The following report of the compensation committeePerformance Graph section shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” or incorporated by reference in future filings with the SEC, or subject to be incorporated by reference into any other filing by Nikola Corporation under the Securities Actliabilities of 1933 orSection 18 of the Securities Exchange Act, of 1934, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into a document filed under those Acts.the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
The graph below indicates our cumulative 5-year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the NASDAQ Composite index and the NASDAQ Clean Edge Green Energy index. The graph tracks the
performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2023.
Issuer Purchases of Securities
None.
Item 6. [Reserved]
The compensation committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth aboveunder "Forward-Looking Statements", “Risk Factors” and in other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
We are a technology innovator and integrator, working to decarbonize the trucking industry by developing innovative energy and transportation solutions. We are pioneering a business model that will enable fleets and end users to integrate next-generation truck technology, hydrogen refueling infrastructure, EV charging solutions, and related maintenance. By creating this ecosystem, we and our strategic business partners and suppliers hope to build a long-term competitive advantage for clean technology vehicles and next-generation fueling solutions.
Our expertise lies in design, innovation, and software and engineering. We assemble, integrate, and commission our vehicles in collaboration with our management. Based on its reviewbusiness partners and those discussions, the compensation committee recommendedsuppliers. Our approach is to leverage strategic partnerships to help lower cost, increase capital efficiency and increase speed to market.
We operate in two business units: Truck and Energy. The Truck business unit is commercializing FCEV and BEV Class 8 trucks that provide or are intended to provide environmentally friendly, cost-effective solutions to the boardshort, medium and long haul trucking sectors. The Energy business unit is developing hydrogen fueling infrastructure to support our FCEV trucks.
We commenced commercial production of directors that the CompensationTre BEV in the first quarter of 2022 and commenced commercial production of the Tre FCEV in the third quarter of 2023, both at our manufacturing facility in Coolidge, Arizona.
In January 2023, we announced our new global brand, HYLA, to encompass our energy products for procuring, distributing, and dispensing hydrogen to fuel our trucks. We expect to leverage multiple ownership structures where we either fully or partially own, or do not own, hydrogen production assets. In cases where we are able to source hydrogen supply, without ownership of hydrogen production assets, we expect to enter into long-term supply contracts where our costs and surety of supply are well-defined.
We intend to continue to develop our business, which includes the following ongoing activities:
•commercialize our heavy-duty trucks and other products;
•expand and maintain manufacturing facilities and equipment;
•invest in servicing our vehicles under warranty including repairs and service parts;
•develop, deploy, and maintain hydrogen fueling infrastructure;
•continue to invest in our technology;
•invest in marketing and advertising, sales, and distribution infrastructure for our products and services;
•maintain and improve our operational, financial and management information systems;
•hire and retain personnel;
•obtain, maintain, expand, and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and
•operate as a public company.
Comparability of Financial Information
On June 30, 2023, we completed the Assignment of Romeo, which was previously consolidated in our financial statements from the date of acquisition, October 14, 2022. The operating results of Romeo are reported in discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Our results for the periods presented, as discussed in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, include only results from continuing operations and exclude results related to our discontinued operation.
Key Factors Affecting Operating Results
We believe that our performance and future success depend on several factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those set forth in the section entitled "Risk Factors."
We require substantial additional capital to manufacture and validate our products and services and fund operations for the foreseeable future. Until we can generate sufficient revenue and positive gross margins, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of existing cash on hand, sales of stock, debt financings, strategic partnerships, and licensing arrangements. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our development and validation efforts, demand for our trucks and expense levels, among other things.
Truck Production and Shipments
We started serial production at our manufacturing facility in March 2022 and began sales of Tre BEV trucks in the second quarter of 2022. During the second half of 2023, production and shipment of the Tre BEV was suspended due to the voluntary recall of BEV trucks initiated during the third quarter of 2023. In response to the voluntary recall, we have placed a temporary hold on all new BEV truck shipments.
The recall was initiated in response to investigations prompted by a battery pack thermal event. To minimize vehicle downtime and maximize end user safety and satisfaction, the battery packs in trucks owned by dealers and their retail customers are being retrofit with battery packs from an alternative supplier. We accrued recall campaign costs of $65.8 million for the BEV trucks that are expected to be returned to dealers and their customers once the recall is complete, of which $3.0 million has been incurred through December 31, 2023. The battery replacement commenced in late 2023, with the first set of trucks expected to be returned to fleets starting late in the first quarter of 2024, pending supply chain or other issues.
As of December 31, 2023, all BEV truck inventory was classified as work in process inventory as we are retrofitting the BEV inventory with alternative battery packs.
The following is a summary of the number of Tre BEV trucks produced and shipped since we commenced commercial production:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Tre BEVs | Q1 2022 | Q2 2022 | Q3 2022 | Q4 2022 | YTD 2022 |
Produced | N/A | 50 | 75 | 133 | 258 |
Shipped | N/A | 48 | 63 | 20 | 131 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Tre BEVs | Q1 2023 | Q2 2023 | Q3 2023 | Q4 2023 | YTD 2023 |
Produced | 63 | 33 | N/A | N/A | 96 |
Shipped | 31 | 45 | 3 | N/A | 79 |
During the second quarter of 2023, we transitioned the manufacturing line to a mixed model production line in preparation for the commencement of commercial production of the FCEV starting on July 31, 2023.
The following is a summary of the number of Tre FCEV trucks produced and shipped since we commenced commercial production:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
FCEVs | Q3 2023 | Q4 2023 | YTD 2023 |
Produced | — | 42 | 42 |
Shipped | — | 35 | 35 |
As of December 31, 2023, we had no FCEV trucks in finished goods inventory. Among the seven trucks produced but not shipped, three are being used in an extended field test with a fleet partner, two are in continued validation and engineering and two are being used for service training/fleet demos.
The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle market and hydrogen infrastructure are early stage markets. As a result, we have and may continue to experience production shortages as a result of new technology supply chain challenges, including but not limited to supply chain shortages we experienced in 2023 with respect to hydrogen tanks and modular fuelers. Additionally, we may experience delays in deliveries of FCEV trucks due to lack of hydrogen infrastructure or supply for end users.
Basis of Presentation
Currently, we conduct business through one operating segment. See Note 2 in the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements for more information.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenues
Truck sales: During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our truck sales were derived from deliveries of our Tre FCEV and Tre BEV trucks to dealers.
Service and other: During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, service and other revenues included sales from delivered MCTs and other charging products to dealers and fleet customers, hydrogen sales, and service parts and labor.
Cost of Revenues
Truck sales: Cost of revenues includes direct parts, material and labor costs, manufacturing overhead, including amortized tooling costs and depreciation of our manufacturing facility, freight and duty costs, reserves for estimated warranty expenses including recall campaigns, and inventory write-downs.
Service and other: Cost of revenues relate primarily to direct materials, labor, outsourced manufacturing services and fulfillment costs for the sale of MCTs and other charging products, hydrogen, and service parts and labor.
Research and Development Expense
Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the discovery and development of our vehicles, which include:
•Personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in our engineering and research functions;
•Fees paid to third parties such as consultants and contractors for outside development and validation activities;
•Expenses related to materials, supplies and third-party services, including prototype tooling and non-recurring engineering.
•Depreciation for prototyping equipment and R&D facilities; and
•Expenses related to operating the manufacturing facility until the start of commercial production. With the start of commercial production of the Tre BEV in 2022 and Tre FCEV in 2023, manufacturing costs, including labor and overhead, as well as inventory-related expenses related to our trucks, and related facility costs, are no longer recorded in research and development but are reflected in cost of revenues.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our research and development expenses were primarily incurred in connection with the development of the BEV and FCEV trucks.
As a part of an in-kind investment, Iveco agreed to provide us with $100.0 million in advisory services (based on pre-negotiated hourly rates), including project coordination, drawings, documentation support, engineering support, vehicle integration, and product validation support. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we utilized $46.3 million of advisory services which were recorded as research and development expense. As of December 31, 2021, the full amount of advisory services had been consumed.
Our research and development costs have decreased and are expected to remain relatively stable as we have commenced commercial production of the Tre BEV and Tre FCEV. We will continue to incur research and development expenses for personnel and outside development.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expense
Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist of personnel related expenses for our corporate, executive, finance, and other administrative functions, expenses for outside professional services, including legal, audit and accounting services, as well as expenses for facilities, depreciation, amortization, travel, marketing, and selling costs. Personnel related expenses consist of salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation.
We expect our selling, general, and administrative expenses to decrease as we continue to stay focused on right-scaling the business and implement cost-cutting programs to enable cash preservation.
Loss on Supplier Deposits
Loss on supplier deposits consist of losses on deposits for tooling and long-term supply agreements.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense consists of interest on our debt, financing obligation and finance lease liabilities. Interest income consists primarily of interest received or earned on our cash and cash equivalents balances.
Revaluation of Warrant Liability
The revaluation of warrant liability includes the net gains and losses from the remeasurement of the warrant liability. Warrants recorded as liabilities are recorded at their fair value and remeasured at each reporting period.
Gain on Divestiture of Affiliate
Gain on divestiture of affiliate consists of consideration for the divestiture of Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and the related License Agreement, in excess of the basis of our investment as of the divestiture date.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
Loss on debt extinguishment includes the loss on exchange of $100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $100.0 million April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes. Additionally, loss on debt extinguishment includes losses incurred on conversions of the 8.25% Convertible Notes. Losses were calculated as the difference between the carrying value of notes extinguished and the fair value of the notes or consideration issued as of the exchange or upon conversion, as applicable.
Other Income (Expense), net
Other income (expense), net consists primarily of other miscellaneous non-operating items, such as government grants, subsidies, merchandising, revaluation gains and losses on derivative assets and liabilities and other instruments recognized at fair value, foreign currency gains and losses, and unrealized gains and losses on investments.
Income Tax Expense
Our income tax provision consists of an estimate for U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in the tax law. Due to cumulative losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against U.S. and state deferred tax assets. Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were not material.
Equity in Net Loss of Affiliates
Equity in net loss of affiliates consists of our net portion of gains and losses from equity method investments, primarily Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH through the date of divestiture on June 29, 2023.
Results of Operations
Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2023 to Year Ended December 31, 2022
The following table sets forth our historical operating results for the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, | | | | |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | $ Change | | % Change |
| (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Revenues: | | | | | | | |
Truck sales | $ | 30,061 | | | $ | 45,931 | | | $ | (15,870) | | | (35) | % |
Service and other | 5,778 | | | 3,794 | | | 1,984 | | | 52 | % |
Total revenues | 35,839 | | | 49,725 | | | (13,886) | | | (28) | % |
Cost of revenues: | | | | | | | |
Truck sales | 242,519 | | | 132,556 | | | 109,963 | | | 83 | % |
Service and other | 7,387 | | | 3,138 | | | 4,249 | | | 135 | % |
Total cost of revenues | 249,906 | | | 135,694 | | | 114,212 | | | 84 | % |
Gross loss | (214,067) | | | (85,969) | | | (128,098) | | | 149 | % |
Operating expenses: | | | | | | | |
Research and development | 208,160 | | | 270,480 | | | (62,320) | | | (23) | % |
Selling, general and administrative | 198,768 | | | 346,186 | | | (147,418) | | | (43) | % |
Loss on supplier deposits | 28,834 | | | — | | | 28,834 | | | NM |
Total operating expenses | 435,762 | | | 616,666 | | | (180,904) | | | (29) | % |
Loss from operations | (649,829) | | | (702,635) | | | 52,806 | | | (8) | % |
Other income (expense): | | | | | | | |
Interest expense, net | (76,023) | | | (17,712) | | | (58,311) | | | 329 | % |
Revaluation of warrant liability | 371 | | | 3,903 | | | (3,532) | | | (90) | % |
Gain on divestiture of affiliate | 70,849 | | | — | | | 70,849 | | | NM |
Loss on debt extinguishment | (31,025) | | | — | | | (31,025) | | | NM |
Other expense, net | (162,534) | | | (1,023) | | | (161,511) | | | 15788 | % |
Loss before income taxes and equity in net loss of affiliates | (848,191) | | | (717,467) | | | (130,724) | | | 18 | % |
Income tax expense | 12 | | | 6 | | | 6 | | | 100 | % |
Loss before equity in net loss of affiliates | (848,203) | | | (717,473) | | | (130,730) | | | 18 | % |
Equity in net loss of affiliates | (16,418) | | | (20,665) | | | 4,247 | | | (21) | % |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (864,621) | | | $ | (738,138) | | | $ | (126,483) | | | 17 | % |
| | | | | | | |
Basic and diluted net loss per share: | | | | | | | |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (1.08) | | | $ | (1.67) | | | $ | 0.59 | | | (35) | % |
| | | | | | | |
Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted: | 800,030,551 | | | 441,800,499 | | | 358,230,052 | | | 81 | % |
Revenues
Truck Sales
Revenues related to truck sales decreased by $15.9 million, or 35%, from $45.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $30.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease is attributed to the hold on new BEV truck shipments in connection with the recall initiated during the third quarter of 2023. We shipped 131 Tre BEVs during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 79 during the year ended December 31, 2023. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized the impact of 13 Tre BEV repurchases or expected repurchases related to executed or expected cancellations of dealer agreements.
Decreases were partially offset by Tre FCEV truck shipments, commencing in the fourth quarter of 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we transferred control of 35 Tre FCEV trucks to our dealer network.
Service and Other
Revenues related to service and other revenue increased by $2.0 million, or 52%, from $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $5.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by deliveries of MCTs and other charging products, hydrogen, and service parts and labor.
Cost of Revenues
Truck Sales
Cost of revenues related to truck sales increased by $110.0 million, or 83%, from $132.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $242.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily attributed to the voluntary recall of BEV trucks in the second half of 2023. As a result of the recall, we accrued $65.8 million for estimated recall campaign costs, and wrote down $45.7 million for BEV battery pack and other BEV inventory components deemed excess and obsolete.
Outside of expenses directly related to the recall, cost of revenues increased related to the shipment of FCEV trucks starting in the fourth quarter of 2023, partially offset by a decrease in freight during the year ended December 31, 2023 of $18.4 million, and a decrease for BEV cost of revenues due to a decrease in the number of Tre BEVs shipped to our dealer network.
Service and other
Cost of revenues related to service and other revenue increased by $4.2 million, or 135%, from $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $7.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is driven by direct materials, outsourced services, inventory write-downs and fulfillment costs related to MCTs and other charging products, and cost of hydrogen, including transportation.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses decreased by $62.3 million, or 23%, from $270.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $208.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to decreased spending on purchased components, outside development, professional services, freight, and tooling related to Tre BEV and FCEV prototype builds of $54.9 million. Additional decreases were related to stock compensation for $13.2 million and travel for $2.1 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in personnel costs of $3.1 million related to higher labor costs and severance costs incurred related to reorganization in June 2023, higher depreciation and occupancy costs of $2.1 million related to equipment and software dedicated to research and development activities and hydrogen fuel costs of $1.9 million.
Selling, General, and Administrative
Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $147.4 million, or 43%, from $346.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $198.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease primarily related to stock based compensation expense of $163.7 million, which decreased primarily due to the acceleration of stock compensation for the market based RSUs that were cancelled in the third quarter of 2022, along with a decrease of $10.0 million for a supply commitment revision fee recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $3.5 million for professional services and a $1.2 million decrease for freight. Decreases were partially offset by increases in personnel costs of $12.9 million related to higher labor costs and severance costs incurred related to reorganization in June 2023, and additional depreciation expense of $10.3 million primarily related to the reassessment of useful lives for BEV demo trucks. Additional increases included costs related to occupancy, legal expenses and other general corporate expenses of $8.2 million.
Loss on Supplier Deposits
Loss on supplier deposits was $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisting of losses on deposits for tooling and long-term supply agreements.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net increased by $58.3 million, or 329%, from $17.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $76.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to increases in interest expense on our Toggle Convertible Notes of $50.7 million, interest on our senior convertible notes of $13.4 million, interest on our financing obligations of $3.9 million, and interest on our finance leases of $0.7 million. These increases were partially offset by an increase in interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalent balances of $10.1 million.
Revaluation of Warrant Liability
The revaluation of warrant liability decreased $3.5 million, from $3.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting from changes in fair value of our warrant liability.
Gain on Divestiture of Affiliate
Gain on divestiture of affiliate was $70.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing the consideration received for the divestiture of Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and related License Agreement, in excess of the basis of our investment as of the divestiture date.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
Loss on debt extinguishment includes a $20.4 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing the loss on exchange of $100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $100.0 million April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes. Additionally, loss on debt extinguishment includes a $10.7 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to extinguishments of the 8.25% Convertible Notes for conversions.
Other Expense, net
Other expense, net increased by $161.5 million, from $1.0 million of expense during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $162.5 million of expense during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was driven primarily by an increase of net losses on revaluations of derivative assets and liabilities of $202.2 million compared to the prior year, along with losses on foreign currency valuation adjustments of $3.2 million and additional losses on sales of assets of $1.4 million. Increases were partially offset by a gain on revaluation of contingent stock consideration of $44.0 million and an increase in government grant income recognized of $1.8 million.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was immaterial. We have cumulative net operating losses at the federal and state level and maintain a full valuation allowance against our net deferred taxes.
Equity in Net Loss of Affiliates
Equity in net loss of affiliates decreased by $4.2 million, from $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $16.4 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by a reduction of losses of $4.8 million for Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH, primarily attributed to the divestiture of this affiliate during the second quarter of 2023.
Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2022 to Year Ended December 31, 2021
The following table sets forth our historical operating results for the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, | | | | |
| 2022 | | 2021 | | $ Change | | % Change |
| (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Revenues: | | | | | | | |
Truck sales | $ | 45,931 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 45,931 | | | NM |
Service and other | 3,794 | | | — | | | 3,794 | | | NM |
Total revenues | 49,725 | | | — | | | 49,725 | | | NM |
Cost of revenues: | | | | | | | |
Truck sales | 132,556 | | | — | | | 132,556 | | | NM |
Service and other | 3,138 | | | — | | | 3,138 | | | NM |
Total cost of revenues | 135,694 | | | — | | | 135,694 | | | NM |
Gross loss | (85,969) | | | — | | | (85,969) | | | NM |
Operating expenses: | | | | | | | |
Research and development | 270,480 | | | 292,951 | | | (22,471) | | | (8) | % |
Selling, general and administrative | 346,186 | | | 400,575 | | | (54,389) | | | (14) | % |
| | | | | | | |
Total operating expenses | 616,666 | | | 693,526 | | | (76,860) | | | (11) | % |
Loss from operations | (702,635) | | | (693,526) | | | (9,109) | | | 1 | % |
Other income (expense): | | | | | | | |
Interest expense, net | (17,712) | | | (481) | | | (17,231) | | | 3582 | % |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Revaluation of warrant liability | 3,903 | | | 3,051 | | | 852 | | | 28 | % |
Other income (expense), net | (1,023) | | | 4,102 | | | (5,125) | | | (125) | % |
Loss before income taxes and equity in net loss of affiliates | (717,467) | | | (686,854) | | | (30,613) | | | 4 | % |
Income tax expense | 6 | | | 4 | | | 2 | | | 50 | % |
Loss before equity in net loss of affiliates | (717,473) | | | (686,858) | | | (30,615) | | | 4 | % |
Equity in net loss of affiliates | (20,665) | | | (3,580) | | | (17,085) | | | 477 | % |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (738,138) | | | $ | (690,438) | | | $ | (47,700) | | | 7 | % |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Net loss from continuing operations per share: | | | | | | | |
Basic | $ | (1.67) | | | $ | (1.73) | | | $ | 0.06 | | | (3) | % |
Diluted | $ | (1.67) | | | $ | (1.74) | | | $ | 0.07 | | | (4) | % |
Weighted-average shares outstanding: | | | | | | | |
Basic | 441,800,499 | | | 398,655,081 | | | 43,145,418 | | | 11 | % |
Diluted | 441,800,499 | | | 398,784,392 | | | 43,016,107 | | | 11 | % |
Revenues
Revenues were $49.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisting of $45.9 million in truck revenue driven by sales of Tre BEV trucks and $3.8 million in service and other revenue driven by deliveries of MCT units, and other charging products.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues related to truck sales were $132.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Truck cost of revenues include direct materials, freight and duties for transportation of purchased parts, manufacturing labor and overhead including Coolidge plant facility costs and depreciation, inventory write-downs for net realizable value and obsolescence, and reserves for estimated warranty expenses. Given our inventory is stated at net realizable value, which is currently lower than the actual cost, any overhead including freight is expensed in the period incurred as opposed to being capitalized into inventory.
With the start of production late in the first quarter of 2022, we have experienced high fixed costs due to low volumes produced driving significantly negative margins.
Cost of revenues related to service and other revenue were $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by direct materials, outsourced services, and fulfillment costs related to MCTs, other charging products, and battery product deliveries.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses decreased by $22.5 million, or 8%, from $293.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $270.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $54.3 million in outside development. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in personnel costs of $26.7 million driven by growth in our in-house engineering headcount, and an increase in freight for prototype components of $2.9 million.
Selling, General, and Administrative
Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $54.4 million, or 14%, from $400.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $346.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to $125.0 million recognized in the third quarter of 2021 related to settlement of the SEC investigation, along with a decrease of $21.5 million for legal expenses related to Mr. Milton's indemnification agreement. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation of $45.5 million, an increase in personnel costs of $22.9 million driven by an increase in headcount, an increase of $10.0 million for a supply commitment revision fee, and increase in professional services of $9.5 million primarily due to costs incurred for the acquisition of Romeo in October 2022.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense, net increased by $17.2 million, or 3582%, from $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $17.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily due to an increase in interest on our Toggle Convertible Notes of $15.1 million, interest on our financing obligations of $2.3 million, interest on our Collateralized Promissory Notes of $1.3 million, and interest on other debt of $0.5 million, partially offset by interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents balances.
Revaluation of Warrant Liability
The revaluation of warrant liability increased $0.9 million, from $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $3.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting from changes in the fair value of our warrant liability.
Other Income (Expense), net
Other income (expense), net decreased by $5.1 million, from $4.1 million of income during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1.0 million of expense during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven primarily by an incremental loss on revaluations of the derivative asset and liability of $3.8 million compared to the prior year, a decrease in government grant income recognized of $1.7 million, along with losses on foreign currency valuation adjustments, partially offset by an increase of $1.0 million related to a loss on sale of equipment recognized in the prior year.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was immaterial. We have cumulative net operating losses at the federal and state level and maintain a full valuation allowance against our net deferred taxes.
Equity in Net Loss of Affiliates
Equity in net loss of affiliate increased by $17.1 million from $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was driven by additional losses of $16.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH, attributed to research and development activities, and additional losses of $0.6 million related to Wabash Valley Resources, LLC ("WVR") for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"), we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating operational performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors in assessing operating performance.
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
“EBITDA” is defined as net loss from continuing operations before interest income or expense, income tax expense or benefit, and depreciation and amortization. “Adjusted EBITDA” is defined as EBITDA adjusted for stock-based compensation and other items determined by management. Adjusted EBITDA is intended as a supplemental measure of our performance that is neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP. We believe that the use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in evaluating ongoing operating results and trends and in comparing our financial measures with those of comparable companies, which may present similar non-GAAP financial measures to investors. However, you should be aware that when evaluating EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA we may incur future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating these measures. In addition, our presentation of these measures should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies, because all companies may not calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same fashion.
