UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||||
| For the Fiscal Year Ended | December 31, | |||||||
or
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
| For the Transition Period from to | |||||
Commission File No. 001-36567
Westlake Chemical Partners LP
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 32-0436529 | |||||||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||
2801 Post Oak Boulevard,, Suite 600
Houston,, Texas77056
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Common units representing limited partner interests | WLKP | The New York Stock Exchange | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒ | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | |||||||||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ☐ | |||||||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of registrant's common units held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2019,2020, the end of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the closing price on June 28, 201930, 2020 of $24.59$18.94 on the New York Stock Exchange, was approximately $473.5$366.8 million. Common units held by executive officers and directors of the registrant and its affiliates are not included in the computation. The registrant, solely for the purpose of this required presentation, has deemed its directors and executive officers and those of its affiliates to be affiliates.
As of February 21, 2020,23, 2021, the registrant had 35,194,54535,198,903 common units and 0 subordinated units outstanding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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| 16) | Form 10-K Summary | ||
Explanatory Note
Unless otherwise indicated, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "report") to "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("Westlake Chemical Partners LP" or the "Partnership"), Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo") and Westlake Chemical OpCo GP LLC ("OpCo GP"). References to "Westlake" refer to Westlake Chemical Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries other than the Partnership, OpCo GP and OpCo. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to our "board of directors" or our "directors" refer to the board of directors of our general partner and such board's directors, respectively.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Certain of the statements contained in this report are forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this report that address activities, events or developments that we expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "believes," "intends," "may," "should," "could," "anticipates," "expects," "will" or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot give any assurances that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements relate to matters such as:
•the amount of ethane that we are able to process, which could be adversely affected by, among other things, operating difficulties;
•the volume of ethylene that we are able to sell;
•the price at which we are able to sell ethylene;
•industry market outlook, including prices and margins in third-party ethylene and co-products sales;
•widespread outbreak of an illness or any other communicable disease, or any other public health crisis, including the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to contain its transmission;
•our plans and Westlake's plans to respond to the challenges presented by the COVID-19 epidemic, including planned reductions of costs, increases of operational efficiencies and lowering of capital spending, as well as the timing and deferral of the planned turnaround at OpCo's Petro 2 ethylene unit;
•the parties to whom we will sell ethylene and on what basis;
•volumes of ethylene that Westlake may purchase, in addition to the minimum commitment under the Ethylene Sales Agreement;
•timing, funding and results of capital expenditures;
•our intended quarterly distributions and the manner of making such distributions;
•our ability to meet our liquidity needs;
•timing of and amount of capital expenditures;
•the Partnership's At-the-Market program and the use of any net proceeds from any sales under that program;
•potential loans from Westlake to OpCo to fund OpCo's expansion capital expenditures in the future;
•expected mitigation of exposure to commodity price fluctuations;
•turnaround activities and the variability of OpCo's cash flow;
•receipt of any buyer deficiency fee under the Ethylene Sales Agreement;
•compliance with present and future environmental regulations and costs associated with environmentally-related penalties, capital expenditures, remedial actions and proceedings, including any new laws, regulations or treaties that may come into force to limit or control carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions or to address other issues of climate change;
•our ability to receive indemnification from Westlake for environmental and other losses; and
•effects of pending legal proceedings.
We have based these statements on assumptions and analysis in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe were appropriate in the circumstances when the statements were made. Forward-looking statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such statements.
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These statements are subject to a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties, including those described in "Part 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this report and the following:
•general economic and business conditions;
•the cyclical nature of the chemical industry;
•the availability, cost and volatility of raw materials and energy;
•low crude oil prices reducing the cost advantage of ethane-based ethylene producers;
•uncertainties associated with the United States and worldwide economies, including those due to political tensions and unrest in the Middle East and elsewhere;
•uncertainties associated with pandemic infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19;
•current and potential governmental regulatory actions in the United States and regulatory actions and political unrest in other countries;countries, including environmental regulations;
industry production capacity and operating rates;
•the supply/demand balance for our products;
•competitive products and pricing pressures;
•instability in the credit and financial markets;
•access to capital market conditions, including our cost of capital, and our ability to raise adequate capital to execute our business strategies;markets;
•terrorist acts;
•operating interruptions (including leaks, explosions, fires, weather-related incidents, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, labor difficulties, transportation interruptions, spills and releases and other environmental risks);
•changes in laws or regulations (including regulations concerning our operations, products and the downstream applications in which our products are used);regulations;
•technological developments;
•our ability to integrate acquired businesses;
•foreign currency exchange risks;
•our ability to implement our business strategies; and
•creditworthiness of our customers.
Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Any of the factors, or a combination of these factors, could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of our future performance, and our actual results and future developments may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Management cautions against putting undue reliance on forward-looking statements or projecting any future results based on such statements or present or prior earnings levels. Every forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.
Industry and Market Data
Industry and market data used throughout this report were obtained through internal research, surveys and studies conducted by unrelated third parties and publicly available industry and general publications, including information from IHS Markit ("IHS"). We have not independently verified market and industry data from external sources. While we believe internal partnership estimates are reliable and market definitions are appropriate, neither such estimates nor these definitions have been verified by any independent sources.
Production Capacity
Unless we state otherwise, annual production capacity estimates used throughout this report represent rated capacity of the facilities at December 31, 2019.2020. We calculated rated capacity by estimating the number of days in a typical year that a production unit of a plant is expected to operate, after allowing for downtime for regular maintenance, and multiplying that number by an amount equal to the unit's optimal daily output based on the design feedstock mix. Because the rated capacity of a production unit is an estimated amount, actual production volumes may be more or less than the rated capacity.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
General
We are a Delaware limited partnership formed by Westlake in March 2014 to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. On August 4, 2014, we completed our initial public offering (the "IPO") of 12,937,500 common units representing limited partner interests. In connection with the IPO, we acquired an initial 10.6% interest in OpCo and a 100% interest in OpCo GP, which is the general partner of OpCo. As of December 31, 2018, we had an aggregate 18.3% limited partner interest in OpCo. On March 29, 2019, we completed a private placement of 2,940,818 common units and used the net proceeds to purchase an additional 4.5% interest in OpCo, effective January 1, 2019, resulting in us owning an aggregate 22.8% limited partner interest in OpCo.
Our business and operations are conducted through OpCo. Because we own OpCo's general partner, we have control over all of OpCo's assets and operations. As of December 31, 2019,2020, Westlake held a 77.2% limited partner interest in OpCo and held a 40.1% limited partner interest in us (consisting of 14,122,230 common units), our general partner interest and our incentive distribution rights.
OpCo's assets are comprised of three ethylene production facilities, which primarily convert ethane into ethylene and have an aggregate annual capacity of approximately 3.7 billion pounds, and a 200-mile ethylene pipeline. OpCo derives substantially all of its revenue from these ethylene production facilities. Ethylene is the world's most widely used petrochemical in terms of volume and is a key building block used to produce a number of key derivatives, such as polyethylene ("PE") and polyvinyl chloride ("PVC"), which are used in a wide variety of end markets including packaging, construction and transportation. Westlake's downstream PE and PVC production facilities consume a substantial majority of the ethylene produced by OpCo. OpCo generates revenue primarily by selling ethylene to Westlake and others, as well as through the sale of co-products of ethylene production, including propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen. Our sole revenue generating asset is our 22.8% limited partner interest in OpCo.
Our assets and operations are organized into a single reportable segment and are all located and conducted in the United States. See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for financial information on our operations and assets; such information is incorporated herein by reference.
Among other agreements entered into in connection with the closing of the IPO, OpCo entered into a 12-year ethylene sales agreement with Westlake, under which Westlake agreed to purchase 95% of OpCo's planned ethylene production each year, on a cost-plus basis that is expected to generate a fixed margin per pound of $0.10 (the "Ethylene Sales Agreement"). Any ethylene not sold to Westlake and all co-products that are produced by OpCo will be sold to third parties on either a spot or contract basis. OpCo also entered into a feedstock supply agreement with Westlake that supplies OpCo with ethane (and any other feedstocks) required for OpCo to produce ethylene under the Ethylene Sales Agreement (the "Feedstock Supply Agreement"). OpCo primarily uses ethane (a component of natural gas liquids, or NGLs) to produce ethylene.
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Ownership of Westlake Chemical Partners LP
The following simplified diagram depicts our organizational structure as of December 31, 2019:2020:
| Public Common Units | 59.9 | % | ||||||
| Interests of Westlake: | ||||||||
| Common Units | 40.1 | % | ||||||
| Non-Economic General Partner Interest | — | |||||||
| Incentive Distribution Rights | — | (1) | ||||||
| 100.0 | % | |||||||
(1) Incentive distribution rights represent a variable interest in distributions and thus are not expressed as a fixed percentage. Distributions with respect to the incentive distribution rights are classified as distributions with respect to equity interests.
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Our Assets and Operations
Our sole revenue generating asset is our 22.8% limited partner interest in OpCo. We also own the general partner interest of OpCo. OpCo owns:
•two ethylene production facilities at Westlake's Lake Charles, Louisiana site ("Petro 1" and "Petro 2," collectively referred to as "Lake Charles Olefins"), with an annual combined capacity of approximately 3.0 billion pounds;
•one ethylene production facility at Westlake's Calvert City, Kentucky site ("Calvert City Olefins"), with an annual capacity of approximately 730 million pounds; and
•a 200-mile common carrier ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu, Texas to the Longview, Texas chemical site, which includes Westlake's Longview PE production facility (the "Longview Pipeline").
As the owner of the general partner interest of OpCo, we control all aspects of the management of OpCo, including its cash distribution policy. See "—OpCo's Assets."
OpCo's Assets
Ethylene Production Facilities.
OpCo operates three ethylene production facilities that are situated on real property leased to OpCo by Westlake pursuant to two 50-year site lease agreements. See "Our Agreements with Westlake—Site Lease Agreements" for a description of the site leases. Ethylene can be produced from either NGL feedstocks, such as ethane, propane and butane, or from petroleum-derived feedstocks, such as naphtha. Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins use primarily ethane as their feedstock. Calvert City Olefins can also use propane as a feedstock and Petro 2 can also use an ethane/propane mix, propane, butane or naphtha as a feedstock.
The following table provides information regarding OpCo's ethylene production facilities as of December 31, 2019:
2020:
| Plant Location (Description) | Annual Production Capacity (millions of pounds) | Feedstock | Primary Uses of Ethylene | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lake Charles, Louisiana (Petro 1) | 1,500 | Ethane | PE and PVC | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lake Charles, Louisiana (Petro 2) | 1,490 | Ethane, ethane/propane mix, propane, butane or naphtha | PE and PVC | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Calvert City, Kentucky (Calvert City Olefins) | 730 | Ethane or propane | PVC | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 3,720 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lake Charles Olefins
Two of OpCo's ethylene production facilities, which we refer to as Petro 1 and Petro 2 and, collectively, as Lake Charles Olefins, are located at Westlake's Lake Charles site. The combined capacity of these two ethylene production facilities is approximately 3.0 billion pounds per year.
Within Westlake's Lake Charles site, Petro 1 and Petro 2 are connected by pipeline systems to Westlake's polyethylene plants. Westlake may use the ethylene it purchases from OpCo at its Lake Charles facilities or transfer it to its Geismar facility or its Longview facility, either through physical transportation or via exchange transactions. Westlake may also use the ethylene it purchases from OpCo with chlorine to produce ethylene dichloride and transport it via barge to Westlake's Calvert City site.
In addition, OpCo produces ethylene co-products including chemical grade propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen. OpCo sells its output of these co-products to external customers.
Calvert City Olefins
One of OpCo's ethylene production facilities is located at Westlake's Calvert City site, which we refer to as Calvert City Olefins. The capacity of Calvert City Olefins is approximately 730 million pounds per year.
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Pipeline
OpCo owns a 200-mile 10-inch diameter ethylene pipeline system that connects the Equistar Pipeline, the Flint Hills Pipeline and the Lone Star Storage Facility in Mont Belvieu to the Longview, Texas chemical site, which includes Westlake's Longview PE production facility. The system has a capacity of 3.5 million pounds per day of ethylene and is operated as a common carrier pipeline by Buckeye Development & Logistics I LLC. As a common carrier intrastate pipeline in Texas, the system is subject to rate regulation under the Texas Utilities Code, as implemented by the Texas Railroad Commission, or the TRRC, and has a tariff on file with the TRRC.
Technology
OpCo has perpetual and paid-up licenses for steam cracking and process recovery technology used at its ethylene plants.
Our Agreements with Westlake
Except as otherwise indicated, the agreements described below became effective on August 4, 2014, concurrent with the closing of the IPO.
Ethylene Sales Agreement
OpCo and Westlake are parties to the Ethylene Sales Agreement, which has an initial term through December 31, 2026 and automatic 12-month renewal periods until terminated at the end of the initial term or any renewal term on 12-months' notice. The Ethylene Sales Agreement requires Westlake to purchase OpCo's planned ethylene production each year, subject to certain exceptions and a maximum commitment of 3.8 billion pounds per year, less product sold by OpCo to third parties equal to approximately 5% of the annual output. If OpCo's actual production is in excess of planned ethylene production, Westlake has the option to purchase up to 95% of production in excess of planned production. Westlake's purchase price for ethylene under the Ethylene Sales Agreement includes a $0.10 per pound margin, the total costs incurred by OpCo for the feedstock and natural gas to produce each pound of ethylene (subject to a usage cap and a floor), and estimated operating costs, maintenance capital expenditures and other turnaround expenditures, less net proceeds from co-products sales. This purchase price is not designed to cover capital expenditures for expansion. Variable costs not incurred by OpCo due to a deficiency in takes are rebated to Westlake. Under specified circumstances, unrecovered costs may be carried forward for recovery in subsequent years.
Certain of the pricing components that make up the price for ethylene sold under the Ethylene Sales Agreement are modified to reflect the portion of OpCo's production capacity that is used to process Westlake's purge gas instead of producing ethylene. Costs specific to the processing of Westlake's purge gas are recovered under the Services and Secondment Agreement, and not the Ethylene Sales Agreement.
Under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, OpCo has the option to curtail up to approximately 5% of its ethylene production annually in the event OpCo reasonably determines that its sales of such ethylene to third parties during the relevant period would be uneconomic.
Pursuant to the Ethylene Sales Agreement, Westlake's obligation to pay for the annual minimum commitment (95% of OpCo's budgeted ethylene production), which is measured on an annual basis, is not reduced for the first 45 days of a force majeure event, but is reduced for the portion of a force majeure event extending beyond the 45th day. In the event of a force majeure event, the Partnership recognizes buyer deficiency fees representing fixed margin and unavoided operating and maintenance capital expenditures and maintenance expenses per pound of volume committed by Westlake during the force majeure event.
Under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, if production costs billed to Westlake on an annual basis are less than 95% of the actual production costs incurred by OpCo during the contract year, OpCo is entitled to recover the shortfall in such production costs (proportionate to the volume sold to Westlake) in the subsequent year ("Shortfall"). The Shortfall is generally recognized during the period in which the related operating, maintenance or turnaround activities occur.
The Ethylene Sales Agreement provides that, if compliance with any law adopted or modified following our IPO results in OpCo incurring additional costs in excess of $500,000 in any contract year, OpCo is entitled to charge Westlake a monthly surcharge following efforts to mitigate the effects of such compliance.
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Feedstock Supply Agreement
OpCo and Westlake are parties to the Feedstock Supply Agreement, which has an initial term through December 31, 2026 and automatic 12-month renewal periods until terminated at the end of the initial term or any renewal term on 12-months' notice. Under the Feedstock Supply Agreement, Westlake sells OpCo ethane and other feedstock in amounts sufficient for OpCo to produce the ethylene to be sold under the Ethylene Sales Agreement. The price at which ethane and feedstock is sold includes an indexed price for spot gas liquids at Mont Belvieu and applicable transportation, storage and other costs.
Services and Secondment Agreement
OpCo and Westlake are parties to the Services and Secondment Agreement, pursuant to which OpCo provides Westlake with various utilities and utility services and in exchange for Westlake providing OpCo with various utility services, comprehensive operating services for OpCo's units, services for the maintenance and operation of the common facilities and seconded employees to perform all services required under the agreement.
Site Lease Agreements
OpCo and Westlake are parties to two 50-year site lease agreements (the "Site Leases"). Under the Site Leases, OpCo leases the real property underlying Calvert City Olefins and Lake Charles Olefins and is granted certain use and access right related thereto, for a base rental amount of $1 per year per site. Each of the Site Leases is terminable by the lessor upon the occurrence of certain events of default or by OpCo if Calvert City Olefins or Lake Charles Olefins, as applicable, is destroyed by casualty. Pursuant to the Site Leases, the lessor has the right to restore and repurchase the units for fair market value if OpCo fails to expeditiously restore Calvert City Olefins or Lake Charles Olefins, as applicable, following a casualty loss. Subject to the foregoing repurchase right, OpCo may remove its ethylene production facilities and other related improvements for up to one year after expiration or termination of the applicable Site Lease, so long as such removal can be accomplished without material damage or harm to the lessor's property or operations; provided that any assets that are not timely removed by OpCo will be deemed to have been surrendered to the lessor.
Omnibus Agreement
We, OpCo and Westlake are parties to the Omnibus Agreement, pursuant to which we granted Westlake, among other things, a right of first refusal on any proposed transfer of (1) our equity interests in OpCo, (2) the ethylene production facilities that serve Westlake's other facilities or (3) certain other assets we may acquire from Westlake. The Omnibus Agreement also provides for reimbursement to Westlake for the provision of various administrative services and direct expenses incurred on our behalf and in connection with the operation of our business. Under the Omnibus Agreement, Westlake will indemnify us against certain environmental and other losses, and we will indemnify Westlake against certain environmental and other losses for which Westlake is not otherwise obligated to indemnify us and certain other losses and liabilities to the extent resulting from the provision of services by Westlake to us.
Exchange Agreement
OpCo and Westlake are parties to an exchange agreement, which had an initial term through August 1, 2015 and continues on an annual basis unless and until terminated by either party. Under the exchange agreement, OpCo may require Westlake to deliver up to 200 million pounds of ethylene for OpCo per year from the Site Leases to an ethylene hub in Mt. Belvieu, Texas, for which OpCo would be required to pay Westlake an exchange fee of $0.006 per pound.
OpCo Partnership Agreement
We, OpCo GP and Westlake are parties to an agreement of limited partnership for OpCo (the "OpCo LP Agreement"). The OpCo LP Agreement governs the ownership and management of OpCo and designates OpCo GP as the general partner of OpCo. OpCo GP generally has complete authority to manage OpCo's business and affairs. We control OpCo GP, as its sole member, subject to certain approval rights held by Westlake.
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Investment Management Agreement
On August 17, 2017, we, OpCo and Westlake executed an Investment Management Agreement that authorizes Westlake to invest the Partnership's and OpCo's excess cash with Westlake for a term of up to a maximum of nine months. Per the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, the Partnership earns a market return plus five basis points and Westlake provides daily availability of the invested cash to meet any liquidity needs of the Partnership or OpCo.
See "Liquidity and Capital Resources" in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis" for discussions of the Partnership's and OpCo's debt agreements with Westlake and "Interest Rate Risk" in Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" for the Partnership's interest rate contract with Westlake.
