Forward-looking statements are not historical factors and should not be read as a guarantee or assurance of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, or if such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made or management’s good faith beliefs, expectations, and assumptions as of that time with respect to future events. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “NV5 Global”,Global,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to NV5 Global, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

NV5 Global is a provider of professionaltechnology, conformity assessment, consulting solutions, and technical engineering and consulting solutionssoftware applications to public and private sector clients in the infrastructure, utility services, construction, real estate, environmental, and environmentalgeospatial markets, operating nationwide and abroad. The Company's clients include the U.S. federal,Federal, state and local governments, and the private sector. NV5 Global provides a wide range of services, including, but not limited to:

NV5 Global originally operated as "Nolte Associates, Inc." in California prior to its acquisition in 2010. The Company completed its initial public offering in March 2013 and has since expanded its scope and service offerings organically and through acquisitions. We are headquartered in Hollywood, Florida, and operate our business from over 106100 locations in the U.S. and abroad. All of the Company's offices utilize its shared services platform, which consists of human resources, marketing, finance, information technology, legal, corporate development, and other resources. The platform is scalable and optimizes the performance and efficiency of our business as we grow. Our centralized shared services platform allows us to better manage our business through the application of universal financial and operational controls and procedures and increased efficiencies, and drives lower-cost solutions.

Our primary clients include United States federal,the U.S. Federal, state, municipal, and local government agencies, and military and defense clients. We also serve quasi-public and private sector clients from the education, healthcare, utility services, and public utility industries,utilities, including schools, universities, hospitals, health care providers, and insurance providers, large utility service providers, and large to small utility service producers.providers.

During our 7074 years in the engineering and consulting business, we have worked and continue to work with many clients including (in alphabetical order):

We believe we have the following competitive strengths:

We intend to pursue the following growth strategies as we seek to expand our market share and position ourselves as a preferred, single-source provider of professional, engineering and technical consulting services to our clients:services:

Historically, the CompanyOur operations were organized into two reportable segments. Our Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), re-evaluated the structure of our internal organization as a result of the 2019 acquisition of Geospatial Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Quantum Spatial, Inc. (collectively "QSI"), which resulted in certain changes to our operating and reportable segments. Effective the beginning of fiscal year 2020, our geospatial solution practices were moved from the Company's INF reportable segment to the Company's new GEO reportable segment. To reflect management's revised perspective, the Company is noware organized into the following three operating and reportable segments:

We provide our clients with a broad array of services in the areas of infrastructure, engineering, and support. Our integrated approach provides our clients with consistency and accountability for the duration of the project and allows us to create value by maximizing efficiencies of scale. Our services include:

We provide testing, inspection and consultingconstruction quality assurance services with respect to diverse projects including municipalities, departments of transportation, public and private buildings, major mixed-use projects, hospitals, senior living facilities, professional sports stadiums, military facilities, cultural and performing arts centers, airports, hotels, hospitals and health care facilities, fire stations, major public and private universities, and K-12 school districts. We offer these services on an “a la carte” or integrated start-to-finish basis that is intended to guide a client through each phase of a construction project. Our testing, inspection and consultingconstruction quality assurance services generally include geotechnical studies, site inspections, audits, and evaluations of materials and workmanship necessary to determine and document the quality of the constructed facility. Before a project commences, we offer our clients a variety of assessment services, including environmental, geotechnical, and structural suitability. We perform these pre-construction evaluations in order to help detect any potential problems with the proposed site that could prevent or complicate the successful completion of the project. In addition, we evaluate the onsite building conditions and recommend the best methods and materials for site preparation, excavation, and building foundations.

During development, we help our clients design a comprehensive construction plan, including a summary of planned construction activities, sequence, critical path elements, interrelationships, durations, and terminations. Construction planning services may also include developing procedures for project management, the change order process, and technical records handling methodology. We offer inspection services for each phase of a project, including excavation, foundations, structural framing, mechanical heating and air conditioning systems, electrical systems, underground utilities, and building water proofing systems. Where applicable, we employ additional methods to test materials and building quality. We maintain contact with our clients’ program managers and, as issues are detected or anticipated, help them identify the most appropriate, cost-effective solutions. We periodically provide construction progress inspections and assessment reports. When a project is complete, we prepare an evaluation report of the project and certify the inspections for the client. After construction, we offer periodic building inspection services to ensure that the building is maintained in accordance with applicable building codes and other local ordinances to maximize the life of the project. We also offer indoor environmental quality testing during this period.

Our services include:

Civil program management provides for transportation and water constructioninfrastructure projects, including our construction management.management activities. Our services consist of providing a wide variety of governmental outsourcing services and consulting services that assist organizationsagencies with compliance related to technical government regulations, technical and industry standards. We offer a broad array of technical outsourcing services, including staff augmentation and traffic studies. Our program management services are not performed on an at-risk services; theybasis; services are performed under a unit price fee arrangement, which is not outcome-based.

Program management also includes project administration, including bid and award assessment, monitoring services for active projects, scheduling assistance, drawing review, permit, approval and review processing, contractor, designer and agency coordination, cost control management, progress payment management, change order administration, compliance inspections, constructability review, as needed, and evaluation of cost reduction methods.

The trend towards increased privatization of U.S. federal,Federal, state, and local governmental services presents an opportunity for our program management vertical. Faced with increased budgetary constraints and economic challenges, many governmental agencies now seek to outsource various services, including professional guidance for their building departments. For building departments specifically, we typically provide a turnkey solution in exchange for a percentage of the building permit fees collected or a minimum monthly retainer. The governmental agency retains any overage without any overhead costs associated with the fee charged. Outsourcing provides a positive source of revenue for us, while simultaneously increasing the efficiency and quality of service to the public. The governmental agency also gains flexible control of service levels without the challenges of government bureaucracy. Although we plan to grow our program management services organically through the numerous contacts and client relationships we have with U.S. federal,Federal, state and local governments, tribal nations, and educational institutions, we are also actively targeting acquisition opportunities that provide program management services.

We provide program management services, which primarily consist of pre-construction and construction consulting services that assist in ownersowners' representation. Our program management services are not at-risk services; they are performed under a unit price fee arrangement, which is not outcome-based.

Program management also includes project administration, including bid and award assessment, monitoring services for active projects, scheduling assistance, drawing review, permit, approval and review processing, contractor, designer and agency coordination, cost control management, progress payment management, change order administration, compliance inspections, constructability review, as needed, and evaluation of cost reduction methods.

The environmental services we offer include occupational health, safety, and environmental consulting and testing as well as environmental real estate transactional services. More specifically, our experts investigate and analyze environmental conditions both outside and inside a building, and recommend corrective measures and procedures needed to comply with workplace occupational health and safety programs. Our occupational health and safety services include workplace safety audits, ergonomics studies, emergency preparedness plans and response services, and workplace monitoring in regulated industries. We also specialize in the provision of radiation exposure and protection services, as well as nuclear safety and industrial hygiene analyses. We have actively expanded NV5's nationwide capabilities in recent years to support our clients'

Environmental services also include hydrogeological modeling and environmental programs that assist our public agencies and private industry clients in complianceto comply with U.S. Federal, state, federal, and local requirements for groundwater resource assessments;assessments, water resource planning, monitoring and environmental management of wastewater facilities;facilities, solid waste landfill investigations;investigations, permitting and compliance;compliance, storm water pollution;pollution, environmental impact statement support;support, agricultural waste management and permitting;permitting, and wetland evaluations.

Our geospatial solutions include a full spectrum of geospatial data analytic capabilities that leverage leading-edge remote sensing technology and proprietary solutions. More specifically, our proprietary and analytic solutions include autonomous solutions, subscription software, automated enrichment, proprietary algorithms, and cloud-based data engagement. We provide remote sensing and data analytics to enable asset management, reliability and maintainability of assets, safety, and predictive modeling. To take advantage of this growth market, during fiscal year 2019 we acquired QSI, a provider of geospatial solutions for government and commercial applications.