Because of these limitations, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA on a supplemental basis. You should review the reconciliation of net loss from continuing operations to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA below and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
The following table reconciles net loss from continuing operations to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended December 31, | | Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| (in thousands) |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (153,596) | | | $ | (175,966) | | | $ | (864,621) | | | $ | (738,138) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Interest expense, net | 4,761 | | | 6,958 | | | 76,023 | | | 17,712 | | | 481 | |
Income tax expense | 11 | | | 3 | | | 12 | | | 6 | | | 4 | |
Depreciation and amortization | 7,132 | | | 6,293 | | | 35,890 | | | 22,765 | | | 8,231 | |
EBITDA | (141,692) | | | (162,712) | | | (752,696) | | | (697,655) | | | (681,722) | |
Stock-based compensation | 6,475 | | | 41,231 | | | 75,391 | | | 252,445 | | | 205,711 | |
Loss on supplier deposits | 10,401 | | | — | | | 28,834 | | | — | | | — | |
Gain on divestiture of affiliate | — | | | — | | | (70,849) | | | — | | | — | |
Loss on debt extinguishment | 10,663 | | | — | | | 31,025 | | | — | | | — | |
Revaluation of financial instruments | 10,457 | | | (81) | | | 161,608 | | | (174) | | | (3,155) | |
Romeo Acquisition transaction costs | — | | | 5,218 | | | — | | | 7,315 | | | — | |
Regulatory and legal matters(1) | 1,665 | | | (15,145) | | | 7,339 | | | 23,175 | | | 47,842 | |
SEC settlement | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 125,000 | |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (102,031) | | | $ | (131,489) | | | $ | (519,348) | | | $ | (414,894) | | | $ | (306,324) | |
(1) Regulatory and legal matters include legal, advisory and other professional service fees incurred in connection with the short-seller article from September 2020, and investigations and litigation related thereto.
Non-GAAP Net Loss and Non-GAAP Net Loss Per Share, Basic and Diluted
Non-GAAP net loss and non-GAAP net loss per share, basic and diluted are presented as supplemental measures of our performance. Non-GAAP net loss is defined as net loss from continuing operations, basic and diluted adjusted for stock compensation expense and other items determined by management. Non-GAAP net loss per share, basic and diluted, is defined as non-GAAP net loss divided by weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted.
The following table reconciles net loss from continuing operations and net loss per share to non-GAAP net loss and non-GAAP net loss per share for the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended December 31, | | Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (153,596) | | | $ | (175,966) | | | $ | (864,621) | | | $ | (738,138) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Stock-based compensation | 6,475 | | | 41,231 | | | 75,391 | | | 252,445 | | | 205,711 | |
Loss on supplier deposits | 10,401 | | | — | | | 28,834 | | | — | | | — | |
Gain on divestiture of affiliate | — | | | — | | | (70,849) | | | — | | | — | |
Loss on debt extinguishment | 10,663 | | | — | | | 31,025 | | | — | | | — | |
Revaluation of financial instruments | 10,457 | | | (81) | | | 161,608 | | | (174) | | | (3,155) | |
Romeo Acquisition transaction costs | — | | | 5,218 | | | — | | | 7,315 | | | — | |
Regulatory and legal matters(1) | 1,665 | | | (15,145) | | | 7,339 | | | 23,175 | | | 47,842 | |
SEC settlement | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 125,000 | |
Non-GAAP net loss | $ | (113,935) | | | $ | (144,743) | | | $ | (631,273) | | | $ | (455,377) | | | $ | (315,040) | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Non-GAAP net loss per share: | | | | | | | | | |
Basic | $ | (0.11) | | | $ | (0.30) | | | $ | (0.79) | | | $ | (1.03) | | | $ | (0.79) | |
Diluted | $ | (0.11) | | | $ | (0.30) | | | $ | (0.79) | | | $ | (1.03) | | | $ | (0.79) | |
Weighted average shares outstanding: | | | | | | | | | |
Basic | 1,078,090,959 | | | 487,551,035 | | | 800,030,551 | | | 441,800,499 | | | 398,655,081 | |
Diluted | 1,078,090,959 | | | 487,551,035 | | | 800,030,551 | | | 441,800,499 | | | 398,784,392 | |
(1) Regulatory and legal matters include legal, advisory and other professional service fees incurred in connection with the short-seller article from September 2020, and investigations and litigation related thereto.
Adjusted Free Cash Flow
We define "Adjusted free cash flow", a non-GAAP financial measure, as net cash flow from operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. Adjusted free cash flow is intended as a supplemental measure of our performance that is neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP.
Our use of Adjusted free cash flow has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results under GAAP. First, Adjusted free cash flow is not a substitute for net cash flow from operating activities. Second, other companies may calculate Adjusted free cash flow or similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of Adjusted free cash flow as a tool for comparison. Additionally, the utility of Adjusted free cash flow is further limited as it does not reflect our future contractual commitments and does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for a given period. Because of these and other limitations, Adjusted free cash flow should be considered along with net cash flow from operating activities and other comparable financial measures prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash flow from operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted free cash flow for the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended December 31, | | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| | (in thousands) | | |
Most comparable GAAP measure: | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used for operating activities | | $ | (117,754) | | | $ | (150,104) | | | $ | (496,178) | | | $ | (581,563) | | | $ | (307,154) | |
Net cash used for investing activities | | (11,107) | | | (55,702) | | | (66,749) | | | (225,645) | | | (207,481) | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | | 230,726 | | | 115,925 | | | 742,983 | | | 598,876 | | | 187,598 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Non-GAAP measure: | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used for operating activities | | (117,754) | | | (150,104) | | | (496,178) | | | (581,563) | | | (307,154) | |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | | (12,107) | | | (49,821) | | | (120,516) | | | (168,257) | | | (179,269) | |
Adjusted free cash flow | | $ | (129,861) | | | $ | (199,925) | | | $ | (616,694) | | | $ | (749,820) | | | $ | (486,423) | |
Liquidity and Capital Resources
In accordance with the ASC 205-40, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, (“ASC 205-40”), we have evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
As an early stage growth company, our ability to access capital is critical. Until we can generate sufficient revenue to cover our operating expenses, working capital and capital expenditures, we will need to raise additional capital. Additional stock financing may not be available on favorable terms and could be dilutive to current stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and dilutive financing instruments.
We intend to employ various strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations such as continuing to access capital through the Equity Distribution Agreement. However, the ability to access the Equity Distribution Agreement is dependent on the market price of our common stock, the registration of shares to be sold under the Equity Distribution Agreement and availability of sufficient authorized common stock, which cannot be assured, and as a result cannot be included as sources of liquidity for our ASC 205-40 analysis.
If capital is not available to us when, and in the amounts needed, we could be required to delay, scale back, or abandon some or all of our Annual Reportoperations and development programs, which would materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The result of our ASC 205-40 analysis, due to uncertainties discussed above, is that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern through the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
Since inception, we financed our operations primarily from the sales of common stock, the business combination with VectoIQ Acquisition Corp., redemption of warrants, and the issuance of debt. As of December 31, 2023, our principal sources of liquidity were our cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $464.7 million.
During 2021, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the "First Tumim Purchase Agreement") with Tumim Stone Capital LLC ("Tumim") allowing us to issue shares of our common stock to Tumim for proceeds of up to $300.0 million. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021 and we sold 3,420,990, 17,248,244, and 14,213,498 shares of common stock, respectively, for proceeds of $8.4 million, $123.7 million, and $163.8 million, respectively, under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. As of December 31, 2023 we sold in aggregate 34,882,732 shares of common stock to Tumim under the terms of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement for gross proceeds of $295.9 million, excluding the 155,703 commitment shares issued to Tumim as consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. The First Tumim Purchase Agreement was terminated in the first quarter of 2023.
Additionally, during 2021, we entered into a second common stock purchase agreement with Tumim (the "Second Tumim Purchase Agreement" and, together with the First Tumim Purchase Agreement, the "Tumim Purchase Agreements") allowing us to issue shares of our common stock to Tumim for proceeds of up to an additional $300.0 million, provided that certain
conditions have been met. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold to Tumim 28,790,787 shares of common stock for proceeds of $59.2 million, excluding the 252,040 commitment shares issued to Tumim as a consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement. The Second Tumim Purchase Agreement was terminated in the third quarter of 2023.
During the second quarter of 2022, we completed a private placement of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured 8.00% / 11.00% convertible senior paid in kind ("PIK") toggle notes (the “June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes"), which mature on FormMay 31, 2026. Net proceeds from the issuance were $183.2 million. The June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes bear interest at 8.00% per annum, to the extent paid in cash ("Cash Interest"), and 11.00% per annum, to the extent paid in kind through the issuance of additional June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes ("PIK Interest"). Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 31 and November 30 of each year, beginning on November 30, 2022. We can elect to make any interest payment through Cash Interest, PIK Interest or any combination thereof.
10-KThe initial conversion rate is 114.3602 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances, which represented an initial conversion price of approximately $8.74 per share. During the second quarter of 2023, we exchanged $100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for $100.0 million principal amount of unsecured 8.00% / 11.00% Series B convertible senior PIK toggle notes (the “April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes"). The initial conversion rate for the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes is 686.8132 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances, which represented an initial conversion price of approximately $1.46 per share. During the third quarter of 2023, the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were converted in full for the issuance of 72,458,789 shares of our common stock.
Prior to February 28, 2026, the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders only upon the occurrence of specified events and during certain periods, and will be convertible on or after February 28, 2026, at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes.
During the third quarter of 2022, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement, which was subsequently amended and restated during the third quarter of 2023, with Citi pursuant to which we can issue and sell shares of our common stock with an aggregate maximum offering price of $600.0 million. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we sold 68,351,243 and 45,324,227 shares, respectively, of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we received $117.5 million and $163.5 million, respectively, in net proceeds from the Equity Distribution Agreement after deduction of commissions and fees to the sales agent. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $311.7 million remaining available under the Equity Distribution Agreement.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor pursuant to which we can issue and sell up to $125.0 million in initial principal amount of senior convertible notes (the "First Purchase Agreement Notes") in a registered direct offering. We consummated an initial closing for the sale of $50.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes on December 30, 2022. During 2023, we consummated additional closings of $52.1 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes. The First Purchase Agreement was terminated in the third quarter of 2023. As of December 31, 2023, all of the First Purchase Agreement Notes had been converted into common stock.
On April 4, 2023, we sold 29,910,715 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "Public Offering") at an offering price of $1.12 per share, for net proceeds of $32.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.
On March 29, 2023, we entered into a stock purchase agreement with an investor (the "Investor") pursuant to which the Investor agreed to purchase up to $100.0 million of shares of our common stock in a registered direct offering (the "Direct Offering"), with the actual amount of shares of common stock purchased in the Direct Offering reduced to the extent of the total number of shares sold in the Public Offering. The Direct Offering closed on April 11, 2023, and we sold 59,374,999 shares of common stock at the Public Offering price of $1.12 per share to the Investor for net proceeds of $63.2 million.
On August 3, 2023, we obtained stockholder approval to increase our authorized number of shares of common stock from 800,000,000 to 1,600,000,000. As of December 31, 2023, we had 140.4 million shares unreserved and unissued.
During the third quarter of 2023, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor pursuant to which we can issue and sell up to $325.0 million in initial principal amount of senior convertible notes (the "Second Purchase Agreement Notes" and, together with the First Purchase Agreement Notes, the "Senior Convertible Notes") in a registered direct offering. We consummated an initial closing for the sale of $125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement
Notes on August 21, 2023. Additionally, during the third quarter of 2023, we consummated an additional closing of $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes. As of December 31, 2023, all of the Second Purchase Agreement Notes had been converted into common stock. The amount of additional notes that may be issued pursuant to the Second Purchase Agreement is limited by Nasdaq listing rules limiting the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes and is less than the remaining notional capacity under the agreement.
On December 12, 2023, we sold 133,333,334 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "December 2023 Public Offering") at an offering price of $0.75 per share, for net proceeds of $95.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.
On December 12, 2023, we sold $175.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 8.25% green convertible senior notes due 2026 (the "8.25% Convertible Notes") for net proceeds of $169.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. As of December 31, 2023, holders of the 8.25% Convertible Notes converted aggregate principal amount of $153.4 million for issuance of 170,491,093 shares of our common stock.
As of December 31, 2023, our current assets were $572.4 million consisting primarily of cash and cash equivalents of $464.7 million and inventory of $62.6 million, and our current liabilities were $260.1 million, primarily comprised of accrued expenses and accounts payable, which includes $84.0 million related to the SEC settlement and $65.7 million for warranty reserves related primarily to the BEV recall.
Our short term liquidity will be utilized to execute our business strategy over the next twelve month period including (i) scaling the production, distribution and service of the FCEV and BEV trucks, (ii) performing the recall work related to our BEV recall (iii) maintaining the manufacturing facility, and (iv) establishing our initial energy infrastructure. However, actual results could vary materially and negatively as a result of a number of factors, including:
•our ability to manage the costs of manufacturing and servicing the FCEV and BEV trucks and our ability to drive the cost down with our suppliers;
•the amount and timing of cash generated from sales of our FCEV and BEV trucks and hydrogen infrastructure, and our ability to offer our products and services at competitive prices;
•the costs of maintaining our manufacturing facility, hydrogen refueling assets and equipment;
•our warranty claims experience should actual warranty claims differ significantly from estimates;
•our BEV truck recall campaign costs and timing;
•the scope, progress, results, costs, timing and outcomes of our ongoing validation and demos of our FCEV trucks;
•the costs and timing of development and deployment of our hydrogen distribution, dispensing and storage network;
•our ability to attract and retain strategic partners for development and maintenance of our hydrogen dispensing and storage network and the related costs and timing;
•the costs of maintaining, expanding and protecting our intellectual property portfolio, including potential litigation costs and liabilities;
•the costs of additional general and administrative personnel, including accounting and finance, legal and human resources, as well as costs related to litigation, investigations, or settlements;
•our ability to raise sufficient capital to finance our business, and our ability to increase our authorized common stock, which is subject to stockholder approval; and
•other risks discussed in the section entitled "Risk Factors."
For at least the next twelve months, we expect our principal demand for funds will be for our ongoing activities described above. In addition to those activities, our short term liquidity will be utilized to fund the current portion of non-cancellable commitments including leases, debt obligations and purchase commitments. Refer to Note 5, Leases, Note 8, Debt and Finance Lease Liabilities, and Purchase Commitments within Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional details.
Long-Term Liquidity Requirements
Until we can generate sufficient revenue and positive gross margins to cover operating expenses, working capital and capital expenditures, we expect to fund cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financing, and potentially through lease securitization, strategic collaborations, and licensing arrangements. If we raise funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, dilution to stockholders may result. Any equity or equity-linked securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities or other debt financing agreements could impose significant restrictions on our operations and may require us to pledge certain assets. The credit market and financial services industry have in the past, and may in the future, experience periods of upheaval that could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing.
As of December 31, 2023, our long-term liquidity requirements include debt repayments, lease arrangements, and long-term purchase commitments. Refer to Note 5, Leases, Note 8, Debt and Finance Lease Liabilities, and Purchase Commitments within Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional details.
Summary of Cash Flows
The following table provides a summary of cash flow data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| (in thousands) |
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (496,178) | | | $ | (581,563) | | | $ | (307,154) | |
Net cash used in investing activities | (66,749) | | | (225,645) | | | (207,481) | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 742,983 | | | 598,876 | | | 187,598 | |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly affected by the growth of our business primarily related to manufacturing, research and development and selling, general, and administrative activities. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support personnel-related expenditures and fluctuations in accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities.
Net cash used in operating activities was $496.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The most significant component of our cash used during this period was a net loss from continuing operations of $864.6 million, which included $205.6 million non-cash net losses on revaluation of financial instruments, $79.2 million non-cash interest expense, non-cash expenses of $75.4 million related to stock-based compensation, gain on divestiture of affiliate of $70.8 million, $71.2 million in inventory write downs, other net non-cash charges of $72.5 million, and net cash outflows of $64.6 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily driven by increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets and inventory, a decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivable, net.
Net cash used in operating activities was $581.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The most significant component of our cash used during this period was a net loss from continuing operations of $738.1 million, which included non-cash expenses of $252.4 million related to stock-based compensation, $19.7 million related to inventory write-downs, $20.7 million equity in loss of affiliates, and $22.8 million related to depreciation and amortization, other non cash adjustments of $16.2 million and net cash outflows of $175.2 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily driven by an increase in inventory and accounts receivable, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses.
Net cash used in operating activities was $307.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The most significant component of our cash used during this period was a net loss of $690.4 million, which included non-cash expenses of $205.7 million related to stock-based compensation, $46.3 million for in-kind services, $8.2 million related to depreciation and amortization, and $5.6 million for the issuance of commitment shares to Tumim, other non cash adjustments of $7.1 million and net cash inflows of $110.4 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily driven by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to the liability for the SEC settlement, and increased spend on the development of our BEV and FCEV trucks, along with an increase in other long-term liabilities related to the SEC settlement, partially offset by an increase in inventory and prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Mary L. Petrovich, ChairCash flows from investing activities primarily relate to capital expenditures to support our growth. Net cash used in investing activities is expected to continue as we maintain our truck manufacturing facility in Coolidge, Arizona, and develop our hydrogen infrastructure network. As of December 31, 2023, we anticipate our capital expenditures for fiscal year 2024 to be approximately $65.0 million. Actual capital expenditures will also be dependent on availability of capital as well as third party lead times.
Net cash used in investing activities was $66.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was primarily due to $120.5 million in purchases of and deposits for capital equipment, costs of expansion of our facilities, and investments in our hydrogen infrastructure and $3.0 million in other investing outflows, partially offset by proceeds of $36.0 million related to the divestiture of Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and dissolution of Nikola TA HRS 1, LLC ("TA"), and proceeds of $20.7 million related to the sale of assets to FFI.
Net cash used in investing activities was $225.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily due to purchases and deposits for property and equipment, including construction for our manufacturing facility and purchases of capital equipment of $168.3 million, $27.8 million for issuance of senior secured debt to Romeo, $23.0 million in cash paid for investment in affiliates, and $6.6 million paid to settle the first price differential with WVR.
Net cash used in investing activities was $207.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was primarily due to purchases and deposits for property and capital equipment, including construction for our manufacturing facility and purchase of capital equipment of $179.3 million, $25.0 million in cash paid for investment in WVR, and $3.4 million paid to settle the first price differential with WVR.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $743.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes of $386.7 million, proceeds from public offerings of $128.2 million, proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement of approximately $115.9 million, proceeds from the Tumim Purchase Agreements of approximately $67.6 million, proceeds from the registered direct offering of $63.2 million, and proceeds from the issuance of financing obligations of $56.1 million, partially offset by repayments of debt and notes payable of $45.5 million, payments for coupon make whole premiums of $35.2 million and other net finance inflows of $5.9 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $598.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes of approximately $233.2 million, proceeds from the issuance of common stock from the Equity Distribution Agreement of approximately $165.1 million, proceeds from First Tumim Purchase Agreement of approximately $123.7 million, net proceeds from issuance of promissory notes for $54.0 million, proceeds from financing obligations of $44.8 million, proceeds from the exercises of stock options of $6.9 million, and other financing activity of $1.7 million partially offset by a $30.5 million in payments of our debt, promissory notes and notes payable.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $187.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was primarily due to proceeds from the First Tumim Purchase Agreement of approximately $163.8 million, net proceeds from issuance of the promissory notes for $24.6 million, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $4.8 million, partially offset by a $4.1 million payment of our term loan and other financing outflows of $1.5 million.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Since the date of incorporation, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. These principles require us to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the balance sheet date, as well as reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Our most significant estimates and judgments involve valuation of our stock-based compensation for the fair value of market-based restricted stock units, assignment of fair value and allocation of purchase price in connection with the Romeo Acquisition, the valuations of warrant liabilities, derivative liabilities, the Put Right and Price Differential, estimates related to our lease assumptions and revenue recognition, contingent liabilities, including litigation reserves, warranty reserves, including inputs and assumptions related to recall campaigns, and inventory valuation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience
and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and the results may be material.
Gerrit A. MarxWe believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates.
While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policies are most critical to understanding our financial condition and historical and future results of operations.
Stock-Based Compensation
The fair value of market based RSU awards is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model that utilizes significant assumptions, including volatility, that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award to calculate the fair value of the award. Significant judgment is required in determining the expected volatility of our common stock. Due to the limited history of trading of our common stock, we determine expected volatility based on a mix of historical volatility and a peer group of publicly traded companies.
Product Warranties and Recall Campaigns
Product warranty costs are recognized upon transfer of control of trucks to dealers, and are estimated based on factors including the length of the warranty (generally 2 to 5 years), product costs, and product failure rates. Warranty reserves are reviewed and adjusted quarterly to ensure that accruals are adequate to meet expected future warranty obligations. Estimating future warranty costs is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. We believe that the accruals are adequate, however, based on the limited historical information available, it is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information or changes in facts and circumstances. Our accrual includes estimates of the replacement costs for covered parts which is based on historical experience. This could be impacted by contractual changes with third-party suppliers or the need to identify new suppliers and the engineering and design costs that would accompany such a change.
Recall campaign costs are recognized when a product recall liability is probable and related amounts are reasonably estimable. Costs are estimated based on the number of trucks to be repaired and the required repairs including engineering and development, product costs, labor rates, and shipping. Estimating the cost to repair the trucks is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. Based on information that is currently available, we believe that the accruals are adequate. It is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information, changes in facts and circumstances, availability of materials from key suppliers, and actions that we may commit to or be required to undertake.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, provides more information about recent accounting pronouncements, the timing of their adoption, and our assessment, to the extent we have made one, of their potential impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to a variety of market and other risks, including the effects of changes in interest rates, inflation, and foreign currency exchange rates, as well as risks to the availability of funding sources, hazard events, and specific asset risks.
Interest Rate Risk
The market risk inherent in our financial instruments and our financial position represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $464.7 million and $225.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had a cash and cash equivalents balance of $29.8 million which consisted of interest-bearing money market accounts for which the fair market value would be affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, due to the short-term maturities and the low-risk profile of our investments, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022, none of our cash and cash equivalents balance was invested in interest-bearing money market accounts.
Foreign Currency Risk
For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a $2.2 million loss, $1.0 million gain and $1.4 million gain, respectively, for foreign currency adjustments.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Nikola Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nikola Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.
The Company's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.
| | | | | | | | |
| | Product Warranties and Recall Campaigns |
| | |
Description of the Matter | | The Company’s liabilities for product warranties and recall campaigns totaled $78.9 million at December 31, 2023. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's liability for product warranties are estimated and recorded upon the transfer of control of trucks to dealers based on length of warranty, replacement product costs, and expected failure rates for certain components covered by the warranty. Recall campaign costs are accrued when a product recall liability is probable and related amounts are reasonably estimable. Recall campaign liabilities are primarily related to the number of trucks to be recalled and the replacement product costs. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded product warranties and recall campaign liabilities and adjusts them as appropriate to reflect actual experience and change in estimates.
Auditing the Company’s product warranties and recall campaign liabilities is complex due to the significant estimation uncertainty and the application of significant management judgment regarding the product replacement costs and failure rates used in these calculations. |
| | |
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | | To evaluate product warranties and recall campaign liabilities, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the replacement costs used in the product warranties and recall campaign accrual calculations and evaluating the failure rates used in the product warranties accrual for reasonableness. We also evaluated the sufficiency of management’s disclosures related to the product warranties and recall campaigns.
|
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.