Environmental
As is common in our industry, we and OpCo are subject to environmental laws and regulations related to the use, storage, handling, generation, transportation, emission, discharge, disposal and remediation of, and exposure to, hazardous and non-hazardous substances and wastes in all of the jurisdictions in which we do business. National, state or provincial and local standards regulating air, water and land quality affect substantially all of our manufacturing locations. Compliance with such laws and regulations has required and will continue to require capital expenditures and increase operating costs. Pursuant to our arrangement with Westlake, Westlake will indemnify us for liabilities that occurred or existed (in connection with compliance with such laws and regulations) prior to August 4, 2014.
It is our policy to comply with all environmental, health and safety requirements in the jurisdictions in which we and OpCo operate and to provide safe and environmentally sound workplaces for our employees. In some cases, compliance can be achieved only by incurring capital expenditures. In 2019,2020, OpCo incurred capital expenditures of $2.7$4.5 million related to environmental compliance. We estimate that OpCo will make capital expenditures of approximately $3.2$2.8 million in 20202021 and $3.3$12.8 million in 2021,2022, respectively, related to environmental compliance. The expected 2020 and 20212022 capital expenditures are relatively higher than the amounts we haveOpCo has spent related to environmental compliance in recent years due to increased capital expenditures of approximately $11.4 million related to corrective actions required by the Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") regulations.to resolve the flare enforcement matter discussed below. Under the Omnibus Agreement, Westlake is required to indemnify us against costs incurred as a result of such corrective actions. See "Business—Our Agreements with Westlake—Omnibus Agreement." The majority of the 2021, and the remainder of the 2022, estimated expenditures are related to equipment replacement and upgrades. We anticipate that stringent environmental regulations will continue to be imposed on us and the industry in general. Under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, we may be entitled to charge Westlake a monthly surcharge as a result of complying with certain changes in law after our IPO. See "Business—Our Agreements with Westlake—Ethylene Sales Agreement." Although we cannot predict with certainty future expenditures, management believes that our current spending trends will continue.
Potential Flare Modifications. For several years, the EPA has been conducting an enforcement initiative against petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants with respect to emissions from flares. On April 21, 2014, Westlake received a Clean Air Act Section 114 Information Request from the EPA which sought information regarding flares at the Calvert City and Lake Charles facilities. The EPA has informed Westlake that the information provided leads the EPA to believe that some of the flares are out of compliance with applicable standards. The EPA has indicated that it is seeking a consent decree that would obligate Westlake to take corrective actions relating to the alleged noncompliance. The Partnership believes the resolution of these matters may require the payment of a monetary sanction in excess of $100,000.
Also, see the discussion of our environmental matters contained in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and "Item 3—Legal Proceedings" below.
Neither we nor OpCo has any employees. Under the Services and Secondment Agreement with Westlake, Westlake seconds employees to OpCo to allow OpCo to operate its facilities. Such seconded employees are under OpCo's control while they work on OpCo's facilities. As of December 31, 2019, 1502020, 144 employees were seconded to OpCo. Of these, 25 are covered by collective bargaining agreements that expire on November 1, 2024. There have been no strikes, lockouts or work stoppages at OpCo's facilities. We believe that Westlake's relationship with the local union officials and bargaining committees is open and positive.
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Legal Proceedings
In the ordinary conduct of our business, we and Westlake and our and Westlake's subsidiaries, including OpCo, are subject to periodic lawsuits, investigations and claims, including environmental claims and employee related matters. Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of lawsuits, investigations and claims asserted against us, we do not believe that any currently pending legal proceeding or proceedings to which we or Westlake or any of our or Westlake's subsidiaries, including OpCo, are a party will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.
Competition
Due to the Ethylene Sales Agreement and integration with Westlake, OpCo does not directly compete with other ethylene producers for 95% of the planned volumes it produces. It is only on the 5% of planned ethylene volumes not sold to Westlake where OpCo competes with other regional merchant ethylene producers, including LyondellBasell Industries, N.V., Shell Chemical Company, BASF Corporation and Motiva Enterprises LLC.
Available Information
Our website address is www.wlkpartners.com. Our website content is available for information purposes only. It should not be relied upon for investment purposes, nor is it incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K. We make available on this website under "Investor Relations/SEC Filings," free of charge, our proxy statements, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those materials as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file those materials with, or furnish those materials to, the SEC.Securities Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding SEC registrants, including us.
We intend to satisfy the requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K to disclose any amendments to our Code of Ethics and any waiver from a provision of our Code of Ethics by posting such information on our website at www.wlkpartners.com under "Investor Relations/Corporate Governance."
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Limited partner interests are inherently different from the capital stock of a corporation, although many of the business risks to which we are subject are similar to those that would be faced by a corporation engaged in a similar business. Security holders and potential investors should carefully consider the following risk factors together with all of the other information included in this report. If any of the following risks were actually to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
Summary Risk Factors
Risks Inherent in Our Business
Operational Relationship with Westlake
•We are substantially dependent on Westlake for our cash flows. If Westlake does not pay us under the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement or if our assets fail to perform as intended, we may not have sufficient cash from operations following the establishment of cash reserves and payment of costs and expenses, including cost reimbursements to our general partner and its affiliates, to enable us to pay the minimum quarterly distribution to our unitholders.
•OpCo is subject to the credit risk of Westlake on a substantial majority of its revenues, and Westlake's leverage and creditworthiness could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our unitholders. The ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic could materially adversely affect Westlake's business, financial condition and results of operations.
•OpCo is a restricted subsidiary under certain indentures governing Westlake's senior notes.
•The ethylene sales price charged under the Ethylene Sales Agreement is designed to permit OpCo to cover the substantial majority of its operating costs, but not our public partnership and other OpCo costs, which reduce our net operating profit.
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•If OpCo is unable to renew or extend the Ethylene Sales Agreement beyond the initial 12-year term or the other agreements with Westlake upon expiration of these agreements, our ability to make distributions in the future could be materially adversely affected and the value of our units could decline.
•OpCo has the right to use the real property underlying Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins pursuant to two, 50-year site lease agreements with Westlake. If OpCo is not able to renew the site lease agreements or if the site lease agreements are terminated by Westlake, OpCo may have to relocate Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins, abandon the assets or sell the assets to Westlake.
•OpCo depends upon Westlake for numerous services and for its labor force.
•Cost reimbursements due to our general partner and Westlake for services provided to us or on our behalf reduce our earnings and therefore our cash available for distribution to our unitholders. The amount and timing of such reimbursements are determined by our general partner.
Business Operations
•Substantially all of OpCo's sales are generated at three facilities located at two sites. Any adverse developments at any of these facilities or sites could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and therefore our ability to distribute cash to unitholders.
•The amount of cash we have available for distribution to holders of our units depends primarily on our cash flow and not solely on profitability, which may prevent us from making cash distributions during periods when we record net income.
•If we are unable to make acquisitions from Westlake or third parties on economically acceptable terms, our future growth would be limited, and any acquisitions we make may reduce, rather than increase, our cash generated from operations on a per unit basis.
Risks Relating to Our Partnership Structure
Our General Partner
•Westlake owns and controls our general partner, which has sole responsibility for conducting our business and managing our operations. Our general partner and its affiliates, including Westlake, may have conflicts of interest with us and have limited duties, and they may favor their own interests to our detriment and that of our unitholders.
•Our general partner has limited its liability regarding our obligations.
•Our partnership agreement replaces our general partner's fiduciary duties to holders of our units.
•Westlake and other affiliates of our general partner may compete with us.
•Holders of our common units have limited voting rights and are not entitled to elect our general partner or its directors, which could reduce the price at which our common units trade.
•Even if holders of our common units are dissatisfied, they cannot currently remove our general partner without its consent.
•Control of our general partner may be transferred to a third party without unitholder consent.
•Our general partner has a call right that may require unitholders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price.
Cash Distributions to Unitholders
•The board of directors may modify or revoke our cash distribution policy at any time at its discretion. Our partnership agreement does not require us to pay any distributions at all.
•We expect to distribute a significant portion of our available cash to our partners, which could limit our ability to grow and make acquisitions.
Ownership of Our Common Units
•We may issue additional units without unitholder approval, which would dilute existing unitholder ownership interests.
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•The market price of our common units could be adversely affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common units in the public or private markets, including sales by Westlake or other large holders.
Tax Risks
•Our tax treatment depends on our status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, and not being subject to a material amount of entity-level taxation. Our cash available for distribution to unitholders may be substantially reduced if we become subject to entity-level taxation as a result of the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") treating us as a corporation or legislative, judicial or administrative changes, and may also be reduced by any audit adjustments if imposed directly on the partnership.
•Even if unitholders do not receive any cash distributions from us, unitholders will be required to pay taxes on their share of our taxable income, including their share of income from the cancellation of debt. A unitholder's share of our taxable income may be increased as a result of the IRS successfully contesting any of the federal income tax positions we take.
•Tax-exempt entities and non-U.S. unitholders face unique tax issues from owning our common units that may result in adverse tax consequences to them.
Risks Inherent in Our Business
Operational Relationship with Westlake
We are substantially dependent on Westlake for our cash flows. If Westlake does not pay us under the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement or if our assets fail to perform as intended, we may not have sufficient cash from operations following the establishment of cash reserves and payment of costs and expenses, including cost reimbursements to our general partner and its affiliates, to enable us to pay the minimum quarterly distribution to our unitholders.
Currently, all of our cash flow is generated from cash distributions from OpCo, and a substantial majority of OpCo's cash flow is generated from payments by Westlake under the Ethylene Sales Agreement. Westlake's obligations to purchase ethylene under the Ethylene Sales Agreement may be temporarily suspended to the extent OpCo is unable to perform its obligations caused by any of certain events outside the reasonable control of OpCo. Such events include, for example, acts of God or calamities which affect the operation of OpCo's facilities; certain labor difficulties (whether or not the demands of the employees are within the power of OpCo to concede); and governmental orders or laws. In addition, Westlake is not obligated to purchase ethylene with respect to any period during which OpCo's facilities are not operating due to scheduled or unscheduled maintenance or turnarounds (which occur approximately every five years) other than under certain circumstances relating to the occurrence of force majeure. We expect that each of OpCo's facilities will have a turnaround approximately once every five years and will not operate for typically between 2530 and 4560 days during each turnaround by itself. However, the duration of a turnaround by itself may be longer than expected or may cost more than originally estimated. Furthermore, expansions may also coincide with turnarounds, which may complicate and delay the completion of such turnarounds. A suspension of Westlake's obligations under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, including during periods where OpCo's facilities are not operating due to scheduled or unscheduled maintenance or turnarounds, would reduce OpCo's revenues and cash flows, and could materially adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our unitholders.
Westlake may be unable to generate enough cash flow from operations to meet its minimum obligations under the Ethylene Sales Agreement if its business is adversely impacted by competition, operational problems, general adverse economic conditions or the inability to obtain feedstock. For example, sustained lower prices of crude oil, such as the prices experienced from the third quarter ofsince 2014 through 2019 (as of December 31, 2019,2020, approximately 43%55% lower than their 2014 peak levels) have led and may lead to lower margins for Westlake in the United States. If Westlake were unable to meet its minimum payment obligations to OpCo as a result of any one or more of these factors, our ability to make distributions to our unitholders would be reduced or eliminated. The level of payments made by Westlake will depend upon its ability to pay its minimum obligations under the Ethylene Sales Agreement and its ability and election to increase volumes above the minimums specified in the Ethylene Sales Agreement, which in turn are dependent upon, among other things, the level of production at Westlake's other facilities. If Westlake is unable to generate sufficient cash flow from its operations to meet its obligations, or otherwise defaults on its obligations, under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, OpCo will not have sufficient available cash to distribute to us to enable us to pay the minimum quarterly distribution, which will fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on the following factors, some of which are beyond our control:
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•severe financial hardship or bankruptcy of Westlake or one of our other customers, or the occurrence of other events affecting our ability to collect payments from Westlake or our other customers, including any of our customers' default;
•volatility and cyclical downturns in the chemicals industry and other industries which materially and adversely impact Westlake and our other customers;
•Westlake's inability to perform, or any other default on its obligations, under the Ethylene Sales Agreement;
•the age of, and changes in the reliability, efficiency and capacity of the various equipment and operating facilities used in OpCo's operations, and in the operations of Westlake and our other customers, business partners and/or suppliers;
•the cost of environmental remediation at OpCo's facilities not covered by Westlake or third parties;
•changes in the expected operating levels of OpCo's assets;
•OpCo's ability to meet minimum volume requirements, yield standards and ethylene quality requirements in the Ethylene Sales Agreement;
•OpCo's ability to renew the Ethylene Sales Agreement or to enter into new, long-term agreements for the sale of ethylene under terms similar or more favorable;
•changes in the marketplace that may affect supply and demand for ethane or ethylene, including decreased availability of ethane (which may result from greater restrictions on hydraulic fracturing, any reduction in hydraulic fracturing due to low crude oil prices or exports of natural gas liquids from the United States, for example), increased production of ethylene or export of ethane or ethylene from the United States;
•changes in overall levels of production, production capacity, pricing and/or margins for ethylene;
•OpCo's ability to secure adequate supplies of ethane, other feedstocks and natural gas from Westlake or third parties;
•the need to use higher priced or less attractive feedstock due to the unavailability of ethane;
•the effects of pipeline, railroad, barge, truck and other transportation performance and costs, including any transportation disruptions;
•the availability and cost of labor;
•risks related to employees and workplace safety;
•the effects of adverse events relating to the operation of OpCo's facilities and to the transportation and storage of hazardous materials (including equipment malfunction, explosions, fires, spills and the effects of severe weather conditions);
•changes in product specifications for the ethylene that we produce;
•changes in insurance markets and the level, types and costs of coverage available, and the financial ability of our insurers to meet their obligations;
•changes in, or new, statutes, regulations or governmental policies by federal, state and local authorities with respect to protection of the environment;
•changes in accounting rules and/or tax laws or their interpretations;
•nonperformance or force majeure by, or disputes with or changes in contract terms with, Westlake, our other major customers, suppliers, dealers, distributors or other business partners; and
•changes in, or new, statutes, regulations, governmental policies and taxes, or their interpretations.
In addition, the actual amount of cash we will have available for distribution will depend on other factors, including:
•the amount of cash we or OpCo are able to generate from sales of ethylene, and associated co-products, to third parties, which will be impacted by changes in prices for ethane (or other feedstocks), natural gas, ethylene and co-products and sustained lower prices of crude oil, such as those experienced from the third quarter of 2014 through 2019,in recent years, and could be less than the margin we earn from ethylene sales to Westlake;
•the level of capital expenditures we or OpCo make;
•the cost of acquisitions;
•construction costs;
•fluctuations in our or OpCo's working capital needs;
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•our or OpCo's ability to borrow funds (including under our or OpCo's revolving credit facilities) and access capital markets;
•our or OpCo's debt service requirements and other liabilities;
•restrictions contained in our or OpCo's existing or future debt agreements; and
•the amount of cash reserves established by our general partner.
We will require a significant amount of cash to service our debt and OpCo's debt, including borrowings under our and OpCo's credit facilities with Westlake. Our ability to make payments on and refinance this debt will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which is subject to the same factors described above in connection with our ability to pay quarterly distributions to unitholders. Cash that is used to service debt will be unavailable for distributions to our unitholders.
OpCo is subject to the credit risk of Westlake on a substantial majority of its revenues, and Westlake's leverage and creditworthiness could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our unitholders. The ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic could materially adversely affect Westlake's business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to make distributions to unitholders is substantially dependent on Westlake's ability to meet its minimum contractual obligations under the Ethylene Sales Agreement. If Westlake defaults on its obligations, our ability to make distributions to our unitholders would be reduced or eliminated. Westlake has not pledged any assets to us as security for the performance of its obligations.
Westlake has not agreed with us to limit its ability to incur indebtedness, pledge or sell assets or make investments, and we have no control over the amount of indebtedness Westlake incurs, the assets it pledges or sells or the investments it makes.
The ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, which the World Health Organization declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, has continued to be a rapidly evolving situation. It has resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the disease, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and shutdowns, among others. Westlake, which provides us operating services, has modified certain business practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations and employee work practices), to comply with government restrictions and implement, where appropriate, practices encouraged by governmental and health authorities. However, the quarantine of personnel or the inability to access our or Westlake's facilities could adversely affect our and Westlake's operations. We or Westlake may take further actions as required by government authorities from time to time or that we or Westlake determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, Westlake's partners and suppliers. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the disease, and our ability to perform certain functions could be harmed.
OpCo is a restricted subsidiary under certain indentures governing Westlake's senior notes. Restrictions in the indentures could limit OpCo's ability to make distributions to us.
All of our cash is currently generated from cash distributions from OpCo. Certain indentures governing Westlake's senior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions on OpCo. These restrictions limit OpCo's ability to:
•incur additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock;indebtedness;
•create liens; and
•sell all or substantially all of its assets or consolidate or merge with or into other companies; and
These covenants may adversely affect OpCo's ability to finance future business opportunities. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default in respect of the related debt. If a default occurred, the relevant lenders could elect to declare the debt, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable and proceed against any collateral securing that debt, including OpCo and its assets. In addition, any acceleration of debt under Westlake's credit facility will constitute a default under some of Westlake's other debt, including the indentures governing its senior notes.
The ethylene sales price charged under the Ethylene Sales Agreement is designed to permit OpCo to cover the substantial majority of its operating costs, but not our public partnership and other OpCo costs, which will reduce our net operating profit.
The purchase price under the Ethylene Sales Agreement is based on OpCo's actual ethane, other feedstock and natural gas costs and an annual estimate of other operating costs and maintenance capital expenditures and other turnaround expenditures. The price is designed to permit OpCo to recover the portion of its costs of feedstocks and other costs to operate the ethylene production facilities associated with the percentage of its production capacity purchased by Westlake and generate a fixed margin per pound of ethylene purchased by Westlake. The price is not designed to allow OpCo to recover any capital expenditures related to expansion, or operational efficiency. The ethylene sales price also does not increase to cover our public partnership costs. Both of these costs reduce our net operating profit.
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The fee structure of the Ethylene Sales Agreement may limit OpCo's ability to take advantage of favorable market developments in the future.
The Ethylene Sales Agreement sets a $0.10 per pound margin for a substantial majority of OpCo's ethylene production, limiting OpCo's ability to take advantage of potential decreased ethane and other feedstock prices, potential increased ethylene prices or other favorable market developments. Under these circumstances, OpCo may not be in a position to enable its partners, including us, to benefit from favorable market developments (including any potential ethylene price increase in the future) through increased distributions. In addition, under these circumstances, OpCo may be disadvantaged relative to those of its competitors that are in a better position to take advantage of favorable market developments.
If OpCo is unable to renew or extend the Ethylene Sales Agreement beyond the initial 12-year term or the other agreements with Westlake upon expiration of these agreements, our ability to make distributions in the future could be materially adversely affected and the value of our units could decline.
Westlake's obligations under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, the Feedstock Supply Agreement and the related Services and Secondment Agreement will become terminable by either party commencing December 31, 2026. If OpCo were unable to reach agreement with Westlake on an extension or replacement of these agreements, then our ability to make distributions on our common units could be materially adversely affected and the value of our common units could decline.
OpCo has the right to use the real property underlying Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins pursuant to two, 50-year site lease agreements with Westlake. If OpCo is not able to renew the site lease agreements or if the site lease agreements are terminated by Westlake, OpCo may have to relocate Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins, abandon the assets or sell the assets to Westlake.