In addition, ourOur geospatial mapping services includescapabilities include topobathymetric nearshore analytics in analyzing nearshore underwater terrain (too shallow for sonar and not visible with topographic LiDAR). and deep-water sonar-based analytics. This service provides government agencies with data used in coastal management, offshore wind power, shoreline mapping, underwater habitat modeling, nautical charting, floodplain analysis, environmental ecology, and hydrological resource management. We believe that climate change, extreme weather incidents, and water conservation efforts combine to make the data and services we provide invaluable to agencies that utilize these data sets produced by our geospatial mapping services.

We maintain a full-time merger and acquisitions (“M&A”) initiative with executive personnel specifically dedicated to the identification of acquisition targets, exploration of acquisition opportunities, negotiation of terms, and oversight of the acquisition and post-acquisition integration process. Since 1993, our M&A team has completed over 100 transactions in the engineering and consulting industry. Over the course of these transactions, ourOur M&A team has established extensive relationships throughout the industry and continues to maintain an established pipeline of potential acquisition opportunities.

We primarily seek acquisitions that allow us to expand or enhance our capabilities in our existing service offerings, or to supplement our existing service offerings with new, closely-relatedclosely related service offerings.offerings, or expand our service area geographically. We pursue opportunities that provide the platform to function as a profitable stand-alone operation are geographically situated to complement our existing operations, and are profitable with strong potential for organic growth. Acquisition targets must have an experienced management team that is compatible with our culture and thoroughly committed to our strategic direction. We believe we add value to the operations of our acquisitions by providing superior corporate marketing and sales support, cash management, financial controls, information technology, risk management, and human resources support through a performance optimization process. Our performance optimization process, which was developed by our executives through their extensive experience acquiring and integrating companies, entails a review of both back office and operational functions in order to, among other things, identify how to improve:

We currently serve approximately 11,100 different11,200 clients. Our ten largest clients accounted for approximately 26%27% of our gross revenues during the year ended January 2, 2021.December 30, 2023. No individual client represented more than 10% of our gross revenues during the years 2020, 20192023, 2022, or 2018.2021. Although we serve a highly diverse client base, during the years 2020, 2019,2023, 2022, and 20182021 approximately 68%, 68%64%, and 67%65%, respectively, of our gross revenues waswere attributable to public and quasi-public sector clients.

Public sector clients include:

Quasi-public sector clients include:

Of our private sector clients, our largest clients areinclude institutions, large companies with offices, industrial facilities, plants, REITs, construction engineering firms, and institutional property owners.

Although we anticipate public and quasi-public sector clients will represent the majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future, we intend to continue expanding our service offerings to private sector clients. Historically, public and quasi-public sector clients have demonstrated greater resilience during periods of economic downturns, while private sector clients have offered higher gross profit margin opportunities during periods of economic expansion.

We strive to position ourselves as a preferred, single-source provider of professional and technical consulting, and certification services to our clients. We obtain client engagements primarily through business development efforts, cross-selling our services to existing clients, and maintaining client relationships, as well as referrals from existing and former clients.

Our business development efforts emphasize lead generation, industry group networking, and corporate visibility. Most of our business development efforts are led by members of our engineering and other professional teams who are also responsible for managing projects. Our business development efforts are further supported by our shared services marketing group, which consists of a seasoned marketing team and marketing support personnel located at our corporate headquarters and operating units.

As our service offerings continue expanding, we anticipate increasing our cross-selling opportunities. Currently, we are often able to offer our testing, inspection and consultingconstruction quality assurance services to clients in conjunction with our infrastructure, engineering, and support services. Another significant area of cross-selling has been our ability to leverage our electrical and gas design services throughout our national geographic network of offices by introducing our services to new utility service organizations.

We have observed a trend in the engineering and consulting industry which has shifted client relationships away from project-specific engagements and toward long-term, multi-project relationships. This shift requires that service providers commit considerable resources toward maintaining client relationships, including dedicating both technical and marketing resources tailored to the specific client’s needs. We are committed to maintaining our client relationships by remaining responsive to our clients’ needs and continuing to offer a broad range of quality service offerings and value addedvalue-added solutions.

Our experienced employees and management team are our most valuable resources and we are committed to attracting, motivating, and retaining top professionals to service our clients. As of January 2, 2021,December 30, 2023, we had 3,1974,106 employees, including 2,9153,813 full-time employees, which includes 718 licensed engineers and other professionals. We have been able to locate and engage highly qualified employees as needed and do not expect our growth efforts to be constrained by a lack of qualified personnel.employees. We consider our employee relations to be good.

Our success is directly related to the satisfaction, growth, and development of our employees. We strive to offer a work environment where employee unique characteristics and opinions are valued and one that provides our employees the opportunities to use and augment their professional skills. To achieve our human capital goals, we intend to remain focused on providing our personnel with entrepreneurial opportunities to expand our business within their areas of expertise and continue to provide our personnel with personal and professional growth. NV5 emphasizesIn addition to salaries, we also provide a 401(k)-retirement plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings accounts, paid time off, and various services and tools to support our employees' health and wellness. Our leaders, managers, and employees are provided an opportunity to participate in our restricted stock plans. We emphasize a number of measures and objectives in managing our human capital assets, including, among others, employee safety and wellness, talent acquisition and retention, employee engagement, development, and training, diversity and inclusion, and compensation and pay equity.

We believe in supporting our employees’ health and well-being. Our goal is to assist employees in making informed decisions about their health by providing the tools and resources necessary to succeed in a healthier lifestyle. Our wellness program incorporates wellness activities, such as an annual physical, additional fitness activities, coaching and wellness challenges to support those lifestyle goals. The program is rewards basedrewards-based and employees are offered specific incentives for participation.

NV5 also fostersWe foster a strong corporate culture that promotes high standards of ethics and compliance for our businesses, including policies that set forth principles to guide employee, officer, director, and vendor conduct, such as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We also maintain a whistleblower policy and anonymous hotline for the confidential reporting of any suspected policy violations or unethical business conduct on the part of our businesses, employees, officers, directors, or vendors and provide training and education to our global workforce with respect to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and anti-corruption and anti-bribery policies.

The engineering and consulting industry is highly fragmented and characterized by many small-scale companies that focus their operations on regional markets or specialized niche activities. As a result, we compete with a large number of

Providers of engineering and consulting services primarily compete based on quality of service, relevant experience, staffing capabilities, reputation, geographic presence, stability, and price. Price differentiation remains an important element in competitive tendering and is the most significant factor in bidding for public sector consultancy contracts. The importance of the foregoing factors varies widely based upon the nature, location, and size of the project. We believe that certain economies of scale can be realized by service providers that establish a national reputation for providing engineering and consulting services in all our six of the service verticals in which we do business.offerings. Since the demand for engineering and consulting services within each service offering is viewed as only moderately correlated with the demand for services within the other service offerings, we perceive that engineering and consulting firms can benefit considerably from diversified service offerings.

The number of competitors for any procurement can vary widely, depending upon technical qualifications, the relative value of the project, geographic location, financial terms, risks associated with the work, and any restrictions placed upon competition by the client. Our ability to compete successfully will depend upon the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, the strength of our client relationships, our ability to accurately estimate costs, the quality of the work we perform, our ability to hire and train qualified personnel, and our ability to obtain insurance.

We believe our principal publicly listed and private company competitors include the following firms (in alphabetical order): AECOM Technology Corporation (NYSE: ACM), AMEC plcFoster Wheeler (LSE: AMEC)JW), Bureau Veritas SA (PAR: BVI), Burns & McDonnell, Dewberry, the Hill International division of Global Infrastructure Solutions Inc. (NYSE: HIL), Intertek Group plc (LSE:ITRK), Jacobs Engineering GroupSolutions Inc. (NYSE: J), Leidos Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: LDOS), POWER Engineers, Incorporated, Stantec Inc. (TSE:(TSX: STN), Tetra Tech, Inc. (NASDAQ: TTEK), TRC Companies, Inc., Willdan Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: WLDN), Leidos (NYSE: LDOS), Dewberry, POWER Engineers, and Burns & McDonnell.Woolpert Inc.