Phoenix, Arizona
February 28, 2024
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Nikola Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Nikola Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Nikola Corporation (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified a material weakness associated with ineffective information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the areas of user access and change management, over the information technology (IT) systems that support the Company’s financial reporting processes. Automated and manual business process controls that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted to the extent that they rely upon information or configurations from the affected IT systems.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2023 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated February 28, 2024 which expressed an unqualified opinion thereon that included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the
company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Phoenix, Arizona
February 28, 2024
NIKOLA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Assets | | | |
Current assets | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 464,715 | | | $ | 225,850 | |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 1,224 | | | 10,600 | |
Accounts receivable, net | 17,974 | | | 31,638 | |
Inventory | 62,588 | | | 111,870 | |
| | | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 25,911 | | | 27,943 | |
Assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors, current portion | — | | | 29,025 | |
Total current assets | 572,412 | | | 436,926 | |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 28,026 | | | 77,459 | |
Long-term deposits | 14,954 | | | 34,279 | |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 503,416 | | | 417,785 | |
| | | |
Intangible assets, net | 85,860 | | | 92,473 | |
Investment in affiliates | 57,062 | | | 62,816 | |
Goodwill | 5,238 | | | 6,688 | |
| | | |
Other assets | 7,889 | | | 8,107 | |
Assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | — | | | 100,125 | |
Total assets | $ | 1,274,857 | | | $ | 1,236,658 | |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity | | | |
Current liabilities | | | |
Accounts payable | $ | 44,133 | | | $ | 93,242 | |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 207,022 | | | 179,571 | |
Debt and finance lease liabilities, current (including zero and $50.0 million measured at fair value, respectively) | 8,950 | | | 61,675 | |
Liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors, current portion | — | | | 49,102 | |
Total current liabilities | 260,105 | | | 383,590 | |
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities, net of current portion | 269,279 | | | 290,128 | |
Operating lease liabilities | 4,765 | | | 6,091 | |
| | | |
Other long-term liabilities | 21,512 | | | 6,684 | |
Deferred tax liabilities, net | 22 | | | 15 | |
Liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | — | | | 23,671 | |
Total liabilities | 555,683 | | | 710,179 | |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) | | | |
Stockholders' equity | | | |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | — | | | — | |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,600,000,000 and 800,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, 1,330,083,002 and 512,935,485 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | 133 | | | 51 | |
Additional paid-in capital | 3,790,272 | | | 2,562,855 | |
Accumulated deficit | (3,071,069) | | | (2,034,850) | |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (162) | | | (1,577) | |
Total stockholders' equity | 719,174 | | | 526,479 | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 1,274,857 | | | $ | 1,236,658 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Revenues: | | | | | |
Truck sales | $ | 30,061 | | | $ | 45,931 | | | $ | — | |
Service and other | 5,778 | | | 3,794 | | | — | |
Total revenues | 35,839 | | | 49,725 | | | — | |
Cost of revenues: | | | | | |
Truck sales | 242,519 | | | 132,556 | | | — | |
Service and other | 7,387 | | | 3,138 | | | — | |
Total cost of revenues | 249,906 | | | 135,694 | | | — | |
Gross loss | (214,067) | | | (85,969) | | | — | |
Operating expenses: | | | | | |
Research and development | 208,160 | | | 270,480 | | | 292,951 | |
Selling, general and administrative | 198,768 | | | 346,186 | | | 400,575 | |
Loss on supplier deposits | 28,834 | | | — | | | — | |
Total operating expenses | 435,762 | | | 616,666 | | | 693,526 | |
Loss from operations | (649,829) | | | (702,635) | | | (693,526) | |
Other income (expense): | | | | | |
Interest expense, net | (76,023) | | | (17,712) | | | (481) | |
| | | | | |
Revaluation of warrant liability | 371 | | | 3,903 | | | 3,051 | |
Gain on divestiture of affiliate | 70,849 | | | — | | | — | |
Loss on debt extinguishment | (31,025) | | | — | | | — | |
Other income (expense), net | (162,534) | | | (1,023) | | | 4,102 | |
Loss before income taxes and equity in net loss of affiliates | (848,191) | | | (717,467) | | | (686,854) | |
Income tax expense | 12 | | | 6 | | | 4 | |
Loss before equity in net loss of affiliates | (848,203) | | | (717,473) | | | (686,858) | |
Equity in net loss of affiliates | (16,418) | | | (20,665) | | | (3,580) | |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (864,621) | | | $ | (738,138) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Discontinued operations: | | | | | |
Loss from discontinued operations | (76,726) | | | (46,100) | | | — | |
Loss from deconsolidation of discontinued operations | (24,935) | | | — | | | — | |
Net loss from discontinued operations | (101,661) | | | (46,100) | | | — | |
Net loss | $ | (966,282) | | | $ | (784,238) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
| | | | | |
Basic net loss per share: | | | | | |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (1.08) | | | $ | (1.67) | | | $ | (1.73) | |
Net loss from discontinued operations | (0.13) | | | (0.11) | | | — | |
Net loss | $ | (1.21) | | | $ | (1.78) | | | $ | (1.73) | |
| | | | | |
Diluted net loss per share: | | | | | |
Net loss | $ | (1.21) | | | $ | (1.78) | | | $ | (1.74) | |
| | | | | |
Weighted-average shares outstanding: | | | | | |
Basic | 800,030,551 | | | 441,800,499 | | | 398,655,081 | |
Diluted | 800,030,551 | | | 441,800,499 | | | 398,784,392 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Net loss | $ | (966,282) | | | $ | (784,238) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Other comprehensive income (loss): | | | | | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax | 1,415 | | | (1,379) | | | (437) | |
Comprehensive loss | $ | (964,867) | | | $ | (785,617) | | | $ | (690,875) | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Common Stock | | Additional Paid-in Capital | | Accumulated Deficit | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | Total Stockholders' Equity |
| Shares | | Amount | | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 391,041,347 | | | $ | 39 | | | $ | 1,540,037 | | | $ | (560,174) | | | $ | 239 | | | $ | 980,141 | |
Exercise of stock options | 3,472,267 | | | 1 | | | 4,571 | | | — | | | — | | | 4,572 | |
Issuance of shares for RSU awards | 2,523,328 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Common stock issued for commitment shares | 407,743 | | | — | | | 5,564 | | | — | | | — | | | 5,564 | |
Common stock issued for investment in affiliates, net of common stock with embedded put right | 1,682,367 | | | — | | | 19,139 | | | — | | | — | | | 19,139 | |
Reclassification from mezzanine equity to equity after elimination of put right | — | | | — | | | 5,532 | | | — | | | — | | | 5,532 | |
Issuance of common stock under Tumim Purchase Agreements | 14,213,498 | | | 1 | | | 163,787 | | | — | | | — | | | 163,788 | |
Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 205,711 | | | — | | | — | | | 205,711 | |
Net loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | (690,438) | | | — | | | (690,438) | |
Other comprehensive loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (437) | | | (437) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 413,340,550 | | | $ | 41 | | | $ | 1,944,341 | | | $ | (1,250,612) | | | $ | (198) | | | $ | 693,572 | |
Exercise of stock options | 6,424,780 | | | 1 | | | 7,104 | | | — | | | — | | | 7,105 | |
Issuance of shares for RSU awards | 8,527,456 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Common stock issued under Tumim Purchase Agreements | 17,248,244 | | | 2 | | | 123,670 | | | — | | | — | | | 123,672 | |
Common stock issued under Equity Distribution Agreement, net | 45,324,227 | | | 5 | | | 163,457 | | | — | | | — | | | 163,462 | |
Common stock issued for Romeo acquisition | 22,070,228 | | | 2 | | | 67,533 | | | — | | | — | | | 67,535 | |
Fair value of vested portion of Romeo stock awards | — | | | — | | | 1,345 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,345 | |
Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 255,405 | | | — | | | — | | | 255,405 | |
Net loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | (784,238) | | | — | | | (784,238) | |
Other comprehensive loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,379) | | | (1,379) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 512,935,485 | | | $ | 51 | | | $ | 2,562,855 | | | $ | (2,034,850) | | | $ | (1,577) | | | $ | 526,479 | |
Exercise of stock options | 6,723,629 | | | 1 | | | 7,154 | | | — | | | — | | | 7,155 | |
Issuance of shares for RSU awards | 13,247,573 | | | 1 | | | (1) | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Common stock issued under Tumim Purchase Agreements | 32,211,777 | | | 3 | | | 67,584 | | | — | | | — | | | 67,587 | |
Common stock issued under Equity Distribution Agreement, net | 68,351,243 | | | 7 | | | 117,518 | | | — | | | — | | | 117,525 | |
Common stock issued for conversions of convertible notes | 494,594,247 | | | 50 | | | 526,893 | | | — | | | — | | | 526,943 | |
Common stock issued in registered direct offering | 59,374,999 | | | 6 | | | 63,150 | | | — | | | — | | | 63,156 | |
Common stock issued in public offerings | 163,244,049 | | | 16 | | | 127,877 | | | — | | | — | | | 127,893 | |
Common stock received for contingent stock consideration | (20,600,000) | | | (2) | | | — | | | (69,937) | | | — | | | (69,939) | |
Reclassification of conversion features embedded in Toggle Convertible Notes to equity | — | | | — | | | 241,851 | | | — | | | — | | | 241,851 | |
Reclassification of share-based payment awards from liability to equity | — | | | — | | | 20,992 | | | — | | | — | | | 20,992 | |
Reclassification of share-based payment awards from equity to liability | — | | | — | | | (10,401) | | | — | | | — | | | (10,401) | |
Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 64,800 | | | — | | | — | | | 64,800 | |
Net loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | (966,282) | | | — | | | (966,282) | |
Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,415 | | | 1,415 | |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | 1,330,083,002 | | | $ | 133 | | | $ | 3,790,272 | | | $ | (3,071,069) | | | $ | (162) | | | $ | 719,174 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | |
Net loss | $ | (966,282) | | | $ | (784,238) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Less: Loss from discontinued operations | (101,661) | | | (46,100) | | | — | |
Loss from continuing operations | $ | (864,621) | | | $ | (738,138) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss from continuing operations to net cash used in operating activities: | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | 35,890 | | | 22,765 | | | 8,231 | |
Stock-based compensation | 75,391 | | | 252,445 | | | 205,711 | |
Non-cash in-kind services | — | | | — | | | 46,271 | |
Equity in net loss of affiliates | 16,418 | | | 20,665 | | | 3,580 | |
Revaluation of financial instruments | 205,589 | | | (174) | | | (3,051) | |
Revaluation of contingent stock consideration | (43,981) | | | — | | | — | |
Inventory write-downs | 71,218 | | | 19,705 | | | 4,927 | |
Non-cash interest expense | 79,201 | | | 15,481 | | | — | |
Loss on supplier deposits | 28,834 | | | — | | | — | |
Gain on divestiture of affiliate | (70,849) | | | — | | | — | |
Loss on debt extinguishment | 31,025 | | | — | | | — | |
Issuance of common stock for commitment shares | — | | | — | | | 5,564 | |
Other non-cash activity | 4,343 | | | 873 | | | 1,626 | |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | | | |
Accounts receivable, net | 13,665 | | | (31,638) | | | — | |
Inventory | (23,756) | | | (141,168) | | | (17,412) | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (44,732) | | | (27,681) | | | (10,967) | |
Long-term deposits | (1,377) | | | (4,306) | | | (4,721) | |
Other assets | (1,530) | | | (912) | | | (1,216) | |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities | (14,613) | | | 29,669 | | | 96,144 | |
Operating lease liabilities | (2,009) | | | (843) | | | (50) | |
Other long-term liabilities | 9,716 | | | 1,694 | | | 48,647 | |
Net cash used in operating activities | (496,178) | | | (581,563) | | | (307,154) | |
Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | |
Purchases and deposits for property, plant and equipment | (120,516) | | | (168,257) | | | (179,269) | |
Divestiture of affiliates | 36,000 | | | — | | | — | |
Proceeds from the sale of assets | 20,742 | | | 18 | | | 200 | |
Payments to assignee | (2,725) | | | — | | | — | |
Investments in affiliates | (250) | | | (23,027) | | | (25,000) | |
Issuance of senior secured note receivable and prepaid acquisition-related consideration | — | | | (27,791) | | | — | |
Settlement of price differentials | — | | | (6,588) | | | (3,412) | |
| | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities | (66,749) | | | (225,645) | | | (207,481) | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options | 7,395 | | | 6,867 | | | 4,785 | |
| | | | | |
Proceeds from issuance of shares under the Tumim Purchase Agreements | 67,587 | | | 123,672 | | | 163,788 | |
Proceeds from registered direct offering, net of underwriter's discount | 63,246 | | | — | | | — | |
Proceeds from public offerings, net of underwriter's discount | 128,152 | | | — | | | — | |
Proceeds from issuances of convertible debt instruments, net of discount and issuance costs | 386,733 | | | 233,214 | | | — | |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Equity Distribution Agreement, net of commissions paid | 115,893 | | | 165,143 | | | — | |
Proceeds from issuance of debt, promissory notes and notes payable, net of issuance costs | — | | | 54,000 | | | 24,632 | |
Proceeds from issuance of financing obligations, net of issuance costs | 56,148 | | | 44,823 | | | — | |
| | | | | |
Proceeds from insurance premium financing | 5,223 | | | 6,637 | | | — | |
Payment for Coupon Make-Whole Premiums | (35,241) | | | — | | | — | |
Repayment of debt, promissory notes and notes payable | (45,469) | | | (30,526) | | | (4,100) | |
Payments on insurance premium financing | (5,369) | | | (4,638) | | | — | |
Payments on finance lease liabilities and financing obligation | (1,315) | | | (316) | | | (863) | |
Other financing activities | — | | | — | | | (644) | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 742,983 | | | 598,876 | | | 187,598 | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents | 180,056 | | | (208,332) | | | (327,037) | |
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 313,909 | | | 522,241 | | | 849,278 | |
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 493,965 | | | $ | 313,909 | | | $ | 522,241 | |
| | | | | |
Cash flows from discontinued operations: | | | | | |
Operating activities | (4,964) | | | 4,857 | | | — | |
Investing activities | (1,804) | | | (2,469) | | | — | |
Financing activities | (572) | | | (198) | | | — | |
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations | $ | (7,340) | | | $ | 2,190 | | | $ | — | |
| | | | | |
Supplemental cash flow disclosures: | | | | | |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 8,327 | | | $ | 4,097 | | | $ | 797 | |
Cash interest received | $ | 11,522 | | | $ | 1,449 | | | $ | 512 | |
| | | | | |
Supplemental noncash investing and financing activities: | | | | | |
Conversion of Senior Convertible Notes into common stock | $ | 246,431 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Reclassification of conversion features embedded in Toggle Convertible Notes to equity | $ | 241,851 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Conversion of 8.25% Convertible Notes | $ | 131,361 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Conversion of April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes | $ | 115,152 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Embedded derivative liability bifurcated from 8.25% Convertible Notes | $ | 47,250 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Contingent stock consideration for divestiture of affiliate | $ | 25,956 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Embedded derivative liability bifurcated from April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes | $ | 21,180 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Reclassification from liability to equity for certain share-based awards | $ | 20,992 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Reclassification from equity to liability for certain share-based awards | $ | 10,401 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Net assets acquired in Romeo acquisition | $ | — | | | $ | 77,137 | | | $ | — | |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment included in liabilities | $ | 16,083 | | | $ | 34,946 | | | $ | 27,510 | |
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | $ | 32,820 | | | $ | 1,547 | | | $ | 646 | |
Toggle Unsecured Convertible Notes issued for paid in kind interest | $ | 12,998 | | | $ | 10,939 | | | $ | — | |
Accrued PIK interest | $ | 1,170 | | | $ | 1,998 | | | $ | — | |
Accrued commissions under Equity Distribution Agreement | $ | 49 | | | $ | 1,681 | | | $ | — | |
Embedded derivative asset bifurcated from Convertible Notes | $ | — | | | $ | 1,500 | | | $ | — | |
Stock option proceeds receivable | $ | — | | | $ | 238 | | | $ | — | |
Accrued debt and equity issuance costs | $ | 887 | | | $ | 20 | | | $ | — | |
Common stock issued for commitment shares | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 5,564 | |
Common stock issued for investments in affiliates, including common stock with embedded put right | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 32,376 | |
Acquired intangible assets included in liabilities | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 47,181 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1.BASIS OF PRESENTATION
(a)Overview
Nikola Corporation ("Nikola" or the "Company") is a designer and manufacturer of heavy-duty commercial FCEVs and BEVs, and energy infrastructure solutions.
On June 3, 2020 (the "Closing Date"), VectoIQ Acquisition Corp. ("VectoIQ"), consummated a merger pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, dated March 2, 2020 (the "Business Combination Agreement"), by and among VectoIQ, VCTIQ Merger Sub Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of VectoIQ incorporated in the State of Delaware ("Merger Sub"), and Nikola Corporation, a Delaware corporation ("Legacy Nikola"). Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, a business combination between the Company and Legacy Nikola was effected through the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy Nikola, with Legacy Nikola surviving as the surviving company and as a wholly-owned subsidiary of VectoIQ (the "Business Combination").
On October 14, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition (the "Romeo Acquisition") of all of the outstanding common stock of Romeo Power, Inc. (“Romeo”) for a total purchase price of $78.6 million. See Note 3, Business Combinations. On June 30, 2023, pursuant to the Assignment, the Company transferred ownership of all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to all of its tangible and intangible assets, subject to certain agreed upon exclusions (collectively, the "Assets") to SG Service Co., LLC, in its sole and limited capacity as Assignee for the Benefit of Creditors of Romeo ("Assignee"), and also designated Assignee to act as the assignee for the benefit of creditors of Romeo, such that, as of June 30, 2023, Assignee succeeded to all of Romeo’s right, title and interest in and to the Assets. The results of operations of Romeo are reported as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Note 11, Deconsolidation of Subsidiary, for additional information.
All references made to financial data in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are related to the Company's continuing operations, unless otherwise specifically noted.
(b)Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the regulations of the SEC.
Certain prior period balances have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes.
All dollar amounts are in thousands, unless otherwise noted.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.
(c)Funding Risks and Going Concern
In accordance with the ASC 205-40, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
As an early stage growth company, the Company's ability to access capital is critical. Until the Company can generate sufficient revenue to cover its operating expenses, working capital and capital expenditures, the Company will need to raise additional capital. Additional stock financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, and would be dilutive to current stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and dilutive financing instruments.
The Company has secured and intends to employ various strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations such as continuing to access capital through the Equity Distribution Agreement, see Note 9, Capital Structure. However, the ability to access the Equity Distribution Agreement is dependent on the market price of the Company’s common stock, trading volume, and availability of unreserved shares, which cannot be assured, and as a result cannot be included as sources of liquidity for the Company’s ASC 205-40 analysis.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION (Continued)
If capital is not available to the Company when, and in the amounts needed, the Company would be required to delay, scale back, or abandon some or all of its development programs and operations, which could materially harm the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. The result of the Company’s ASC 205-40 analysis, due to uncertainties discussed above, is that there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
These financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with GAAP and this basis assumes that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. These financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
2.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(a)Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
(b)Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss represents the net loss for the period adjusted for other comprehensive loss. Other comprehensive loss is comprised of currency translation adjustments relating to the Company's subsidiaries and equity method investments, whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.
(c)Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date, as well as reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company's most significant estimates and judgments involve valuation of the Company's stock-based compensation related to the fair value of market-based restricted stock units, assignment of fair value and allocation of purchase price in connection with the Romeo Acquisition, the valuations of warrant liabilities, derivative liabilities, the Put Right and Price Differential, estimates related to the Company's lease assumptions and revenue recognition, contingent liabilities, including litigation reserves, inventory valuation and warranty reserves, including inputs and assumptions related to recall campaigns. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(d)Segment Information
Under ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise where discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker ("CODM"), in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company has two business units, the Truck business unit and Energy business unit. The Truck business unit is manufacturing and selling FCEV and BEV trucks that provide, or are expected to provide, environmentally friendly, cost effective solutions to the trucking sector. The Energy business unit is developing and constructing a network of hydrogen fueling stations to meet hydrogen fuel demand for the Company's customers. The Company's chief executive officer, who is also the CODM, makes decisions and manages the Company's operations as a single reporting unit, and single operating and reportable segment for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.
(e)Accounts Receivable, net
Accounts receivable, net, are reported at the invoiced amount, less an allowance for potential uncollectible amounts. The Company had no allowance for uncollectible amounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
(f)Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The Company's cash is placed with high-credit-quality financial
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
institutions and issuers, and at times exceeds federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any credit loss relating to its cash equivalents and accounts receivable.
(g)Concentration of Supplier Risk
The Company is subject to risks related to its dependence on suppliers as some of the components and technologies used in the Company’s products are produced by a limited number of sources or contract manufacturers. The inability of these suppliers to deliver necessary components in a timely manner, at prices and quantities acceptable to the Company may cause the Company to incur transition costs to other suppliers and could have a material and adverse impact on the Company’s business, growth and financial and operating results. For example, the Company relies on a limited number of suppliers of battery products. The manufacturing process of battery products is complex, highly technical and can be affected by supply chain disruptions and component shortages.
(h)Concentration of Customer Risk
The Company is subject to risks related to its dependence on dealers to facilitate sales to end users. The Company sold FCEV and BEV trucks to ten dealers during the year ended December 31, 2023, with four dealers individually representing sales in excess of 10% of total revenue. The loss of any of these dealers, or a significant reduction in sales to any such dealer, could adversely affect the Company's revenues.
(i)Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Additionally, the Company considers investments in money market funds to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company had $464.7 million and $225.9 million of cash and cash equivalents, respectively. Cash equivalents included $29.8 million and zero of highly liquid investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $29.3 million and $88.1 million, respectively, in current and non-current restricted cash. Restricted cash represents cash that is restricted as to withdrawal or usage and primarily consists of securitization of the Company's letters of credit, leases, and debt. See Note 8, Debt and Finance Lease Liabilities, for additional details.
The reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents to amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 464,715 | | | $ | 225,850 | | | $ | 497,241 | |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents—current | 1,224 | | | 10,600 | | | — | |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents—non-current | 28,026 | | | 77,459 | | | 25,000 | |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents | $ | 493,965 | | | $ | 313,909 | | | $ | 522,241 | |
(j)Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying value and fair value of the Company's financial instruments are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2023 |
| Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
Assets | | | | | | | |
Cash equivalents—money market | $ | 29,839 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 29,839 | |
| | | | | | | |
Derivative asset | — | | | — | | | 69 | | | 69 | |
| | | | | | | |
Liabilities | | | | | | | |
Derivative liability | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 8,871 | | | $ | 8,871 | |
Warrant liability | — | | | — | | | 10 | | | 10 | |
| | | | | | | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2022 |
| Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
Assets | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Derivative asset | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 170 | | | $ | 170 | |
| | | | | | | |
Liabilities | | | | | | | |
Warrant liability | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 381 | | | $ | 381 | |
| | | | | | | |
Senior Convertible Notes | — | | | — | | | 50,000 | | | 50,000 | |
Put Premium Derivative Asset
In June 2022, the Company completed a private placement of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes. In conjunction with the issuance of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company entered into a premium letter agreement (the "Put Premium") with the purchasers (the "Note Purchasers") of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes which requires the Note Purchasers to pay $9.0 million to the Company if during the period through the date that is thirty months after the closing date of the private placement of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock has been at least $20.00 for at least 20 trading days during any consecutive 40 trading day period.
The Put Premium was determined to be an embedded derivative asset and met the criteria to be separated from the host contract and carried at fair value. The derivative is measured both initially and in subsequent periods at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the derivative asset is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value of the derivative asset was as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Derivative asset |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2021 | | $ | — | |
Recognition of derivative asset | | 1,500 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | (1,330) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2022 | | 170 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | (101) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2023 | | $ | 69 | |
The fair value of the derivative asset was immaterial as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Warrant Liability
As a result of the Business Combination, the Company assumed a warrant liability (the "Warrant Liability") related to previously issued private warrants in connection with VectoIQ's initial public offering. Additionally, as a result of the Romeo Acquisition, the Company assumed Romeo's warrant liability previously issued in connection with Romeo's initial public offering (together the "Warrant Liabilities"). The Warrant Liabilities are remeasured to their fair value at each reporting period
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
and upon settlement. The change in fair value was recognized in revaluation of warrant liability on the consolidated statements of operations. The change in fair value of the Warrant Liabilities was as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Warrant liabilities |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2020 | | $ | 7,335 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | (3,051) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2021 | | 4,284 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | (3,903) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2022 | | 381 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | (371) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2023 | | $ | 10 | |
The fair value of the warrants outstanding was estimated using the Black-Scholes model. The application of the Black-Scholes model requires the use of a number of inputs and significant assumptions including volatility. The following reflects the inputs and assumptions used:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Stock price | $ | 0.88 | | | $ | 2.16 | |
Exercise price | $ | 11.50 | | | $ | 11.50 | |
Remaining term (in years) | 1.42 | | 2.42 |
Volatility | 100 | % | | 100 | % |
Risk-free rate | 4.51 | % | | 4.28 | % |
Expected dividend yield | — | | | — | |
Derivative Liabilities
Put Right and Price Differential derivative liabilities
On June 22, 2021 (the "WVR Closing Date"), the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “MIPA”) with Wabash Valley Resources LLC (“WVR”) and the sellers party thereto (collectively, the “Sellers”), pursuant to which, the Company purchased a 20% equity interest in WVR in exchange for cash and the Company’s common stock (see Note 7, Investments in Affiliates). Under the original MIPA, each Seller had a right but not the obligation, in its sole discretion, to cause the Company to purchase a portion of such Seller's shares outside the specified blackout windows, at $14.86 per share of common stock (the "Put Right") with a maximum common share repurchase of $10.0 million in aggregate. As of the WVR Closing Date, the potential cash settlement from the shares of common stock subject to the Put Right and the fair value of the embedded Put Right was recorded in temporary equity.