Westlake has (1) leased to OpCo the real property underlying Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins and (2) granted OpCo rights to access and use certain other portions of Westlake's facilities that are necessary to operate OpCo's units at such facilities. The site lease agreements each have a term of 50 years and may be renewed if agreed to by the parties. If an event of default with respect to bankruptcy of OpCo occurs, if Westlake terminates the Ethylene Sales Agreement in accordance with its provisions either for cause or due to a force majeure event, or if OpCo ceases to operate Lake Charles Olefins or Calvert City Olefins for six consecutive months (other than due to force majeure or construction following a casualty loss), Westlake may terminate the applicable site lease following notice and expiration of a cure period to remedy the default. In addition, if OpCo fails to act in good faith to expeditiously restore Lake Charles Olefins or Calvert City Olefins following a casualty loss, Westlake has the ability to terminate the applicable site lease agreement, to restore Lake Charles Olefins or Calvert City Olefins, as the case may be, and to purchase such ethylene production facilities at fair market value. If OpCo is unable to renew the site lease agreements or if Westlake terminates one or both of the site lease agreements, OpCo may have to relocate Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins, abandon the assets or sell the assets to Westlake, the result of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
OpCo depends upon Westlake for numerous services and for its labor force.
Pursuant to the Services and Secondment Agreement, Westlake is obligated to provide OpCo operating services, utility access services and other key site services. Westlake provides the services of certain of its employees, who act as OpCo's agents in operating and maintaining OpCo's ethylene production facilities.facilities and other assets. If this agreement is terminated or if Westlake or its affiliates fail to satisfactorily provide these services or employees, OpCo would be required to hire labor, provide these services internally or find a third-party provider of these services. Any services or labor OpCo chooses to provide internally may not be as cost effective as those that Westlake or its affiliates provide, particularly in light of OpCo's lack of experience as an independent organization. If OpCo is required to obtain these services or labor from a third party, it may be unable to do so in a timely, efficient and cost-effective manner, the services or labor it receives may be inferior to or more costly than those that Westlake is currently providing, or such services and labor may be unavailable. Moreover, given the integration of OpCo's ethylene production facilities and Westlake's Lake Charles and Calvert City facilities, it may not be practical for us or for a third party to provide site services or labor for OpCo's ethylene production facilities separately.
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OpCo's ability to receive greater cash flows from increased production may be limited by the Ethylene Sales Agreement.
OpCo's ability to increase throughput volumes through its assets is constrained by the capacity limitations of those assets, which are currently operating at close to full capacity. OpCo's ability to increase its cash flow by selling ethylene to third parties may be limited by the Ethylene Sales Agreement. OpCo's ability to sell ethylene to third parties is limited to available excess capacity, since Westlake has the right to purchase the substantial majority of production from OpCo's facilities through its minimum purchase commitment and option to purchase additional ethylene under the Ethylene Sales Agreement. The Ethylene Sales Agreement provisions may prohibit OpCo from competing effectively for third party business for this excess production given the limited volumes available for sale. For example, so long as Westlake is not in default under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, Westlake has the right to purchase 95% of OpCo's production in excess of planned capacity.
Cost reimbursements due to our general partner and Westlake for services provided to us or on our behalf reduce our earnings and therefore our cash available for distribution to our unitholders. The amount and timing of such reimbursements are determined by our general partner.
We are obligated under our partnership agreement to reimburse our general partner and its affiliates for all expenses they incur and payments they make on our behalf, including expenses we and OpCo incur under the services and secondment agreement and the omnibus agreement. Our partnership agreement does not set a limit on the amount of expenses for which our general partner and its affiliates may be reimbursed. These expenses include all expenses incurred under the services and secondment agreement and the omnibus agreement, including salary, bonus, incentive compensation and other amounts paid to persons who perform services for us or on our behalf and expenses allocated to our general partner by its affiliates. Our partnership agreement provides that our general partner determines the expenses that are allocable to us. The reimbursement of expenses and payment of fees, if any, to our general partner and its affiliates reduce the amount of our earnings and, thereby, our ability to distribute cash to our unitholders.
Business Operations
Substantially all of OpCo's sales are generated at three facilities located at two sites. Any adverse developments at any of these facilities or sites could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and therefore our ability to distribute cash to unitholders.
OpCo's operations are subject to significant hazards and risks inherent in ethylene production operations. These hazards and risks include, but are not limited to, equipment malfunction, explosions, fires and the effects of severe weather conditions, any of which could result in production and transportation difficulties and disruptions, pollution, personal injury or wrongful death claims and other damage to our properties and the property of others. There is also risk of mechanical failure of OpCo's facilities both in the normal course of operations and following unforeseen events. Any adverse developments at any of OpCo's facilities could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and therefore our ability to distribute cash to unitholders.
Because substantially all of OpCo's sales are generated at three facilities located at two sites, any such events at any facility or site could significantly disrupt OpCo's ethylene production and its ability to supply ethylene to its customers. For example, OpCo's Lake Charles facility was shut down for a significant period of time in the months of August, September and October 2020 in the aftermath of Hurricanes Laura and Delta. Any similar or other sustained disruption in OpCo's ability to meet its supply obligations under the Ethylene Sales Agreement could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and therefore our ability to distribute cash to unitholders.
The amount of cash we have available for distribution to holders of our units depends primarily on our cash flow and not solely on profitability, which may prevent us from making cash distributions during periods when we record net income.
The amount of cash we have available for distribution depends primarily upon our cash flow, including cash flow from reserves and working capital or borrowings (including any under our and OpCo's credit facilities,)facilities) and not solely on profitability, which will be affected by non-cash items. As a result, we may pay cash distributions during periods when we record net losses for financial accounting purposes and may be unable to pay cash distributions during periods when we record net income. We may be unable to access our and OpCo's revolving credit facilities when we do not have sufficient cash flows to pay cash distributions.
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If we are unable to make acquisitions from Westlake or third parties on economically acceptable terms, our future growth would be limited, and any acquisitions we make may reduce, rather than increase, our cash generated from operations on a per unit basis.
Our strategy to grow our business and increase distributions to unitholders is dependent on our ability to make acquisitions that result in an increase in our cash distributions per unit. If we are unable to make acquisitions of additional interests in OpCo from Westlake on acceptable terms or we are unable to obtain financing for these acquisitions, our future growth and ability to increase distributions will be limited. In addition, we may be unable to make acquisitions from third parties as an alternative avenue to growth. Furthermore, even if we do consummate acquisitions that we believe will be accretive, they may in fact result in a decrease in our cash distributions per unit. Any acquisition involves potential risks, some of which are beyond our control, including, among other things:
•mistaken assumptions about revenues and costs, including synergies;
•the inability to successfully integrate the businesses we acquire;
•the inability to hire, train or retain qualified personnel to manage and operate our business and newly acquired assets;
•the assumption of unknown liabilities;
•limitations on rights to indemnity from the seller;
•mistaken assumptions about the overall costs of equity or debt;
•the diversion of management's attention from other business concerns;
•unforeseen difficulties in connection with operating in new product areas or new geographic areas; and
•customer or key employee losses at the acquired businesses.
If we consummate any future acquisitions, our capitalization and results of operations may change significantly, and unitholders will not have the opportunity to evaluate the economic, financial and other relevant information that we will consider in determining the application of our funds and other resources.
Many of our assets have been in service for many years and require significant expenditures to maintain them. As a result, our maintenance or repair costs may increase in the future. In addition, while we intend to establish cash reserves in order to cover turnaround expenditures, the amounts we reserve may not be sufficient to fully cover such expenditures.
Many of the assets we use to produce ethylene are generally long-lived assets. As a result, some of those assets have been in service for many decades. The age and condition of these assets could result in increased maintenance or repair expenditures. In addition, while we intend to establish certain cash reserves in order to cover our expected turnaround expenditures, the amounts we reserve may be insufficient to fully cover such expenditures. Any significant and unexpected increase in these expenditures could adversely affect our results of operations, financial position or cash flows, as well as our ability to pay cash distributions.
Our production facilities process volatile and hazardous materials that subject us to operating risks that could adversely affect our operating results.
Our operations are subject to the usual hazards associated with commodity chemical manufacturing and the related use, storage, transportation and disposal of feedstocks, products and wastes, including:
•pipeline leaks and ruptures;
•explosions;
•fires;
•severe weather and natural disasters;
•mechanical failure;
•unscheduled downtime;
•labor difficulties;
•transportation interruptions;
•chemical spills;
•discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases;
•storage tank leaks;
•other environmental risks; and
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•terrorist attacks.
All these hazards can cause personal injury and loss of life, catastrophic damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage, and may result in a suspension of operations and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. We could become subject to environmental claims brought by governmental entities or third parties. A loss or shutdown of operations over an extended period at any one of our three major operating facilities would have a material adverse effect on us. We maintain property, business interruption and casualty insurance that we believe is in accordance with customary industry practices, but we cannot be fully insured against all potential hazards incident to our business, including losses resulting from war risks or terrorist acts. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially and, in some instances, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position.
Our operations and assets are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations.
We use hazardous substances and generate hazardous wastes and emissions in our manufacturing operations. Our industry is highly regulated and monitored by various environmental regulatory authorities such as the EPA. As such, we are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations pertaining to pollution and protection of the environment, health and safety, which govern, among other things, emissions to the air, discharges onto land or waters, the maintenance of safe conditions in the workplace, the remediation of contaminated sites, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste materials. Some of these laws and regulations are subject to varying and conflicting interpretations. Many of these laws and regulations provide for substantial fines and potential criminal sanctions for violations and require the installation of costly pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit pollution emissions or reduce the likelihood or impact of hazardous substance releases, whether permitted or not. For example, our petrochemical facilities may require improvements to comply with certain changes in process safety management requirements.
In April 2016, the EPA issued an Information Collection Request ("ICR") for ethylene production facilities to inform the agency's mandatory Risk and Technology Review of the existing ethylene maximum available technology ("MACT") rule, which regulates the emissions of organic Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) including benzene, toluene and xylene among others. The EPA evaluated companies' responses and testing data from the ICR and published a proposedfinal rule amending the ethylene MACT rule in October 2019.July 2020. Among other things, the proposedfinal rule would strengthenstrengthens heat exchange system and storage vessel control requirements, addadds monitoring and operational requirements for flares, and removeremoves exemptions for periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. Our operations also produce greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, which have been the subject of increased scrutiny and regulation. The EPA has adopted rules requiring the reporting of GHG emissions from specified large GHG emission sources on an annual basis including our facilities in Lake Charles and Calvert City. Various jurisdictions have considered or adopted laws and regulations on GHG emissions, with the general aim of reducing such emissions. The EPA currently requires certain industrial facilities to report their GHG emissions and to obtain permits with stringent control requirements before constructing or modifying new facilities with significant criteria pollutant and GHG emissions. As our chemical processing results in GHG emissions, these and other GHG laws and regulations could affect our costs of doing business.
We also may face liability for alleged personal injury or property damage due to exposure to chemicals or other hazardous substances at our facilities or to chemicals that we otherwise manufacture, handle or own. Although these types of claims have not historically had a material impact on our operations, a significant increase in the success of these types of claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flow.
Environmental laws may have a significant effect on the nature and scope of, and responsibility for, cleanup of contamination at our current and former operating facilities, the costs of transportation and storage of raw materials and finished products, the costs of reducing emissions and the costs of the storage and disposal of wastewater. The U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA") and similar state laws impose joint and several liability for the costs of remedial investigations and actions on the entities that are deemed responsible for a release of hazardous substances into the environment, including entities that have generated hazardous substances or arranged for their transportation or disposal, as well as the past and present owners and operators of disposal sites. All such potentially responsible parties (or any one of them, including us) may be required to bear all of such costs regardless of fault, legality of the original disposal or ownership of the disposal site. In addition, CERCLA and similar state laws could impose liability for damages to natural resources caused by contamination.
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Although we seek to take preventive action, our operations are inherently subject to accidental spills, discharges or other releases of hazardous substances that may make us liable to governmental entities or private parties. This may involve contamination associated with our current and former facilities, facilities to which we sent wastes or by-products for treatment or disposal and other contamination. Accidental discharges may occur in the future, future action may be taken in connection with past discharges, governmental agencies may assess damages or penalties against us in connection with any past or future contamination, or third parties may assert claims against us for damages allegedly arising out of any past or future contamination. In addition, we may be liable for existing contamination related to certain of our facilities for which, in some cases, we believe third parties are liable in the event such third parties fail to perform their obligations.
Failure to adequately protect critical data and technology systems could materially affect our operations.
Information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches of data security due to internal or external factors including cyber-attacks could disrupt our operations by causing delays or cancellation of customer orders, impede the manufacture or shipment of products or cause standard business processes to become ineffective, resulting in the unintentional disclosure of information or damage to our reputation. While Westlake, which manages our security protocol under the omnibus agreement, has taken steps to address these concerns by implementing network security and internal control measures, including employee training, comprehensive monitoring of our networks and systems, maintenance of backup and protective systems and disaster recovery and incident response plans, Westlake's employees, systems, networks, products, facilities and services remain potentially vulnerable to sophisticated cyber-assault, especially while certain employees are working remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, and, as such, there can be no assurance that a system failure, network disruption or data security breach will not have a material adverse effect on our operations, business, financial condition, operating results or cash flow.
A terrorist attack or armed conflict could harm our business.
Terrorist activities, anti-terrorist efforts and other armed conflicts involving the U.S. or other jurisdictions could adversely affect the U.S. and global economies and could prevent us from meeting financial and other obligations. We could experience loss of business, delays or defaults in payments from customers or disruptions of fuel supplies and markets if North American and global utilities are direct targets or indirect casualties of an act of terror or war. Terrorist activities and the threat of potential terrorist activities and any resulting economic downturn could adversely affect our results of operations, impair our ability to raise capital or otherwise adversely impact our ability to realize certain business strategies.
Risks Relating to Our Partnership Structure
Our General Partner
Westlake owns and controls our general partner, which has sole responsibility for conducting our business and managing our operations. Our general partner and its affiliates, including Westlake, may have conflicts of interest with us and have limited duties, and they may favor their own interests to our detriment and that of our unitholders.
Westlake owns and controls our general partner and appoints all of the directors of our general partner. Although our general partner has a duty to manage us in a manner that it believes is not adverse to our interests, the executive officers and directors of our general partner have a fiduciary duty to manage our general partner in a manner beneficial to Westlake. Therefore, conflicts of interest may arise between Westlake or any of its affiliates, including our general partner, on the one hand, and us or any of our unitholders, on the other hand. In resolving these conflicts of interest, our general partner may favor its own interests and the interests of its affiliates over the interests of our common unitholders. These conflicts include the following situations, among others:
•our general partner is allowed to take into account the interests of parties other than us, such as Westlake, in exercising certain rights under our partnership agreement;
•neither our partnership agreement nor any other agreement requires Westlake to pursue a business strategy that favors us;
•our partnership agreement replaces the fiduciary duties that would otherwise be owed by our general partner with contractual standards governing its duties, limits our general partner's liabilities and restricts the remedies available to our unitholders for actions that, without such limitations, might constitute breaches of fiduciary duty;
•except in limited circumstances, our general partner has the power and authority to conduct our business without unitholder approval;
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•our general partner determines the amount and timing of asset purchases and sales, borrowings, issuances of additional partnership securities and the level of reserves, each of which can affect the amount of cash that is distributed to our unitholders;
•our general partner determines the amount and timing of any cash expenditure and whether an expenditure is classified as a maintenance capital expenditure, which reduces operating surplus, or an expansion capital expenditure, which does not reduce operating surplus. This determination can affect the amount of cash from operating surplus that is distributed to our unitholders;
•our general partner may cause us to borrow funds in order to permit the payment of cash distributions, even if the purpose or effect of the borrowing is to make incentive distributions or may cause us not to borrow funds to pay cash distributions when we do not otherwise have the funds to pay such cash distributions;
•our partnership agreement permits us to distribute up to $28.0 million as operating surplus, even if it is generated from asset sales, non-working capital borrowings or other sources that would otherwise constitute capital surplus. This cash may be used to fund distributions on the incentive distribution rights;
•our general partner determines which costs incurred by it and its affiliates are reimbursable by us;
•our partnership agreement does not restrict our general partner from causing us to pay it or its affiliates for any services rendered to us or entering into additional contractual arrangements with its affiliates on our behalf;
•our general partner intends to limit its liability regarding our contractual and other obligations;
•our general partner may exercise its right to call and purchase common units if it and its affiliates own more than 80% of the common units;
•our general partner controls the enforcement of obligations that it and its affiliates owe to us;
•our general partner decides whether to retain separate counsel, accountants or others to perform services for us; and
•our general partner may elect to cause us to issue common units to it in connection with a resetting of the target distribution levels related to Westlake's incentive distribution rights without the approval of the conflicts committee of the board of directors or the unitholders. This election may result in lower distributions to the common unitholders in certain situations.
In addition, we may compete directly with Westlake and entities in which it has an interest for acquisition opportunities and potentially will compete with these entities for new business or extensions of the existing services provided by us. Please read "Westlake"—Risks Relating to Our Partnership Structure—Our General Partner—Westlake and other affiliates of our general partner may compete with us" below.
Our general partner has limited its liability regarding our obligations.
Our general partner has limited its liability under contractual arrangements between us and third parties so that the counterparties to such arrangements have recourse only against our assets, and not against our general partner or its assets. Our general partner may therefore cause us to incur indebtedness or other obligations that are nonrecourse to our general partner. Our partnership agreement provides that any action taken by our general partner to limit its liability is not a breach of our general partner's duties, even if we could have obtained more favorable terms without the limitation on liability.
Our partnership agreement replaces our general partner's fiduciary duties to holders of our units.
Our partnership agreement contains provisions that eliminate and replace the fiduciary standards to which our general partner would otherwise be held by state fiduciary duty law. For example, our partnership agreement permits our general partner to make a number of decisions in its individual capacity, as opposed to in its capacity as our general partner, or otherwise free of fiduciary duties to us and our unitholders. This entitles our general partner to consider only the interests and factors that it desires and relieves it of any duty or obligation to give any consideration to any interest of, or factors affecting, us, our affiliates or our limited partners. Examples of decisions that our general partner may make in its individual capacity include:
•how to allocate business opportunities among us and its affiliates;
•whether to exercise its call right;
•how to exercise its voting rights with respect to the units it owns;
•whether to exercise its registration rights;
•whether to elect to reset target distribution levels; and
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•whether or not to consent to any merger or consolidation of the partnership or amendment to the partnership agreement.
By purchasing a common unit, a unitholder is treated as having consented to the provisions in the partnership agreement, including the provisions discussed above.
Our partnership agreement restricts the remedies available to holders of our units for actions taken by our general partner that might otherwise constitute breaches of fiduciary duty.
Our partnership agreement contains provisions that restrict the remedies available to unitholders for actions taken by our general partner that might otherwise constitute breaches of fiduciary duty under state fiduciary duty law. For example, our partnership agreement provides that:
•whenever our general partner makes a determination or takes, or declines to take, any other action in its capacity as our general partner, our general partner is generally required to make such determination, or take or decline to take such other action, in good faith, and will not be subject to any higher standard imposed by our partnership agreement, Delaware law, or any other law, rule or regulation, or at equity;
•our general partner and its officers and directors will not be liable for monetary damages or otherwise to us or our limited partners resulting from any act or omission unless there has been a final and non-appealable judgment entered by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that such losses or liabilities were the result of conduct in which our general partner or its officers or directors engaged in bad faith, meaning that they believed that the decision was adverse to the interest of the partnership or, with respect to any criminal conduct, with knowledge that such conduct was unlawful; and
•our general partner will not be in breach of its obligations under the partnership agreement or its duties to us or our limited partners if a transaction with an affiliate or the resolution of a conflict of interest is:
(1) approved by the conflicts committee of the board of directors, although our general partner is not obligated to seek such approval; or
(2) approved by the vote of a majority of the outstanding common units, excluding any common units owned by our general partner and its affiliates.