Historically, our operating results in the months of November through March have generally been weaker compared to our operating results in other months primarily due to adverse weather conditions and the holiday season. As a result, our gross revenues and net income for the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal year may be lower when compared to our results for the second and third quarters of our fiscal year.

We maintain insurance covering professional liability and claims involving bodily injury, property, and economic loss. We consider our present limits of coverage, deductibles, and reserves to be adequate. Whenever possible, we endeavor to eliminate or reduce the risk of loss on a project through the use ofusing quality assurance and control, risk management, workplace safety, and other similar methods.

Risk management is an integral part of our project management approach for lump-sum contracts and our project execution process. We have a risk management process group that reviews and oversees the risk profile of our operations. We also evaluate risk through internal risk analyses in which our management reviews higher-risk projects, contracts, or other business decisions that require corporate legal and risk management approval.

We are regulated in a number of fields in which we operate. We contract with various U.S. governmental agencies and entities. When working with U.S. governmental agencies and entities, we must comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration, and performance of contracts. These laws and regulations contain terms that, among other things:

We are also subject to the requirements of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act ("OSHA") and comparable state statutes that regulate the protection of the health and safety of workers.

Internationally, we are subject to various government laws and regulations (including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and similar non-U.S. laws and regulations), export laws and regulations (including International Traffic in Arms Regulations ("ITAR"), Export Administration Regulations ("EAR"), and trade sanctions against embargoed countries to the extent we export technical services, data, products, and equipment outside of the United States), local government regulations, procurement policies and practices, and varying currency, political, and economic risks.

To help ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, our employees are sometimes required to complete tailored ethics and other compliance training relevant to their position and our operations.

The following is a summary of some of the risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

As a professional and technical engineeringprovider of technology, conformity assessment, and consulting solutions, provider, our business is labor intensive and, therefore, our ability to attract, retain, and expand our senior management, sales personnel, and professional and technical staff is an important factor in determining our future success. The market for qualified scientists, engineers, and sales personnel is competitive and we may not be able to attract and retain such professionals. It may also be difficult to attract and retain

We are dependent upon the efforts and services of Mr. Dickerson Wright, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, because of his knowledge, experience, skills, and relationships with major clients and other members of our management team. While we entered into anMr. Wright's amended and restated employment agreement with Mr. Wrightterminates in November 2018 providing for a five-year term commencing August 2017,2024, and Mr. Wright may terminate the agreement upon sixty days’ notice to us. The loss of the services of Mr. Wright for any reason could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Demand for services from our state and local government and private clients is cyclical and vulnerable to economic downturns, which may result in clients delaying, curtailing, or canceling proposed and existing projects. Our business traditionally lags the overall recovery in the economy and therefore, our business may not recover immediately when the economy improves. If the economy weakens or client spending declines further, then our revenue, profits, and overall financial condition may deteriorate.

Our state and local government clients may also face budget deficits that prohibit them from funding new or existing projects. In addition, our existing and potential clients may either postpone entering into new contracts or request price concessions. Difficult financing and economic conditions may cause some of our clients to demand better pricing terms or delay payments for services we perform, thereby increasing the average number of days our receivables are outstanding and the potential of increased credit losses on uncollectible invoices. Further, these conditions may result in the inability of some of our clients to pay us for services that we have already performed. If we are not able to reduce our costs quickly enough to respond to the revenue decline from these clients, our operating results may be adversely affected. Accordingly, these factors affect our ability to forecast our future revenue and earnings from business areas that may be adversely impacted by market conditions.

We provide services to the U.S. Federal government, if the U.S. government does not complete its budget process before its fiscal year-end on September 30, government operations may be funded by means of a continuing resolution. Under a continuing resolution, the government essentially authorizes agencies of the U.S. government to continue to operate and fund programs at the prior year end but does not authorize new spending initiatives. When the U.S. government operates under a continuing resolution, or should appropriations legislation not be enacted prior to the expiration of such continuing resolution resulting in a partial shut-down of federal government operations, and financial condition thatgovernment agencies may delay the procurement of services, which could adversely affectreduce our stock price.future revenue.

During fiscal 2020,2023, approximately 68% of our gross revenues waswere attributable to public and quasi-public sector clients. A significant amount of our revenues are derived under multi-year contracts, many of which are appropriated on an annual basis. As a result, at the beginning of a project, the related contract may be only partially funded, and additional funding is normally committed only as appropriations are made in each subsequent year. These appropriations, and the timing of payment of appropriated amounts, may be influenced by numerous factors as noted below.

The demand for our government-related services is generally driven by the level of government program funding. Accordingly, the success and further development of our business depends, in large part, upon the continued funding of these government programs and upon our ability to obtain contracts and perform well under these programs. There are several factors that could materially affect our government contracting business, including the following:

These and other factors could cause government agencies to delay or cancel programs, to reduce their orders under existing contracts, to exercise their rights to terminate contracts, or not to exercise contract options for renewals or extensions. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our revenue or timing of contract payments from these agencies.

Most public sector contracts may be modified, curtailed, or terminated.terminated at any time. If a contract is terminated, we typically are able to recover only costs incurred or committed, settlement expenses, and profit on work completed prior to termination, which could prevent us from recognizing all of our potential revenue and profits from that contract.

Our business depends on our ability to win new contracts and renew existing contracts with private and public sector clients. Contract proposals and negotiations are complex and frequently involve a lengthy bidding and selection process, which

Government contracts are awarded through a regulated procurement process. The U.S. federalFederal government has increasingly relied upon multi-year contracts with pre-established terms and conditions, such as indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (“IDIQ”) contracts, which generally require those contractors who have previously been awarded the IDIQ to engage in an additional competitive bidding process before a task order is issued. The increased competition may require us to make sustained efforts to reduce costs in order to realize revenue and profits under government contracts. If we are not successful in reducing the amount of costs we incur, our profitability on government contracts will be negatively impacted. The U.S. federalFederal government has also increased its use of IDIQs in which the client qualifies multiple contractors for a specific program and then awards specific task orders or projects among the qualified contractors. As a result, new work awards tend to be smaller and of shorter duration, since the orders represent individual tasks rather than large, programmatic assignments. In addition, the U.S. government has announced its intention to scale back outsourcing of services in favor of “insourcing” jobs to its employees, which could reduce our revenue. Moreover, even if we are qualified to work on a government contract, we may not be awarded certain contracts because of existing government policies designed to protect small businesses and underrepresented minority contractors. The federal government has announced specific statutory goals regarding awarding prime and subcontracts to small businesses, women-owned small businesses, and small disadvantaged businesses, which may obligate us to involve such businesses as subcontractors with respect to these contracts at lower margins than when we use our own professionals. While we are unaware of any reason why our status as a public company would negatively impact our ability to compete for and be awarded government contracts, our inability to win or renew government contracts during regulated procurement processes or as a result of the policies pursuant to which these processes are implemented could harm our operations and significantly reduce or eliminate our profits.

Our engagements often involve large-scale, complex projects. The quality of our performance on such projects depends in large part upon our ability to manage the relationship with our clients and our ability to effectively manage the project and deploy appropriate resources, including third-party contractors and our own personnel, in a timely manner. If a project is not completed by the scheduled date or fails to meet required performance standards, we may either incur significant additional costs or be held responsible for the costs incurred by the client to rectify damages due to late completion or failure to achieve the required performance standards. The performance of projects can be affected by a number of factors including unavoidable delays from government inaction, public opposition, inability to obtain financing, weather conditions, unavailability of vendor materials, changes in the project scope of services requested by our clients, industrial accidents, environmental hazards, and labor disruptions. To the extent these events occur, the total costs of the project could exceed our estimates and we could experience reduced profits or, in some cases, incur a loss on a project, which may reduce or eliminate our overall profitability. Further, any defects or errors, or failures to meet our clients’ expectations, could result in claims for damages against us. Our contracts generally limit our liability for damages that arise from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering services to our clients. However, we cannot be sure that these contractual provisions will protect us from liability for damages in the event we are sued.

