers, and we operate a scrap processing company for improved access, reliability and cost.customers. This part of our business solidly rests on a deepleverages our knowledge of the raw material supply industry and an extensive network of relationships that result in steady, reliable supply from our raw

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material sources.

Our engineers analyze customer application challenges and develop new solutions to address them.the customers’ needs. With a century of experience in materials science and steelmaking, we leverage our technical know-how to improve the performance of our customers’ products and supply chains.

This expertise extends to advanced process technology in which advanced material conversion, finishing, gaging and assembly enables high quality production of our products. With resources dedicated to studying, developing and implementing new manufacturing processes and technologies, we are able to support new product growth and create value for our customers.

Our research and development expendituresexpense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 2017were $1.8 million, $4.1 million and 2016 were $8.1 million, $8.0 millionrespectively.

Environmental Matters and $8.0 million, respectively.

We consider compliance with environmental regulations and environmental sustainability a key strategic focus area and integral to be our responsibility as a good corporate citizen and a key strategic focus area. We have invested in pollution control equipment and updated plant operational practices and are committed to implementing a documented environmental management system worldwide, which includes being certified under the ISO 14001 Standard.citizen. All of our domestic steel making and processing operations, and our water treatment plant, and all our value-add plants have obtained and maintain ISO 14001 certification. Our value-add facility in Houston achieved the ISO 14001 certification in 2018.

We believe we have established appropriate reserves to cover our environmental expenses. We have a well-established environmental compliance audit program for our domestic units and any international facilities that process steel. This program measures performance against applicable laws as well as against internal standards that have been established for all units.facilities. It is difficult to assess the possible effect of compliance with future requirements that differ from existing ones both domestically and internationally. As previously reported, we are unsure of the future financial impact to us from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) rule changes related to the Clean Air Act (CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), waste and other environmental rules and regulations.

We and certain of our subsidiaries located in the U.S. have been identified as potentially responsible parties under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), CAA and CWA, as well as other laws. In general, certain cost allocations for investigation and remediation have been asserted by us against other entities, which are believed to be financially solvent and are expected to substantially fulfill their proportionate share of any obligations.

From time to time, we may be a party to lawsuits, claims or other proceedings related to environmental matters and/or receive notices of potential violations of environmental laws and regulations from the EPA and similar state or local authorities. As of December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, we recorded reserves for such environmental matters of $0.8$0.2 million and $0.5$1.2 million, respectively. Accruals related to such environmental matters represent management’s best estimate of the fees and costs associated with these matters. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of such matters, management believes the ultimate disposition of these matters should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Legal Proceedings

Information required by this section is incorporated herein by reference to TimkenSteel on August 5, 2014 and November 2, 2015. The EPA alleges violations under the Clean Air Act based on alleged violations of permitted emission limits and engineering requirements at TimkenSteel’s Faircrest and Harrison Steel Plants in Canton, Ohio. TimkenSteel disputes many of EPA’s allegations but is working cooperatively with EPA and the U.S. Department of Justice to resolve the government’s claims. Negotiations to resolve the NOVs are ongoing, but it is not anticipated that the ultimate resolution of the NOVs will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. For additional information, please refer to “Note 14 - Contingencies” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

While we own a number of U.S. and foreign patents, trademarks, licenses and copyrights, none are material to our products and production processes.

Human Capital

Employment

At December 31, 2018,2020, we had approximately 3,0002,000 employees, with about 61%62% of our employees covered under one of two collective bargaining agreements that expire in December 2019 and September 2021. Thea collective bargaining agreement that expires in September 2021.

Health and safety

At TimkenSteel, operating safely and responsibly is our top priority. We have rigorous safety policies and practices in place to ensure that our workspaces provide a secure environment for our employees. We help ensure these policies are followed through education, training, evaluation and enforcement. To help emphasize that safety is of the upmost importance, a safety modifier is included in our annual incentive compensation plan for salaried employees. The safety modifier has the effect of increasing the overall incentive payout by five percent if the target safety

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metrics are achieved and decreasing the overall incentive payout by five percent if the target safety metric are not achieved. As of December 2019 covers approximately 1%31, 2020, our OSHA recordable incident rate was 1.70 and our lost time incident rate was 0.34. Both rates came in below their respective targets for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Diversity and inclusion

Our commitment to diverse perspectives fuels our success and has enabled us to deliver innovate solutions throughout the life our business. We recognize that a diverse workforce and inclusive, engaging culture is key to our continued business success. Within our organization, we maintain employee resource groups which further promote diversity and inclusion. TimkenSteel is also proudly involved in several organizations that promote and foster diversity and inclusion in our community and industry.

Compensation and total rewards

We provide competitive compensation programs to help meet the needs of our employees.

We use our Investor Relations website at http://investors.timkensteel.com, as a channel for routine distribution of important information, including news releases, analyst presentations and financial information. We post filings (including our annual, quarterly and current reports on

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Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, respectively; our proxy statements; and any amendments to those reports or statements) as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). All such postings and filings are available on our website free of charge. In addition, our website allows investors and other interested persons to sign up to automatically receive e-mail alerts when we post news releases and financial information on our website. The SEC also maintains a website, www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report unless expressly noted.

Competition within the steel industry, both domestically and worldwide, is intense and is expected to remain so. The steel industry has historically been characterized by periods of excess global capacity and supply. Excess global capacity and supply has negatively affected and could continue to negatively affect domestic steel prices, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. High levels of steel imports into the U.S. could exacerbate a decrease in domestic steel prices.

In an effort to protect the domestic steel industry, the United States government implemented tariffs, duties and quotas for certain steel products imported from a number of countries into the United States. If these tariffs, duties and quotas expire or are repealed, it could result in substantial imports of foreign steel and create pressure on United States steel prices and the overall industry. This could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Our results of operations may be materially affected by conditions in the global economy generally and in global capital markets. There has been volatility in the capital markets and in the end marketsend-markets and geographic regions in which we or our customers operate, which has negatively affected our revenues. Many of the markets in which our customers participate are also cyclical in nature and experience significant fluctuations in demand for our steel products based on economic conditions, consumer demand, raw material and energy costs, and government actions, and many of these factors are beyond our control.

A decline in consumer and business confidence and spending, together with severe reductions in the availability and increased cost of credit, as well as volatility in the capital and credit markets, could adversely affect the business and economic environment in which we operate and the profitability of our business. We also are exposed to risks associated with the creditworthiness of our suppliers and customers. If the availability of credit to fund or support the continuation and expansion of our customers’ business operations is curtailed or if the cost of that credit is increased, the resulting inability of our customers or of their customers to either access credit or absorb the increased cost of that credit could adversely affect our business by reducing our sales or by increasing our exposure to losses from uncollectible customer accounts. These conditions and a disruption of the credit markets could also result in financial instability of some of our suppliers and customers. The consequences of such adverse effects could include the interruption of production at the facilities of our customers, the reduction, delay or cancellation of customer orders, delays or interruptions of the supply of raw materials or other inputs we purchase, and bankruptcy of customers, suppliers or other creditors. Any of these events could adversely affect our profitability, cash flow and financial condition.

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materials on a timely basis, on acceptable price and other terms, or at all. If suppliers increase the future,price of critical raw materials, we may not have alternative sources of supply. In addition, to the extent our accesswe have quoted prices to competitive financial, credit, capital and/customers and accepted customer orders or banking markets wasentered into agreements for products prior to be impaired, our operations, financial results and cash flows could be adversely impacted.

We produce high-performance carbon and alloy steel, sold as ingots, bars, tubes and billets in a variety of chemistries, lengths and finishes designed for our customers’ demanding applications. Failure of the materials that are included in our customers’ applications could give rise to product liability or warranty claims. There can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be adequate or continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to meet a customer’s specifications for its products, we may be subject to product quality costs and claims. A successful warranty or product liability claim against us could have a material adverse effect on our earnings.

We are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreignlocal environmental, health and safety laws and regulations concerning matters such as worker health and safety, air emissions, wastewater discharges, hazardous material and solid and hazardous waste use, generation, handling, treatment and disposal and the investigation and remediation of contamination. We are subject to the risk of substantial liability and limitations on our operations due to such laws and regulations. The risks of substantial costs and liabilities related to compliance with these laws and regulations, which tend to become more stringent over time, are an inherent part of our business, and future conditions may develop, arise or be discovered that create substantial environmental compliance or remediation or other liabilities and costs.

Compliance with environmental, health and safety legislation and regulatory requirements may prove to be more limiting and costly than we anticipate. To date, we have committed significant expenditures in our efforts to achieve and maintain compliance with these requirements, and we expect that we will continue to make significant expenditures related to such compliance in the future. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings brought by private parties or governmental authorities with respect to environmental matters, including matters involving alleged contamination, property damage or personal injury. New laws and regulations, including those that may relate to emissions of greenhouse gases, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition of new clean-up requirements, could require us to incur costs or become the basis for new or increased liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

From both a medium- and long-term perspective, we are likely to see an increase in costs relating to our assets that emit relatively significant amounts of greenhouse gases as a result of new and existing legal and regulatory initiatives. These initiatives will be either voluntary or mandatory and may impact our operations directly or through our suppliers or customers. Until the timing, scope and extent of any future legal and regulatory initiatives become known, we cannot predict the effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Interruptions in production capabilities would likely increase our production costs and reduce sales and earnings for the affected period. In addition to equipment failures, our facilities and information technology systems are also subject to the risk of catastrophic loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, explosions or violent weather conditions. Our manufacturing processes are dependent upon critical pieces of equipment for which there may be only limited or no production alternatives, such as furnaces, continuous casters and rolling equipment, as well as electrical equipment, such as transformers, and this equipment may, on occasion, be out of service as a result of unanticipated failures. In the future, we may experience material plant shutdowns or periods of reduced production as a result of these types of equipment failures, which could cause us to lose or prevent us from taking advantage of various business opportunities or prevent us from responding to competitive pressures.

It is possible that we could experience prolonged periods of reduced production due to unforeseen catastrophic events occurring in or around our manufacturing facilities in Stark County, Ohio. As a result, we may be unable to shift manufacturing capabilities to alternate locations, accept materials from suppliers, meet customer shipment deadlines or address other significant issues, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in business or more of our facilities could have a material adverse effect oneconomic conditions, or our business financial conditionstrategy, may result in actions that require us to incur restructuring and results of operations. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 61% of our employees were covered under two collective bargaining agreements. The agreement that expiresimpairment charges in December 2019 covers approximately 1% of our employees and the agreement that expires in September 2021 covers approximately 60% of our employees. Any failure to negotiate and conclude new collective bargaining agreements with the unions when the existing agreements expire could cause work interruptions or stoppages. Also, if one or more of our customers were to experience a work stoppage, that customer may halt or limit purchases of our products,future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditionearnings. For additional information on current restructuring and resultsimpairment charges, refer to “Note 5 - Restructuring Charges” and “Note 6 - Disposition of operations.

As of December 31, 2018,2020, we have loss carryforwards totaling $347.6$406.8 million (of which $300.4$348.3 million relates to the U.S. and $47.2$58.5 million relates to various non-U.S. jurisdictions), having various expiration dates, as well as certain credit carryforwards. The majority of the non-U.S. loss carryforwards represent local country net operating losses for entities treated as branches of TimkenSteel under U.S. tax law. As of December 31, 2018, TimkenSteel had a gross deferred tax asset for disallowed business interest in the U.S. of $13.6 million, which carries forward indefinitely. Operating losses generated in the U.S. resulted in a decrease in the carrying value of our U.S. deferred tax liability to the point of a net U.S. deferred tax asset at December 31, 2016. At that time, we assessed, based upon operating performance in the U.S. and industry conditions that it was more likely than not we would not realize a portion of our U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company recorded a valuation allowance in 2016 and remained in a valuation allowance position in 2018.2020. Going forward, the need to maintain valuation allowances against deferred tax assets in the U.S. and other affected countries will cause variability in our effective tax rate. We will maintain a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets in the U.S. and applicable foreign countries until sufficient positive evidence exists to eliminate them. Our ability to utilize our net operating loss, interest, and credit carryforwards is dependent upon our ability to generate taxable income in future periods and may be limited due to restrictions imposed on utilization of net operating loss, interest, and credit carryforwards under federal and state laws upon a change in ownership. Refer to “Note 138 - Income Tax Provision” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)Code), provide an annual limitation on our ability to utilize our U.S. net operating loss and credit carryforwards against future U.S. taxable income in the event of a change in ownership, as defined in the Code, which could result from one or more transactions involving our shares, including transactions that are outside of our control, as well as the issuance of shares upon conversion of our 6.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (Convertible Senior Notes due 2021) or our 6.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 (Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, and together with the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, the Convertible Notes). Accordingly, such transactions could adversely impact our ability to offset future tax liabilities and, therefore, adversely affect our financial condition, net income and cash flow. Refer to “Note 614 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

As of December 31, 2018,2020, we had outstanding debt of approximately $189.1$78.2 million. Our debt may:

The existence of some provisions of our articles of incorporation and regulations and Ohio law could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us that a shareholder may consider favorable. These provisions include:

•

providing that our board of directors fixes the number of members of the board;

providing that our board of directors fixes the number of members of the board;

•

providing for the division of our board of directors into three classes with staggered terms;

providing for the division of our board of directors into three classes with staggered terms;

•

establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by shareholders at shareholder meetings; and

establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by shareholders at shareholder meetings;

•

authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred shares, which could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding securities of ours with voting rights and thwart a takeover attempt.

authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred shares, which could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding securities of ours with voting rights and thwart a takeover attempt.

As an Ohio corporation, we are subject to Chapter 1704 of the Ohio Revised Code. Chapter 1704 prohibits certain corporations from engaging in a “Chapter 1704 transaction” (described below) with an “interested shareholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested shareholder, unless, among other things, prior to the interested shareholder’s share acquisition date, the directors of the corporation have approved the transaction or the purchase of shares on the share acquisition date.

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After the three-year moratorium period, the corporation may not consummate a Chapter 1704 transaction unless, among other things, it is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power in the election of directors and the holders of a majority of the voting shares, excluding all shares beneficially owned by an interested shareholder or an affiliate or associate of an interested shareholder, or the shareholders receive certain minimum consideration for their shares. A Chapter 1704 transaction includes certain mergers, sales of assets, consolidations, combinations and majority share acquisitions involving an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder is defined to include, with limited exceptions, any person who, together with affiliates and associates, is the beneficial owner of a sufficient number of shares of the corporation to entitle the person, directly or indirectly, alone or with others, to exercise or direct the exercise of 10% or more of the voting power in the election of directors after taking into account all of the person’s beneficially owned shares that are not then outstanding.

We are also subject to Section 1701.831 of the Ohio Revised Code, which requires the prior authorization of the shareholders of certain corporations in order for any person to acquire, either directly or indirectly, shares of that corporation that would entitle the acquiring person to exercise or direct the exercise of 20% or more of the voting power of that corporation in the election of directors or to exceed specified other percentages of voting power. The acquiring person may complete the proposed acquisition only if the acquisition is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all shares entitled to vote in the election of directors represented at the meeting, excluding the voting power of all “interested shares.” Interested shares include any shares held by the acquiring person and those held by officers and directors of the corporation.

We believe these provisions protect our shareholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our board of directors and by providing our board of directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal, and are not intended to make our Company immune from takeovers. However, these provisions apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and could delay, defer or prevent an acquisition that our board of directors determines is not in the best interests of our Company and our shareholders, which under certain circumstances could reduce the market price of our common shares.

We may issue preferred shares with terms that could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common shares.

Our articles of incorporation authorize us to issue, without the approval of our shareholders, one or more classes or series of preferred shares having such designation, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, including preferences over our common shares respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors generally may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred shares could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common shares. For example, we could grant holders of preferred shares the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of preferred shares could affect the residual value of the common shares.

Risks Relatingrelating to the Spinoff

spinoff

We remain subject to continuing contingent liabilities of The Timken Company following the spinoff.

There are several significant areas where the liabilities of The Timken Company may yet become our obligations. The separation and distribution agreement and employee matters agreement generally provide that we are responsible for substantially all liabilities that relate to our steel business

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activities, whether incurred prior to or after the spinoff, as well as those liabilities of The Timken Company specifically assumed by us. In addition, under the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and the related rules and regulations, each corporation that was a member of The Timken Company consolidated tax reporting group during any taxable period or portion of any taxable period ending on or before the completion of the spinoff is jointly and severally liable for the federal income tax liability of the entire The Timken Company consolidated tax reporting group for that taxable period. In connection with the spinoff, we entered into a tax sharing agreement with The Timken Company that allocated the responsibility for prior period taxes of The Timken Company consolidated tax reporting group between us and The Timken Company. However, if The Timken Company is unable to pay any prior period taxes for which it is responsible, we could be required to pay the entire amount of such taxes. Other provisions of federal law establish similar liability for other matters, including laws governing tax-qualified pension plans as well as other contingent liabilities.

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Potential liabilities associated with certain assumed obligations under the tax sharing agreement cannot be precisely quantified at this time.

Under the tax sharing agreement with The Timken Company, we are responsible generally for all taxes paid after the spinoff attributable to us or any of our subsidiaries, whether accruing before, on or after the spinoff. We also have agreed to be responsible for, and to indemnify The Timken Company with respect to, all taxes arising as a result of the spinoff (or certain internal restructuring transactions) failing to qualify as transactions under Sections 368(a) and 355 of the Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes (which could result, for example, from a merger or other transaction involving an acquisition of our shares) to the extent such tax liability arises as a result of any breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or other obligation by us or certain affiliates made in connection with the issuance of the tax opinion relating to the spinoff or in the tax sharing agreement. As described above, such tax liability would be calculated as though The Timken Company (or its affiliate) had sold its common shares of our Company in a taxable sale for their fair market value, and The Timken Company (or its affiliate) would recognize taxable gain in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of such shares over its tax basis in such shares. That tax liability could have a material adverse effect on our Company.

As of December 31, 2020, there are no known or recorded liabilities associated with the spinoff.

Risks related to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic could have a material, adverse impact on our operations and financial results including cash flows and liquidity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on our 2020 results of operations. Although it is not possible to predict the ultimate impact of COVID-19, including on our business, results of operations, financial position or cash flows, such impacts that may be material include, but are not limited to: (i) reduced sales and profit levels; (ii) slower collection of accounts receivable and potential increases in uncollectible accounts receivable; (iii) increased operational risks as a result of manufacturing facility disruptions; (iv) delays and disruptions in the availability of and timely delivery of materials and components used in our operations, as well as increased costs for such material and components, and (v) increased cybersecurity risks including vulnerability to security breaches, information technology disruptions and other similar events as a result of a substantial number of employees utilizing remote work arrangements. We will continue to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Company.

General risk factors

We may be subject to risks relating to our information technology systems and cybersecurity.

We rely on information technology systems to process, transmit and store electronic information and manage and operate our business. We face the challenge of supporting our older systems and implementing upgrades when necessary. Additionally, a breach in security could expose us and our customers and suppliers to risks of misuse of confidential information, manipulation and destruction of data, production downtimes and operations disruptions, which in turn could adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, business or results of operations. While we have taken reasonable steps to protect the Company from cybersecurity risks and security breaches (including enhancing our firewall, workstation, email security and network monitoring and alerting capabilities, and training employees around phishing, malware and other cybersecurity risks), and we have policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of systems failures, interruptions, and security breaches, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. Although we rely on commonly used security and processing systems to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect the secure transmission of data, these precautions may not protect our systems from all potential compromises or breaches of security.

We may not be able to execute successfully on our business strategies or achieve the intended results.

Our business strategy includes driving organizational changes to reduce costs and enhance profitable and sustainable growth. We have taken company-wide actions including the restructuring of the business support functions and the evaluation of non-core assets. If we are unsuccessful in executing on our business strategies, it could negatively impact profitability and liquidity, requiring us to alter our strategy.

If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our business could be materially adversely affected.

Our business substantially depends on the continued service of key members of our management. The loss of the services of a significant number of members of our management could have a material adverse effect on our business. Modern steel-making uses specialized techniques and advanced equipment that requires experienced engineers and skilled laborers. Our future success will depend on our ability to attract and retain

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such highly skilled personnel, as well as finance, marketing and senior management professionals. Competition for these employees is intense, and we could experience difficulty from time to time in hiring and retaining the personnel necessary to support our business. If we do not succeed in retaining our current employees and attracting new high-quality employees, our business could be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to a wide variety of domestic and foreign laws and regulations that could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow or financial condition.

We are subject to a wide variety of domestic and foreign laws and regulations, and legal compliance risks, including securities laws, tax laws, employment and pension-related laws, competition laws, U.S. and foreign export and trading laws, privacy laws and laws governing improper business practices. We are affected by new laws and regulations, and changes to existing laws and regulations, including interpretations by courts and regulators. With respect to tax laws, with the finalization of specific actions (Actions) contained within the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation’s (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit study, many OECD countries have acknowledged their intent to implement the Actions and update their local tax regulations. The extent, if any, to which countries in which we operate adopt and implement the Actions could affect our effective tax rate and our future results from non-U.S. operations.

Compliance with the laws and regulations described above or with other applicable foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations currently in effect or that may be adopted in the future could materially adversely affect our competitive position, operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our financial results or our stock price may be adversely affected.

Our most recent evaluation resulted in our conclusion that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. We believe that we currently have adequate internal control procedures in place for future periods. However, if our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, investors may lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which may adversely affect our stock price.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We are headquartered in Canton, Ohio, at a facility we own in fee. We have facilities in fivethree countries: U.S., China U.K., Mexico and Poland. We lease sales offices in all of these countries.

Mexico.

We have manufacturing facilities at multiple locations in the U.S. These manufacturing facilities are located in Akron, Canton and Eaton, Ohio; Houston, Texas;Ohio and Columbus, North Carolina. In addition to these manufacturing facilities, we own or lease warehouses and distribution facilities in the U.S., Mexico and China. The aggregate floor area of these facilities is 3.83.6 million square feet, of which approximately 257,00070,000 square feet is leased and the rest is owned in fee. The buildings occupied by us are principally made of brick, steel, reinforced concrete and concrete block construction.

Our facilities vary in age and condition, and each of them has an active maintenance program to ensure a safe operating environment and to keep the facilities in good condition. We believe our facilities are in satisfactory operating condition and are suitable and adequate to conduct our business and support future growth.

Please refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion of our melt capacity utilization.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of our management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Canton, Ohio U.S. EPA Notice of Violation.

Violation

The EPAU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued two related Notices of Violation (NOV) to TimkenSteel on August 5, 2014 and November 2, 2015. The EPA alleges violations2015, respectively. Those matters were settled pursuant to a Consent Agreement and Final Order (CAFO) effective on August 17, 2020 and an Administrative Consent Order (ACO) effective on August 13, 2020. Pursuant to the CAFO, the company paid a civil penalty of $0.35 million on or about August 20, 2020, and under the Clean Air Act based on alleged violations of permitted emission limits and engineering requirementsACO the company committed to make approximately $1.0 million in clean-air related capital improvements, principally at TimkenSteel’s Faircrest andthe Harrison Steel Plants in Canton, Ohio. TimkenSteel disputes many of EPA’s allegations but is working cooperatively with EPA andmanufacturing facility, within one year from the U.S. Department of Justice to resolve the government’s claims. Negotiations to resolve the NOVs are ongoing, but it is not anticipated that the ultimate resolutioneffective date of the NOVs will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. For additional information, please refer to “Note 14 - Contingencies” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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ACO.

ITEM 4A. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT

The executive officers are elected by the Board of Directors normally for a term of one year and until the election of their successors. All of the following officers have been with the Company for at least five years in some capacity, except Frank A. DiPiero and Kristopher Westbrooks, who joined the Company in 2014 and 2018, respectively.

The executive officers of our Company as of February 20, 2019,25, 2021, are as follows:

Name		Age		Current Position
Michael S. Williams		60
Name	Age		Current Position
Ward J. Timken, Jr.	51		Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Kristopher R. Westbrooks	40	42		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Frank A. DiPiero Kristine C. Syrvalin	62	52		Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Thomas D. Moline	56	58		Executive Vice President, Commercial Operations
William P. Bryan	59	61		Executive Vice President, Manufacturing, Supply Chain and Information Technology

Ward J. Timken, Jr.

Michael S. Williams is Chairman of the Board of Directors,President and Chief Executive Officer and President. Prior to the spinoff,of TimkenSteel Corporation, a position he has held since January 2021. Previously, Mr. TimkenWilliams served as CEO of Bayou Steel Group, a directorU.S. producer of The Timken Company beginning in 2002 (a position which he still holds)structural steel and merchant bar, from May 2019 to September 2019, and as Chairman of the Board of Directors of The Timken Company from 2005 until 2014. Mr. Timken was President of The Timken Company’sOutokumpu Americas for Outokumpu Oyj, a global leader in the stainless steel businessindustry, from 20042015 to 2005, Corporate2019. Before that, Mr. Williams held a number of leadership roles at US Steel Corporation, a Fortune 250 company and leading integrated steel producer, from 2006 to 2015, including Senior Vice President, North American Flat Rolled and, most recently, Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Business Development. Earlier in his career, Mr. Williams served as Vice President of Commercial Products at Special Metals Corporation (a leader in the invention, production and supply of high-nickel alloys) and, prior to that, as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ormet Corporation (a manufacturer of foil, sheet, billet and other aluminum products). Mr. Williams earned his bachelor’s of science degree in information science from 2000 to 2003, and he held key leadership positions in The Timken Company’s European and Latin American businesses from 1992 to 2000. Prior to joining The Timken Company, Mr. Timken opened and managed the Washington, D.C. officeUniversity of McGough & Associates, a Columbus, Ohio-based government affairs consulting firm.

Pittsburgh.

Kristopher R. Westbrooks is Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.Officer, a position he has held since September 2018. Previously, Mr. Westbrooks served from April 2015 until August 2018 as Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer at A. Schulman, Inc., a global supplier of high-performance plastic compounds, composites and powders. From 2011 until his appointment as Chief Accounting Officer in 2015, Mr. Westbrooks held various fiancefinance roles within finance of increasing responsibility.responsibility at A. Schulman, Inc. He earned his bachelor’s of science degree in business and master’s degree in accountancy from Miami University inof Ohio and is a certified public accountant.

Frank A. DiPiero

Kristine C. Syrvalin is Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary. Mr. DiPiero joined The Timken Company inSecretary of TimkenSteel Corporation, a position she has held since January 2021. Prior to assuming her current role, she had served as Assistant General Counsel and Vice President - Ethics and Compliance for TimkenSteel since October 2014. Previously, Mr. DiPiero was AssociateMs. Syrvalin served as Vice President, Assistant General Counsel UTC Aerospace Systems of United Technologies Corporation, a provider of technology products and services to the global aerospace and building systems industries; Vice President, Corporate Secretary for OMNOVA Solutions Inc., a global manufacturer of emulsion polymers, specialty chemicals, and Segment Counsel, Electronic Systems of Goodrich Corporation;functional and Segment Counsel, Actuation and Landing Systems of Goodrich Corporation. Mr. DiPierodecorative surfaces, from September 2001 until October 2014. She earned hisher bachelor’s degree from Youngstown State University and a J.D. from TheMiami University of Toledo CollegeOhio and her juris doctor degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Law.

Thomas D. Moline is Executive Vice President of Commercial Operations.Operations, a position he has held since July 2017. Prior to assuming his current role, in 2017, Mr. Moline served as Executive Vice President of Manufacturing, where he led steel plant operations and a five-year capital investment project that positioned the Company for significant growth.operations. Since joining The Timken Company in 1984, Mr. Moline held a variety of leadership positions, including as an engineer on the team that built the Faircrest Steel Plant.facility. He earned his bachelor’s degree in manufacturing engineering from Miami University inof Ohio.