In connection with a situation involving a transaction with an affiliate or a conflict of interest, other than one where our general partner is permitted to act in its sole discretion, any determination by our general partner must be made in good faith. If an affiliate transaction or the resolution of a conflict of interest is not approved by our common unitholders or the conflicts committee, then it will be presumed that, in making its decision, taking any action or failing to act, the board of directors acted in good faith, and in any proceeding brought by or on behalf of any limited partner or the partnership, the person bringing or prosecuting such proceeding will have the burden of overcoming such presumption.
Our partnership agreement provides that the conflicts committee of the board of directors may be comprised of one or more independent directors. If the board of directors establishes a conflicts committee with only one independent director, your interests may not be as well served as if the conflicts committee was comprised of at least two independent directors. A single-member conflicts committee would not have the benefit of discussion with, and input from, other independent directors.
Westlake and other affiliates of our general partner may compete with us."
Affiliates of our general partner, including Westlake, are not prohibited from engaging in other businesses or activities, including those that might be in direct competition with us. In addition, Westlake may compete with us for investment opportunities and may own an interest in entities that compete with us.
Pursuant to the terms of our partnership agreement, the doctrine of corporate opportunity, or any analogous doctrine, does not apply to our general partner or any of its affiliates, including its executive officers and directors and Westlake. Any such person or entity that becomes aware of a potential transaction, agreement, arrangement or other matter that may be an opportunity for us will not have any duty to communicate or offer such opportunity to us. Any such person or entity will not be liable to us or to any limited partner for breach of any fiduciary duty or other duty by reason of the fact that such person or entity pursues or acquires such opportunity for itself, directs such opportunity to another person or entity or does not communicate such opportunity or information to us. This may create actual and potential conflicts of interest between us and affiliates of our general partner and result in less than favorable treatment of us and our unitholders.
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Holders of our common units have limited voting rights and are not entitled to elect our general partner or its directors, which could reduce the price at which our common units trade.
Compared to the holders of common stock in a corporation, unitholders have limited voting rights and, therefore, limited ability to influence management's decisions regarding our business. Unitholders will have no right on an annual or ongoing basis to elect our general partner or its board of directors. The board of directors, including the independent directors, is chosen entirely by Westlake, as a result of it owning our general partner, and not by our unitholders. Unlike publicly-traded corporations, we do not conduct annual meetings of our unitholders to elect directors or conduct other matters routinely conducted at annual meetings of stockholders of corporations. As a result of these limitations, the price at which the common units trade could be diminished because of the absence or reduction of a takeover premium in the trading price.
Even if holders of our common units are dissatisfied, they cannot currently remove our general partner without its consent.
If our unitholders are dissatisfied with the performance of our general partner, they currently cannot remove our general partner. Unitholders currently are unable to remove our general partner without its consent because our general partner and its affiliates own sufficient units to be able to prevent its removal. The vote, including Westlake, of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of all outstanding common and subordinated units voting together as a single class is required to remove our general partner. As of February 23, 2021, Westlake owned an aggregate of 40.1% of our common units. This condition provides Westlake, at its current ownership levels, the ability to prevent the removal of our general partner.
Control of our general partner may be transferred to a third party without unitholder consent.
Our general partner may transfer its general partner interest to a third party without the consent of our unitholders. Furthermore, our partnership agreement permits Westlake to transfer ownership of our general partner to a third party, also without the consent of our unitholders. The new owner of our general partner would then be in a position to replace the board of directors and executive officers of our general partner with its own designees and thereby exert significant control over the decisions taken by the board of directors and executive officers of our general partner. This effectively permits a "change of control" without the vote or consent of the unitholders.
Our general partner has a call right that may require unitholders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price.
If at any time our general partner and its affiliates own more than 80% of the common units, our general partner will have the right, which it may assign to any of its affiliates or to us, but not the obligation, to acquire all, but not less than all, of the common units held by unaffiliated persons at a price equal to the greater of (1) the average of the daily closing price of the common units over the 20 trading days preceding the date three days before notice of exercise of the call right is first mailed and (2) the highest per-unit price paid by our general partner or any of its affiliates for common units during the 90-day period preceding the date such notice is first mailed. As a result, unitholders may be required to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price and may not receive any return or a negative return on their investment. Unitholders may also incur a tax liability upon a sale of their units. Our general partner is not obligated to obtain a fairness opinion regarding the value of the common units to be repurchased by it upon exercise of the limited call right. There is no restriction in our partnership agreement that prevents our general partner from causing us to issue additional common units and then exercising its call right. If our general partner exercised its limited call right, the effect would be to take us private and, if the units were subsequently deregistered, we would no longer be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.
Cash Distributions to Unitholders
The board of directors may modify or revoke our cash distribution policy at any time at its discretion. Our partnership agreement does not require us to pay any distributions at all.
The board of directors adopted a cash distribution policy pursuant to which we intend to distribute quarterly at least $0.2750 per unit on all of our units to the extent we have sufficient cash after the establishment of cash reserves and the payment of our expenses, including payments to our general partner and its affiliates. However, the board may change such policy at any time at its discretion and could elect not to pay distributions for one or more quarters.
In addition, our partnership agreement does not require us to pay any distributions at all. Accordingly, investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the permanence of such a policy in making an investment decision. Any modification or revocation of our cash distribution policy could substantially reduce or eliminate the amount we distribute to our unitholders. The amount of distributions we make, if any, and the decision to make any distribution at all will be determined by the board of directors, whose interests may differ from those of our common unitholders. Our general partner has limited duties to our unitholders, which may permit it to favor its own interests or the interests of Westlake to the detriment of our common unitholders.
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We expect to distribute a significant portion of our available cash to our partners, which could limit our ability to grow and make acquisitions.
We plan to distribute most of our available cash, which may cause our growth to proceed at a slower pace than that of businesses that reinvest their cash to expand ongoing operations. To the extent we issue additional units in connection with any acquisitions or expansion capital expenditures, the payment of distributions on those additional units may increase the risk that we will be unable to maintain or increase our per unit distribution level. There are no limitations in our partnership agreement on our ability to issue additional units, including units ranking senior to the common units. The incurrence of additional commercial borrowings or other debt to finance our growth strategy would result in increased interest expense, which, in turn, may impact the cash that we have available to distribute to our unitholders.
The holder or holders of our incentive distribution rights may elect to cause us to issue common units to it in connection with a resetting of the target distribution levels related to the incentive distribution rights, without the approval of the conflicts committee of our board of directors or the holders of our common units. This could result in lower distributions to holders of our common units.
The holder or holders of a majority of our incentive distribution rights (currently Westlake) have the right, at any time when there are no subordinated units outstanding and we have made cash distributions in excess of the then-applicable third target distribution for each of the prior four consecutive fiscal quarters, to reset the initial target distribution levels at higher levels based on our cash distribution levels at the time of the exercise of the reset election. Following a reset election by such holder or holders, the minimum quarterly distribution will be calculated equal to an amount equal to the prior cash distribution per common unit for the fiscal quarter immediately preceding the reset election (such amount is referred to as the "reset minimum quarterly distribution") and the target distribution levels will be reset to correspondingly higher levels based on percentage increases above the reset minimum quarterly distribution. If such holder or holders elects to reset the target distribution levels, they will be entitled to receive common units as consideration for such election. The number of common units to be issued to such holder or holders will equal the number of common units that would have entitled the holder to an aggregate quarterly cash distribution for the quarter prior to the reset election equal to the distribution on the incentive distribution rights for the quarter prior to the reset election.
Westlake, as the current holder of our incentive distribution rights, could exercise this reset right in order to facilitate acquisitions or internal growth projects that would not be sufficiently accretive to cash distributions per unit without such conversion. However, Westlake may transfer the incentive distribution rights at any time. It is possible that Westlake or a transferee could exercise this reset election at a time when we are experiencing declines in our aggregate cash distributions or at a time when the holders of the incentive distribution rights expect that we will experience declines in our aggregate cash distributions in the foreseeable future. In such situations, a holder of the incentive distribution rights may be experiencing, or may expect to experience, declines in the cash distributions it receives related to the incentive distribution rights and may therefore desire to be issued our common units rather than retain the right to receive incentive distributions based on the initial target distribution levels. As a result, a reset election may cause our common unitholders to experience reduction in the amount of cash distributions that they would have otherwise received had we not issued new common units to the holders of the incentive distribution rights in connection with resetting the target distribution levels.
The incentive distribution rights may be transferred to a third party without unitholder consent.
Westlake may transfer the incentive distribution rights to a third party at any time without the consent of our unitholders. If Westlake transfers the incentive distribution rights to a third party, it would not have the same incentive to grow our partnership and increase quarterly distributions to unitholders over time. For example, a transfer of incentive distribution rights by Westlake could reduce the likelihood of it accepting offers made by us relating to assets owned by Westlake, as it would have less of an economic incentive to grow our business, which in turn would impact our ability to grow our asset base.
Ownership of Our general partner has a call right that may require unitholders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price.
We may issue additional units without unitholder approval, which would dilute existing unitholder ownership interests.
Our partnership agreement does not limit the number of additional limited partner interests we may issue at any time without the approval of our unitholders. The issuance of additional common units or other equity interests of equal or senior rank will have the following effects:
•our existing unitholders' proportionate ownership interest in us will decrease;
•the amount of earnings per each unit may decrease;
•the ratio of taxable income to distributions may increase;
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•the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding unit may be diminished; and
•the market price of the common units may decline.
The market price of our common units could be adversely affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common units in the public or private markets, including sales by Westlake or other large holders.
Westlake has registration rights with respect to the common units it holds. Sales by Westlake or other large holders of a substantial number of our common units in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common units or could impair our ability to obtain capital through an offering of equity securities.
Our partnership agreement restricts the voting rights of unitholders owning 20% or more of our common units.
Our partnership agreement restricts unitholders' voting rights by providing that any units held by a person or group that owns 20% or more of any class of units then outstanding, other than our general partner and its affiliates, their transferees and persons who acquired such units with the prior approval of the board of directors, cannot vote on any matter.
Unitholders may have liability to repay distributions.
Under certain circumstances, unitholders may have to repay amounts wrongfully returned or distributed to them. Under Section 17-607 of the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, or the Delaware Act,law, we may not make a distribution to our unitholders if the distribution would cause our liabilities to exceed the fair value of our assets. Delaware law provides that for a period of three years from the date of the impermissible distribution, limited partners who received the distribution and who knew at the time of the distribution that it violated Delaware law will be liable to the limited partnership for the distribution amount. Liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and liabilities that are non-recourse to the partnership are not counted for purposes of determining whether a distribution is permitted.
Tax Risks to Common Unitholders
Our tax treatment depends on our status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, and not being subject to a material amount of entity-level taxation. If the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), were to treat us as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, or we become subject to entity-level taxation for state tax purposes, our cash available for distribution to our unitholders would be substantially reduced.
The anticipated after-tax economic benefit of an investment in our common units depends largely on usour being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Despite the fact that we are organized as a limited partnership under Delaware law, we would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes unless we satisfy a "qualifying income" requirement. Based upon our current operations and current Treasury Regulations, we believe we satisfy the qualifying income requirement.
Prior to our initial public offering, we requested and obtained a favorable private letter ruling from the IRS to the effect that, based on facts presented in the private letter ruling request, our income from the production, transportation, storage and marketing of ethylene and its co-products constitutes "qualifying income" within the meaning of Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). However, no ruling has been or will be requested regarding our treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Failing to meet the qualifying income requirement or a change in current law could cause us to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise subject us to taxation as an entity.
If we were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we would pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at the corporate tax rate. Distributions to our unitholders would generally be taxed again as corporate distributions, and no income, gains, losses or deductions would flow through to our unitholders. Because a tax would be imposed upon us as a corporation, our cash available for distribution to our unitholders would be substantially reduced. Therefore, treatment of us as a corporation would result in a material reduction in the anticipated cash flow and after-tax return to our unitholders, likely causing a substantial reduction in the value of our common units.
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Our partnership agreement provides that if a law is enacted or existing law is modified or interpreted in a manner that subjects us to taxation as a corporation or otherwise subjects us to entity-level taxation for U.S. federal, state, local or foreign income tax purposes, the minimum quarterly distribution amount and the target distribution amounts may be adjusted to reflect the impact of that law or interpretation on us. At the state level, several states have been evaluating ways to subject partnerships to entity-level taxation through the imposition of state income, franchise or other forms of taxation. Specifically, we currently own assets and conduct business in Louisiana, Kentucky and Texas. Texas and Kentucky impose entity-level franchise or gross receipt taxes on partnerships. In the future, we may expand our operations. Imposition of similar entity-level taxes on us in Louisiana or other jurisdictions that we may expand to could substantially reduce our cash available for distribution to you.
The tax treatment of publicly tradedpublicly-traded partnerships or an investment in our units could be subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative changes or differing interpretations, possibly applied on a retroactive basis.
The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of publicly tradedpublicly-traded partnerships, including us, or an investment in our common units, may be modified by administrative, legislative or judicial changes or differing interpretations at any time. From time to time, membersMembers of Congress have frequently proposed and considered substantive changes to the existing U.S. federal income tax laws that would affect publicly tradedpublicly-traded partnerships, including elimination ofproposals that would eliminate our ability to qualify for partnership tax treatment for certain publicly traded partnerships. Any modification totreatment.
In addition, the U.S. federal income tax laws may be applied retroactivelyTreasury Department has issued, and could make it more difficult or impossible for us to meet the exception for certain publicly traded partnerships to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For example, the "Clean Energy for America Act," which is similar to legislation that was commonly proposed during the Obama Administration, was introduced in the Senate on May 2, 2019. If enacted, this proposal would, among other things, repeal the qualifying income exception within Section 7704(d)(1)(E) of the Code upon which we rely for our status as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
future may issue, regulations interpreting those laws that affect publicly-traded partnerships. On January 24, 2017, final regulations regarding which activities give rise to qualifying income within the meaning of Section 7704 of the Code (the "Final Regulations") were published in the Federal Register. The Final Regulations, consistent with our private letter ruling, treat our income from the production, transportation, storage and marketing of ethylene and its co-products constitutes as "qualifying income." There can be no assurance that there will not be further changes to U.S. federal income tax laws or the Treasury Department's interpretation of suchthe qualifying income tax lawsrules in a manner that could impact our ability to qualify as a publicly traded partnership in the future.
Any modification to the U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations thereof may or may not be retroactively applied and could make it more difficult or impossible for us to meet the exception for certain publicly-traded partnerships to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We are unable to predict whether any changes or other proposals will ultimately be enacted. Any future legislative changes could negatively impact the value of an investment in our common units. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor with respect to the status of regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on your investment in our common units.
If the IRS were to contest the federal income tax positions we take, it may adversely impact the market for our common units, and the costs of any such contest would reduce our cash available for distribution to our unitholders.
The IRS may adopt positions that differ from the positions we take. It may be necessary to resort to administrative or court proceedings to sustain some or all of the positions we take. A court may not agree with some or all of the positions we take. Any contest with the IRS may materially and adversely impact the market for our common units and the price at which they trade. Moreover, the costs of any contest between us and the IRS will result in a reduction in our cash available for distribution to our unitholders and thus will be borne indirectly by our unitholders.
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If the IRS makes audit adjustments to our income tax returns for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, it (and some states) may assess and collect any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustments directly from us, in which case our cash available for distribution to our unitholders might be substantially reduced and our current and former unitholders may be required to indemnify us for any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustments that were paid on such unitholders behalf.
Pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, if the IRS makes audit adjustments to our income tax returns, it (and some states) may assess and collect any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustments directly from us. To the extent possible under the new rules, our general partner may elect to either pay the taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) directly to the IRS or, if we are eligible, issue a revised information statement to each unitholder and former unitholder with respect to an audited and adjusted return. Although our general partner may elect to have our unitholders and former unitholders take such audit adjustment into account and pay any resulting taxes (including applicable penalties or interest) in accordance with their interests in us during the tax year under audit, there can be no assurance that such election will be practical, permissible or effective in all circumstances. As a result, our current unitholders may bear some or all of the tax liability resulting from such audit adjustment, even if such unitholders did not own units in us during the tax year under audit. If, as a result of any such audit adjustment, we are required to make payments of taxes, penalties and interest, our cash available for distribution to our unitholders might be substantially reduced and our current and former unitholders may be required to indemnify us for any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustments that were paid on such unitholders behalf. These rules are not applicable for tax years beginning on or prior to December 31, 2017.
Even if unitholders do not receive any cash distributions from us, unitholders will be required to pay taxes on their share of our taxable income, including their share of income from the cancellation of debt.
Unitholders are required to pay federal income taxes and, in some cases, state and local income taxes, on unitholders' share of our taxable income, whether or not they receive cash distributions from us. Unitholders may not receive cash distributions from us equal to their share of our taxable income or even equal to the actual tax due from them with respect to that income.
Tax gain or loss on the disposition of our common units could be more or less than expected.
If a unitholder sells common units, the unitholder will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and that unitholder's tax basis in those common units. Because distributions in excess of a unitholder's allocable share of our net taxable income decrease such unitholder's tax basis in its common units, the amount, if any, of such prior excess distributions with respect to the units a unitholder sells will, in effect, become taxable income to a unitholder if it sells such units at a price greater than its tax basis in those units, even if the price such unitholder receives is less than its original cost. In addition, because the amount realized includes a unitholder's share of our nonrecourse liabilities, if a unitholder sells its units, a unitholder may incur a tax liability in excess of the amount of cash received from the sale.
A substantial portion of the amount realized from a unitholder's sale of our units, whether or not representing gain, may be taxed as ordinary income to such unitholder due to potential recapture items, including depreciation recapture. Thus, a unitholder may recognize both ordinary income and capital loss from the sale of units if the amount realized on a sale of such units is less than such unitholder's adjusted basis in the units. Net capital loss may only offset capital gains and, in the case of individuals, up to $3,000 of ordinary income per year. In the taxable period in which a unitholder sells its units, such unitholder may recognize ordinary income from our allocations of income and gain to such unitholder prior to the sale and from recapture items that generally cannot be offset by any capital loss recognized upon the sale of units.
Unitholders may be subject to limitation on their ability to deduct interest expense incurred by us.
In general, we are entitled to a deduction for interest paid or accrued on indebtedness properly allocable to our trade or business during our taxable year. However, subject to the exceptions in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act," discussed below), under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, our deduction for "business interest" is limited to the sum of our business interest income and 30% of our "adjusted taxable income." For the purposes of this limitation, our adjusted taxable income is computed without regard to any business interest expense or business interest income, and in the case of taxable years beginning before January 1, 2022, any deduction allowable for depreciation, amortization, or depletion to the extent such depreciation, amortization, or depletion is not capitalized into cost of goods sold with respect to inventory.
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For our 2020 taxable year, the CARES Act increases the 30% adjusted taxable income limitation to 50%, unless we elect not to apply such increase. For purposes of determining our 50% adjusted taxable income limitation, we may elect to substitute our 2020 adjusted taxable income with our 2019 adjusted taxable income, which may result in a greater business interest expense deduction. In addition, unitholders may treat 50% of any excess business interest allocated to them in 2019 as deductible in the 2020 taxable year without regard to the 2020 business interest expense limitations. The remaining 50% of such unitholder's excess business interest is carried forward and subject to the same limitations as other taxable years.
If our "business interest" is subject to limitation under these rules, our unitholders will be limited in their ability to deduct their share of any interest expense that has been allocated to them. As a result, unitholders may be subject to limitation on their ability to deduct interest expense incurred by us.