Our ten largest clients accounted for approximately 26%27% of our gross revenues during the fiscal year ended January 2, 2021. Although no individual client represented more than 10% of our gross revenues during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, theDecember 30, 2023. The loss of, or reduction in orders from, these large clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our industry is highly fragmented and intensely competitive. Our competitors are numerous, ranging from small private firms to multi-billion dollar public companies. Contract awards are based primarily on quality of service, relevant experience, staffing capabilities, reputation, geographic presence, stability, and price. In addition, the technical and professional aspects of our services generally do not require large upfront capital expenditures and provide limited barriers against new competitors. Many of our competitors have achieved greater market penetration in some of the markets in which we compete and have more personnel, technical, marketing, and financial resources or financial flexibility than we do. As a result of the

Lump-sum contracts typically require the performance of all of the work under the contract for a specified lump-sum fee, subject to price adjustments if the scope of the project changes or unforeseen conditions arise. During fiscal 2020,2023, 2022, and 2021, approximately 45%50%, 44%, and 44% of our revenue was recognized under lump-sum contracts. Lump-sum contracts expose us to a number of risks not inherent in cost-plus and time and material contracts, including underestimation of costs, ambiguities in specifications, unforeseen costs or difficulties, problems with new technologies, delays beyond our control, failures of subcontractors to perform, and economic or other changes that may occur during the contract period. Losses under lump-sum contracts could adversely impact our results of operations.

Our accounts receivable are a significant asset on our balance sheet. While we take steps to evaluate and manage the credit risks relating to our clients, economic downturns, prevailing interest rates, or other events can adversely affect the markets we serve and our clientsclients' ability to pay, which could reduce our ability to collect amounts due from clients. If our clients delay in paying or fail to pay us a significant amount of our outstanding receivables, it could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our clients include public and private entities that have been, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by the changing landscape in the global economy. We face collection risk as a normal part of our business where we perform services and subsequently bill our clients for such services. Our ten largest clients accounted for approximately 26%27% of our gross revenues during fiscal 2020, although no individual client represented more than 10% of our gross revenues during fiscal years 2020, 2019, or 2018.2023. In the event that we have concentrated credit risk from clients in a specific geographic area or industry, continuing negative trends or a worsening in the financial condition of that specific geographic area or industry could make us susceptible to disproportionately high levels of default by those clients. Such defaults could materially adversely impact our ability to collect our receivables and, ultimately, our revenues and results of operations.

State and other public employee unions have challenged the validity of propositions, legislation, charters, and other government regulations that allow public agencies to contract with private firms to provide services in the fields of engineering, design, and construction of public improvements that might otherwise be provided by public employees. These challenges could have the effect of eliminating or severely restricting the ability of municipalities to hire private firms and otherwise require them to use union employees to perform the services. If a state or other public employee union is successful in its challenge, this may result in additional litigation which could affect our ability to compete for contracts.

We account for someDuring fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, approximately 50%, 44%, and 44% of our revenues were associated with contracts onaccounting for using the percentage-of-completion method of revenue recognition. During fiscal 2020, these contracts accounted for approximately 45% of our revenue. Generally, ourOur use of this method results in recognition ofpercentage-of-completion accounting requires that revenue and profit be recognized ratably over the life of the contract based on the proportion of costs incurred to date to total costs expected to be incurred for the entire project. The effects of revisions to revenue and estimated costs, including the achievement of award fees as well as the impact of change orders and claims, are recorded when the amounts are known and can be reasonably estimated. Such revisions could occur in any period and their effects could be material. Although we have historically made reasonably reliable estimates of the progress towards completion of long-term contracts, theThe uncertainties inherent in the estimating process make it possible for actual costs to vary materially from estimates, including reductions or reversals of previously recorded revenueinitial and profit.updated estimates.

To prepareThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”), requires management is required to make estimates and assumptions as of the date of the financial statements. These estimates and assumptions could affect the reported values of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses as well as disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. For example, we recognize a portion of revenue over the life of a contract based on the proportion of costs incurred to date compared to the total costs estimated to be incurred for the entire project. Areas requiring significant estimates by our management include:

The cost of providing our services, including the extent to which we utilize our workforce, affects our profitability. The rate at which we utilize our workforce is affected by a number of factors, including:

If we over-utilize our workforce, our employees may become disengaged, which will impact employee attrition. If we under-utilize our workforce, our profit margin and profitability could suffer.

We depend on sub-consultants in conducting our business. There is a risk that we may have disputes with our sub-consultants arising from, among other things, the quality and timeliness of work performed, client concerns, or failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders under a subcontract. In addition, if any of our sub-consultants fail to deliver on a timely basis the agreed-upon supplies, go out of business, or fail to perform on a project, our ability to fulfill our obligations may be jeopardized and we may be contractually responsible for the work performed. The absence of qualified sub-consultants with which we have a satisfactory relationship could adversely affect the quality of our service and our ability to perform under some of our contracts.

We also rely on relationships with other contractors when we act as their sub-consultants or joint venture partner. Our future revenue and growth prospects could be adversely affected if other contractors eliminate or reduce their subcontracts or teaming arrangement relationships with us or if a government agency terminates or reduces these other contractors’ programs, does not award them new contracts, or refuses to pay under a contract.

We engage in professional and technical consulting and certification services that can result in substantial injury or damages that may expose us to legal proceedings, investigations, and disputes. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we frequently make professional judgments and recommendations about environmental and engineering conditions of project sitesprojects for our clients. We may be deemed to be responsible for these judgments and recommendations if they are later determined to be inaccurate. As a public company, we also face the risk that one or more securities class action lawsuits will be filed claiming investor losses are attributable to alleged material misstatements in, or omissions of material facts from, our filings with the SEC or otherwise. Any unfavorable legal ruling against us could result in substantial monetary damages or even criminal violations.

We maintain insurance coverage as part of our overall legal and risk management strategy to minimize our potential liabilities. However, insurance coverage contains exclusions and other limitations that may not cover our potential liabilities and as such, we may incur liabilities that exceed or that are excluded from our insurance coverage or for which we are not insured. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain coverage at a cost-effective rate in the future.

We maintain insurance coverage from third-party insurers as part of our overall risk management strategy and some of our contracts require us to maintain specific insurance coverage limits. If any of our third-party insurers fail, suddenly cancel our coverage, or otherwise are unable to provide us with adequate insurance coverage, our overall risk exposure and our operational expenses would increase and the management of our business operations would be disrupted. In addition, there can be no assurance that any of our existing insurance coverage will be renewable upon the expiration of the coverage period or that future coverage will be affordable at the required limits.

Our safety program is a fundamental element of our overall approach to risk management and the implementation of the safety program is significant to our clients. We maintain an enterprise-wide group of health and safety professionals to help ensure that the services we provide are delivered safely and in accordance with standard work processes. Unsafe job sites and office environments have the potential to increase employee turnover, the cost of a project to our clients and our operating costs as well as expose us to types and levels of risk that are fundamentally unacceptable. The implementation of our safety processes and procedures are monitored by various agencies and rating bureaus and may be evaluated by certain clients in cases in which safety requirements have been established in our contracts. We may be adversely affected if we fail to meet these requirements or do not properly implement and comply with our safety program.

Our financial results during the months of November through March may be impacted by adverse weather conditions and the holiday season. As a result, our revenue and net income for the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal year may be lower when compared to our results for the second and third quarters of our fiscal year. If we were to experience lower-than-expected revenuerevenues during any such periods,period, our expenses may not be offset.