The fair value of the Put Right, a level 3 measurement, was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The application of the Monte Carlo simulation model requires the use of a number of inputs and significant assumptions including volatility. The fair value of the Put Right was $3.2 million as of the WVR Closing Date. The following reflects the inputs and assumptions used:
| | | | | |
| As of |
| June 22, 2021 |
Stock price | $ | 17.32 | |
Strike price | $ | 14.86 | |
Volatility | 95 | % |
Risk-free rate | 0.10 | % |
On September 13, 2021, the Company entered into an Amended Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "Amended MIPA") with WVR and the Sellers, pursuant to which the Put Right, was removed in its entirety and replaced with the first
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
price differential and second price differential (together the "Price Differential"). The first price differential was equal to $14.86 (the "Issue Price"), less the average closing price for shares of the Company's common stock for the 15 consecutive days immediately following September 20, 2021. The second price differential was equal to the Issue Price less the average closing price for shares of the Company's common stock for the five consecutive days immediately following June 20, 2022. If the first price differential was positive, the Company was obligated to pay to each Seller an amount equal to the product of 50% of such Seller's portion of the closing stock consideration and the first price differential on October 12, 2021. If the second price differential was positive, the Company was obligated to pay to each Seller an amount equal to the product of 50% of such Seller's portion of the closing stock consideration and the second price differential on June 28, 2022. Under the Amended MIPA, the Company's maximum obligation was $10.0 million in aggregate.
As a result of the Amended MIPA, the shares of common stock with the embedded Put Right were deemed modified and $13.2 million was reclassified from temporary equity to equity on the consolidated balance sheets. The Price Differential was a freestanding financial instrument and accounted for as a derivative liability. The fair value of the derivative at modification was $7.7 million and was recognized in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, resulting in a net impact of $5.5 million to equity.
The derivative liability was remeasured to its fair value at each reporting period and upon settlement. In accordance with the Amended MIPA, the first price differential with the Sellers was settled in the fourth quarter of 2021 for $3.4 million and the second price differential was settled in the third quarter of 2022 for $6.6 million, eliminating the Company's derivative liability balance as of December 31, 2022.
The derivative liability was remeasured at each reporting period with changes in its fair value recorded in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. The change in fair value of the derivative liability was as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Derivative liability |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2020 | | $ | — | |
Recognition of derivative liability | | 7,705 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | (104) | |
Settlement of first price differential | | (3,412) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2021 | | 4,189 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | 2,399 | |
Settlement of second price differential | | (6,588) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2022 | | $ | — | |
Embedded conversion features derivative liabilities
On April 11, 2023, the Company completed an exchange (the "Exchange") of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's existing June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 8.00% / 11.00% Series B convertible senior PIK toggle notes (the "April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes"). The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of April 11, 2023 (the "April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture").
Additionally, in June 2023, the Company completed a private placement of $11.0 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured 8.00% / 8.00% Series C convertible senior PIK toggle notes (the "June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes" and, together with the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the "Toggle Convertible Notes"). The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of June 23, 2023 (the "June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture").
The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture, among other things, limited conversion of the notes in certain instances until the earlier to occur of (x) an increase in the number of authorized shares in an amount sufficient to, among other things, allow for the issuance of common stock underlying the notes and (y) October 11, 2023, and provided that the Company shall elect to settle conversions of the notes in cash until such
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
increase in the number of authorized shares occurred, and the Company obtained the stockholder approval contemplated by Rule 5635 of the Nasdaq listing rules ("Nasdaq Rule 5635").
The conversion features embedded to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were bifurcated and recognized separately at fair value due to the temporary requirement to settle conversions in cash, in certain instances, until stockholder approval as contemplated by Nasdaq Rule 5635 was obtained to increase the number of authorized shares. Upon the Exchange, the Company recognized $21.2 million for the embedded conversion features as a derivative liability within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
During the third quarter of 2023, and commensurate with the approval to increase the number of authorized shares on August 3, 2023, the Company reassessed the conversion features bifurcated from the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes. As of August 3, 2023, the conversion features met all equity classification criteria, and as a result, the derivative liabilities were remeasured as of August 3, 2023, and reclassified from accrued expenses and other current liabilities to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of the derivative liabilities are recorded within other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in fair value of the derivative liabilities was as follows:
| | | | | |
| Derivative liability |
Estimated fair value as of December 31, 2022 | $ | — | |
Recognition of derivative liability | 21,180 | |
Change in estimated fair value | 220,671 | |
Reclassification to equity | (241,851) | |
Estimated fair value at December 31, 2023 | $ | — | |
The fair value of the conversion features was estimated by applying a with-and-without approach to a binomial lattice model. The following reflects the ranges of inputs and assumptions used:
| | | | | | | | |
| | For The Year Ended |
| | December 31, 2023 |
Stock price | | $1.09 - $3.40 |
Conversion price | | $1.46 - $1.48 |
Risk free rate | | 3.76% - 4.58% |
Equity volatility | | 47.5% - 70% |
Expected dividend yield | | —% |
Credit spread | | 14.9% - 20.1% |
Additionally, on December 12, 2023, the Company consummated an underwritten public offering of $175.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 8.25% Green Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “8.25% Convertible Notes”). The 8.25% Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated as of December 12, 2023, between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (the “Trustee”), as supplemented by a first supplemental indenture, dated as of December 12, 2023, between the Company and the Trustee.
The conversion features embedded in the 8.25% Convertible Notes met the criteria to be separated from the host contract and recognized separately at fair value. The derivative is measured both initially and in subsequent periods at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. As of the issuance of the 8.25% Convertible Notes, the Company recognized $47.3 million for the embedded conversion features as a derivative liability within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value of the derivative liability was as follows:
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
| | | | | | | | |
| | Derivative liability |
Estimated fair value as of December 31, 2022 | | $ | — | |
Recognition of derivative liability | | 47,250 | |
Change in estimated fair value | | 10,458 | |
Settlement of derivative liability for conversions | | (48,837) | |
Estimated fair value as of December 31, 2023 | | $ | 8,871 | |
The fair value of the conversion features was estimated by applying a with-and without approach. The following reflects the ranges of inputs and assumptions used:
| | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended |
| | December 31, 2023 |
Stock price | | $0.72 - $0.91 |
Conversion price | | $0.90 |
Risk free rate | | 3.97% - 4.42% |
Credit spread | | 14.20% - 15.10% |
Liability Classified Awards
During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company reclassified certain share-based payment awards from equity to liabilities that would require cash settlement upon distribution or exercise. The fair value of these awards was determined based on the closing price of the Company's stock or a Black-Scholes model as of the measurement date and as of the end of each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of the liabilities were recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period.
As of August 3, 2023, the share-based payment awards classified as liabilities no longer required cash settlement upon distribution or exercise. The Company reclassified the share-based payment awards into additional paid in capital on the Company's consolidated balance sheets at their fair value. Changes in the fair value of liability classified awards during the year ended December 31, 2023, were as follows:
| | | | | |
| Liability classified awards |
Liability classified awards as of December 31, 2022 | $ | — | |
Reclassification of share-based payment awards to liability | 10,401 | |
Change in fair value | 10,591 | |
Reclassification of share-based payment awards to equity | (20,992) | |
Liability classified awards as of December 31, 2023 | $ | — | |
(k)Inventory
Inventory cost is computed using standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are written down for any excess or obsolescence and when net realizable value, which is based upon estimated selling prices, is in excess of carrying value plus costs to complete. Once inventory is written-down, a new, lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration of or increase in that newly established cost basis.
(l)Investments
Variable Interest Entities
The Company may enter into investments in entities that are considered variable interest entities ("VIE") under ASC 810, Consolidations. A VIE is an entity that has either insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. If
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
the Company is a primary beneficiary of a VIE, it is required to consolidate the entity. To determine if the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE, the Company evaluates whether it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the Company. If the Company is not the primary beneficiary and an ownership interest is held in the entity, the interest is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company continuously assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE as changes to existing relationships or future transactions may result in changing conclusions.
Equity Method
Investments in which the Company can exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for using the equity method and are presented on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s share of the net earnings or losses of the investee is presented within the consolidated statements of operations. The Company evaluates its equity method investments whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If a decline in the value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in earnings in the current period. Distributions received from equity method investees are presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows based on the cumulative earnings approach, whereby distributions received from equity method investments are classified as cash flows from operations to the extent of equity earnings and then as cash flows from investing activities thereafter. Refer to Note 7, Investments in Affiliates,for further discussion.
(m)Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is generally computed on a straight-line basis over estimated useful life of the respective assets, except for tooling which is depreciated using the consumption method over the estimated productive life of the asset. The useful lives of the Company's assets are as follows:
| | | | | |
| |
Computers | 3 years |
Software | 3 to 5 years |
Demo trucks | 2 years |
Vehicles | 5 years |
Machinery and equipment | 3 to 20 years |
Furniture and fixtures | 7 years |
Leasehold improvements | Shorter of useful life or lease term |
Tooling | Based off estimated production quantity |
Buildings | 20 to 40 years |
Deposits on equipment are reclassified from long-term deposits to property, plant and equipment upon receipt or transfer of title of the related equipment.
(n)Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. This determination depends on whether the arrangement conveys the right to control the use of an explicitly or implicitly identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the right to direct the use of and obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from using the underlying asset. The Company classifies leases with contractual terms greater than 12 months as either operating or finance. Leases with terms of 12 months or less are not recognized as right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets pursuant to the short-term lease exclusion.
Lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments, reduced by lease incentives, at the lease commencement date. The Company uses an incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments when the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that it would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments, on a collateralized basis and in a similar economic environment over a similar term.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Lease assets are recognized based on the related lease liabilities, plus any prepaid lease payments and initial direct costs from executing the leasing arrangement. The lease term includes the base, non-cancelable lease term, and any options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain, at commencement, that the Company will exercise such options.
Finance lease assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets or the lease term. The interest component of a finance lease is included in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations and recognized using the effective interest method over the lease term. Operating lease assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Leases with terms of 12 months or less at commencement are expensed over the lease term. The Company has also elected not to separate lease and non-lease components within a leasing arrangement related to the Company's existing classes of assets. Non-lease components primarily include payments for maintenance and utilities.
Variable payments related to a lease are expensed as incurred. These costs often relate to payments for real estate taxes, insurance, common area maintenance, and other operating costs in addition to base rent.
(o)Goodwill
The Company records goodwill when consideration paid in a purchase acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net tangible assets and the identified intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant a review. The Company has determined that there is a single reporting unit for the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, which is performed annually. For purposes of assessing the impairment of goodwill, the Company performs a qualitative analysis on December 31 of each year to determine if events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value.
Factors considered which could trigger a further impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets, the Company's overall business strategy, and significant industry or macroeconomic trends. If the qualitative analysis indicates that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable based on the existence of one or more of the above indicators, recoverability is determined by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to net future undiscounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. An impairment charge would then be recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair-market value of the asset.
There was no impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
(p)Intangible Assets with Indefinite Useful Lives
The Company is required to test its intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually using the guidance for indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company's evaluation consists of first assessing qualitative factors to determine if impairment of the asset is more likely than not. If it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, the Company determines the fair value of the asset and records an impairment charge if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value.
There were no impairments of indefinite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. See Note 6, Intangible Assets, Net, for further discussion.
For intangible assets acquired in a non-monetary exchange, the estimated fair value of the shares transferred are used to establish their recorded values.
(q)Long-Lived Assets and Finite Lived Intangibles
The Company has finite lived intangible assets related to licenses. The Company reviews its long-lived assets and finite lived intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The events and circumstances the Company monitors and considers include significant decreases in the market price of similar assets, significant adverse changes to the extent and manner in which the asset is used, an adverse change in legal factors or business climate, an accumulation of costs that exceed the estimated cost to acquire or develop a similar asset, and continuing losses that exceed forecasted costs. The Company assesses the recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amount of such assets or asset group to the future undiscounted cash flow it expects the assets or asset group to generate. The Company recognizes an impairment loss if the sum of the expected long-term undiscounted cash flows that the long-lived asset is expected to generate is less than the carrying amount of the long-lived asset being evaluated. An impairment charge would then be recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
There were no impairments of long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. See Note 4, Balance Sheet Components, and Note 6, Intangible Assets, Net, for further discussion.
(r)Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis.
A valuation allowance is recognized when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Due to the Company's lack of earnings history, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return are accounted for using the more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement.
(s)Stock-based Compensation
The Company recognizes the cost of stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards. Cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The Company reverses previously recognized costs for unvested awards in the period forfeitures occur. The fair value of restricted stock unit ("RSU") awards is determined using the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market based RSU awards ("Market Based RSUs") is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model that utilizes significant assumptions, including volatility, that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award to calculate the fair value of the award.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company issued replacement awards in connection with the Romeo Acquisition in exchange for awards held by employees of Romeo who became employees of the Company. The portion of the acquiree awards that are attributable to pre-acquisition service are recognized as purchase consideration. The portion of the replacement awards attributable to post-acquisition service are recognized as compensation expense and classified in the consolidated statements of operations according to the activities that the employees perform.
(t)Warrant Liability
The Company may issue common stock warrants with debt, equity or as a standalone financing instruments that are recorded as either liabilities or equity in accordance with the respective accounting guidance. Warrants recorded as equity are recorded at their relative fair value determined at the issuance date and remeasurement is not required. Warrants recorded as liabilities are recorded at their fair value, within other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, and remeasured on each reporting date with changes recorded in revaluation of warrant liability on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
(u)Revenue Recognition
Truck sales
Truck sales consist of revenue recognized on the sales of the Company's trucks. The sale of a truck is generally recognized as a single performance obligation at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer, which has historically been only the Company's dealers. Control is generally deemed transferred when the product is picked up by the carrier and the dealer can direct the product's use and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the product. The Company may offer certain after-market upgrades at the request of dealers. If a contract contains more than one distinct performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. In accordance with state law and the Company's dealer agreements, the Company may be required to repurchase dealer inventory in the event a dealer agreement is terminated, and accounts for these as sales with right of return.
Revenue is recognized based on the transaction price, which is measured as the amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the product pursuant to the terms of the contract with its dealer. The transaction price may be adjusted, if applicable, for variable consideration, such as rebates and financing costs on floor plan arrangements, which requires the Company to make estimates for the portion of these allowances that have yet to be credited to dealers.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Payments for trucks sold are made in accordance with the Company's customary payment terms. The Company has elected an accounting policy whereby the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component because, at contract inception, the Company expects the period between the time when the Company transfers a promised good or service to the dealer and the time when the dealer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. Sales tax collected from dealers is not considered revenue and is accrued until remitted to the taxing authorities. Shipping and handling activities occur after the dealer has obtained control of the product, thus the Company has elected to account for those expenses as fulfillment costs in cost of revenues, rather than an additional promised service.
Service and other
Service and other revenues primarily consist of sales of charging products, service parts, after-market parts, service and labor, and hydrogen. Sales are generally recognized as a single performance obligation at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Control is deemed transferred when the product is delivered to the customer and the customer can direct the product's use and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the asset. Payment for products sold are made in accordance with the Company's customary payment terms and the Company's contracts do not have significant financing components. The Company has elected to exclude sales taxes from the measurement of the transaction price.
(v)Product Warranties and Recall Campaigns
Product warranty costs are recognized upon transfer of control of trucks to dealers, and are estimated based on factors including the length of the warranty (generally 2 to 5 years), product costs, and product failure rates. Warranty reserves are reviewed and adjusted quarterly to ensure that accruals are adequate to meet expected future warranty obligations. Estimating future warranty costs is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. Management believes that the accruals are adequate, however, based on the limited historical information available, it is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information or changes in facts and circumstances. The Company's accrual includes estimates of the replacement costs for covered parts which is based on historical experience. This could be impacted by contractual changes with third-party suppliers or the need to identify new suppliers and the engineering and design costs that would accompany such a change. Increases in estimated replacement costs of 10% could increase accrued warranty costs by $1.4 million. The warranty accrual also includes estimated failure rates for certain components covered by the warranty. There is limited history to inform these estimates due to the recent launch of the Company's products, and changes to the estimated failure rates of 10% could increase the accrual by $1.1 million.
Recall campaign costs are recognized when a product recall liability is probable and related amounts are reasonably estimable. Costs are estimated based on the number of trucks to be repaired and the required repairs including engineering and development, product costs, labor rates, and shipping. Estimating the cost to repair the trucks is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. Based on information that is currently available, management believes that the accruals are adequate. It is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information, changes in facts and circumstances, availability of materials from key suppliers, and actions the Company may commit to or be required to undertake.
During the third quarter of 2023, the Company filed a voluntary recall with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for the Company's BEV trucks. The recall was initiated as a result of preliminary results of the Company's battery pack thermal event investigation. The investigation was in response to a thermal event caused by a battery pack defect and is ongoing. The Company has transported all BEV trucks to the Company's manufacturing facility where they are being retrofit with battery packs from another supplier. The Company accrued recall campaign costs of $65.8 million, of which $3.0 million has been incurred through December 31, 2023 for the BEV trucks that are expected to be returned to dealers and their retail customers once the recall work is complete. The accrual includes estimates of product costs which are based upon historical experience. This could be impacted by contractual changes with third-party suppliers or the need to identify new suppliers and the engineering and design costs that would accompany such a change. Increases to the estimated product costs of 10% could increase the accrual by $4.3 million. The Company placed a temporary hold on new BEV truck shipments until its
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
BEV truck inventory has been retrofit with alternative battery packs. See Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.
The change in warranty liability for the year ended December 31, 2023 is summarized as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Warranty liability |
Accrued warranty at December 31, 2021 | | $ | — | |
Warranties issued in period - product warranty | | 8,079 | |
Warranty costs incurred | | (291) | |
Accrued warranty at December 31, 2022 | | 7,788 | |
Warranties issued in period - product warranty | | 11,888 | |
Warranties issued in period - recall campaign | | 65,778 | |
Net changes in liability for pre-existing warranties | | (2,622) | |
Warranty costs incurred | | (3,886) | |
Accrued warranty at December 31, 2023 | | $ | 78,946 | |
(w)Research and Development Expense
Research and development expense consist of outsourced engineering services, allocated facilities costs, depreciation, internal engineering and development expenses, materials, labor, stock-based compensation related to development of the Company's products and services, and expenses related to operating the manufacturing plant until the start of commercial production. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
(x)Selling, General, and Administrative Expense
Selling, general, and administrative expense consist of personnel related expenses for corporate, executive, finance, and other administrative functions, expenses for outside professional services, including legal, audit and accounting services, as well as expenses for facilities, depreciation, amortization, travel, and marketing costs. Personnel related expenses consist of salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation.
Advertising expense is expensed as incurred and was $2.0 million, $2.0 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
(y)Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consists of revaluation gains and losses on derivative assets and liabilities, grant income received from various governmental entities, foreign currency gains and losses, unrealized gains and losses on investments, and gains and losses on the sale of equipment. Grant income is recognized as income over the periods necessary to match the income on a systematic basis to the costs that it is intended to compensate.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized a $2.2 million loss, $1.0 million gain, and $1.4 million gain respectively, related to foreign currency adjustments.
(z)Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss, adjusted for the revaluation of warrant liability, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of shares of common stock
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
equivalents resulting from the assumed exercise of the warrants. The treasury stock method is used to calculate the potential dilutive effect of these common stock equivalents.
(aa)Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-06 to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of topics, which will allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC's existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the FASB accounting standard codification with the SEC's regulations. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the amendments and the impact on its future consolidated statements
In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes, to enhance income tax disclosures to address investor requests for more information about the tax risks and opportunities present in an entity’s worldwide operation. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
3.BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
Romeo Acquisition
On October 14, 2022, the Company completed the Romeo Acquisition. Under the terms of the acquisition, the Company acquired each of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Romeo (“Romeo Common Stock”) in exchange for 0.1186 of a share (the "Romeo Exchange Ratio") of the Company's common stock, rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares.
Total consideration for the acquisition of Romeo is summarized as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Purchase consideration |
Fair value of Nikola common stock issued to Romeo stockholders(1) | | $ | 67,535 | |
Settlement of pre-existing relationships in the form of loan forgiveness(2) | | 27,923 | |
Settlement of pre-existing relationships in the form of accounts payable | | (18,216) | |
Fair value of outstanding stock compensation awards attributable to pre-acquisition services(3) | | 1,345 | |
Total purchase consideration | | $ | 78,587 | |
(1)Represents the acquisition date fair value of 22.1 million shares of Nikola common stock issued to Romeo stockholders, based on the Romeo Exchange Ratio for each outstanding share of Romeo Common Stock, at the October 14, 2022 closing price of $3.06 per share.
(2)The Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization dated July 30, 2022 (the "Merger Agreement") with Romeo. Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Romeo entered into a loan agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with the Company as the lender. The Loan Agreement provided for a facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million (subject to certain incremental increases of up to $20.0 million), which were available for drawing subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in the Loan Agreement. Interest was payable on borrowings under the facility at the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus 8.00%. Upon closing, the loan and related accrued interest were forgiven and considered part of the purchase price. As of acquisition close, Romeo had drawn $12.5 million on the loan and accrued $0.1 million in interest.
Additionally, as part of the Loan Agreement entered into with Romeo, the Company agreed to a short-term battery price increase. Through the acquisition close, the Company recorded $15.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets related to the incremental pack price increase, which was considered part of the purchase consideration upon close.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS (Continued)
(3)Represents the portion of the fair value of the replacement awards related to services provided prior to the acquisition. The remaining portion of the fair value is associated with future service and will be recognized as expense over the future service period.
The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). The purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The acquisition resulted in goodwill due to the purchase consideration exceeding the estimated fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired by $1.5 million.
During the second quarter of 2023, the Company transferred ownership of all of Romeo’s right, title and interest in and to all of its tangible and intangible assets to an Assignee, who is designated Assignee to act as the assignee for the benefit of creditors of Romeo. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the operations of Romeo are reported as discontinued operations on the Company's consolidated statements of operation. Refer to Note 11. Deconsolidation of Subsidiary, for additional information.