Tax-exempt entities face unique tax issues from owning our common units that may result in adverse tax consequences to them.
Investment in our common units by tax-exempt entities, such as employee benefit plans and individual retirement accounts (known as IRAs) raises issues unique to them. For example, virtually all of our income allocated to organizations that are exempt from U.S. federal income tax, including IRAs and other retirement plans, will be unrelated business taxable income and will be taxable to them. With respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, subject to the proposed aggregation rules for certain similarly situated business or activities issued by the Treasury Department, a tax-exempt entity with more than one unrelated trade or business (including by attribution from investment in a partnership such as ours) is required to compute the unrelated business taxable income of such tax-exempt entity separately with respect to each such trade or business (including for purposes of determining any net operating loss deduction). As a result, for years beginning after December 31, 2017, it may not be possible for tax-exempt entities to utilize losses from an investment in our partnership to offset unrelated business taxable income from another unrelated trade or business and vice versa. Tax-exempt entities should consult a tax advisor before investing in our common units.
Non-U.S. Unitholders will be subject to U.S. taxes and withholding with respect to their income and gain from owning our units.
Non-U.S. unitholders are generally taxed and subject to income tax filing requirements by the United States on income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business ("effectively connected income").business. Income allocated to our unitholders and any gain from the sale of our units will generally be considered to be "effectively connected" with a U.S. trade or business. As a result, distributions to a non-U.S. unitholder will be subject to withholding at the highest applicable effective tax rate and a non-U.S. unitholder who sells or otherwise disposes of a unit will also be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the gain realized from the sale or disposition of that unit.
Moreover, the transferee of an interest in a partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business is generally required to withhold 10% of the amount realized"amount realized" by the transferor unless the transferor certifies that it is not a foreign person, and we are required to deduct and withhold fromperson. While the transferee amounts that should have been withheld by the transferees but were not withheld. Because thedetermination of a partner’s "amount realized" generally includes any decrease of a partner's share of the partnership'spartnership’s liabilities, 10%recently issued Treasury regulations provide that the 'amount realized" on a transfer of an interest in a publicly-traded partnership, such as our common units, will generally be the amount of gross proceeds paid to the broker effecting the applicable transfer on behalf of the amount realized could exceed the total cash purchase price for the units. However, pending the issuancetransferor, and thus will be determined without regard to any decrease in that partner's share of finala publicly-traded partnership's liabilities. The Treasury regulations the IRS has suspended the applicationfurther provide that withholding on a transfer of this withholding rulean interest in a publicly-traded partnership will not be imposed on a transfer that occurs prior to transfersJanuary 1, 2022. For a transfer of publicly-traded interests in a publicly-traded partnerships. If recently promulgated regulations are finalized as proposed, such regulations would provide, with respect to transfers of publicly-traded interests in publicly-traded partnershipspartnership that is effected through a broker thaton or after January 1, 2022, the obligation to withhold is imposed on the transferor's broker and that a partner's "amount realized" does not include a partner's sharebroker. Non-U.S. unitholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the impact of a publicly-traded partnership's liabilities for purposes of determining the amount subject to withholding. However, it is not clear when such regulations will be finalized and if they will be finalizedthese rules on an investment in their current form.our common units.
We treat each purchaser of our common units as having the same tax benefits without regard to the common units actually purchased. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could adversely affect the value of our common units.
Because we cannot match transferors and transferees of common units, we have adopted certain methods for allocating depreciation and amortization deductions that may not conform to all aspects of existing Treasury Regulations. A successful IRS challenge to the use of these methods could adversely affect the amount of tax benefits available to our unitholders. It also could affect the timing of these tax benefits or the amount of gain from any sale of common units and could have a negative impact on the value of our common units or result in audit adjustments to a unitholder's tax returns.
24
We generally prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our units each month based upon the ownership of our units on the first day of each month, instead of on the basis of the date a particular unit is transferred. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our unitholders.
We generally prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our units each month based upon the ownership of our units on the first day of each month (the "Allocation Date"), instead of on the basis of the date a particular unit is transferred. Similarly, we generally allocate certain deductions for depreciation of capital additions, gain or loss realized on a sale or other disposition of our assets and, in the discretion of the general partner, any other extraordinary item of income, gain, loss or deduction based upon ownership on the Allocation Date. Treasury Regulations allow a similar monthly simplifying convention, but such regulations do not specifically authorize all aspects of our proration method. If the IRS were to challenge our proration method, we may be required to change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our unitholders.
A unitholder whose units are the subject of a securities loan (e.g., a loan to a "short seller" to cover a short sale of units) may be considered to have disposed of those units. If so, such unitholder would no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those units during the period of the loan and may recognize gain or loss from the disposition.
Because there are no specific rules governing the U.S. federal income tax consequence of loaning a partnership interest, a unitholder whose units are the subject of a securities loan may be considered to have disposed of the loaned units. In that case, the unitholder may no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those units during the period of the loan to the short seller and the unitholder may recognize gain or loss from such disposition. Moreover, during the period of the loan, any of our income, gain, loss or deduction with respect to those units may not be reportable by the unitholder and any cash distributions received by the unitholder as to those units could be fully taxable as ordinary income. Unitholders desiring to assure their status as partners and avoid the risk of gain recognition from a securities loan are urged to consult a tax advisor to determine whether it is advisable to modify any applicable brokerage account agreements to prohibit their brokers from borrowing their units.
We have adopted certain valuation methodologies in determining a unitholder's allocations of income, gain, loss and deduction. The IRS may challenge these methodologies or the resulting allocations, which could adversely affect the value of our common units.
In determining the items of income, gain, loss and deduction allocable to our unitholders, we must routinely determine the fair market value of our assets. Although we may, from time to time, consult with professional appraisers regarding valuation matters, we make many fair market value estimates using a methodology based on the market value of our common units as a means to measure the fair market value of our assets. The IRS may challenge these valuation methods and the resulting allocations of income, gain, loss and deduction.
A successful IRS challenge to these methods or allocations could adversely affect the timing or amount of taxable income or loss being allocated to our unitholders. It also could affect the amount of gain recognized from the sale of our common units, have a negative impact on the value of our common units or result in audit adjustments to our unitholders' tax returns without the benefit of additional deductions.
Our unitholders will likely be subject to state and local taxes and income tax return filing requirements in jurisdictions where they do not live as a result of investing in our common units.
In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, our unitholders may be subject to other taxes, including foreign, state and local taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that are imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we conduct business or own property now or in the future, even if they do not live in any of those jurisdictions. Our unitholders will likely be required to file foreign, state and local income tax returns and pay state and local income taxes in some or all of these various jurisdictions. Further, our unitholders may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with those requirements.
We currently own assets and conduct business in Kentucky, Louisiana and Texas. Kentucky and Louisiana currently impose a personal income tax on individuals, Kentucky and Texas impose an entity-level franchise or gross receipts tax on a variety of legal entities, and Kentucky and Louisiana impose a corporate income tax on corporations and other entities treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes. As we make acquisitions or expand our business, we may own assets or conduct business in additional states that impose similar taxes. It is our unitholders' responsibility to file all United States federal, foreign, state and local tax returns and pay any taxes due in these jurisdictions. Unitholders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the filing of such tax returns, the payment of such taxes, and the deductibility of any taxes paid.
25
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Information regarding our properties is contained in "Item 1. Business—OpCo's Assets" and "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
In the ordinary conduct of our business, we and Westlake and Westlake's subsidiaries, including OpCo, are subject to periodic lawsuits, investigations and claims, including environmental claims and employee related matters. See the discussion of our environmental matters contained in "Item 1. Business—Environmental" and "Note 17 —Commitments and Contingencies"Contingencies", to the consolidated financial statements within this report. Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of lawsuits, investigations and claims asserted against us, we do not believe that any currently pending legal proceeding or proceedings to which we or Westlake or any of our or Westlake's subsidiaries, including OpCo, are a party will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. In addition, under the Omnibus Agreement, Westlake agreed to indemnify OpCo for certain environmental liabilities arising out of or occurring before the closing date of the IPO.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not Applicable.
26
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our Partnership Interests
Our common units are listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "WLKP." As of the close of business on February 21, 2020,23, 2021, based upon information received from our transfer agent, there were threefour holders of record of our common units.
We are a publicly tradedpublicly-traded partnership and are not subject to federal income tax. Instead, unitholders are required to report their allocable share of our income, gain, loss and deduction, regardless of whether we make distributions.
Following the Partnership's cash distribution for the second quarter of 2017, the requirement under the Partnership's partnership agreement for the conversion of all subordinated units was satisfied. As a result, effective August 30, 2017, all of the 12,686,115 subordinated units owned by Westlake were converted into common units on a one-for-one basis and thereafter participate on terms equal with all other common units in distributions of available cash.
Selected Information from our Partnership Agreement
Set forth below is a summary of the significant provisions of our partnership agreement that relate to cash distributions, minimum quarterly distributions and incentive distribution rights.
Cash Distribution Policy
Our partnership agreement provides that our general partner will make a determination as to whether to make a distribution, but our partnership agreement does not require us to pay distributions at any time or in any amount. Instead, the board of directors adopted a cash distribution policy in connection with the closing of the IPO that sets forth our general partner's intention with respect to the distributions to be made to unitholders. Pursuant to our cash distribution policy, within 60 days after the end of each quarter, we intend to make a minimum quarterly distribution of $0.2750 per unit to the extent we have sufficient cash after establishment of cash reserves and payment of fees and expenses, including payments to our general partner and its affiliates.
The board of directors may change our cash distribution policy at any time and from time to time, and even if our cash distribution policy is not modified or revoked, the amount of distributions paid under our policy and the decision to make any distribution is determined by our general partner.
Operating Surplus and Capital Surplus
Any distribution we make is characterized as made from "operating surplus" or "capital surplus." Distributions from operating surplus are made differently than cash distributions we would make from capital surplus. Operating surplus distributions will be made to our unitholders and, if we make quarterly distributions above the first target distribution level described below, to the holder of our incentive distribution rights. We do not anticipate that we will make any distributions from capital surplus. In such an event, however, any capital surplus distribution would be made pro rata to all unitholders, but the incentive distribution rights would generally not participate in any capital surplus distributions. Any distribution of capital surplus would result in a reduction of the minimum quarterly distribution and target distribution levels and, if we reduce the minimum quarterly distribution to zero and eliminate any unpaid arrearages, thereafter capital surplus would be distributed as if it were operating surplus and the incentive distribution rights would thereafter be entitled to participate in such distributions. In determining operating surplus and capital surplus, we will only take into account our proportionate share of our consolidated subsidiaries that are not wholly owned, such as OpCo.
Minimum Quarterly Distribution
On July 27, 2018, the partnership agreement was amended to revise the minimum quarterly distribution thresholds for the Partnership's incentive distribution rights. The amended partnership agreement provides that the Partnership will distribute cash each quarter to all the unitholders, pro-rata, until each common unit has received a distribution of $1.2938. If cash distributions to the Partnership's unitholders exceed $1.2938 per common unit in any quarter, the Partnership's unitholders and Westlake, as the holder of the Partnership's incentive distribution rights, will receive distributions according to the percentage allocations per the amended partnership agreement. For more information on the Partnership's amended distribution allocation percentages, see Note 9 "Distributions and Net Income Per Limited Partner Unit" to the consolidated financial statements within this report.
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General Partner Interests and Incentive Distribution Rights
Our general partner owns a non-economic general partner interest in us, which does not entitle it to receive cash distributions. However, our general partner may in the future own common units or other equity interests in us and will be entitled to receive distributions on any such interests. Incentive distribution rights represent the right to receive increasing percentages (15.0%, 25.0% and 50.0%) of quarterly distributions from operating surplus after the target distribution levels have been achieved. Westlake currently holds the incentive distribution rights, but may transfer these rights separately from its general partner interest.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
28
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following information should be read together with "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts and per unit data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Statement of Operations Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 966,670 | $ | 1,091,871 | $ | 1,285,622 | $ | 1,172,981 | $ | 986,736 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 378,883 | 379,428 | 377,159 | 403,667 | 391,331 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 25,895 | 29,278 | 27,590 | 29,260 | 24,887 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from operations | 352,988 | 350,150 | 349,569 | 374,407 | 366,444 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (12,038) | (19,623) | (21,433) | (21,861) | (12,607) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 733 | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | 601 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 341,683 | 333,623 | 330,593 | 354,338 | 354,438 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 564 | 728 | 22 | 1,280 | 1,035 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 341,119 | $ | 332,895 | $ | 330,571 | $ | 353,058 | $ | 353,403 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | 274,952 | 271,914 | 281,224 | 304,388 | 312,463 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP and limited partners' interest in net income | $ | 66,167 | $ | 60,981 | $ | 49,347 | $ | 48,670 | $ | 40,940 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP per limited partner unit (basic and diluted) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common units | $ | 1.88 | $ | 1.77 | $ | 1.51 | $ | 1.72 | $ | 1.50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subordinated units | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1.43 | $ | 1.50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance Sheet Data (end of period): | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 17,154 | $ | 19,923 | $ | 19,744 | $ | 27,008 | $ | 88,900 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Working capital (1) | 223,551 | 199,562 | 198,370 | 191,149 | 194,388 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 1,356,488 | 1,393,456 | 1,462,125 | 1,515,276 | 1,555,228 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt | 399,674 | 399,674 | 477,608 | 473,960 | 594,629 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partners' equity | 915,137 | 952,135 | 934,081 | 998,749 | 920,963 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions per unit (2) | $ | 1.89 | $ | 1.84 | $ | 1.66 | $ | 1.48 | $ | 1.32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Operating Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow from: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | 373,397 | $ | 450,807 | $ | 436,151 | $ | 537,357 | $ | 287,726 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investing activities | 2,032 | (57,707) | (51,812) | (203,229) | (299,481) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financing activities | (378,198) | (392,921) | (391,603) | (396,020) | (68,904) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 103,154 | 107,320 | 108,842 | 113,985 | 98,210 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | 36,968 | 43,707 | 39,862 | 68,858 | 299,638 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MLP distributable cash flow (3) | 71,983 | 73,181 | 60,024 | 54,700 | 32,405 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
EBITDA (4) | $ | 456,875 | $ | 460,566 | $ | 460,868 | $ | 490,184 | $ | 465,255 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts and per unit data) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Statement of Operations Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 1,091,871 | $ | 1,285,622 | $ | 1,172,981 | $ | 986,736 | $ | 1,007,221 | ||||||||||
| Gross profit | 379,428 | 377,159 | 403,667 | 391,331 | 382,882 | |||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 29,278 | 27,590 | 29,260 | 24,887 | 23,550 | |||||||||||||||
| Income from operations | 350,150 | 349,569 | 374,407 | 366,444 | 359,332 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (19,623 | ) | (21,433 | ) | (21,861 | ) | (12,607 | ) | (4,967 | ) | ||||||||||
| Other income, net | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | 601 | 160 | |||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 333,623 | 330,593 | 354,338 | 354,438 | 354,525 | |||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 728 | 22 | 1,280 | 1,035 | 672 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 332,895 | $ | 330,571 | $ | 353,058 | $ | 353,403 | $ | 353,853 | ||||||||||
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | 271,914 | 281,224 | 304,388 | 312,463 | 314,022 | |||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP and limited partners' interest in net income | $ | 60,981 | $ | 49,347 | $ | 48,670 | $ | 40,940 | $ | 39,831 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP per limited partner unit (basic and diluted) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common units | $ | 1.77 | $ | 1.51 | $ | 1.72 | $ | 1.50 | $ | 1.47 | ||||||||||
| Subordinated units | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1.43 | $ | 1.50 | $ | 1.47 | ||||||||||
| Balance Sheet Data (end of period): | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 19,923 | $ | 19,744 | $ | 27,008 | $ | 88,900 | $ | 169,559 | ||||||||||
Working capital (1) | 199,562 | 198,370 | 191,149 | 194,388 | 167,593 | |||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 1,393,456 | 1,462,125 | 1,515,276 | 1,555,228 | 1,290,349 | |||||||||||||||
| Total debt | 399,674 | 477,608 | 473,960 | 594,629 | 384,006 | |||||||||||||||
| Partners' equity | 952,135 | 934,081 | 998,749 | 920,963 | 847,167 | |||||||||||||||
Distributions per unit (2) | $ | 1.84 | $ | 1.66 | $ | 1.48 | $ | 1.32 | $ | 1.18 | ||||||||||
| Other Operating Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow from: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | 450,807 | $ | 436,151 | $ | 537,357 | $ | 287,726 | $ | 452,542 | ||||||||||
| Investing activities | (57,707 | ) | (51,812 | ) | (203,229 | ) | (299,481 | ) | (231,185 | ) | ||||||||||
| Financing activities | (392,921 | ) | (391,603 | ) | (396,020 | ) | (68,904 | ) | (185,548 | ) | ||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 107,320 | 108,842 | 113,985 | 98,210 | 81,210 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | 43,707 | 39,862 | 68,858 | 299,638 | 231,185 | |||||||||||||||
MLP distributable cash flow (3) | 73,181 | 60,024 | 54,700 | 32,405 | 37,730 | |||||||||||||||
EBITDA (6) | $ | 460,566 | $ | 460,868 | $ | 490,184 | $ | 465,255 | $ | 440,702 | ||||||||||
(1)Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities.
(2)Distribution per unit represents cash distributions declared per common unit for the quarters ended March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31.
29
(3)We use MLP distributable cash flow (a non-GAAP financial measure) to analyze our performance. The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as a numerical measure of a registrant's historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows that (1) excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statement of income, balance sheet or statement of cash flows ( or equivalent statements) of the registrant; or (2) includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly comparable measure so calculated and presented. We define distributable cash flow as net income plus depreciation, amortization and disposition of property, plant and equipment, less contributions for turnaround reserves, maintenance capital expenditures and mark-to-market adjustment on derivative contracts. We define MLP distributable cash flow as distributable cash flow less distributable cash flow attributable to Westlake's noncontrolling interest in OpCo and distributions attributable to the incentive distribution rights holder. MLP distributable cash flow does not reflect changes in working capital balances. MLP distributable cash flow is a non-GAAP supplemental financial measure that management and external users of our consolidated financial statements, such as industry analysts, investors, lenders and rating agencies, may use to assess:
•our operating performance as compared to other publicly tradedpublicly-traded partnerships;
•our ability to incur and service debt and fund capital expenditures; and
•the viability of acquisitions and other capital expenditure projects and the returns on investment of various investment opportunities.