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our proprietary information and other intellectual property. We rely principally on trade secrets to protect much of our intellectual property where we do not believe that patent or copyright protection is appropriate or obtainable. Although our employees are subject to confidentiality obligations, this protection may be inadequate to deter or prevent misappropriation of our confidential information. In addition, we may be unable to detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property or otherwise take appropriate steps to enforce our rights. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection would adversely affect our competitive business position. In addition, if we are unable to prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our trademarks or other proprietary information, our competitive position could be adversely affected.

We rely on third-party software to run our critical accounting, project management, and financial information systems. We also depend on our software vendors to provide long-term software maintenance support for our information systems. Software vendors may decide to discontinue further development, integration, or long-term software maintenance support for our information systems, in which case we maymight need to abandon one or more of our current information systems and migrate some or all of our accounting, project management, and financial information to other systems, thus increasing our operational expense as well as disrupting the management of our business operations.

Our credit agreement contains a number of significant covenants that impose operating and other restrictions on us and our subsidiaries. Such restrictions affect or could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to:

In addition, our credit agreement also requires us to comply with a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio and consolidated leverage ratio. Our ability to comply with these ratios may be affected by events beyond our control.

These restrictions could limit our ability to plan for or react to market or economic conditions or meet capital needs or otherwise restrict our activities or business plans and could adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, acquisitions, investments, or strategic alliances or other capital needs or to engage in other business activities that would be in our interest.

A breach of any of these covenants or our inability to comply with the required financial ratios could result in a default under the credit agreement. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the credit agreement could elect to:

If we were unable to repay or otherwise refinance these borrowings when due, the lenders under the credit agreement could sell the collateral securing the credit agreement, which constitutes a significant majority of our domestic subsidiaries' assets.

Borrowings under our credit agreement are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even though any amount borrowed remains the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. As of January 2, 2021,December 30, 2023, we had $283.8$195.8 million outstanding under the credit agreement. We may determine to enter into interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments in the future in order to reduce interest rate volatility. However, we may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to all of our variable rate indebtedness, and any swaps we enter into may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk and could be subject to credit risk themselves.

A key part of our growth strategy is to acquire other companies that complement our service offerings or broaden our technical capabilities and geographic presence. Acquisitions involve certain known and unknown risks that could cause our actual growth or operating results to differ from our expectations or the expectations of securities analysts. For example:

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“2017 Tax Reform”), which significantly revised the U.S. tax code by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%;, limiting the deductibility of

In addition, ourOur acquisition strategy may divert management’s attention away from our existing businesses, resulting in the loss of key clients or key employees, and expose us to unanticipated problems or legal liabilities, including responsibility as a successor-in-interest for undisclosed or contingent liabilities of acquired businesses or assets.

Our inability to successfully integrate future acquisitions could impede us from realizing all of the benefits of those acquisitions and could severely weaken our business operations. The integration process may disrupt our business and, if implemented ineffectively, may preclude realization of the full benefits expected by us and could harm our results of operations. In addition, the overall integration of the combining companies may result in unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, and competitive responses, and may cause our stock price to decline. The difficulties of integrating an acquisition include, among others:

In addition, even if the operations of an acquisition are integrated successfully, we may not realize the full benefits of the acquisition, including the synergies, cost savings, or growth opportunities that we expect. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame, or at all. Further, acquisitions may also cause us to:

Our expected future growth presents numerous managerial, administrative, and operational challenges. Our ability to manage the growth of our operations will require us to continue to improve our management information systems and our other internal systems and controls. In addition, our growth will increase our need to attract, develop, motivate, and retain both our management and professional employees. The inability of our management to effectively manage our growth or the inability of our employees to achieve anticipated performance could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We must comply with and are affected by U.S. federal,Federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration, and performance of government contracts. For example, we must comply with defective-pricing clauses found within the Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”), the Truth in Negotiations Act, Cost Accounting Standards (“CAS”), the Services Contract Act, and the U.S. Department of Defense security regulations, as well as many other rules and regulations. In addition, we must also comply with other government regulations related to employment practices, environmental protection, health and safety, tax, accounting, and anti-fraud measures, as well as many othersother regulations in order to maintain our government contractor status. These laws and regulations affect how we do business with our clients and, in some instances, impose additional costs on our business operations. Although we take precautions to prevent and deter fraud, misconduct, and non-compliance, we face the risk that our employees or outside partners may engage in misconduct, fraud, or other improper activities. Government agencies routinely audit and investigate government contractors. These government agencies review and audit a government contractor’s performance under its contracts and cost structure and evaluate compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards. In addition, during the course of its audits, such agencies may question our incurred project costs. If such agencies believe we have accounted for such costs in a manner inconsistent with the requirements for FAR or CAS, the agency auditor may recommend to our U.S. government corporate administrative contracting officer that it disallow such costs. Historically, we have not experienced significant disallowed costs as a result of government audits. However, we can provide no assurance that such government audits will not result in a material disallowance for incurred costs in the future. In addition, government contracts are subject to a variety of other requirements relating to the formation, administration, performance, and accounting for these contracts. We may also be subject to qui tam litigation brought by private individuals on behalf of the government under the Federal Civil False Claims Act, which could include claims for treble damages. Government contract violations could result in the imposition of civil and criminal penalties or sanctions, contract termination, forfeiture of profit, or suspension of payment, any of which could make us lose our status as an eligible government contractor. We could also suffer serious harm to our reputation. Any interruption or termination of our government contractor status could reduce our profits and revenue significantly.

Misconduct, fraud, non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or other improper activities by one of our employees, agents, or partners could have a significant negative impact on our business and reputation. Such misconduct could include the failure to comply with regulations regarding government procurements, the protection of classified information, bribery and other foreign corrupt practices, pricing of labor and other costs in government contracts, lobbying or similar activities, internal controls over financial reporting, environmental laws, and any other applicable laws or regulations. For example, the FCPA, and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our policies mandate compliance with these regulations and laws, and we take precautions to prevent and detect misconduct. However, since our internal controls are subject to inherent limitations, including human error, it is possible that these controls could be intentionally circumvented or become inadequate because of changed conditions. As a result, we cannot assure that our controls will protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees and agents. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or acts of misconduct could subject us to fines and penalties, loss of security clearances, and suspension or debarment from contracting, any or all of which could harm our reputation, reduce our revenue and profits, and subject us to criminal and civil enforcement actions. Historically, we have not had any material cases involving misconduct or fraud.

Some of our services are directly or indirectly impacted by changes in U.S. federal,Federal, state, local, or foreign laws and regulations pertaining to resource management, infrastructure, and the environment. In addition, growing concerns about climate change may result in the imposition of additional regulations, international protocols, or other restrictions on emissions. Accordingly, such additional laws and regulations or a relaxation or repeal of existing laws and regulations, or changes in governmental policies regarding the funding, implementation, or enforcement of these programs, could result in a decline in demand for our services, which could in turn negatively impact our revenue.

We must comply with a number of laws that strictly regulate the handling, removal, treatment, transportation, and disposal of toxic and hazardous substances. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (“CERCLA”), and comparable state laws, we may be required to investigate and remediate regulated hazardous materials. CERCLA and comparable state laws typically impose strict joint and several liabilities without regard to whether a company knew of or caused the release of hazardous substances. The liability for the entire cost of clean-up could be imposed upon any responsible party. Other principal federal environmental, health, and safety laws affecting us include, among others, the Resource Conversation and Recovery Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. Our business operations may also be subject to similar state and international laws relating to environmental protection. Liabilities related to environmental contamination or human exposure to hazardous substances, or a failure to comply with applicable regulations, could result in substantial costs to us, including clean-up costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third-party claims for property damage or personal injury, or cessation of remediation activities. Our continuing work in the areas governed by these laws and regulations exposes us to the risk of substantial liability.

Mr. Dickerson Wright, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owned 1,963,8251,727,328 shares, or approximately 14.8%10.9% of our common stock on a fully diluted basis as of February 25, 2021.16, 2024. Accordingly, Mr. Wright has the power to significantly influence the outcome of important corporate decisions or matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, including decisions regarding mergers, going private transactions, and other extraordinary transactions, and to significantly influence the terms of any of these transactions. Although Mr. Wright owes our stockholders certain fiduciary duties as a director and an executive officer, Mr. Wright could take actions to address his own interests, which may be different from those of our other stockholders.

Anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and in the Delaware General Corporation Law, could diminish the opportunity for stockholders to participate in acquisition proposals at a price above the then-current market price of our common stock. For example, while we have no present plans to issue any preferred stock, our board of directors, without further stockholder approval, will be able to issuecould authorize the issuance of shares of undesignated preferred stock and fix the designation, powers, preferences, and rights and any qualifications, limitations, and restrictions of such class or series, which could adversely affect the voting power of your shares. In addition, ourOur bylaws willalso provide for an advance notice procedure for nomination of candidates to our board of directors that could have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change in control. Further, asAs a Delaware corporation, we are subject to provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law regarding “business combinations,” which cancould deter attempted takeovers in certain situations. We may, in the future, consider adopting additional anti-takeover measures.situations which our company could adopt. The authority of our board of directors to issue undesignated preferred or other capital stock and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, as well as other current and any future anti-takeover measures adopted by us, may, in certain circumstances, delay, deter, or prevent takeover attempts and other changes in control of our company not approved by our board of directors.shareholders.

As of January 2, 2021,December 30, 2023, we have registered an aggregate of 2,421,7312,295,604 shares of common stock reserved under Registration Statements on Form S-8 and we may file additional Registration Statements on Form S-8 to register additional shares reserved under our equity incentive plan or employee stock purchase plan. Issuance of shares of common stock pursuant to our equity incentive plan or employee stock purchase plan may have a dilutive effect on our common stock. Also, all shares issued pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-8 can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to restrictions on our affiliates under Rule 144 promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. If a large number of these shares are sold in the public market, the sales may be viewed negatively by the market and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. 

We currently do not pay dividends and our credit agreement contains restrictions regarding the payment of dividends. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future and intend to use cash to grow our business. Consequently, your only current opportunity to achieve a return on your investment in us will be if the market price of our common stock appreciates.

Not applicable.

We lease office space in the U.S. and internationally from which we provide our services.

None.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq CapitalGlobal Select Market under the symbol NVEE. As of February 25, 2021,16, 2024, there were 2,0202,649 holders of record of our common stock. These numbers do not include beneficial owners whose shares are held in “street name.”

We have not paid cash dividends on our common stock and our credit agreement contains restrictions regarding the payment of dividends. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future, as we intend to retain all earnings to provide funds for the operation and expansion of our business. The payment of cash dividends in the future, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon such factors as the extent to which our financing arrangements permit the payment of dividends, earnings levels, capital requirements, our overall financial condition, and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.

None.

We are a provider of professionaltechnology, conformity assessment, consulting solutions, and technical engineering and consulting solutionssoftware applications to public and private sector clients. We focus on the infrastructure, utility services, construction, real estate, and environmental, markets. We primarily focus on the following business service verticals: testing, inspection & consulting, infrastructure support services, utility services, buildings & program management, environmental health sciences, and geospatial technology services.markets. Our primary clients include U.S. federal,Federal, state, municipal, and local government agencies, and military and defense clients. We also serve quasi-public and private sector clients from the education, healthcare, utility services, and public utilities, including schools, universities, hospitals, health care providers, and insurance providers, large utility service providers, and large to small utility service producers.providers.

Although we anticipate public and quasi-public sector clients will represent the majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future, we intend to continue expanding our service offerings to private sector clients. Historically, public and quasi-public sector clients have demonstrated greater resilience during periods of economic downturns, while private sector clients have offered higher gross profit margin opportunities during periods of economic expansion.

We operate on a "52/53 week"53-week" fiscal year ending on the Saturday closest to December 31st (whether or not in the following calendar year), with interim calendar quarters ending on the Saturday closest to the end of such calendar quarter (whether or not in the following calendar quarter). As a result, fiscal 2020 included 53 weeks compared to fiscal 20192023, 2022 and 2018, which both2021 included 52 weeks.

Our critical accounting estimates are those we believe require our most significant judgments about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. A discussion of our critical accounting estimates, the underlying judgments and uncertainties used to make them and the likelihood that materially different estimates would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions is as follows:

To determine the proper revenue recognition method, we evaluate whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as one single contract and whether the combined or single contract should be accounted for as more than one performance obligation. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services that is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, is not distinct.

Our performance obligations are satisfied as work progresses or at a point in time. Gross revenues from services transferred to customers over time accounted for 92%90%, 90%88%, and 92%90% of our revenues during fiscal years 2020, 2019,2023, 2022, and 2018,

Contract modifications are common in the performance of our contracts. Contracts modified typically result from changes in scope, specifications, design, performance, sites, or period of completion. In most cases, contract modifications are for services that are not distinct, and, therefore, are accounted for as part of the existing contract.

Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events. These assumptions are dependent upon the accuracy of a variety of estimates, including engineering progress, achievement of milestones, labor productivity, and cost estimates. Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that actual completion costs may vary from estimates. If estimated total costs on contracts indicate a loss or reduction to the percentage of total contract revenues recognized to date, these losses or reductions are recognized in the period in which the revisions are known. The effect of revisions to revenues, estimated costs to complete contracts, including penalties, incentive awards, change orders, claims, and anticipated losses and others are recorded on the cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions are identified and the loss can be reasonably estimated. Such revisions could occur in any reporting period and the effects on the results of operations for that reporting period may be material depending on the size of the project or the adjustment. During fiscal years 2020, 2019,2023, 2022, and 20182021 the cumulative catch-up adjustmentadjustments for contract modifications waswere not material.

We record billed and unbilled receivables net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is estimated based on management’s evaluation of the contracts involved and the financial condition of clients. Factors considered include:

The allowance is increased by our provision for doubtful accounts, which is charged against income. All recoveries on receivables previously charged off are credited to the accounts receivable recovery account and are included in income, while direct charge-offs of receivables are deducted from the allowance. Although we believe the allowance for doubtful accounts is sufficient, a decline in economic conditions could lead to the deterioration in the financial condition of our customers, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, and additional allowances may be required that could materially impact our consolidated results of operations. Trade receivable balances carried by us are comprised of accounts from a diverse client base across a broad range of industries.

Goodwill is the excess of consideration paid for an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired, including other identifiable intangible assets and liabilities assumed in a business combination. To determine the amount of goodwill resulting from a business combination, we perform an assessment to determine the acquisition date fair value of the acquired company’s tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities.

We evaluate goodwill annually for impairment on August 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the asset may be impaired, using the quantitative method. An entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. These qualitative factors include:include macroeconomic and industry conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other relevant entity-specific events. If the entity determines that this threshold is met, then we may apply a one-step quantitative impairment test. The one-step impairment test requires a comparison of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities associated with a reporting unit, including goodwill, with the fair value of the reporting unit. We determine fair value through multiple valuation techniques, and weight the results accordingly. We make certain subjective and complex judgments in assessing whether an event of impairment of goodwill has occurred, including assumptions and estimates used to determine the fair value of our reporting units. If the carrying value of a reporting unit

On August 1, 2020,2023, we conducted our annual impairment tests using the quantitative method of evaluating goodwill. Based on the quantitative analyses, we determined the fair value of each of the reporting units exceeded its carrying value and therefore, there was no goodwill impairment. There were no indicators, events, or changes in circumstances that would indicate goodwill impairment for the period from August 2, 20202023 through January 2, 2021.December 30, 2023.

Identifiable intangible assets primarily include customer backlog, customer relationships, trade names, non-compete agreements, and developed technology. Amortizable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated

In conjunctionconnection with an acquisition of a business, we record identifiable intangible assets acquired at their respective fair values as of the date of acquisition. The corresponding fair value estimates for these assets acquired include projected future cash flows, associated discount rates used to calculate present value, asset life cycles, and customer retention rates. We use an independent valuation specialist to assist in determining the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value calculated for intangible assets may change during the finalization of the purchase price allocation due to the estimates and assumptions used in determining their fair value. As a result, we may make adjustments toadjust the provisional amounts recorded for certain items as part of the purchase price allocation subsequent to the acquisition, not to exceed one year after the acquisition date, until the purchase accounting allocation is finalized. During 2020, we finalized the QSI purchase price allocation reported at December 28, 2019 to account for updates to assumptions and estimates related to the fair value of the trade name, customer relationships, and customer backlog. As a result, we determined the QSI trade name is a finite-lived asset that will be amortized over a two-year period and the fair value was decreased by $54,313. Additionally, the fair value of QSI's customer relationships and customer backlog increased $6,605 and $811, respectively.

The aggregate value of all consideration for our acquisitions consummated during 2020, 20192023, 2022, and 20182021 was approximately $1,949, $369,879,$224,417, $14,220, and $95,450,$100,449, respectively. The net assets acquired during 2020, 20192023, 2022, and 20182021 were $1,511, $166,637$100,741, $2,944, and $51,705,$54,647, respectively, while the gross revenues associated with these acquisitions (from their respective dates of acquisition) were $851, $42,127$96,314, $5,211 and $33,468,$29,965, respectively.

On December 20, 2019 (the "Closing Date"),February 22, 2023, we acquired all of the outstanding equity interests in Geospatial Holdings, Inc.Continental Mapping Acquisition Corp. and its subsidiaries, including Quantum Spatial, Inc.Axim Geospatial, LLC (collectively "QSI""Axim"), a full-serviceprovider of comprehensive geospatial services and solutions provider servingaddressing critical mission requirements for customers across the North American market. QSI provides data solutions to publicdefense and private sector clients that need geospatial intelligence to mitigate risk, plan for growth, better manage resources, and advance scientific understanding. We

We completed five acquisitions during 2022. The aggregate purchase price of $9,000.the acquisitions was $14,220, including $5,882 in cash, $1,606 in promissory notes, $433 of our common stock, and potential earn-outs of up to $15,850 payable in cash and common stock, which were recorded at an estimated fair value of $6,299. An option-based model was used to determine the fair value of the earn-outs, which is a generally accepted valuation technique that embodies all significant assumption types. In order to determine the fair values of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, for WHPacific, we engaged aan independent third-party independent valuation specialist to assist in the determination of fair values.

We completed eight acquisitions during 2021. The aggregate purchase price of the acquisitions was $11,245,$100,449, including $8,247$69,501 of cash, $2,000 in$19,028 of promissory note (bearing interest at 4.0%), payable in four equal installments of $500 due on the first, second, third, and fourth anniversaries of July 1, 2019, and $375notes, $6,787 of our common stock, (4,731 shares) issued at the closing date. The purchase price also includes $425and potential earn-outs of our commonup to $25,700 payable in cash and stock, payable on the first and second anniversaries of July 1, 2019. Further, the purchase price includes a $1,500 earn-out of cash, which waswere recorded at thean estimated fair value of $198.$5,133. An option-based model was used to determine the fair value of the earn-outs, which is a generally accepted valuation technique that embodies all significant assumption types. In order to determine the fair values of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, for GeoDesign, we engaged aan independent third-party independent valuation specialist to assist in the determination of fair values.

On March 10, 2021, we engaged a third-party independent valuation specialist to assist in the determinationpriced an underwritten public offering of fair values.

Effective the beginning of fiscal year 2020, we re-evaluated the structure of our internal organization structure as a result of the 2019 acquisition of QSI. To reflect management's revised perspective, weOur operations are now organized into three operating and reportable segments:

We enter into contracts with our clients that contain two principal types of pricing provisions, representing a percentage of total revenue as shown below:

Revenues from engineering services are recognized in accordance with the accrual basis of accounting. Revenues under cost-reimbursable contracts are recognized when services are performed or on the percentage-of-completion method. Revenues recognized on the percentage-of-completion method are generally measured by the direct costs incurred to date as compared to estimated costs incurred and represents approximately 45%50%, 31%44%, and 22%44% of revenues recognized during 2020, 20192023, 2022, and 2018,2021, respectively. Revenues from fixed-unit price contracts are recognized at a point in time.

Direct costs of revenues consist of the following in connection with fee generating projects:

Operating expenses are expensed as incurred and include the following:

The following table represents our condensed results of operations for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Our consolidated gross revenues increased by $150,358,$74,961, or 30%10%, in 20202023 compared to 2019.2022. The increase in gross revenuerevenues was primarily due to incremental gross revenues from QSI of $145,047, incremental gross revenues$100,489 from other acquisitions completed since the beginning of 2019 of $33,329,2022 and an increase in our infrastructure support services of $2,542. The increase in our infrastructure support services was primarily due toorganic increases in our power deliverygeospatial solution services of $9,358,$9,981. These increases were partially offset by decreases in our northeast infrastructurereal estate transactional services of $4,447$20,986 driven by market reactions to increases in interest rates, decreases in our construction quality assurance practices of $5,903, and a decreasedecreases in our liquefied natural gas business $876. These increases were partially offset("LNG") of $5,338 driven by a decrease in our real estate transactional services and hospitality-related services of $13,439, decreases from our mechanical, electric, and plumbing (MEP) services of $6,741, decreases in our radiation & occupational safety program of $3,696, and a decrease in our pipeline inspection services of $3,099, primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

As a percentage of gross revenues, our gross profit margin was 50.7%49.9% and 48.2%49.1% in 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily due to a change in our mix of business resulting from the QSI acquisition. As a percentage of gross revenues, sub-consultant services and other direct costs decreased 2.0% and 0.1%, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by increases in direct salaries and wages decreased 3.2%, primarily as a resultpercentage of our mixgross revenues of work performed. This1.3%. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in sub-consultant services as a percentage of gross revenues of 0.7%,was primarily as a result of ourdriven by the mix of work performed. Other direct costs remained flat year-over-year as a percentage of gross revenues.business in our real estate transactional, civil program management services, and power delivery and utility services.

Our operating expenses increased $76,214,$49,390, or 36%15.4%, in 20202023 compared to 2019.2022. The increase in operating expenses primarily resulted from increased payroll and performance-based compensation costs of $48,258, including stock-based compensation$32,649, amortization expenses of $14,955 during 2020 compared to $10,430 in 2019, increased$11,336, and general and administrative expenses of $1,554. The increase in payroll costs of $7,558,was primarily driven by an increase in facilities and facilities related expense of $4,135, an increase in intangible asset amortization expense of $14,108, and an increase in depreciation expense of $2,156, primarilyemployees as compared to the prior year period as a result of our 2022 and 2023 acquisitions, partially offset by a decrease of $5,205 due to changes in our paid time off policy during 2023. The increase in amortization expense was driven by acquisitions. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to incremental expenses from acquisitions of $7,245, increases in information technology costs of $1,803, and increases in professional fees of $1,311, partially offset by earn-out fair value adjustments of $9,280 during 2023 that decreased the contingent consideration liability related to acquisitions compared to earn-out fair value adjustments of $2,972 during 2022 that increased the contingent consideration liability related to acquisitions.

Our interest expense increased $12,906$9,162 in fiscal 20202023 compared to 2019.2022. The increase in interest expense primarily resulted from the increased level of indebtedness associated with the QSI acquisition.a higher weighted average interest rate and an increase in our Senior Credit Facility indebtedness.

Our net income decreased $2,738,$5,360, or 12%11%, in 2023 compared to 20192022. The decrease was primarily as a result of the increase in our amortization expense driven by our 2019 acquisitions. Our gross profit increased $89,156 primarily due to our 2019 acquisitions. This increase was offset by increases in payroll and performance-based compensation costs of $48,258,$32,649, amortization expenses of $11,336, interest expense of $9,162, and general and administrative costsexpenses of $7,558, facilities$1,554, partially offset by an increase in gross profit of $44,388 and facilities related expense of $4,135, intangible asset amortization expense of $14,108, depreciation expense of $5,565, and interest expense of $12,906, which were also driven by acquisitions.a lower effective income tax rate.

For comparison of 20192022 to 2018,2021, see "Results of Operations - Consolidated Results of Operations" under Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 201931, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 26, 2020,24, 2023, which discussion is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.

The following tables set forth summarize financial information concerning our reportable segments (dollars in thousands):

Our gross revenues from INF increased $21,804,decreased $20,892, or 7%5%, in 20202023 compared to 2019.2022. The increasedecrease in gross revenues was primarily due to incremental revenue of $27,964 from acquisitions completed since the beginning of fiscal 2019 and increasesdecreases in our infrastructure supportconstruction quality assurance practices of $5,903, decreases in our LNG business of $5,338 driven by project cycles, decreases in our civil program management business of $4,727, and decreases in our power delivery and utility services of $2,542. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in our pipeline inspection services of $3,099.$5,078.

Segment Incomeincome before Taxestaxes from INF increased $7,991,decreased $2,651, or 15%4%, in 20202023 compared to 2019.2022. The increasedecrease was primarily due to incrementaldecreased gross revenues from acquisitions completed since the beginning of fiscal 2019.revenues.

Our gross revenues from BTS decreased $20,345,$9,773, or 11%4%, in 20202023 compared to 2019.2022. The decrease in gross revenues was primarily due to decreases in our real estate transactional services and hospitality-related services of $13,439, decreases$20,986 driven by market reactions to increases in our MEP services of $6,741, and decreases in our radiation & occupational safety program of $3,696 primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.interest rates. These decreases were partially offset by increases in our international engineering and consulting services of $6,947 and increases in our energy and technology services of $4,457.

Our gross revenues from GEO increased $105,626, or 67%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was due to incremental gross revenues of $5,365$95,645 from acquisitions completed since the beginning of 2019.fiscal 2022 and $9,981 related to organic increases in our geospatial business activity.

Segment Incomeincome before Taxestaxes from BTS decreased $7,047,GEO increased $8,993, or 25%21%, in 20202023 compared to 2019.2022. The decreaseincrease was primarily due to lowerincreased gross revenues primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

For comparison of 20192022 to 2018,2021, see "Results of Operations - Segment Results of Operations" under Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 201931, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2020,24, 2023, which discussion is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.

Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents balances, cash flowflows from operations, borrowing capacity under our Senior Credit Facility, and access to financial markets. Our principal uses of cash are operating expenses, working capital requirements, capital expenditures, repayment of debt, and acquisition expenditures. We believe our sources of liquidity, including cash flowflows from operations, existing cash and cash equivalents, and borrowing capacity under our Senior Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our projected cash requirements for at least the next twelve months. We will monitor our capital requirements thereafter to ensure our needs are in line with available capital resources.resources and believe that there are no significant cash requirements currently known to us and affecting our business that cannot be met from our reasonably expected future operating cash flows, including upon the maturity of the Senior Credit Facility in 2026.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $96,009$62,207 in 20202023 compared to $39,900$93,980 in 2019.2022. The increasedecrease was a result of the growthdecreases in our revenues primarily driven by our acquisitionsnet income and changesincreases in our working capital.capital and deferred income tax assets during 2023 compared to 2022. The changes in our working capital that contributed to decreased cash flows were primarily resulted from increased advanced billingsa result of $25,981 primarily related to liquefied natural gas projects, increased accrued liabilitiesincreases in unbilled receivables of $12,363 and decreases in accounts payable of $5,283$6,797. The increase in unbilled receivables was primarily due to timing of project billing cycles. The decrease in accounts payable primarily related to timing of payments,payments. The increase in deferred income tax assets was primarily driven by the Tax Cuts and a decreaseJobs Act, which eliminated the option to currently deduct research and development expenditures in the period incurred and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize such expenditures over five years pursuant to Section 174 of $8,279 in prepaid expenses and other assets primarily as a result of decreased prepaid insurance of $4,372, decreased prepaid income taxes of $2,342, and a decrease in other receivables of $2,298. These increases were partially offset by $4,929 as a result of increased billed and unbilled receivables primarily related to our growth in revenues during 2020.the Internal Revenue Code.

During 20202023 and 2019,2022, net cash used in investing activities totaled $9,067$205,791 and $351,000,$21,510, respectively. The decreaseincrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily a result of decreased acquisition activity, partially offsetincreased cash paid for acquisitions of $183,437.

Net cash flows provided by an increasefinancing activities in purchases2023 was $149,855 compared to net cash flows used in financing activities of property and equipment$81,909 in 2020 of $7,230.2022. The increase in purchases of property and equipmentcash provided by financing activities was primarily a result of the acquisitionborrowings on our

For comparison of 20192022 to 20182021 cash flows, see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Cash Flows” under Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 201931, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 26, 2020,24, 2023, which discussions are expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.

On December 20, 2019August 13, 2021 (the "Closing Date"), we amended and restated our Credit Agreement (the "A"Second A&R Credit Agreement"), originally dated December 7, 2016 and as amended on December 20, 2018,to the Closing Date, with Bank of America, N.A. ("Bank of America"), as administrative agent, swingline lender and letter of credit issuer, the other lenders party thereto, and certain of our subsidiaries as guarantors. Pursuant to the Second A&R Credit Agreement, the lenders providedpreviously drawn term commitments of $150,000 in the aggregate in a single draw on the Closing Date to fund the acquisition of QSI and various costs and expenses relating thereto and revolving commitments totaling $215,000 in the aggregate were converted into revolving commitments totaling $400,000 in the aggregate. TheThese revolving commitment iscommitments are available through December 20, 2024August 13, 2026 (the "Maturity Date"), at which time the term commitments and revolving commitments will be due and payable in full. Anan aggregate amount of $320,500approximately $138,750 was drawn under the Second A&R Credit AgreementAmendment on the Closing Date to fund the QSI acquisition and repay previously existing borrowings.borrowings under the term and revolving facilities prior to such amendment and restatement. Borrowings under the Second A&R Credit Agreement are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of our assets. The Second A&R Credit Agreement also includes an accordion feature permitting us to request an increase in either the term facility or the revolverrevolving facility under the Second A&R Credit Agreement by an additional amount of up to $100,000$200,000 in the aggregate. As of December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the outstanding balance on the Second A&R Credit Agreement was $195,750 and $33,750, respectively.

Borrowings under the term facility amortize at the rate of 5.0% per annum for the first two years of the facility and thereafter at the rate of 7.5% per annum until the Maturity Date.

The AmendedSecond A&R Credit Agreement limits the payment of cash dividends (together with certain other payments that would constitute a "Restricted Payment" within the meaning of the AmendedSecond A&R Credit Agreement and generally including dividends, stock repurchases, and certain other payments in respect to warrants, options, and other rights to acquire equity securities), unless the Consolidated Leverage Ratio would be less than 3.25 to no more than $10,0001.00 and available liquidity (defined as unrestricted, domestically held cash plus revolver availability) would be at least $30,000, in any fiscal year, so long as no default shall exist at the time of or arise as a result fromeach case after giving effect to such payment.

We are exposed to certain market risks from transactions that are entered into during the normal course of business. We have not entered into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. We have no significant market risk exposure to interest rate changes related to the promissory notes for acquisitions since these contain fixed interest rates. Our only debt subject to interest rate risk is the Senior Credit Facility which rates are variable, at our option, tied to a Eurocurrency rate equal to LIBOR (London Interbank Offeredeither Term SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) or Daily Simple SOFR, plus in each case an applicable rate, or a base rate denominated in U.S. dollars. Interest rates are subject to change based on our Consolidated Senior Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). As of January 2, 2021,December 30, 2023, there was $283,832$195,750 outstanding on the Senior Credit Facility. A one percentage point change in the assumed interest rate of the Senior Credit Facility would change our annual interest expense by approximately $2,838$1,958 in 2020.2023.