The Company incurred transaction expenses of approximately $7.3 million (excluding $7.3 million associated with discontinued operations) for the year ended December 31, 2022, which are recognized in selling, general and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
4.BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS
Inventory
Inventory consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
Raw materials | | $ | 32,889 | | | $ | 52,442 | |
Work-in-process | | 15,486 | | | 9,646 | |
Finished goods | | 8,206 | | | 47,677 | |
Service parts | | 6,007 | | | 2,105 | |
Total inventory | | $ | 62,588 | | | $ | 111,870 | |
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reclassified all BEV truck finished goods inventory to work in process to be retrofit with alternative battery packs related to the Company's voluntary recall. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company wrote down BEV inventory related to the battery packs, cells and other BEV components for $45.7 million which were deemed excess or obsolete due to the voluntary recall.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (Continued)
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Prepaid expenses | $ | 6,152 | | | $ | 5,333 | |
| | | |
Non-trade receivables | 5,570 | | | 6,064 | |
Inventory deposits | 4,843 | | | 415 | |
Holdback receivable | 3,655 | | | — | |
Prepaid insurance premiums | 2,148 | | | 3,611 | |
Deposits | 1,643 | | | 3,917 | |
Prepaid software | 1,421 | | | 1,015 | |
Deferred implementation costs | 479 | | | 2,101 | |
| | | |
Headquarters sale agreement receivable | — | | | 5,487 | |
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 25,911 | | | $ | 27,943 | |
Deferred implementation costs
Deferred implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related software. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company re-assessed the estimated useful life of its existing enterprise resource planning system as a result of a new system implementation, resulting in a shorter useful life and prospective change in amortization.
The Company recorded $0.5 million and $2.8 million of amortization expense on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to deferred implementation costs. Amortization expense during the year ended December 31, 2021 was immaterial.
Non-trade receivables
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized government grant income totaling $2.7 million, $1.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in connection with the Arizona Qualified Facility Tax Credit (“QFTC”). As GAAP does not contain authoritative accounting standards on this topic, the Company accounted for the QFTC by analogy to International Accounting Standards 20 (“IAS 20”), Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. Under IAS 20, the grant is recognized on a systematic basis over the periods in which the qualifying expenses are incurred when it is determined that receipt of the grant is no longer contingent. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $2.0 million and $1.2 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company must continue to maintain compliance of the QFTC within the meaning of A.R.S. § 41-1512(X)(5) and, in respect to at least 51% of the then Qualified Eligible Person ("QEP"), to continue to pay at least the applicable threshold wage, to qualify for the tax credits related to the Phoenix, Arizona facility for a maximum of $6.1 million, in five equal installments of $1.2 million and the tax credits related to the Coolidge, Arizona facility for a maximum of $3.7 million, in five equal installments of $0.7 million.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (Continued)
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Buildings | $ | 239,918 | | | $ | 127,797 | |
Construction-in-progress | 135,994 | | | 209,187 | |
Equipment | 67,657 | | | 35,257 | |
Tooling | 39,389 | | | 17,693 | |
Finance lease assets | 37,504 | | | 2,193 | |
Software | 8,649 | | | 8,568 | |
Land | 7,957 | | | 24,762 | |
Other | 4,926 | | | 3,501 | |
Leasehold improvements | 3,100 | | | 2,953 | |
| | | |
Furniture and fixtures | 1,483 | | | 1,492 | |
Demo vehicles | 788 | | | 15,215 | |
Property, plant and equipment, gross | 547,365 | | | 448,618 | |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (43,949) | | | (30,833) | |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 503,416 | | | $ | 417,785 | |
Construction-in-progress on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 relates primarily to the development of hydrogen infrastructure.
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $28.9 million, $14.4 million and $8.2 million, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reassessed the useful lives of its BEV demo vehicles due to the recall in the current year, and subsequently retired all demo vehicles.
In July 2023, the Company executed a membership interest and asset purchase agreement (the "FFI Purchase Agreement") with FFI. Pursuant to the terms of the FFI Purchase Agreement, FFI Phoenix Hub Holdings, LLC, acquired 100% of the interests in Phoenix Hydrogen Hub, LLC, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary holding the assets related to the Phoenix hydrogen hub project, including land and construction-in-progress. The Company received net proceeds of $20.7 million during the third quarter of 2023 pursuant to the terms of the FFI Purchase Agreement. The Company's proceeds are net of a $3.7 million holdback, which the Company recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets, on the consolidated balance sheets.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (Continued)
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Settlement liabilities | $ | 91,330 | | | $ | 90,000 | |
Warranty liability, current | 65,703 | | | 1,484 | |
Accrued purchase of intangible asset | 13,796 | | | 32,126 | |
Derivative liability | 8,871 | | | — | |
Inventory received not yet invoiced | 8,642 | | | 18,167 | |
Other accrued expenses | 5,137 | | | 2,152 | |
Accrued outsourced engineering services | 4,207 | | | 8,056 | |
| | | |
Accrued payroll and payroll related expenses | 3,254 | | | 8,298 | |
Accrued purchases of property, plant and equipment | 2,458 | | | 3,587 | |
| | | |
Operating lease liabilities, current | 1,867 | | | 1,979 | |
Accrued legal expenses | 1,708 | | | 2,041 | |
Accrued Equity Distribution Agreement Fees | 49 | | | 1,681 | |
Supply agreement revision commitment | — | | | 10,000 | |
| | | |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 207,022 | | | $ | 179,571 | |
Settlement liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 include $84.0 million related to the SEC settlement and $1.8 million in expected settlements related to the Lion Electric matter, each discussed further under Legal Proceedings in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies. Settlement liabilities also include $3.0 million related to a dispute over consulting services, $2.0 million related to insurance claims expected to be paid following thermal events and $0.6 million related to a fastener settlement.
5.LEASES
As of December 31, 2023 the Company leased land in Colton, California related to the development of hydrogen infrastructure, buildings for warehousing and office space in Arizona and in California, mobile fueling and hydrogen infrastructure assets, and equipment under noncancellable operating and finance leases expiring at various dates through March 2033. Certain of the Company's leases as of December 31, 2023, contain purchase options and options to renew that the Company has deemed reasonably certain to exercise. The Company's lease agreements do not contain material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
5. LEASES (Continued)
The following table summarizes the effects of finance and operating lease costs in the Company's consolidated statements of operations:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Consolidated Statements of Operations Caption | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Operating lease cost: | | | | | | | | |
Lease cost | | Selling, general and administrative | | $ | 2,622 | | | $ | 1,182 | | | $ | 130 | |
Variable lease cost(1) | | Selling, general and administrative | | 219 | | | 212 | | | 26 | |
Total operating lease cost | | | | 2,841 | | | 1,394 | | | 156 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Short-term lease cost | | Research and development, Selling, general and administrative and Cost of revenues | | 3,617 | | | 1,744 | | | 1,155 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Finance lease cost: | | | | | | | | |
Amortization of right of use assets | | Research and development, Selling, general and administrative and Cost of revenues | | 979 | | | 342 | | | 2,758 | |
Interest on lease liabilities | | Interest expense, net | | 753 | | | 44 | | | 789 | |
Variable lease cost(1) | | Selling, general and administrative and Cost of revenues | | 44 | | | 55 | | | 738 | |
Total finance lease cost | | | | 1,776 | | | 441 | | | 4,285 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total lease cost | | | | $ | 8,234 | | | $ | 3,579 | | | $ | 5,596 | |
(1)Variable lease costs were not included in the measurement of the operating and finance lease liabilities and primarily include property taxes, property insurance and common area maintenance expenses.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Classification | | As of December 31, |
| | | 2023 | | 2022 |
Assets | | | | | | |
Finance lease assets, net | | Property, plant and equipment, net | | $ | 36,106 | | | $ | 1,774 | |
Operating lease assets | | Other assets | | 6,358 | | | 7,936 | |
Total lease assets | | | | $ | 42,464 | | | $ | 9,710 | |
| | | | | | |
Liabilities | | | | | | |
Current: | | | | | | |
Finance lease liabilities | | Debt and finance lease liabilities, current | | $ | 6,312 | | | $ | 367 | |
Operating lease liabilities | | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | | 1,867 | | | 1,979 | |
Non-current: | | | | | | |
Finance lease liabilities | | Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities, net of current portion | | 26,395 | | | 818 | |
Operating lease liabilities | | Operating lease liabilities | | 4,765 | | | 6,091 | |
Total lease liabilities | | | | $ | 39,339 | | | $ | 9,255 | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
5. LEASES (Continued)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) | | | |
Finance leases | 3.97 | | 4.23 |
Operating leases | 5.66 | | 5.98 |
Weighted average discount rate | | | |
Finance leases | 9.58 | % | | 4.94 | % |
Operating leases | 6.29 | % | | 5.92 | % |
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | | | |
Operating cash flow for finance leases | $ | 753 | | | $ | 44 | |
Operating cash flow for operating leases | 2,502 | | | 1,102 | |
| | | |
Leased assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities | | | |
Finance leases | $ | 32,820 | | | $ | 1,547 | |
Operating leases | 706 | | | 6,176 | |
Maturities of the Company's lease liabilities are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years Ended December 31, | | Finance leases | | Operating leases | | Total |
2024 | | $ | 9,182 | | | $ | 2,186 | | | $ | 11,368 | |
2025 | | 7,927 | | | 1,364 | | | 9,291 | |
2026 | | 15,370 | | | 1,287 | | | 16,657 | |
2027 | | 4,514 | | | 520 | | | 5,034 | |
2028 | | 3,051 | | | 466 | | | 3,517 | |
Thereafter | | 149 | | | 2,197 | | | 2,346 | |
Total lease payments | | $ | 40,193 | | | $ | 8,020 | | | $ | 48,213 | |
Less: imputed interest | | 7,486 | | | 1,388 | | | 8,874 | |
Total lease liabilities | | $ | 32,707 | | | $ | 6,632 | | | $ | 39,339 | |
Less: current portion | | 6,312 | | | 1,867 | | | 8,179 | |
Long-term lease liabilities | | $ | 26,395 | | | $ | 4,765 | | | $ | 31,160 | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
6.INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of separately identifiable intangible assets are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2023 |
| Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net Carrying Amount |
Licenses: | | | | | |
S-WAY Product and Platform license | $ | 50,000 | | | $ | 12,500 | | | $ | 37,500 | |
FCPM license | 47,181 | | | — | | | 47,181 | |
Other intangibles | 1,650 | | | 471 | | | 1,179 | |
Total intangible assets | $ | 98,831 | | | $ | 12,971 | | | $ | 85,860 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2022 |
| Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net Carrying Amount |
Licenses: | | | | | |
S-WAY Product and Platform license | $ | 50,000 | | | $ | 5,357 | | | $ | 44,643 | |
FCPM license | 47,181 | | | — | | | 47,181 | |
Other intangibles | 800 | | | 151 | | | 649 | |
Total intangible assets | $ | 97,981 | | | $ | 5,508 | | | $ | 92,473 | |
Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $7.4 million and $5.5 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the year ended 2021 was immaterial.
In 2019, the Company was granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license to intellectual property used in the Iveco S-WAY Platform and Product, which is the cab over engine truck manufactured by Iveco S.p.A ("Iveco"). The material rights under the license agreement include the non-exclusive use of the S-WAY key technology to manufacture, distribute and service BEV and FCEV trucks and related components in the United States, and the ability to grant the use of the key technology to the Company's North American sub-suppliers. The license was placed in service in the second quarter of 2022 commensurate with the start of production of the BEV. The license will be amortized over a 7-year useful life, as it reflects the period over which the sales of BEV and FCEV trucks utilizing Iveco S-WAY platform are expected to contribute to the Company's cash flows. The Company recorded $7.1 million and $5.4 million of amortization expense to cost of revenues on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the S-WAY license.
In 2021, the Company was granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license to intellectual property that will be used to adapt, further develop and assemble FCPMs for use in the production of the Company's FCEV. The license was accounted for as an asset acquisition and the accumulated cost of the license was determined to be €40.0 million or $47.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company accrued €12.5 million or $13.8 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and €5.0 million or $5.5 million in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets related to the payments for the license. As of December 31, 2022, the Company accrued €30.0 million or $32.1 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The payment schedule for the license was amended in 2023, pursuant to which payments will be made in two remaining installments in 2024 and 2025. The Company will amortize the license beginning at the start of in-house FCPM production, and the expected useful life is 7 years. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not started amortizing the license.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
6. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET (Continued)
Estimated amortization expense for all intangible assets subject to amortization in future years is expected to be:
| | | | | | | | |
Years Ended December 31, | | Amortization |
2024 | | $ | 12,455 | |
2025 | | 14,140 | |
2026 | | 13,990 | |
2027 | | 13,940 | |
2028 | | 13,940 | |
Thereafter | | 17,395 | |
Total | | $ | 85,860 | |
7.INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates accounted for under the equity method consisted of the following:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | As of December 31, |
| Ownership as of December 31, 2023 | | 2023 | | 2022 |
Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH | — | % | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,142 | |
Wabash Valley Resources LLC | 20 | % | | 57,062 | | | 57,674 | |
Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC | — | % | | — | | | 1,000 | |
| | | | | |
| | | $ | 57,062 | | | $ | 62,816 | |
Equity in net loss of affiliates on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Equity in net loss of affiliates: | | | | | | |
Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH | | $ | (15,556) | | | $ | (20,394) | | | $ | (3,900) | |
Wabash Valley Resources LLC | | (862) | | | (271) | | | 320 | |
Total equity in net loss of affiliates | | $ | (16,418) | | | $ | (20,665) | | | $ | (3,580) | |
Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH
In April 2020, the Company and Iveco became parties to a series of agreements which established a joint venture in Europe, Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH. The operations of the joint venture were located in Ulm, Germany, and consisted of manufacturing the FCEV and BEV Class 8 trucks for the European market. The agreements provided for a 50/50 ownership of the joint venture and a 50/50 allocation of the joint venture's production volumes and profits between Nikola and Iveco. Both parties were entitled to appoint an equal number of members to the shareholders' committee of the joint venture. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements and amended contribution agreement, the Company and Iveco each contributed cash and intellectual property licenses to their respective technology.
Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH was considered a VIE due to insufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The Company was not considered the primary beneficiary as it did not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impacted the economic performance based on the terms of the agreements. Accordingly, the VIE was accounted for under the equity method.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
7. INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES (Continued)
During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company made total contributions to Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH of €20.0 million (approximately $21.8 million). During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021 no contributions were made to Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH.
On June 29, 2023 (the "Divestiture Closing"), the Company and Iveco executed the European Joint Venture Transaction Agreement (the "Transaction Agreement") whereby the Company sold its 50% equity interest in Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH to Iveco for $35.0 million. In conjunction with the Transaction Agreement, the Company issued an intellectual property license agreement (the “License Agreement”), which grants Iveco and Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, fully sublicensable, transferable, and fully assignable license ("Licensed Software") to software and controls technology related to the BEV and FCEV. According to the terms of the Transaction Agreement, the Company was eligible to receive 20.6 million shares of its own common stock from Iveco, contingent on successful due diligence ("Software Due Diligence") performed by Iveco and its consultants on the Licensed Software delivered to Iveco on the Divestiture Closing pursuant to the License Agreement. The Software Due Diligence was evaluated based on mutually agreed criteria between Iveco and the Company.
On the Divestiture Closing, the Company recognized a gain equal to the difference between the consideration received and its basis in the Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH investment, consisting of a liability balance of $11.4 million for investment in affiliates, and cumulative currency translation losses of $1.5 million. The delivery of the Licensed Software on the Divestiture Closing was determined to represent a right to use the Licensed Software and the performance obligation was satisfied upon the delivery of the Licensed Software on Divestiture Closing. The Company recognized gains related to the derecognition of its basis in Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and delivery of the Licensed Software in gain on divestiture of affiliate on the consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a gain of $70.8 million in gain on divestiture of affiliates consisting of the following:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Cash consideration received | | $ | 35,000 | |
Contingent stock consideration receivable | | 25,956 | |
Derecognition of investment in affiliate | | 11,428 | |
Derecognition of cumulative currency translation losses | | (1,535) | |
Gain on divestiture of affiliate | | $ | 70,849 | |
Contingent stock consideration received
The contingent stock consideration was accounted for as variable consideration and included in total consideration as of Divestiture Closing, as it was not probable that a significant reversal of such consideration would occur upon resolution of the contingency. On August 3, 2023, the Software Due Diligence was deemed successful, and Iveco transferred to the Company 20.6 million shares of Nikola common stock, which were immediately retired. The Company recognized the fair value of the common stock upon receipt in accumulated deficit on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the contingent stock consideration was measured based on the closing price of the Company's common stock price, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in fair value of the contingent stock consideration was as follows:
| | | | | |
| Stock consideration receivable |
| |
Fair value at June 29, 2023 | $ | 25,956 | |
Change in fair value | 43,981 | |
Receipt of shares for stock consideration | (69,937) | |
Fair value at December 31, 2023 | $ | — | |
Wabash Valley Resources LLC
On June 22, 2021, the Company entered into a MIPA with WVR and the Sellers, pursuant to which, the Company purchased a 20% equity interest in WVR in exchange for $25.0 million in cash and 1,682,367 shares of the Company's common
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
7. INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES (Continued)
stock. The common stock consideration was calculated based on the Company's 30-day average closing stock price, or $14.86 per share, and the Company issued 1,682,367 shares of its common stock. As of the WVR Closing Date, the fair value of the stock consideration and Put Right was $32.4 million, based upon the closing price of the Company's common stock as of the WVR Closing Date and fair value of the embedded Put Right. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for additional details related to the Put Right.
The Company's interest in WVR is accounted for under the equity method and is included in investment in affiliates on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of the WVR Closing Date, the fair value of the Company's investment in WVR was $57.4 million, which consists of the Company's cash, common stock consideration, and the Put Right. Subsequently, the Put Right was removed and replaced with the Price Differential. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further details.
Included in the initial carrying value was a basis difference of $55.5 million due to the difference between the cost of the investment and the Company's proportionate share of WVR's net assets. The basis difference is primarily comprised of property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company's maximum exposure to loss was $57.6 million, which represents the book value of the Company's equity interest and a loan to WVR for $0.5 million.
Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC
In March 2022, the Company and Travel Centers of America, Inc. ("TA") entered into a series of agreements which established a joint venture, Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC. The operations expected to be performed by the joint venture consist of the development, operation and maintenance of a hydrogen fueling station.
The agreements provided for 50/50 ownership of the joint venture. Both parties were entitled to appoint an equal number of board members to the management committee of the joint venture. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements, the Company contributed $1.0 million to Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC in 2022.
Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC was considered a VIE due to insufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The Company was not considered the primary beneficiary as it did not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance based on the terms of the agreements. Accordingly, the VIE was accounted for under the equity method.
The Company did not guarantee debt for, or have other financial support obligations to the entity and its maximum exposure to loss in connection with its continuing involvement with the entity was limited to the carrying value of the investment.
On November 29, 2023, (the "Dissolution Closing"), the Company and TA executed the dissolution agreement of Nikola TA HRS 1, LLC (the "Dissolution Agreement") whereby the Company and TA mutually agreed to terminate efforts related to the joint development of the hydrogen fueling station, and accordingly, dissolve Nikola - TA, HRS 1, LLC. Upon the Dissolution Closing, the Company received a distribution equal to its basis in the investment, resulting in no gain or loss on the consolidated statements of operations.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8.DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES
A summary of debt and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Current: | | | |
Finance lease liabilities | $ | 6,312 | | | $ | 367 | |
Insurance premium financing | 1,852 | | | 1,999 | |
Promissory notes | 699 | | | 9,309 | |
Financing obligations | 87 | | | — | |
Senior Convertible Notes | — | | | 50,000 | |
Debt and finance lease liabilities, current | $ | 8,950 | | | $ | 61,675 | |
| | | |
Non-current: | | | |
Toggle Convertible Notes | $ | 124,061 | | | $ | 199,786 | |
Financing obligations | 101,470 | | | 50,359 | |
Finance lease liabilities | 26,395 | | | 818 | |
8.25% Convertible Notes | 15,047 | | | — | |
Promissory notes | 2,306 | | | 39,165 | |
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities, net of current portion | $ | 269,279 | | | $ | 290,128 | |
The fair values of the following debt obligations are estimated using level 2 fair value inputs, including stock price and risk-free rates. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair values:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, 2023 |
| | Carrying Value | | Fair Value |
June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes | | $ | 115,097 | | | $ | 100,516 | |
8.25% Convertible Notes | | 15,047 | | | 25,579 | |
June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes | | 8,964 | | | 10,108 | |
Promissory notes | | 3,005 | | | 2,955 | |
Insurance premium financings | | 1,852 | | | 1,854 | |
Term Note
In January 2018, the Company entered into a term note with JP Morgan Chase, pursuant to which, the Company borrowed $4.1 million to fund equipment purchases. The term note accrued interest at 2.43% per annum and was payable on or before January 31, 2019. The term note was secured by restricted cash.
In February 2019, the Company amended the term note to extend its term by one year and increased the interest rate to 3.00% per annum. In February 2020, the Company amended the term note to extend its term for one year, to January 31, 2021. The term note accrued interest at a rate equal to the LIBOR rate for the applicable interest period multiplied by the statutory reserve rate as determined by the Federal Reserve Board. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company repaid the $4.1 million term note.
Toggle Convertible Notes
In June 2022, the Company completed a private placement of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, which will mature on May 31, 2026. The June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of June 1, 2022 (the "June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture").
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
In April 2023, the Company completed an exchange of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, which will mature on May 31, 2026. The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture. In conjunction with the issuance of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company executed the first supplemental indenture to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of April 3, 2023 (the "First Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes"), and the second supplemental indenture to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of April 10, 2023 (the "Second Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes"), which First Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes, among other things, amended the conversion provisions of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture.
Additionally, in June 2023, the Company completed a private placement of $11.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, which will mature on May 31, 2026. The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture (together with the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture and the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture, the "Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures"). The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued in consideration as a consent fee to the holders for execution of the third supplemental indenture to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of June 23, 2023 (the "Third Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes"), and the first supplemental indenture to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of June 23, 2023 (the "First Supplemental Indenture to April 2023 Notes"), which, among other things, released Romeo as a guarantor of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, respectively.
Below is a summary of certain terms of the Toggle Convertible Notes:
Interest Payments
The Company can elect to make any Cash Interest payment on the Toggle Convertible Notes, through the issuance of additional Toggle Convertible Notes in the form of PIK Interest, or any combination thereof. Interest on the Toggle Convertible Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears. The interest rates and payment dates for each of the Toggle Convertible Notes is summarized below:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes | | April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes | | June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes |
PIK interest rate (per annum) | 11.00% | | 11.00% | | 8.00% |
Cash interest rate (per annum) | 8.00% | | 8.00% | | 8.00% |
Semi-annual interest payable dates | May 31 and November 30 of each year | | May 31 and November 30 of each year | | June 30 and December 31 of each year |
First interest payment date | November 30, 2022 | | May 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2023 |
The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Note and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Note shall bear interest at the applicable Cash Interest rate or PIK Interest rate from November 30, 2022 and June 23, 2023, respectively.
Conversions
Based on the applicable conversion rate, the Toggle Convertible Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest are convertible into cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election. However, conversions of the Toggle Convertible Notes were limited in certain instances until the earlier to occur of (x) an increase in the number of authorized shares in an amount sufficient to, among other things, allow for the issuance of common stock underlying such Toggle Convertible Notes and (y) October 11, 2023, and the Company shall elect to settle conversions of the Toggle Convertible Notes in cash until such increase in the number of authorized shares has occurred and in the case of conversions of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company obtains the stockholder approval contemplated by Nasdaq Rule 5635. The Company amended its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 800,000,000 to 1,600,000,000, following approval by the stockholders at the Company's annual meeting of stockholders on August 3, 2023.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
The initial conversion rates are 114.3602 and 686.8132 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, respectively, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances, which represent initial conversion prices of approximately $8.74 and $1.46 per share, respectively.
With respect to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the initial conversion rate shall be an amount equal to (a) 674.4258 divided by (b) a quotient, (i) the numerator of which is the sum of (x) the initial principal amount of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes outstanding immediately prior to such conversion and (y) the aggregate amount capitalized related to PIK Interest issuances in respect of interest that came due on the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and (ii) the denominator of which is the initial principal amount of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes.
The Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures provide that prior to February 28, 2026, the Toggle Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders only upon the occurrence of specified events and during certain periods, and will be convertible on or after February 28, 2026, at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the Toggle Convertible Notes.