William P. Bryan is Executive Vice President of Manufacturing, Supply Chain and Information Technology. Mr. Bryan also leads the TSB Metal Recycling and the TimkenSteel Material Services subsidiaries. In 2017,Technology, a position he assumedhas held since assuming responsibility for manufacturing operations in addition to his then existing role as Executive Vice President, Supply Chain and Information Technology.Technology in 2017. Since joining The Timken Company in 1977, Mr. Bryan served in various positions related to supply chain, economics and information technology in both the U.S. and Europe. He holds bachelor's and master's degrees in business administration from Kent State University. Mr. Bryan also completed the Executive Development for Global Excellence (EDGE) program at the University of Virginia's Darden School of Business.

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PART II.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Quarterly Common Stock Prices and Cash Dividends Per Share:

Our common shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “TMST.” The estimated number of record holders of our common shares at December 31, 20182020 was 3,714.

3,421.

Our Amended Credit Agreement places certain limitations on the payment of cash dividends. Please refer to Management’s Discussion“Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Analysis of Financial Condition andthe Results of Operations for additional discussion.

Issuer Purchases of Common Shares:

Our Amended Credit Agreement places certain limitations on our ability to purchase our common shares. Please refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional discussion.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans:

The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2018,2020, regarding the only equity compensation planplans maintained by us on that date, the TimkenSteel Corporation Amended and Restated 2014 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (“2014 Plan”) and the TimkenSteel Corporation 2020 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the Equity Plan).“2020 Plan” and, together with the 2014 Plan, the “Equity Plans”):

		(a)				(b)				(c)
Plan category		Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (1)				Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (2)				Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans reflected in column (a) (3)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(4)			4,571,736			$	18.61				2,160,931
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders			—				—				—
Total			4,571,736			$	18.61				2,160,931

		(a)			(b)				(c)
Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (1)				Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (2)				Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity reflected in column (a) (3)  compensation plans (excluding securities)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(4)		3,373,446				$21.33			4,166,609
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders		—			—				—
Total		3,373,446				$21.33			4,166,609

(1) The amount shown in column (a) includes the following: nonqualified stock options - 2,532,669;2,931,065; deferred shares - 128,810;– 369,340; performance-based restricted stock units - 69,279;– 258,447; and time-based restricted stock units - 642,688 which– 1,012,884 (which includes 365,823684,407 cliff-vested restricted stock units).

(2)  The weighted average exercise price in column (b) includes nonqualified stock options only.

(3)  The amount shown in column (c) represents common shares remaining available under the Equity2020 Plan, under which the Compensation Committee is authorized to make awards of option rights, appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units, deferred shares, performance shares, performance units and cash incentive awards. Awards may be credited with dividend equivalents payable in the form of common shares. Under the Equity Plan, for any award that is not an option right or a stock appreciation right, 2.46 common shares forNo additional awards granted before April 28, 2016 and 2.50 common shares for awards granted on or after April 28, 2016, are subtracted from the maximum number of common shares availablemay be under the plan for every common share issued under the award. For awards of option rights and stock appreciation rights; however, only one common share is subtracted from the maximum number of common shares available under the plan for every common share granted.

2014 Plan.

(4) The Company also maintains the Director Deferred Compensation Plan pursuant to which non-employee Directors may defer receipt of common shares authorized for issuance under the Equity Plan. The table does not include separate information about this plan because it merely provides for the deferral, rather than the issuance, of common shares.                         

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Performance Graph:

The following graph compares the cumulative total return of our common shares with the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) MidCap 400 Index and S&P Steel Group Index, assuming $100 was invested and that cash dividends were reinvested for the period from July 1, 2014 through December 31, 2018.2020.

Date		TimkenSteel Corporation				S&P MidCap 400 Index				S&P 500 Steel Index
July 1, 2014		$	100.00			$	100.00			$	100.00
December 31, 2014		$	96.71			$	102.11			$	95.49
December 31, 2015		$	22.29			$	99.89			$	80.49
December 31, 2016		$	41.18			$	120.61			$	122.43
December 31, 2017		$	37.59			$	131.51			$	135.49
December 31, 2018		$	21.63			$	115.08			$	127.04
December 31, 2019		$	19.95			$	142.75			$	107.22
December 31, 2020		$	11.85			$	159.61			$	101.33

Date	TimkenSteel Corporation				S&P MidCap 400 Index				S&P 500 Steel Index
July 1, 2014		$100.00				$100.00				$100.00
December 31, 2014		$96.71				$102.11				$95.49
December 31, 2015		$22.29				$99.89				$80.49
December 31, 2016		$41.18				$120.61				$122.43
December 31, 2017		$37.59				$131.51				$135.49
December 31, 2018		$21.63				$115.08				$127.04

This performance graph shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

		Year Ended December 31,
(dollars and shares in millions, except per share data)		2020				2019				2018				2017				2016
Statement of Operations Data:
Net sales		$	830.7			$	1,208.8			$	1,610.6			$	1,329.2			$	869.5
Net (loss) income			(61.9	)			(110.0	)			(10.0	)			(31.3	)			(105.5	)
Earnings (loss) per share(1):
Basic		$	(1.38	)		$	(2.46	)		$	(0.22	)		$	(0.70	)		$	(2.39	)
Diluted		$	(1.38	)		$	(2.46	)		$	(0.22	)		$	(0.70	)		$	(2.39	)
Cash dividends declared per share		$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted			45.0				44.8				44.6				44.4				44.2
Balance Sheet Data:
Total assets		$	994.0			$	1,085.2			$	1,275.3			$	1,212.6			$	1,069.9
Long-term debt			39.3				168.6				189.1				165.3				136.6
Total shareholders’ equity			507.5				563.1				612.9				616.7				597.4
Other Data:
Book value per share(2)		$	11.28			$	12.57			$	13.74			$	13.89			$	13.52

The period prior to the spinoff from The Timken Company, which is only the first half of 2014, includes the historical results of operations, assets and liabilities of the legal entities that are considered to comprise TimkenSteel. The selected financial data in the table below for periods prior to the spinoff may not be indicative of what they would have been had we actually been a separate stand-alone entity during such periods, nor are they necessarily indicative of our future results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

	Year Ended December 31,
(dollars and shares in millions, except per share data)	2018				2017				2016				2015				2014
Statement of Operations Data:
Net sales(3)		$1,610.6				$1,329.2				$869.5				$1,106.2				$1,674.2
Net (loss) income	(31.7		)		(43.8		)		(105.5		)		(45.0		)		46.1
Loss (earnings) per share(1):
Basic		($0.71	)			($0.99	)			($2.39	)			($1.01	)			$1.01
Diluted		($0.71	)			($0.99	)			($2.39	)			($1.01	)			$1.00
Cash dividends declared per share		$—				$—				$—				$0.42				$0.28
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted	44.6				44.4				44.2				44.5				46.0
Balance Sheet Data:
Total assets		$1,197.6				$1,156.6				$1,069.9				$1,142.5				$1,366.9
Long-term debt	189.1				165.3				136.6				200.2				185.2
Total shareholders’ equity	535.2				560.7				597.4				682.0				749.8
Other Data:
Book value per share(2)		$12.00				$12.63				$13.52				$15.33				$16.30

(1) See “Note 109 - Earnings (Loss) Per Share” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(2) Book value per share is calculated by dividing total shareholders’ equity (as of the period end) by the weighted average shares outstanding, diluted.

⁽³⁾ Reflects the impact of adoption of the new revenue recognition accounting standard in 2018.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(dollars in millions, except per share data)

Business Overview

We manufacture alloy steel, as well as carbon and micro-alloy steel, with an annual melt capacity of approximately 2 million tons and shipment capacity of 1.5 million tons. Our portfolio includes special bar quality (SBQ) bars, seamless mechanical tubing (tubes), value-addvalue-added solutions such as precision steel components, and billets. In addition, we supply machining and thermal treatment services and manage raw material recycling programs, which are also used as a feeder system for our melt operations. Our products and services are used in a diverse range of demanding applications in the following market sectors: automotive; oil and gas; OCTG; automotive; industrial equipment; mining; construction; rail; aerospace and defense; heavy truck; agriculture; power generation; and power generation.

Based on our knowledge of the steel industry, we believe we are the only focused SBQ steel producer in North America and have the largest SBQ steel large bar (6-inch diameter and greater) production capacity among North American steel producers. In addition, we are the only steel manufacturer able to produce rolled SBQ steel large bars up to 16-inches in diameter. OCTG.

SBQ steel is made to restrictive chemical compositions and high internal purity levels and is used in critical mechanical applications. We make these products from nearly all100% recycled steel, using our expertise in raw materials to create custom steel products. We focus on creating tailored products and services for our customers’ most demanding applications. Our engineers are experts in both materials and applications, so we can work closely with each customer to deliver flexible solutions related to our products as well as to their applications and supply chains. We believe our unique operating model and production assets give us a competitive advantage in our industry.

The SBQ bar, tube, and billet production processes take place at our Canton, Ohio manufacturing location. This location accounts for all of the SBQ bars, seamless mechanical tubes and billets we produce and includes three manufacturing facilities: the Faircrest, Harrison, and Gambrinus facilities. Our value-addvalue-added solutions production processes take place at threetwo downstream manufacturing facilities: TimkenSteel Material Services (Houston, Texas), Tryon Peak (Columbus, North Carolina), and St. Clair (Eaton, Ohio). Many of the production processes are integrated, and the manufacturing facilities produce products that are sold in all of our market sectors. As a result, investments in our facilities and resource allocation decisions affecting our operations are designed to benefit the overall business, not any specific aspect of the business.

During the first quarter of 2020, management completed its previously announced plan to close the Company’s TimkenSteel Material Services facility in Houston, Texas. See “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

On February 16, 2021, management announced a plan to indefinitely idle our Harrison melt and cast assets, late in the first quarter of 2021. Going forward, all of the Company’s melting and casting activities will take place at the Faircrest location. We are working collaboratively with employees, suppliers and a number of customers to ensure a well-organized and efficient transition. Our rolling and finishing operations at Harrison will not be impacted by these actions. Estimated annual cash savings from the idling of Harrison’s melt and cast assets are $15 million to $20 million. See “Note 20 – Subsequent Events” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

We conduct our business activities and report financial results as one business segment. The presentation of financial results as one reportable segment is consistent with the way we operate our business and is consistent with the manner in which the CODM evaluates performance and makes resource and operating decisions for the business as described above. Furthermore, the Company notes that monitoring financial results as one reportable segment helps the CODM manage costs on a consolidated basis, consistent with the integrated nature of our operations.

Markets We Serve

We sell products and services that are used in a diverse range of demanding applications around the world. No one customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales in 2018.

2020.

Key indicators for our market include the U.S. light vehicle production Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate, oil and gas rig count activity and U.S. footage drilled, and industrial production for agriculture and construction markets, distribution, and mining and oil field machinery products. In addition, we closely monitor the Purchasing Managers’ Index, which is a leading indicator for our overall business.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

We continue to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Company, employees, customers and supply chain. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact our operations and financial results is uncertain and ultimately will depend on, among many other factors, the duration of the pandemic, further Federal and State government actions and the speed of economic recovery. We estimate the primary impact of COVID-19 on the Company was lost sales of approximately $265 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to expectations established prior to the onset of the pandemic.

In response to the significant reduction in customer demand resulting from the COVID-19 crisis, the Company has taken additional actions to further reduce operating expenses, conserve cash and maximize liquidity. The following actions began in the second quarter of 2020:

•

Reduced interim CEO and senior executives’ base salaries by 20 percent and other executives’ base salaries by 10 percent, began on May 1, 2020 and ended on December 1, 2020;

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•

Reduced cash retainer for its board of directors by 20 percent beginning with the second-quarter 2020, and reduced the value of the board’s annual equity grant by 20 percent, this was reinstated to its full amount going forward on December 1, 2020;

•

Suspended the Company’s 401(k) plan matching contributions for salaried employees, effective June 1 and will be reinstated as of March 1, 2021;

•

Implemented unpaid rolling furloughs for approximately 90 percent of salaried employees, with an average 5 weeks of unpaid furloughs per employee, beginning in early April 2020 and ending in late July 2020;

•

Deferred Social Security payroll tax remittance as permitted by the CARES Act;

•

Continued to maintain flexible production schedules at all plants to align operations with customer demand, resulting in the temporary layoff of manufacturing employees; and

•

Reduced 2020 capital expenditures to $16.9 million which was below planned spending of approximately $30 million at the beginning of 2020.

Since implementation in the second quarter of 2020, the Company’s COVID-19 related actions saved approximately $15 million in cash and reduced administrative expenses by approximately $8 million in total.

Despite the negative impact of COVID-19 on our business, total liquidity was $314.1 million as of December 31, 2020, as a result of the above COVID-19 related actions as well as other working capital management efficiency improvement activities. We believe this level of liquidity is sufficient to meet the Company’s needs for at least the next 12 months. The Company will continue to take actions such as those described above in order to preserve liquidity for the duration of this pandemic.

Impact of Raw Material Prices and LIFO

In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to the volatility of the costs of our raw materials. Whenever possible, we manage our exposure to commodity risks primarily through the use of supplier pricing agreements that enable us to establish the purchase prices for certain inputs that are used in our manufacturing process. We utilize a raw material surcharge mechanism when pricing products to our customers, which is designed to mitigate the impact of increases or decreases in raw material costs, although generally with a lag effect. This timing effect can result in raw material spread whereby costs can be over- or under-recovered in certain periods. While the surcharge generally protects gross profit, it has the effect of diluting gross margin as a percent of sales.

We value a majority of our inventory utilizing the LIFO inventory valuation method. Changes in the cost of raw materials and production activities are recognized in cost of products sold in the current period even though these materials and other costs

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may have been incurred in different periods at significantly different values due to the length of time of our production cycle. In periods of rising inventories and deflating raw material prices, the likely result will be a positive impact to net income. Conversely, in periods of rising inventories and increasing raw materials prices, the likely result will be a negative impact to net income.

Results of Operations

Net Sales

The charts below present net sales and shipments for the years 2018, 2017,ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2016.

2018.

  

Net sales for the year ended December 31, 20182020 were $1,610.6$830.7 million, an increasea decrease of $281.4$378.1 million, or 21.2% compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Excluding surcharges, net sales increased $167.4 million, or 16.1%. The increase was due to favorable price/mix of approximately $107 million and higher volumes of approximately $61 million, as we focused efforts to sell our higher margin products. This resulted in net sales per ton increasing 16.2% from 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, ship tons increased by 49 thousand tons, or 4.3%31.3%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2017,2019. The decrease was due primarily to higher demanda reduction in industrialvolume of approximately 258 thousand ship tons, resulting in a decrease of $286.4 million of net sales and energy end markets, lower surcharges of $117.5 million. These decreases in net sales were partially offset by a positive mix primarily due to the industrial end-market resulting in an increase in net sales of $42.7 million. The primary driver in the decrease in volume was lower customer demand across all end-markets primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a weak energy market. The decrease in surcharges was

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primarily due to an approximate 25% decline in average surcharge per ton due to lower market prices for scrap and alloys. We estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our net sales during 2020 was a reduction of approximately $265 million, as compared to our forecast prior to the onset of the pandemic. Approximately half of this decrease was related to lower than forecasted volume in billet shipments.

Netour mobile end-market sector, as production was halted by all major automotive manufacturers for various lengths of time during the second quarter. Excluding surcharges, net sales fordecreased $260.6 million, or 27.3%.

Gross Profit

The chart below presents the drivers of the gross profit variance from the year ended December 31, 2017 were $1,329.2 million, an increase of $459.7 or 52.9% compared2019 to the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding surcharges, net sales increased $262.1 million, or 33.8%. The increase was due to higher volumes of $441.0 million, offset by price/mix of approximately $179 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, ship tons increased by 403 thousand tons or 54.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, due primarily to market penetration, end-market demand recovery and sales initiatives, including 211 thousand tons of new billet business to the tube manufacturers supplying the OCTG market.

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Gross Profit

2020.

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $37.12020 decreased $7 million, or 54.7%31.0%, compared towith the year ended December 31, 2017.2019. The increasedecrease was driven primarily by favorable price/mix due to higher demand in our end markets, and our focus on selling higher margin products. The favorable price/mix waslower volumes, partially offset by increased manufacturing costs. Higherfavorable manufacturing costs, raw material spread, and inventory adjustments. The primary driver in 2018 were driven primarily by consumables inflation and higher maintenance costs, partially offset by improved fixed-cost leverage and the benefit of continuous improvement activities. The favorable impact of higherdecrease in volume was more than offset by an increase in freight expense. Melt utilization for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 74% compared to 73% as of year ended December 31, 2017.

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Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $39.9 million, or 143.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was drivenlower customer demand across all end-markets primarily by higher volumes as a result of the new billet business, increased market penetrationCOVID-19 pandemic and end-market demand recovery,a weak energy market. Favorable manufacturing costs in 2020 were primarily due to the Company’s significant cost reduction actions and lower annual shutdown maintenance, slightly offset by a shift in product mix and price pressure. Higher volumes also improved both melt utilization and operatingthe unfavorable impact of lower production levels on fixed cost leverage, which contributed to favorable year-over-year manufacturing efficiencies. For the year ended December 31, 2017, melt utilization was 73%, compared to 46% for the same period in 2016. The favorable rawleverage. Raw material spread was driven largely by improved No.1 Busheling Index andfavorable due to higher shipments.

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scrap spread specifically during the second half of the year.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling,

The charts below present selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense for the yearyears ended December 31, 2018 increased by $7.7 million, or 8.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, due primarily to an increase in variable compensation of $1.5 million2020, 2019 and executive severance costs of $1.7 million.

2018.

SG&A expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 was similar to2020 decreased by $15.1 million, or 16.4%, compared with the year ended December 31, 2016.    

2019. The decrease in 2020 is primarily due to lower wages and benefits expense which are a result of a reduction in employee headcount following the Company’s recent restructuring actions, as well as unpaid rolling furloughs for salaried employees during the second and third quarters. Additional reductions in SG&A are due to other COVID-19 related cost reduction actions, lower controllable spend as well as lower bad debt expense. The decrease is partially offset by an increase in variable compensation.

Restructuring Charges

During 2019 and throughout 2020, TimkenSteel made organizational changes to streamline its organizational structure to drive enhanced profitability and sustainable growth. These company-wide actions included the restructuring of its business support functions, the reduction of management layers throughout the organization, the closure of the TMS facility in Houston, Texas and other domestic and international actions to further improve the Company’s overall cost structure. Through these restructuring efforts, to date the Company has eliminated approximately 215 salaried positions and recognized restructuring charges of $11.7 million ($3.1 million in 2020 and $8.6 million in 2019), consisting of severance and employee-related benefits. Approximately 55 of these positions were eliminated in 2020. The Company expects to realize annual savings of approximately $27 million as a result of these actions. Refer to “Note 5 - Restructuring Charges” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018,2020 was $17.1$12.2 million, an increasea decrease of $2.3$3.5 million, from 2017. The increase is due to the write-off of deferred financing costs of $0.7 million associatedcompared with amending the previous Credit Agreement and redeeming the Revenue Refunding Bonds, both of which occurred in the first quarter of 2018. Additionally, we had higher average borrowings on the Amended Credit Agreement to support working capital needs during the year ended December 31, 2018. This2019. The decrease in interest expense was partially offset byprimarily due to a reduction in outstanding borrowings under the credit facility and a lower average interest rates in 2018.rate environment. Refer to “Note 614 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Other (Income) Expense, net

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				$ Change
Pension and postretirement non-service benefit (income) loss		$	(26.6	)		$	(17.5	)		$	(9.1	)
Loss (gain) from remeasurement of benefit plans			14.7				40.6				(25.9	)
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain)			0.2				—				0.2
Employee retention credit			(2.3	)			—				—
Miscellaneous (income) expense			(0.2	)			0.2				(0.4	)
Total other (income) expense, net		$	(14.2	)		$	23.3			$	(35.2	)

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		Year Ended December 31,
		2019				2018				$ Change
Pension and postretirement non-service benefit (income) loss		$	(17.5	)		$	(25.2	)		$	7.7
Loss (gain) from remeasurement of benefit plans			40.6				43.5				(2.9	)
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain)			—				0.2				(0.2	)
Miscellaneous (income) expense			0.2				0.1				0.1
Total other (income) expense, net		$	23.3			$	18.6			$	4.7

Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefit income, for all years, consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost. The loss from remeasurement of benefit plans is due to the Company performing mark-to-market accounting on its pension and postretirement assets at year-end and upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. For more details on the remeasurement refer to “Note 15 - Retirement and Postretirement Plans.”

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act provides for an employee retention credit (“Employee Retention Credit”), which is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes of up to $5,000 per employee for eligible employers. The tax credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages paid to employees during a quarter, capped at $10,000 of qualified wages per employee throughout the year. The Company qualified for the tax credit in the second and third quarters of 2020 and accrued a benefit of $2.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2020 related to the Employee Retention Credit in other (income) expense, net on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Provision for Income Taxes

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				$ Change
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		$	1.2			$	(16.1	)		$	17.3
Effective tax rate			(2.0	)%			12.8	%		NM(1)

		Year Ended December 31,
		2019				2018				$ Change
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		$	(16.1	)		$	1.8			$	(17.9	)
Effective tax rate			12.8	%			(5.9	)%		NM(1)

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				$ Change
Cash interest paid		$11.8				$10.1				$1.7
Accrued interest	(0.2		)		0.7				(0.9		)
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount	5.5				4.0				1.5
Total Interest Expense		$17.1				$14.8				$2.3

Interest

⁽¹⁾ “NM” is data that is not meaningful.

The majority of the Company’s tax expense is derived from foreign operations. The Company remains in a full valuation for the U.S. jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded an intraperiod tax allocation adjustment between continuing operations and other categories of comprehensive income. In periods in which the Company has a pre-tax loss from continuing operations and pre-tax income in other categories of comprehensive income, the Company must consider that income in determining the amount of tax benefit that results from a loss in continuing operations and that will be allocated to continuing operations. As a result of the intraperiod tax allocation for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, income tax expense of $16.7 million was $14.8 million, an increase of $3.4 million from 2016, due primarilyrecorded within other comprehensive income and a corresponding benefit was recorded to twelve months of interest expense in 2017, compared to seven months of interest expense in 2016, associated with the issuance of the Convertible Notes in May 2016.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2017				2016				$ Change
Cash interest paid		$10.1			$7.9					$2.2
Accrued interest	0.7				0.6				0.1
Amortization of convertible notes discount and deferred financing	4.0				2.9				1.1
Total Interest Expense		$14.8				$11.4				$3.4

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Other Expense, net

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				$ Change
Pension and postretirement non-service benefit income		($25.2	)			($17.5	)			($7.7	)
Loss from remeasurement of benefit plans	43.5				21.8				21.7
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	0.2				(0.3		)		0.5
Miscellaneous expense	0.1				0.1				—
Total other expense, net		$18.6				$4.1				$14.5

	Years Ended December 31,
	2017				2016				$ Change
Pension and postretirement non-service benefit income		($17.5	)			($13.4	)			($4.1	)
Loss from remeasurement of benefit plans	21.8				79.7				(57.9		)
Disposal of fixed assets	—				1.1				(1.1		)
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	(0.3		)		0.8				(1.1		)
Miscellaneous (income) expense	0.1				(0.2		)		0.3
Total other expense, net		$4.1				$68.0				($63.9	)

Other expense, net was $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to expense of $4.1 million and $68.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The variance is primarily due to the change in the loss from remeasurement of benefit plans. See “Note 8 - Retirement and Postretirement Plans” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				$ Change				% Change
Provision for income taxes		$1.8				$1.5				$0.3			(20.0	) %
Effective tax rate	(5.9		)%		(3.7		)%		NM				(220	)bps

	Years Ended December 31,
	2017				2016				$ Change				% Change
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		$1.5				($36.5	)			$38.0			104.1	%
Effective tax rate	(3.7		)%		25.7		%		NM				(2,940	)bps

Operating losses generated in the U.S. resulted in a decrease in the carrying value of our U.S. deferred tax liability to the point of a net U.S. deferred tax asset at December 31, 2016. At that time, we assessed, based upon operating performance in the U.S. and industry conditions that it was more likely than not we would not realize a portion of our U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company recorded a valuation allowance in 2016 and as a result of current year activity, the Company remained in a full valuation allowance position through 2018. Going forward, the need to maintain valuation allowances against deferred tax assets in the U.S. and other affected countries will cause variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company will maintain a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets in the U.S. and applicable foreign countries until sufficient positive evidence exists to eliminate them.

The decrease in the effective tax rate in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 is due primarily to a valuation allowance recorded in 2018 against our deferred tax assets. The decrease in the effective tax rate in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 is due primarily to a discrete charge of approximately $1 million recorded in 2017. Refer to “Note 13 - Income Tax Provision” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.

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On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) was signed into law, which resulted in significant changes to U.S. tax and related laws. Some of the provisions of the Act affecting corporations include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, expensing the cost of acquired qualified property, the elimination of alternative minimum tax, a modification of the net operating loss deduction, and the creation of global intangible low-taxed income. Further, several changes and limitations to deductions were encompassed in the new law and were effective for us in 2018, including, interest expense, performance-based compensation, meals and entertainment expenses, transportation fringe benefits, and elimination of the domestic production activities deduction. We have evaluated the impact of the new tax law on TimkenSteel’s financial condition and results of operations. We did not experience a significant reduction in our effective income tax rate or our net deferred federal income tax assets as a result of the income tax rate reduction or changes to U.S. tax law, as we remained in a valuation allowance position in 2018.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

Net Sales ExcludingAdjusted to Exclude Surcharges

The table below presents net sales by end marketend-market sector, adjusted to exclude raw material surcharges, which represents a financial measure that has not been determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). We believe presenting net sales by end marketend-market sector adjusted to exclude raw material surcharges provides additional insight into key drivers of net sales such as base price and product mix.

(dollars in millions, tons in thousands)
		2020
		Mobile				Industrial				Energy				Other				Total
Tons			308.1				267.0				36.3				29.0				640.4
Net Sales		$	346.0			$	391.7			$	53.2			$	39.8			$	830.7
Less: Surcharges			59.3				61.1				8.4				7.2				136.0
Base Sales		$	286.7			$	330.6			$	44.8			$	32.6			$	694.7
Net Sales / Ton		$	1,123			$	1,467			$	1,466			$	1,372			$	1,297
Surcharges / Ton		$	192			$	229			$	232			$	248			$	212
Base Sales / Ton		$	931			$	1,238			$	1,234			$	1,124			$	1,085
		2019
		Mobile				Industrial				Energy				Other				Total
Tons			397.6				348.2				90.6				61.9				898.3
Net Sales		$	479.3			$	486.3			$	166.4			$	76.8			$	1,208.8
Less: Surcharges			104.1				99.9				32.8				16.7				253.5
Base Sales		$	375.2			$	386.4			$	133.6			$	60.1			$	955.3
Net Sales / Ton		$	1,205			$	1,397			$	1,837			$	1,241			$	1,346
Surcharges / Ton		$	261			$	287			$	362			$	270			$	283
Base Sales / Ton		$	944			$	1,110			$	1,475			$	971			$	1,063
		2018
		Mobile				Industrial				Energy				Other				Total
Tons			428.3				462.7				152.8				155.6				1,199.4
Net Sales		$	553.9			$	637.5			$	265.6			$	153.6			$	1,610.6
Less: Surcharges			134.4				161.5				61.2				48.3				405.4
Base Sales		$	419.5			$	476.0			$	204.4			$	105.3			$	1,205.2
Net Sales / Ton		$	1,293			$	1,378			$	1,738			$	987			$	1,343
Surcharges / Ton		$	314			$	349			$	400			$	310			$	338
Base Sales / Ton		$	979			$	1,029			$	1,338			$	677			$	1,005

Net Sales adjusted to exclude surcharges
(dollars in millions, tons in thousands)
	2018
	Mobile			Industrial			Energy			Other				Total
Tons	428.3			462.7			152.8			155.6				1,199.4
Net Sales		$553.9			$637.5			$265.6			$153.6				$1,610.6
Less: Surcharges	134.4			161.5			61.2			48.3				405.4
Base Sales		$419.5			$476.0			$204.4			$105.3				$1,205.2
Net Sales / Ton		$1,293			$1,378			$1,738			$987				$1,343
Base Sales / Ton		$979			$1,029			$1,338			$677				$1,005
	2017
	Mobile			Industrial			Energy			Other				Total
Tons	428.1			413.4			97.0			211.7				1,150.2
Net Sales		$528.6			$486.4			$141.7			$172.5				$1,329.2
Less: Surcharges	105.1			106.6			23.5			56.1				291.3
Base Sales		$423.5			$379.8			$118.2			$116.4				$1,037.9
Net Sales / Ton		$1,235			$1,177			$1,461			$815				$1,156
Base Sales / Ton		$989			$919			$1,219			$550				$902
	2016
	Mobile			Industrial			Energy			Other				Total
Tons	413.0			284.3			23.5			25.9				746.7
Net Sales		$475.4			$323.7			$35.7			$34.7				$869.5
Less: Surcharges	50.3			35.9			3.2			4.3				93.7
Base Sales		$425.1			$287.8			$32.5			$30.4				$775.8
Net Sales / Ton		$1,151			$1,139			$1,519			$1,340				$1,164
Base Sales / Ton		$1,029			$1,012			$1,383			$1,174				$1,039

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Amended Credit Agreement

On October 15, 2019, the Company entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Amended Credit Agreement) with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and the other lenders party thereto, which further amended and restated the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of January 26, 2018.

The Amended Credit Agreement increased capacity to $400 million compared to $300 million in the previous facility and extended the maturity date to October 15, 2024. Furthermore, the Amended Credit Agreement provided for an enhanced asset base with reappraised fixed assets and investment grade foreign accounts receivable collateral in the borrowing base (up to $30 million), improved interest rate spread pricing by 50 basis points, and reduced the unused commitment fee to a fixed 25 basis points from the previous 37.5 to 50 basis point range.

The Amended Credit Agreement also requires the Company to (i) unless certain conditions are met, maintain certain minimum liquidity as specified in the Amended Credit Agreement during the period commencing on March 1, 2021 and ending on June 1, 2021 and (ii) maintain a minimum specified fixed charge coverage ratio on a springing basis if minimum availability requirements as specified in the Amended Credit Agreement are not maintained.

The minimum liquidity requirement for the period commencing on March 1, 2021 and ending on June 1, 2021 requires the Company to maintain a liquidity amount above the sum of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 plus an amount equal to 12.5% of the lesser of the borrowing base and the total capacity of $400 million. The Company expects to be compliant with this minimum liquidity requirement during the applicable time period.    

Refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Convertible Notes

In May 2016, wethe Company issued $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, plus an additional $11.3 million principal amount to cover over-allotments. The Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 bear cash interest at a rate of 6.0% per year, payable semiannually on June 1 and December 1, beginning on December 1, 2016. The Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 will mature on June 1, 2021, unless earlier repurchased or converted. The net proceeds received from the offering were $83.2 million, after deducting the initial underwriters’ discount and fees and paying the offering expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay a portion of the amounts outstanding under our Credit Agreement.

Credit Agreement

On February 26, 2016,credit agreement.

In December 2020, the Company as borrower, and certain domestic subsidiaries, as subsidiary guarantors, entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreement),separate, privately negotiated exchange agreements with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the other lenders party thereto. The Credit Agreement provided for a $265 million asset based revolving credit facility.

Amended Credit Agreement

On January 26, 2018, we as borrower, and certain domestic subsidiaries, as subsidiary guarantors, entered into the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Amended Credit Agreement), with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, Banklimited number of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and the other lenders party thereto, which amended and restatedholders of the Company’s existing Credit Agreement.

The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a $300 million asset-based revolving credit facility, including a $15 million sublimit for the issuance of commercial and standby letters of credit and a $30 million sublimit for swingline loans.currently outstanding Convertible Senior Notes due 2021. Pursuant to the terms ofexchange agreements, the Amended Credit Agreement, we are entitled, on up to two occasions and subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to request increases in the commitments under the Amended Credit Agreement in theCompany exchanged $46.0 million aggregate principal amount of up to $50Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 for $46.0 million toaggregate principal amount of its new Convertible Senior Notes due 2025. The Company did not receive any cash proceeds from the extent that existing or new lenders agree to provide such additional commitments.

The availability of borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement is subject to a borrowing base calculation based upon a valuationissuance of the eligible accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment of us and our subsidiary guarantors, each multiplied by an applicable advance rate. Convertible Senior Notes due 2025.

The availability of borrowings may be further modified by reserves established from time to time by the administrative agent in its permitted discretion.

TheConvertible Senior Notes due 2025 bear cash interest rate per annum applicable to loans under the Amended Credit Agreement will be, at our option, equal to either (i) the alternate base rate plus the applicable margin or (ii) the relevant adjusted LIBO rate for an interest period of one, two, three or six months (as selected by the Company) plus the applicable margin. The base rate will be a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the greatest of (i) the prime rate of the administrative agent, (ii) the effective Federal Reserve Bank of New York rate plus 0.50% and (iii) the adjusted LIBO rate for a one-month interest period on the applicable date, plus 1.00%. The adjusted LIBO rate will be equal to the applicable London interbank offered rate for the selected interest period, as adjusted for statutory reserve requirements for eurocurrency liabilities. The applicable margin will be determined by a pricing grid based on our average quarterly availability. In addition, we will pay a commitment fee on the average daily unused amount of the credit facility in a percentage determined by our average daily availability for the most recently completed calendar month.The interest rate under the Amended Credit Agreement was 4.4% as of December 31, 2018. The amount available under the Amended Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2018 was approximately $182.4 million.

The Amended Credit Agreement matures on January 26, 2023. Prior to the maturity date, amounts outstanding are required to be repaid (without reduction of the commitments thereunder) from mandatory prepayment events from the proceeds of certain asset sales, equity or debt issuances or casualty events.

The Amended Credit Agreement contains certain customary covenants, including covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, (i) incur or suffer to exist certain liens, (ii) make investments, (iii) incur or guaranty additional indebtedness, (iv) enter into consolidations, mergers, acquisitions, sale-leaseback transactions and sales of assets, (v) make distributions and other restricted payments, (vi) change the nature of its business, (vii) engage in transactions with affiliates and (viii) enter into restrictive agreements, including agreements that restrict the ability to incur liens or make distributions.

In addition, the Amended Credit Agreement requires us to (i) unless certain conditions are met, maintain certain minimum liquidity as specified in the Amended Credit Agreement during the period commencing on March 1, 2021 and ending on June 1,

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2021 and (ii) maintain a minimum specified fixed charge coverage ratio on a springing basis if minimum availability requirements as specified in the Amended Credit Agreement are not maintained.

The Amended Credit Agreement contains certain customary events of default. If any event of default occurs and is continuing, the Lenders would be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Amended Credit Agreement, and exercise other rights and remedies.

As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Amended Credit Agreement. We expect to remain in compliance with our debt covenants for at least the next twelve months. If at any time we expect that we will be unable to meet the covenants under the Amended Credit Agreement, we would seek to further amend the Amended Credit Agreement to be in compliance and avoid a default or pursue other alternatives, such as additional financing. If, contrary to our expectations, we were unable to amend the terms of our Amended Credit Agreement to remain in compliance or refinance the debt under the Amended Credit Agreement, we would experience an event of default and all outstanding debt under the revolving credit facility would be subject to acceleration and may become immediately due and payable.

For additional discussion regarding risk factors related to our business and our debt, see Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue Refunding Bonds

In connection with entering into the Amended Credit Agreement, on January 23, 2018, we redeemed in full $12.2 million of Ohio Water Development Revenue Refunding Bonds (originally due on November 1, 2025), $9.5 million of Ohio Air Quality Development Revenue Refunding Bonds (originally due on November 1, 2025) and $8.5 million of Ohio Pollution Control Revenue Refunding Bonds (originally due6.0% per year, payable semiannually on June 1 2033).

and December 1, beginning on June 1, 2021. The Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 will mature on December 1, 2025, unless earlier repurchased or converted. The net amount of this exchange was $44.5 million, after deducting the initial underwriters’ fees and paying other transaction costs.

Refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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Additional Liquidity Considerations

The following represents a summary of key liquidity measures under the Amended Credit Agreementcredit agreement in effect as of December 31, 20182020 and the Credit Agreement asDecember 31, 2019:

		December 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents		$	102.8			$	27.1
Credit Agreement:
Maximum availability		$	400.0			$	400.0
Suppressed availability(1)			(183.2	)			(103.0	)
Availability			216.8				297.0
Credit facility amount borrowed			—				(90.0	)
Letter of credit obligations			(5.5	)			(3.8	)
Availability not borrowed			211.3				203.2
Total liquidity		$	314.1			$	230.3

(1) As of December 31, 2017:

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents		$21.6			$24.5
Credit Agreement:
Maximum availability		$300.0			$265.0
Amount borrowed	115.0			65.0
Letter of credit obligations	2.6			2.6
Availability not borrowed	182.4			197.4
Availability block	—			33.1
Net availability		$182.4			$164.3
Total liquidity		$204.0			$188.8

2020, TimkenSteel had less than $400 million in collateral assets to borrow against.

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations and available borrowing capacity under our Amended Credit Agreement. We currently expect that our cash and cash equivalents on hand, expected cash flows from operations and borrowings available under the Amended Credit Agreement will be sufficient to meet liquidity needs; however, these plans rely on certain underlying assumptions and estimates that may differ from actual results. Such assumptions include growing market demand, lower operating costs and continued working capital management.    

credit agreement. As of December 31, 2018,2020, taking into account the foregoing, as well as our view of mobile, industrial, energy, and automotiveenergy market demands for our products, our 2019 operating plan and our 2021 operating and long-range plan, we believe that our cash balance as of December 31, 2018 of $21.6 million,2020, projected cash generated from operations, and borrowings available under the Amended Credit Agreement, will be sufficient to satisfy our working capital needs, capital expenditures and other liquidity requirements associated with our operations, including servicing our debt obligations, as well as our Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 with a maturity date of June 1, 2021, for at least the next twelve monthsmonths. Regarding the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, we plan to repay the remaining outstanding principal balance of $40.2 million upon maturity with available cash, or a combination of available cash and through January 26, 2023,credit facility borrowings.

The full extent to which the maturity dateCOVID-19 pandemic will impact our operations and financial results is uncertain and ultimately will depend on, among other factors, the duration of our Amended Credit Agreement.

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economic recovery. To the extent our liquidity needs prove to be greater than expected or cash generated from operations is less than anticipated, and cash on hand or credit availability is insufficient, we would seek additional financing to provide additional liquidity. We regularly evaluate our potential access to the equity and debt capital markets as sources of liquidity and we believe additional financing would likely be available if necessary, although we can make no assurance as to the form or terms of any such financing. We would also consider additional cost reductions and restructuring, changes in working capital management and further reductions of capital expenditures. Regardless, we will continue to evaluate additional financing or may seek to refinance outstanding borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement to provide us with additional flexibility and liquidity. Any additional financing beyond that incurred to refinance existing debt would increase our overall debt and could increase interest expense.

On March 27, 2020, the President of the United States signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act, an economic stimulus package intended to provide support, principally in the form of tax benefits and additional liquidity, to companies and individuals negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the majority of the provisions included in the CARES Act did not immediately benefit the Company from a cash tax perspective due to its significant net operating losses, the Company has taken advantage of the deferral of the employer share (6.2% of employee wages) of Social Security payroll taxes that would otherwise have been owed from the date of enactment of the legislation through December 31, 2020, as afforded by the Act. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company deferred approximately $6.4 million of payroll taxes as permitted by the CARES Act, all of which will be paid in two equal installments at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022. Additionally, the Company expects to file for and accrued a benefit of approximately $2.3 million related to the Employee Retention Credit in 2021.

For additional details regarding the Amended Credit Agreement and the Convertible Notes, please refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and for our discussion regarding risk factors related to our business and our debt, see Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For additional details regarding the Credit Agreement, the Amended Credit Agreement and the Convertible Notes, please refer to “Note 6 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.     

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Cash Flows

The following table reflects the major categories of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172020, 2019, and 20162018. For additional details, please seerefer to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included in Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplemental Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Report.

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities		$	173.5			$	70.3			$	18.5
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities			(6.0	)			(38.0	)			(39.0	)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities			(91.8	)			(26.8	)			17.6
Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents		$	75.7			$	5.5			$	(2.9	)

Cash Flows	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Net cash provided by operating activities		$18.5				$8.1				$74.4
Net cash used by investing activities	(39.0		)		(33.0		)		(42.7		)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	17.6				23.8				(48.5		)
Decrease in Cash and Cash Equivalents		($2.9	)			($1.1	)			($16.8	)

Operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2018 and 20172020 was $18.5$173.5 million and $8.1compared to net cash provided of $70.3 million respectively.for the year ended December 31, 2019. The improvementincrease in net cash provided by operating activities of $103.2 million was primarily due to an increase in gross profit of $37.1 million partially offset by benefit payments for our domestic pension plans and an increased use of cash formanagement actions to improve working capital processes and efficiency. Refer to support increased customer demand.

Net cash provided by operating activitiesthe Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $8.1 million and $74.4 million, respectively. The $66.3 million decrease was driven primarily by an increase in working capital to support increased sales volume and manufacturing operations.

additional information.

Investing activities

Net cash used by investing activities for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2018 and 20172020 was $39.0$6.0 million and $33.0 million, respectively. Cash used for investing activities primarily relatescompared to capital investments in our manufacturing facilities. Capital spending in 2018 increased $7.0 million from 2017 due to an increase in strategic spending on our capital investments.

Netnet cash used by investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was approximately $33.0 million and $42.7 million, respectively. Capital spending in 2017 decreased $6.7 million due to lower targeted capital allocations.

Our business requires capital investments to maintain our plants and equipment to remain competitive and ensure we can implement strategic initiatives. Our construction in progress balance of $28.5 million as of December 31, 2018 includes: (a) $8.8 million relating to growth initiatives (e.g. new product offerings, additional capacity and new capabilities) and continuous improvement projects; and (b) $19.7 million relating primarily to routine capital costs to maintain the reliability, integrity and safety of our manufacturing equipment and facilities. In the next one to three years, we expect to incur approximately $33 million of additional costs (made up of approximately $25 million relating to additional growth initiatives and approximately $8 million related to continuous improvement) to complete existing ongoing projects.

Our recent capital investments are expected to significantly strengthen our position as a leader in providing differentiated solutions for the energy, industrial and automotive market sectors, while enhancing our operational performance and customer service capabilities.

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In the fourth quarter of 2017, we launched our new advanced quench-and-temper heat-treat line. The approximately $40 million investment performs quench-and-temper heat-treat operations and has the capacity for up to 50,000 process-tons annually of 4-inch to 13-inch bars and tubes. This equipment is located in a separate facility on the site of our Gambrinus Steel Plant, and is one of our larger thermal treatment facilities. This new equipment allows us to meet stringent industry requirements regardless of the order size, resulting in better service for our customers. During the first year of the advanced quench-and-temper heat-treat line we produced 37 thousand tons.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $17.6 million compared to $23.8$38.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.2019. The change was mainlyprimarily due to lower net borrowings on the Amended Credit Agreement duringcapital expenditures and proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment.

Financing activities

Net cash used by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 20172020 was approximately $23.8$91.8 million compared to net cash used by financing activities of approximately $48.5$26.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.2019. The change was primarilymainly due to net borrowings of $25.0 millionhigher repayments on the Credit Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2017in 2020 as compared to 2016 net repayments of $43.7 million.

2019.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018:2020:

Contractual Obligations		Total				Less than 1 Year				1-3 Years				3-5 Years				More than 5 Years
Convertible Notes		$	86.2			$	40.2			$	—			$	46.0			$	—
Interest payments			18.4				4.8				7.5				6.1				—
Operating leases			22.5				8.4				10.5				3.6				—
Purchase commitments			117.5				27.3				20.0				16.9				53.3
Retirement benefits			298.8				3.7				63.1				81.9				150.1
Total		$	543.4			$	84.4			$	101.1			$	154.5			$	203.4

Contractual Obligations	Total				Less than 1 Year				1-3 Years				3-5 Years					More than 5 Years
Convertible notes and other long-term debt		$201.5				$—				$86.5				$115.0					$—
Interest payments	33.4				10.3				17.6				5.5			—		—
Operating leases	16.4				6.3				8.5				1.6					—
Purchase commitments	73.9				33.2				11.6				7.4					21.7
Retirement benefits	28.7				4.0				5.0				9.6					10.1
Total		$353.9				$53.8				$129.2				$139.1					$31.8

The caption Convertible notes and other long-term debtNotes includes the outstanding Convertible Notes principleprincipal balance of $74.1$40.2 million related to the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 and the Amended Credit Agreementoutstanding principal balance of $115 million.$46.0 million related to the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025. Interest payments include interest on the Convertible Notes, as well as the unused commitment fee of 25 basis points related to the Amended Credit Agreement.

Operating leases include leases for office space, warehouses, land, machinery and estimated interest payments on variable rate debt computed usingequipment, vehicles and certain information technology equipment. Refer to “Note 13 – Leases” in the assumption thatNotes to the interest rate at December 31, 2018 is in effectConsolidated Financial Statement for the remaining term of the variable rate debt. Actual interest could vary. See Item 7A - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.

additional information.

Purchase commitments are defined as agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding. Included in purchase commitments are certain obligations related to capital commitments, service agreements and energy consumed in our production process.processes. These purchase commitments do not represent our entire anticipated purchases in the future but represent only those items for which we are presently contractually obligated. The majority of our products and services are purchased as needed, with no advance commitment. We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements with unconsolidated entities or other persons.

Retirement benefits are paid from plan assets and our operating cash flow. The table above includes payments to meet minimum funding requirements of our defined benefit pension plans, and estimated benefit payments for our unfunded supplemental executive retirement pension, plan. Amounts also includeand postretirement plans. The retirement benefit funding requirements included in the estimated corporate cash outlays for expected postretirement benefit payments to be paid by the Company. Funding requirements beyond one yeartable above are not included as they cannot be reliably estimated as required contributions and are significantly affected by asset returns and several other variables. These amounts are subject to change year to year. These amounts are based on Company estimates and current funding laws,laws; actual future payments may be different. Refer to “Note 815 - Retirement and Postretirement Plans”

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in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information related to the total pension and other postretirement benefit plans and expected benefit payments.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. We review our critical accounting policies throughout the year.

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New Accounting Guidance

See “Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue from contracts at a point in time when we have satisfied itsour performance obligation and the customer obtains control of the goods, at the amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive for those goods. We receive and acknowledgesacknowledge purchase orders from our customers, which define the quantity, pricing, payment and other applicable terms and conditions. In some cases, we receive a blanket purchase order from our customer, which includes pricing, payment and other terms and conditions, with quantities defined at the time the customer issues periodic releases from the blanket purchase order. Certain contracts contain variable consideration, which primarily consists of rebates that are accounted for in net sales and accrued based on the estimated probability of the requirements being met.

Inventory

Inventories are valuedstated at the lower of cost or market, with approximately 74% valued by the last in, first out (LIFO) method and the remainingnet realizable value. All inventories, including raw materials, manufacturing supplies inventory andas well as international (outside the U.S.) inventories, have been valued byusing the first-in, first-out,FIFO or average cost or specific identification methods. An actual valuation of the inventory under the LIFO method can be made only at the end of each year based on the inventory levels and costs at that time. Accordingly, interim LIFO calculations are based on management’s estimates of expected year-end inventory levels and costs. Because these are subject to many factors beyond management’s control, annual results may differ from interim results as the annual results are subject to the final year-end LIFO inventory valuation. We recognized an increase in our LIFO reserve of $21.6 million in 2018 and $12.5 million in 2017.

We record reserves for product inventory that is identified to be surplus and/or obsolete based on future requirements. As of December 31, 20182020 and 2017, our reserve for surplus and obsolete inventory was $5.1 million and $7.8 million, respectively.

2019.

Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets (including tangible assets and intangible assets subject to amortization) are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances have occurred indicating the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable.

We test recoverability of long-lived assets at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are independent from the cash flows of other assets. Assets and asset groups held and used are measured for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset or asset group to the sum of future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group.

Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives of our long-lived assets are complex and subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts.

If an asset or asset group is considered to be impaired, the impairment loss that would be recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. To determine fair value, we use internal cash flow estimates discounted at an appropriate interest rate, third party appraisals as appropriate, and/or market prices of similar assets, when available.

As thea result of the discontinued use of certain assets, we recorded an impairment chargescharge of $0.9$9.3 million and $0.7 millionin 2019. No impairment charge was recorded in 2020. Refer to “Note 6 – Disposition of Non-Core Assets” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There were no impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2016.

further information.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous non-U.S. jurisdictions, and we account for income taxes in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standard Codification Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (ASC 740).applicable accounting guidance. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We record valuation allowances against deferred tax assets by tax jurisdiction when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the historical and projected financial performance of the entity recording the net deferred tax asset is considered along

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with any other pertinent information. Net deferred tax assets relate primarily to net operating losses and pension and other postretirement benefit obligations in the U.S., which we believe are more likely than not to result in future tax benefits. As of December 31, 2018,2020, we have recorded a valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets in the U.S., as we do not believe it is more likely than not that a portion of our U.S. deferred tax assets will be realized.

In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations regarding which the ultimate income tax determination is uncertain. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities. Accruals for uncertain tax positions are provided for in accordance with the requirements of ASC 740.applicable accounting guidance. We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the

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The Company made the accounting policy election to treat taxes related to Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income as a current period expense when incurred.

Benefit Plans

We recognize an overfunded status or underfunded status (i.e., the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligations) as either an asset or a liability for itsour defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We recognize actuarial gains and losses immediately through net periodic benefit cost in the Consolidated StatementStatements of Operations upon the annual remeasurement at December 31, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. In addition, the Company useswe use fair value to account for the value of plan assets

assets.

As of December 31, 20182020, our projected benefit obligations related to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans were $1,178.3$1,395.1 million and $194.7$128.3 million, respectively, and the underfunded status of our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations were $123.9$163.4 million and $108.6$46.1 million, respectively. These benefit obligations were valued using a weighted average discount rate of 4.30% and 4.34%2.68% for pension benefit plans and 2.65% for other postretirement benefit plans, respectively.plans. The determination of the discount rate is generally based on an index created from a hypothetical bond portfolio consisting of high-quality fixed income securities with durations that match the timing of expected benefit payments. Changes in the selected discount rate could have a material impact on our projected benefit obligations and the unfunded status of our pension and other postretirement benefit plans.

For the year ended December 31, 2018,2020, net periodic pension benefit cost was $38.4$10.2 million, and net periodic other postretirement benefit income was $1.0$1.7 million. In 2018,2020, net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs were calculated using a variety of assumptions, including a weighted average discount rate of 3.68%3.42% and 3.66%, respectively, and ana weighted average expected return on plan assets of 6.45%5.80% and 5.00%4.50%, respectively. The expected return on plan assets is determined based on several factors, including adjusted historical returns, historical risk premiums for various asset classesforward-looking current market pricing. The forward-looking analysis is performed using a building block approach incorporating inputs such as current yields, valuations, economic data and target asset allocations within the portfolio. Adjustments made to the historical returns are based on recent return experience in the equity and fixed income markets and the belief that deviations from historical returns are likely over the relevant investment horizon.

broad macroeconomic themes.

The net periodic benefit cost and benefit obligation are affected by applicable year-end assumptions. Sensitivities to these assumptions may be asymmetric and are specific to the time periods noted. The impact of changing multiple factors simultaneously cannot be calculated by combining the individual sensitivities. The sensitivity to changes in discount rate assumptions may not be linear. A sensitivity analysis of the projected incremental effect of a 0.25% increase (decrease), holding all other assumptions constant, is as follows:

		Hypothetical Rate
		Increase (decrease)
		0.25%				(0.25)%
Discount Rate
Net periodic benefit cost, prior to annual remeasurement gains or losses		$	1.5			$	(1.6	)
Benefit obligation		$	(43.2	)		$	45.6
Return on plan assets
Net periodic benefit cost, prior to annual remeasurement gains or losses		$	(2.9	)		$	2.9

	Hypothetical Rate
	Increase (decrease)
	0.25%				(0.25)%
Discount Rate
Net periodic benefit cost, prior to annual remeasurement gains or losses		$0.8				($0.9	)
Benefit obligation		($35.2	)			$36.9
Return on plan assets
Net periodic benefit cost, prior to annual remeasurement gains or losses		($2.5	)			$2.5

Aggregate net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costincome for 20192021 is forecasted to be $1.7$14.8 million and $5.6$5.0 million, respectively. This estimate is based on a weighted average discount rate of 4.30%2.68% for the pension benefit plans and 4.34%2.65% for the other postretirement benefit plans, as well as ana weighted average expected return on assets of 6.41%5.76% for the pension benefit plans and 5.00%4.50% for the other postretirement benefit plans. Actual cost also is dependent on various other factors related to the employees covered by these plans. Adjustments to our actuarial assumptions could have a material adverse impact on our operating results.

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Please refer to “Note 815 - Retirement and Postretirement Plans” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information related to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans.

Other Loss Reserves

We have a number of loss exposures that are incurred in the ordinary course of business, such as environmental claims, product liability claims, product warranty claims, litigation and accounts receivable reserves. Establishing loss reserves for these matters requires management’s estimate and judgment with regard to risk exposure and ultimate liability or realization. These loss reserves are reviewed periodically and adjustments are made to reflect the most recent facts and circumstances. These other loss reserves have an immaterial impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including our forecasts, beliefs and expectations) that are not historical in nature are “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In particular, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains numerous forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements generally will be accompanied by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “outlook,” “intend,” “may,

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“may,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” or other similar words, phrases or expressions that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K. We caution readers that actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us due to a variety of factors, such as:

•

deterioration in world economic conditions, or in economic conditions in any of the geographic regions in which we conduct business, including additional adverse effects from global economic slowdown, terrorism or hostilities. This includes: political risks associated with the potential instability of governments and legal systems in countries in which we or our customers conduct business, and changes in currency valuations;

deterioration in world economic conditions, or in economic conditions in any of the geographic regions in which we conduct business, including additional adverse effects from global economic slowdown, terrorism or hostilities. This includes: political risks associated with the potential instability of governments and legal systems in countries in which we or our customers conduct business, and changes in currency valuations;

•

the effects of fluctuations in customer demand on sales, product mix and prices in the industries in which we operate. This includes: our ability to respond to rapid changes in customer demand; the effects of customer bankruptcies or liquidations; the impact of changes in industrial business cycles; and whether conditions of fair trade exist in the U.S. markets;

the effects of fluctuations in customer demand on sales, product mix and prices in the industries in which we operate. This includes: our ability to respond to rapid changes in customer demand; the effects of customer bankruptcies or liquidations; the impact of changes in industrial business cycles; and whether conditions of fair trade exist in the U.S. markets;

•

the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations and financial results, including cash flows and liquidity;

•

competitive factors, including changes in market penetration; increasing price competition by existing or new foreign and domestic competitors; the introduction of new products by existing and new competitors; and new technology that may impact the way our products are sold or distributed;

•

changes in operating costs, including the effect of changes in our manufacturing processes; changes in costs associated with varying levels of operations and manufacturing capacity; availability of raw materials and energy; our ability to mitigate the impact of fluctuations in raw materials and energy costs and the effectiveness of our surcharge mechanism; changes in the expected costs associated with product warranty claims; changes resulting from inventory management, cost reduction initiatives and different levels of customer demands; the effects of unplanned work stoppages; and changes in the cost of labor and benefits;

•

the success of our operating plans, announced programs, initiatives and capital investments; the ability to integrate acquired companies; the ability of acquired companies to achieve satisfactory operating results, including results being accretive to earnings; and our ability to maintain appropriate relations with unions that represent our associates in certain locations in order to avoid disruptions of business;

•

unanticipated litigation, claims or assessments, including claims or problems related to intellectual property, product liability or warranty, and environmental issues and taxes, among other matters;

•

the availability of financing and interest rates, which affect our cost of funds and/or ability to raise capital; our pension obligations and investment performance; and/or customer demand and the ability of customers to obtain financing to purchase our products or equipment that contain our products; and the amount of any dividend declared by our Board of Directors on our common shares;

The

•

the overall impact of the pension and postretirement mark-to-market accounting; and

Those

•

those items identified under the caption Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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You are cautioned that it is not possible to predict or identify all of the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect future results, and that the above list should not be considered to be a complete list. Except as required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

Our borrowings include both fixed and variable-rate debt. The variable debt consists principally of borrowings under our Amended Credit Agreement. We are exposed to the risk of rising interest rates to the extent we fund our operations with these variable-rate borrowings. As of December 31, 2018,2020, we have $189.1$78.2 million of aggregate debt outstanding. None of our outstanding debt as of which $115.0 million consists of debt withDecember 31, 2020 has variable interest rates. Based on the amount of debt with variable-rate interest outstanding,rates, thus a 1% rise in interest rates would result in an increase innot impact our interest expense of approximately $1.2 million annually.

at this point in time.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to foreign currencies may impact our earnings. Geographically, our sales are primarily made to customers in the United States. Currency fluctuations could impact us to the extent they impact the currency or the price of raw materials in foreign countries in which our competitors operate or have significant sales.

Commodity Price Risk

In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to market risk with respect to commodity price fluctuations, primarily related to our purchases of raw materials and energy, principally scrap steel, other ferrous and non-ferrous metals, alloys, natural gas and electricity. Whenever possible, we manage our exposure to commodity risks primarily through the use of supplier pricing agreements that enable us to establish the purchase prices for certain inputs that are used in our manufacturing business. We utilize a raw material surcharge as a component of pricing steel to pass through the cost increases of scrap, alloys and other raw materials, as well as natural gas. From time to time, we may use financial instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to price risk related to natural gas and electricity purchases.commodities. In periods of stable demand for our products, the surcharge mechanism has worked effectively to reduce the normal time lag in passing through higher raw material costs so that we can maintain our gross margins. When demand and cost of raw materials are lower, however, the surcharge impacts sales prices to a lesser extent.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	PAGE
	PAGE
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	3834
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 20172020, 2019 and 20162018	4137
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 20172020, 2019 and 20162018	4238
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20182020 and 20172019	4339
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity	4440
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	4541
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	4642

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of TimkenSteel Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TimkenSteel Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2020, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule included at Item 15a (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company at December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 20, 2019,25, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

		Accounting for pension and other postretirement benefit obligations
Description of the Matter		At December 31, 2020, the Company’s aggregate defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligation was $1,523.4 million and exceeded the fair value of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plan assets of $1,313.9 million, resulting in an unfunded defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligation of $209.5 million.  As explained in Note 2 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes actuarial gains and losses immediately through net periodic benefit cost upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis if specific events trigger a remeasurement, through updating the estimates used to measure the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligations and plan assets to reflect the actual return on plan assets and updated actuarial assumptions. Auditing the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligations was complex due to the highly judgmental nature of the actuarial assumptions (e.g., discount rate, mortality rate, and health care cost trend rates) used in the measurement process. These assumptions had a significant effect on the benefit obligations.
How we Addressed the Matter in our Audit		We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s accounting for the measurement of defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligations. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligation calculations, the relevant data inputs and the significant actuarial assumptions, discussed above, used in the calculations. To test the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligations, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the methodology used, the significant actuarial assumptions discussed above, and the underlying data used by the Company. We compared the actuarial assumptions used by management to historical trends and evaluated the change in the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligations from prior year due to the change in service cost, interest cost, actuarial gains and losses, benefit payments, contributions and other activities. In addition, we involved an actuarial specialist to assist with our procedures. For example, we evaluated management’s methodology for determining the discount rate that reflects the maturity and duration of the benefit payments and is used to measure the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligations. In certain instances, as part of this assessment, we compared the projected cash flows to prior year and compared the current year benefits paid to the prior year projected cash flows. To evaluate the mortality rate and health care cost trend rates, we assessed whether the information is consistent with publicly available information, and whether any market data adjusted for entity-specific adjustments were applied. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data, including the participant data used in the determination of the pension and other postretirement benefit obligations.

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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditors since 2012.

Cleveland, Ohio

February 20, 2019

38

25, 2021

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of TimkenSteel Corporation

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited TimkenSteel Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-IntegratedControl—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, TimkenSteel Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2020, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of TimkenSteel Corporation (the Company)the Company as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2020, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule included at Item 15a and our report dated February 20, 201925, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Cleveland, Ohio

February 20, 2019

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TimkenSteel Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Operations

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net sales		$	830.7			$	1,208.8			$	1,610.6
Cost of products sold			815.1				1,186.2				1,484.0
Gross Profit			15.6				22.6				126.6
Selling, general and administrative expenses			76.7				91.8				98.2
Restructuring charges			3.1				8.6				—
Impairment charges and (gain) loss on sale or disposal of assets			(2.4	)			9.3				0.9
Interest expense			12.2				15.7				17.1
Loss on extinguishment of debt			0.9				—				—
Other (income) expense, net			(14.2	)			23.3				18.6
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes			(60.7	)			(126.1	)			(8.2	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			1.2				(16.1	)			1.8
Net Income (Loss)		$	(61.9	)		$	(110.0	)		$	(10.0	)
Per Share Data:
Basic earnings (loss) per share		$	(1.38	)		$	(2.46	)		$	(0.22	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		$	(1.38	)		$	(2.46	)		$	(0.22	)

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net sales		$1,610.6				$1,329.2				$869.5
Cost of products sold	1,505.7				1,261.4				841.6
Gross Profit	104.9				67.8				27.9
Selling, general and administrative expenses	98.2				90.5				90.2
Impairment and restructuring charges	0.9				0.7				0.3
Operating Income (Loss)	5.8				(23.4		)		(62.6		)
Interest expense	17.1				14.8				11.4
Other expense, net	18.6				4.1				68.0
Loss Before Income Taxes	(29.9		)		(42.3		)		(142.0		)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	1.8				1.5				(36.5		)
Net Loss		($31.7	)			($43.8	)			($105.5	)
Per Share Data:
Basic loss per share		($0.71	)			($0.99	)			($2.39	)
Diluted loss per share		($0.71	)			($0.99	)			($2.39	)

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TimkenSteel Corporation

Consolidated StatementStatements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
(Dollars in millions)
Net income (loss)		$	(61.9	)		$	(110.0	)		$	(10.0	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of $0.1 million in 2020, $16.7 million in 2019 and $0.1 million in 2018:
Foreign currency translation adjustments			1.4				0.5				(1.4	)
Pension and postretirement liability adjustments			(5.7	)			53.1				0.1
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			(4.3	)			53.6				(1.3	)
Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax		$	(66.2	)		$	(56.4	)		$	(11.3	)

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
(Dollars in millions)
Net Loss		($31.7	)			($43.8	)			($105.5	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1.4		)		1.1				(2.0		)
Pension and postretirement liability adjustments	0.1				0.7				0.5
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(1.3		)		1.8				(1.5		)
Comprehensive Loss, net of tax		($33.0	)			($42.0	)			($107.0	)

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TimkenSteel Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

		December 31,
		2020				2019
(Dollars in millions)
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	102.8			$	27.1
Accounts receivable, net of allowances (2020 - $1.3 million; 2019 - $1.5 million)			63.3				77.5
Inventories, net			178.4				281.9
Deferred charges and prepaid expenses			4.0				3.3
Assets held for sale			0.3				4.1
Other current assets			8.8				7.8
Total Current Assets			357.6				401.7
Property, plant and equipment, net			569.8				626.4
Operating lease right-of-use assets			21.0				14.3
Pension assets			33.5				25.2
Intangible assets, net			9.3				14.3
Other non-current assets			2.8				3.3
Total Assets		$	994.0			$	1,085.2
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable		$	89.5			$	69.3
Salaries, wages and benefits			29.4				13.9
Accrued pension and postretirement costs			2.3				3.0
Current operating lease liabilities			7.5				6.2
Current convertible notes, net			38.9				—
Other current liabilities			13.4				19.9
Total Current Liabilities			181.0				112.3
Non-current convertible notes, net			39.3				78.6
Credit Agreement			—				90.0
Non-current operating lease liabilities			13.5				8.2
Accrued pension and postretirement costs			240.7				222.1
Deferred income taxes			1.0				0.9
Other non-current liabilities			11.0				10.0
Total Liabilities			486.5				522.1
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred shares, without par value; authorized 10.0 million shares, NaN issued			0				0
Common shares, without par value; authorized 200.0 million shares; issued 2020 and 2019 - 45.7 million shares			0				0
Additional paid-in capital			843.4				844.8
Retained deficit			(363.4	)			(301.5	)
Treasury shares - 2020 - 0.6 million; 2019 - 0.9 million			(12.9	)			(24.9	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			40.4				44.7
Total Shareholders’ Equity			507.5				563.1
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity		$	994.0			$	1,085.2

	December 31,
	2018				2017
(Dollars in millions)
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$21.6				$24.5
Accounts receivable, net of allowances (2018 - $1.7 million; 2017 - $1.4 million)	163.4				149.8
Inventories, net	296.8				224.0
Deferred charges and prepaid expenses	3.5				3.9
Other current assets	6.1				8.0
Total Current Assets	491.4				410.2
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net	674.4				706.7
Other Assets
Pension assets	10.5				14.6
Intangible assets, net	17.8				19.9
Other non-current assets	3.5				5.2
Total Other Assets	31.8				39.7
Total Assets		$1,197.6				$1,156.6
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable		$160.6				$135.3
Salaries, wages and benefits	36.8				32.4
Accrued pension and postretirement costs	3.0				11.5
Other current liabilities	20.4				27.6
Total Current Liabilities	220.8				206.8
Non-Current Liabilities
Convertible notes, net	74.1				70.1
Other long-term debt	115.0				95.2
Accrued pension and postretirement costs	240.0				210.8
Deferred income taxes	0.8				0.3
Other non-current liabilities	11.7				12.7
Total Non-Current Liabilities	441.6				389.1
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred shares, without par value; authorized 10.0 million shares, none issued	—				—
Common shares, without par value; authorized 200.0 million shares; issued 2018 and 2017 - 45.7 million shares	—				—
Additional paid-in capital	846.3				843.7
Retained deficit	(269.2		)		(238.0		)
Treasury shares - 2018 - 1.1 million; 2017 - 1.3 million	(33.0		)		(37.4		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(8.9		)		(7.6		)
Total Shareholders’ Equity	535.2				560.7
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity		$1,197.6				$1,156.6

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TimkenSteel Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

	Total				Additional Paid-in Capital				Retained Earnings (Deficit)				Treasury Shares				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
(Dollars in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2015		$682.0				$828.8				($92.6	)			($46.3	)			($7.9	)
Net loss	(105.5		)		—				(105.5		)						—
Pension and postretirement adjustment, net of tax	0.5				—				—				—				0.5
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2.0		)		—				—				—				(2.0		)
Stock-based compensation expense	6.7				6.7				—				—				—
Issuance of treasury shares	—				(1.4		)		—				1.4				—
Equity component of convertible notes, net	18.7				18.7				—				—				—
Deferred tax liability on convertible notes	(7.2		)		(7.2		)		—				—				—
Cumulative adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-09	4.2				—				4.2				—				—
Balance as of December 31, 2016		$597.4				$845.6				($193.9	)			($44.9	)			($9.4	)
Net loss	(43.8		)		—				(43.8		)		—				—
Pension and postretirement adjustment, net of tax	0.7				—				—				—				0.7
Foreign currency translation adjustments	1.1				—				—				—				1.1
Stock-based compensation expense	6.5				6.5				—				—				—
Stock option activity	0.2				0.2				—				—				—
Issuance of treasury shares	—				(8.6		)		(0.3		)		8.9				—
Shares surrendered for taxes	(1.4		)		—				—				(1.4		)		—
Balance as of December 31, 2017		$560.7				$843.7				($238.0	)			($37.4	)			($7.6	)
Net Loss	(31.7		)		—				(31.7		)		—				—
Pension and postretirement adjustment, net of tax	0.1				—				—				—				0.1
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1.4		)		—				—				—				(1.4		)
Adoption of new accounting standard (Note 2)	0.7				—				0.7				—				—
Stock-based compensation expense	7.3				7.3				—				—				—
Stock option activity	0.2				0.2				—				—				—
Issuance of treasury shares	—				(4.9		)		(0.2		)		5.1				—
Shares surrendered for taxes	(0.7		)		—				—				(0.7		)		—
Balance as of December 31, 2018		$535.2				$846.3				($269.2	)			($33.0	)			($8.9	)

		Common Shares Outstanding				Additional Paid-in Capital				Retained Deficit				Treasury Shares				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)				Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017			44,445,747			$	843.7			$	(182.0	)		$	(37.4	)		$	(7.6	)		$	616.7
Net income (loss)			—				—				(10.0	)			—				—				(10.0	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)			—				—				—				—				(1.3	)			(1.3	)
Adoption of new accounting standard			—				—				0.7				—				—				0.7
Stock-based compensation expense			—				7.3				—				—				—				7.3
Stock option activity			—				0.2				—				—				—				0.2
Issuance of treasury shares			176,454				(4.9	)			(0.2	)			5.1				—				—
Shares surrendered for taxes			(37,533	)			—				—				(0.7	)			—				(0.7	)
Balance as of December 31, 2018			44,584,668			$	846.3			$	(191.5	)		$	(33.0	)		$	(8.9	)		$	612.9
Net income (loss)			—				—				(110.0	)			—				—				(110.0	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)			—				—				—				—				53.6				53.6
Stock-based compensation expense			—				7.4				—				—				—				7.4
Stock option activity			—				0.2				—				—				—				0.2
Issuance of treasury shares			321,739				(9.1	)			—				9.1				—				—
Shares surrendered for taxes			(86,254	)			—				—				(1.0	)			—				(1.0	)
Balance at December 31, 2019			44,820,153			$	844.8			$	(301.5	)		$	(24.9	)		$	44.7			$	563.1
Net income (loss)			—				—				(61.9	)			—				—				(61.9	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)			—				—				—				—				(4.3	)			(4.3	)
Stock-based compensation expense			—				6.6				—				—				—				6.6
Issuance of treasury shares			486,260				(12.6	)			—				12.6				—				—
Shares surrendered for taxes			(142,105	)			—				—				(0.6	)			—				(0.6	)
Equity component of convertible notes, net			—				4.6				—				—				—				4.6
Balance at December 31, 2020			45,164,308			$	843.4			$	(363.4	)		$	(12.9	)		$	40.4			$	507.5

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TimkenSteel Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
(Dollars in millions)
CASH PROVIDED (USED)
Operating Activities
Net income (loss)		$	(61.9	)		$	(110.0	)		$	(10.0	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			70.0				73.5				73.0
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount			5.3				5.1				5.5
Loss on extinguishment of debt			0.9				—				—
Impairment charges and (gain) loss on sale or disposal of assets			(2.4	)			9.3				0.9
Deferred income taxes			—				(16.6	)			0.8
Stock-based compensation expense			6.6				7.4				7.3
Pension and postretirement expense (benefit), net			8.6				41.6				37.4
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net			14.2				85.9				(13.6	)
Inventories, net			103.5				92.6				(94.5	)
Accounts payable			23.1				(87.7	)			24.4
Other accrued expenses			9.4				(26.0	)			(3.8	)
Deferred charges and prepaid expenses			(0.7	)			0.2				0.4
Pension and postretirement contributions and payments			(4.1	)			(3.8	)			(13.1	)
Other, net			1.0				(1.2	)			3.8
Net Cash Provided (Used) by Operating Activities			173.5				70.3				18.5
Investing Activities
Capital expenditures			(16.9	)			(38.0	)			(40.0	)
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment			10.9				—				1.0
Net Cash Provided (Used) by Investing Activities			(6.0	)			(38.0	)			(39.0	)
Financing Activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options			—				0.2				0.2
Shares surrendered for employee taxes on stock compensation			(0.6	)			(1.0	)			(0.7	)
Refunding bonds repayments			—				—				(30.2	)
Repayments on credit agreements			(90.0	)			(65.0	)			(105.0	)
Borrowings on credit agreements			—				40.0				155.0
Debt issuance costs			(1.2	)			(1.0	)			(1.7	)
Net Cash Provided (Used) by Financing Activities			(91.8	)			(26.8	)			17.6
Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents			75.7				5.5				(2.9	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			27.1				21.6				24.5
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period		$	102.8			$	27.1			$	21.6

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
(Dollars in millions)
CASH PROVIDED (USED)
Operating Activities
Net Loss		($31.7	)			($43.8	)			($105.5	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	73.0				74.9				74.9
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount	5.5				4.0				2.9
Impairment charges and loss on sale or disposal of assets	0.9				1.6				1.2
Deferred income taxes	0.8				(0.3		)		(36.8		)
Stock-based compensation expense	7.3				6.5				6.7
Pension and postretirement expense, net	37.4				24.7				83.4
Pension and postretirement contributions and payments	(13.1		)		(4.3		)		(4.9		)
Reimbursement from postretirement plan assets	—				—				13.3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(13.6		)		(58.2		)		(10.7		)
Inventories, net	(72.8		)		(59.8		)		9.7
Accounts payable	24.4				45.7				37.5
Other accrued expenses	(3.8		)		18.3				(8.2		)
Deferred charges and prepaid expenses	0.4				(0.5		)		8.3
Other, net	3.8				(0.7		)		2.6
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities	18.5				8.1				74.4
Investing Activities
Capital expenditures	(40.0		)		(33.0		)		(42.7		)
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment	1.0				—				—
Net Cash Used by Investing Activities	(39.0		)		(33.0		)		(42.7		)
Financing Activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	0.2				0.2				—
Shares surrendered for employee taxes on stock compensation	(0.7		)		(1.4		)		—
Revenue Refunding Bonds repayments	(30.2		)		—				—
Repayments on credit agreements	(105.0		)		(5.0		)		(130.0		)
Borrowings on credit agreements	155.0				30.0				—
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes	—				—				86.3
Debt issuance costs	(1.7		)		—				(4.8		)
Net Cash Provided (Used) by Financing Activities	17.6				23.8				(48.5		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—				—				—
Decrease In Cash and Cash Equivalents	(2.9		)		(1.1		)		(16.8		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	24.5				25.6				42.4
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period		$21.6				$24.5				$25.6

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TimkenSteel Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(dollars in millions, except per share data)

Note1- Company and Basis of Presentation

TimkenSteel Corporation (the Company or TimkenSteel) manufactures alloy steel, as well as carbon and micro-alloy steel, with an annual melt capacity of approximately 2 million tons and shipment capacity of 1.5 million tons. TimkenSteel’s portfolio includes special bar quality (SBQ) bars, seamless mechanical tubing (tubes), value-added solutions such as precision steel components, and billets. In addition, TimkenSteel supplies machining and thermal treatment services and manages raw material recycling programs, which are also used as a feeder system for the Company’s melt operations. The Company’s products and services are used in a diverse range of demanding applications in the following market sectors: automotive; oil and gas; industrial equipment; mining; construction; rail; defense; heavy truck; agriculture; power generation; and oil country tubular goods (OCTG); automotive; industrial equipment; mining; construction; rail; aerospace and defense; heavy truck; agriculture; and power generation.

.

The SBQ bar, tube, and billet production processes take place at the Company’s Canton, Ohio manufacturing location. This location accounts for all of the SBQ bars, seamless mechanical tubes and billets the Company produces and includes three manufacturing facilities: the Faircrest, Harrison, and Gambrinus facilities. TimkenSteel’s value-added solutions production processes take place at threetwo downstream manufacturing facilities: TimkenSteel Material Services (Houston, Texas), Tryon Peak (Columbus, North Carolina), and St. Clair (Eaton, Ohio). Many of the production processes are integrated, and the manufacturing facilities produce products that are sold in all of the Company’s market sectors. As a result, investments in the Company’s facilities and resource allocation decisions affecting the Company’s operations are designed to benefit the overall business, not any specific aspect of the business.

During the first quarter of 2020, management completed its previously announced plan to close the Company’s TimkenSteel Material Services facility in Houston, Texas.

Basis of Consolidation:

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the consolidated assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses related to TimkenSteel as of December 31, 2018, 2017,2020, 2019 and 2016.2018. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions within TimkenSteel have been eliminated in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Use of Estimates:

The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are reviewed and updated regularly to reflect recent experience.

Presentation:

Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the fiscal 20182020 presentation.

Note2-Significant Accounting Policies

Revenue Recognition:

TimkenSteel recognizes revenue from contracts at a point in time when it has satisfied its performance obligation and the customer obtains control of the goods, at the amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive for those goods. The Company receives and acknowledges purchase orders from its customers, which define the quantity, pricing, payment and other applicable terms and conditions. In some cases, the Company receives a blanket purchase order from its customer, which includes pricing, payment and other terms and conditions, with quantities defined at the time the customer issues periodic releases from the blanket purchase order. Certain contracts contain variable consideration, which primarily consists of rebates that are accounted for in net sales and accrued based on the estimated probability of the requirements being met.

Cash Equivalents:

TimkenSteel considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

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Accounts Receivables, Net:

The Company’s accounts receivables arise from sales to customers across the mobile, industrial, energy, and other end-markets. The allowance for doubtful account reserve has been established using qualitative and quantitative methods. In general, account balances greater than one year of Contents

Allowanceage or sent to third party collection are fully reserved. Account balances for Doubtful Accounts:

TimkenSteel maintains ancustomers that are viewed as higher risk are also analyzed for a reserve. In addition to these methods, the allowance for doubtful accounts which represents an estimateis adjusted for forward looking uncollectible balances based on end-market outlook and dynamics, such as in the energy and mobile end-markets in 2020. The amount recorded was based on the Company’s

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Table of losses expected from the accounts receivable portfolio, to reduce accounts receivable to their net realizable value. The allowance is based upon historical trends in collections and write-offs, management’s judgmentContents

assessment of the probabilityrisk presented by customers in these end-markets as a result of collectingthe COVID-19 pandemic as well as geo-political factors facing the energy end-market. Historically, TimkenSteel’s allowance for doubtful accounts and management’s evaluation of business risk. TimkenSteel extends credit to customers satisfying pre-defined credit criteria. TimkenSteel believes it has limited concentration of credit risk due to the diversity of its customer base.

write-offs have been immaterial.

Inventories, Net:

Inventories are valuedstated at the lower of cost or market. The majority of TimkenSteel’s domesticnet realizable value. All inventories, are valued by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The remaining inventories, including raw materials, manufacturing supplies inventory as well as international (outside the U.S.) inventories, arehave been valued byusing the first-in, first-out (FIFO),FIFO or average cost or specific identification methods. Reserves are established for product inventory that is identified to be surplus and/or obsolete based on future requirements.

method as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net:

Property, plant and equipment, net are valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The provision for depreciation is computed principally by the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. The useful lives are approximately 30 years for buildings and three to 20 years for machinery and equipment.

Intangible Assets, Net:

Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line method over their legal or estimated useful lives, with useful lives ranging from three3 to 15 years.

In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 350-40, “Internal-Use Software,” (ASC 350-40),applicable accounting guidance, TimkenSteel capitalizes certain costs incurred for computer software developed or obtained for internal use. TimkenSteel capitalizes substantially all external costs and qualifying internal costs related to the purchase and implementation of software projects used for business operations. Capitalized software costs primarily include purchased software and external consulting fees. Capitalized software projects are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the software.

Long-lived Assets:

Long-lived assets (including tangible assets and intangible assets subject to amortization) are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances have occurred indicating that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable.

TimkenSteel tests recoverability of long-lived assets at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are independent from the cash flows of other assets. Assets and asset groups held and used are measured for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset or asset group to the sum of future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group.

Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives of TimkenSteel’s long-lived assets are complex and subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends and internal factors such as changes in TimkenSteel’s business strategy and internal forecasts.

If an asset or asset group is considered to be impaired, the impairment loss that would be recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. To determine fair value, TimkenSteel uses internal cash flow estimates discounted at an appropriate interest rate, third party appraisals, as appropriate, and/or market prices of similar assets, when available.

As the result

Refer to “Note 6 - Disposition of the discontinued use of certain assets, TimkenSteel recorded an impairment charge of $0.9 millionNon-Core Assets” and $0.7 million“Note 11 - Property, Plant and Equipment” for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. No impairment charges were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

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additional information.

Product Warranties:

TimkenSteel accrues liabilities for warranties based upon specific claim incidents in accordance with accounting rules relating to contingent liabilities. Should TimkenSteel become aware of a specific potential warranty claim for which liability is probable and reasonably estimable, a specific charge is recorded and accounted for accordingly. TimkenSteel had no0 significant warranty claims for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

2020, 2019 or 2018.

Income Taxes:

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. TimkenSteel accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. TimkenSteel recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent TimkenSteel believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, TimkenSteel considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If TimkenSteel determines that it would be able to realize deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, TimkenSteel would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

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TimkenSteel records uncertain tax positions in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (ASC 740),applicable accounting guidance, on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) TimkenSteel determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position, and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, TimkenSteel recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

TimkenSteel recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision (benefit) for income taxes line in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the

The Company made the accounting policy election to treat taxes related to Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) as a current period expense when incurred.

Foreign Currency:

Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries are translated at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date. Income and expenses are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. The related translation adjustments are reflected as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. TimkenSteel realized a foreign currency exchange lossesloss of $0.2 million in 2018both 2020 and $0.8 million2018. There were 0 foreign currency exchange gains or losses in 2016, and gains of $0.3 million in 2017.

2019.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits:

TimkenSteel recognizes an overfunded status or underfunded status (e.g., the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligations) as either an asset or a liability for its defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes actuarial gains and losses immediately through net periodic benefit cost in the Consolidated StatementStatements of Operations upon the annual remeasurement at December 31, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. In addition, the Company uses fair value to account for the value of plan assets.

Stock-Based Compensation:

TimkenSteel recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on the grant date fair value of the stock-based awards over their required vesting period on a straight-line basis, whether the awards were granted with graded or cliff vesting. Stock options are issued with an exercise price equal to the openingclosing market price of TimkenSteel common shares on the date of grant. The fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, which incorporates assumptions regarding the expected volatility, the expected option life, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield.

Performance-vested restricted stock units issued in 2020 vest based on achievement of a total shareholder return (TSR) metric. The TSR metric is considered a market condition, which requires TimkenSteel to reflect it in the fair value on grant date using an advanced option-pricing model. The fair value of each performance share was therefore determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model, a generally accepted lattice pricing model. The Monte Carlo valuation model, among other factors, uses commonly-accepted economic theory underlying all valuation models, estimates fair value using simulations of future share prices based on stock price behavior and considers the correlation of peer company returns in determining fair value.

The fair value of stock-based awards that will settle in TimkenSteel common shares, other than stock options and performance-vested restricted stock units, is based on the openingclosing market price of

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TimkenSteel common shares on the grant date. The fair values of stock-based awards that will settle in cash are remeasured at each reporting period until settlement of the awards.

TimkenSteel early adopted Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2016-09, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” in the fourth quarter of 2016, with the effect recorded as of January 1, 2016. Under ASU 2016-09,

TimkenSteel recognizes all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies as income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated StatementStatements of Operations. The Company recorded an adjustment to beginning retained earnings in 2016 of $4.2 million for previously unrecognized excess tax benefits. The excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are considered discrete items in the reporting period they occur and are not included in the estimate of an entity’s annual effective tax rate.

TimkenSteel’s additional paid in capital pool as of December 31, 2015 was not affected by ASU 2016-09, because those excess benefits have already been recognized in the financial statements, and the recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the income statement is prospective only in the fiscal year of adoption. As a result, there was not a reclassification between additional paid in capital and retained earnings in the fiscal years before adoption.

Research and Development:

Expenditures for TimkenSteel research and development amounted to $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, and $8.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and were recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. These expenditures may fluctuate from year to year depending on special projects and the needs of TimkenSteel and its customers.

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Adoption of New Accounting Standards

The Company adopted the following ASUs inAccounting Standard Updates (ASU) during the first quarter of 2018, all of which were effective as of January 1, 2018.year ended December 31, 2020. The adoption of these standards did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements or the related Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Standards Adopted	Description
ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business	The standard clarifies the definition of a business when evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions, or disposals of assets or businesses.
ASU 2017-09, Stock Compensation, Scope of Modification Accounting	The standard provides guidance intended to reduce diversity in practice when accounting for a modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment award.

On January 1, 2018, TimkenSteel adopted the new revenue recognition standard using the modified retrospective approach as applied to customer contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. As a result, financial information for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, are presented in accordance with the new revenue recognition standard. Comparative financial information for reporting periods beginning prior to January 1, 2018, has not been adjusted and continues to be reported in accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition policies prior to the adoption of the new revenue standard. The cumulative effect was an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. Under the new revenue standard, the Company will continue to recognize revenue at a point in time when it transfers promised goods or services to customers. Refer to Note 9 - Revenue Recognition for further discussion.

The following table outlines the cumulative effect of adopting the new revenue recognition standard as of January 1, 2018:

Consolidated Balance Sheet Caption	As of December 31, 2017				ASU 2014-09 Adjustment				As of January 1, 2018
Inventories, net		$224.0				($3.3	)			$220.7
Other current liabilities		$27.6				($4.0	)			$23.6
Retained deficit		($238.0	)		0.7					($237.3	)

The ASU 2014-09 adoption adjustment is due to transactions in which the Company bills a customer for product but retains physical possession of the product until it is transferred to the customer at a point in time in the future. Prior to the adoption of the new revenue standard, TimkenSteel would recognize revenue when the product was physically transferred to the customer. Under the new revenue standard, the Company has satisfied its performance obligation and the customer obtains control when the goods are ready to be transferred to the customer and revenue is recorded at that time.

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For the year ended December 31, 2018, the adoption of the new revenue standard did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements or the related Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topics 842),” which requires lessees to recognize lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on the balance sheet for not only finance (previously capital) leases but also operating leases. The standard also requires additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures, and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. As such, TimkenSteel adopted the standard using the modified retrospective transition approach as of January 1, 2019, the beginning of fiscal 2019, without adjusting comparative periods.

The Company elected certain of the practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard as follows: 

A package of practical expedients to not reassess:

◦	Whether a contract is or contains a lease

◦	Lease classification

◦	Initial direct costs

A practical expedient to not reassess certain land easements

The Company has implemented internal controls and lease accounting software to enable the quantification of the expected impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and to facilitate the calculations of the related accounting entries and disclosures going forward. Adoption of the lease standard is estimated to result in recognition of right-to-use assets and lease liabilities of approximately $15 million, as of January 1, 2019. Adoption of the lease standard will have no impact on the Company’s debt-covenant compliance under its current agreements. Also, the Company does not expect the standard will materially affect its results of operations or its liquidity.

The Company has considered the recent ASUs issued by the FASB summarized below.

Standard Pending Standards Adopted	Description	Date of Adoption	Description	Effective Date	Anticipated Impact
ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40)	The standard aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in cloud computing software arrangements with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software.	January 1, 2020	The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its results of operations and financial condition.
ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20)	The standard eliminates, modifies and adds disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans.	January 1, 2021	The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its results of operations and financial condition.
ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)	The standard eliminates, modifies and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements.	January 1, 2020	The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its results of operations and financial condition.
ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting	The standard provides an expanded scope of Topic 718, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees.	January 1, 2019	The Company evaluated the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its results of operations and financial condition and determined that the impact is immaterial.
ASU 2018-02, Reporting Comprehensive Income: Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	The standard permits entities to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of tax reform to retained earnings.	January 1, 2019	The Company evaluated the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its results of operations and financial condition and determined that the impact is immaterial.
ASU 2017-11, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity; Derivatives and Hedging	The standard eliminates the requirement to consider “down round” features when determining whether certain equity-linked financial instruments or embedded features are indexed to an entity’s own stock.	January 1, 2019	The Company evaluated the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its results of operations and financial condition and determined that the impact is immaterial.
ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326)	The standard changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets, including trade and other receivables, and replaces the current incurred loss approach with an expected loss model.	January 1, 2020
ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)	The standard eliminates, modifies and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements.	January 1, 2020
ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20)	The standard eliminates, modifies and adds disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans.	January 1, 2020
ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40)	The standard aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in cloud computing software arrangements with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software.	January 1, 2020
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)	The standard provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met.	March 12, 2020

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

The Company has considered the recent ASUs issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board summarized below:

Standard Pending Adoption	Description	Effective Date	Anticipated Impact
ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740)	The standard simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing various exceptions.	January 1, 2021	The Company is currently evaluatinghas evaluated the impact of the adoptionadopting of this ASU and it will not have a material impact on its resultsthe Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)	The standard simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments, as well as the diluted net income per share calculation. The standard also removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception. The amendments in the standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, however early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Entities can adopt the guidance through either a modified retrospective method of operations and financial condition.transition or a fully retrospective method of transition.	January 1, 2021 (Early Adoption Date)	The Company has elected to early adopt this standard as of January 1, 2021 using the modified retrospective method of transition. We expect this standard will have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to “Note 14 – Financing Arrangements” for additional information.

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Note3-Segment Information

We conduct our business activities and report financial results as one business segment. The presentation of financial results as one reportable segment is consistent with the way the Company operates its business and is consistent with the manner in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) evaluates performance and makes resource and operating decisions for the business as described above. Furthermore, the Company notes that monitoring financial results as one reportable segment helps the CODM manage costs on a consolidated basis, consistent with the integrated nature of the operations.

Geographic Information

Net sales by geographic area are reported by the country in which the customer is domiciled. Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization. Long-lived assets by geographic area are reported by the location of the TimkenSteel operations to which the asset is attributed.

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
Net Sales:
United States		$	746.8			$	1,096.8			$	1,456.2
Foreign			83.9				112.0				154.4
		$	830.7			$	1,208.8			$	1,610.6

		December 31,
		2020				2019
Long-lived Assets, net:
United States		$	599.1			$	654.8
Foreign			1.0				0.2
		$	600.1			$	655.0

Note4-Revenue Recognition

The following table provides the major sources of revenue by end-market sector for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
Mobile		$	346.0			$	479.3			$	553.9
Industrial			391.7				486.3				637.5
Energy			53.2				166.4				265.6
Other(1)			39.8				76.8				153.6
Total Net Sales		$	830.7			$	1,208.8			$	1,610.6

(1) “Other” for sales by end-market sector includes the Company’s scrap and OCTG billet sales.

The following table provides the major sources of revenue by product type for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
Bar		$	502.5			$	783.0			$	1,030.7
Tube			101.4				151.8				254.7
Value-add			208.1				240.6				284.3
Other(2)			18.7				33.4				40.9
Total Net Sales		$	830.7			$	1,208.8			$	1,610.6

(2) “Other” for sales by product type includes the Company’s scrap sales.

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Note5-Restructuring Charges

During 2019 and throughout 2020, TimkenSteel made organizational changes to streamline its organizational structure to drive enhanced profitability and sustainable growth. These company-wide actions included the restructuring of its business support functions, the reduction of management layers throughout the organization, the closure of the TimkenSteel Material Services (TMS) facility in Houston, Texas and other domestic and international actions to further improve the Company’s overall cost structure. Through these restructuring efforts, to date the Company has eliminated approximately 215 salaried positions and recognized restructuring charges of $3.1 million in 2020 and $8.6 million in 2019, primarily consisting of severance and employee-related benefits. Approximately 55 of these positions were eliminated in 2020. TimkenSteel recorded reserves for such restructuring charges as other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The reserve balance at December 31, 2020 is expected to be substantially used in the next twelve months.

The following is a summary of the restructuring reserve for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

Balance at December 31, 2019		$	6.0
Expenses (1)			3.1
Payments			(7.6	)
Balance at December 31, 2020		$	1.5

(1)

Expenses of $3.1 million exclude stock compensation of $0.1 million that was accelerated as a result of the Company’s restructuring activities.

Balance at December 31, 2018		$	—
Expenses (2)			8.6
Payments			(2.6	)
Balance at December 31, 2019		$	6.0

(2)

Expenses of $8.6 million exclude stock compensation of $0.3 million that was accelerated as a result of the Company’s restructuring activities.

There were 0 restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Note 36 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets

Scrap Processing Facility

During the fourth quarter of 2019, management signed a letter of intent to dispose of the Company’s scrap processing facility in Akron, Ohio for cash consideration of approximately $4.0 million. This letter of intent and cash consideration were for the land, buildings, machinery and equipment associated with this facility.

As a result of the agreement to sell the scrap processing facility, the Company ceased depreciation of the assets and recorded them as assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019. This disposal does not represent a discontinued operation. Additionally, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $7.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2019 which represents the cash consideration to be received less cost to sell the assets compared with the $11.3 million carrying value of the assets being sold, including supplies inventory. An additional loss on disposal of $0.1 million was recognized in the first quarter of 2020 as the sale was completed.

TimkenSteel Material Services Facility

During the first quarter of 2020, management completed its previously announced plan to close the Company’s TMS facility in Houston and began selling the assets at the facility. Accelerated depreciation and amortization on TMS assets of $2.8 million was recorded in the fourth quarter of 2019, with an additional $1.6 million of accelerated depreciation and amortization recorded in the first quarter of 2020, to reduce the net book value of the machinery and equipment to its estimated fair value. Subsequent to the closure, certain assets were sold and a gain on sale of $3.6 million was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2020.

At December 31, 2020, the remaining associated machinery and equipment, with a net book value of $0.3 million, was classified as held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The land and buildings associated with TMS were not classified as held for sale, as they were not considered available for immediate sale in their present condition.

Inventory write-downs of $4.8 million were recorded as of December 31, 2019, which represented the difference between the expected selling price and carrying value of the related inventory. The expected selling price was based upon the Company’s most recently published price lists related to this inventory. While the Company began selling the inventory associated with TMS in the first quarter of 2020 at prices that were in line with the net realizable value of the inventory established in the fourth quarter of 2019, excess inventory related to the energy end-market sector resulted in an additional reserve of approximately $3.1 million being recorded in the second quarter of 2020. The excess inventory is the

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result of continued weakness in this end-market sector, as well as recent closures of several distributors that were holding considerable amounts of similar inventory.

Small-Diameter Seamless Mechanical Tubing Machinery and Equipment

In the third quarter of 2020, TimkenSteel informed customers that as of December 31, 2020 the Company will discontinue the commercial offering of specific small-diameter seamless mechanical tubing product offerings. As a result, the Company recognized accelerated depreciation of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 on the machinery and equipment used in the manufacturing of these specific products. Additional accelerated depreciation of $1.3 million will be recognized in the first quarter of 2021 in alignment with the ramp down of this machinery and equipment.

Property Sales

In the fourth quarter of 2020, TimkenSteel sold portions of non-core property at the Canton, Ohio manufacturing location, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Note7-Other (Income) Expense, net

The following table provides the components of other (income) expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
Pension and postretirement non-service benefit (income) loss		$	(26.6	)		$	(17.5	)		$	(25.2	)
Loss (gain) from remeasurement of benefit plans			14.7				40.6				43.5
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain)			0.2				—				0.2
Employee retention credit			(2.3	)			—				—
Miscellaneous (income) expense			(0.2	)			0.2				0.1
Total other (income) expense, net		$	(14.2	)		$	23.3			$	18.6

Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefit income, for all years, consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost. The loss from remeasurement of benefit plans is due to the Company performing mark-to-market accounting on its pension and postretirement assets at year-end and upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. For more details on the remeasurement refer to “Note 15 - Retirement and Postretirement Plans.”

Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act

On March 27, 2020, the President of the United States signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act, an economic stimulus package intended to provide support, principally in the form of tax benefits, to companies and individuals negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the majority of the provisions included in the CARES Act did not immediately benefit the Company from a cash tax perspective due to its significant net operating losses, the Company has taken advantage of the deferral of the employer share (6.2% of employee wages) of Social Security payroll taxes that would otherwise have been owed from the date of enactment of the legislation through December 31, 2020, as afforded by the Act. Through December 31, 2020, the Company has deferred $6.4 million in cash payments and recorded reserves for such deferred payroll taxes in salaries, wages and benefits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The deferred amount of payments is to be paid in 2 equal installments at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022.

The CARES Act also provided for an employee retention credit (“Employee Retention Credit”), which is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes of up to $5,000 per employee for eligible employers. The tax credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages paid to employees during a quarter, capped at $10,000 of qualified wages per employee throughout the year. The Company qualified for the tax credit in the second and third quarters of 2020 and accrued a benefit of $2.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2020 related to the Employee Retention Credit in other (income) expense, net on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Note8-Income Tax Provision

Income (loss) from operations before income taxes, based on geographic location of the operations to which such earnings are attributable, is provided below.

		Years Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
United States		$	(64.1	)		$	(130.8	)		$	(10.1	)
Non-United States			3.4				4.7				1.9
Loss from operations before income taxes		$	(60.7	)		$	(126.1	)		$	(8.2	)

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The provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following:

		Years Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
Current:
Federal		$	0.6			$	—			$	—
State and local			—				0.1				0.3
Foreign			0.5				0.4				0.7
Total current tax expense (benefit)		$	1.1			$	0.5			$	1.0
Deferred:
Federal		$	(0.4	)		$	(14.4	)		$	0.4
State and local			0.5				(2.0	)			—
Foreign			—				(0.2	)			0.4
Total deferred tax expense (benefit)			0.1				(16.6	)			0.8
Provision (benefit) for incomes taxes		$	1.2			$	(16.1	)		$	1.8

For the year ended December 31, 2020, TimkenSteel made $0.4 million in foreign tax payments, $0.1 million in state tax payments, and 0 U.S. federal payments, and had 0 refundable overpayments of state income taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2019, TimkenSteel made $0.6 million in foreign tax payments, $0.2 million in state tax payments, and 0 U.S. federal payments, and had 0 refundable overpayments of state income taxes.

The reconciliation between TimkenSteel’s effective tax rate on income (loss) from continuing operations and the statutory tax rate is as follows:

		Years Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
U.S. federal income tax provision (benefit) at statutory rate		$	(12.7	)		$	(26.5	)		$	(6.3	)
Adjustments:
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit			2.3				(1.3	)			(0.5	)
Foreign earnings taxed at different rates			0.1				—				0.2
U.S. research tax credit			—				0.2				(0.2	)
Valuation allowance			10.3				10.2				7.5
Global intangible low-taxed income			—				0.2				0.5
Permanent differences			1.3				1.3				0.8
Other items, net			(0.1	)			(0.2	)			(0.2	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		$	1.2			$	(16.1	)		$	1.8
Effective tax rate			(2.0	)%			12.8	%			(5.9	)%

Income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes. Except as required under U.S. tax law, U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes have not been recognized on the excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis of investments in foreign subsidiaries that is indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. This amount becomes taxable upon a repatriation of assets from the subsidiary or a sale or liquidation of the subsidiary. During the third quarter of 2020, TimkenSteel (Shanghai) Corporation Limited declared a dividend of $5.1 million to TimkenSteel. Foreign withholding taxes paid on this repatriation of previous profits were $0.5 million, resulting in $4.6 million of cash sent to the U.S.

Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries outside of the U.S. were $2.7 million, $6.5 million and $5.5 million at December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company has recognized a deferred tax liability in the amount of $0.3 million and $0.7 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for undistributed earnings at its TimkenSteel (Shanghai) Corporation Limited and TimkenSteel de Mexico S. de R.C. de C.V. subsidiaries, as those earnings are not permanently reinvested by the Company.

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The effect of temporary differences giving rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:

		December 31,
		2020				2019
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation		$	(97.5	)		$	(98.6	)
Inventory			(16.2	)			(24.3	)
Convertible debt			(1.6	)			(1.7	)
Leases - right-of-use asset			(5.0	)			(3.4	)
Other, net			(0.3	)			(0.7	)
Deferred tax liabilities		$	(120.6	)		$	(128.7	)
Deferred tax assets:
Pension and postretirement benefits		$	50.3			$	47.9
Other employee benefit accruals			8.7				7.2
Tax loss carryforwards			94.4				86.0
Intangible assets			1.0				1.1
Inventory			4.5				5.4
State decoupling			2.8				4.5
Lease liability			5.0				3.4
Interest limitation			—				6.0
Other, net			0.6				1.2
Deferred tax assets subtotal		$	167.3			$	162.7
Valuation allowances			(47.7	)			(34.9	)
Deferred tax assets			119.6				127.8
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)		$	(1.0	)		$	(0.9	)

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had a deferred tax liability of $1.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As of December 31, 2020, TimkenSteel had loss carryforwards in the U.S. and various non-U.S. jurisdictions totaling $406.8 million (of which $348.3 million relates to the U.S. and $58.5 million relates to the UK jurisdiction), having various expiration dates. TimkenSteel has provided valuation allowances of $47.7 million against these carryforwards. The majority of the non-U.S. loss carryforwards represent local country net operating losses for branches of TimkenSteel or entities treated as branches of TimkenSteel under U.S. tax law. Tax benefits have previously been recorded for these losses in the U.S. The related local country net operating loss carryforwards are offset fully by valuation allowances.

During 2016, operating losses generated in the U.S. resulted in a decrease in the carrying value of the Company’s U.S. deferred tax liability to the point that would result in a net U.S. deferred tax asset at December 31, 2016. In light of TimkenSteel’s operating performance in the U.S. and current industry conditions, the Company assessed, based upon all available evidence, and concluded that it was more likely than not that it would not realize a portion of its U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company recorded a valuation allowance in 2016 and as a result of current year activity, the Company remained in a full valuation allowance position through 2020. Going forward, the need to maintain valuation allowances against deferred tax assets in the U.S. and other affected countries will cause variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company will maintain a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets in the U.S. and applicable foreign countries until sufficient positive evidence exists to eliminate them.

As of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, TimkenSteel had 0 total gross unrecognized tax benefits, and 0 amounts which represented unrecognized tax benefits that would favorably impact TimkenSteel’s effective income tax rate in any future periods if such benefits were recognized. As of December 31, 2020, TimkenSteel does not anticipate a change in its unrecognized tax positions during the next 12 months. TimkenSteel had 0 accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

As of December 31, 2020, TimkenSteel is not subject to examination by the IRS. Pursuant to the Tax Sharing Agreement dated June 30, 2014 between TimkenSteel and The Timken Company, TimkenSteel may be subject to results from tax examinations for The Timken Company for federal, state and local and various foreign tax jurisdictions in various open audit periods.

Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021

On December 27, 2020 the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 (“the Appropriations Act”) was signed into law. The Appropriations Act, among other things includes provisions related to the deductibility of paycheck protection program (“PPP”) expenses paid with PPP loan proceeds, payroll tax credits, modifications to the meals and entertainment deduction, increased limitations on charitable deductions for corporate taxpayers, and enhancements of expiring tax “extender” provisions. The Company has completed its assessment of the impact of the legislation, and there is no significant impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Note 9 - Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic loss per share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted loss per share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of common share equivalents calculated using the treasury stock method or if-converted method. For the Convertible Notes, the Company utilizes the if-converted method to calculate diluted loss per share. Under the if-converted method, the Company adjusts net earnings to add back interest expense (including amortization of debt discount) recognized on the Convertible Notes and includes the number of shares potentially issuable related to the Convertible Notes in the weighted average shares outstanding. Treasury stock is excluded from the denominator in calculating both basic and diluted loss per share.

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, 4.6 million, 3.7 million, and 3.3 million shares issuable for equity-based awards, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. The shares potentially issuable related to the Convertible Notes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 of 9.1 million, 6.9 million, and 6.9 million, respectively, were also anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share.

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the numerator and the denominator of basic and diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
Numerator:
Net income (loss)		$	(61.9	)		$	(110.0	)		$	(10.0	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic			45.0				44.8				44.6
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted			45.0				44.8				44.6
Basic earnings (loss) per share		$	(1.38	)		$	(2.46	)		$	(0.22	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		$	(1.38	)		$	(2.46	)		$	(0.22	)

Note10–Inventories

The components of inventories net of reserves as of December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 were as follows:

		December 31,
		2020				2019
Manufacturing supplies		$	37.6			$	49.8
Raw materials			20.0				26.0
Work in process			79.1				123.7
Finished products			55.6				93.1
Gross inventory			192.3				292.6
Allowance for inventory reserves			(13.9	)			(10.7	)
Total inventories, net		$	178.4			$	281.9

	December 31,
	2018				2017
Manufacturing supplies		$46.9				$36.3
Raw materials	35.2				31.9
Work in process	155.7				137.8
Finished products	142.8				82.9
Gross inventory	380.6				288.9
Allowance for surplus and obsolete inventory	(5.1		)		(7.8		)
LIFO reserve	(78.7		)		(57.1		)
Total Inventories, net		$296.8				$224.0

Inventories are valued

In connection with the closure of TMS, the Company recorded an additional reserve against inventory of $4.8 million in 2019 and increased this reserve by $3.1 million in the second quarter of 2020 to state it at the lower of cost or market, with approximately 74% valued by the LIFO method, and the remaining inventories, including manufacturing supplies inventory as well as international (outside the United States) inventories, valued by FIFO, average cost or specific identification methods.

TimkenSteel recognized an increase in its LIFO reservenet realizable value. See “Note 6 - Disposition of $21.6 million and $12.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in the LIFO reserve recognized during 2018 was due to higher scrap prices and inflation on certain consumables. The increase in the LIFO reserve recognized during 2017 was due to higher manufacturing costs and high scrap prices.

Non-Core Assets.”

Note 4 11-Property, Plant and Equipment

The components of property, plant and equipment, net as of December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 were as follows:

		December 31,
		2020				2019
Land		$	13.3			$	13.3
Buildings and improvements			422.5				419.0
Machinery and equipment			1,398.7				1,404.6
Construction in progress			11.0				30.9
Subtotal			1,845.5				1,867.8
Less allowances for depreciation			(1,275.7	)			(1,241.4	)
Property, plant and equipment, net		$	569.8			$	626.4

	December 31,
	2018				2017
Land		$14.1				$13.4
Buildings and improvements	424.4				420.6
Machinery and equipment	1,404.2				1,387.4
Construction in progress	28.5				30.4
Subtotal	1,871.2				1,851.8
Less allowances for depreciation	(1,196.8		)		(1,145.1		)
Property, Plant and Equipment, net		$674.4				$706.7

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Total depreciation expense was $67.5$65.0 million, $68.3$67.4 million, and $68.0$67.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 2017 and 2016, respectively.

TimkenSteel recorded capitalized interest related to construction projects of $0.1 million, $0.6 million and $0.7 million Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 includes $2.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of accelerated depreciation related to the closure of TMS which was announced in the fourth quarter of 2019 and the discontinuation of specific small-diameter seamless mechanical tube manufacturing announced in 2020. See “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” for additional information. For the year ended December 31, 2020, TimkenSteel recorded a net gain on the sale and disposal of assets of $2.6 million, primarily related to the sale of certain TMS assets. For the year ended December 31, 2019, TimkenSteel recorded impairments and loss on disposal of assets of $9.0 million primarily related to the abandonment of certain equipment and the impairment of assets held for sale. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017TimkenSteel recorded approximately $0.5 of impairment charges and 2016, respectively.

As the resultloss on sale or disposal of assets related to the discontinued use of certain assets, TimkenSteel recorded an impairment charge of $0.5 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. No impairment charges were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

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assets.

Note 5 12-Intangible Assets

The components of intangible assets, net as of December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 were as follows:

		December 31, 2020												December 31, 2019
		Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships		$	6.3			$	5.4			$	0.9			$	6.3			$	5.0			$	1.3
Technology use			9.0				9.0				—				9.0				8.0				1.0
Capitalized software			58.0				49.6				8.4				61.1				49.1				12.0
Total intangible assets		$	73.3			$	64.0			$	9.3			$	76.4			$	62.1			$	14.3

	December 31, 2018												December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships		$6.3				$4.6				$1.7				$6.3				$4.1				$2.2
Technology use	9.0				6.5				2.5				9.0				5.9				3.1
Capitalized software	61.6				48.0				13.6				59.1				44.5				14.6
Total Intangible Assets		$76.9				$59.1				$17.8				$74.4				$54.5				$19.9

Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line method over their legal or estimated useful lives. The weighted average useful lives of the customer relationships, technology use and capitalized software intangible assets are 15 years, 15 years and 6 years, respectively. The weighted average useful life of total intangible assets is 8 years.

As a result of discontinued use of certain capitalized software, TimkenSteel recorded an impairment charge of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. No impairment charges were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Amortization expense for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 2017was $5.0 million, $6.1 million and 2016 was $5.5 million, $6.6respectively. Amortization expense in 2020 and 2019 associated with capitalized software includes accelerated amortization of $1.0 million and $6.9$0.9 million, respectively. respectively, related to the closure of TMS. See “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” for additional information. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, TimkenSteel recorded a loss on disposal of $0.2 million, $0.1 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, related to capitalized software.

Based upon the intangible assets subject to amortization as of December 31, 2018,2020, TimkenSteel’s estimated annual amortization for the five succeeding years is shown below (in millions):

Year		Amortization Expense
2021		$	3.1
2022			2.6
2023			2.0
2024			1.0
2025			0.1

Year	Amortization Expense
2019	$4.7
2020	$3.5
2021	$2.6
2022	$2.1
2023	$1.2

Note 6 13-Financing Arrangements

Convertible Notes

In May 2016,Leases

The Company has operating leases for office space, warehouses, land, machinery and equipment, vehicles and certain information technology equipment. These leases have remaining lease terms of less than one year to six years, some of which may include options to extend the leases for one or more years. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. As of December 31, 2020, the Company issued $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes, and an additional $11.3 million principal amount to cover over-allotments (Convertible Notes).has 0 financing leases. The Indentureweighted average remaining lease term for the Convertible Notes dated May 31, 2016, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an exhibit to a Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016, contains a complete description of the terms of the Convertible Notes. The key terms are as follows:

Maturity Date:         June 1, 2021 unless repurchased or converted earlier

Interest Rate:         6.0% cash interest per year

Interest Payments Dates:     June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2016

Initial Conversion Price:    Approximately $12.58 per common share of the Company

Initial Conversion Rate:    79.5165 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of Notes

The net proceeds to the Company from the offering were $83.2 million, after deducting the initial underwriters’ discount and fees and the offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds to repay a portion of the amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

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The components of the Convertible Notesour operating leases as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017
Principal		$86.3				$86.3
Less: Debt issuance costs, net of amortization	(1.2		)		(1.6		)
Less: Debt discount, net of amortization	(11.0		)		(14.6		)
Convertible notes, net		$74.1				$70.1

The2020 was 3.4 years.