MLP distributable cash flow is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of net income and net cash provided by operating activities. MLP distributable cash flow has important limitations as an analytical tool because it excludes some but not all items that affect net income and net cash provided by operating activities. It should be noted that other limited partnerships and companies calculate MLP distributable cash flows differently, and, therefore, MLP distributable cash flows as presented for us may not be comparable to MLP distributable cash flows reported by other partnerships and companies. The following table reconciles MLP distributable cash flow to net income and net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
Reconciliation of MLP Distributable Cash Flow to Net Income and Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 373,397 | $ | 450,807 | $ | 436,151 | $ | 537,357 | $ | 287,726 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from disposition of fixed assets | (1,000) | (515) | (1,849) | (3,033) | (3,021) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other | (31,278) | $ | (117,397) | (103,731) | (181,266) | 68,698 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income | 341,119 | 332,895 | 330,571 | 353,058 | 353,403 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Add: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation, amortization and disposition of property, plant and equipment | 104,154 | 107,835 | 110,691 | 117,128 | 98,210 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mark-to-market adjustment loss on derivative contracts | (1,340) | 1,301 | 62 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contribution to turnaround reserves | (39,937) | (15,630) | (16,840) | (30,580) | (40,014) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maintenance capital expenditures | (37,343) | (39,940) | (31,481) | (37,775) | (120,353) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incentive distribution rights | — | — | (733) | (1,666) | (281) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distributable cash flow attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | (294,670) | (313,280) | (332,246) | (345,465) | (258,560) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MLP distributable cash flow | $ | 71,983 | $ | 73,181 | $ | 60,024 | $ | 54,700 | $ | 32,405 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
30
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 450,807 | $ | 436,151 | $ | 537,357 | $ | 287,726 | $ | 452,542 | ||||||||||
| Loss from disposition of fixed assets | (515 | ) | (1,849 | ) | (3,033 | ) | (3,021 | ) | (1,812 | ) | ||||||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other | (117,397 | ) | (103,731 | ) | (181,266 | ) | 68,698 | (96,877 | ) | |||||||||||
| Net Income | 332,895 | 330,571 | 353,058 | 353,403 | 353,853 | |||||||||||||||
| Add: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation, amortization and disposition of property, plant and equipment (1) | 107,835 | 110,691 | 117,128 | 98,210 | 81,210 | |||||||||||||||
Mark-to-market adjustment loss on derivative contracts | 1,301 | 62 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Less: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Contribution to turnaround reserves (2) | (15,630 | ) | (16,840 | ) | (30,580 | ) | (40,014 | ) | (28,183 | ) | ||||||||||
Maintenance capital expenditures (3) | (39,940 | ) | (31,481 | ) | (37,775 | ) | (120,353 | ) | (67,935 | ) | ||||||||||
| Incentive distribution rights | — | (733 | ) | (1,666 | ) | (281 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
Distributable cash flow attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | (313,280 | ) | (332,246 | ) | (345,465 | ) | (258,560 | ) | (301,215 | ) | ||||||||||
| MLP distributable cash flow | $ | 73,181 | $ | 60,024 | $ | 54,700 | $ | 32,405 | $ | 37,730 | ||||||||||
•our operating performance as compared to other publicly tradedpublicly-traded partnerships;
•our ability to incur and service debt and fund capital expenditures; and
•the viability of acquisitions and other capital expenditure projects and the returns on investment of various investment opportunities.
EBITDA is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and income taxes. The following table reconciles EBITDA to net income, income from operations and to cash flows from operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP measures.
Reconciliation of EBITDA to Net Income, Income from Operations and Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 373,397 | $ | 450,807 | $ | 436,151 | $ | 537,357 | $ | 287,726 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from disposition of fixed assets | (1,000) | (515) | (1,849) | (3,033) | (3.021) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other | (31,278) | (117,397) | (103,731) | (181,266) | 68,698 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 341,119 | 332,895 | 330,571 | 353,058 | 353,403 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 733 | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | 601 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (12,038) | (19,623) | (21,433) | (21,861) | (12,607) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | (564) | (728) | (22) | (1,280) | (1,035) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from operations | 352,988 | 350,150 | 349,569 | 374,407 | 366,444 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Add: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 103,154 | 107,320 | 108,842 | 113,985 | 98,210 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 733 | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | 601 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | 456,875 | $ | 460,566 | $ | 460,868 | $ | 490,184 | $ | 465,255 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 450,807 | $ | 436,151 | $ | 537,357 | $ | 287,726 | $ | 452,542 | ||||||||||
| Loss from disposition of fixed assets | (515 | ) | (1,849 | ) | (3,033 | ) | (3,021 | ) | (1,812 | ) | ||||||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other | (117,397 | ) | (103,731 | ) | (181,266 | ) | 68,698 | (96,877 | ) | |||||||||||
| Net income | 332,895 | 330,571 | 353,058 | 353,403 | 353,853 | |||||||||||||||
| Less: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | 601 | 160 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (19,623 | ) | (21,433 | ) | (21,861 | ) | (12,607 | ) | (4,967 | ) | ||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | (728 | ) | (22 | ) | (1,280 | ) | (1,035 | ) | (672 | ) | ||||||||||
| Income from operations | 350,150 | 349,569 | 374,407 | 366,444 | 359,332 | |||||||||||||||
| Add: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 107,320 | 108,842 | 113,985 | 98,210 | 81,210 | |||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | 601 | 160 | |||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | 460,566 | $ | 460,868 | $ | 490,184 | $ | 465,255 | $ | 440,702 | ||||||||||
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto, and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report. The following discussion includes forward-looking statements that involve certain risks and uncertainties. See "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in this report.
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We are a Delaware limited partnership formed by Westlake to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. On August 4, 2014, we closed our initial public offering (the "IPO") of 12,937,500 common units. In connection with the IPO, we acquired a 10.6% interest in OpCo and a 100% interest in OpCo GP, which is the general partner of OpCo. On April 29, 2015, we purchased an additional 2.7% newly-issued limited partner interest in OpCo, resulting in an aggregate 13.3% limited partner interest in OpCo effective April 1, 2015. On September 29, 2017, we completed a secondary public offering of 5,175,000 common units and purchased an additional 5.0% newly-issued limited partner interest in OpCo, resulting in an aggregate 18.3% limited partner interest in OpCo, effective as of July 1, 2017. The 12,686,115 subordinated units of the Partnership, all of which were previously owned by Westlake, were converted into common units of the Partnership on August 30, 2017. On March 29, 2019, we completed a private placement of 2,940,818 common units and used the net proceeds to purchase an additional 4.5% interest in OpCo, effective January 1, 2019, resulting in us owning an aggregate 22.8% limited partner interest in OpCo.
Currently, our sole revenue generating asset is our 22.8% limited partner interest in OpCo, a limited partnership formed by Westlake and us in anticipation of the IPO to own and operate an ethylene production business. We control OpCo through our ownership of its general partner. Westlake retains the remaining 77.2% limited partner interest in OpCo as well as a significant interest in us through its ownership of our general partner, 40.1% of our limited partner units (consisting of 14,122,230 common units )units) and our incentive distribution rights. OpCo's assets include (1) two ethylene production facilities ("Petro 1" and "Petro 2" and, collectively, "Lake Charles Olefins") at Westlake's Lake Charles, Louisiana site; (2) one ethylene production facility ("Calvert City Olefins") at Westlake's Calvert City, Kentucky site; and (3) a 200-mile common carrier ethylene pipeline (the "Longview Pipeline") that runs from Mont Belvieu, Texas to Westlake's Longview, Texas facility.
How We Generate Revenue
We generate revenue primarily by selling ethylene and the resulting co-products we produce. OpCo and Westlake have entered into an ethylene sales agreement (the "Ethylene Sales Agreement") pursuant to which we generate a substantial majority of our revenue. The Ethylene Sales Agreement is a long-term, fee-based agreement with a minimum purchase commitment and includes variable pricing based on OpCo's actual feedstock and natural gas costs and estimated other costs of producing ethylene (including OpCo's estimated operating costs and a five-year average of OpCo's expected future maintenance capital expenditures and other turnaround expenditures based on OpCo's planned ethylene production capacity for the year), plus a fixed margin per pound of $0.10 less revenue from co-products sales. Pursuant to the Ethylene Sales Agreement, Westlake's obligation to pay for the annual minimum commitment (95% of OpCo's budgeted ethylene production), which is measured at the end of the year,on an annual basis, is generally not reduced for the first 45 days of a force majeure event, but is reduced for the portion of a force majeure event extending beyond the 45th day. In the event of a force majeure event, we recognize buyer deficiency fees representing fixed margin and unavoided operating and maintenance capital expenditures and maintenance expenses per pound of volume committed by Westlake during the force majeure event. Payment for the buyer deficiency fee is scheduled to be received by the Partnership after the conclusion of the year.
Westlake has an option to take 95% of volumes in excess of the minimum commitment on an annual basis under the Ethylene Sales Agreement if we produce more than our planned production. Under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, the price for the sale of such excess ethylene to Westlake is based on a formula similar to that used for the minimum purchase commitment, with the exception of certain fixed costs. In addition, under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, if production costs billed to Westlake on an annual basis are less than 95% of the actual production costs incurred by OpCo during the contract year, OpCo is entitled to recover the shortfall in such production costs (proportionate to the volume sold to Westlake) in the subsequent year ("Shortfall"). The Shortfall is generally recognized during the period in which the related operating, maintenance or turnaround activities occur.
The Ethylene Sales Agreement provides that, if compliance with any law adopted or modified following our IPO results in OpCo incurring additional costs in excess of $500,000 in any contract year, OpCo is entitled to charge Westlake a monthly surcharge following efforts to mitigate the effects of such matter.
We sell ethylene production in excess of volumes sold to Westlake, as well as all associated co-products resulting from the ethylene production, directly to third parties on either a spot or contract basis. Net proceeds (after transportation and other costs) from the sales of associated co-products that result from the production of ethylene purchased by Westlake are netted against the ethylene price charged to Westlake under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, thereby substantially reducing our exposure to fluctuations in the market prices of these co-products. During 2019,2020, all the third-party ethylene and associated co-products sales generated 14.1%8.1% of our total revenues.
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Under the Services and Secondment Agreement, OpCo uses a portion of its production capacity to process purge gas for Westlake. On August 4, 2016, OpCo and Westlake entered into an amendment to the Ethylene Sales Agreement in order to provide that certain of the pricing components that make up the price for ethylene sold thereunder would be modified to reflect the portion of OpCo's production capacity that is used to process Westlake's purge gas instead of producing ethylene and to clarify that costs specific to the processing of Westlake's purge gas would be recovered under the Services and Secondment Agreement, and not the Ethylene Sales Agreement.
Please refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included within this report for more information on the Ethylene Sales Agreement.
How We Source Feedstock
OpCo has entered into a 12-year feedstock supply agreement (the "Feedstock Supply Agreement") with Westlake Petrochemicals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Westlake, under which Westlake Petrochemicals LLC supplies OpCo with ethane and other feedstocks that OpCo uses to produce ethylene under the Ethylene Sales Agreement. For its approximately five percent merchant sales, OpCo may purchase the ethane and other feedstocks to produce ethylene and resulting co-products to sell to unrelated third parties from Westlake Petrochemicals LLC.
Please refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included within this report for more information on the Feedstock Supply Agreement.
How We Evaluate Operations
Our management uses a variety of financial and operating metrics to analyze our performance. These metrics are significant factors in assessing our operating results and profitability and include: (1) production volumes, (2) operating and maintenance expenses, including turnaround costs, and (3) MLP distributable cash flow and EBITDA.
Production Volumes
The amount of profit we generate primarily depends on the volumes of ethylene and resulting co-products we are able to produce at Calvert City Olefins and Lake Charles Olefins. Although Westlake has committed to purchasing minimum volumes from us under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, our results of operations are impacted by our ability to:
•produce sufficient volumes of ethylene to meet our commitments under the Ethylene Sales Agreement or recover our estimated costs through the pricing provisions of the Ethylene Sales Agreement;
•contract with third parties for the remaining uncommitted production capacity;
•add or increase capacity at our existing production facilities, or add additional production capacity via organic expansion projects and acquisitions; and
•achieve or exceed the specified yield factors for natural gas, ethane and other feedstock under the Ethylene Sales Agreement.
Operating Expenses, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Turnaround Costs
Our management seeks to maximize the profitability of our operations by effectively managing operating expenses, maintenance capital expenditures and turnaround costs. Our operating expenses are comprised primarily of feedstock costs and natural gas, labor expenses (including contractor services), utility costs (other than natural gas) and turnaround and maintenance expenses. With the exception of feedstock, including natural gas, and utilities-related expenses, operating expenses generally remain relatively stable across broad ranges of production volumes but can fluctuate from period to period depending on the circumstances, particularly maintenance and turnaround activities. Our maintenance capital expenditures and turnaround costs are comprised primarily of maintenance of our ethylene production facilities and the amortization of capitalized turnaround costs. These capital expenditures relate to the maintenance and integrity of our facilities. We capitalize the costs of major maintenance activities, or turnarounds, and amortize the costs over the period until the next planned turnaround of the affected facility.
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Operating expenses, maintenance capital expenditures and turnaround costs are built into the price per pound of ethylene charged to Westlake under the Ethylene Sales Agreement. Because the expenses other than feedstock costs and natural gas are based on forecasted amounts and remain a fixed component of the price per pound of ethylene sold under the Ethylene Sales Agreement for any given 12-month period, our ability to manage operating expenses, maintenance expenditures and turnaround cost may directly affect our profitability and cash flows. The impact on profitability is partially mitigated by the fact that we generally recognize any Shortfall as revenue in the period such costs and expenses are incurred. We seek to manage our operating and maintenance expenses on our ethylene production facilities by scheduling maintenance and turnarounds over time to avoid significant variability in our operating margins and minimize the impact on our cash flows, without compromising our commitment to safety and environmental stewardship. In addition, we reserve cash on an annual basis from what we would otherwise distribute to minimize the impact of turnaround costs in the year of incurrence. The purchase price under the Ethylene Sales Agreement is not designed to cover capital expenditures for expansions.
MLP Distributable Cash Flow and EBITDA
The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as a numerical measure of a registrant's historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows that (1) excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statement of income, balance sheet or statement of cash flows (or equivalent statements) of the registrant; or (2) includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly comparable measure so calculated and presented. We use the non-GAAP measures of MLP distributable cash flow and EBITDA to analyze our performance. We define distributable cash flow as net income plus depreciation, amortization and disposition of property, plant and equipment, less contributions for turnaround reserves, maintenance capital expenditures and mark-to-market adjustment on derivative contracts. We define MLP distributable cash flow as distributable cash flow less distributable cash flow attributable to Westlake's noncontrolling interest in OpCo and distributions attributable to the incentive distribution rights holder. MLP distributable cash flow does not reflect changes in working capital balances. We define EBITDA as net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. We use each of MLP distributable cash flow and EBITDA to analyze our performance. MLP distributable cash flow and EBITDA are non-GAAP supplemental financial measures that management and external users of our consolidated financial statements, such as industry analysts, investors, lenders and rating agencies, may use to assess:
assess our operating performance as compared to other publicly tradedpublicly-traded partnerships;
our ability to incur and service debt and fund capital expenditures; and
the viability of acquisitions and other capital expenditure projects and the returns on investment of various investment opportunities.
MLP distributable cash flow is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of net income and net cash provided by operating activities. MLP distributable cash flow has important limitations as an analytical tool because it excludes some but not all items that affect net income and net cash provided by operating activities. EBITDA is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and income taxes. Reconciliations for each of MLP distributable cash flow and EBITDA are included in Item 6. "Selected Financial Data" above.
Factors Affecting Our Business
Supply and Demand for Ethylene and Resulting Co-products
We generate a substantial majority of our revenue from the Ethylene Sales Agreement. This contract is intended to promote cash flow stability and minimize our direct exposure to commodity price fluctuations in the following ways: (1) the cost-plus pricing structure of the Ethylene Sales Agreement is expected to generate a fixed margin of $0.10 per pound, adjusting automatically for changes in feedstock costs; and (2) Westlake is committed to purchase 95% of the annual planned output, subject to a maximum commitment of 3.8 billion pounds of ethylene per year, with an option to purchase an additional 95% of actual output in excess of the planned output on a contract year basis. As a result, our direct exposure to commodity price risk is limited to approximately 5% of our total ethylene production, which is that portion sold to third parties, assuming Westlake exercises its option to purchase 95% of the over production, as well as to our co-products sales.
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We also have indirect exposure to commodity price fluctuations to the extent such fluctuations affect the ethylene consumption patterns of third-party purchasers. Demand for ethylene exhibits cyclical commodity characteristics as margins earned on ethylene derivative products are influenced by changes in the balance between supply and demand, the resulting operating rates and general economic activity. While we believe we have substantially mitigated our indirect exposure to commodity price fluctuations during the term of the Ethylene Sales Agreement through the minimum commitment and the cost-plus based pricing, our ability to execute our growth strategy in our areas of operation will depend, in part, on the demand for ethylene derivatives in the geographical areas served by our ethylene production facilities.
COVID-19, Industry Conditions and Our Business
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. The pandemic has resulted in widespread adverse impacts on the global economy and on our employees, customers and suppliers. We did not experience significant disruptions to our business operations in the year ended December 31, 2020 and do not expect to experience significant disruptions to our business operations resulting from COVID-19, primarily due to the fact that 95% of our production is sold to Westlake on a take-or-pay contract.
Although the price of crude oil has partially recovered from its sudden collapse in early March 2020, due to the continuing impact of low crude oil prices and the addition of ethylene production capacity in recent months, prices for ethylene and co-products have remained weak and have also negatively impacted our plants' operating rates. Crude oil prices have recovered somewhat since the second quarter of 2020. Regardless, we may idle production and reduce operating rates if it is not economical for us to produce ethylene to sell to third parties.
Our first priority in our response to this crisis has been the health and safety of our operators, who are seconded to us by Westlake, and those of our customers and vendors. Westlake has implemented preventative measures and developed corporate and regional response plans to minimize unnecessary risk of exposure. We and Westlake have modified certain business practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations and employee work practices) to conform to government restrictions and best practices encouraged by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and other governmental and regulatory authorities. We and Westlake have implemented strategies to reduce costs, increase operational efficiencies and lower capital spending. We have also deferred the planned turnaround at OpCo's Petro 2 ethylene unit and associated maintenance cost into the second half of 2021. The turnaround is expected to last approximately 60 days.
Impact of Hurricanes Laura and Delta
On August 27, 2020, Hurricane Laura made landfall in Louisiana as a Category 4 storm, which resulted in widespread damage to property and infrastructure in the greater Lake Charles area, including the electricity transmission system. On October 9, 2020, Hurricane Delta made landfall as a Category 2 storm in the same general vicinity of Louisiana. As a precautionary measure, OpCo idled its units in the Lake Charles area, Petro 1 and Petro 2, in advance of each storm. As a result of the storms and certain pre-existing issues discovered during start-up following Hurricanes Laura and Delta, Petro 1 and Petro 2 remained completely shut down for a significant period of time in the months of August, September and October 2020 and returned to more routine operations by the beginning of November 2020. In connection with these outages and pursuant to the Ethylene Sales Agreement, OpCo provided notices of force majeure events to Westlake. Under the Ethylene Sales Agreement, Westlake's obligation to pay for the annual minimum commitment (95% of OpCo's budgeted ethylene production) is not reduced for the first 45 days of a force majeure event. As a result of the force majeure events due to Hurricanes Laura and Delta, we recognized a buyer deficiency fee of $69.6 million as a component of net sales in 2020, representing fixed margin and unavoided operating and maintenance capital expenditures and maintenance expenses per pound of volume committed by Westlake during the force majeure events. Payment for the buyer deficiency fee was received in January 2021.
February Weather Event
In February 2021, large parts of the southern United States, including Louisiana and Kentucky, experienced extreme winter weather. Due to the extreme weather, OpCo's ethylene production facilities in the region experienced disruption to their operations, resulting in lost production and additional maintenance costs. OpCo has declared force majeure under the Ethylene Supply Agreement and expects to recognize a buyer deficiency fee in 2021.
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Results of Operations
The table below and descriptions that follow represent the consolidated results of operations of the Partnership for the years 2020, 2019 2018 and 2017.2018.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts and per unit data) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales—Westlake | $ | 888,245 | $ | 937,625 | $ | 1,074,957 | ||||||||||||||
| Net co-products, ethylene and feedstock sales—third parties | 78,425 | 154,246 | 210,665 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales | 966,670 | 1,091,871 | 1,285,622 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 378,883 | 379,428 | 377,159 | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 25,895 | 29,278 | 27,590 | |||||||||||||||||
| Income from operations | 352,988 | 350,150 | 349,569 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense—Westlake | (12,038) | (19,623) | (21,433) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 733 | 3,096 | 2,457 | |||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 341,683 | 333,623 | 330,593 | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 564 | 728 | 22 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 341,119 | $ | 332,895 | $ | 330,571 | ||||||||||||||
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | 274,952 | 271,914 | 281,224 | |||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP and limited partners' interest in net income | $ | 66,167 | $ | 60,981 | $ | 49,347 | ||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP per limited partner unit (basic and diluted) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common units | $ | 1.88 | $ | 1.77 | $ | 1.51 | ||||||||||||||
Weighted average limited partner units outstanding (basic and diluted) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common units—public | 21,073,041 | 20,365,828 | 18,118,628 | |||||||||||||||||
| Common units—Westlake | 14,122,230 | 14,122,230 | 14,122,230 | |||||||||||||||||
MLP distributable cash flow (1) | $ | 71,983 | $ | 73,181 | $ | 60,024 | ||||||||||||||
EBITDA (1) | $ | 456,875 | $ | 460,566 | $ | 460,868 | ||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average Sales Price | Volume | Average Sales Price | Volume | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Product sales price and volume percentage change from prior year | +0.8 | % | -18.6 | % | -15.4 | % | +0.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||
Average industry prices (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ethane (cents/lb) | 6.4 | 7.3 | 11.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Propane (cents/lb) | 11.0 | 12.7 | 20.8 | |||||||||||||||||
Ethylene (cents/lb) (3) | 17.5 | 18.5 | 19.0 | |||||||||||||||||
(1)See "Item 6. Selected Financial Data", for discussions on non-GAAP financial measures.
(2)Industry pricing data was obtained through IHS. We have not independently verified the data.
(3)Represents average North American spot prices of ethylene over the period as reported by IHS.
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| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts and per unit data) | ||||||||||||
| Net sales—Westlake | $ | 937,625 | $ | 1,074,957 | $ | 973,081 | ||||||
| Net co-products, ethylene and feedstock sales—third parties | 154,246 | 210,665 | 199,900 | |||||||||
| Total net sales | 1,091,871 | 1,285,622 | 1,172,981 | |||||||||
| Gross profit | 379,428 | 377,159 | 403,667 | |||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 29,278 | 27,590 | 29,260 | |||||||||
| Income from operations | 350,150 | 349,569 | 374,407 | |||||||||
| Other income (expense) | ||||||||||||
| Interest expense—Westlake | (19,623 | ) | (21,433 | ) | (21,861 | ) | ||||||
| Other income, net | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | |||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 333,623 | 330,593 | 354,338 | |||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 728 | 22 | 1,280 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 332,895 | $ | 330,571 | $ | 353,058 | ||||||
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | 271,914 | 281,224 | 304,388 | |||||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP and limited partners' interest in net income | $ | 60,981 | $ | 49,347 | $ | 48,670 | ||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP per limited partner unit (basic and diluted) | ||||||||||||
| Common units | $ | 1.77 | $ | 1.51 | $ | 1.72 | ||||||
| Subordinated units | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1.43 | ||||||
Weighted average limited partner units outstanding (basic and diluted) | ||||||||||||
| Common units—public | 20,365,828 | 18,118,628 | 14,270,240 | |||||||||
| Common units—Westlake | 14,122,230 | 14,122,230 | 7,831,307 | |||||||||
| Subordinated units—Westlake | — | — | 6,290,923 | |||||||||
MLP distributable cash flow (1) | $ | 73,181 | $ | 60,024 | $ | 54,700 | ||||||
EBITDA (1) | $ | 460,566 | $ | 460,868 | $ | 490,184 | ||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||
| Average Sales Price | Volume | Average Sales Price | Volume | |||||||||
Product sales price and volume percentage change from prior year | -15.4 | % | +0.3 | % | +6.0 | % | +3.6 | % | ||||
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
Average industry prices (2) | |||||||||
| Ethane (cents/lb) | 7.3 | 11.0 | 8.3 | ||||||
| Propane (cents/lb) | 12.7 | 20.8 | 18.1 | ||||||
Ethylene (cents/lb) (3) | 18.5 | 19.0 | 28.0 | ||||||
Summary
For the year ended December 31, 2019,2020, net income was $341.1 million on net sales of $966.7 million. This represents an increase in net income of $8.2 million as compared to net income of $332.9 million on net sales of $1,091.9 million which was comparable to net income of $330.6 million on net sales of $1,285.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019. Net income attributable to the Partnership in 20192020 was $61.0$66.2 million as compared to $49.3$61.0 million in 2018,2019, an increase of $11.7$5.2 million, which was primarily due to the higher sales price for ethylene sold to Westlake per the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement, the buyer deficiency fee of $69.6 million recognized in 2020 as a 4.5% increase inresult of the Partnership'sforce majeure events at the Petro 1 and Petro 2 units and lower interest in OpCo, effective as of January 1, 2019,expense, partially offset by lower sales to third parties, lower sales volumes to Westlake due to the force majeure events and higher third party sales margins.increased maintenance expense. Net sales for 20192020 decreased by $193.7$125.2 million as compared to 20182019 mainly due to decreasedlower sales to third parties and lower sales volumes to Westlake due to the force majeure events, partially offset by higher sales prices to Westlake per the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement.Agreement and the buyer deficiency fee recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020. Income from operations was $353.0 million for 2020, as compared to $350.2 million for 2019. Income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased mainly as a result of the higher sales price for ethylene sold to Westlake, and the buyer deficiency fee recognized during the year, partially offset by increased maintenance expense and lower sales volumes to third parties and to Westlake, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
2020 Compared with 2019
Net Sales. Net sales decreased by $125.2 million, or 11.5%, to $966.7 million in 2020 from $1,091.9 million in 2019. The decrease in net sales in 2020 was primarily due to lower production during the year, mainly due to the force majeure events and lower sales prices to third parties, partially offset by the buyer deficiency fee of $69.6 million recognized in 2020 and higher sales price to Westlake per the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement in 2020. The lower sales volume during 2020 contributed to a decrease in net sales of 18.6% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in sales volume during 2020 was primarily due to the force majeure events at our Lake Charles Petro 1 and Petro 2 units. The average sales price in 2020 contributed to a 0.8% increase in net sales, compared to 2019, which was comparablemainly due to $349.6higher sales prices to Westlake per the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement, partially offset by lower third party sales prices.
Gross Profit. Gross profit was $378.9 million in 2020, as compared to gross profit of $379.4 million in 2019. The gross profit margin was 39.2% in 2020 as compared to 34.7% in 2019. The increased 2020 gross profit margin was due to higher earnings on ethylene sold to Westlake and the buyer deficiency fee of $69.6 million recognized during the year, partially offset by lower sales volumes resulting from lower production at the Lake Charles Petro I and Petro 2 units compared to 2019.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $3.4 million, or 11.6%, to $25.9 million in 2020 from $29.3 million in 2019. The decrease in 2020, as compared to 2019, was mainly attributable to lower service cost.
Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased by $7.6 million to $12.0 million in 2020 from $19.6 million in 2019, largely due to a lower interest rate on debt as a result of a decrease in the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR").
Other Income, net. Other income, net decreased by $2.4 million to $0.7 million in 2020 from $3.1 million in 2019, primarily due to a decrease in interest income earned under the Investment Management Agreement as a result of lower average interest rates.
Provision for 2018.Income Taxes. Provision for income taxes was $0.6 million in 2020 as compared to $0.7 million in 2019.
MLP Distributable Cash Flow. MLP distributable cash flow decreased by $1.2 million to $72.0 million in 2020 from $73.2 million in 2019. The decrease in MLP distributable cash flow was primarily a result of lower production, increased turnaround reserves and higher maintenance expense, partially offset by the buyer deficiency of $69.6 million recognized in 2020 and lower interest expense during the year.
EBITDA. EBITDA decreased by $3.7 million to $456.9 million in 2020 from 2019 EBITDA of $460.6 million. The decreased EBITDA, as compared to the prior year, was primarily due to lower sales volumes as a result of lower production and higher maintenance expense, partially offset by the buyer deficiency fee of $69.6 million recognized during 2020 and lower selling, general and administrative expenses.
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2019 Compared with 2018
Net Sales. Net sales decreased by $193.7 million, or 15.1%, to $1,091.9 million in 2019 from $1,285.6 million in 2018, primarily due to lower ethylene sales prices to Westlake per the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement. The overall decreased sales price in 2019 contributed to a 15.4% decrease in net sales, compared to 2018, which was mainly due to lower sales prices to Westlake per the terms of the Ethylene Sales Agreement and lower third party ethylene sales prices. Sales volumes in 2019 were comparable to 2018.
Gross Profit. Gross profit was $379.4 million in 2019 which was comparabas compared le to gross profit of $377.2 million in 2018. The gross profit margin was 34.7% in 2019 as compared to 29.3% in 2018. The higher 2019 gross profit margin was due to improved margins on third party sales, primarily due to lower feedstock costs, as compared to 2018.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $1.7 million, or 6.2%, to $29.3 million in 2019 from $27.6 million in 2018. The increase in 2019, as compared to 2018, was associated with the acquisition of the incremental interest in OpCo and increased general and administrative expense allocations, partially offset by a decrease in provision for doubtful accounts.
Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased by $1.8 million to $19.6 million in 2019 from $21.4 million in 2018, largely due to a lower average debt balance resulting from the partial repayment of borrowings under the OpCo Revolver in April 2019 and a decrease in the applicable margin on the OpCo Revolver from 3% to 2% effective September 25, 2018, partially offset by a higher interest rate on debt due to an increase in the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR")LIBOR in 2019.
Other Income, net. Other income, net increased by $0.6 million in 2019 to $2.5 million, as compared to 2018, primarily due to an increase in interest income earned under the Investment Management Agreement.
Provision for Income Taxes. Provision for income taxes increased to $0.73 million in 2019 as compared to $0.02 million in 2018. The increase was mainly attributable to a tax benefit in 2018 due to a revaluation of the state deferred income tax liability as a result of a decrease in state tax apportionment.
MLP Distributable Cash Flow. MLP distributable cash flow increased by $13.2 million to $73.2 million in 2019 from $60.0 million in 2018. The increase in MLP distributable cash flow as compared to 2018 was primarily a result of the 4.5% increase in the Partnership's interest in OpCo, effective as of January 1, 2019, as well as higher third party sales margins, partially offset by higher maintenance capital expenditures.
EBITDA. EBITDA for 2019 was $460.6 million, which was comparable to 2018 EBITDA of $460.9 million.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Operating activities provided cash of $373.4 million in 2020 as compared to cash provided by operating activities of $450.8 million in 2019. The $77.4 million decrease in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to an increase in use of cash in working capital during 2020 as compared to 2019. Changes in components of working capital, which we define for the purposes of this cash flow discussion as accounts receivable—Westlake, accounts receivable, net—third parties, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets less accounts payable and accrued liabilities and other liabilities, used cash of $67.9 million in 2020 as compared to $11.7 million of cash provided in 2019, resulting in an overall unfavorable change of $79.6 million. This change was due to an unfavorable change in Westlake accounts receivable in 2020 as compared to 2019, primarily due to the buyer deficiency fee recognized in 2020.
Operating activities provided cash of $450.8 million in 2019 as compared to cash provided of $436.2 million in 2018. The $14.6 million increase in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to a decrease in use of cash in working capital during 2019 as compared to 2018. Changes in components of working capital which we define for the purposes of this cash flow discussion as accounts receivable—Westlake, accounts receivable, net—third parties, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets less accounts payable—Westlake, accounts payable—third parties and accrued liabilities, provided cash of $11.7 million in 2019 as compared to $4.3 million of cash used in 2018, resulting in an overall favorable change of $16.0 million. This change was due to a favorable change in third party and Westlake accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities in 2019 as compared to 2018, primarily resulting from lower ethylene sales prices and feedstock costs.
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Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities providedduring 2020 was $2.0 million as compared to net cash used for investing activities of $436.2$57.7 million in 2018 compared to cash provided of $537.4 million in 2017. The $101.2 million decrease in cash flows from operating activities was2019, mainly due to lower operating incomematurities of investments under the Investment Management Agreement and an increasea decrease in use of cashadditions to property, plant and equipment in working capital during 20182020, as compared to 2017. Changes in components2019. During 2020, we invested $349.0 million with Westlake, and $388.0 million of working capital, which we define for the purposes of this cash flow discussion as accounts receivable—Westlake, accounts receivable, net—third parties, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets less accounts payable—Westlake, accounts payable—third parties and accrued liabilities, used cash of $4.3such investments matured. Capital expenditures were $37.0 million in 20182020 as compared to $78.3$43.7 million of cash provided in 2017, resulting in an overall unfavorable change of $82.6 million. This change was2019. Capital expenditures during 2020 and 2019 were primarily duerelated to the unfavorable change in the Westlake accounts receivable balance in 2018 as comparedprojects to 2017. The unfavorable change was primarily due to the recovery of the Shortfallimprove production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and a buyer deficiency fee in 2017 that were recognized in 2016 as accounts receivable from Westlake.
Net cash used for investing activities during 2019 was $57.7 million as compared to net cash used for investing activities of $51.8 million in 2018, mainly due to increased net cash used under the Investment Management Agreement in 2019, as compared to 2018. During 2019, we invested $529.4 million with Westlake, and $515.4 million of such investments matured. Capital expenditures were $43.7 million in 2019 as compared to $39.9 million in 2018. Capital expenditures during 2019 and 2018 were primarily related to projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety and environmental projects at OpCo's facilities.
Net cash used for investingfinancing activities during 20182020 was $51.8$378.2 million as compared to net cash used for investingfinancing activities of $203.2$392.9 million in 2017, mainly due2019. The cash outflows during 2020 were related to lower net cash invested with Westlake under the Investment Management Agreement and lower capital expenditures in 2018, as compareddistributions of $311.8 million to 2017. During 2018, we invested $384.0 million with Westlake and maturities of such investments were $372.1 million. Capital expenditures were $39.9$66.4 million in 2018 compared to $68.9 million in 2017. Capital expenditures during 2018 were primarily related to planned and unplanned outages at our facilities while those in 2017 primarily reflected capital expenditures incurred forother unitholders by the Calvert City expansion project.
Net cash used for financing activities during 2019 was $392.9 million as compared to net cash used for financing activities of $391.6 million in 2018. The cash inflows during 2019 were a result of borrowings under the MLP Revolver of $123.5 million and net proceeds from the private placement of common units of approximately $62.7 million. The cash outflows during 2019 were related to partial repayments of borrowings under the OpCo Revolver of $201.4 million and the distribution of $315.6 million to Westlake and of $62.1 million to other unitholders by the Partnership.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity and Financing Arrangements
On March 29, 2019, we completed the private placement of 2,940,818 common units at a price of $21.40 per unit. Net proceeds from the issuance of these common units were approximately $62.7 million.
Pursuant to the terms of the ATM Agreement, the Partnership may offer and sell the Partnership's common units from time to time to or through the Managers, as the Partnership's sales agents or as principals, having an aggregate offering amount of up to $50.0 million. The Partnership intends to use the net proceeds of sales of the common units, if any, for general partnership purposes, including the funding of potential drop-downs and other acquisitions.
Based on the terms of our cash distribution policy, we expect that we will distribute to our partners most of the excess cash generated by our operations. To the extent we do not generate sufficient cash flow to fund capital expenditures, we expect to fund them primarily from external sources, including borrowing directly from Westlake, as well as future issuances of equity and debt interests.
The Partnership maintains separate bank accounts, but Westlake continues to provide treasury services on our behalf under the Services and Secondment Agreement. Our sources of liquidity include cash generated from operations, the OpCo Revolver, the MLP Revolver and, if necessary and possible under then current market conditions, the issuance of additional equity interests or debt. We believe that cash generated from these sources will be sufficient to meet our short-term working capital requirements and long-term capital expenditure requirements and to make quarterly cash distributions. Westlake may also provide other direct and indirect financing to us from time to time, although it is not required to do so.
In order to fund non-annual turnaround expenditures, we cause OpCo to reserve approximately $30.0 millionan amount for turnaround costs during each twelve-month period designed to cover for turnaround activities.activities in future years. Each of OpCo's ethylene production facilities requires turnaround maintenance approximately every five years. By reserving additional cash annually, we intend to reduce the variability in OpCo's cash flow. Westlake's purchase price for ethylene purchased under the Ethylene Sales Agreement includes a component (adjusted annually) designed to cover, over the long term, substantially all of OpCo's turnaround expenditures.
Our cash is generated from cash distributions from OpCo. OpCo is a restricted subsidiary under certain indentures governing Westlake's senior notes. The indentures governing Westlake's senior notes prevent OpCo from making distributionsThese restrictions limit OpCo's ability to us if any default or eventincur additional debt, among other things.
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We, OpCo and Westlake are parties to an Investment Management Agreement that authorizes Westlake to invest the Partnership's and OpCo's excess cash with Westlake for a term of up to a maximum of nine months. Per the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, cash invested with Westlake earns a market return plus five basis points and Westlake provides daily availability of the invested cash to meet any liquidity needs of the Partnership or OpCo.
On January 24, 2020,25, 2021, the board of directors of Westlake Chemical Partners GP LLC, our general partner, approved a quarterly distribution of $0.4714 per unit payable on February 18, 202019, 2021 to unitholders of record on February 3, 2020,4, 2021, which equates to approximately $16.6 million per quarter, or approximately $66.4 million per year in aggregate, based on the number of common units outstanding on December 31, 2019.2020. We do not have a legal or contractual obligation to pay distributions on a quarterly basis or any other basis at our minimum quarterly distribution rate or any other rate.
Capital Expenditures
Westlake has historically funded expansion capital expenditures related to Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins. During the year ended December 31, 2018, Westlake loaned OpCo $3.6 million to fund capital expenditures. No funding was required by OpCo to fund its capital expenditures during 2020 or 2019. We expect that Westlake will loan additional cash to OpCo to fund its expansion capital expenditures in the future, but Westlake is under no obligation to do so.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
As of December 31, 2019,2020, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $19.9$17.2 million. In addition, we have cash invested under the Investment Management Agreement and a revolving credit facility with Westlake available to supplement cash if needed, as described under "Indebtedness" below.
As described above, we, OpCo and Westlake are parties to an Investment Management Agreement that authorizes Westlake to invest the Partnership's and OpCo's excess cash with Westlake for a term of up to a maximum of nine months. The Partnership had $162.8$123.2 million of cash invested under the Investment Management Agreement at December 31, 2019.2020.
Indebtedness
OpCo Revolver
In connection with the IPO, OpCo entered into a $600.0 million revolving credit facility with Westlake, as amended in August and December 2017 and March 2020 ("OpCo Revolver") that may be used to fund growth projects and working capital needs. On April 30, 2019, the PartnershipOpCo repaid $201.4 million of borrowings under the OpCo Revolver. As of December 31, 2019,2020, outstanding borrowings under the OpCo Revolver totaled $22.6 million and bore interest at the LIBOR rate plus 2.0%, which is accrued in arrears quarterly. On September 25, 2018, the OpCo Revolver was amended to extend the scheduled maturity date from August 4, 2019 to September 25, 2023 and to revise the applicable margin from 3% to 2%.
MLP Revolver
In 2015, we entered into a senior, unsecured revolving credit agreement with an affiliate of Westlake (as subsequently amended, the(the "MLP Revolver"). The MLP Revolver has a borrowing capacity of $600.0 million and is scheduled to mature in 2021.million. On March 29, 2019, the Partnership borrowed $123.5 million under the MLP Revolver to partially fund the purchase of an additional 4.5% interest in OpCo. On March 19, 2020, the Partnership entered into an amendment to the MLP Revolver, to extend the maturity date to March 19, 2023 and add a phase-out provision for LIBOR, which is to be replaced by an alternate benchmark rate. Borrowings under the MLP Revolver bear interest at a variable rate of either (a) LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 2.0% to 3.0% (depending on our consolidated leverage ratio), payable quarterly.or, if LIBOR is no longer available, (b) Alternate Base Rate plus 1.0%. The MLP Revolver provides that we may pay all or a portion of the interest on any borrowings in kind, in which case any such amounts would be added to the principal amount of the loan. The MLP Revolver requires that we maintain a consolidated leverage ratio of either (1) during any one-year period following certain types of acquisitions (including acquisitions of additional interests in OpCo), 5.50:1.00 or less, or (2) during any other period, 4.50:1.00 or less. The MLP Revolver also contains certain other customary covenants. The repayment of borrowings under the MLP Revolver is subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of an event of default. As of December 31, 2019,2020, the outstanding borrowings under the MLP Revolver totaled $377.1 million. We intend to use the MLP Revolver to purchase additional limited partnership interests in OpCo in the future, in the event OpCo desires to sell such additional interests to us, for other acquisitions and for general corporate purposes.
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Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
In addition to long-term debt, we are required to make payments relating to various types of obligations. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 20192020 relating to long-term debt, interest payments, operating leases and purchase obligations for the next five years and thereafter. The amounts do not include deferred charges and other items classified in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet due to the uncertainty of the future payment schedule.
| Payment Due by Period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 2021 | 2022-2023 | 2024-2025 | Thereafter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contractual Obligations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Debt: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal (1) | $ | 399.7 | $ | — | $ | 399.7 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest (2) | 20.0 | 8.9 | 11.1 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating leases (3) | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase obligations (4) | 37.9 | 37.9 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 458.8 | $ | 47.6 | $ | 411.2 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payment Due by Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 2020 | 2021-2022 | 2023-2024 | Thereafter | ||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Contractual Obligations | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Debt: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Principal (1) | $ | 399.7 | $ | — | $ | 377.1 | $ | 22.6 | $ | — | ||||||||||
Interest (2) | 24.0 | 16.4 | 6.9 | 0.7 | — | |||||||||||||||
Operating leases (3) | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | — | ||||||||||||||||
Purchase obligations (4) | 13.2 | 13.2 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 439.0 | $ | 30.5 | $ | 385.2 | $ | 23.3 | $ | — | ||||||||||
(1) Long-Term Debt. Long-term debt consists of the OpCo Revolver and MLP Revolver. (2)Interest Payments. Interest payments are based on interest rates in effect at December 31, 2020. (3) Operating Leases. Represent noncancelable operating leases with respect to rail cars that are subleased to OpCo and two site lease agreements for various periods. Pursuant to the site lease agreements, OpCo leases the real property underlying Lake Charles Olefins and Calvert City Olefins. OpCo is also granted rights to access and use certain other portions of Westlake's production facilities that are necessary to operate OpCo's ethylene production facilities. OpCo owes Westlake one dollar per site per year. Each of the site lease agreements has a term of 50 years. (4) |
Purchase Obligations. Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including a minimum quantity and price. We are party to various obligations to purchase goods and services, including the Services and Secondment Agreement, in the ordinary course of our business, as well as various purchase commitments for our capital projects. |
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
None.
Critical Accounting Policies
Critical accounting policies are those that are important to our financial condition and require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. Different amounts would be reported under different operating conditions or under alternative assumptions. We have evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes and believe those policies are reasonable and appropriate.
We apply those accounting policies that we believe best reflect the underlying business and economic events, consistent with GAAP. Our more critical accounting policies include those related to long-lived assets, fair value estimates, goodwill impairment and environmental and legal obligations. Inherent in such policies are certain key assumptions and estimates. We periodically update the estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements based on our latest assessment of the current and projected business and general economic environment. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. We believe the following to be our most critical accounting policies applied in the preparation of our financial statements.
Long-Lived Assets. Key estimates related to long-lived assets include useful lives, recoverability of carrying values and existence of any retirement obligations. Such estimates could be significantly modified. The carrying values of long-lived assets could be impaired by significant changes or projected changes in supply and demand fundamentals (which would have a negative impact on operating rates or margins), new technological developments, new competitors with significant raw material or other cost advantages, adverse changes associated with the U.S. and world economies, the cyclical nature of the chemical and refining industries and uncertainties associated with governmental actions.
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We evaluate long-lived assets for potential impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, including when negative conditions such as significant current or projected operating losses exist. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on legal factors, market conditions and the operational performance of our businesses. Actual impairment losses incurred could vary significantly from amounts estimated. Long-lived assets assessed for impairment are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Additionally, future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that associated long-lived assets of our businesses are impaired. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
The estimated useful lives of long-lived assets range from three to 40 years. Depreciation and amortization of these assets, including amortization of deferred turnaround costs, under the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives totaled $103.2 million, $107.3 million and $108.8 million in 2020, 2019 and $114.0 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. If the useful lives of the assets were found to be shorter than originally estimated, depreciation or amortization charges would be accelerated.
We defer the costs of planned major maintenance activities, or turnarounds, and amortize the costs over the period until the next planned turnaround of the affected unit. Total costs deferred on turnarounds were $3.7 million, $1.2 million and $0.1 million in 2020, 2019 and $9.6 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Amortization in 2020, 2019 2018 and 20172018 of previously deferred turnaround costs was $11.8 million, $17.3 million $20.1 million and $22.8$20.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019,2020, deferred turnaround costs, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $40.4$32.3 million. Expensing turnaround costs as incurred would likely result in greater variability of our quarterly operating results and would adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
Additional information concerning long-lived assets and related depreciation and amortization appears in Notes 5 and 7 to the audited consolidated financial statements included within this report.
Fair Value Estimates. We develop estimates of fair value to allocate the purchase price paid to acquire a business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquisition, to assess impairment of long-lived assets goodwill and intangible assetsgoodwill and to record derivative instruments. We use all available information to make these fair value determinations, including the engagement of third-party consultants. At December 31, 2019,2020, recorded goodwill was $5.8 million, all of which was associated with the acquisition of the Longview Pipeline as part of the acquisition of Westlake's Longview production facilities. In addition, we record all derivative instruments at fair value. The fair value of the financial instruments is estimated using quoted market prices in active markets and observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data when active markets are not available or unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
Goodwill impairment. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill has been reduced below its carrying value. We perform our annual impairment assessment in October. We may elect to perform an optional qualitative assessment to determine whether a quantitative impairment analysis is required. The qualitative assessment considers factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors related to raw materials and labor, current and projected financial performance, changes in management or strategy, and market capitalization. Alternatively, we may unconditionally elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment in any period. Significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow projection impairment assessment for goodwill include sales volumes based on production capacities. The future cash flows are discounted to present value using a discount rate. The significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of the reporting unit using the market value methodology include the determination of appropriate market comparables and the estimated multiples of EBITDA a willing buyer is likely to pay. We elected to perform the quantitative assessment during 2019,2020, and such assessment did not indicate impairment of the goodwill. Under the discounted cash flow methodology, even if the fair value of OpCo decreased by 10%, the carrying value of OpCo would not exceed its fair value.
Environmental and Legal Obligations. We consult with various professionals to assist us in making estimates relating to environmental costs and legal proceedings. We accrue an expense when we determine that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. While we believe that the amounts recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements related to these contingencies are based on the best estimates and judgments available, the actual outcomes could differ from our estimates. Additional information about certain legal proceedings and environmental matters appears in Item 1. Business—Environmental and in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included within this report.
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The Partnership has conditional asset retirement obligations for the removal and disposal of hazardous materials and the remediation of the cause of any such release from certain of the Partnership's manufacturing facilities. However, no asset retirement obligations have been recognized because the fair value of the conditional legal obligation cannot be measured due to the indeterminate settlement date of the obligation. Settlement of these conditional asset retirement obligations is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Partnership's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any individual reporting period.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included within this report for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on results of operations and financial condition, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Commodity Price Risk
A substantial portion of the Partnership's products and raw materials are commodities whose prices fluctuate as market supply and demand fundamentals change. However, our direct exposure to commodity price risk is limited to approximately 5% of our total ethylene production, which is the portion sold to third parties. We believe we have substantially mitigated our indirect exposure to commodity price fluctuation during the term of the Ethylene Sales Agreement through the minimum commitment and the cost-plus based pricing. Additionally, we may use short-term derivative instruments to reduce price volatility risk on feedstocks and ethylene associated with the production and sales to third parties. We entered into some of these agreements in 2018 and 2019. Based on our open2019.All derivative positions were settled as of December 31, 2019, a hypothetical $0.10 increase in the price of a gallon of ethane would have increased our income before taxes by $3.9 million and a hypothetical $0.10 decrease in the price of a pound of ethylene would have increased our income before taxes by $9.3 million.2020.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to our outstanding debt, all of which is variable rate debt. At December 31, 2019,2020, we had variable rate debt of $399.7 million outstanding, all of which was owed to wholly-owned subsidiaries of Westlake, and accrues interest at a variable rate of LIBOR plus 200 basis points. The interest rate contract with WestlakeOn March 19, 2020, the Partnership entered into an amendment to fix the LIBOR component of the interest rate for a portion of the MLP Revolver to extend the maturity date to March 19, 2023 and add a phase-out provision for LIBOR, which was entered into in August 2015, expired in August 2018.is to be replaced by an alternate benchmark rate. The amended credit agreement bears interest at a variable rate of either (a) LIBOR plus 2.0% or, if LIBOR is no longer available, (b) Alternate Base Rate plus 1.0%. The weighted average variable interest rate of our debt as of December 31, 20192020 was 4.1%2.2%. We will continue to be subject to interest rate risk with respect to our variable rate debt as well as the risk of higher interest cost if and when this debt is refinanced. A hypothetical increase in our average interest rate on variable rate debt by 100 basis points would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $4.0 million, based on the December 31, 20192020 debt balance.
LIBOR is used as a reference rate for all of our outstanding variable rate debt as of December 31, 2019.2020. The phase-out of LIBOR is set to be phased outcommence at the end of 2021.2021 and conclude by June 30, 2023. We are currently reviewing how the LIBOR phase-out will affect us, but we do not expect the impact to be material.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
| Page | |||||
| Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | |||||
Consolidated Financial Statements: | |||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 | |||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |||||
Financial statement schedules not included in this Form 10-K have been omitted because they are not applicable or because the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of Westlake Chemical Partners LP (the "Partnership") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Partnership's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
The management of the Partnership assessed the effectiveness of the Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019.2020. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on its assessment, Partnership's management has concluded that the Partnership's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 20192020 based on those criteria.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20192020 as stated in their report that appears on the following page.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Partners of Westlake Chemical Partners LP and
Board of Directors of Westlake Chemical Partners GP LLC
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Westlake Chemical Partners LP and its subsidiaries (the "Partnership") as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and 2018,and the related consolidated statements of operations, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019,2020, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidatedfinancial statements").We also have audited the Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework(2013)issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership as of December 31, 20192020 and 2018,2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20192020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Partnership maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Partnership's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Partnership's consolidated financial statements and on the Partnership's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the
45
company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue from the Ethylene Sales Agreement
As described in Notes 2 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Partnership recognized net sales to Westlake Chemical Corporation ("Westlake") of $888 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, including a buyer deficiency fee of $70 million. The Ethylene Sales Agreement requires Westlake to purchase a minimum volume of ethylene each year equal to 95% of Westlake Chemical OpCo LP's ("OpCo") planned ethylene production per year, subject to certain exceptions and a maximum commitment of 3.8 billion pounds per year. The fee for each pound of ethylene purchased by Westlake from OpCo will equal (i) the actual price OpCo pays Westlake to purchase ethane, (ii) plus the actual price OpCo pays Westlake to purchase natural gas, (iii) plus OpCo's estimated operating costs divided by OpCo's planned ethylene production for the year, (iv) plus a five-year average of OpCo's expected future maintenance capital expenditures and other turnaround expenditures divided by OpCo's planned ethylene production capacity for the year, (v) less the proceeds received by OpCo from the sale of co-products associated with producing the ethylene purchased by Westlake, (vi) plus a $0.10 per pound margin. Two of the Partnership's facilities were impacted by Hurricanes Laura and Delta, which resulted in force majeure events under the Ethylene Sales Agreement. As a result of the force majeure events, the Partnership recognized a buyer deficiency fee. The buyer deficiency fee represents fixed margin and unavoided operating and maintenance capital expenditures and maintenance expenses per pound of volume committed by Westlake during the force majeure event.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue from the Ethylene Sales Agreement is a critical audit matter are the significant audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating the calculation of the fee for each pound of ethylene and the buyer deficiency fee.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the accuracy of the fees used to determine revenue from the Ethylene Sales Agreement. These procedures also included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying inputs used in the price and buyer deficiency fee calculation, and testing the accuracy of the minimum volume of ethylene purchased by Westlake as part of the Ethylene Sales Agreement.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Houston, Texas
We have served as the Partnership's auditor since 2014.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL PARTNERS LP
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts) | (in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Current assets | Current assets | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 19,923 | $ | 19,744 | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 17,154 | $ | 19,923 | |||||||||||||
Receivable under the Investment Management Agreement—Westlake Chemical Corporation ("Westlake") | 162,773 | 148,956 | Receivable under the Investment Management Agreement—Westlake Chemical Corporation ("Westlake") | 123,228 | 162,773 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net—Westlake | 42,847 | 57,280 | Accounts receivable, net—Westlake | 108,028 | 42,847 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net—third parties | 9,914 | 16,404 | Accounts receivable, net—third parties | 11,029 | 9,914 | |||||||||||||||||
| Inventories | 2,484 | 4,388 | Inventories | 3,474 | 2,484 | |||||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 470 | 370 | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 392 | 470 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total current assets | 238,411 | 247,142 | Total current assets | 263,305 | 238,411 | |||||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,102,995 | 1,148,265 | Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,050,677 | 1,102,995 | |||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill | 5,814 | 5,814 | Goodwill | 5,814 | 5,814 | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred charges and other assets, net | 46,236 | 60,904 | Deferred charges and other assets, net | 36,692 | 46,236 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 1,393,456 | $ | 1,462,125 | Total assets | $ | 1,356,488 | $ | 1,393,456 | |||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES | LIABILITIES | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Current liabilities | Current liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable—Westlake | $ | 15,201 | $ | 27,477 | Accounts payable—Westlake | $ | 7,855 | $ | 15,201 | |||||||||||||
| Accounts payable—third parties | 6,141 | 5,045 | Accounts payable—third parties | 13,131 | 6,141 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accrued and other liabilities | 17,507 | 16,250 | Accrued and other liabilities | 18,768 | 17,507 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 38,849 | 48,772 | Total current liabilities | 39,754 | 38,849 | |||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt payable to Westlake | 399,674 | 477,608 | Long-term debt payable to Westlake | 399,674 | 399,674 | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | 1,649 | 1,664 | Deferred income taxes | 1,542 | 1,649 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 1,149 | — | Other liabilities | 381 | 1,149 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 441,321 | 528,044 | Total liabilities | 441,351 | 441,321 | |||||||||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) | Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| EQUITY | EQUITY | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Common unitholders—publicly and privately held (21,072,315 and 18,125,141 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) | 471,736 | 409,608 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common unitholder—Westlake (14,122,230 and 14,122,230 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) | 48,350 | 48,774 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Common unitholders—publicly and privately held (21,076,673 and 21,072,315 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively) | Common unitholders—publicly and privately held (21,076,673 and 21,072,315 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively) | 471,701 | 471,736 | |||||||||||||||||||
Common unitholder—Westlake (14,122,230 and 14,122,230 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively) | Common unitholder—Westlake (14,122,230 and 14,122,230 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively) | 48,270 | 48,350 | |||||||||||||||||||
| General partner—Westlake | (242,572 | ) | (242,572 | ) | General partner—Westlake | (242,572) | (242,572) | |||||||||||||||
| Total Westlake Chemical Partners LP partners' capital | 277,514 | 215,810 | Total Westlake Chemical Partners LP partners' capital | 277,399 | 277,514 | |||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo") | 674,621 | 718,271 | Noncontrolling interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo") | 637,738 | 674,621 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total equity | 952,135 | 934,081 | Total equity | 915,137 | 952,135 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,393,456 | $ | 1,462,125 | Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,356,488 | $ | 1,393,456 | |||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL PARTNERS LP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
| Year Ended December 31, | Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts and per unit data) | (in thousands of dollars, except unit amounts and per unit data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | Revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales—Westlake | $ | 937,625 | $ | 1,074,957 | $ | 973,081 | Net sales—Westlake | $ | 888,245 | $ | 937,625 | $ | 1,074,957 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net co-products, ethylene and other sales—third parties | 154,246 | 210,665 | 199,900 | Net co-products, ethylene and other sales—third parties | 78,425 | 154,246 | 210,665 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales | 1,091,871 | 1,285,622 | 1,172,981 | Total net sales | 966,670 | 1,091,871 | 1,285,622 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | 712,443 | 908,463 | 769,314 | Cost of sales | 587,787 | 712,443 | 908,463 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 379,428 | 377,159 | 403,667 | Gross profit | 378,883 | 379,428 | 377,159 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 29,278 | 27,590 | 29,260 | Selling, general and administrative expenses | 25,895 | 29,278 | 27,590 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from operations | 350,150 | 349,569 | 374,407 | Income from operations | 352,988 | 350,150 | 349,569 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | Other income (expense) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense—Westlake | (19,623 | ) | (21,433 | ) | (21,861 | ) | Interest expense—Westlake | (12,038) | (19,623) | (21,433) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 3,096 | 2,457 | 1,792 | Other income, net | 733 | 3,096 | 2,457 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 333,623 | 330,593 | 354,338 | Income before income taxes | 341,683 | 333,623 | 330,593 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 728 | 22 | 1,280 | Provision for income taxes | 564 | 728 | 22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 332,895 | 330,571 | 353,058 | Net income | 341,119 | 332,895 | 330,571 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | 271,914 | 281,224 | 304,388 | Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in OpCo | 274,952 | 271,914 | 281,224 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP and limited partners' interest in net income | $ | 60,981 | $ | 49,347 | $ | 48,670 | Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP and limited partners' interest in net income | $ | 66,167 | $ | 60,981 | $ | 49,347 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP per limited partner unit (basic and diluted) | Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Partners LP per limited partner unit (basic and diluted) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common units | $ | 1.77 | $ | 1.51 | $ | 1.72 | Common units | $ | 1.88 | $ | 1.77 | $ | 1.51 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Subordinated units | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1.43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weighted average limited partner units outstanding (basic and diluted) | Weighted average limited partner units outstanding (basic and diluted) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common units—publicly and privately held | 20,365,828 | 18,118,628 | 14,270,240 | Common units—publicly and privately held | 21,073,041 | 20,365,828 | 18,118,628 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common units—Westlake | 14,122,230 | 14,122,230 | 7,831,307 | Common units—Westlake | 14,122,230 | 14,122,230 | 14,122,230 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subordinated units—Westlake | — | — | 6,290,923 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||