Holders of the Toggle Convertible Notes will have the right to convert all or a portion of their Toggle Convertible Notes prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 28, 2026 only under the following circumstances: (i) during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on September 30, 2022 for the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on June 30, 2023 for the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on September 30, 2023 for the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes (and only during such fiscal quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Common Stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the Toggle Convertible Notes on each applicable trading day; (ii) during the five business day period after any ten consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the Toggle Convertible Notes for each trading day of that ten consecutive trading day period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Common Stock and the conversion rate of the Toggle Convertible Notes on each such trading day; (iii) if the Company calls such Toggle Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (iv) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.
Redemption
Except with respect to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes as described in the immediately succeeding paragraph, the Company may not redeem the Toggle Convertible Notes prior to June 1, 2025. The Company may redeem the Toggle Convertible Notes in whole or in part, at its option, on or after such date and prior to the 26th scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, for a cash purchase price equal to the aggregate principal amount of any Toggle Convertible Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes provide for an additional optional redemption period from the initial issuance of such Toggle Convertible Notes through the first interest payment date of December 31, 2023, in whole and not in part for a cash purchase price equal to the aggregate principal amount of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes.
In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date or following issuance by the Company of a notice of redemption, in certain circumstances, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Toggle Convertible Notes (other than the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes) in connection with such a corporate event or who elects to convert any such Toggle Convertible Notes called for redemption during the related redemption period. Additionally, in the event of a fundamental change or a change in control transaction, holders of the Toggle Convertible Notes will have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Toggle Convertible Notes at a price equal to 100% of the capitalized principal amount of such Toggle Convertible Notes, in the case of a fundamental change, or 130% of the capitalized principal amount of such Toggle Convertible Notes, in the case of change in control transactions, in each case plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date.
The Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures include restrictive covenants that, subject to specified exceptions, limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur secured debt in excess of $500.0 million, incur other subsidiary guarantees, and sell equity interests of any subsidiary that guarantees the Toggle Convertible Notes. In addition, the Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures include customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the holders may accelerate
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
the maturity of the Toggle Convertible Notes issued thereunder and cause them to become due and payable immediately upon such acceleration.
In conjunction with the issuance of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company executed the Put Premium which was determined to be an embedded derivative that met the criteria for bifurcation from the host. The total proceeds received were first allocated to the fair value of the bifurcated derivative asset, and the remaining proceeds allocated to the host resulting in an adjustment to the initial purchasers' debt discount.
The net proceeds from the sale of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes were $183.2 million, net of initial purchasers' discounts and debt issuance costs. Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs were reported as a direct deduction from the face amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes.
During the second quarter of 2023, the exchange of $100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $100.0 million of April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes was determined to represent a substantial change in terms and extinguishment accounting was applied. The Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $20.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As part of the assessment of the exchange, the Company bifurcated the conversion features on the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and recognized a derivative liability of $21.2 million as of the exchange date, resulting in an adjustment to the debt discount.
Additionally, during the second quarter of 2023, the execution of the Third Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes and First Supplemental Indenture to April 2023 Notes were deemed modifications to the Toggle Convertible Notes outstanding under the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture and April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture, respectively, as the amended terms did not substantially change the terms of the respective notes. The consideration paid to the holders in the form of the issuance of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes was recognized as an issuance cost upon modification and is amortized as an adjustment of interest expense over the remaining terms of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes.
On August 4, 2023, the holders of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes exercised their conversion right for all the outstanding principal amount. The Company elected to settle the conversion with the issuance of 72,458,789 shares of common stock. The remaining unamortized discount was recognized in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations due to the reclassification of the conversion feature to equity.
The net carrying amounts of the debt component of the Toggle Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes | | June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes |
Principal amount | | $ | 123,478 | | | $ | 11,460 | |
Accrued PIK interest | | 1,170 | | | — | |
Unamortized discount | | (2,306) | | | (2,496) | |
Unamortized issuance costs | | (7,245) | | | — | |
Net carrying amount | | $ | 115,097 | | | $ | 8,964 | |
The net carrying amounts of the debt component of the Toggle Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes |
Principal amount | | $ | 210,939 | |
Accrued PIK interest | | 1,998 | |
Unamortized discount | | (6,443) | |
Unamortized issuance costs | | (6,708) | |
Net carrying amount | | $ | 199,786 | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rates on the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were 13.90% and 17.24%, respectively. Amortization of the debt discount and issuance costs is reported as a component of interest expense and is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the Toggle Convertible Notes, which approximates the effective interest method.
The following table presents the Company's interest expense related to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
Contractual interest expense | | $ | 15,744 | | | $ | 12,937 | |
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | | 3,333 | | | 2,156 | |
Total interest expense | | $ | 19,077 | | | $ | 15,093 | |
The following table presents the Company's interest expense related to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended |
| | December 31, 2023 |
Contractual interest expense | | $ | 3,562 | |
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | | 42,242 | |
Total interest expense | | $ | 45,804 | |
The following table presents the Company's interest expense related to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended |
| | December 31, 2023 |
Contractual interest expense | | $ | 460 | |
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | | 454 | |
Total interest expense | | $ | 914 | |
Senior Convertible Notes
First Purchase Agreement Notes
On December 30, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “First Purchase Agreement”) with the investors named therein for the sale of up to $125.0 million in initial principal amount of unsecured senior convertible notes (the “First Purchase Agreement Notes”), in a registered direct offering. The First Purchase Agreement Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations. The Company consummated an initial closing for the sale of $50.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes on December 30, 2022 (the "Series A Notes").
Subsequent to the initial closing, the Company entered into amended securities purchase agreements (the "Amended Purchase Agreements") pursuant to which the Company consummated additional closings on March 17, 2023 for the sale of $25.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series B-1 Notes"), on May 10, 2023 for the sale of $15.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series B-2 Notes"), and on May 25, 2023 for the sale of $12.1 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series B-3 Notes"). The purchase price for the First Purchase Agreement Notes is $1,000 per $1,000 principal amount.
Each First Purchase Agreement Note accrued interest at a rate of 5% per annum, payable in arrears on the first calendar day of each calendar quarter, beginning April 1, 2023 for the Series A Notes, June 1, 2023 for the Series B-1 Notes and July 1, 2023 for the Series B-2 and Series B-3 Notes. Interest was payable in cash or shares of the Company's common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s option. Each First Purchase Agreement Note issued pursuant to the First Purchase Agreement and Amended Purchase Agreements will have a maturity date of one year from issuance, which may be extended at the option of the noteholders in certain instances. Upon any conversion, redemption or
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
other repayment of a First Purchase Agreement Note, a “make-whole” amount equal to the amount of additional interest that would accrue under such First Purchase Agreement Note at the interest rate then in effect assuming that the outstanding principal of such First Purchase Agreement Notes remained outstanding through and including the maturity date of such First Purchase Agreement Note.
At any time on or after January 9, 2023, all or any portion of the principal amount of each First Purchase Agreement Note, plus accrued and unpaid interest, any make-whole amount and any late charges thereon (the “Conversion Amount”), is convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the noteholder’s option, into shares of the Company's common stock at a conversion price per share (the “Conversion Price”) equal to the lower of (i) the applicable “reference price”, subject to certain adjustments (the “Reference Price”), (ii) the greater of (x) the applicable “floor price” (the “Floor Price”) and (y) the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the Common Stock as of the conversion date, and (iii) the greater of (x) the Floor Price, and as elected by the converting noteholder, (y) either (X) depending on the delivery time of the applicable conversion notice, (1) the VWAP as of the applicable conversion date or (2) the VWAP immediately prior to the applicable conversion date and (Y) 95% of the average VWAP for the three trading days commencing on, and including, the applicable conversion date, subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the Notes. The Reference Price and Floor Price applicable to each issuance of First Purchase Agreement Notes is summarized below:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Reference Price | | Floor Price |
Series A Notes | $ | 5.975 | | | $ | 0.478 | |
Series B-1 Notes | $ | 4.050 | | | $ | 0.478 | |
Series B-2 Notes | $ | 2.140 | | | $ | 0.478 | |
Series B-3 Notes | $ | 1.952 | | | $ | 0.478 | |
At any time during an Event of Default Redemption Right Period (as defined below), a noteholder may alternatively elect to convert all or any portion of the First Purchase Agreement Notes at an alternate conversion rate (the “Alternate Conversion Rate”) equal to the quotient of (i) 115% of the Conversion Amount divided by (ii) the Conversion Price.
Upon a change of control, a noteholder may, subject to certain exceptions, require the Company to redeem all, or any portion, of the First Purchase Agreement Notes in cash at a price equal to 115% of the greatest of: (i) the Conversion Amount, (ii) the product of (x) the Conversion Amount and (y) the quotient of (I) the greatest closing sale price of the common stock during the period beginning on the date immediately preceding the earlier to occur of (1) the consummation of a change of control and (2) the public announcement of such change of control, and ending on the date the noteholder notifies the Company of its exercise of its right to redeem pursuant to the change of control divided by (II) the Conversion Price, and (iii) the product of (x) the Conversion Amount and (y) the quotient of (I) the aggregate consideration per share of common stock to be paid to the holders of the Common Stock upon consummation of such change of control divided by (II) the Conversion Price.
At any time an “Equity Conditions Failure” (as defined in the First Purchase Agreement Notes) exists at the time of consummation of certain “Subsequent Placements” (as defined in the First Purchase Agreement), the noteholders have the right, subject to certain exceptions, to require that the Company redeem all, or any portion, of the Conversion Amount of the Notes not in excess of the gross proceeds of such Subsequent Placement at a redemption price of 100% of the Conversion Amount to be redeemed. If the noteholder is participating in such Subsequent Placement, the noteholder may require the Company to apply all, or any part, of any amounts that would otherwise be payable to the noteholder in such redemption, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, against the purchase price of the securities to be purchased by the noteholder in such Subsequent Placement.
A noteholder will not have the right to convert any portion of the First Purchase Agreement Notes, to the extent that, after giving effect to such conversion, the noteholder (together with certain of its affiliates and other related parties) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion (the “Maximum Percentage”). The noteholder may from time to time increase the Maximum Percentage to 9.99%, provided that any such increase will not be effective until the 61st day after delivery of a notice to the Company of such increase.
The First Purchase Agreement Notes provide for certain Events of Default, including certain types of bankruptcy or insolvency events of default involving the Company after which the First Purchase Agreement Notes become automatically due and payable. At any time after the earlier of (x) a noteholder’s receipt of a required notice of an event of default, and (y) the
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
noteholder becoming aware of an event of default, and ending on the twentieth trading day after the later of (I) the date such event of default is cured, and (II) the investor’s receipt of an event of default notice from the Company (such period, the “Event of Default Redemption Rights Period”), the noteholder may require the Company to redeem, subject to certain exceptions, all or any portion of its Notes at a price equal to 115% of the greater of (i) the Conversion Amount and (ii) the product of the Alternate Conversion Rate and the greatest closing sale price of the common stock on any trading day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such Event of Default and ending on the trading day immediately prior to the date the Company makes the entire redemption payment.
The Company will be subject to certain customary affirmative and negative covenants regarding the rank of the First Purchase Agreement Notes, the incurrence of certain indebtedness, the repayment of certain indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, and restrictions on certain issuance of securities, among other customary matters.
The following table summarizes conversions of the First Purchase Agreement notes during the year ended December 31, 2023:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Series A Notes | | Series B-1 Notes | | Series B-2 Notes | | Series B-3 Notes |
Shares of common stock issued for conversions | 21,785,618 | | | 21,127,720 | | | 21,758,268 | | | 22,639,159 | |
Principal balance converted | $ | 50,000 | | | $ | 25,000 | | | $ | 15,000 | | | $ | 12,075 | |
Make-whole interest converted | $ | 2,500 | | | $ | 1,250 | | | $ | 750 | | | $ | 604 | |
Average conversion price | $ | 2.41 | | | $ | 1.24 | | | $ | 0.72 | | | $ | 0.56 | |
The Company elected to account for the First Purchase Agreement Notes pursuant to the fair value option under ASC 825. ASC 825-10-15-4 provides for the “fair value option” (“FVO”) election, to the extent not otherwise prohibited by ASC 825-10-15-5, to be afforded to financial instruments, wherein the financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. The Company believes that the fair value option better reflects the underlying economics of the First Purchase Agreement Notes. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized zero and $50.0 million, respectively, in debt and finance lease liabilities, current on the consolidated balance sheets for the fair value of First Purchase Agreement Notes outstanding. The First Purchase Agreement was terminated in the third quarter of 2023.
Second Purchase Agreement Notes
On August 21, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "Second Purchase Agreement") with the investors named therein for the sale of up to $325.0 million in initial principal amount of senior convertible notes (the “Second Purchase Agreement Notes”), in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5635, the Company is limited to the issuance of an aggregate of 171,179,577 shares under the terms of the Second Purchase Agreement. The Second Purchase Agreement Notes (together with the First Purchase Agreement Notes, the "Senior Convertible Notes") are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations. The Company consummated an initial closing for the sale of $125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes on August 21, 2023 (the "Series A-1 Notes").
Subsequent to the initial closing, the Company entered into a supplemental indenture pursuant to which the Company consummated an additional closing on September 22, 2023 for the sale of $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series A-2 Notes").
The purchase price for the Second Purchase Agreement Notes is $1,000 per $1,000 principal amount. Subject to certain conditions being met or waived, at the option of the Company, one or more additional closings for up to the remaining principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes may occur. The aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes that may be offered in the additional closings may not be more than $160.0 million and the Company’s option to sell additional Second Purchase Agreement Notes will be exercisable until the 18 month anniversary of the date of the Second Purchase Agreement.
Each Second Purchase Agreement Note will accrue interest at a rate of 5% per annum, payable in arrears on the first calendar day of each calendar quarter, beginning January 1, 2024 for the Series A-1 Notes and for the Series A-2 Notes. Each Second Purchase Agreement Note issued pursuant to the Second Purchase Agreement will have a maturity date of one year
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
from issuance, which may be extended at the option of the noteholders in certain instances. Upon any conversion, redemption or other repayment of a Second Purchase Agreement Note, a “make-whole” amount equal to the amount of additional interest that would accrue under such Second Purchase Agreement Note at the interest rate then in effect assuming that the outstanding principal of such Second Purchase Agreement Notes remained outstanding through and including the maturity date of such Second Purchase Agreement Note.
At any time on or after August 21, 2023, the Conversion Amount is convertible at any time, at the Conversion Price. The Reference Price and Floor Price applicable to each issuance of Second Purchase Agreement Notes is summarized below:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Reference Price | | Floor Price |
Series A-1 Notes | $ | 2.940 | | | $ | 0.380 | |
Series A-2 Notes | $ | 2.940 | | | $ | 0.380 | |
The following table summarizes conversions of the Second Purchase Agreement Notes during the year ended December 31, 2023:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Series A-1 Notes | | Series A-2 Notes |
Shares of common stock issued for conversions | 128,380,608 | | | 35,952,992 | |
Principal balance converted | $ | 125,000 | | | $ | 40,000 | |
Make-whole interest converted | $ | 6,250 | | | $ | 2,000 | |
Average conversion price | $ | 1.02 | | | $ | 1.17 | |
The Company elected to account for the Second Purchase Agreement Notes pursuant to the fair value option under ASC 825. As of December 31, 2023, there were no Second Purchase Agreement Notes outstanding.
8.25% Convertible Notes
On December 12, 2023, the Company consummated the sale and issuance of $175.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 8.25% Green Convertible Senior Notes due 2026. The 8.25% Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company.
The 8.25% Convertible Notes accrue interest at a rate of 8.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on June 15, 2024. The 8.25% Convertible Notes will mature on December 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. At any time before the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, noteholders may convert their 8.25% Convertible Notes at their option. The Company will settle conversions by delivering (i) shares of the Company’s common stock (together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share), at the then-applicable conversion rate; and (ii) a cash amount representing the present value of remaining scheduled coupon payments on the converted notes discounted at United States treasuries plus 50 basis points (the “Coupon Make-Whole Premium”). The initial conversion rate is $1,111.11 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 8.25% Convertible Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $0.90 per share of common stock. The conversion rate and conversion price are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a make-whole fundamental change occur, then the conversion rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time.
The 8.25% Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part (subject to certain limitations described below), at the Company’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after December 15, 2025 and before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 175% of the conversion price on each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice. However, the Company may not redeem less than all of the outstanding 8.25% Convertible Notes unless at least $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Convertible Notes are outstanding and not called for redemption as of the time the Company sends the related redemption notice. The redemption price will be a cash amount equal to the principal amount of the 8.25% Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
If certain corporate events that constitute a fundamental change occur prior to the maturity date, then, subject to a limited exception for certain cash mergers, noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their 8.25% Convertible Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the 8.25% Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The definition of fundamental change includes certain business combination transactions involving the Company and certain de-listing events with respect to the Company’s common stock.
The 8.25% Convertible Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of events of default, which include the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the 8.25% Convertible Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the 8.25% Convertible Notes, will be subject to a 30-day cure period); (ii) the Company’s failure to send certain notices under the Indenture within specified periods of time; (iii) the Company’s failure to comply with certain covenants in the Indenture relating to the Company’s ability to consolidate with or merge with or into, or sell, lease or otherwise transfer, in one transaction or a series of transactions, all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person; (iv) a default by the Company in its other obligations or agreements under the Indenture or the Notes if such default is not cured or waived within 60 days after notice is given in accordance with the Indenture; (v) certain payment defaults or other defaults that result in the acceleration prior to stated maturity of indebtedness for borrowed money of the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries of at least $30,000,000 are not cured, waived, rescinded or discharged, as applicable, within 30 days after notice is given in accordance with the Indenture; (vi) the rendering of certain judgments against the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries for the payment of at least $30,000,000 (excluding any amounts covered by insurance), where such judgments are not discharged or stayed within 60 days after date on which the right to appeal has expired or on which all rights to appeal have been extinguished; and (vii) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries.
If an event of default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to the Company (and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of the Company) occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest and Coupon Make-Whole Premium, if any, on, all of the 8.25% Convertible Notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other event of default occurs and is continuing, then, the Trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Convertible Notes then outstanding, by notice to the Company and the Trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest and Coupon Make-Whole Premium, if any, on, all of the 8.25% Convertible Notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may elect, at its option, that the sole remedy for an event of default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants in the Indenture consists exclusively of the right of the noteholders to receive during the continuance of such event of default special interest on the 8.25% Convertible Notes for up to 180 days at a specified rate per annum of 0.25% for the first 90 days and 0.50% from the 91st day until the 180th day, in each case, on the principal amount of the 8.25% Convertible Notes.
The conversion features embedded to the 8.25% Convertible Notes met the criteria to be separated from the host contract and recognized separately at fair value, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The total proceeds received were first allocated to the fair value of the bifurcated derivative liability, and the remaining proceeds allocated to the host resulting in an adjustment to the initial purchasers' debt discount.
The Company recognized $122.1 million upon issuance of the 8.25% Convertible Notes, net of initial purchasers' discounts of $47.3 million and debt issuance costs of $5.6 million. Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs were reported as a direct deduction from the face amount of the 8.25% Convertible Notes. As of December 31, 2023, the Company accrued $0.3 million for debt issuance costs.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, noteholders of the 8.25% Convertible Notes converted aggregate principal amount of $153.4 million for issuance of 170,491,093 shares of the Company's common stock and Coupon Make-Whole Premium in cash of $35.2 million. The Company extinguished 8.25% Convertible Notes with a carrying amount of $107.1 million for conversions, resulting in a loss on debt extinguishment of $10.7 million on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
The net carrying amount of the debt component of the 8.25% Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2023 was as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | 8.25% Convertible Notes |
Principal amount | | $ | 21,558 | |
Unamortized discount | | (5,821) | |
Unamortized issuance costs | | (690) | |
Net carrying amount | | $ | 15,047 | |
Interest expense on the 8.25% Convertible Notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 was immaterial.
Financing Obligations
On May 10, 2022 (the "Sale Date"), the Company entered into a sale agreement (the "Sale Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company sold the land and property related to the Company's headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona for a purchase price of $52.5 million. As of the Sale Date, $13.1 million was withheld from the proceeds received related to portions of the headquarters undergoing construction. The Company received the remaining proceeds throughout the completion of construction pursuant to the terms of the Sale Agreement. Concurrent with the sale, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the "Lease Agreement"), whereby the Company leased back the land and property related to the headquarters for an initial term of 20 years with four extension options for 7 years each. As of the Sale Date, the Company considered one extension option reasonably certain of being exercised.
The buyer is not considered to have obtained control of the headquarters because the lease is classified as a finance lease. Accordingly, the sale of the headquarters is not recognized and the property and land continue to be recognized on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of the Sale Date, the Company recorded $38.3 million as a financing obligation on the Company's consolidated balance sheets representing proceeds received net of debt issuance costs of $1.1 million. Rent payments under the terms of the Lease Agreement will be allocated between interest expense and principal repayments using the effective interest method. Additionally, debt issuance costs will be amortized to interest expense over the lease term.
After the Sale Date and through December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $12.0 million for financing obligations on the Company's consolidated balance sheets related to the completion of construction after the Sale Date. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has recognized a HQ Sale Agreement receivable of zero and $5.5 million, respectively, for funds not yet received for construction completed in prepaid expenses and other current assets. Additionally, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $3.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of interest expense related to interest on the financing obligation and amortization of debt issuance costs.
On June 29, 2023 (the "Land Sale Date"), the Company entered into a sale agreement (the "Land Sale Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company sold the land in Coolidge, Arizona on which the Company's manufacturing facility is located for a purchase price of $50.4 million. Concurrent with the sale, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the "Land Lease Agreement"), whereby the Company leased back the land for an initial term of 99 years. The Land Lease Agreement grants the Company an option to repurchase the land upon the fiftieth (50th) anniversary of the Land Sale Date for a price equal to the greater of the fair market value, or 300% of the purchase price. As of the Land Sale Date, the Company considered the purchase option reasonably certain of being exercised.
The buyer is not considered to have obtained control of the land because the lease is classified as a finance lease. Accordingly, the sale of the land in Coolidge, Arizona is not recognized and the land continues to be recognized on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of the Land Sale Date, the Company recorded $49.4 million as a financing obligation on the Company's consolidated balance sheets representing proceeds received net of debt issuance costs of $1.0 million. Rent payments under the terms of the Land Lease Agreement will be allocated between interest expense and principal repayments using the effective interest method. Additionally, debt issuance costs will be amortized to interest expense over the lease term.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $2.6 million of interest expense related to interest on the financing obligation and amortization of debt issuance costs.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
Promissory Notes
During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company closed on the purchase of its headquarters facility in Phoenix, Arizona. Concurrently with the closing of the purchase, the Company, as borrower, executed a promissory note for $25.0 million at a stated interest rate of 4% (the "Promissory Note"). The Promissory Note carried a 60 month term, interest only payments for the first 12 months and a 25 year amortization thereafter, with the remaining principal balance due upon maturity. The loan was fully collateralized by the Company's headquarters.
On May 10, 2022, and in connection with the execution of the sale and leaseback of the Company's headquarters, the Company repaid the Promissory Note.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $0.4 million of interest expense related to interest on the Promissory Note and amortization of debt issuance costs prior to redemption. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company expensed $0.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs related to the Promissory Note.
Collateralized Promissory Notes
On June 7, 2022, the Company executed a promissory note and a master security agreement (the "Master Security Agreement") for $50.0 million at a stated interest rate of 4.26% (the "Collateralized Note"). The Collateralized Note was fully collateralized by certain personal property assets as fully described in the Master Security Agreement. The Collateralized Note carried a 60 month term and was payable in 60 equal consecutive monthly installments due in arrears.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of interest expense on the Collateralized Note. The Company repaid $39.3 million during the third quarter of 2023, representing the outstanding principal balance of the Collateralized Note.
On August 4, 2022, the Company executed a promissory note and a security agreement for $4.0 million at an implied interest rate of 7.00% (the "Second Collateralized Note"). The Second Collateralized Note is fully collateralized by certain personal property assets as fully described in the security agreement. The Second Collateralized Note carries a 60 month term and is payable in 60 equal monthly installments due in arrears.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of interest expense on the Second Collateralized Note.