Leases with an initial valueterm of 12 months or less (short-term leases) are not recorded on the principal amount recorded asbalance sheet. Rather, the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a liability at the date of issuance was $66.9 million, using an effective interest rate of 12.0%. The remaining $19.4 million of principal amount was allocated to the conversion feature and recorded as a component of shareholders’ equity at the date of issuance. This amount represents a discount to the debt to be amortized through interest expense using the effective interest method through the maturity of the Convertible Notes.

Transaction costs were allocated to the liability and equity components based on their relative values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component of $2.4 million are amortized to interest expensestraight-line basis over the lease term in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. For lease agreements entered into after the adoption of lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Convertible Notes,Company combines lease and transaction costs attributablenon-lease components. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

The Company recorded lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2020 as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020			2019
Operating lease cost		$	8.8		$	7.4
Short-term lease cost			0.7			1.9
Total lease cost		$	9.5		$	9.3

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When available, the rate implicit in the lease is used to discount lease payments to present value; however, the equity component of $0.7 million are included in shareholders’ equity.

Company’s leases generally do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, the incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments is estimated using market-based information available at lease commencement. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized relatedweighted average discount rate used to the Convertible Notes:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017
Contractual interest expense		$5.2				$5.2
Amortization of debt issuance costs	0.4				0.5
Amortization of debt discount	3.6				3.2
Total		$9.2				$8.9

The fair value of the Convertible Notes was approximately $113.0 millionmeasure our operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2018. 2020 was 3.2%.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020			2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities		$	8.8		$	7.5
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		$	12.5		$	4.3

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:

2021		$	8.4
2022			5.7
2023			4.8
2024			2.7
After 2024			0.9
Total future minimum lease payments			22.5
Less amount of lease payment representing interest			(1.5	)
Total present value of lease payments		$	21.0

As of December 31, 2020, we do 0t have any significant operating leases that have not yet commenced.

Note14-Financing Arrangements

The fair value offollowing table summarizes the Convertible Notes, which falls within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, is based on the last price traded in December 2018.

Holders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 1, 2021 only under certain circumstances described in the Convertible Notes Indenture, based on the reported sale price of the Company’s common shares for specified trading days as a percentage of the conversion price of the Convertible Notes,current and upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after March 1, 2021 until the business day preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at their option.

Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common shares or a combination of cash and common shares, at its election. If the Company satisfies its conversion obligation solely in cash or through payment and delivery, as the case may be, of a combination of cash and common shares, the amount of cash and number of common shares, if any, due upon conversion will be based on a daily conversion value calculated on a proportionate basis for each trading day in a 40-trading day period.

If the Company undergoes a fundamental change, subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or part of their Convertible Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the repurchase date.

Upon certain events of default occurring and continuing (including failure to pay principal or interest on the Convertible Notes when due and payable), the Trustee or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount may declare 100% of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all the Convertible Notes to be due and payable. In case of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization, involving the Company or a significant subsidiary, 100% of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest on the Convertible Notes will become due and payable immediately.

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Other Long-Term Debt

The components of other long-termnon-current debt as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017 were as follows:2019:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019
Credit Agreement		$	—			$	90.0
Convertible Senior Notes due 2021			38.9				78.6
Convertible Senior Notes due 2025			39.3				0.0
Total debt		$	78.2			$	168.6
Less current portion of debt			38.9				—
Total non-current portion of debt		$	39.3			$	168.6

	December 31,
	2018				2017
Variable-rate State of Ohio Water Development Revenue Refunding Bonds, maturing on November 1, 2025 (1.58% as of December 31, 2017)		$—				$12.2
Variable-rate State of Ohio Air Quality Development Revenue Refunding Bonds, maturing on November 1, 2025 (1.60% as of December 31, 2017)	—				9.5
Variable-rate State of Ohio Pollution Control Revenue Refunding Bonds, maturing on June 1, 2033 (1.60% as of December 31, 2017)	—				8.5
Credit Agreement, due 2019 (LIBOR plus applicable spread)	—				65.0
Amended Credit Agreement, due 2023 (LIBOR plus applicable spread)	115.0				—
Total Other Long-Term Debt		$115.0				$95.2

Amended Credit Agreement

On February 26, 2016,October 15, 2019, the Company, as borrower, and certain domestic subsidiaries of the Company, as subsidiary guarantors, entered into thea Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Amended Credit Agreement), with JPMorganJP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and the other lenders party thereto. The Credit Agreement provided for a $265.0 million asset based revolving credit facility.

Amended Credit Agreement

On January 26, 2018, the Company as borrower, and certain domestic subsidiaries, as subsidiary guarantors, entered into the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Amended Credit Agreement)(the Administrative Agent), with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and the other lenders party thereto (collectively, the Lenders), which further amended and restated the Company’s existing Credit Agreement.

Agreement dated as of January 26, 2018.

The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a $300.0$400.0 million asset-based revolving credit facility (the Credit Facility), including a $15.0 million sublimit for the issuance of commercial and standby letters of credit and a $30.0$40.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. Pursuant to the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, the Company is entitled, on up to two occasions and subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to request increases in the commitments under the Amended Credit Agreement in the aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0$100.0 million, to the extent that existing or new lenders agree to provide such additional commitments.

In addition to, and independent of any increase described in the preceding sentence, the Company is entitled, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to request a separate first-in, last-out (FILO) tranche in an aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million with a separate borrowing base and interest rate margins, in each case, to be agreed upon among the Company, the Administrative Agent and the Lenders providing the incremental FILO tranche.

The availability of borrowings under the Amended Credit AgreementFacility is subject to a borrowing base calculation based upon a valuation of the eligible accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors, each multiplied by an applicable advance rate. The availability of borrowings may be further modified by reserves established from time to time by the administrative agentAdministrative Agent in its permitted discretion.

The interest rate per annum applicable to loans under the Amended Credit AgreementFacility will be, at the Company’s option, equal to either (i) the alternate base rate plus the applicable margin or (ii) the relevant adjusted LIBO rate for an interest period of one, two, three or six months (as selected by the

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Company) plus the applicable margin. The base rate will be a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the greatest of (i) the prime rate of the administrative agent,as quoted in The Wall Street Journal, (ii) the effective Federal Reserve Bank of New York rate plus 0.50% and (iii) the adjusted LIBO rate for a one-month interest period on the applicable date, plus 1.00%. The adjusted LIBO rate will be equal to the applicable London interbank offered rate for the selected interest period, as adjusted for statutory reserve requirements for eurocurrency liabilities. The applicable margin will be determined by a pricing grid based on the Company’s average quarterly availability. In addition, the Company will pay a 0.25% per annum commitment fee on the average daily unusedamount of the credit facility in a percentage determined by the Company’s average daily availability for the most recently completed calendar month.The interest rate under the Amended Credit Agreement was 4.4% asFacility. As of December 31, 2018. The2020, the amount available under the Amended Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2018 was $182.4 million.

The proceeds$211.3 million, reflective of the Amended Credit Agreement will be used to finance working capital, capital expenditures, certain permitted acquisitions and other general corporate purposes. In addition, $30.2 million of the proceeds were used to redeem the revenue refunding bonds (discussed below). Company’s asset borrowing base with no outstanding borrowings.

All of the indebtedness under the Amended Credit AgreementFacility is guaranteed by the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries, as well as any other domestic subsidiary that the Company elects to make a party to the Amended Credit Agreement, and is secured by substantially all of the personal property of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors.

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The Amended Credit AgreementFacility matures on January 26, 2023.October 15, 2024. Prior to the maturity date, amounts outstanding are required to be repaid (without reduction of the commitments thereunder) upon the occurrence offrom mandatory prepayment events includingfrom the proceeds of certain asset sales, equity or debt issuances or casualty events.

The Amended Credit Agreement contains certain customary covenants, including covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, (i) incur or suffer to exist certain liens, (ii) make investments, (iii) incur or guaranty additional indebtedness, (iv) enter into consolidations, mergers, acquisitions, sale-leaseback transactions and sales of assets, (v) make distributions and other restricted payments, (vi) change the nature of its business, (vii) engage in transactions with affiliates and (viii) enter into restrictive agreements, including agreements that restrict the ability to incur liens or make distributions.

In addition, the Amended Credit Agreement requires the Company to (i) unless certain conditions are met, maintain certain minimum liquidity as specified in the Amended Credit Agreement during the period commencing on March 1, 2021 and ending on June 1, 2021 and (ii) maintain a minimum specified fixed charge coverage ratio on a springing basis if minimum availability requirements as specified in the Amended Credit Agreement are not maintained. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

The Amended Credit Agreement contains certain customary events of default. If any event of default occurs and is continuing, the Lenders would be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Amended Credit Agreement, and exercise other rights and remedies.

Revenue Refunding Bonds

Convertible Senior Notes due 2021

In connection with entering into the Amended Credit Agreement, on January 23, 2018,May 2016, the Company redeemed in full $12.2issued $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes, and an additional $11.3 million principal amount to cover over-allotments (Convertible Senior Notes due 2021). The Indenture for the Convertible Notes dated May 31, 2016, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an exhibit to a Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016, contains a complete description of the terms of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021. The key terms are as follows:

Maturity Date:          June 1, 2021 unless repurchased or converted earlier

Interest Rate:             6.0% cash interest per year

Interest Payments Dates:    June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2016

Initial Conversion Price:    $12.58 per common share of the Company

Initial Conversion Rate:     79.5165 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of Notes

The net proceeds to the Company from the offering were $83.2 million, after deducting the initial underwriters’ discount and fees and the offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds to repay a portion of the amounts outstanding under its revolving credit agreement.

The initial value of the principal amount recorded as a liability at the date of issuance was $66.9 million, using an effective interest rate of 12.0%. The remaining $19.4 million of Ohio Water Development Revenue Refunding Bonds (originallyprincipal amount was allocated to the conversion feature and recorded as a component of shareholders’ equity at the date of issuance. This amount represents a discount to the debt to be amortized through interest expense using the effective interest method through the maturity of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021.

Transaction costs were allocated to the liability and equity components based on November 1, 2025), $9.5their relative values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component of $2.4 million are amortized to interest expense over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component of $0.7 million are included in shareholders’ equity.

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Convertible Notes Exchange

In December 2020, TimkenSteel entered into separate, privately negotiated exchange agreements with a limited number of holders of the Company’s currently outstanding Convertible Senior Notes due 2021. Pursuant to the exchange agreements, the Company exchanged $46.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 for $46.0 million aggregate principal amount of its new 6.0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 (Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 and, together with the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, the Convertible Notes). The Company did 0t receive any cash proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025.

The Company evaluated this exchange and determined that $46.0 million of Ohio Air Quality Development Revenue Refunding Bonds (originallythe Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 were deemed to be extinguished, as the present value of the cash flows under the terms of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 is at least 10 percent different from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, as defined by the relevant accounting standards.

Pursuant to applicable accounting guidance, the fair value of the extinguished portion of Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 was calculated using a market rate of 9.0%, based on November 1, 2025)comparable debt instruments, and $8.5a remaining term of five and a half months. The difference between the fair value and the net carrying amount of the liability component, calculated below, was recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a loss on extinguishment of debt.

Net carrying amount of extinguished Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 as of December 15, 2020
Principal		$	46.0
Less: Debt issuance costs, net of amortization			(0.1	)
Less: Debt discount, net of amortization			(1.5	)
Fair value of extinguished Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 as of December 15, 2020			45.3
Loss on extinguishment of debt		$	(0.9	)

The amount allocated to the reacquisition of the equity component, included as a reduction to additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was calculated as follows:

Fair value of extinguished Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 as of December 15, 2020		$	45.3
Principal of extinguished Convertible Senior Notes due 2021			46.0
Reduction of additional paid-in capital		$	(0.7	)

The remaining accrued and unpaid interest on the $46.0 million of Ohio Pollution Control Revenue Refunding Bonds (originallythe extinguished Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 was paid in the amount of $0.1 million to the holders on December 15, 2020.

The components of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019
Principal		$	40.2			$	86.3
Less: Debt issuance costs, net of amortization			(0.1	)			(0.7	)
Less: Debt discount, net of amortization			(1.2	)			(7.0	)
Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, net		$	38.9			$	78.6

The Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 mature on June 1, 2033).

All2021, and accordingly are classified as a current liability in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020.

Convertible Senior Notes due 2025

The Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 were issued pursuant to the provisions of the indenture dated May 31, 2016, as supplemented by a supplemental indenture dated December 15, 2020, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an exhibit to a Form 8-K on December 15, 2020. The indentures contain a complete description of the terms of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025. The key terms are as follows:

Maturity Date:          December 1, 2025 unless repurchased or converted earlier

Interest Rate:              6.0% cash interest per year

Interest Payments Dates:    June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2021

Initial Conversion Price:    $7.82 per common share of the Company

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Initial Conversion Rate:     127.8119 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of Notes

The initial value of the principal amount recorded as a liability at the date of issuance was $40.6 million, using an effective interest rate of 9.0%. The remaining $5.5 million of principal amount was allocated to the conversion feature and recorded as a component of shareholders’ equity at the date of issuance. This amount represents a discount to the debt to be amortized through interest expense using the effective interest method through the maturity of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025.

Transaction costs were allocated to the liability and equity components based on their relative values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component of $1.3 million are amortized through interest expense over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component of $0.2 million are included in shareholders’ equity.

The components of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 as of December 31, 2020 is as follows:

		Year Ended December 31, 2020
Principal		$	46.0
Less: Debt issuance costs, net of amortization			(1.3	)
Less: Debt discount, net of amortization			(5.4	)
Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, net		$	39.3

Fair Value Measurement

The fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 was approximately $34.6 million as of December 31, 2020. The fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, which falls within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy as defined by applicable accounting guidance, is based on the last price traded in December 2020.

The fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 was approximately $39.3 million as of December 31, 2020. The fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, which falls within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as defined by applicable accounting guidance, is based on market rates of comparable debt instruments without a conversion option.

TimkenSteel’s other long-term debtCredit Facility is variable-rate debt. As such, theany outstanding carrying value of variable-rate debt is a reasonable estimate of fair value as interest rates on these borrowings approximate current market rates, which is considered arates. This valuation falls within Level 2 of the fair value input as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. The valuation of Level 2hierarchy and is based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Leases

TimkenSteel leases a variety of equipment and real property, including warehouses, distribution centers, offices spaces, and land. Operating lease rentals are expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease beginning There were 0 outstanding borrowings on the date we take possession of the property. At lease inception, we determine the lease term by assuming the exercise of those renewable options that are reasonably assured. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. The lease term is used to determine whether a lease is capital or operating and is used to calculate straight-line rent expense.

Rent expense under operating leases amounted to $11.0 million, $9.0 million, and $8.6 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. AsCredit Facility as of December 31, 2018, future minimum lease payments for non-cancelable operating leases totaled $16.4 million and are payable as follows: 2019 - $6.3 million; 2020 - $5.2 million; 2021 - $3.3 million; 2022 - $1.0 million; and 2023 and after - $0.6 million.2020.

Convertible Notes Interest Expense

The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the Convertible Notes:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019
Contractual interest expense		$	5.2			$	5.2
Amortization of debt issuance costs			0.5				0.4
Amortization of debt discount			4.4				4.0
Total		$	10.1			$	9.6

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Note 7 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss

Cash Interest Paid

The total cash interest paid for the yearsyear ended December 31, 20182020 and 2017 by component are2019 was $7.6 million and $11.5 million, respectively.

New Accounting Standard related to the Convertible Notes

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)”, which simplifies the accounting for convertible debt and other equity-linked instruments. The Company has elected to early adopt this standard as follows:

	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments				Pension and Postretirement Liability Adjustments				Total
Balance at December 31, 2016		($7.0	)			($2.4	)			($9.4	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, before income tax	1.1				—				1.1
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, before income tax	—				1.5				1.5
Income tax	—				(0.8		)		(0.8		)
Net current period other comprehensive income, net of income taxes	1.1				0.7				1.8
Balance at December 31, 2017		($5.9	)			($1.7	)			($7.6	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, before income tax	(1.4		)		(0.5		)		(1.9		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, before income tax	—				0.7				0.7
Income tax	—				(0.1		)		(0.1		)
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes	(1.4		)		0.1				(1.3		)
Balance at December 31, 2018		($7.3	)			($1.6	)			($8.9	)

The amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss forof January 1, 2021 using the pensionmodified retrospective method of transition. Upon adoption, all outstanding Convertible Notes will be fully classified as a liability, and postretirement liability adjustment was includedthere will no longer be a separate equity component. We expect this impact will result in other expense,a decrease of approximately $10.6 million to additional paid-in capital and an increase of approximately $1.1 million and $5.3 million to current convertible notes, net inand non-current convertible notes, net, respectively, on the Consolidated StatementsBalance Sheets. Additionally, retained earnings will be adjusted to remove amortization expense recognized in prior periods related to the debt discount and the Convertible Notes will no longer have a debt discount that will be amortized. The impact to retained deficit on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of Operations. These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are componentsJanuary 1, 2021 is a decrease of net periodic benefit cost. See “Note 8 - Retirementapproximately $4.3 million. We do not expect the new standard to affect the Company’s earnings per share, cash flows and Postretirement Plans” for additional information.

liquidity.

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Note 8 15-Retirement and Postretirement Plans

Eligible TimkenSteel employees, including certain employees in foreign countries, participate in the following TimkenSteel-sponsored plans: TimkenSteel Corporation Retirement Plan;Plan (Salaried Plan); TimkenSteel Corporation Bargaining Unit Pension Plan, Supplemental Pension Plan of TimkenSteel Corporation, TimkenSteel U.K. Pension Scheme, TimkenSteel Corporation Bargaining Unit Welfare Benefit Plan for Retirees, and TimkenSteel Corporation Welfare Benefit Plan for Retirees.

During the second quarter of 2019, the Company amended the TimkenSteel Corporation Bargaining Unit Welfare Plan for Retirees relating to moving Medicare-eligible retirees to an individual plan on a Medicare healthcare exchange. The amendment reduced the postretirement liability by $70.2 million and required the Company to perform a full remeasurement of its obligation and plan assets as of April 30, 2019. The $70.2 million reduction in the APBO was recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in 2019 and is being amortized as an offset to postretirement benefit cost over a period of 12 years (average remaining service period). In addition to the reduction of the APBO, the Company recognized a net remeasurement loss of $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company amended the Supplemental Pension Plan of TimkenSteel Corporation, which provides for the payment of nonqualified supplemental pension benefits to certain salaried participants in the TimkenSteel Corporation Retirement Plan. The amendment provides for the cessation of benefit accruals under the Supplemental Plan, effective as of December 31, 2020. Effective January 1, 2021, there will be no new accruals of benefits, including with respect to service accruals and the final average compensation determination. Certain of the Company’s named executive officers are participants in the plan. Existing benefits under the plan, as of December 31, 2020, will otherwise continue in accordance with the terms of the plan. This amendment reduced the pension liability, resulting in a curtailment gain of $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This curtailment gain was recognized in Other Income (Expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company amended the TimkenSteel Corporation Retirement Plan, which provides payments of tax-qualified pension benefits to certain salaried employees of the Company and its subsidiaries, to cease benefit accruals under the Pension Plan for all remaining active participants, effective as of December 31, 2020. This plan amendment reduced the pension liability, resulting in a curtailment gain of $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This curtailment gain was recognized in Other Income (Expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company also amended the TimkenSteel Corporation Welfare Benefit Plan for Retirees, under which certain retired salaried employees of the Company and its subsidiaries are eligible to receive a Company contribution for their medical and prescription drug benefits under the retiree welfare plan. The amendment was to eliminate the retiree medical subsidy, effective as of December 31, 2019, for all remaining active salaried participants who retire after December 31, 2019 (provided, however, that participants who were laid off on or before March 31, 2020 and who otherwise qualified for the retiree medical subsidy under the terms of the retiree welfare plan remained entitled to receive the retiree medical subsidy). This plan amendment reduced the postretirement liability by $2.3 million in 2019, was recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in 2019 and is being amortized as an offset to postretirement benefit cost in future periods.

Pension benefits earned are generally based on years of service and compensation during active employment. TimkenSteel’s funding policy is consistent with the funding requirements of applicable laws and regulations. Asset allocations are established in a manner consistent with projected plan liabilities, benefit payments and expected rates of return for the various asset classes. The expected rate of return for the investment portfolio is based on expected rates of return for various asset classes, as well as historical asset class and fund performance.

The following tables set forth the change in benefit obligation, change in plan assets, funded status and amounts recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the defined benefit pension plans as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017:2019:

		Pension								Postretirement
Change in benefit obligation:		2020				2019				2020				2019
Benefit obligation at the beginning of year		$	1,311.4			$	1,178.3			$	126.2			$	194.7
Service cost			19.4				17.4				1.0				1.1
Interest cost			42.7				48.9				4.2				5.9
Actuarial (gains) losses			114.8				145.7				6.1				11.4
Benefits paid			(71.2	)			(72.3	)			(9.2	)			(14.4	)
Plan amendment			—				(0.7	)			—				(72.5	)
Curtailments			—				(8.9	)			—				—
Settlements			(24.7	)			—				—				—
Foreign currency translation adjustment			2.7				3.0				—				—
Benefit obligation at the end of year		$	1,395.1			$	1,311.4			$	128.3			$	126.2

Significant actuarial losses related to changes in benefit obligations for 2020 and 2019 primarily resulted from decreases in discount rates.

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		Pension								Postretirement
Change in plan assets:		2020				2019				2020				2019
Fair value of plan assets at the beginning of year		$	1,155.4			$	1,054.4			$	82.3			$	86.1
Actual return on plan assets			167.0				167.7				7.0				8.9
Company contributions / payments			1.9				2.0				—				1.7
Benefits paid			(71.2	)			(72.3	)			(7.1	)			(14.4	)
Settlements			(24.7	)			—				—				—
Foreign currency translation adjustment			3.3				3.6				—				—
Fair value of plan assets at end of year		$	1,231.7			$	1,155.4			$	82.2			$	82.3
Funded status at end of year		$	(163.4	)		$	(156.0	)		$	(46.1	)		$	(43.9	)

	Pension							Postretirement
Change in benefit obligation:	2018			2017				2018			2017
Benefit obligation at the beginning of year		$1,282.1			$1,220.3				$216.2			$214.2
Service cost	17.2			18.2				1.6			1.6
Interest cost	45.6			49.1				7.6			8.4
Actuarial (gains) losses	(70.4		)	65.4				(11.7		)	13.5
Benefits paid	(92.4		)	(78.4		)		(19.0		)	(21.5		)
Plan amendment	0.5			0.5				—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(4.3		)	7.0				—			—
Benefit obligation at the end of year		$1,178.3			$1,282.1				$194.7			$216.2

	Pension							Postretirement
Change in plan assets:	2018			2017				2018			2017
Fair value of plan assets at the beginning of year		$1,186.6			$1,131.7				$104.0			$113.9
Actual return on plan assets	(45.5		)	123.6				(1.3		)	9.5
Company contributions / payments	10.6			2.1				2.4			2.1
Benefits paid	(92.4		)	(78.4		)		(19.0		)	(21.5		)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(4.9		)	7.6				—			—
Fair value of plan assets at end of year		$1,054.4			$1,186.6				$86.1			$104.0
Funded status at end of year		($123.9	)		($95.5	)			($108.6	)		($112.2	)

The TimkenSteel Corporation RetirementSalaried Plan (Salaried Plan) has a provision that permits employees to elect to receive their pension benefits in a lump sum. In the fourthfirst quarter of 2018 and third quarter of 2017,2020, the cumulative cost of all settlements exceededlump sum payments was projected to exceed the sum of the service cost and interest cost components of net periodic pension cost for the Salaried Plan. As a result, the Company completed a full remeasurement of its pension obligations and plan assets associated with the Salaried Plan during each quarter of 2020. For the yearsyear ended December 31, 2018 and 20172020, total settlements were $26.0 million and $14.4 million, respectively. $24.7 million. These settlementsettlements are included in benefits paid in the tables above and in the net remeasurement losses (gains) as a component of net periodic benefit cost. The Company completed a full remeasurement of its pension obligations and plan assets associated with the Salaried Plan as of September 30, 2017, due to the cumulative cost of all settlements exceeding the sum of thelump sums did not exceed service cost and interest cost components of net periodic pension cost for the Salaried Plan.

year ended December 31, 2019.

For the years ended December 31, 20182020 and 20172019, the pension plan had administrative expenses of $2.2$3.8 million and $1.6$3.5 million, respectively. These expenses are included in benefits paid in the tables above.

The accumulated benefit obligation at December 31, 20182020 exceeded the fair value of plan assets for two2 of the Company’s pension plans. For these plans, the benefit obligation was $881.0$1,081.2 million, the accumulated benefit obligation was $860.3$1,063.9 million and the fair value of plan assets was $749.1$884.3 million as of December 31, 2018.

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2020.

The total pension accumulated benefit obligation for all plans was $1,149.8$1,377.6 million and $1,254.1$1,294.5 million as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, respectively.

Amounts recognized on the balance sheet at December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019 for TimkenSteel’s pension and postretirement benefit plans include:

		Pension								Postretirement
		2020				2019				2020				2019
Non-current assets		$	33.5			$	25.2			$	—			$	—
Current liabilities			(0.6	)			(0.6	)			(1.7	)			(2.4	)
Non-current liabilities			(196.3	)			(180.6	)			(44.4	)			(41.5	)
Total		$	(163.4	)		$	(156.0	)		$	(46.1	)		$	(43.9	)

	Pension							Postretirement
	2018			2017				2018			2017
Non-current assets		$10.5			$14.6				$—			$—
Current liabilities	(0.6		)	(9.0		)		(2.4		)	(2.5		)
Non-current liabilities	(133.8		)	(101.1		)		(106.2		)	(109.7		)
		($123.9	)		($95.5	)			($108.6	)		($112.2	)

Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, were the following before-tax amounts that had not been recognized in net periodic benefit cost:

		Pension								Postretirement
		2020				2019				2020				2019
Unrecognized prior service (benefit) cost		$	0.2			$	0.5			$	(61.9	)		$	(67.8	)

	Pension							Postretirement
	2018			2017				2018			2017
Unrecognized prior service cost		$1.6			$1.5				$0.9			$1.1

Amounts expected to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss and included in total net periodic benefit cost during the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

	Pension				Postretirement
Prior service cost		$0.4				$0.1

The weighted average assumptions used in determining benefit obligation as of December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 were as follows:

		Pension								Postretirement
Assumptions:		2020				2019				2020				2019
Discount rate			2.68	%			3.42	%			2.65	%			3.42	%
Future compensation assumption			2.29	%			2.32	%		n/a				n/a

	Pension					Postretirement
Assumptions:	2018		2017			2018		2017
Discount rate	4.30	%	3.68	%		4.34	%	3.66	%
Future compensation assumption	2.36	%	2.37	%		n/a		n/a

The weighted average assumptions used in determining benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 were as follows:

		Pension								Postretirement
Assumptions:		2020				2019				2020				2019
Discount rate(1)			3.42	%			4.30	%			3.42	%		4.34% / 3.94%
Future compensation assumption			2.32	%			2.36	%		n/a				n/a
Expected long-term return on plan assets			5.80	%			6.41	%			4.50	%			5.00	%

(1)	The discount rate for the postretirement plans was adjusted after the second quarter 2019 amendment. To calculate benefit costs, the discount rate of4.34%was used for January to April 2019 and the discount rate of3.94%was used for May to December 2019.

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	Pension					Postretirement
Assumptions:	2018		2017			2018		2017
Discount rate	3.68	%	4.17	%		3.66	%	4.09	%
Future compensation assumption	2.37	%	3.09	%		n/a		n/a
Expected long-term return on plan assets	6.45	%	6.46	%		5.00	%	5.00	%

The discount rate assumption is based on current rates of high-quality long-term corporate bonds over the same period that benefit payments will be required to be made. The expected rate of return on plan assets assumption is based on the weighted-average expected return on the various asset classes in the plans’ portfolios. The asset class return is developed using historical asset return performance as well as current market conditions such as inflation, interest rates and equity market performance.

For measurement purposes, TimkenSteel assumed a weighted-average annual rate of increase in the per capita cost (health care cost trend rate) of 6.00%5.50% and 6.25%5.75% for 20182020 and 2017, respectively, declining gradually to 5.00% in 2023 and thereafter for medical and prescription drug benefits, and 8.00% and 8.25% for 2018 and 2017, respectively, declining gradually to 5.00% in 2031 and thereafter for HMO benefits. A one percentage point increase in the assumed health care cost trend rate would have

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increased the 2018 and 2017 postretirement benefit obligation by $1.1 million and $1.8 million, respectively and increased the total service and interest cost components by $0.1 million in both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. A one percentage point decrease would have decreased the 2018 and 2017 postretirement benefit obligation by $1.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively and decreased the total service and interest cost components by $0.1 million in both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

2019, respectively.

The components of net periodic benefit cost (income) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172020, 2019 and 20162018 were as follows:

		Pension												Postretirement
		Years Ended December 31,												Years Ended December 31,
Components of net periodic benefit cost (income):		2020				2019				2018				2020				2019				2018
Service cost		$	19.4			$	17.4			$	17.2			$	1.0			$	1.1			$	1.6
Interest cost			42.7				48.9				45.6				4.2				5.9				7.6
Expected return on plan assets			(64.3	)			(65.0	)			(74.0	)			(3.5	)			(3.9	)			(4.8	)
Amortization of prior service cost			0.3				0.4				0.5				(6.0	)			(3.8	)			0.2
Curtailment			—				(8.9	)			—				—				—				—
Net remeasurement losses (gains)			12.1				43.1				49.1				2.6				6.4				(5.6	)
Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Income)		$	10.2			$	35.9			$	38.4			$	(1.7	)		$	5.7			$	(1.0	)

	Pension												Postretirement
	Years Ended December 31,												Years Ended December 31,
Components of net periodic benefit cost (income):	2018				2017				2016				2018				2017				2016
Service cost		$17.2				$18.2				$15.6				$1.6				$1.6				$1.5
Interest cost	45.6				49.1				52.4				7.6				8.4					$9.4
Expected return on plan assets	(74.0		)		(70.7		)		(71.1		)		(4.8		)		(5.2		)		(5.8		)
Amortization of prior service cost	0.5				0.5				0.6				0.2				1.0				1.1
Net remeasurement losses (gains)	49.1				12.5				73.4				(5.6		)		9.3				6.3
Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Income)		$38.4				$9.6				$70.9				($1.0	)			$15.1				$12.5

TimkenSteel recognizes its overall responsibility to ensure that the assets of its various defined benefit pension plans are managed effectively and prudently and in compliance with its policy guidelines and all applicable laws. Preservation of capital is important; however, TimkenSteel also recognizes that appropriate levels of risk are necessary to allow its investment managers to achieve satisfactory long-term results consistent with the objectives and the fiduciary character of the pension funds. Asset allocations are established in a manner consistent with projected plan liabilities, benefit payments and expected rates of return for various asset classes. The expected rate of return for the investment portfolios is based on expected rates of return for various asset classes, as well as historical asset class and fund performance. The target allocations for plan assets are 19%21% equity securities, 59%61% debt securities and 22%18% in all other types of investments.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The inputs used to measure fair value are classified into the following hierarchy:

Level 1 -	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 -	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.

Level 3 -	Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

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Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The following table presents the fair value hierarchy for those investments of TimkenSteel’s pension assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018:2020:

		Total				Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	9.2			$	0.9			$	8.3			$	—
U.S government and agency securities			345.7				337.4				8.3				—
Corporate bonds			276.9				—				276.9				—
Equity securities			68.5				68.5				—				—
Mutual fund - fixed income			0.1				0.1				—				—
Mutual fund - equities			22.0				22.0				—				—
Other			0.2				—				0.2				—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$	722.6			$	428.9			$	293.7			$	—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)			509.1				—				—				—
Total Assets		$	1,231.7			$	428.9			$	293.7			$	—

	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$22.5			$0.6			$21.9			$—
U.S government and agency securities	234.2			229.1			5.1			—
Corporate bonds	97.4			—			97.4			—
Equity securities	37.1			37.1			—			—
Mutual fund - fixed income	33.1			33.1			—			—
Mutual fund - real estate	7.7			7.7			—			—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$432.0			$307.6			$124.4			$—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)	622.4			—			—			—
Total Assets		$1,054.4			$307.6			$124.4			$—

⁽¹⁾

(1)

Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such assets include common collective trusts that invest in equity securities and fixed income securities, limited partnerships, real estate partnerships, hedge funds, and risk parity investments. As of December 31, 2020, these assets are redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.

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Table of December 31, 2018, these assets are redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.Contents

The following table presents the fair value hierarchy for those investments of TimkenSteel’s pension assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017:2019:

		Total				Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	12.2			$	0.9			$	11.3			$	—
U.S government and agency securities			250.3				246.1				4.2				—
Corporate bonds			102.7				—				102.7				—
Equity securities			49.8				49.8				—				—
Mutual fund - fixed income			56.4				56.4				—				—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$	471.4			$	353.2			$	118.2			$	—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)			684.0				—				—				—
Total Assets		$	1,155.4			$	353.2			$	118.2			$	—

(1)

Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such assets include common collective trusts that invest in equity securities and fixed income securities, limited partnerships, real estate partnerships, and risk parity investments. As of December 31, 2019, these assets were redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.

	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$19.6			$4.5			$15.1			$—
U.S government and agency securities	240.7			234.6			6.1			—
Corporate bonds	110.0			—			110.0			—
Equity securities	50.8			50.8			—			—
Mutual fund - equity	35.2			35.2			—			—
Mutual fund - real estate	16.5			16.5			—			—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$472.8			$341.6			$131.2			$—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)	713.8			—			—			—
Total Assets		$1,186.6			$341.6			$131.2			$—

⁽¹⁾ Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such assets include common collective trusts that invest in equity securities and fixed income securities, limited partnerships, real estate partnerships, and risk parity investments. As of December 31, 2017, these assets were redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.

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The following table presents the fair value hierarchy for those investments of TimkenSteel’s postretirement assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018:2020:

		Total				Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	3.0			$	3.0			$	—			$	—
Mutual fund - fixed income			11.7				11.7				—				—
Mutual fund - equities			5.0				5.0				—				—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$	19.7			$	19.7			$	—			$	—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)			62.5				—				—				—
Total Assets		$	82.2			$	19.7			$	—			$	—

(1)

Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such assets include common collective trusts that invest in equity securities and fixed income securities, limited partnerships, real estate partnerships, hedge funds, and risk parity investments. As of December 31, 2020, these assets are redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.

	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$5.6			$5.6			$—			$—
Mutual fund - fixed income	8.9			8.9			—			—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$14.5			$14.5			$—			$—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)	71.6			—			—			—
Total Assets		$86.1			$14.5			$—			$—

⁽¹⁾ Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such assets include common collective trusts that invest in equity securities and fixed income securities, limited partnerships, real estate partnerships, hedge funds, and risk parity investments. As of December 31, 2018, these assets are redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.

The following table presents the fair value hierarchy for those investments of TimkenSteel’s postretirement assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017:2019:

		Total				Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	3.0			$	3.0			$	—			$	—
Mutual fund - fixed income			15.8				15.8				—				—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$	18.8			$	18.8			$	—			$	—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)			63.5				—				—				—
Total Assets		$	82.3			$	18.8			$	—			$	—

(1)

Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such assets include common collective trusts that invest in equity securities and fixed income securities, limited partnerships, real estate partnerships, and risk parity investments. As of December 31, 2019, these assets were redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.

	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$2.2			$2.2			$—			$—
Mutual fund - fixed income	11.4			11.4			—			—
Total Assets in the fair value hierarchy		$13.6			$13.6			$—			$—
Assets measured at net asset value (1)	90.4			—			—			—
Total Assets		$104.0			$13.6			$—			$—

⁽¹⁾ Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such assets include common collective trusts that invest in equity securities and fixed income securities, limited partnerships, real estate partnerships, and risk parity investments. As of December 31, 2017, these assets were redeemable at net asset value within 90 days.

Future benefit payments are expected to be as follows:

Benefit Payments:		Pension				Postretirement
2021		$	79.1			$	11.1
2022			86.2				10.3
2023			81.6				9.5
2024			74.5				8.8
2025			74.3				8.4
2026-2030			366.0				37.9

					Postretirement
Benefit Payments:	Pension				Gross				Medicare Part D Subsidy Receipts
2019		$80.9				$19.0				$0.7
2020	79.4				18.3				0.8
2021	78.1				17.6				0.8
2022	81.7				16.8				0.8
2023	75.5				15.9				0.9
2024-2028	366.8				67.5				4.7

The Company expects to make required contributions to its U.K. pension plan in 20192021 of approximately $1.4 million.

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Defined Contribution Plans

The Company recorded expense primarily related to employer matching and non-discretionary contributions to these defined contribution plans of $3.2 million in 2020, $7.1 million in 2019, and $6.3 million in 2018, $5.4 million in 2017, and $4.6 million in 2016.

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Note 9 - Revenue Recognition

As discussed in ‘Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies,’ on January2018. Effective June 1, 2018, TimkenSteel adopted the new revenue recognition standard. Under this new standard, TimkenSteel recognizes revenue from contracts at a point in time when it has satisfied its performance obligation and the customer obtains control of the goods, at the amount that reflects the consideration2020, the Company expects to receivesuspended employer matching contributions for those goods. The Company receives and acknowledges purchase orders from its customers, which define the quantity, pricing, payment and other applicable terms and conditions.all salaried employees. In some cases,December 2020, the Company receives a blanket purchase order from its customer, which includes pricing, payment and other terms and conditions, with quantities defined at the time the customer issues periodic releases from the blanket purchase order. Certain contracts contain variable consideration, which primarily consists of rebatesannounced that are accounted for in net sales and accrued based on the estimated probability of the requirements being met. Amounts billed to customers related to shipping and handling costs are included in net sales and related costs are included in costs of products sold in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table provides the major sources of revenue by end market sector for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Mobile		$553.9				$528.6				$475.4
Industrial	637.5				486.4				323.7
Energy	265.6				141.7				35.7
Other(1)	153.6				172.5				34.7
Total Net Sales		$1,610.6				$1,329.2				$869.5

⁽¹⁾”Other” for sales by end market sector includes the Company’s scrap and OCTG billet sales.

The following table provides the major sources of revenue by product type for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Bar		$1,030.7				$850.0				$512.9
Tube	254.7				176.9				94.9
Value-add	284.3				265.3				240.4
Other(2)	40.9				37.0				21.3
Total Net Sales		$1,610.6				$1,329.2				$869.5

⁽²⁾”Other” for sales by product type includes the Company’s scrap sales.

Note 10 - Earnings Per Share

Basic loss per share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted loss per share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of common share equivalents calculated using the treasury stock method or if-converted method. For the Convertible Notes, the Company utilizes the if-converted method to calculate diluted loss per share. Under the if-converted method, the Company adjusts net earnings to add back interest expense (including amortization of debt discount) recognized on the Convertible Notes and includes the number of shares potentially issuable related to the Convertible Notes in the weighted average shares outstanding. Treasury stock is excluded from the denominator in calculating both basic and diluted loss per share.

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 3.3 million, 3.1 million, and 2.8 million shares issuable for equity-based awards, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because the effect of their inclusionemployer matching contributions would have been anti-dilutive. In periods in which a net loss has occurred, as is the case for years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the dilutive effect of equity-based awards is not recognized and thus not utilized in the calculation of diluted loss per share, because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. The shares potentially issuable of 6.9 million, related to the Convertible Notes, were also anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the numerator and the denominator of basic and diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Numerator:
Net loss		($31.7	)			($43.8	)			($105.5	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic	44.6				44.4				44.2
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted	44.6				44.4				44.2
Basic loss per share		($0.71	)			($0.99	)			($2.39	)
Diluted loss per share		($0.71	)			($0.99	)			($2.39	)

be reinstated effective March 1, 2021.

Note 11 16-Stock-Based Compensation

Description of the Plan

On April 28, 2016, shareholders of TimkenSteel approved the TimkenSteel Corporation Amended and Restated 2014 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (TimkenSteel 2014 Plan), which authorizesauthorized the Compensation Committee of the TimkenSteel Board of Directors to grant non-qualified or incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards (including restricted shares, restricted share unit awards, performance shares, performance units, deferred shares and common shares) and cash awards to TimkenSteel employees and non-employee directors. No more than 11.05 million TimkenSteel common shares may be delivered under the TimkenSteel 2014 Plan.Plan (including up to 3.0 million common shares for “replacement awards” to current holders of The Timken Company equity awards under The Timken Company’s equity compensation plans at the time of the spinoff). The TimkenSteel 2014 Plan contains fungible share counting mechanics, which generally means that awards other than stock options and stock appreciation rights will be counted against the aggregate share limit as 2.50 common shares for every one common share that is actually issued or transferred under such awards. With the approval of the TimkenSteel Corporation 2020 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, as discussed below, 0 additional grants may be made under the TimkenSteel 2014 Plan.

On May 6, 2020, shareholders of TimkenSteel approved the TimkenSteel Corporation 2020 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (TimkenSteel 2020 Plan), which replaced the previously approved TimkenSteel 2014 Plan. The TimkenSteel 2020 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to provide cash awards and equity-based compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted share units, performance shares, performance units, dividend equivalents, and certain other awards for the primary purpose of providing our employees, officers and directors incentives and rewards for service and/or performance. Subject to adjustment as described in the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan, and subject to the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan share counting rules, a total of 2.0 million common shares of the Company are available for awards granted under the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan (plus shares subject to awards granted under the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan or the TimkenSteel 2014 Plan authorized upthat are canceled or forfeited, expire, are settled for cash, or are unearned to 3.0the extent of such cancellation, forfeiture, expiration, cash settlement or unearned amount, as further described in the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan). These shares may be shares of original issuance or treasury shares, or a combination of both. The aggregate number of shares available under the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan will generally be reduced by 1 common share for every one share subject to an award granted under the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan. The TimkenSteel 2020 Plan also provides that, subject to adjustment as described in the TimkenSteel 2020 Plan: (1) the aggregate number of common shares actually issued or transferred upon the exercise of incentive stock options will not exceed 2.0 million common sharesshares; and (2) no non-employee director of the Company will be granted, in any period of one calendar year, compensation for use in granting “replacement awards” to current holders of The Timken Company equity awards under The Timken Company’s equity compensation planssuch service having an aggregate maximum value (measured at the timegrant date as applicable, and calculating the value of any awards based on the spinoff.

grant date fair value for financial reporting purposes) in excess of $0.5 million.

As of December 31, 2018,2020, approximately 4.22.2 million shares of TimkenSteel common stock remained available for grants under the TimkenSteel 20142020 Plan.

In connection with the spinoff, stock compensation awards granted under The Timken Company Long-Term Incentive Plan (Timken LTIP Plan) and The Timken Company 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Timken 2011 Plan) were adjusted as follows:

Vested and unvested stock options were adjusted so that the grantee holds options to purchase both The Timken Company and TimkenSteel common shares.

The adjustment to The Timken Company and TimkenSteel stock options, when combined, were intended to generally preserve the intrinsic value of each original option grant and the ratio of the exercise price to the fair market value of The Timken Company common shares on June 30, 2014.

Unvested restricted stock awards were replaced with adjusted, substitute awards for restricted shares or units, as applicable, of The Timken Company and TimkenSteel common shares. The new awards of restricted stock were intended to generally preserve the intrinsic value of the original award determined as of June 30, 2014.

Vesting periods of awards were unaffected by the adjustment and substitution.

Awards granted in connection with the adjustment of awards originally issued under The Timken Company LTIP Plan and the Timken 2011 Plan are referred to as replacement awards under the TimkenSteel 2014 Plan and, as noted above, reduce the maximum number of TimkenSteel common shares available for delivery under the TimkenSteel 2014 Plan. TimkenSteel records compensation expense for both TimkenSteel and The Timken Company common shares for awards held by TimkenSteel employees only.

As discussed in ‘Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies,’ TimkenSteel early adopted ASU 2016-09, “Compensation—

Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” effective as of January 1, 2016. Under ASU 2016-09, TimkenSteel recognizes all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies as provision (benefit) for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Options

The following table provides the significant assumptions used to calculate the grant date fair market values of stock options granted using a Black-Scholes option pricing method:

		2020					2019					2018
Weighted-average fair value per option		$	2.23				$	5.54				$	7.46
Risk-free interest rate			0.96		%			2.63		%			2.77		%
Dividend yield			0		%			0		%			0		%
Expected stock volatility			42.67		%			41.36		%			41.67		%
Expected life - years			6					6					6

	2018		2017		2016
Weighted-average fair value per option	$7.46		$7.68		$3.32
Risk-free interest rate	2.77%		2.21%		1.34%
Dividend yield	—%		—%		—%
Expected stock volatility	41.67%		43.23%		41.71%
Expected life - years	6		6		6

The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of stockthe option awards granted is based on historical data and represents the periodU.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of time that options granted are expected to be held prior to exercise.the grant.Expected annual dividend yield is estimated using the most recent dividend payment per share as of the grant date, of which no dividends were paid in these grant periods. Because of the absence of adequate stock price history of TimkenSteel common stock, expected volatility related to stock option awards granted subsequent to the spinoff is based on the historical volatility of a selected group of peer companies’ stock. Expected annual dividends per share are estimated using the most recent dividend payment per share as of the grant date. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of thestock option awards granted is based on historical data and represents the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at theperiod of time that options granted are expected to be held prior to exercise.

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The following summarizes TimkenSteel stock option activity from January 1, 20182020 to December 31, 2018:2020:

		Number of Shares				Weighted Average Exercise Price				Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)				Aggregate Intrinsic Value (millions)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019			2,641,570			$	20.64
Granted			511,020			$	5.26
Exercised			0			$	0
Canceled, forfeited or expired			(221,525	)		$	12.08
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020			2,931,065			$	18.61				5.2			$	0
Options expected to vest			641,392			$	8.21				8.7			$	0
Options exercisable			2,289,673			$	21.52				4.2			$	0

	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (millions)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017	2,338,355			$22.03
Granted	389,640			$16.53
Exercised	(18,242	)		$9.74
Canceled, forfeited or expired	(177,084	)		$21.16
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018	2,532,669			$21.33		8.12	$0.7
Options expected to vest	897,771			$14.59		8.12	$0.3
Options exercisable	1,634,898			$25.04		4.61	$0.4

Stock options presented in thisthe table above represent TimkenSteel awards only, including those held by The Timken Company employees.

For

There were 0 stock options that were exercised during 2020.

Time-Based Restricted Stock Units

Time-based restricted stock units are issued with the fair value equal to the closing market price of TimkenSteel common shares on the date of grant. These restricted stock units do not have any performance conditions for vesting. Expense is recognized over the service period, of January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018,adjusted for any forfeitures that should occur during the total intrinsic value was $0.1 million with cash proceeds of $0.2 million. There was a tax deduction that was less than $0.1 million associated with these stock option exercises.

vesting period.

The following summarizes TimkenSteel stock-settled, time-based restricted share awardstock unit activity from January 1, 20182020 to December 31, 2018:2020:

		Number of Shares				Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019			1,103,487			$	11.89
Granted			931,244			$	4.24
Vested			(548,301	)		$	10.55
Canceled, forfeited or expired			(114,104	)		$	7.23
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020			1,372,326			$	7.62

	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017	714,316			$14.53
Granted	356,966			$16.47
Vested	(184,522	)		$18.28
Canceled, forfeited or expired	(68,876	)		$19.08
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018	817,884			$14.15

Restricted share awards

Time-based restricted stock units presented in thisthe table above represent TimkenSteel awards only, including those heldonly.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units

Performance-based restricted stock units issued in 2020 are earned based on the average payout (determined under a Compensation Committee approved matrix) for the Company’s relative total shareholder return as compared to an identified peer group of steel companies. The overall vesting period is generally three years, with relative total shareholder return measured for the one, two and three-year periods creating effectively a “nested” 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year plan to support rapid and sustained shareholder value creation. Relative total shareholder return is calculated for each nested performance period by taking the beginning and ending price points based off a 20-trading day average closing stock price as of December 31.

The Timken Company employees.following summarizes TimkenSteel stock-settled performance-based restricted stock unit activity from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020:

		Number of Shares				Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019			0			$	0
Granted			182,180			$	4.98
Canceled, forfeited or expired			(6,216	)		$	4.97
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020			175,964			$	4.98

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The table above does not include the stock-settled performance units that were granted before 2020 as these grants are not expected to payout.

Other Information

TimkenSteel recognized stock-based compensation expense of $6.6 million, $7.4 million and $7.3 million ($7.3 million after tax), $6.5 million ($6.5 million after tax) and $6.7 million ($4.2 million after tax) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to stock option awards and stock-settled restricted share awards.

Outstanding restricted share awards include restricted shares, restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units and deferred shares that will settle in common shares. Outstanding restricted shares and restricted stock units generally cliff-

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vest after three years or vest in 25% increments annually beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Performance-based restricted stock units vest based on achievement of specified performance objectives.

respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, unrecognized2020, future stock-based compensation costexpense related to stock optionthe unvested portion of all awards and stock-settled restricted shares and restricted stock units was $8.9is approximately $6.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. The calculations of unamortized expense and weighted-average periods include awards based on both TimkenSteel and The Timken Company stock awards held by TimkenSteel employees.

Certain restricted stock units, including some performance-based restricted stock units, are settled in cash and were adjusted and substituted as described above.substituted. TimkenSteel accrued $0.8 million and $0.7has a liability of $0.1 million as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017, respectively,2019 for these awards which was included in salaries, wages and benefits, and other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. TimkenSteel paid $0.1 million and $0.5 million forThere were 0 cash-settled restricted stock units granted during 20182020 or 2019.

On December 16, 2020, the Board of Directors of TimkenSteel appointed and 2017, respectively.

Note 12 - Segment Information

We conduct our business activitieselected Michael S. Williams as President and report financial results as one business segment. The presentationChief Executive Officer of financial results as one reportable segment is consistent with the way the Company, operates its businesseffective January 1, 2021. The Board further appointed and is consistentelected Mr. Williams as a director, also effective January 1, 2021. The Compensation Committee of TimkenSteel’s Board of Directors approved grants of inducement equity awards to Mr. Williams consisting of time-based restricted share units covering 423,400 TimkenSteel’s common shares, with the manner in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) evaluates performancea grant date fair value of $5.17 and makes resource and operating decisions for the business as described above. Furthermore, the Company notes that monitoring financial results as one reportable segment helps the CODM manage costs onperformance-based restricted share units covering a consolidated basis, consistenttarget number of 423,400 of TimkenSteel’s common shares (with a maximum payout opportunity of 635,100 common shares), with the integrated naturea grant date fair value of $5.68. The design of the operations.

Geographic Information

Net sales by geographic areaperformance-based restricted share units are reported bysimilar to the country in which the customer is domiciled. Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization. Long-lived assets by geographic area are reported by the locationperformance-vested restricted stock units discussed above. These awards were granted outside of the TimkenSteel operationsCorporation 2020 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan as inducements material to Mr. Williams' acceptance of employment with TimkenSteel. The grant date for the awards is January 5, 2021 with future stock-based compensation expense of $4.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over three years.

Note17-Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the asset is attributed.years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 by component were as follows:

		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments				Pension and Postretirement Liability Adjustments				Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019		$	(6.8	)		$	51.5			$	44.7
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, before income tax			1.4				0				1.4
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income    (loss), before income tax		0					(5.6	)			(5.6	)
Tax effect		0					(0.1	)			(0.1	)
Net current period other comprehensive income, net of income taxes			1.4				(5.7	)			(4.3	)
Balance as of December 31, 2020		$	(5.4	)		$	45.8			$	40.4

		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments				Pension and Postretirement Liability Adjustments				Total
Balance at December 31, 2018		$	(7.3	)		$	(1.6	)		$	(8.9	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, before income tax			0.5			0					0.5
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income    (loss), before income tax		0					(2.4	)			(2.4	)
Amounts deferred to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss),    before income tax		0					72.2				72.2
Tax effect		0					(16.7	)			(16.7	)
Net current period other comprehensive income, net of income taxes			0.5				53.1				53.6
Balance as of December 31, 2019		$	(6.8	)		$	51.5			$	44.7

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017
Net Sales:
United States		$1,456.2				$1,207.7
Foreign	154.4				121.5
		$1,610.6				$1,329.2

	December 31,
	2018				2017
Long-lived Assets, net:
United States		$692.0				$726.4
Foreign	0.2				0.2
		$692.2				$726.6

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Note 13 - Income Tax Provision

Income

The amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) from operations before income taxes, based on geographic location of the operations to which such earnings are attributable, is provided below.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
United States		($31.8	)			($49.5	)			($136.2	)
Non-United States	1.9				7.2				(5.8		)
Loss from operations before income taxes		($29.9	)			($42.3	)			($142.0	)

The provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Current:
Federal		$—				$1.1				$—
State and local	0.3				0.1				0.1
Foreign	0.7				0.6				0.2
		$1.0				$1.8				$0.3
Deferred:
Federal		$0.4				($0.4	)			($32.9	)
State and local	—				—				(3.6		)
Foreign	0.4				0.1				(0.3		)
	0.8				(0.3		)		(36.8		)
Provision (benefit) for incomes taxes		$1.8				$1.5				($36.5	)

Forin the year ended December 31, 2018, TimkenSteel made $0.6 million2020 for the pension and postretirement liability adjustment was included in foreign tax payments, $0.2 millionother (income) expense, net in state tax payments, and no U.S. federal payments, and had no refundable overpayments of state income taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2017, TimkenSteel made $0.4 million in foreign tax payments, no U.S. federal and state tax payments, and had $0.4 million of refundable overpayments of state income taxes. The Company recorded these receivables as a component of prepaid expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Statements of Operations.

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The reconciliation between TimkenSteel’s effective tax rate on income (loss) from continuing operations and the statutory tax rate is as follows:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Tax at the U.S. federal statutory rate		($6.3	)			($14.8	)			($49.7	)
Adjustments:
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit	(0.5		)		(0.7		)		(3.5		)
Foreign earnings taxed at different rates	0.2				(0.2		)		(0.1		)
U.S. research tax credit	(0.2		)		(0.2		)		(0.4		)
Valuation allowance	7.5				6.3				15.6
Global intangible low-taxed income	0.5				—				—
Tax Reform impact - transition tax and rate change	—				10.2				—
Permanent differences	0.8				0.3				0.8
Other items, net	(0.2		)		0.6				0.8
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		$1.8				$1.5				($36.5	)
Effective tax rate	(5.9		)%		(3.7		)%		25.7		%

Income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes. Except as required under U.S. tax law, U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes have not been recognized on the excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis of investments in foreign subsidiaries that is indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. This amount becomes taxable upon a repatriation of assets from the subsidiary or a sale or liquidation of the subsidiary. Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries outside of the U.S. were $5.5 million, $2.9 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The 2017 cumulative earnings amounts were recognized through the transition tax calculation pursuant to the Tax and Jobs Act enacted on December 22, 2017. The Company has recognized a deferred tax liability in the amount of $0.6 million and $0.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively for undistributed earnings at its TimkenSteel (Shanghai) Corporation Limited and TimkenSteel de Mexico S. de R.C. de C.V. subsidiaries, as those earnings are not permanently reinvested by the Company.

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The effect of temporary differences giving rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

	December 31,
	2018				2017
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation		($101.4	)			($103.4	)
Inventory	(9.9		)		(5.4		)
Convertible debt	(2.6		)		(3.5		)
Other, net	(0.7		)		(0.3		)
Deferred tax liabilities subtotal		($114.6	)			($112.6	)
Deferred tax assets:
Pension and postretirement benefits		$55.2				$50.6
Other employee benefit accruals	7.1				6.6
Tax loss carryforwards	82.0				80.9
Foreign tax credit	—				0.6
Intangible assets	1.1				1.4
Inventory	1.2				1.8
State decoupling	5.1				5.4
Interest limitation	3.2				—
Other, net	2.6				2.0
Deferred tax assets subtotal		$157.5				$149.3
Valuation allowances	(43.7		)		(36.6		)
Deferred tax assets	113.8				112.7
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)		($0.8	)			$0.1

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had a deferred tax liability of $0.8 million on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As of December 31, 2018, TimkenSteel had loss carryforwards in the U.S. and various non-U.S. jurisdictions totaling $347.6 million (of which $300.4 relates to the U.S. and $47.2 million relates to the UK jurisdiction), having various expirations dates. TimkenSteel has provided valuation allowances of $43.7 million against these carryforwards. The majority of the non-U.S. loss carryforwards represent local country net operating losses for branches of TimkenSteel or entities treated as branches of TimkenSteel under U.S. tax law. Tax benefits have previously been recorded for these losses in the U.S. The related local country net operating loss carryforwards are offset fully by valuation allowances. As of December 31, 2018, TimkenSteel had a gross deferred tax asset for disallowed business interest in the U.S. of $13.6 million, which carries forward indefinitely.

During 2016, operating losses generated in the U.S. resulted in a decrease in the carrying value of the Company’s U.S. deferred tax liability to the point that would result in a net U.S. deferred tax asset at December 31, 2016. In light of TimkenSteel’s recent operating performance in the U.S. and current industry conditions, the Company assessed, based upon all available evidence, and concluded that it was more likely than not that it would not realize a portion of its U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company recorded a valuation allowance in 2016 and as a result of current year activity, the Company remained in a full valuation allowance position through 2018. Going forward, the need to maintain valuation allowances against deferred tax assets in the U.S. and other affected countries will cause variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company will maintain a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets in the U.S. and applicable foreign countries until sufficient positive evidence exists to eliminate them.

TimkenSteel records interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of (benefit) provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2016, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, TimkenSteel had no total gross unrecognized tax benefits, and no amounts which represented unrecognized tax benefits that would favorably impact TimkenSteel’s effective income tax rate in any future periods if such benefits were recognized. As of December 31, 2018, TimkenSteel does not anticipate

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a change in its unrecognized tax positions during the next 12 months. TimkenSteel had no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016.

TimkenSteel does not have any unrecognized tax benefits as of years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

As of December 31, 2018, TimkenSteel is not subject to examination by the IRS. Pursuant to the Tax Sharing Agreement dated June 30, 2014 between TimkenSteel and The Timken Company, TimkenSteel may be subject to results from tax examinations for The Timken Company for federal, state and local and various foreign tax jurisdictions in various open audit periods.

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Bill

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) was signed into law, which resulted in significant changes to U.S. tax and related laws. Some of the provisions of the Act affecting corporations include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, expensing the cost of acquired qualified property, the elimination of alternative minimum tax, a modification of the net operating loss deduction, and the creation of global intangible low-taxed income. Further, several changes and limitations to deductions were encompassed in the new law and were effective for TimkenSteel in 2018, including, interest expense, performance-based compensation, meals and entertainment expenses, transportation fringe benefits, and elimination of the domestic production activities deduction. We have evaluated the impact of the new tax law on TimkenSteel’s financial condition and results of operations. We did not experience a significant reduction in our effective income tax rate or our net deferred federal income tax assets as a result of the income tax rate reduction or changes to U.S. tax law, as we remained in a valuation allowance position in 2018.

The Securities and Exchange Commission staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 118, which provided guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Act. SAB 118 provided a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Act's enactment date for companies to complete the applicable accounting under Topic 740. TimkenSteel has not recorded any measurement period adjustments during the current reporting period. The company now considers its provisional accounting for the effects of the Act, which includes the remeasurement of deferred tax balances and related valuation allowances, the one-time transition tax and the repatriation of undistributed foreign earnings, as being complete and as meeting the recognition guidance under Topic 740.

Note 14 - 18–Contingencies

TimkenSteel has a number of loss exposures incurred in the ordinary course of business, such as environmental claims, product warranty claims, and litigation. Establishing loss reserves for these matters requires management’s estimate and judgment regarding risk exposure and ultimate liability or realization. These loss reserves are reviewed periodically and adjustments are made to reflect the most recent facts and circumstances. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, TimkenSteel had a $0.7 million and a $0.9 million contingency reserve, respectively, related to loss exposures incurred in the ordinary course of business.

Environmental Matters

From time to time, TimkenSteel may be a party to lawsuits, claims or other proceedingsAccruals related to environmental matters and/or may receive notices of potential violations of environmental laws and regulations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and similar state or local authorities. TimkenSteel recorded reserves for such environmental matters as other current and non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accruals related to such environmental mattersclaims represent management’s best estimate of the fees and costs associated with these matters.claims. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of such matters,claims, management believes that their ultimate dispositions should not have a material adverse effect on TimkenSteel’sour financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

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The following summarizesDecember 31, 2020 and 2019, TimkenSteel had a $1.0 million and $1.5 millioncontingency reserves and activityreserve, respectively, related to EPA matters from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018:

Beginning balance, January 1, 2017		$0.6
Expenses	0.2
Payments	(0.3		)
Ending balance, December 31, 2017		$0.5
Expenses	0.5
Payments	(0.2		)
Ending balance, December 31, 2018		$0.8

loss exposures incurred in the ordinary course of business.

Note 15 19-Relationships with The Timken Company and Related Entities

Prior to the spinoff on June 30, 2014, TimkenSteel was managed and operated in the normal course of business with other affiliates of The Timken Company. Transactions between The Timken Company and TimkenSteel, with the exception of sale and purchase transactions and reimbursements for payments made to third-party service providers by The Timken Company on TimkenSteel’s behalf, are reflected in equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as net parent investment and in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as a financing activity in net transfers (to)/from The Timken Company and affiliates.

Transactions with OtherThe Timken Businesses

Company

TimkenSteel sold finished goods to The Timken Company. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172020, 2019 and 2016,2018, revenues from related-party sales of products totaled $23.4 million or 2.8% of net sales, $26.1 million or 2.2% of net sales, and $43.2 million or 2.7% of net sales, $48.5 million, or 3.6% of net sales, and $32.7 million or 3.8% of net sales, respectively.

TimkenSteel did not purchase material from The Timken Company during the years ending December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.2020, 2019 or 2018. In addition, certain of TimkenSteel’sTimkenSteel third-party service providers were paid by The Timken Company on behalf of TimkenSteel. TimkenSteel would subsequently reimburse The Timken Company in cash for such payments.

Material Agreements Between TimkenSteel and The Timken Company

On June 30, 2014, TimkenSteel entered into a separation and distribution agreement and several other agreements with The Timken Company to affecteffect the spinoff and to provide a framework for the relationship with The Timken Company. These agreements govern the relationship between TimkenSteel and The Timken Company subsequent to the completion of the spinoff and provide for the allocation between TimkenSteel and The Timken Company of assets, liabilities and obligations attributable to periods prior to the spinoff. Because these agreements were entered into in the context of a related party transaction, the terms may not be comparable to terms that would be obtained in a transaction between unaffiliated parties.

Separation and Distribution Agreement— The separation and distribution agreement contains the key provisions relating to the spinoff, including provisions relating to the principal intercompany transactions required to effect the spinoff, the conditions to the spinoff and provisions governing the relationships between TimkenSteel and The Timken Company after the spinoff.

Tax Sharing Agreement — The tax sharing agreement generally governs TimkenSteel’s and The Timken Company’s respective rights, responsibilities and obligations after the spinoff with respect to taxes for any tax period ending on or before the distribution date, as well as tax periods beginning before and ending after the distribution date. Generally, TimkenSteel is liable for all pre-distribution U.S. federal income taxes, foreign income taxes and non-income taxes attributable to TimkenSteel’s business, and all other taxes attributable to TimkenSteel, paid after the distribution. In addition, the tax sharing agreement addresses the allocation of liability for taxes that are incurred as a result of restructuring activities undertaken to effectuate the distribution. The tax sharing agreement also provides that TimkenSteel is liable for taxes incurred by The Timken Company that arise as a result of TimkenSteel’s taking or failing to take, as the case may be, certain actions that result in the distribution failing to meet the requirements of a tax-free distribution under Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

Employee Matters Agreement — TimkenSteel entered into an employee matters agreement with The Timken Company, which generally provides that TimkenSteel and The Timken Company each has responsibility for its own employees and compensation plans, subject to certain exceptions as described in the agreement. In general, prior to the spinoff, TimkenSteel employees participated in various retirement, health and welfare, and other employee benefit and compensation plans maintained by The Timken Company. Following the spinoff (or earlier, in the case of the tax-qualified defined benefit plans and retiree medical

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plans), pursuant to the employee matters agreement, TimkenSteel employees and former employees generally participate in similar plans and arrangements established and maintained by TimkenSteel. The employee matters agreement provides for the bifurcation of equity awards as described in Note 1116 - Stock-Based Compensation. Among other things, the employee matters agreement also provides for TimkenSteel’s assumption of certain employment-related contracts that its employees originally entered into with The Timken Company, the allocation of certain employee liabilities and the cooperation between TimkenSteel and The Timken Company in the sharing of employee information.

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Note 20 – Subsequent Events

On February 16, - Other Expense, net

The following table provides2021, management announced a plan to indefinitely idle its Harrison melt and cast assets, late in the componentsfirst quarter of other expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

Other Expense, net	Years Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Pension and postretirement non-service benefit income		($25.2	)			($17.5	)			($13.4	)
Loss from remeasurement of benefit plans	43.5				21.8				79.7
Disposal of fixed assets	—				—				1.1
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	0.2				(0.3		)		0.8
Miscellaneous (income) expense	0.1				0.1				(0.2		)
Total other expense, net		$18.6				$4.1				$68.0

Non-service benefit income from2021. Going forward, all years is derived fromof the Company’s pensionmelting and other postretirement plans.casting activities will take place at the Faircrest location. The Company has hadis working collaboratively with employees, suppliers and a favorable return onnumber of customers to ensure a well-organized and efficient transition. The Company’s rolling and finishing operations at Harrison will not be impacted by these actions.

At this time, the Company is still reviewing Harrison melt and cast related assets to determine potential alternative uses for its benefit plants, resulting inselected assets. As a benefit for all years. The loss from remeasurementresult, the Company estimates that it will recognize non-cash charges of benefit plans is duebetween $8 million and $10 million related to the write down of the associated Harrison melt and cast assets in the first quarter of 2021. The Company performing mark-to-market accounting on its pensiondoes not anticipate incurring any required cash expenditures related to these charges.

There are approximately 100 Canton-based hourly employees, represented by the United Steelworkers, potentially impacted by this decision. Position eliminations will be processed in accordance with the terms and postretirement assetsconditions of the 2017 Basic Labor Agreement between TimkenSteel Corporation and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, Local 2003. As such, the ultimate number of employees impacted is unknown at year end. Foreign currency exchange loss (gain) is due to exchange-rate fluctuations on the Company’s various foreign-currency denominated transactions.

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this time.

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SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

(dollars in millions, except per share data)

Selected

The following is selected quarterly operating results for each quarter of fiscal 20182020 and 20172019 for TimkenSteel are as follows:TimkenSteel.

		Quarters ended
		December 31, 2020				September 30, 2020				June 30, 2020				March 31, 2020
Net sales		$	211.2			$	205.9			$	154.0			$	259.7
Gross profit			14.2				(2.4	)			(4.0	)			7.8
Net income (loss)			(12.8	)			(13.9	)			(15.3	)			(19.9	)
Per share data:
Basic earnings (loss) per share		$	(0.28	)		$	(0.31	)		$	(0.34	)		$	(0.44	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		$	(0.28	)		$	(0.31	)		$	(0.34	)		$	(0.44	)

		Quarters ended
		December 31, 2019				September 30. 2019				June 30, 2019				March 31, 2019
Net sales		$	226.9			$	274.2			$	336.7			$	371.0
Gross profit			(18.0	)			(2.6	)			14.8				28.4
Net income (loss)			(84.6	)			(17.0	)			(11.9	)			3.5
Per share data:
Basic earnings (loss) per share		$	(1.89	)		$	(0.38	)		$	(0.27	)		$	0.08
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		$	(1.89	)		$	(0.38	)		$	(0.27	)		$	0.08

	Quarters Ended
	December 31				September 30				June 30				March 31
2018
Net Sales		$406.4				$409.9				$413.5				$380.8
Gross Profit	27.1				24.6				32.1				21.1
Net Income (Loss) (2)	(39.6		)		1.4				8.4				(1.9		)
Per Share Data: (1)
Basic earnings (loss) per share		($0.89	)			$0.03				$0.19				($0.04	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		($0.89	)			$0.03				$0.19				($0.04	)

	Quarters Ended
	December 31				September 30				June 30				March 31
2017
Net Sales		$341.4				$339.1				$339.3				$309.4
Gross Profit	8.5				18.5				23.8				17.0
Net Income (Loss) (3)	(33.9		)		(5.9		)		1.3				(5.3		)
Per Share Data: (1)
Basic earnings (loss) per share		($0.76	)			($0.13	)			$0.03				($0.12	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		($0.76	)			($0.13	)			$0.03				($0.12	)

⁽¹⁾ Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed independently for each of the periods presented. Accordingly, the sum of the quarterly earnings per share amounts may not equal the total for the year. See “Note 10 - Earnings Per Share” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

⁽²⁾ Net income (loss) for the third quarter of 2018 had executive severance cost of $1.7 million. Net income (loss) for the fourth quarter of 2018 included loss from remeasurement of benefit plans of $43.5 million.

⁽³⁾ Net income (loss) for the third and fourth quarter of 2017 included remeasurement loss of benefit plans of $2.3 million and $19.5 million, respectively.

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Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Based upon that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of TimkenSteel is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. TimkenSteel’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

TimkenSteel management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.2020. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment under COSO’s “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 framework),” management believes that, as of December 31, 2018,2020, TimkenSteel’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.

Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an audit report on our assessment of TimkenSteel’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.2020. Please refer to Item 8, “Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”

Changes in Internal Controls

There have been no changes during the Company’s fourth quarter of 20182020 in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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PART III.

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Required information will be set forth under the captions “Proposal 1: Election of directors” and “Beneficial ownership of common stock - Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance” in the proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 20182020 in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on May 7, 2019,5, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding the executive officers of the registrant is included in Part I hereof. Information regarding the Company’s Audit Committee and its Audit Committee Financial Expert is set forth under the caption “Board of directors information - Audit committee” in the proxy statement filed in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on May 7, 2019,5, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference.

The Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines and the charters of its Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are available on the Company’s website at www.timkensteel.com and are available to any shareholder in print, without charge, upon request to the General Counsel.www.timkensteel.com. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of its employees, including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller, as well as to its directors. The Company’s code of ethics, the TimkenSteel Code of Conduct, is available on its website at www.timkensteel.com and in print, without charge, upon request to the General Counsel.www.timkensteel.com. The Company intends to disclose any amendment to its code of ethics or waiver from its code of ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or any director, by posting such amendment or waiver, as applicable, on its website at www.timkensteel.com.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Required information will be set forth under the captions “Compensation discussion and analysis”; “2018“2020 Summary compensation table”; “2018“2020 Grants of plan-based awards table”; “Outstanding equity awards at 20182020 year-end table”; “2018“2020 Option exercises and stock vested table”; “Pension benefits”; “2018“2020 Nonqualified deferred compensation table”; “Potential payments upon termination or change in control”; “Director compensation”; “CEO pay ratio”; “Board of directors information - Compensation committee”; “Board of directors information - Compensation committee interlocks and insider participation”; and “Board of directors information - Compensation committee report” in the proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 20182020 in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on May 7, 2019,5, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Required information, including with respect to institutional investors owning more than 5% of the Company’s common shares, will be set forth under the caption “Beneficial ownership of common stock” in the proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 20182020 in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on May 7, 2019,5, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference. Required information regarding securities authorized for issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans is included in Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form10-KForm 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONHIPSRELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Required information will be set forth under the captions “Corporate governance - Director independence” and “ Corporate governance - Related-party transactions approval policy” in the proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 20182020 in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on May 7, 2019,5, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Required information regarding fees paid to and services provided by the Company’s independent auditor during the years ended December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 and the pre-approval policies and procedures of the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors will be set forth under the captions “ Proposal 2: Ratification of appointment of independent auditors - Services of independent auditor for 2018“2020“ and “Proposal 2: Ratification of appointment of independent auditors - Audit committee pre-approval policies and procedures” in the proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 20182020 in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on May 7, 2019,5, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV.

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1) - Financial Statements are included in Part II, Item 8 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(a)(2) - Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is submitted as a separate section of this report. Schedules I, III, IV and V are not applicable to the Company and, therefore, have been omitted.

(a)(3) Listing of Exhibits

Exhibit Number		Exhibit Description
Exhibit Number   2.1†		Exhibit Description
2.1†		Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2014, by and between TimkenSteel Corporation and The Timken Company.
3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of TimkenSteel Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2014, File No. 001-36313).
3.2		Code of Regulations of TimkenSteel Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed on May 15, 2014, File No. 001-36313).
4.1		Indenture, dated May 31, 2016, by and between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016, File No. 001-36313).
4.2		First Supplemental Indenture, dated May 31, 2016, by and between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (including Form of Note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016, File No. 001-36313).
10.1†   4.3		Description of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2020, File No. 001-36313).
4.4		Second Supplemental Indenture, dated December 15, 2020, by and between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (including Form of New Convertible Note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2020, File No. 001-36313).
10.1†		Tax Sharing Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2014, by and between TimkenSteel Corporation and The Timken Company.
10.2†		Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2014, by and between TimkenSteel Corporation and The Timken Company.
10.3† 10.3		Transition ServicesForm of Amended and Restated Employee Excess Benefits Agreement dated as of June 30, 2014, by and betweenwith TimkenSteel Corporation and The Timken Company.(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2014, File No. 001-36313).
10.4†		Trademark License Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2014, by and between TimkenSteel Corporation and The Timken Company.
10.5† 10.5		Noncompetition Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2014, by and between TimkenSteel Corporation and The Timken Company.
10.6		TimkenSteel Corporation Amended and Restated 2014 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on October 28, 2016, Registration No. 333-214297).
10.7 10.6		TimkenSteel Corporation Amended and Restated Annual Performance Award Plan, effective January 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 26, 2018, File No. 001-36313).
10.8 10.7		Supplemental Pension Plan of TimkenSteel Corporation (Effective June 30, 2014) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2014, File No. 001-36313).
10.9†† 10.8		Form of Director Indemnification Agreement.
10.10††		Form of Officer Indemnification Agreement.
10.11††		Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement.
10.12		Form of Amended and Restated Employee Excess Benefits Agreement with TimkenSteel Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2014, File No. 001-36313).
10.13		Form of Severance Agreement with TimkenSteel Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2014, File No. 001-36313).
10.14 10.9††		Form of Director Indemnification Agreement.
10.10††		Form of Officer Indemnification Agreement.
10.11††		Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement.
10.12		Form of Severance Agreement between TimkenSteel and Certain Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 26, 2017, File No. 001-36313).\
10.15 10.13		Amended and Restated TimkenSteel Corporation 2014 Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2015, File No. 001-36313).

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Exhibit Number 10.14		Exhibit Description
10.16		Amended and Restated TimkenSteel Corporation Director Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2015, File No. 001-36313).
10.17		Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated as of December 21, 2015, by and among TimkenSteel Corporation, the other loan parties and lenders thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (which includes the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2015, among TimkenSteel Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, PNC Bank, National Association, as syndication agent, the other agents and lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as co-documentation agents, and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and PNC Capital Markets, LLC, as joint bookrunners and joint lead arrangers) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 8, 2016, File No. 001-36313).
10.18 10.15		Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 27, 2017, File No. 001-36313).
10.19 10.16		Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2019, File No. 001-36313).
10.17		Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Cliff Vesting) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 27, 2017,May 2, 2019, File No. 001-36313).
10.20 10.18		Form of Time-Based Ratable Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Ratable Vesting) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 27, 2017,May 2, 2019, File No. 001-36313).
10.21 10.19		Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 27, 2017, File No. 001-36313).
10.22		Form of Deferred Shares Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 4, 2016, File No. 001-36313).

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10.23 10.20		Amendment No. 1 toThird Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of February 26, 2016, among TimkenSteel Corporation, the other loan parties and lenders party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-36313).
10.24		Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of January 26, 2018,October 15, 2019, by and among TimkenSteel Corporation, the other loan parties and lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and BMO Harris Bank N.A. and U.S. Bank National Association, as co-documentation agents (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 1, 2018,October 17, 2019, File No. 001-36313).
21.1* 10.21		Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2020, File No. 001-36313).
10.22		Form of Director Restricted Share Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2020, File No. 001-36313).
10.23		Form of Performance-Based Restricted Share Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 29, 2020, File No. 001-36313).
10.24*		Restricted Share Unit Inducement Award Agreement dated as of January 5, 2021 by and between TimkenSteel Corporation and Michael S. Williams.
10.25*		Performance-Based Restricted Share Unit Inducement Award Agreement dated as of January 5, 2021 by and between TimkenSteel Corporation and Michael S. Williams.
10.26*		Severance Agreement dated as of January 1, 2021 between TimkenSteel Corporation and Michael S. Williams.
10.27*		Form of Severance Agreement between TimkenSteel and Certain Executive Officers.
10.28		TimkenSteel Corporation 2020 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 7, 2020, File No. 001-36313).
21.1*		A list of subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.1*		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24.1*		Power of Attorney.
31.1*		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act, as adopted, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act, as adopted, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**		Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
†		Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed under the corresponding Exhibit Number of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 3, 2014, File No. 001-36313.
††		Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed under the corresponding Exhibit Number of Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed on May 15, 2014, File No. 001-36313.
*		Filed herewith.
**		Furnished herewith.

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Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Allowance for uncollectible accounts:		2020				2019				2018
Balance at Beginning of Period		$	1.5			$	1.7			$	1.4
Additions:
Charged to Costs and Expenses (1)		—				—					0.3
Deductions (2)			(0.2	)			(0.2	)		—
Balance at End of Period		$	1.3			$	1.5			$	1.7
Allowance for inventory reserves		2020				2019				2018
Balance at Beginning of Period		$	10.7			$	6.1			$	8.9
Additions:
Charged to Costs and Expenses (3)			4.1				9.0				1.6
Deductions (4)			(0.9	)			(4.4	)			(4.4	)
Balance at End of Period		$	13.9			$	10.7			$	6.1
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets:		2020				2019				2018
Balance at Beginning of Period		$	34.9			$	43.7			$	36.6
Additions:
Charged to Costs and Expenses (5)			12.4			—					7.1
Charged to Other Accounts (6)			1.4				16.7			—
Deductions (7)			(1.0	)			(25.5	)		—
Balance at End of Period		$	47.7			$	34.9			$	43.7

Allowance for uncollectible accounts:	2018			2017			2016
Balance at Beginning of Period		$1.4			$2.1			$1.5
Additions:
Charged to Costs and Expenses (1)	0.3			—			0.7
Deductions (2)	—			(0.7		)	(0.1		)
Balance at End of Period		$1.7			$1.4			$2.1
Allowance for surplus and obsolete inventory:	2018			2017			2016
Balance at Beginning of Period		$7.8			$8.1			$8.4
Additions:
Charged to Costs and Expenses (3)	1.6			1.0			1.5
Deductions (4)	(4.3		)	(1.3		)	(1.8		)
Balance at End of Period		$5.1			$7.8			$8.1
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets:	2018			2017			2016
Balance at Beginning of Period		$36.6			$24.4			$10.2
Additions:
Charged to Costs and Expenses (5)	7.1			12.2			15.6
Charged to Other Accounts (6)	—			—			—
Deductions (7)	—			—			(1.4		)
Balance at End of Period		$43.7			$36.6			$24.4

(1)
(1)	Provision for uncollectible accounts included in expenses.

(2)
(2)	Actual accounts written off against the allowance-netallowance, net of recoveries.

(3)
(3)	Provisions for surplus and obsolete inventory and lower cost or net realizable value included in expenses.

(4)
(4)	Inventory items written off against the allowance.

(5)
(5)	Increase in valuation allowance is recorded as a component of the provision for income taxes.

(6)
(6)	Includes Amount relates to valuation allowances recorded against other comprehensive income/loss or goodwill.income (loss).

(7)
(7)	Amount primarily relates to foreign currency translation adjustments,an additional paid-in capital adjustment associated with the removal of losses not carried overConvertible Notes for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the change in accounting principle from LIFO to TimkenSteel and a decrease in U.K. tax rates.FIFO for the year ended December 31, 2019.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		TIMKENSTEEL CORPORATION
Date:	February 25, 2021	TIMKENSTEEL CORPORATION
Date:	February 20, 2019	/s/ Kristopher R. Westbrooks
		Kristopher R. Westbrooks Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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Signature		Title		Date
/s/ Ward J. Timken, Jr.Michael S. Williams		Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer)		2/20/2019 February 25, 2021
Ward J. Timken, Jr. Michael S. Williams
/s/ Kristopher R. Westbrooks		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)		2/20/2019 February 25, 2021
Kristopher R. Westbrooks
/s/ Nicholas A. Yacobozzi		Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)		February 25, 2021
* Nicholas A. Yacobozzi		Director		2/20/2019
*		Director		February 25, 2021
Joseph A. Carrabba
*		Director		2/20/2019 February 25, 2021
Phillip R. Cox Leila L. Vespoli
*		Director		2/20/2019 February 25, 2021
Diane C. Creel
*		Director		2/20/2019 February 25, 2021
Randall H. Edwards
*		Director		February 25, 2021
Donald T. Misheff
*		Director		February 25, 2021
John P. Reilly
*		Director		February 25, 2021
Ronald A. Rice
*		Director		February 25, 2021
Terry L. Dunlap
*		Director		2/20/2019 February 25, 2021
Randall H. Edwards
*		Director		2/20/2019
Donald T. Misheff
*		Director		2/20/2019
John P. Reilly
*		Director		2/20/2019
Ronald A. Rice
*		Director		2/20/2019
Marvin A. Riley
*		Director		2/20/2019
Randall A. Wotring
*Signed by the undersigned as attorney-in-fact and agent for the directors indicated.
/s/ Kristopher R. Westbrooks		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)		2/20/2019 February 25, 2021
Kristopher R. Westbrooks

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