Insurance Premium Financing
The Company executed an insurance premium financing agreement pursuant to which the Company financed certain annual insurance premiums for $6.6 million, primarily consisting of premiums for directors' and officers' insurance. The insurance premium payable incurred interest at 2.95%, and matured on March 27, 2023.
During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company executed additional insurance premium financing agreements pursuant to which the Company financed certain annual insurance premiums for $3.9 million and $1.2 million, respectively, primarily consisting of premiums for directors' and officers' insurance. The insurance premium payables each incurred interest at 6.64%, and is due in monthly installments maturing on March 27, 2024.
For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.1 million of interest expense on the insurance premium financing agreements.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES (Continued)
Aggregate Long-Term Debt Maturities
The following table summarizes the long-term debt maturities for each of the next five years and thereafter at December 31, 2023.
| | | | | | | | |
Years Ended December 31, | | Total |
2024 | | $ | 8,070 | |
2025 | | 8,946 | |
2026 | | 165,600 | |
2027 | | 8,950 | |
2028 | | 8,441 | |
Thereafter | | 574,450 | |
Total | | $ | 774,457 | |
Letters of Credit
During the third quarter of 2022, the Company executed a $0.6 million letter of credit to secure a customs bond through August 31, 2023. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company executed a $1.2 million letter of credit to secure a customs bond through September 14, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts have been drawn on the letter of credit.
During the second quarter of 2022, and in conjunction with the execution of the Lease Agreement, the Company executed an irrevocable standby letter of credit for $12.5 million to collateralize the Company's lease obligation. The Lease Agreement was subsequently amended, increasing the amount of the letter of credit to $13.1 million. The letter of credit is subject to annual increases commensurate with base rent increases pursuant to the Lease Agreement. The letter of credit will expire upon the expiration of the Lease Agreement, but may be subject to reduction or early termination upon the satisfaction of certain conditions as described in the Lease Agreement.
During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company executed an irrevocable standby letter of credit for $25.0 million through December 31, 2024 in connection with the execution of a product supply agreement with a vendor. The supply agreement was subsequently amended, reducing the amount of the letter of credit to $15.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts have been drawn on the letters of credit.
9.CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Shares Authorized
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had authorized a total of 1,750,000,000 shares for issuance consisting of 1,600,000,000 shares designated as common stock and 150,000,000 shares designated as preferred stock.
Warrants
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 841,183 and 1,137,850 private warrants outstanding, respectively. The Company assumed the private warrants previously issued by VectoIQ and Romeo through the Business Combination and Romeo Acquisition, respectively, and each private warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $11.50 or $96.96 per share, respectively, subject to adjustment.
The exercise price and number of common shares issuable upon exercise of the private warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the private warrants will not be adjusted for the issuance of common stock at a price below their exercise price.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded a $0.4 million gain, $3.9 million gain and $3.1 million gain, respectively, for revaluation of warrant liability on the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $0.01 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for warrant liability related to the private warrants outstanding, which are included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
9. CAPITAL STRUCTURE (Continued)
Stock Purchase Agreements
First Purchase Agreement with Tumim Stone Capital LLC
On June 11, 2021, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the "First Tumim Purchase Agreement") and a registration rights agreement (the "Registration Rights Agreement") with Tumim Stone Capital LLC ("Tumim"), pursuant to which Tumim committed to purchase up to $300.0 million in shares of the Company's common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. The Company shall not issue or sell any shares of common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of common stock beneficially owned by Tumim, would result in beneficial ownership of more than 4.99% of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock.
Under the terms of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Tumim, shares of common stock over the period commencing on the date of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement (the “Tumim Closing Date”) and ending on the first day of the month following the 36-month anniversary of the Tumim Closing Date. The purchase price will be calculated as 97% of the volume weighted average prices of the Company's common stock during normal trading hours for three consecutive trading days commencing on the purchase notice date.
Concurrent with the signing of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 155,703 shares of its common stock to Tumim as a commitment fee ("Commitment Shares"). The total fair value of the shares issued for the commitment fee of $2.6 million was recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
During 2023, the Company sold 3,420,990 shares of common stock for proceeds of $8.4 million, and terminated the First Tumim Purchase Agreement during the first quarter of 2023. During 2022, the Company sold 17,248,244 shares of common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement for proceeds of $123.7 million. During 2021, the Company sold 14,213,498 shares of common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement for proceeds of $163.8 million.
Second Purchase Agreement with Tumim
On September 24, 2021, the Company entered into the "Second Tumim Purchase Agreement" and a registration rights agreement with Tumim, pursuant to which Tumim committed to purchase up to $300.0 million in shares of the Company's common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement. The Company will not issue or sell any shares of common stock under the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of common stock beneficially owned by Tumim, would result in beneficial ownership of more than 4.99% of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock.
Under the terms of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Tumim, shares of common stock over the period commencing on the date of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement (the “Second Tumim Closing Date”) and ending on the first day of the month following the 36-month anniversary of the Second Tumim Closing Date, provided that certain conditions have been met. These conditions include effectiveness of a registration statement covering the resale of shares of common stock that have been and may be issued under the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement and termination of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. The registration statement covering the offer and sale of up to 29,042,827 shares of common stock, including the commitment shares, to Tumim was declared effective on November 29, 2021. The purchase price will be calculated as 97% of the volume weighted average prices of the Company's common stock during normal trading hours for three consecutive trading days commencing on the purchase notice date.
Concurrent with the signing of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 252,040 shares of its common stock to Tumim as a commitment fee. The total fair value of the shares issued for the commitment fee of $2.9 million was recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statement of operations.
During 2023, the Company sold 28,790,787 shares of common stock for proceeds of $59.2 million to Tumim under the terms of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement, and terminated the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement during the third quarter of 2023.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
9. CAPITAL STRUCTURE (Continued)
Equity Distribution Agreement
In August 2022, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with Citi as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company can issue and sell shares of its common stock with an aggregate maximum offering price of $400.0 million. In August 2023, the Company restated the equity distribution agreement with Citi as a sales agent, pursuant to which the Company increased the aggregate maximum offering price by $200.0 million, resulting in an aggregate offering price of up to $600.0 million.
The Company pays Citi a fixed commission rate of 2.5% of gross offering proceeds of shares sold under the Equity Distribution Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 68,351,243 shares of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement at an average price per share of $1.76 for gross proceeds of $120.5 million and net proceeds of approximately $117.5 million, after $3.0 million in commissions and fees to the sales agent. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 45,324,227 shares of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement at an average price per share of $3.70 for gross proceeds of $167.8 million and net proceeds of approximately $163.5 million, after $4.3 million in commissions and fees to the sales agent. Commissions incurred in connection with the Equity Distribution Agreement are reflected as a reduction of additional paid-in capital on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $49.5 thousand and $1.7 million, respectively, in commissions were recognized in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
Public Offerings
The Company sold 29,910,715 shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "Public Offering") at an offering price of $1.12 per share. The Public Offering closed on April 4, 2023, and the Company received net proceeds of $32.2 million after underwriter's discounts and offering costs.
The Company sold 133,333,334 shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "December 2023 Public Offering") at an offering price of $0.75 per share. The December 2023 Public Offering closed on December 12, 2023, and the Company received net proceeds of $95.6 million after underwriter's discounts and offering costs.
Direct Offering
The Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with an investor (the "Investor") pursuant to which the investor agreed to purchase up to $100.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock in a registered direct offering (the "Direct Offering"), with an actual amount of shares of common stock purchased in the Direct Offering reduced to the extent of the total number of shares issued pursuant to the Public Offering. The Direct Offering closed on April 11, 2023, and the Company sold 59,374,999 shares of common stock at the Public Offering price of $1.12 per share to the Investor for net proceeds of $63.2 million, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses.
10.STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE
2017 and 2020 Stock Plans
Legacy Nikola's 2017 Stock Option Plan (the “2017 Plan”) provided for the grant of incentive and nonqualified options to purchase Legacy Nikola common stock to officers, employees, directors, and consultants of Legacy Nikola. Options were granted at a price not less than the fair market value on the date of grant and generally became exercisable between one and four years after the date of grant. Options generally expire ten years from the date of grant. Outstanding awards under the 2017 Plan continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan.
At the Company's special meeting of stockholders held on June 2, 2020, the stockholders approved the Nikola Corporation 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") and the Nikola Corporation 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2020 ESPP"). The 2020 Plan and the 2020 ESPP were previously approved, subject to stockholder approval, by the Company's board of directors on May 6, 2020. The aggregate number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2020 Plan will not exceed 42,802,865, plus the number of shares subject to outstanding awards as of the closing of the Business Combination under the 2017 Plan that are subsequently forfeited or terminated. The aggregate number of shares available for issuance under the 2020 ESPP is 4,000,000.
At the Company's annual meeting of stockholders on August 3, 2023, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2020 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock available for issuance by 30,000,000 shares.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Continued)
The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and nonqualified stock option, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), restricted share awards, stock appreciation awards, and cash-based awards to employees, outside directors, and consultants of the Company. The 2020 Plan and the 2020 ESPP became effective immediately upon the closing of the Business Combination. No offerings have been authorized to date by the Company's board of directors under the ESPP.
Stock Options
Options vest in accordance with the terms set forth in the grant letter. Time-based options generally vest ratably over a period of approximately 36 months. Changes in stock options are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Options | | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per share | | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 22,470,585 | | | $ | 1.31 | | | 5.33 | | $ | 23,418 | |
Granted | — | | | — | | | | | |
Exercised | 6,723,629 | | | 1.06 | | | | | |
Cancelled | 705,583 | | | 2.45 | | | | | |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 15,041,373 | | | $ | 1.37 | | | 3.64 | | $ | — | |
Vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2023 | 15,041,373 | | | $ | 1.37 | | | 3.64 | | $ | — | |
There were 6,723,629, 6,424,780 and 3,472,267 stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $8.2 million, $14.6 million and $51.8 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The fair value of stock options vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 was immaterial. The fair value of stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0.8 million, and $0.4 million, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units
The fair value of RSUs is based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The time-based RSUs generally vest in increments over a three year period or, in the case of executive officers, cliff-vest following the third anniversary from the date of grant. The RSUs to directors have a vesting cliff of one year after the grant date. Changes in RSUs are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Number of RSUs | | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | | 19,574,800 | | | $ | 10.0 | |
Granted | | 26,365,516 | | | 1.3 | |
Released | | 13,247,573 | | | 9.9 | |
Cancelled | | 7,151,622 | | | 5.1 | |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | | 25,541,121 | | | $ | 2.1 | |
During the fourth quarter of 2022, in connection with the Romeo Acquisition, each share of Romeo Common Stock that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Romeo Acquisition was converted into the right to receive 0.1186 of a share of Nikola Common Stock, rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares of Nikola Common Stock. Each Romeo RSU and Romeo performance-related stock unit that was outstanding and not settled immediately prior to the effective time was settled for shares of Nikola Common Stock, determined by multiplying the number of shares of Romeo Common Stock that were subject to such Romeo RSU or Romeo PSU, as in effect immediately prior to the effective time, by 0.1186, rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares of Nikola Common Stock.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Continued)
Market Based RSUs
The Company's market based RSUs contained a stock price index as a benchmark for vesting. Through the second quarter of 2022, these awards were issued with three milestones that vested depending upon a consecutive 20-trading day stock price target of the Company’s common stock. The Company's stock price targets ranged from $25 per share to $55 per share. At the time of their grant, the Company estimated the fair value of the awards using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilized significant assumptions consisting of risk-free interest rate in the range of 0.2% to 0.3%, and volatility in the range of 70% to 85%.
During 2022, the Company granted 1,351,361 shares of market based RSUs to various executives in connection with either their hiring or assumption of new roles within the Company. The awards vest depending upon a consecutive 20-trading day stock price target of the Company’s common stock of $25 per share to $55 per share. The total grant date fair value of the market based RSUs was determined to be $3.2 million and is recognized over the requisite service period.
During the third quarter of 2022, the market based RSUs subject to the $40 and $55 stock price milestones were cancelled and the Company expensed $55.8 million related to the cancelled awards representing the remaining unamortized expense as of the cancellation date.
Additionally, during the third quarter of 2022, the performance period for the market based RSUs subject to the $25 stock price milestone was extended from June 3, 2023 to June 3, 2024. The incremental compensation cost from this modification was $4.3 million, determined by comparing the estimated fair value of the modified awards to the estimated fair value of the original awards immediately before the modification of the performance period. The remaining compensation cost related to the original award and the incremental compensation cost are recognized over the award's remaining requisite service period. The vested shares related to the modified awards are transferred to the award holders upon the completion of the requisite service period ending June 3, 2024, and upon achievement certification by the Company's board of directors. If the $25 target price is not achieved by the end of requisite service period, the market based RSUs are forfeited. During the second quarter of 2023, the market based RSUs subject to the $25 stock price milestones were cancelled and the Company expensed $6.8 million related to the cancelled awards representing the remaining unamortized expense as of the cancellation date.
During 2023, the Company granted 5,000,000 performance-based RSUs to the Company's executive officers, which entitle them to receive a specified number of shares of the Company's common stock upon vesting. The number of shares earned could range between 0% and 200% of the target award depending upon the Company's performance at the conclusion of the three-year performance period, ending December 31, 2025. The performance condition of the awards is based on total shareholder return ("TSR") of the Company's common stock relative to a broad group of green energy companies. The TSR performance condition is deemed a market condition. The grant date fair value of the TSR awards was determined to be $12.5 million and is recognized over the vesting period.
The estimated fair value of the market based RSUs and TSR awards as of each grant date, or as of the modification date, as applicable, were estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model that utilizes significant assumptions, including volatility, that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award to calculate the fair value of the award. The grant date fair value of the awards does not change throughout the vesting period. The following represents the range of assumptions used to determine the grant date or modification date fair value for these awards:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| For the years ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Term (years) | 2.20 - 2.70 | | 0.80 - 1.80 |
Stock price | $0.82 - $3.40 | | $5.32 - $9.66 |
Risk-free interest rate | 3.93% - 5.03% | | 1.66% - 3.50% |
Expected volatility | 99% - 127% | | 100% |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Continued)
The following table summarizes 2023 market-based RSU activity:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Number of Market Based RSUs | | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | | 2,071,058 | | | $ | 24.5 | |
Granted | | 5,000,000 | | | 2.5 | |
Released | | — | | | — | |
Cancelled | | 4,071,058 | | | 13.1 | |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | | 3,000,000 | | | $ | 3.3 | |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following table presents the impact of stock-based compensation expense on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Selling, general, and administrative | $ | 51,003 | | | $ | 214,717 | | | $ | 169,561 | |
Research and development | 22,213 | | | 34,949 | | | 36,150 | |
Cost of revenues | 2,175 | | | 2,779 | | | — | |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 75,391 | | | $ | 252,445 | | | $ | 205,711 | |
As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense and remaining weighted-average recognition period related to outstanding share-based awards were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Unrecognized compensation expense | | Remaining weighted-average recognition period (years) |
Market Based RSUs | $ | 8,151 | | | 1.71 |
RSUs | 31,174 | | | 2.00 |
Total unrecognized compensation expense at December 31, 2023 | $ | 39,325 | | | |
11.DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY
As discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation, on June 30, 2023, the Company transferred ownership of all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to all of its tangible and intangible assets, subject to certain agreed upon exclusions, to the Assignee. The Company received no cash consideration related to the Assignment.
The Company deconsolidated Romeo as of the Assignment as the Company no longer held a controlling financial interest in Romeo as of that date. The Company did not have any amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss associated with Romeo at the time of deconsolidation. The Assignment of Romeo represents a strategic shift and its results are reported as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Following the Assignment, the Company retained no interest in Romeo, and Romeo is not deemed a related party.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
11. DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY (Continued)
In connection with the deconsolidation, the Company recognized a loss from deconsolidation of subsidiaries of $24.9 million which is recorded in loss from deconsolidation of discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and consisted of the following:
| | | | | | | | |
| | As of deconsolidation |
Assets deconsolidated: | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 213 | |
Accounts receivable, net | | — | |
Inventory | | 7,271 | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 3,351 | |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, non-current | | 1,500 | |
Property, plant and equipment, net | | 17,555 | |
Intangible assets, net | | 656 | |
Investments in affiliates | | 10,000 | |
Other assets | | 23,364 | |
Total assets deconsolidated | | $ | 63,910 | |
Liabilities deconsolidated: | | |
Accounts payable | | $ | 15,583 | |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | | 57,612 | |
Debt and finance lease liabilities, current | | 1,206 | |
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities, net of current portion | | 1,160 | |
Operating lease liabilities | | 21,664 | |
Warrant liability | | 8 | |
Other non-current liabilities | | — | |
Total liabilities deconsolidated | | 97,233 | |
Net liabilities derecognized from deconsolidation | | (33,323) | |
Less: intercompany balances derecognized | | 54,084 | |
Less: cash payments directly related to deconsolidation | | 2,724 | |
Less: derecognition of goodwill | | 1,450 | |
Loss from deconsolidation of discontinued operation | | $ | 24,935 | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
11. DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY (Continued)
As of December 31, 2022, the assets and liabilities of Romeo subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors have been reflected as assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors and liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors on the Company's consolidated balance sheets and consisted of the following:
| | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, 2022 |
Assets: | | |
Current assets | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 7,555 | |
Accounts receivable, net | | 262 | |
Inventory | | 11,327 | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 9,881 | |
Total current assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | | 29,025 | |
Non-current assets | | |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, non-current | | 1,500 | |
Property, plant and equipment, net | | 19,221 | |
Intangible assets, net | | 621 | |
Investments in affiliates | | 10,000 | |
Prepayment - Long-term Supply Agreement | | 44,835 | |
Other assets | | 23,948 | |
Total non-current assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | | 100,125 | |
Total assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | | $ | 129,150 | |
| | |
Liabilities: | | |
Current liabilities | | |
Accounts payable | | $ | 24,672 | |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | | 22,990 | |
Debt and finance lease liabilities, current | | 1,440 | |
Total current liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | | 49,102 | |
Long-term liabilities | | |
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities, net of current portion | | 1,499 | |
Operating lease liabilities | | 22,132 | |
Warrant liability | | 40 | |
Total long-term liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | | 23,671 | |
Total liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors | | $ | 72,773 | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
11. DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY (Continued)
The following represents the major components of net loss from discontinued operations presented in the consolidated statements of operations:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Revenues | $ | 1,665 | | | $ | 1,100 | |
Cost of revenues | 12,926 | | | 19,888 | |
Gross loss | (11,261) | | | (18,788) | |
Operating expenses: | | | |
Research and development | 5,673 | | | 3,287 | |
Selling, general and administrative | 14,937 | | | 23,968 | |
Loss on supplier deposits | 44,835 | | | — | |
Total operating expenses | 65,445 | | | 27,255 | |
Loss from operations | (76,706) | | | (46,043) | |
Other income (expense), net | | | |
Interest expense, net | (53) | | | (28) | |
Revaluation of warrant liability | 33 | | | (29) | |
Loss from discontinued operations | $ | (76,726) | | | $ | (46,100) | |
12.RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN
The Company sponsored a savings plan available to all eligible employees, which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Code. Employees may contribute to the plan amounts of their pre-tax salary subject to statutory limitations. Beginning in 2021, the Company provided an employer matching contribution for the amount a participant contributes as salary deferrals up to 100% of the amount contributed for the first 1% of the participant’s plan compensation plus 50% for each additional 1% of compensation contributed between 1% and 6% of the participant’s plan compensation. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company provided $4.1 million, $3.5 million and $2.1 million, respectively, in matching contributions.
13.INCOME TAXES
A provision of $12.0 thousand, $6.0 thousand and $4.0 thousand has been recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related primarily to changes in indefinite lived goodwill deferred tax liabilities.
The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Current tax provision | | | | | |
Federal | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
State | 2 | | | 3 | | | 1 | |
| | | | | |
Total current tax provision | 2 | | | 3 | | | 1 | |
Deferred tax provision | | | | | |
Federal | 1 | | | — | | | 1 | |
State | 9 | | | 3 | | | 2 | |
| | | | | |
Total deferred tax provision | 10 | | | 3 | | | 3 | |
Total income tax provision | $ | 12 | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 4 | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
13. INCOME TAXES (Continued)
The reconciliation of taxes at the federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Tax at statutory federal rate | $ | (181,041) | | | $ | (155,064) | | | $ | (144,848) | |
State tax, net of federal benefit | (70,917) | | | (28,612) | | | (21,212) | |
Stock-based compensation | 23,822 | | | 47,382 | | | 22,825 | |
Section 162(m) limitation | 3,551 | | | 3,725 | | | 2,009 | |
Divestiture of affiliate | (11,776) | | | — | | | — | |
Research and development credits, net of uncertain tax position | (13,822) | | | (16,503) | | | (12,558) | |
Warrant revaluation | (109) | | | (971) | | | (641) | |
SEC Settlement | — | | | — | | | 26,250 | |
Change in fair value of convertible debt instruments | 60,204 | | | — | | | — | |
Non-deductible interest expense | 16,666 | | | — | | | — | |
Other | 12,572 | | | 5,345 | | | (438) | |
Change in valuation allowance | 160,862 | | | 144,704 | | | 128,617 | |
Total income tax provision | $ | 12 | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 4 | |
Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Deferred tax assets: | | | |
Federal and state income tax credits | $ | 66,692 | | | $ | 52,932 | |
Net operating loss carryforward | 397,340 | | | 317,393 | |
Start-up costs capitalized | 1,655 | | | 1,432 | |
Stock-based compensation | 4,659 | | | 13,599 | |
Finance lease liabilities | 32,202 | | | 15,017 | |
Accrued purchase of intangible asset | — | | | 7,993 | |
Inventory | 21,999 | | | 2,758 | |
Research expenditures | 79,429 | | | 49,137 | |
Warranty reserve | 23,072 | | | 1,938 | |
Other | 2,429 | | | — | |
Total deferred tax assets | 629,477 | | | 462,199 | |
Valuation allowance | (597,680) | | | (435,923) | |
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 31,797 | | | 26,276 | |
Deferred tax liabilities: | | | |
Intangible assets | (2,775) | | | (2,363) | |
Finance lease assets | (1,860) | | | (1,975) | |
Property, plant and equipment, net | (27,184) | | | (21,474) | |
Other | — | | | (479) | |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (31,819) | | | (26,291) | |
Deferred tax liabilities, net | $ | (22) | | | $ | (15) | |
The table above includes only deferred tax assets and liabilities related to continuing operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had net deferred tax assets of $183.1 million and $158.7 million, respectively, related to assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors, subject to a full valuation allowance.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
13. INCOME TAXES (Continued)
The Company is required to reduce its deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management must use judgment in assessing the potential need for a valuation allowance, which requires an evaluation of both negative and positive evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. In determining the need for and amount of the valuation allowance, if any, the Company assesses the likelihood that it will be able to recover its deferred tax assets using historical levels of income, estimates of future income and tax planning strategies. As a result of historical cumulative losses, the Company determined that, based on all available evidence, there was substantial uncertainty as to whether it will recover recorded net deferred taxes in future periods. Accordingly, the Company recorded valuation allowances of $597.7 million, $435.9 million and $291.2 million at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively. The increase in the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $161.8 million as reflected below, is due to increases in the net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
Valuation Allowance as of the beginning of the period | $ | (435,923) | | | $ | (291,222) | |
Current Year Change | (161,757) | | | (144,701) | |
Valuation Allowance as of the end of the period | $ | (597,680) | | | $ | (435,923) | |
At December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $11.2 million that expire in 2037 and $1.5 billion that have an indefinite carryforward period. The Company has combined state net operating loss carryforwards of $1.7 billion at December 31, 2023, that begin to expire in 2033. The Company had federal and state tax credits of $57.8 million and $37.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023, which if unused will begin to expire in 2038 for federal and 2032 for state tax purposes.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (the "Act") provides for a limitation on the annual use of net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards following certain ownership changes (as defined by the Act and codified under Section 382 of the Code) that could limit the Company’s ability to utilize these carryforwards. The Company determined that an ownership change occurred on September 30, 2023. An analysis was performed and while utilization of net operating losses may be subject to annual limitation prior to December 31, 2047, subsequent to that date there is no limitation on the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating losses. As such, the ownership change has no impact to the carrying value of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards.
The following table reflect changes in the unrecognized tax benefits:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the beginning of the year | $ | 18,076 | | | $ | 11,661 | | | $ | 7,392 | |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | 4,677 | | | 5,550 | | | 4,269 | |
Additions based on tax position from prior years | 11 | | | 865 | | | — | |
Gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the end of the year | $ | 22,764 | | | $ | 18,076 | | | $ | 11,661 | |
Effective July 11, 2017, the Company adopted the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. ASC Topic 740 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained in a court of last resort, based on the technical merits. If more-likely-than-not, the amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination, including compromise settlements. For tax positions not meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, no tax benefit is recorded.
As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company had $22.8 million, $18.1 million, and $11.7 million, respectively, of gross unrecognized tax benefits, related to research and experimental tax credits. The Company does not expect a significant change to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to occur within the next 12 months.
The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company had no accrual for interest or penalties at December 31, 2023 or 2022, and has not recognized interest or penalties
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
13. INCOME TAXES (Continued)
during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, since there was no reduction in income taxes paid due to uncertain tax positions.
On October 8 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") released a statement on the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Sharing, which agreed to a two-pillar solution to address tax challenges of the digital economy. On December 20, 2021, the OECD released the Model GloBE Rules for Pillar Two defining a 15% global minimum tax rate for large multinational corporations. The OECD continues to release additional guidance and countries are implementing legislation with widespread adoption of the Model GloBE Rules for Pillar Two expected by calendar year 2024. The Company is continuing to evaluate the Model GloBE Rules for Pillar Two and related legislation, and their potential impact on future periods.
The Company is subject to taxation in the United States, various states, Canada, and Germany. As of December 31, 2023, all tax years remain open to examination, to the extent of the losses incurred.
14.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Legal Proceedings
The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible, and as to whether such loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events, and the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. The Company expenses professional legal fees as incurred, which are included in selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated financial statements. Other than as described below, there is no material pending or threatened litigation against the Company that remains outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Regulatory and Governmental Investigations
By order dated December 21, 2021, the Company and the SEC reached a settlement arising out of the SEC’s investigation of the Company related to a short-seller article published in September 2020. Under the terms of the settlement, without admitting or denying the SEC’s findings, the Company among other things, agreed to pay a $125 million civil penalty. The first $25 million installment was paid at the end of 2021 and the remaining installments to be paid semiannually through 2023. The Company previously reserved the full amount of the settlement in the quarter ended September 30, 2021, as disclosed in the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for such quarter, filed with the SEC on November 4, 2021. In July 2022, the Company and SEC agreed to an alternative payment plan with the first two payments of $5 million to be paid in July 2022 and December 2022. The July 2022 and December 2022 payments have been made by the Company. In February 2023, the Company and the SEC agreed to another alternative payment plan, with two payments of $1.5 million each to be paid in March 2023 and June 2023. The March 2023 and June 2023 payments have been made by the Company. In August 2023, the Company and the SEC agreed to make two additional payments of $1.5 million to be paid in September 2023 and December 2023, both of which have been made by the Company. The remainder of the payment plan is subject to determination. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has reflected the remaining liability of $84.0 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
The legal and other professional costs the Company incurred during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 in connection with legal work disclosed elsewhere in this Report include approximately $0.2 million, $6.1 million and $22.4 million, respectively, expensed for Mr. Milton's attorneys' fees under his indemnification agreement with the Company. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company accrued immaterial amounts for legal and other professional costs for Mr. Milton's attorneys' fees under his indemnification agreement.
To the extent that these investigations and any resulting third-party claims yield adverse results over time, such results could jeopardize the Company's operations and exhaust its cash reserves, and could cause stockholders to lose their entire investment.
The Company is currently seeking reimbursement from Mr. Milton for costs and damages arising from the actions that are the subject of the government and regulatory investigations. On October 20, 2023, an arbitration panel in New York, New York awarded the Company approximately $165 million plus interest in an arbitration proceeding against Mr. Milton. The Company is currently in the process of seeking to have the arbitration award confirmed in the United States District Court of the District
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)
of Arizona. The Company's ability to enforce the arbitration award and recover any judgment from the counterparty is not guaranteed and could result in no recovery.
Shareholder Securities Litigation
The Company and certain of its current and former officers and directors are defendants in a consolidated securities class action lawsuit pending in the United States District Court of the District of Arizona (the "Shareholder Securities Litigation").On December 15, 2020, the United States District Court for the District of Arizona consolidated the actions under lead case Borteanu v. Nikola Corporation, et al., No. CV-20-01797-PXL-SPL, and appointed Angelo Baio as the “Lead Plaintiff”. On December 30, 2020, a petition for writ of mandamus seeking to vacate the District Court’s Lead Plaintiff order and directing the court to appoint another Lead Plaintiff was filed before the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Case No. 20-73819. On July 23, 2021, the Ninth Circuit granted in part the mandamus petition, vacated the district court’s December 15, 2020 order, and remanded the case to the District Court to reevaluate the appointment of a Lead Plaintiff. On November 18, 2021, the Court appointed Nikola Investor Group II as Lead Plaintiff. On January 24, 2022, Lead Plaintiffs filed the Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint which asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on allegedly false and/or misleading statements and omissions in press releases, public filings, and in social media regarding the Company's business plan and prospects. On April 8, 2022, Defendants moved to dismiss the Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint. On February 2, 2023, the court issued a ruling granting the Defendants' motions to dismiss, without prejudice. As a result, Plaintiffs' complaint was dismissed in its entirety, with leave to amend by April 3, 2023. On April 3, 2023, Plaintiffs filed the Second Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint. Defendants filed their motions to dismiss the Second Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint on May 15, 2023. On December 8, 2023, the Court granted in part and denied in part Defendants' motion to dismiss. On January 26, 2024, the Company and certain former officers and directors answered the Second Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint.
Plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount in damages, attorneys’ fees, and other relief. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself. The Company is unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these lawsuits, which could be material.
Derivative Litigation
Beginning on September 23, 2020, two purported shareholder derivative actions were filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (Byun v. Milton, et al., Case No. 1:20-cv-01277-UNA; Salguocar v. Girsky et. al., Case No. 1:20-cv-01404-UNA), purportedly on behalf of the Company, against certain of the Company's current and former directors alleging breaches of fiduciary duties, violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, and gross mismanagement. The Byun action also brings claims for unjust enrichment and abuse of control, while the Salguocar action brings a claim for waste of corporate assets. On October 19, 2020, the Byun action was stayed until 30 days after the earlier of (a) the Shareholder Securities Litigation being dismissed in their entirety with prejudice; (b) defendants filing an answer to any complaint in the Shareholder Securities Litigation; or (c) a joint request by plaintiff and defendants to lift the stay. On November 17, 2020, the Byun and Salguocar actions were consolidated as In re Nikola Corporation Derivative Litigation, Lead Case No. 20-cv-01277-CFC. In its order consolidating the actions, the Court applied the Byun stay to the consolidatedaction. On January 31, 2023, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint.
On December 18, 2020, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, Huhn v. Milton et al., Case No. 2:20-cv-02437-DWL, purportedly on behalf of the Company, against certain of the Company’s current and former directors alleging breaches of fiduciary duties, violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, unjust enrichment, and against defendant Jeff Ubben, a member of the Company’s board of directors, insider selling and misappropriation of information. On January 26, 2021, the Huhn action was stayed until 30 days after the earlier of (a) the Shareholder Securities Litigation being dismissed in its entirety with prejudice; (b) defendants filing an answer to any complaint in the Shareholder Securities Litigation; or (c) a joint request by plaintiff and defendants to lift the stay.
On January 7, 2022, Barbara Rhodes, a purported stockholder of the Company, filed her Verified Stockholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned Rhodes v. Milton, et al. and Nikola Corp., C.A. No. 2022-0023-KSJM (the “Rhodes Action”). On January 10, 2022, Zachary BeHage and Benjamin Rowe, purported stockholders of the Company, filed their Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned BeHage v. Milton, et al. and Nikola Corp., C.A. No. 2022-0045-KSJM, (the “BeHage Rowe Action” and, together with the Rhodes Action, the "Related Actions").
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)
These actions are against certain of the Company’s current and former directors and allege breach of fiduciary duties, insider selling under Brophy, aiding and abetting insider selling, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets.
On February 1, 2022, the Court consolidated the RhodesAction and the BeHage Rowe Action as In re Nikola Corporation Derivative Litigation, C.A. No. 2022-0023-KJSM (the "Consolidated Chancery Action"). The Consolidated Chancery Action was stayed through February 2, 2022 on a combination of joint stipulations and court orders. Plaintiffs then filed a second amended complaint on February 14, 2023 (the “Second Amended Complaint”). On March 10, 2022, Michelle Brown and Crisanto Gomes, purported stockholders of the Company, filed their Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned Brown v. Milton, et al. and Nikola Corp., C.A. No. 2022-0223-KSJM (the “Brown & Gomes Action”). The Brown & Gomes Action likewise alleges claims against certain of the Company’s current and former directors for purported breaches of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. On January 12, 2023, the parties entered into a stipulation consolidating the Brown & Gomes Action in the Consolidated Chancery Derivative Action. On May 3, 2023, each of the current and former director defendants moved to partially dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. Briefing concluded on August 25, 2023, and the court heard argument on December 8, 2023. The court has not yet ruled on the motions.
In addition, on March 8, 2021, the Company received a demand letter from a law firm representing a purported stockholder of the Company alleging facts and claims substantially the same as many of the facts and claims in the filed derivative shareholder lawsuit. The demand letter requests that the board of directors (i) undertake an independent internal investigation into certain board members and management’s purported violations of Delaware and/or federal law; and (ii) commence a civil action against those members of the board and management for alleged fiduciary breaches. In April 2021, the board of directors formed a demand review committee, consisting of independent directors Bruce L. Smith, and Mary L. Petrovich, to review such demands and provide input to the Company and retained independent counsel. Upon completion of the independent internal investigation by the demand review committee, it was recommended that the board take no action in response to the demand letter at this time. The independent counsel for the demand review committee provided an update to counsel for the stockholder who sent the demand letter. There can be no assurance as to whether any litigation will be commenced by or against the Company by the purported shareholder with respect to the claims set forth in the demand letter, or whether any such litigation could be material.
Additionally, on December 23, 2022, the Company received another demand letter from a law firm representing purported stockholder of the Company, Ed Lomont, alleging facts and claims substantially the same as many of the facts and claims in the filed derivative shareholder lawsuits. The demand letter requested that the board’s demand review committee (i) undertake an independent internal investigation into certain board members and management’s purported violations of Delaware and/or federal law; and (ii) commence a civil action against those members of the board and management for alleged fiduciary breaches. In February 2023, the board of directors reengaged the demand review committee, consisting of independent directors Bruce L. Smith, and Mary L. Petrovich, to review such demands and provide input to the Company and retained independent counsel.
On September 6, 2023, Lomont filed a Verified Stockholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned Lomont v. Milton, et al.., C.A. No. 2023-0908-KSJM (the “Lomont Action”) against certain of the Company’s current and former directors, alleging claims against those defendants for purported breaches of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and contribution and indemnification. The Lomont Action alleges that the Company constructively and wrongfully refused Lomont’s demand that the Company bring claims against officers and directors. The parties have not yet entered into a schedule for the Lomont Action.
The complaints seek unspecified monetary damages, costs and fees associated with bringing the actions, and reform of the Company's corporate governance, risk management and operating practices. The Company is vigorously defending against the foregoing complaints. The Company is unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these lawsuits, which could be material.
On February 21, 2024, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, captioned Roy v. Russell, et al., Case No. 1:24-cv-00230-UNA (the “Roy Action”), purportedly on behalf of the Company, against certain of the Company’s current and former officers and directors alleging violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty based on false statements; oversight, and insider trading; unjust enrichment; abuse of control; corporate waste; and gross mismanagement. The Company is currently evaluating the claims asserted in the complaint.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)
Tenneson Action
On October 13, 2023, John Tenneson filed a purported securities class action in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, captioned Tenneson v. Nikola et al., Case No. 2:23-cv-02131-DJH (the “Tenneson Action”). The Tenneson Action asserts claims against the Company and certain officers and directors asserts under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on allegedly false and/or misleading statements and omissions in press releases, public filings, and in social media regarding the Company’s safety and structural controls related to its manufacturing of battery components and the likelihood of a product recall. On December 12, 2023, three sets of plaintiffs filed motions to be appointed as lead plaintiff. On January 16, 2024, the court entered the parties' stipulated extension of time for Defendants to respond to the complaint until after a lead plaintiff is appointed and an amended complaint is filed.
Plaintiff seeks an unspecified amount in damages, attorneys’ fees, and other relief. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself. The Company is unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with the Tenneson Action, which could be material.
Lion Electric matter
On March 2, 2023, Lion Electric filed a complaint against Nikola in Arizona federal district court alleging that Nikola tortiously interfered with the Romeo Power, Inc. / Lion Electric business relationship and Lion’s business expectancy from the commercial relationship. Nikola denies the allegations and intends to vigorously defend the matter. Based upon information presently known to management, the Company has reflected an estimated liability of $1.8 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Lightning eMotors matter
On March 9, 2023, Lighting eMotors filed a complaint in Colorado State Court alleging that Nikola tortiously interfered with the Romeo Power, Inc. / Lightning eMotors business relationship and Lightning’s business expectancy. Nikola denies the allegations and intends to vigorously defend the matter. Lightning eMotors recently went into receivership and its assets are subject to a pending sale. Accordingly, the Colorado State Court stayed this action indefinitely. Based upon information presently known to management, the Company is not currently able to estimate the outcome of this proceeding or a possible range of loss, if any.
Purchase Commitments
The Company enters into commitments under non-cancellable or partially cancellable purchase orders or vendor agreements in the normal course of business. The following table presents the Company's commitments and contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Payments due by period as of December 31, 2023 |
| Total | | Less than 1 Year | | 1 - 3 Years | | 3 - 5 Years | | More than 5 Years |
Unrecorded contractual obligations: | | | | | | | | | |
Purchase obligations | $ | 751,526 | | | $ | 12,186 | | | $ | 218,314 | | | $ | 335,876 | | | $ | 185,150 | |
Leases executed not yet commenced | 29,323 | | | 3,668 | | | 11,693 | | | 11,090 | | | 2,872 | |
Recorded contractual obligations: | | | | | | | | | |
Accrued SEC settlement | 84,000 | | | 84,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
FCPM License | 19,314 | | | 13,796 | | | 5,518 | | | — | | | — | |
Other accrued obligations | 5,000 | | | 3,000 | | | 2,000 | | | — | | | — | |
| $ | 889,163 | | | $ | 116,650 | | | $ | 237,525 | | | $ | 346,966 | | | $ | 188,022 | |
Purchase commitments include agreements with hydrogen suppliers which require a minimum commitment of product purchases on a take-or-pay basis starting in the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company's purchase obligations with these suppliers contain minimum purchase quantities, provisions for price adjustments, and in certain instances, are contingent on the supplier's expected construction of the production site and commencement of production by a certain deadline.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)
Commitments and Contingencies
FCPM License
In the third quarter of 2021, the Company entered into a FCPM license to intellectual property that will be used to adapt, further develop and assemble FCPMs. Payments for the license will be due in installments ranging from 2022 to 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company accrued $13.8 million and $32.1 million, respectively, in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and $5.5 million and zero, respectively, in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Inventory Repurchase Agreements
During the first quarter of 2023, the Company entered into an arrangement with a finance company to provide floor plan financing to its dealers (the "Floor Plan"), generally with terms of approximately 15 months. The Company receives payment from the finance company following shipment of trucks to the dealers, and the Company participates in the cost of dealer financing up to certain limits. In conjunction with the Floor Plan, the Company entered into an inventory repurchase agreement (the "Inventory Repurchase Agreement") with the finance company, whereby the Company has agreed to repurchase trucks re-possessed by the financing company in the event of a dealer default, at the financing company's option. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum potential cash payments the Company could be required to make under the terms of the Inventory Repurchase Agreement was $14.5 million. The Company's financial exposure under the Inventory Repurchase Agreement is limited to the difference between the amount paid to the financing company and the amount received upon subsequent resale of the re-possessed truck. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not repurchased any trucks under the terms of the Inventory Repurchase Agreement, nor received any requests for repurchase.
BEV Recall Campaign
On August 11, 2023, the Company announced a voluntary recall of its BEV trucks, as a result of the preliminary results of the Company’s battery pack thermal event investigations. The incident was deemed likely caused by a defect within components of the supplier battery pack. The Company continues to investigate the thermal event and has determined that replacement of the battery pack in all BEV trucks is the safest, most cost effective remedy. All BEV trucks have been transported to the Company's manufacturing facility to be retrofit with alternative battery packs.
Amounts accrued for the recall campaign are based on management’s best estimates of the amounts that will ultimately be required to settle such items. The Company can provide no assurances that it will not experience material claims in the future or that it will not incur significant costs to defend or settle such claims beyond the amounts accrued. As of December 31, 2023, the Company accrued $65.8 million related to the recall campaign, of which $3.0 million has been incurred through December 31, 2023 for the BEV trucks that are expected to be returned to dealers and their retail customers once the recall work is complete.
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
15.NET LOSS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Numerator: | | | | | |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (864,621) | | | $ | (738,138) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Net loss from discontinued operations | (101,661) | | | (46,100) | | | — | |
Net loss, basic | $ | (966,282) | | | $ | (784,238) | | | $ | (690,438) | |
Less: revaluation of warrant liability | — | | | — | | | (3,051) | |
Net loss, diluted | $ | (966,282) | | | $ | (784,238) | | | $ | (693,489) | |
Denominator: | | | | | |
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic | 800,030,551 | | | 441,800,499 | | | 398,655,081 | |
Dilutive effect of common stock issuable from assumed exercise of options | — | | | — | | | 129,311 | |
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted | 800,030,551 | | | 441,800,499 | | | 398,784,392 | |
| | | | | |
Basic net loss per share: | | | | | |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (1.08) | | | $ | (1.67) | | | $ | (1.73) | |
Net loss from discontinued operations | $ | (0.13) | | | $ | (0.11) | | | $ | — | |
Net loss | $ | (1.21) | | | $ | (1.78) | | | $ | (1.73) | |
| | | | | |
Diluted net loss per share: | | | | | |
Net loss | $ | (1.21) | | | $ | (1.78) | | | $ | (1.74) | |
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss, adjusted for the revaluation of warrant liability, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of shares of common stock equivalents resulting from the assumed exercise of warrants. The treasury stock method was used to calculate the potential dilutive effect of these common stock equivalents.
Potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss when their effect was antidilutive. The following outstanding common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Toggle Convertible Notes (on an as-converted basis) | 21,539,624 | | | 24,123,014 | | | — | |
Senior Convertible Notes (on an as-converted basis) | — | | | 22,418,653 | | | — | |
8.25% Convertible Notes (on an as-converted basis) | 23,953,333 | | | — | | | — | |
Outstanding warrants | 841,183 | | | 1,137,850 | | | — | |
Stock options, including performance stock options | 15,041,373 | | | 22,470,585 | | | 28,996,160 | |
Restricted stock units, including Market Based RSUs | 28,541,121 | | | 21,645,858 | | | 25,496,384 | |
Total | 89,916,634 | | | 91,795,960 | | | 54,492,544 | |
NIKOLA CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
16.SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
FFI Purchase Agreement
In January 2024, the Company completed the second closing under the terms of the FFI Purchase Agreement in connection with the sale of certain project assets related to Phoenix Hydrogen Hub, LLC to FFI. The Company received net proceeds of $12.5 million in February 2024 related to the second closing under the FFI Purchase Agreement.
Conversions
During January and February 2024, noteholders of the 8.25% Convertible Notes converted $4.1 million aggregate principal amount for issuance of 4,499,999 shares of the Company's common stock and $0.9 million of Coupon Make-Whole Premium.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures under the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2023, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K due to the existence of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below.
Additionally, the Company identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in connection with the review of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that it is reasonably possible that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the assessment, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 due to the material weakness described below.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting associated with ineffective ITGCs in the areas of user access and change management over the information technology ("IT") systems that support our financial reporting processes. We also deemed certain automated and manual business process controls ineffective that are dependent on the affected ITGCs, because they could have been adversely impacted to the extent that they rely upon information or configurations from the affected IT systems. We believe that these control deficiencies were a result of: (i) insufficient training of personnel on the operation and importance of ITGCs; and (ii) inadequate risk-assessment processes resulting in failure to identify and assess risks in IT environments that could impact internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness did not result in any identified misstatements to the financial statements, and there were no changes to previously released financial results. However, the deficiencies in ITGCs created a more than remote possibility that a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management has analyzed the material weaknesses and performed additional analysis and procedures in preparing our consolidated financial statements. We have concluded that our consolidated financial statements fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented.
Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm who audited and reported on our consolidated financial statements included in this report, has issued an adverse report on the effectiveness of our internal control over
financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, included in their report under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Remediation Efforts
The aforementioned material weakness for ITGCs was first identified in 2022. With the oversight of senior management and our Audit Committee, we have identified controls and implemented our remediation plan to address the material weakness related to our ITGCs mentioned above. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we have completed the following remedial actions.
•Performed a risk assessment over the IT system that supports our financial reporting processes;
•Hired consultants and key personnel with internal control experience with our IT system to drive remediation efforts;
•Designed, developed, and deployed an enhanced ITGC framework, including the implementation of systems and tools to enable the effectiveness and consistent execution of these controls;
•Developed a training program to address ITGCs and policies, including (i) educating control owners concerning the principles and requirements of each control, with a focus on those related to user access and change management over IT systems impacting financial reporting; (ii) developing and maintaining documentation of underlying ITGCs to promote knowledge transfer upon personnel and function changes; and (iii) implementing an IT management review and testing plan to monitor ITGCs with a specific focus on systems supporting our financial reporting processes; and
•Implemented enhanced system capabilities and business processes to manage and monitor key elements of the control framework. This includes segregation of duties, elevated user access review, change management, user provisioning and deprovisioning, and user access reviews.
We believe the measures described above will remediate the material weakness and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. However, this material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded through testing that the controls are operating effectively. Our implementation of the measures described above occurred through the end of 2023 and as a result there was not a sufficient period of time for the controls to be operating or tested to conclude a full assessment of their effectiveness. We anticipate that the applicable remediation will be completed during fiscal year 2024. We are committed to continuing to improve our internal control processes, and, as we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address control deficiencies, or we may modify or enhance certain of the remediation measures described above.
Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weakness
We previously identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in connection with the review of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The material weakness identified was a result of certain control deficiencies related to the precision of our review for the valuation and remeasurement of the embedded derivative liability of our Toggle Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023. In response to this material weakness, we enhanced the control execution to ensure our review of the completeness of features included in valuations.
We have completed the implementation of the enhancement above and management has concluded that this material weakness has been remediated as of December 31, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Other than the changes and remediation efforts as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and Rule 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act, that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company pursuant to Rule 10b5-1(c) or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408(c)).
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item of Form 10-K will be included in our Proxy Statement (the "Proxy Statement") under the headings "Election of Directors," "Executive Compensation," "Corporate Governance — Code of Business Conduct and Ethics" and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" to be filed with the SEC in connection with the solicitation of proxies for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Election of Directors — Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Election of Directors—Board Committees”, "Corporate Governance — Director Compensation" and “Executive Compensation” incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters