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IDT CORPORATIONCorporation

Explanatory NoteAnnual Report on Form 10-K

Part I

As used in this Annual Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms the “Company,” “IDT,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to IDT Corporation, (the “Company”) is filinga Delaware corporation, its predecessor, International Discount Telecommunications, Corp., a New York corporation, and its subsidiaries, collectively. Each reference to a fiscal year in this Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A (the “Amendment”)Annual Report refers to the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K forfiscal year ending in the calendar year indicated (for example, fiscal 2021 refers to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2021).

Item 1. Business.

OVERVIEW

IDT is a global provider of financial technology, or fintech, cloud communications and traditional communications services. Our businesses often leverage common strategic assets to serve differentiated markets with innovative offerings.

Our consumer businesses make it easier for families to connect, support and share across international borders. We also enable businesses to transact and communicate with their customers with enhanced intelligence and insight.

Our businesses include:

SEGMENT REPORTING

As of August 1, 2020, we revised our reportable business segments to reflect the growth of our fintech and cloud communications businesses and their increased contributions to our consolidated results. We now have three reportable business segments: (1) Fintech; (2) net2phone-UCaaS (Unified Communications as a Service); and (3) Traditional Communications. Comparative segment information has been reclassified and restated in all periods to conform to the current period presentation.

The Fintech segment, which represented 5% and 4% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, comprises NRS and BOSS Revolution Money Transfer. NRS and BOSS Revolution Money Transfer were previously included in our Telecom & Payment Services segment.

The net2phone-UCaaS segment, which represented 3% and 2% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, comprises net2phone’s cloud communications offerings, which were previously included in our net2phone segment.

The Traditional Communications segment, which represented 92% and 93% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, includes Mobile Top-Up, BOSS Revolution Calling, and Carrier Services as well as smaller communications and payments offerings, some of which are in harvest mode, and certain early-stage business initiatives. Most of the Traditional Communications segment was previously included in our Telecom & Payment Services segment.

Financial information by segment is presented in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Our headquarters is located at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102. The main telephone number at our headquarters is (973) 438-1000 and our corporate website’s home page is www.idt.net.

We make available free of charge our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to these reports, and all beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by directors, officers and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our equity through the investor relations page of our website (http://ir.idt.net/) as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our website also contains information not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

KEY EVENTS IN OUR HISTORY

1990 – Howard S. Jonas, our founder, launched International Discount Telephone to provide international call re-origination services.

1995 – We began selling wholesale services to other long-distance carriers by leveraging our access to favorable international telephone rates generated by our retail calling traffic.

1996 – We successfully complete an initial public offering of our common stock.

2000 – We complete the sale of a stake in our net2phone subsidiary, a pioneer in the development and commercialization of VoIP technologies and services, to AT&T for approximately $1.1 billion in cash. We subsequently repurchased net2phone from AT&T.

2001 – Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE.

2006 – We sell our Russian telecom business, Corbina, for $129.9 million in cash.

2007 – We complete the sale of IDT Entertainment to Liberty Media for $220.0 million in cash, stock and other considerations.

2008 –We launch BOSS Revolution PIN-less, a pay-as-you-go international calling service. BOSS Revolution has since become our flagship brand, and the BOSS Revolution platform has been expanded to include payment offerings.

2009 – We spin-off our CTM Media Holdings subsidiary to our stockholders. CTM Media Holdings has been renamed IDW Media Holdings, Inc. and its stock is traded on the NYSE American with the ticker symbol “IDW”.

2011 – We spin-off our Genie Energy Ltd. subsidiary, which provides electricity and natural gas and related services to residential and business customers in the United States and overseas. Genie Energy’s common stock is listed on the NYSE with the ticker symbol “GNE”.

2013 – We spin-off our subsidiary, Straight Path Communications, Inc., or Straight Path, including its wireless spectrum holdings, to our stockholders. Straight Path was purchased in February 2018 by Verizon Communications Inc.

2014 – We sell our stake in Fabrix, a pioneer in cloud storage and network delivery technologies, to Ericsson for $69 million.

2015 – net2phone launches its UCaaS offering in the United States.

2016 – We spin-off our interest in our Zedge subsidiary to our stockholders. Zedge provides a content platform for mobile device personalization including ringtones, wallpapers, home screen icons and notification sounds. Zedge’s stock is listed on the NYSE American with the ticker symbol “ZDGE”.

2017 – We introduce the BOSS Revolution Money app for Android and iOS.

2018 – We spin-off our interest in our Rafael Holdings, Inc. subsidiary to our stockholders. Rafael Holdings holds stakes in early-stage pharmaceuticals companies, including Rafael Pharma, a privately held, clinical-stage, metabolic oncology therapeutics company. Rafael Holdings’ stock is listed on the NYSE with the ticker symbol “RFL”.

2019 – net2phone’s cloud communications service surpasses 100,000 service seats milestone.

2020 – net2phone introduces its Huddle video conferencing solution and integration with Microsoft Teams.

2021 – net2phone launches integrations with Microsoft Teams, Salesforce and Zapier among others, and HIPAA compatible solutions for healthcare providers.

OUR STRATEGY

We believe that we have been effective at value creation during the more than 30 years since our founding. We have incubated promising early-stage, high-growth businesses with investment capital provided by our more mature, cash-generating businesses. As these growth businesses scale, we have frequently monetized them through sales or spin-offs to our shareholders.

To date, we have spun off five publicly traded companies, one of which was subsequently acquired:

Today, we are comprised of several high-growth, high-margin, tech-centric businesses as well as more mature businesses. Our businesses derive their competitive advantages leveraging one or more of our strategic assets including:

Our high-margin, high-growth businesses include:

Throughout the development of these three businesses, growth capital has been provided by the cash flows generated by our more mature traditional communications offerings. Consequently, we did not have to utilize debt financing nor dilutive capital raises to fund the growth of these initiatives.

Our mature, traditional communications offerings include:

Our traditional communications offerings participate wholly or partially in the paid minute voice communications market. This market is subject to intense revenue and margin pressure as consumers migrate to free over-the-top voice and messaging services as well as flat-rate international long-distance plans. However, we continually innovate and deploy new features and enhancements to generate revenue and reduce overhead and operating expenditures for each of these offerings. Most notably, our Mobile Top-Up offerings have defied market trends to expand significantly in recent years. In addition, BOSS Revolution Calling’s and Mobile Top-Up’s margin contributions have both benefited from a gradual rotation to digital channels with higher per-unit margins. These trends and cost saving efforts have, in recent quarters, more than offset the revenue and margin contribution pressures of the paid minute voice communications market.

The increasing revenue and gross margin contributions from our high-margin growth businesses in combination with our efforts to maximize the cash generation of our lower margin, more mature offerings have enabled us to improve our consolidated bottom-line performance in recent quarters. We expect that this rotation toward our higher margin offerings will continue and help to drive increases in our net margins.

In fiscal 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors had directed us to prepare for the potential spin-off of our net2phone cloud communications business. Management subsequently has stated that it expects the preparations will be complete by the end of calendar year 2021 or shortly thereafter, although there is no assurance that this spin-off will be completed on this schedule or at all.

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

Fintech

Our Fintech segment contributed 5% and 4% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, and is comprised of:

During fiscal 2021, our Fintech segment generated $74.3 million in revenues and a loss from operations of $1.5 million, as compared with revenues of $59.9 million and income from operations of $3.4 million in fiscal 2020.

NRS

NRS’ revenues were $24.7 million in fiscal 2021, a 107% increase from fiscal 2020.

NRS operates a network of POS terminals at independent retailers throughout the United States. The NRS solution includes hardware and software components that are specifically integrated to enable these retailers to compete more effectively against typically larger retail chains.

The POS terminal’s hardware includes cash registers, barcode scanners, retailer and customer-facing hi-definition screens, receipt printers and credit card readers. NRS’ integrated, proprietary software is offered as a service and provides operational tools including inventory management, sales tracking, price book management and other useful features.

The primary market for NRS’ POS terminals is the more than 200,000 independently owned convenience, liquor, grocery, and tobacco stores in the United States, many of which primarily serve foreign-born communities.

NRS continues to increase the number of POS terminals active in its network. As of July 31, 2021, the NRS POS network included more than 14,000 terminals, an increase from 10,000 a year earlier. NRS’ POS terminal sales and marketing is targeted, in part, to our nationwide network of BOSS Revolution retailers. NRS also has strategic relationships with more than 100 wholesale distributors including some of the largest cash-and-carry wholesalers in the United States.

NRS generates revenue from a portfolio of services for both retailers and third parties:

The NRS business supports our BOSS Revolution communications and payment offerings - BOSS Revolution Calling, BOSS Revolution Money Transfer, and Mobile Top-Up, all of which can be sold and provisioned by retailers directly from their NRS terminals.

We believe that NRS’ competitive advantages include:

NRS’ growth strategy includes:

Competition

NRS competes against several nationwide POS companies that primarily service other retail store segments, but also service NRS’ target market of independent convenience, liquor, and tobacco stores in the United States. These companies include, among others, Square, Clover, and NCR. We believe that NRS has a competitive advantage because other nationwide POS companies do not offer the complete suite of services that NRS has tailored to the specific needs of independent retailers. In addition, we believe that these competitors do not have NRS’ focus and marketing reach into these independent stores, often in immigrant communities, where many retailers have established relationships with us and sell our BOSS Revolution offerings.

NRS also competes with smaller, regional POS companies that focus on convenience stores. However, these regional players generally do not offer a comparable suite of POS services, have limited capacity to scale their platforms, and/or are not price competitive.

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer revenues were $49.6 million in fiscal 2021, an increase of 3% from fiscal 2020.

International money remittance is a significant economic activity among our target market of foreign-born communities in the United States. Our BOSS Revolution Money Transfer business enables our customers in the United States to remit money to third parties in destinations worldwide. The service is offered directly to consumers via our digital channel including the BOSS Revolution Money app and the BOSS Revolution consumer website (www.bossrevolution.com) and through our retail channel comprising licensed BOSS Revolution authorized money transfer agents nationwide.

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s digital channel is its largest and fastest growing digital channel. During fiscal 2021, over three-quarters of BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s transactions originated on our digital channels, predominantly in the BOSS Revolution Money app. The Money app enables customers with a debit or credit card to send money transfers easily and securely directly from their iOS or Android device. In addition, we have recently added the Money Transfer service within our BOSS Revolution Calling app.

We continue to expand our BOSS Revolution Money Transfer customer base by focusing our marketing efforts on converting the large BOSS Revolution Calling and Mobile Top-Up customer bases, as well as bringing in new customers directly, primarily through attractive fee and foreign exchange rate offers, to both our direct-to-consumer and retail channels.

We also continue to focus on sales through our nationwide network of BOSS Revolution Money Transfer agents.

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer leverages the BOSS Revolution retail network to afford unbanked and underbanked customers the ability to initiate transactions with cash. In order to provide our remittance service, BOSS Revolution retailers must meet certain financial and other regulatory qualifications. To date, only a small fraction of BOSS Revolution retailers have been authorized to offer money transfer services. Our internal sales force recruits new money transfer agents to expand our origination network, and we continue to enhance our retail money transfer portal to facilitate adoption and utilization of the money transfer offering by BOSS Revolution retailers.

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s payment network now includes 306,000 payout locations in 37 countries. In addition, remittances are offered to mobile wallets in some destinations.

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer generates revenues from a per-transaction fee charged to the customer and from foreign exchange differentials. Our transaction costs include commissions paid to the retail agent, payment to the international disbursing agent, banking, compliance, foreign currency exchange costs and, in the case of direct-to-consumer transfers, credit and debit card processing fees.

Competitive strengths

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer competes in the international money remittance space with both ‘brick and mortar’ services which operate primarily in retail locations though owned stores or authorized agents and a growing number of digital-only platforms. Most retailer-based originators of money transfer have now developed digital capabilities as well. Publicly traded companies in this category include Western Union, International Money Express, Inc (Intermex), Ria, a subsidiary of Euronet Worldwide, and MoneyGram International, Inc. Money remittance providers that compete wholly or primarily through digital channels include Xoom (a subsidiary of PayPal), WorldRemit, Remitly, TransferWise and many others.

We believe that BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s competitive strengths include:

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s growth strategy includes:

Competition

BOSS Revolution Money Transfer competes against traditional international money transfer services with established retail and disbursement networks including Western Union, MoneyGram, Intermex, and Ria, as well as many niche money transfer organizations that serve specific destination corridors. Our direct-to-consumer channel competes with these operators as well as digital only entrants including Xoom, Wise, Remitly, and World-Remit that are disrupting the retailer-based money transfer market. We continue to compete successfully in part by migrating customers from our other BOSS Revolution offerings to BOSS Revolution Money Transfer leveraging our well-regarded BOSS Revolution brand, insights into our customers, and our cross-marketing capabilities. We compete for customers outside the BOSS Revolution ecosystem primarily based on brand reputation, low fees, and competitive foreign exchange rates.

net2phone-UCaaS

net2phone-UCaaS’ revenues were $43.9 million in fiscal 2021 compared to $31.8 million in fiscal 2020. net2phone-UCaaS’ loss from operations was $14.3 million in fiscal 2021 compared to a loss from operations of $15.1 million in fiscal 2020.

net2phone launched its UCaaS offering in 2015, leveraging our deep expertise in VoIP communications, established technology team, and global telephony network. net2phone’s UCaaS offering has become its primary growth engine and strategic focus.

net2phone enables its customers to transform their communications by leveraging its cloud platform to provide solutions that enable more intelligent, flexible and adaptive communications. net2phone’s flagship unified communications as a service utilizes its cloud platform to provide conversational continuity across channels from any connected device - tethered or mobile – and to measure, manage and analyze those communications for enhanced insight and productivity.

net2phone’s offerings include:

net2phone-UCaaS draws its U.S. and international customers from a range of industries including professional offices, hospitality, construction, insurance, real estate, retail, technology, and others. From an acquisition perspective, net2phone-UCaaS leverages the channel marketplace and acquires a substantial majority of its customers through its network of master agents, telecom agents and managed service providers in the United States, Latin America and Spain. net2phone Canada historically utilized a direct-to-consumer/business channel model. In fiscal 2020, net2phone Canada launched its channel partner program, leveraging net2phone-UCaaS’ U.S. channel relationships and experience. In fiscal 2021, net2phone-UCaaS introduced a direct to business strategy in the United States and several of its other markets.

net2phone-UCaaS’ value proposition for its channel partners includes streamlined offers with both bundled and unbundled options, extensive customization capabilities, frictionless and rapid quote generation, and competitive compensation – backed by net2phone’s dedicated channel team. For end users, net2phone-UCaaS’ solution typically replaces on-premise PBX systems. Key differentiators typically include net2phone-UCaaS ‘advanced feature sets, white glove customer service, integrations with third-party software and deep localization. In each of net2phone-UCaaS’ key markets, its global infrastructure and locally based sales and customer support teams enable clients to retain the look and feel of a localized customer and user experiences with local phone numbers, porting, native language support, and in-country sales teams.

net2phone-UCaaS’ marketing to channel partners and end users includes search engine marketing, search engine optimization, third-party lead generation platforms, social media marketing, and other forms of demand generation. net2phone-UCaaS’ indirect marketing funnels through its network of partners, master agencies, and affiliates and includes tradeshows and local events, support for digital marketing and other forms of demand generation.

net2phone-UCaaS differentiates its position in the marketplace by leveraging its international assets which enables net2phone-UCaaS to enter and serve international markets in North America, Latin America and Europe. Secondly, by owning and managing its proprietary platform, net2phone-UCaaS is able to release new services and applications with an agile frequency and pace.

net2phone-UCaaS’ growth strategy includes:

Competition

Major competitors to net2phone-UCaaS’ offerings include other UCaaS providers such as RingCentral, 8x8, and Vonage, as well as numerous privately held companies such as Nextiva. Many of these companies offer more widely recognized brands, larger and more developed marketing and sales forces and/or channel agent networks, and more advanced product sets such as services designed specifically for call centers, messaging and chat, and solutions customized for specific market segments or verticals. These competitors’ offerings typically also support integration of their services with other well-known, third-party CRM vendors as well as with various Google and Microsoft applications.

Traditional Communications

Our Traditional Communications segment, which represented 92% and 93% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, includes:

During fiscal 2021, Traditional Communications generated $1,329 million in revenues and income from operations of $80.0 million, as compared with revenues of $1,254 million and income from operations of $38.9 million in fiscal 2020.

Mobile Top-Up

Mobile Top-Up’s revenues were $461.6 million in fiscal 2021 compared to $334.4 million in fiscal 2020 (34.7% and 26.7% of Traditional Communications’ revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively).

Mobile Top-Up enables customers to transfer airtime and bundles of airtime, messaging, and data to recharge or ‘top-up’ mobile phone accounts internationally (International Mobile Top-Up, or IMTU) and domestically (Domestic Mobile Top-Up, or DMTU). Mobile Top-Up leverages our platform capabilities, our distribution reach into foreign-born communities and our relationships with mobile operators around the world.

IMTU and DMTU are sold under the BOSS Revolution brand through the BOSS Revolution digital platforms, including our BOSS Revolution Calling and BOSS Revolution Money apps. Mobile Top-Up is also sold through our retail network including provisioning directly by retailers using our digital retailer platform and through mobile operator-branded top-up cards. We offer Mobile Top-Up for approximately 155 different carriers in 95 countries, primarily in Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa. The substantial majority of Mobile Top-Up’s revenue is generated by the sale of IMTU.

We plan to grow Mobile Top-Up via continued growth in the United States and worldwide, expansion into the wholesale market segment and the addition of new payment products.

Competition

The major competitors to Mobile Top-Up include:

We believe that the competitive advantages of Mobile Top-Up are:

BOSS Revolution Calling

BOSS Revolution Calling’s revenues were $455.2 million in fiscal 2021 compared to $468.3 million in fiscal 2020 (34.3% and 37.3% of Traditional Communications’ revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively).

BOSS Revolution Calling is a prepaid international long-distance calling service marketed primarily to foreign-born and under-banked consumers in the United States and Canada, and digital only offering in Europe and Australia.

BOSS Revolution Calling includes our flagship ‘BOSS Revolution’ branded international long-distance prepaid calling service as well as disposable hard cards sold under a variety of brands. In the United States, BOSS Revolution Calling serves, as of July 31, 2021, approximately 2.8 million customers per month.

BOSS Revolution Calling is offered both through our extensive national network of BOSS Revolution retailers and through our digital channel - the BOSS Revolution Calling app (for iOS and Android) and website.

The majority of our customers purchase BOSS Revolution Calling through our nationwide network of BOSS Revolution retailers. At July 31, 2021, approximately 26,000 retailers per month utilized our digital retailer platform to provision customers, the substantial majority of whom pay the retailer in cash. In addition, we estimate that approximately 9,000 retailers resell our disposable hard cards without utilizing our retailer portal. BOSS Revolution retailers are typically independent retailers serving foreign-born communities with significant unbanked or under-banked populations.

Usage of our BOSS Revolution Calling app has been growing consistently. At July 31, 2021, approximately 1.5 million customers per month utilized the BOSS Revolution Calling app.

BOSS Revolution Calling allows users to place international long-distance calls at affordable rates from the BOSS Revolution Calling app or by calling an access number. Regardless of how the call originates, our customers must first establish and top-up a prepaid BOSS Revolution account that is linked to their phone. Once the account is established and a call is placed, our platform recognizes the customer’s phone through its network-provided automatic number identification and seamlessly links each call to the corresponding BOSS Revolution account. Callers then enter their destination phone numbers. BOSS Revolution Calling customers’ account balances are debited at a fixed rate per minute or at a fixed amount for calling plans to a specific country over a specified time period. In contrast to certain of our competitors, BOSS Revolution Calling does not charge connection, usage or breakage fees. BOSS Revolution Calling’s per minute rates vary by the destination country, city, and whether the call is placed to a landline or mobile phone. Rates are published on the BOSS Revolution consumer website and within the BOSS Revolution Calling app.

Customers can open a BOSS Revolution Calling account for free and top-up with a debit or credit card using the BOSS Revolution Calling app, the BOSS Revolution consumer website (www.bossrevolution.com) or phone, or with cash at any BOSS Revolution retailer.

In the United States, we distribute our BOSS Revolution Calling hard cards and other retail products primarily through our network of distributors that, either directly or through sub-distributors, sell to retail locations. In addition, our internal sales force sells BOSS Revolution Calling and other platform products directly to retailers. Distributors, our internal salespeople, and retailers receive commissions based on the revenue generated by each transaction or on a per-transaction basis, depending on the product.

The BOSS Revolution digital retailer platform can be accessed by a computer or by Android and iOS smartphones and enables retailers to create accounts for new customers, add funds to existing customer balances and execute sales transactions. It provides a direct, real-time interface with our BOSS Revolution retailers, resulting in a cost-effective and adaptable distribution model that allows us to target and promote services directly to distributors and retailers, to introduce and cross-sell new offerings, and to rapidly respond to changes in the business environment.

In the United States, the BOSS Revolution brand is supported by national, regional, and local marketing programs that include television and radio advertising, online advertising and grass roots marketing at community and sporting events. In addition, we work closely with distributors and retailers on in-store promotional programs and events.

BOSS Revolution Calling’s sales have traditionally been, and continue to be, strongest in the Northeastern United States and in Florida because of our extensive local distribution network and their large foreign-born populations. We continue to grow BOSS Revolution Calling’s distributor relationships and expand BOSS Revolution Calling’s retail network in other areas of the United States and Canada, including the Southwest and West Coast, where BOSS Revolution Calling historically has not had as strong of a market presence.

Competition

BOSS Revolution Calling is subject to fierce competition, and we do not expect to grow revenues and/or margins without a successful strategy and sound execution. While virtually any company offering communication services is a competitor, we face particularly strong competition from Tier 1 mobile network operators who offer flat-rate international calling plans, other PIN-less prepaid voice offerings, prepaid calling card providers, mobile virtual network operators, and VoIP and other “over the top”, or OTT, service providers. Outside the United States, we also compete with large state-owned or state-sanctioned telephone companies.

Many of these companies, such as AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile, are substantially larger and have greater financial, technical, engineering, personnel, and marketing resources, longer operating histories, greater name recognition, and larger customer bases than we do. We may not be able to compete successfully if one or more of these companies use their substantial resources in or to affect the international prepaid calling market.

In addition to these larger competitors, we face significant competition from smaller prepaid calling providers.

From time-to-time, competitors offer rates that are substantially below ours to gain market share. In some instances, these rates are below what we believe to be the cost to provide the service. This predatory pricing can adversely affect our revenues and our gross margins.

The continued growth of OTT calling and messaging services such WhatsApp, Viber, Skype, and many others have adversely affected the sales of BOSS Revolution Calling and our other prepaid calling services. We expect the popularity of these IP-based services—many of which offer free voice and/or video communications provided both the caller and recipient have a broadband connection—to continue to increase, which will increase substitution for, and pricing pressure on, our BOSS Revolution Calling and other international prepaid calling offerings.

Many mobile operators offer unlimited international long-distance plans that include international destinations to which customers can place direct calls from their mobile phones without time limitation. These plans now include some of our most popular international destinations. The growth of these “international unlimited” plans adversely affects our revenues as these operators gain subscriber market share.

Our ability to compete successfully against these various operators and service providers stems from several factors, including:

Our ability to maintain and/or to capture additional market share will remain dependent upon our ability to continue to provide competitively priced services, to maintain our distribution and retail networks, to increase usage through the BOSS Revolution Calling app, and to innovate new products and services to fit the evolving needs of our customers.

Carrier Services

Carrier Services’ revenues were $361.0 million in fiscal 2021 compared to $394.3 million in fiscal 2020, contributing 27.2% and 31.4% of Traditional Communications’ revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Our Carrier Services business is one of the largest wholesale carriers of international long-distance minutes in the world.

Carrier Services’ telecommunications network is comprised of interconnections and commercial relationships that reach virtually every significant telecom operator globally. These relationships enable us to carry international telecommunications traffic to more than 200 countries around the world. Carrier Services’ customers include our BOSS Revolution Calling and net2phone businesses, major and niche carriers around the globe, mobile network operators, and other service providers such as call aggregators. For many of these customers, particularly the major carriers, we engage in buy-sell relationships, terminating their customers’ traffic in exchange for terminating our traffic with them.

Carrier Services offers competitively priced international termination rates at several quality levels. We can offer competitively priced termination services in part because of the large volumes of originating minutes generated by our BOSS Revolution Calling business, our global platform powered by proprietary software, our team of professional and experienced account managers and market makers, and the global network of interconnections and relationships with other telecom system operators around the globe. Carrier Services are marketed and sold through our internal account management team and the IDT Express digital portal.

Traditional Communications terminated 15.1 billion minutes in fiscal 2021, as compared to 19.4 billion minutes in fiscal 2020. Carrier Services accounted for 10.5 billion minutes and 14.4 billion minutes of the total Traditional Communications’ minutes in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Carrier Services has a significant number of direct connections to Tier 1 providers in North America, Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Tier 1 providers are the largest recognized licensed carriers in a country. Direct connections improve the quality of the telephone calls and reduce the cost, thereby enabling us to generate more traffic with higher margins to the associated foreign locales. We also have direct relationships with mobile network operators, reflecting their growing share of the voice traffic market.

Termination rates charged by Tier 1 and other providers of international long-distance traffic have been declining for many years. Nevertheless, termination rates charged to us by individual Tier 1 carriers and mobile operators can be volatile. Termination price volatility on heavily trafficked routes can significantly impact our minutes of use and wholesale revenues.

In addition to offering competitive rates to our carrier customers, we emphasize our ability to offer the high-quality connections that these providers often require. To that end, we offer higher-priced services in which we provide higher-quality connections, based upon a set of predetermined quality of service criteria. These services meet a growing need for higher-quality connections for some of our customers who provide services to high-value, quality-conscious retail customers. As of July 31, 2021, Carrier Services had more than 1,900 customers and had more than 325 carrier relationships globally.

Carrier Services’ revenues are generated by sales to both postpaid and prepaid customers. Postpaid customers typically include Tier 1 carriers, mobile network operators and our most credit worthy customers. The majority of Carrier Services’ prepaid customers connect via our IDT Express portal. IDT Express focuses on delivering wholesale voice and direct inward dialing, or DID, services to small and medium size businesses domestically and internationally. IDT Express offers the convenience of a mobile self-service portal paired with dedicated account managers, all backed by customer support that is always available. Prepaid customers are typically smaller telecommunication companies as well as independent call aggregators.

Carrier Services also provide outsourcing services to help fixed and mobile telephony operators enhance the profitability and value of their international voice operations. Carrier Services offers these operators customized solutions, including full outsourcing, handing all inbound and outbound calls with or without switch management, and hybrid arrangements whereby the operator retains certain routes or customers directly. Pursuant to these deals, Carrier Services collaborates with the companies to provide a full range of international long-distance services to their respective customers in-country and overseas.

Carrier Services is subject to intense revenue and margin pressure as communications globally continues to transition away from international voice calling to video conferencing and other collaboration platforms, low-cost or free messaging services, free peer-to-peer voice calls available when both parties utilize broadband connections, and flat-rate international long-distance plans offered both by the largest mobile network operators and niche mobile virtual network operators.

Competition

The wholesale carrier industry has numerous entities competing for the same customers, primarily based on price and quality of service.

Carrier Services participates in a global marketplace with:

We believe that Carrier Services derives a competitive advantage from several inter-related factors:

We believe that these factors provide Carrier Services with a competitive advantage over some participants on certain routes.

Communications and Payment Network Infrastructure and Technology Development

We operate a global network to provide an array of telecommunications and payment services to our customers worldwide using a combination of proprietary and third-party applications. Proprietary applications include call routing and rating, customer provisioning, call management, e-commerce sites and digital platforms, product web pages, calling card features, and payment services features. Proprietary applications provide the flexibility to adapt to evolving marketplace demands without third-party software releases, and often provide advantages in capability or cost over third-party solutions.

Our core voice network utilizes VoIP and is interconnected, where needed, through gateways to time-division multiplexing, or TDM, networks worldwide. This hybrid IP/TDM capability allows us to interface with carriers using the lowest cost technology protocol available. To support our global reach, we operate voice switches and/or points of presence in the United States, Europe, South America, Asia, and Australia. We receive and terminate voice traffic from every country in the world, including cellular, landline, and satellite calls through direct and indirect interconnects. The network includes data centers located in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Hong Kong, which house equipment used for both our voice and payment services, with smaller points of presence in several other countries. Our global network is monitored and operated on a continual basis by our Network Operations Center in the United States. We also make use of one of the leading cloud providers to serve as host for some of our application infrastructure.

Our technology organization is responsible for the design, development, testing, and delivery of new technologies and features of our products and services, as well as the continued improvement and iteration of our existing products and services. It is also responsible for operating and scaling our proprietary calling and payment services platforms including the underlying cloud infrastructure. Our research and development investments seek to drive core technology innovation and bring new products and services to the market. Research and development employees are located in our Newark office, as well as remotely distributed. Our research and development team consist of our software engineering, product management, quality engineering, voice engineering, business intelligence, systems and development operations teams. We intend to continue to invest in our research and development capabilities to extend our products and services.

Our technology organization uses a number of key performance indicators to track service quality. As of July 31, 2021, our technology organization has improved our aggregate service uptime from approximately 99.9% in fiscal 2020 to approximately 99.92% for fiscal 2021. As of July 31, 2021, the defect escape ratio, a measure of quality engineering was improved for our flagship BOSS Revolution brand from 8.5% in fiscal 2020 to 5% in fiscal 2021, meaning more than 95% of product defects were detected and fixed before being released to our customers.

Our product offerings and go-to-market strategy continue to evolve, and we expect our product offerings to continue to become available to customers at more frequent intervals than our historical release cycles. Our Agile development methodology is characterized by a dynamic development process with more frequent revisions to a product release’s features and functions as the software is being developed. In addition, we have implemented a holistic portfolio management process, which has improved transparency and efficiency across the portfolio through a recurring cadence of business reviews.

REGULATION

The following summary of regulatory developments and legislation is intended to describe what we believe to be the most important, but not all, current and proposed international, federal, state, and local laws, regulations, orders, and legislation that are likely to materially affect us.

Regulation of Telecom in the United States

Telecommunications services are subject to extensive government regulation at both the federal and state levels in the United States. Any violations of the regulations may subject us to enforcement actions, including interest and penalties. The Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, has jurisdiction over all telecommunication’s common carriers to the extent they provide interstate or international communications services, including the use of local networks to originate or terminate such services. Each state regulatory commission has jurisdiction over the same carriers with respect to their provision of local and intrastate communications services. Local governments often indirectly regulate aspects of our communications business by imposing zoning requirements, taxes, permit or right-of-way procedures or franchise fees. Significant changes to the applicable laws or regulations imposed by any of these regulators could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Regulation of Telecom by the Federal Communications Commission

In 1997, the FCC issued an order, referred to as the Universal Service Order, that requires all telecommunications carriers providing interstate telecommunications services to contribute to universal service support programs administered by the FCC (known as the Universal Service Fund). In addition, beginning in October 2006, interconnected VoIP providers, such as our subsidiary net2phone, are required to contribute to the Universal Service Fund. These periodic contributions are currently assessed based on a percentage of each contributor’s interstate and international end user telecommunications revenues reported to the FCC. We also contribute to several other regulatory funds and programs, most notably Telecommunications Relay Service, FCC Regulatory Fees, and Local Number Portability (collectively, the Other Funds). We and most of our competitors pass through Universal Service Fund and Other Funds contributions as part of the price of our services, either as part of the base rate or, to the extent allowed, as a separate surcharge on customer bills. Due to the manner in which these contributions are calculated, we cannot be assured that we fully recover from our customers all of our contributions. In addition, based on the nature of our current business, we receive certain exemptions from federal Universal Service Fund contributions. Changes in our business could eliminate our ability to qualify for some or all of these exemptions. As a result, our ability to pursue certain new business opportunities in the future may be constrained in order to maintain these exemptions, the elimination of which could materially affect the rates we would need to charge for existing services. Changes in regulation may also have an impact on the availability of some or all of these exemptions. If even some of these exemptions become unavailable, they could materially increase our federal Universal Service Fund or Other Funds’ contributions and have a material adverse effect on the cost of our operations and, therefore, on our ability to continue to operate profitably, and to develop and grow our business. We cannot be certain of the stability of the contribution factors for the Other Funds. Significant increases in the contribution factor for the Other Funds in general and the Telecommunications Relay Service Fund in particular can impact our profitability. Whether these contribution factors will be stable in the future is unknown, but it is possible that we will be subject to significant increases.

Regulation of Telecom by State Public Utility Commissions

Our telecommunications services that originate and terminate within the same state, including both local and in-state long distance services are subject to the jurisdiction of that state’s public utility commission. The Communications Act of 1934, as amended, generally preempts state statutes and regulations that prevent the provision of competitive services but permits state public utility commissions to regulate the rates, terms and conditions of intrastate services, so long as such regulation is not inconsistent with the requirements of federal law. We are certified to provide facilities-based and/or resold long-distance service in all 50 states and facilities-based and resold local exchange service in 45 states. In addition to requiring certification, state regulatory authorities may impose tariff and filing requirements, consumer protection measures, and obligations to contribute to universal service and other funds. Rates for intrastate switched access services, which we both pay to local exchange companies and collect from long-distance companies for terminating in-state toll calls, are subject to the jurisdiction of the state commissions. State commissions also have jurisdiction to approve negotiated rates, or establish rates through arbitration, for interconnection, including rates for unbundled network elements. Changes in those access charges or rates for unbundled network elements could have a substantial and material impact on our business.

Regulation of Telecom—International

In connection with our international operations, we have obtained licenses or are otherwise authorized to provide telecommunications services in various foreign countries. We have obtained licenses or authorizations in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Uruguay. In numerous countries where we operate or plan to operate, we are subject to many local laws and regulations that, among other things, may restrict or limit the ability of telecommunications companies to provide telecommunications services in competition with state-owned or state-sanctioned dominant carriers.

Regulation of Internet Telephony

The use of the Internet and private IP networks to provide voice communications services is generally less regulated than traditional switch-based telephony within the United States and abroad and, in many markets, is not subject to the imposition of certain taxes and fees that increase our costs. As a result, we are able, in many markets, to offer VoIP communications services at rates that are more attractive than those applicable to traditional telephone services. However, in the U.S. and abroad, there have been efforts by legislatures and regulators to harmonize the regulatory structures between traditional switch-based telephony and VoIP. This could result in additional fees, charges, taxes and regulations on IP communications services that could materially increase our costs and may limit or eliminate our competitive pricing advantages. Additionally, several foreign governments have adopted laws and/or regulations that could restrict or prohibit the provision of voice communications services over the Internet or private IP networks. These efforts could likewise harm our ability to offer VoIP communications services.

Money Transmitter and Payment Instrument Laws and Regulations

Our consumer payment services offerings include money transfer and various network branded, also called “open loop”, prepaid card offerings. These industries are heavily regulated. Accordingly, we, and the products and services that we market in consumer payment services, are subject to a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, including:

In connection with the development of our money transmission services and the expansion of our network branded prepaid card offerings, we have actively pursued our own money transmitter licenses. At July 31, 2021, we had received a money transmitter license in 48 of the 49 U.S. states that require such a license, as well as in Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C.

Regulation of Other Businesses

We operate other smaller or early-stage initiatives and operations, which may be subject to federal, state, local or foreign law and regulation.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We own numerous patents, trademarks, domain names and other intellectual property rights necessary to conduct our business. We actively pursue the filing and registration of patents, domain names, trademarks, and service marks to protect our intellectual property rights within the United States and abroad; in particular our registered trademarks and brands: IDT®, BOSS Revolution®, and net2phone®. From time to time we have also acquired or licensed intellectual property relating to present and future business strategy. We believe that our technological position significantly depends on the technical experience, expertise, and creative ability of our employees to maintain both our current businesses and pursue future business development. Our corporate policies require all employees to assign intellectual property rights developed in the scope of, or in relation to our business to us, and to protect all intellectual property and proprietary information and materials as confidential.

Our global telecommunications switching and transmission infrastructure enables us to provide an array of telecommunications, Internet access and Internet telephony services to our customers worldwide. We rely upon domestic and foreign patents, patent applications, and other intellectual property rights, regarding our infrastructure and global telecommunication network for our international telecommunications traffic and the international traffic of other telecommunications companies.

EMPLOYEES

As of October 1, 2021, we had a total of approximately1,650 employees, of which approximately 1,640 were full-time employees.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

RISK FACTORS

Our business, operating results or financial condition could be materially adversely affected by any of the following risks as well as the other risks highlighted elsewhere in this document, particularly the discussions about regulation, competition, and intellectual property. The trading price of our Class B common stock could decline due to any of these risks.

Risks Related to Our Businesses

Each of our BOSS Revolution Calling and Carrier Services businesses is highly sensitive to declining prices, which may adversely affect our revenues and margins.

The worldwide telecommunications industry is characterized by intense price competition, which has resulted in declines in both our average per-minute price realizations and our average per-minute termination costs. Many of our competitors continue to aggressively price their services. The intense competition has led to continued erosion in our pricing power, in both our retail and wholesale markets, and we have generally had to pass along all or some of the savings we achieve on our per-minute costs to our customers in the form of lower prices. In the case of some international calling locations, when average per minute termination cost decline to a nominal amount, indirect competitors, such as wireless carriers, may include calls to those locations at no extra cost, which increases our risk of losing customers. Any price increase by either our BOSS Revolution Calling, or Carrier Services business may result in our prices not being as attractive, which may result in a reduction of revenue. If these trends in pricing continue or accelerate, it could have a material adverse effect on the revenues generated by our BOSS Revolution Calling and Carrier Services businesses and/or our gross margins.

Our results of operations are significantly dependent upon BOSS Revolution Calling, which generates a significant portion of our revenue.

We compete in the international prepaid calling market with Tier 1 mobile network operators who offer flat rate international calling plans, other PIN-less prepaid voice offerings, prepaid calling card providers, mobile virtual network operators, and VoIP and other OTT service providers. Many of these companies, such as AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile, are substantially larger and have greater financial, technical, engineering, personnel, and marketing resources, longer operating histories, greater name recognition, and larger customer bases than we do. We may not be able to compete successfully if one or more of these companies use their substantial resources in or to affect the international prepaid calling market.

In addition to these larger competitors, we face significant competition from smaller prepaid calling providers.

From time-to-time, competitors offer rates that are substantially below ours to gain market share. In some instances, these rates are below what we believe to be the cost to provide the service. This predatory pricing can adversely affect our revenues and our gross margins.

The continued growth of OTT calling and messaging services, such as WhatsApp Viber, Skype and others have adversely affected the sales of BOSS Revolution Calling. We expect the popularity of IP-based services—many of which offer free voice and/or video communications provided both the caller and recipient have a broadband connection—to continue to increase, which will increase substitution for, and pricing pressure on, BOSS Revolution Calling.

Many wireless operators offer unlimited international long-distance plans that include international destinations to which customers can place direct calls from their mobile phones without time limitation. These plans now include some of our most popular international destinations. The growth of these “international unlimited” plans adversely affects our revenues as these operators gain subscriber market share from BOSS Revolution Calling.

If we are unable to compete effectively with BOSS Revolution Calling, it could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, gross margins and/or profits.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient or cost-effective termination capacity to particular destinations, which could adversely affect our revenues and profits.

Most of our telecommunications traffic is terminated through third-party providers. In order to support our minutes of use demands and geographic footprint, we may need to obtain additional termination capacity or destinations. We may not be able to obtain sufficient termination capacity from high-quality carriers to particular destinations or may have to pay significant amounts to obtain such capacity. This could result in our not being able to support our minutes of use demands or in higher cost-per-minute to particular destinations, which could adversely affect our revenues and profits.

The termination of our carrier agreements with partners or our inability to enter into carrier agreements in the future could materially and adversely affect our ability to compete, which could reduce our revenues and profits.

We rely upon our carrier agreements with partners in order to provide our telecommunications services to our customers. These carrier agreements are for finite terms and, therefore, there can be no guarantee that these agreements will be renewed at all or on favorable terms to us. Our ability to compete would be adversely affected if our carrier agreements were terminated or we were unable to enter into carrier agreements in the future to provide our telecommunications services to our customers, which could result in a reduction of our revenues and profits.

Our customers, particularly our Carrier Services customers, could experience financial difficulties, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability if we experience difficulties in collecting our receivables.

As a provider of international long-distance services, we depend upon sales of transmission and termination of traffic to other long-distance providers and the collection of receivables from these customers. The wholesale telecommunications market continues to feature many smaller, less financially stable companies. If weakness in the telecommunications industry or the global economy reduces our ability to collect our accounts receivable from our major customers, particularly our wholesale customers, our profitability may be substantially reduced. While our most significant customers, from a revenue perspective, vary from quarter to quarter, our five largest Carrier Services customers collectively accounted for 4.5% and 6.5% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively. Our Carrier Services customers with the five largest receivables balances collectively accounted for 8.8% and 13.3% of our total gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This concentration of revenues and receivables increases our exposure to non-payment by our larger customers, and we may experience significant write-offs if any of our large customers fail to pay their outstanding balances, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Our revenues and profits will suffer if our distributors and sales representatives fail to effectively market and distribute our BOSS Revolution and Mobile Top-Up products and services.

We rely on our distributors and representatives to market and distribute our BOSS Revolution products and services, and our Mobile Top-Up offerings. We utilize a network of several hundred sub-distributors that sell our BOSS Revolution products and services and our Mobile Top-Up offerings to retail outlets throughout most of the United States. If our distributors or sales representatives fail to effectively market or distribute our BOSS Revolution products and services, or our Mobile Top-Up offerings, our ability to generate revenues and profits and grow our customer base in these products and services could be substantially impaired.

Natural or man-made disasters could have an adverse effect on our technological infrastructure, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Natural disasters, terrorist acts, acts of war, cyberattacks or other breaches of network or information technology security may cause equipment failures or disrupt our operations. Although we make significant efforts towards managing disaster recovery and business continuity plans, our inability to operate our telecommunications networks because of such events, even for a limited period of time, may result in loss of revenue, significant expenses and/or loss of market share to other communications providers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Certain functions related to our business depend on a single supplier or small group of suppliers to carry out our business, and the inability to do business with some or all of these suppliers could have a materially adverse effect on our business and financial results.

If the services of any of the single suppliers or small group of suppliers, including, without limitation, software from third-party service providers used in certain of our products and services, that we depend on were unavailable, or available only in decreased capacity or at less advantageous terms, this could result in interruptions to our ability to provide certain services, could cause reduction in service and/or quality as the function is transitioned to an alternate provider, if an alternate provider is available, or could increase our cost, which in the current competitive environment, we may not be able to pass along to customers. Accordingly, any of these events could materially and negatively impact our business, our revenues, our profits, and our relationships with customers.

Cyberattacks impacting our networks or systems could have an adverse effect on our business.

Cyberattacks, including through the use of malware, ransomware, computer viruses, denial of services attacks, credential harvesting, social engineering and other means for obtaining unauthorized access to or disrupting the operation of our networks and systems and those of our suppliers, vendors and other service providers, could have an adverse effect on our business. Cyberattacks may cause equipment failures, loss of information, including sensitive personal information of customers or employees or valuable technical and marketing information, as well as disruptions to our or our customers’ operations. Furthermore, ransomware could potentially deny the use of our systems until a ransom is paid. Cyberattacks against companies, including us, have increased in frequency, scope and potential harm in recent years. They may occur alone or in conjunction with physical attacks, especially where disruption of service is an objective of the attacker. The development and maintenance of systems to prevent such attacks is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating to address their increasing prevalence and sophistication. While, to date, we have not been subject to cyberattacks that, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition, the preventive actions we take to reduce the risks associated with cyberattacks, including protection of our systems and networks, may be insufficient to repel or mitigate the effects of a cyberattack in the future.

The inability to operate or use our networks and systems or those of our suppliers, vendors and other service providers as a result of cyberattacks, even for a limited period of time, may result in significant expenses to us and/or a loss of market share. The costs associated with a major cyberattack on us could include expensive incentives offered to existing customers and business partners to retain their business, increased expenditures on cybersecurity measures and the use of alternate resources, lost revenues from business interruption and litigation. Further, certain of our businesses, such as those offering cloud services to business customers, could be negatively affected if our ability to protect our own networks and systems is called into question as a result of a cyberattack. In addition, a compromise of security or a theft or other compromise of valuable information, such as financial data and sensitive or private personal information, could result in lawsuits and government claims, investigations or proceedings. Any of these occurrences could damage our reputation, adversely impact customer and investor confidence and result in a material adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition.

We could be harmed by network disruptions, security breaches, or other significant disruptions or failures of our IT infrastructure and related systems or of those we operate for certain of our customers, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

To be successful, we need to continue to have available, for our and our customers’ use, a high-capacity, reliable and secure network. We face the risk, as does almost any company, of a security breach, whether through cyberattacks, malware, computer viruses, sabotage, or other significant disruption of our IT infrastructure and related systems. As such, there is a risk of a security breach or disruption of the systems we operate, including possible unauthorized access to our and our customers’ proprietary or classified information.

We are also subject to breaches of our network resulting in unauthorized utilization of our services or products, which subject us to the costs of providing those products or services, which are likely not recoverable. The secure maintenance and transmission of our and our customer’s information is a critical element of our operations. Our information technology and other systems that maintain and transmit customer information, or those of service providers or business partners, may be compromised by a malicious third-party penetration of our network security, or that of a third-party service provider or business partner, or impacted by advertent or inadvertent actions or inactions by our employees, or those of a third-party service provider or business partner. As a result, our or our customers’ information may be lost, disclosed, accessed or taken without the customers’ consent, or our products and services may be used without payment.

Although we make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of information and systems, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging, especially in light of the growing sophistication of cyberattacks and intrusions sponsored by state or other interests. We may be unable to anticipate all potential types of attacks or intrusions or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures. Certain of our business units have been the subject of attempted and successful cyberattacks in the past. We have researched the situations and do not believe any material internal or customer information has been compromised.

Network disruptions, security breaches and other significant failures of the above-described systems could (i) disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations or those of certain of our customers; (ii) result in the unauthorized use of our services or products without payment, (iii) result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or our customers, including trade secrets, which others could use to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes; (iv) require significant management attention or financial resources to remedy the damages that result or to change our systems and processes; (v) subject us to claims for contract breach, damages, credits, fines, penalties, termination or other remedies; or (vi) result in a loss of business, damage our reputation among our customers and the public generally, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny or expose us to litigation. Any or all of which could have a negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if we are unable to retain or motivate key personnel, hire qualified personnel, or maintain our corporate culture, we may not be able to grow effectively.

We believe that our corporate culture fosters innovation, creativity, and teamwork. Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization, in particular our technology and software engineering organization. Competition for qualified technology and engineering employees is intense and our compensation arrangements may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining and motivating our existing employees. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees.

New and existing technologies could affect our ability to track the results of ads and/or could block ads online, which would harm our business.

Technologies have been developed to make tracking the results of our online advertisements more difficult or to block the display of advertisements altogether and some providers of online services have integrated technologies that could potentially impair the core functionality of third-party digital advertising. A significant portion of our revenues are derived from customers acquired in connection with the display of advertisements online. As a result, such technologies and tools could adversely affect our operating results.

The long-term success of NRS depends on our ability to develop products and services to address the rapidly evolving market for POS products and services, and, if we are not able to implement successful enhancements and new features for our products and services, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

Rapid and significant technological changes continue to confront the POS market. These new services and technologies may be superior to, impair, or render obsolete the POS products and services that NRS currently offers or the technologies NRS currently uses to provide them. Incorporating new technologies into NRS’ POS products and services may require substantial expenditures and take considerable time, and NRS may not be successful in realizing a return on these development efforts in a timely manner or at all. NRS’ ability to develop new products and services may be inhibited by industry-wide standards, existing and future laws and regulations, resistance to change from our customers, which includes our sellers and their buyers, or third parties’ intellectual property rights. NRS’ success will depend, in part, on its ability to develop new technologies and to adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards. If NRS is unable to provide enhancements and new features for our products and services or to develop new products and services that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with rapid technological developments and evolving industry standards, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

Substantial and increasingly intense competition in the POS industry may harm NRS’ business.

NRS competes in the POS market that is characterized by vigorous competition, changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing customer needs, and frequent introductions of new products and services. We expect competition to intensify in the future as existing and new competitors introduce new services or enhance existing services. NRS competes against many companies to attract customers, and some of these companies have greater financial resources and substantially larger bases of customers than NRS does, which may provide them with significant competitive advantages. These companies may devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of products and services, may achieve economies of scale due to the size of their customer bases, and may more effectively introduce their own innovative products and services that adversely impacts NRS’ growth. Currently, we believe that we have a competitive advantage because of our focus and marketing reach into independent stores, often in immigrant communities in the United States. If some or all of our competitors focus additional resources on those customers, NRS’ growth may slow, or we may lose customers due to the competition. Mergers and acquisitions by these companies may lead to even larger competitors with more resources.

NRS may also face pricing pressures from competitors. Some potential competitors are able to offer lower prices to sellers for similar services by subsidizing their payments services through other services they offer. Such competition may result in the need for NRS to alter the pricing that it offers and could reduce our gross profit.

If NRS fails to convince brands of the benefits of advertising on its platform, our business could be harmed.

NRS’ strategy includes increasing its revenues from brand advertising. Brands may not do business with NRS or may reduce the amounts they are willing to spend to advertise if NRS does not deliver ads, and other commercial content and marketing programs in an effective manner, or if they do not believe that their investment in advertising with NRS will generate a competitive return relative to other alternatives. NRS’ ability to grow the number of brands that use its brand advertising, and ultimately to generate advertising and marketing services revenues, depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If NRS fails to convince brands of the benefits of advertising on its platform, our business could be harmed.

If we are unable to ensure that certain of our services and hardware, particularly those of NRS and net2phone, integrate with third-party operating systems and devices, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Certain of our products and services, particularly those offered by NRS and net2phone, are dependent on the ability to integrate with a variety of third-party operating systems and devices that we do not control. Any changes in these systems that degrade the functionality of these products and services, impose additional costs or requirements on it, or give preferential treatment to competitive services, including their own services, could materially and adversely affect usage of certain of our products and services particularly those offered by NRS and net2phone. If we are unable to ensure that our hardware and software continue to interoperate effectively or if doing so is costly, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

If net2phone fails to adapt its products and services to rapid changes in the market for cloud communications services, then its products and services could become obsolete or less competitive.

The market for net2phone’s products and services is constantly and rapidly evolving as its competitors introduce new and enhanced products and services and react to changes in the cloud communications services industry and customer demands. net2phone may not be able to develop or acquire new products and services or product and service enhancements that compete effectively with present or emerging cloud communication services and technologies. In addition, net2phone may not be able to establish or maintain strategic alliances that will permit enhancement opportunities or innovative distribution methods for its products and services.

Cloud communications services are complex, and new products and enhancements to existing products can require long development and testing periods. Any delays in developing and releasing new or enhanced products could cause net2phone to lose revenue opportunities and customers. Any technical flaws in products net2phone releases could diminish the quality and innovative impact of the products and have a negative effect on customer adoption and its reputation.

net2phone is also subject to the risk of future disruptive technologies. New products based on new technologies or new industry standards could render its existing products obsolete and unmarketable. If new technologies develop that can deliver competing voice, video, and messaging services at lower prices, better or more conveniently, it could have a material adverse effect on net2phone and us.

net2phone’s success in the cloud communications market for business services depends in part on developing and maintaining effective distribution channels. The failure to develop and maintain these channels could materially and adversely affect its business.

A significant portion of net2phone’s revenues are generated through indirect channel sales. These channels consist of third-party channel partners and value-added distributors that market and sell net2phone’s products and services to business customers. These channels may generate an increasing portion of net2phone’s revenues in the future. Generally, net2phone does not have long-term contracts with these third-party channel partners and value-added distributors, and the loss of or reduction in sales through these third parties could materially reduce its revenues. net2phone also competes for preference amongst its current or potential channel partners with its competitors. net2phone’s continued success requires that it continue developing and maintaining successful relationships with these third-party channel partners and value-added distributors. If net2phone fails to do so, or if its channel partners are not successful in their sales efforts, its sales may decrease, and its and our operating results would suffer.

As the cloud communications market evolves, and the convergence of voice, video, messaging, mobility, and data networking technologies accelerates, net2phone may face competition in the future from companies that do not currently compete in the cloud communications services market.

As the cloud communications market evolves, combining voice, video and messaging with data networks, information technology and communication applications, an opportunity is created for new competitors to enter the cloud communications services market and offer competing products, including companies that currently compete in other sectors, companies that serve consumers rather than business customers, or companies which expand their market presence to include business communications. This potential competition may take many forms and may offer products and applications similar to net2phone’s. If new competitors emerge, the cloud communications services market will become increasingly competitive, and net2phone may not be able to maintain or improve its market position. net2phone’s failure to do so could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We could fail to comply with requirements imposed on us by certain third parties, including regulators, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, revenues, and profits.

A significant and increasing portion of our transactions are processed using debit cards, credit cards, and other digital payment methods. The banks, credit card companies, networks, and other payment processing providers impose strict regulatory, compliance, system, and other requirements to participate in such parties’ payment systems. We are required to comply with the privacy provisions of various federal and state privacy statutes and regulations, and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, or PCI DSS, each of which is subject to change at any time. Compliance with PCI DSS does not guarantee a completely secure environment and notwithstanding the results of this assessment there can be no assurance that payment card brands will not request further compliance assessments or set forth additional requirements to maintain access to credit card processing services. Compliance with PCI DSS is an ongoing effort, and the requirements evolve as new threats are identified. Compliance with these requirements is often difficult and costly, and our failure, or our counterparty’s failure, to comply may result in significant fines or civil penalties, regulatory enforcement action, liability under or termination of necessary agreements related to our payment services business, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and/or operations and that of our distributors who could be liable as well. Further, our payment services are subject to stringent requirements by regulators and trade organizations in various jurisdictions. Our payment services unit is subject to federal and state banking regulations, and we are also subject to further regulation by those states in which we are licensed as a money transmitter. We may not be able to comply with all such requirements in a timely manner or remain in compliance. If we are not in compliance, we could be subject to penalties or the termination of our rights to participate in such payment systems or provide such services, which could have a material negative impact on our ability to grow our businesses and our revenues and profits.

Our business, results of operation and financial condition could be adversely affected by the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions put in place in connection therewith.

We are responding to the global outbreak of COVID-19 by taking steps to mitigate the potential risks to us posed by its spread and the impact of the restrictions put in place by governments to protect the population. We continue to execute our business continuity plan and have implemented a comprehensive set of actions for the health and safety of our employees, customers, and business partners. Our employees transitioned to work-from-home during fiscal 2020 and, to a large degree, continue to work-from-home. Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, certain of our employees returned to our offices on a part-time basis.

We continue to implement strong physical and cyber-security measures to ensure our systems remain functional to both serve our operational needs with a remote workforce and to provide uninterrupted service to our customers. We face challenges due to the need to operate with the remote workforce and are addressing those challenges to minimize the impact on our ability to operate.

The impacts of COVID-19 and related public health restrictions had a mixed, but, in the aggregate, positive financial impact on our business, operations and financial condition. Negative impacts of COVID-19 on our business in fiscal 2020 that were somewhat or mostly mitigated in fiscal 2021 included:

If the COVID-19 pandemic continues for a prolonged period or has a more significant impact than currently, our business, operations, and financial condition could be impacted in more significant ways. The continued spread of COVID-19 and efforts to contain the virus could have the following impacts, in addition to exacerbating the impacts described above:

As of July 31, 2021, we had not experienced significant adverse impacts to our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows due to the impact of COVID-19. However, the situation remains fluid and we cannot predict with certainty the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Our international operations subject us to additional risks which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We have attempted to control our operating expenses by utilizing lower-cost labor in foreign countries such as Belarus, Guatemala, and Israel and we may in the future expand our reliance on offshore labor to other countries. Our employees in Belarus and Israel primarily help develop, test, and maintain certain of our technology. Our labor source in Guatemala primarily performs certain call center, administrative, and customer acquisition functions. We also have significant operations in Brazil and Argentina as a result of net2phone’s growth.

Countries outside of the United States may be subject to relatively higher degrees of political and social instability and may lack the infrastructure to withstand political unrest or natural disasters. The occurrence of natural disasters, pandemics, such as COVID-19, or political or economic instability in these countries could interfere with work performed by these labor sources or could result in our having to replace or reduce these labor sources. If countries in which we operate experience civil or political unrest or acts of terrorism, especially when such unrest leads to an unseating of the established government, our operations in such countries could be materially impaired. Our vendors in other countries could potentially shut down suddenly for any reason, including financial problems or personnel issues. Such disruptions could decrease efficiency, increase our costs and have an adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

For example, in August 2020, political unrest in Belarus related to its elections resulted in our Belarus operations being nearly unable to operate for multiple days and significantly reduced productivity in our Belarus operations for multiple weeks.

The practice of utilizing labor based in foreign countries has come under increased scrutiny in the United States. Governmental authorities could seek to impose financial costs or restrictions on foreign companies providing services to customers or companies in the United States. Governmental authorities may attempt to prohibit or otherwise discourage us from sourcing services from offshore labor.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations prohibit certain types of payments by our employees, vendors, and agents. Any violation of the applicable anti-corruption laws or regulations by us, our subsidiaries or our local agents could expose us to significant penalties, fines, settlements, costs, and consent orders that may curtail or restrict our business as it is currently conducted and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Weakness of the United States dollar in relation to the currencies used in these foreign countries may also reduce the savings achievable through this strategy and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our U.K.-based businesses and business between the United Kingdom and other countries face risks related to the United Kingdom leaving the European Union (“Brexit”).

We operate our business worldwide, including meaningful operations in the United Kingdom. Accordingly, we are subjected to risks from changes in the regulatory environment in various countries. On June 23, 2016, the electorate in the United Kingdom voted in favor of leaving the European Union, or EU, (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). The United Kingdom formally left the EU on April 30, 2020 and had entered a transition period until December 31, 2020. The EU and the United Kingdom concluded the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (the “Form 10-K”“TCA”) on December 24, 2020, which took effect provisionally on January 1, 2021, following the end of the formal transition period and will become formally applicable once ratified by both the United Kingdom and the EU. The TCA sets out the arrangements between the United Kingdom and EU on trade in certain areas (e.g., goods and some services, energy, fisheries, social security coordination), however there is still uncertainty over how its terms will play out in practice and there are still key aspects of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the EU which are not covered by the TCA, such as in respect of financial services. We expect that uncertainty over the terms of the TCA and other future agreements between the United Kingdom and EU will continue to cause political and economic uncertainty, which could harm our business and financial results. The withdrawal will, among other outcomes, disrupt the free movement of goods, services and people between the United Kingdom and the EU, and result in increased legal and regulatory complexities, as well as potential higher costs of conducting business in Europe. Until there is greater understanding on how the terms of the TCA will play out in practice, and until the terms of other potential agreements that the United Kingdom may eventually enter into with the EU are known, it is not possible to determine the extent of the impact that the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU and/or any related matters may have on us; however, any of these effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our business, business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. Likewise, similar actions taken by European and other countries in which we operate could have a similar or even more profound impact.

Further, Brexit could adversely affect European and worldwide economic or market conditions and could contribute to instability in global financial markets, and the value of the Pound Sterling currency or other currencies, including the Euro. We are exposed to the economic, market, and fiscal conditions in the United Kingdom and the EU and to changes in any of these conditions.

IDT Financial Services Limited, or IDTFS, our Gibraltar-based bank, currently operates under a license from the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission. As an overseas British Territory, following the expiration of the Brexit transition period, the passporting rights previously enjoyed by IDTFS under EU law have ceased to be in effect. Although we are currently seeking an e-money license issued by an EU country, since this was not secured prior to expiration of the transition period, alternative arrangements were made with third parties to service customers in EU countries previously serviced by IDTFS. Our inability to service these customers will lead to a reduction in the revenues previously earned from them.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, and current and potential stockholders may lose confidence in our financial reporting which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.

We are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission to establish and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting that provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. We are likewise required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and to disclose any changes and material weaknesses in those internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis

We cannot be certain that we will continue to maintain an effective system of internal control over our financial reporting in future periods. Any failure to maintain such internal controls could adversely impact our ability to report our financial results on a timely and accurate basis. If our financial statements are not accurate, investors may not have a complete understanding of our operations. Likewise, if our financial statements are not filed on a timely basis as required by the Securities and Exchange Commission and The New York Stock Exchange, we could face severe consequences from those authorities. In either case, there could result a material adverse effect on our business. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.

Risk Related to Our Financial Condition

We hold cash, cash equivalents, debt securities and equity investments that are subject to various market risks.

At July 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments of $163.6 million. Debt securities and equity investments carry a degree of risk, as there can be no assurance that we can redeem them at any time and that our investment managers will be able to accurately predict the course of price movements and, in general, the securities markets have in recent years been characterized by great volatility and unpredictability. As a result of these different market risks, our holdings of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities and equity investments could be materially and adversely affected.

Intellectual Property, Tax, Regulatory, and Litigation Risks

We provide communications and payment services to consumers and are therefore subject to various federal and state laws and regulations.

As a provider of communications and payment services to consumers, such as BOSS Revolution Calling or BOSS Revolution Money Transfer, we are subject to various federal and state laws and regulations relating to the manner in which we advertise our services, describe and present the terms of our services, and communicate with our customers and consumers in general. Compliance with these laws requires us to be constantly vigilant as they often vary from state to state. Failure to comply with these laws could result in action being taken by federal and state agencies or offices responsible for consumer protection, like the Federal Trade Commission which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, revenues, and profits.

We may be adversely affected if we fail to protect our proprietary technology.

We depend on proprietary technology and other intellectual property rights in conducting our various business operations. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secret protection and contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights. Circumstances outside our control could pose a threat to our intellectual property rights. For example, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which our products and services are distributed. Also, the efforts we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be sufficient or effective. Any significant impairment of our intellectual property rights could harm our business or our ability to compete. Also, protecting our intellectual property rights is costly and time consuming. Any increase in the unauthorized use of our intellectual property could make it more expensive to do business and harm our operating results. Failure of our patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secret protection, non-disclosure agreements and other measures to provide protection of our technology and our intellectual property rights could enable our competitors to more effectively compete with us and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, we may be required to litigate in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Any such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations, and there can be no assurances that we will be successful in any such litigation.

We may be subject to claims of infringement of intellectual property rights of others, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, revenues, and profits.

Companies in the telecommunications industry and other industries in which we compete own large numbers of patents, copyrights and trademarks and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition, the possibility of intellectual property claims against us grows. Although we do not believe that we infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others, our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use. From time to time we may be subject to claims and legal proceedings from third parties regarding alleged infringement by us of trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights. Such suits can be expensive and time consuming and could distract us and our management from focusing on our businesses. Further, loss of such suits could result in financial burdens and the requirement to modify our modes of operation, which could materially adversely affect our business.

We are subject to tax and regulatory audits which could result in the imposition of liabilities that may or may not have been reserved.

We are subject to audits by taxing and regulatory authorities with respect to certain of our income and operations. These audits can cover periods for several years prior to the date the audit is undertaken and could result in the imposition of liabilities, interest and penalties if our positions are not accepted by the auditing entity.

Our 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports our calendar year 2016 revenue is currently under audit by the Universal Service Administrative Company, or USAC. The Internal Audit Division of USAC issued preliminary audit findings and we have, in accordance with audit procedures, appealed certain of the findings. We are awaiting a final decision by USAC on the preliminary audit findings. Depending on the findings contained in the final decision, we may further appeal to the FCC. As of July 31, 2021, our accrued expenses included $38.3 million for FCC-related regulatory fees for the year covered by the audit, as well as prior and subsequent years. If we do not properly calculate, or have not properly calculated, the amount payable by us to the FCC, we may be subject to interest and penalties.

We are subject to value added tax, or VAT, audits from time-to-time in various jurisdictions. In the conduct of such audits, we may be required to disclose information of a sensitive nature and, in general, to modify the way we have conducted business with our distributors until the present, which may affect our business in an adverse manner.

We are also subject to audits in various jurisdictions for various other taxes, including utility excise tax, sales and use tax, communications services tax, gross receipts tax and property tax.

We may be subject to state sales taxes that we have not paid, collected from our customers, or reserved for on our financial statements, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

On June 21, 2018, the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., holding that a state may require a remote seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax on goods and services provided to purchasers in the state, overturning certain existing court precedent. We have evaluated our state tax filings with respect to the Wayfair decision and are in the process of reviewing our remittance practices. It is possible that one or more jurisdictions may assert that we have liability for periods for which we have not collected sales, use or other similar taxes, and if such an assertion or assertions were successful it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. One or more jurisdictions may change their laws or policies to apply their sales, use or other similar taxes to our operations, and if such changes were made it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our business is subject to strict regulation under federal law regarding anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing. Failure to comply with such laws, or abuse of our programs for purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act and other federal laws impose substantial regulations on financial institutions that are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist organizations. Increasing regulatory scrutiny of our industry with respect to money laundering and terrorist financing matters could result in more aggressive enforcement of these laws or the enactment of more onerous regulation, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, abuse of our money transfer services or prepaid card programs for purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, notwithstanding our efforts to prevent such abuse through our regulatory compliance and risk management programs, could cause reputational or other harm that would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our business is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations intended to help detect and prevent illegal or illicit activity and our failure, or the failure of one of our disbursement partners or payment processors to comply with those laws and regulations could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our money transfer and network branded prepaid card services are subject to a strict set of legal and regulatory requirements intended to help detect and prevent money laundering, terrorist financing, fraud, and other illicit activity. The interpretation of those requirements by judges, regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies is changing, often quickly and with little notice. Economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, with individuals and entities that are specially designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers and terrorists or terrorist organizations. As federal, state, and foreign legislative regulatory scrutiny and enforcement action in these areas increase, we expect our costs to comply with these requirements will increase, perhaps substantially. Failure to comply with any of these requirements by us, our regulated retailers or our disbursement partners could result in the suspension or revocation of a money transmitter license, the limitation, suspension or termination of our services, the seizure and/or forfeiture of our assets and/or the imposition of civil and criminal penalties, including fines.

Furthermore, failure by us or our agents to comply with applicable laws and regulations could also result in termination of contracts with our banks and/or merchant payment processors. Termination of services by one of our retail banks would seriously diminish our ability to collect funds from our BOSS Revolution agents. Likewise, termination of services by our merchant processor would negatively impact our ability to process payments in our digital channels.

The foregoing laws and regulations are constantly evolving, unclear and inconsistent across various jurisdictions, making compliance challenging. If we fail to update our compliance system to reflect legislative or regulatory developments, we could incur penalties. New legislation, changes in laws or regulations, implementing rules and regulations, litigation, court rulings, changes in industry practices or standards, changes in systems rules or requirements or other similar events could expose us to increased compliance costs, liability, reputational damage, and could reduce the market value of our money transfer and network branded prepaid card services or render them less profitable or obsolete.

The Dodd-Frank Act, as well as the regulations required by the Dodd-Frank Act and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau could harm us and the scope of our activities, and could harm our operations, results of operations, and financial condition.

The Dodd-Frank Act, which became law in the United States on July 21, 2010, calls for significant structural reforms and substantive regulation across the financial services industry. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, whose purpose is to issue and enforce consumer protection initiatives governing financial products and services, including money transfer services.

We may be subject to examination by the CFPB, which has broad authority to enforce consumer financial laws. The CFPB has a large budget and staff and has broad authority with respect to our money transfer service and related business. It is authorized to collect fines and provide consumer restitution in the event of violations, engage in consumer financial education, track consumer complaints, request data and promote the availability of financial services to underserved consumers and communities. In addition, the CFPB may adopt other regulations governing consumer financial services, including regulations defining unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, and new model disclosures. The CFPB’s authority to change regulations adopted in the past by other regulators, or to rescind or alter past regulatory guidance, could increase our compliance costs and litigation exposure.

The Dodd-Frank Act establishes a Financial Stability Oversight Counsel that is authorized to designate as “systemically important” non-bank financial companies and payment systems. Companies designated under either standard will become subject to new regulation and regulatory supervision. If we were designated under either standard, the additional regulatory and supervisory requirements could result in costly new compliance burdens or may require changes in the way we conduct business that could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We are subject to licensing and other requirements imposed by U.S. state regulators, and the U.S. federal government. If we were found to be subject to or in violation of any laws or regulations governing money transmitters, we could lose our licenses, be subject to liability or be forced to change our business practices, which could harm our operations, results of operations, and financial condition.

A number of states and territories have enacted legislation regulating money transmitters, with 49 states requiring a license as of July 31, 2021. At July 31, 2021, we had obtained licenses to operate as a money transmitter in 48 U.S. states, Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico. We are also registered as money services businesses with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, or FinCEN. As a licensed money transmitter, we are subject to bonding requirements, liquidity requirements, restrictions on our investment of customer funds, reporting requirements, and inspection by state and foreign regulatory agencies. If we were found to be subject to and in violation of any banking or money services laws or regulations, we could be subject to liability or additional restrictions, such as increased liquidity requirements. In addition, our licenses could be revoked, or we could be forced to cease doing business or change our practices in certain states or jurisdictions or be required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals that could impose a substantial cost on us. Regulators could also impose other regulatory orders and sanctions on us. Any change to our business practices that makes our service less attractive to customers or prohibits use of our services by residents of a particular jurisdiction could decrease our transaction volume and harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our disbursement partners generally are regulated institutions in their home jurisdiction, and money transfers are regulated by governments in both the United States and in the jurisdiction of the recipient. If our disbursement partners fail to comply with applicable laws, it could harm our business., results of operations, and financial condition.

Money transfers are regulated by state, federal and foreign governments. Many of our disbursement partners are banks that are heavily regulated by their home jurisdictions. Our non-bank disbursement partners are also subject to money transfer regulations. We require regulatory compliance as a condition to our continued relationship, perform due diligence on our disbursement partners, and monitor them periodically with the goal of meeting regulatory expectations. However, there are limits to the extent to which we can monitor their regulatory compliance. Any determination that our disbursement partners or their sub-disbursement partners have violated laws and regulations could seriously damage our reputation, resulting in diminished revenue and profit and increased operating costs. While our services are not directly regulated by governments outside the United States, except with respect to our Gibraltar bank as discussed below, it is possible that in some cases we could be liable for the failure of our disbursement partners or their sub-disbursement partners to comply with laws, which also could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

IDTFS in Gibraltar is regulated by the Gibraltar FSC, and, as such, is subject to Gibraltarian and EU laws relating to financial institutions. As an issuer of prepaid debit cards for programs operated by other entities, commonly known as program managers, IDTFS is responsible, inter alia, for anti-money laundering laws oversight and compliance. If we were to fail to implement the requisite controls or follow the rules and procedures mandated by the FSC and applicable law, we could be subject to regulatory fines, and even the loss of our banking license.

We receive, store, process and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We receive, store, and process personal information and other customer data, including bank account numbers, credit and debit card information, identification numbers, and images of government identification cards. As a result, we are required to comply with the privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, or the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and the PCI DSS. There are also numerous other federal, state, local and international laws , such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other customer data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions or conflict with other applicable rules. It is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our business practices.

Additionally, with advances in computer capabilities and data protection requirements to address ongoing threats, we may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against potential security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to customers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other customer data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, fines, or litigation. If there is a breach of credit or debit card information that we store, we could also be liable to the issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses. In addition, a significant breach could result in our being prohibited from processing transactions for any of the relevant network organizations, such as Visa or MasterCard, which would harm our business. If any third parties with whom we work, such as marketing partners, vendors, or developers, violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may put our customers’ information at risk and could harm our business. Any negative publicity arising out of a data breach or failure to comply with applicable privacy requirements could damage our reputation and cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could harm our business, results of operations, financial position, and potential for growth.

We may be harmed by certain imminent FCC Orders and rules that effect the telecommunications marketplace.

In the Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence, or TRACED, Act, Congress gave the FCC new tools to fight unwanted, and often illegal, robocalls, the top consumer complaint reported to the FCC annually. The TRACED Act required the FCC to mandate the STIR/SHAKEN caller identification framework. STIR/SHAKEN enables phone companies to verify that the caller ID information transmitted with a call matches the caller’s real phone number. The FCC has issued a series of Orders and adopted several rules to implement the TRACED Act. For example, by June 30, 2021, many domestic and foreign carriers must register with the FCC specifically for TRACED Act compliance. Initially, the FCC concluded that by September 28, 2021, we and other similarly situated carriers would not be able to accept certain IP-based telecommunications traffic from foreign and domestic carrier partners unless those carriers are registered with the FCC. However, the FCC temporarily suspended this obligation while it reconsiders its impact. We believe the FCC will eventually reinstate the rule or implement a new rule that will have a comparable impact upon us and the industry as a whole. Of equal importance, carriers such as us have the right to “sign” their traffic, effectively attesting that the traffic they are transmitting is not illegal robocalls.

The FCC’s rules present several concerns to all carriers. Notably, the rules extend to many foreign carriers, and it is unclear whether foreign carriers will be sufficiently educated and experienced to implement U.S. rules and regulations. Foreign carrier compliance, or the lack thereof, could impact U.S. carriers as they seek to meet their own regulatory obligations. There may also be changes in the marketplace as foreign carriers may look to limit U.S. carrier partners to whom they transmit calls for termination in the U.S. that are subject to the STIR/SHAKEN rules.

We anticipate meeting our regulatory obligations under the STIR/SHAKEN rules and we are undertaking efforts to prevent us from being harmed by potential changes in the marketplace. Nevertheless, the FCC’s rules allow for the possibility that well-prepared carriers with anti-robocalling procedures in place may fail and be punished for their failure, despite their best efforts. Moreover, because the STIR/SHAKEN rules may have a significant impact on the telecommunications marketplace, it is difficult to predict their outcome. We are prepared for the implementation of STIR/SHAKEN but are concerned about its impact on the market as a whole and on us specifically.

Federal and state regulations may be passed that could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to provide VoIP communications services at attractive rates arises in large part from the fact that VoIP services are not currently subject to the same level of regulation as traditional, switch-based telephony. The use of the Internet and private IP networks to provide voice communications services is largely unregulated within the United States, although several foreign governments have adopted laws and/or regulations that could restrict or prohibit the provision of voice communications services over the Internet or private IP networks. If interconnected VoIP services become subject to state regulation and/or additional regulation by the FCC, such regulation will likely lead to higher costs and reduce or eliminate the competitive advantage interconnected VoIP holds, by virtue of its lesser regulatory oversight, over traditional telecommunications services. More aggressive regulation of the Internet in general, and Internet telephony providers and services specifically, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to offer services outside of the United States is subject to the local regulatory environment, which may be unfavorable, complicated, and often uncertain.

Regulatory treatment outside the United States varies from country to country. We distribute our products and services through resellers that may be subject to telecommunications regulations in their home countries. The failure of these resellers to comply with these laws and regulations could reduce our revenue and profitability or expose us to audits and other regulatory proceedings. Regulatory developments such as these could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

In many countries in which we operate, or our services are sold, the status of the laws that may relate to our services is unclear. We cannot be certain that our customers, resellers, or other affiliates are currently in compliance with regulatory or other legal requirements in their respective countries, that they or we will be able to comply with existing or future requirements, and/or that they or we will continue in compliance with any requirements. Our failure or the failure of those with whom we transact business to comply with these requirements could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

While we expect additional regulation of our industry in some or all of these areas, and we expect continuing changes in the regulatory environment as new and proposed regulations are reviewed, revised and amended, we cannot predict with certainty what impact new laws in these areas will have on us, if any.

net2phone’s VoIP services are subject to regulation in the United States and Canada. Future legislative, regulatory, or judicial actions could adversely affect net2phone’s business and expose it to liability and limit its growth potential.

The United States and Canada have applied some traditional telephone company regulations to VoIP and continue to evaluate how VoIP should be regulated, as are other countries as we expand globally. The effects of future regulatory developments are uncertain. At the federal level in the United States, the FCC has imposed certain telecommunications regulations on VoIP services including, but not limited to:

In Canada, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, or CRTC, regulates VoIP Service. These regulated services are similar to those regulated in the United States discussed above. Future legislative, judicial, or other regulatory actions could have a negative effect on net2phone’s business. If net2phone becomes subject to additional rules and regulations applicable to telecommunications providers we may incur significant litigation and compliance costs, and net2phone may have to restructure its service offerings, exit certain markets, or raise the price of its services, any of which could cause its services to be less attractive to customers. In addition, future regulatory developments could increase our cost of doing business and limit our growth.

We are subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business that may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

Various legal proceedings that have arisen or may arise in the ordinary course of business have not been finally adjudicated, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition (see Item 3 to Part I “Legal Proceedings” included elsewhere in this Annual Report).

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

Holders of our Class B common stock have significantly less voting power than holders of our Class A common stock.

Holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to one-tenth of a vote per share on all matters on which our stockholders are entitled to vote, while holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to three votes per share. As a result, the ability of holders of our Class B common stock to influence our management is limited.

Eight trusts for the benefit of sons and daughters of Howard S. Jonas, our Chairman of the Board, hold shares that, in the aggregate, represent more than a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock, which may limit the ability of other stockholders to affect our management.

Eight trusts for the benefit of children of Howard S. Jonas (the “Trusts”), our Chairman of the Board, collectively have voting power over 1,574,326 shares of our Class A common stock, (which is all the issued and outstanding shares of the Class A common stock), which are convertible into shares of our Class B common stock on a 1-for-1 basis, and 2,382,371 shares of our Class B common stock, representing approximately 69.5% of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock, as of October 12, 2021. Each of the Trusts has a different, independent trustee. In addition, as of October 12, 2021, The HSJ 2020 IDT Annuity Trust holds 2,219,821 shares of our Class B common stock and The HSJ 2020 IDW-Zedge Annuity Trust holds 119,311 shares of our Class B common stock. Both of these trusts have an independent trustee.

Howard S. Jonas serves as our Chairman of the Board, which is not an officer position. However, he is our founder and served as an executive officer, including our Chief Executive Officer, for a very significant time period, and the members of the Board and management often look to him for guidance on major financial, operational and strategic matters.

Howard S. Jonas does not have the right to direct or control the voting of the shares of our common stock that is held by the Trusts, and the independent trustees hold sole voting and dispositive power over the common stock held by the Trusts. However, he is the trustor of the trusts and is the father of each of the beneficiaries of the Trusts and his views may be taken into account by the trustees and others related to the Trusts.

We are not aware of any voting agreement between or among any of the Trusts and/or Howard S. Jonas, but if such a voting agreement or other similar arrangement exists or were to be consummated, if all or several of the Trusts were to act in concert, or if we issued additional Class A common stock, certain or all of the Trusts and/or Howard S. Jonas along with holders of the Class A common stock would be able to control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of all of the directors, amendment of organizational documents and the approval of significant corporate transactions, including any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. As a result, the ability of any of our other stockholders to influence our management may be limited. In addition, our dual class structure has an anti-takeover effect, and accordingly, the holders of the shares of Class A common stock have the ability to prevent any change in control transactions that may otherwise be in the best interest of stockholders.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Our headquarters is located in a building in Newark, New Jersey that is owned by Rafael Holdings. We lease approximately 80,000 square feet of office space plus a portion of the 800-car public parking garage located across the street from the building. We also lease approximately 3,600 square feet of office space in Jerusalem, Israel that is also owned by Rafael Holdings. The Newark lease expires in April 2025 and the Israel lease expires in July 2025.

We lease space in New York, New York for corporate purposes as well as a number of other locations in metropolitan areas. These leased spaces are utilized primarily to house telecommunications equipment and retail operations.

We maintain our European headquarters in London, England. We also maintain other international office locations and telecommunications facilities in regions of Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa where we conduct operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

On January 22, 2019, Jose Rosales filed a putative class action against IDT America, IDT Domestic Telecom and IDT International in California state court alleging certain violations of employment law. Plaintiff alleges that these companies failed to compensate members of the putative class in accordance with California law. In August 2019, we filed a cross complaint against Rosales alleging trade secret and other violations. The parties are now seeking court approval of a settlement agreement.

On April 24, 2018, Sprint Communications Company L.P. filed a patent infringement claim against us and certain of our affiliates in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware alleging infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,298,064; 6,330,224; 6,343,084; 6,452,932; 6,463,052; 6,473,429; 6,563,918; 6,633,561; 6,697,340; 6,999,463; 7,286,561; 7,324,534; 7,327,728; 7,505,454; and 7,693,131. Plaintiff was seeking damages and injunctive relief. On June 28, 2018, Sprint dismissed the complaint without prejudice. We are evaluating the underlying claim, and at this stage, are unable to estimate our potential liability, if any. We intend to vigorously defend any claim of infringement of the listed patents.

On July 5, 2017, plaintiff JDS1, LLC, on behalf of itself and all other similarly situated stockholders of Straight Path, and derivatively on behalf of Straight Path as nominal defendant, filed a putative class action and derivative complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against us, The Patrick Henry Trust (a trust formed by Howard S. Jonas that held record and beneficial ownership of certain shares of Straight Path he formerly held), Howard S. Jonas, and each of Straight Path’s directors. The complaint alleges that we aided and abetted Straight Path Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Davidi Jonas, and Howard S. Jonas in his capacity as controlling stockholder of Straight Path, in breaching their fiduciary duties to Straight Path in connection with the settlement of claims between Straight Path and us related to potential indemnification claims concerning Straight Path’s obligations under the Consent Decree it entered into with the FCC, as well as the sale of Straight Path’s subsidiary Straight Path IP Group, Inc. to us in connection with that settlement. That action was consolidated with a similar action that was initiated by The Arbitrage Fund. The Plaintiffs are seeking, among other things, (i) a declaration that the action may be maintained as a class action or in the alternative, that demand on the Straight Path Board is excused; (ii) that the term sheet is invalid; (iii) awarding damages for the unfair price stockholders received in the merger between Straight Path and Verizon Communications Inc. for their shares of Straight Path’s Class B common stock; and (iv) ordering Howard S. Jonas, Davidi Jonas, and us to disgorge any profits for the benefit of the class Plaintiffs. On August 28, 2017, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. On September 24, 2017, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was ultimately denied, and which denial was affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court. The parties are engaged in discovery. The trial is currently scheduled for May 2022. We intend to vigorously defend this matter. At this stage, we are unable to estimate our potential liability, if any.

In addition to the foregoing, we are subject to other legal proceedings that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and have not been finally adjudicated. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, we believe that none of the other legal proceedings to which we are a party will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our Class B common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “IDT.”

On October 12, 2021, there were 284 holders of record of our Class B common stock and eight holders of record of our Class A common stock. All shares of Class A common stock are beneficially owned by eight trusts for the benefit of children of Howard S. Jonas, our Chairman of the Board. The number of holders of record of our Class B common stock does not include the number of persons whose shares are in nominee or in “street name” accounts through brokers. On October 12, 2021, the last sales price reported on the New York Stock Exchange for the Class B common stock was $51.81 per share.

In fiscal 2018, our Board of Directors discontinued our quarterly dividend, electing instead to repurchase shares of our Class B common stock when warranted by market conditions, available resources, and our business outlook and results, as well as to invest in our growth business initiatives. Accordingly, no dividends were paid in fiscal 2021 or fiscal 2020.

The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2021, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Performance Graph of Stock

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to purchases by us of our shares during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including statements that contain the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends” and similar words and phrases. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected in any forward-looking statement. In addition to the factors specifically noted in the forward-looking statements, other important factors, risks and uncertainties that could result in those differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under Item 1A to Part I “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. The forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this Annual Report, and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Investors should consult all of the information set forth in this report and the other information set forth from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 14, 2020 (the “Original Filing Date”), solely to furnish Exhibit 4.2pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K.

We followed the disclosure requirements of Regulation S-K applicable to smaller reporting companies in this Annual Report on Form 10-K10-K. In accordance with Item 10(f)(2) of Regulation S-K, we qualify as a “smaller reporting company” because our public float was below $200 million as of January 31, 2020, the last business day of our second quarter in fiscal 2020. Our public float as of January 29, 2021, the last business day of our second quarter in fiscal 2021, was $292.2 million. Therefore, in accordance with Item 601(b)(4)10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Exhibit 4.2S-K, we will transition from the scaled disclosure available to smaller reporting companies to the disclosure requirements applicable to all other companies beginning with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for our first quarter in fiscal 2022.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Critical accounting policies are those that require application of management’s most subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Our critical accounting policies include those related to the allowance for doubtful accounts, goodwill, valuation of long-lived assets, and income taxes, sales taxes, and regulatory agency fees. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Our allowance for doubtful accounts was $4.4 million at July 31, 2021 and $6.1 million at July 31, 2020. The allowance for doubtful accounts as a percentage of gross trade accounts receivable decreased to 8.7% at July 31, 2021 from 12.1% at July 31, 2020 because the allowance for doubtful accounts decreased 27.1% and gross trade accounts receivable increased 1.7% at July 31, 2021 compared to July 31, 2020.

We estimate the balance of our allowance for doubtful accounts by analyzing accounts receivable balances by age and applying historical write-off and collection trend rates. Our estimates include separately providing for customer receivables based on specific circumstances and credit conditions, and when it is deemed probable that the balance is uncollectible. Account balances are written off against the allowance when it is determined that the receivable will not be recovered. Our estimates of recoverability of customer accounts may change due to new developments, changes in assumptions or changes in our strategy, which may impact our allowance for doubtful accounts balance. We continually assess the likelihood of potential amounts or ranges of recoverability and adjust our allowance accordingly, however, actual collections and write-offs of trade accounts receivables may materially differ from our estimates.

Goodwill

Our goodwill is attributable to reporting units in our Traditional Communications segment and to net2phone-UCaaS, which is both a segment and a reporting unit. Goodwill was $14.9 million and $12.9 million at July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Goodwill is not amortized. Instead, goodwill is reviewed annually (or more frequently under various conditions) for impairment. We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. However, we may elect to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test even if no indications of a potential impairment exist.

When performing our quantitative annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test we are comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. We would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Additionally, we consider income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The fair value of the reporting unit is estimated using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as considering third party market value indicators. Our use of a discounted cash flow methodology includes estimates of future revenue based upon budgets and projections. We also develop estimates for future levels of gross and operating profits and projected capital expenditures. Our methodology also includes the use of estimated discount rates based upon industry and competitor analysis as well as other factors.

In fiscal 2020, we performed a quantitative annual impairment test which resulted in no goodwill impairment since the estimated fair values of our reporting units substantially exceeded their carrying value. In fiscal 2021, we performed a qualitative assessment and determined that it was not necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In addition, we do not believe our reporting units are currently at risk of goodwill impairment. Calculating the fair value of the reporting units requires significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should the estimates and assumptions regarding the fair value of the reporting units prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments to our goodwill in future periods and such impairments could be material.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

We test the recoverability of our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of any such asset may not be recoverable. Such events or changes in circumstances include:

There were no such events or changes in circumstances in fiscal 2021 or fiscal 2020. If we determine that the carrying value of certain long-lived assets may not be recoverable, we test for impairment based on the projected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from such asset. If the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, we will record an impairment loss based on the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset. We generally measure fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows from the asset using an appropriate discount rate. Cash flow projections and fair value estimates require significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should our estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material.

Income Taxes, Sales Taxes, and Regulatory Agency Fees

Our current and deferred income taxes and associated valuation allowance, accruals for sales taxes, and telecom regulatory agency fee accruals, are impacted by events and transactions arising in the normal course of business as well as in connection with special and non-routine items. Assessment of the appropriate amount of income taxes, sales taxes, and regulatory agency fees is dependent on several factors, including estimates of the timing and realization of deferred income tax assets, the results of audits, changes in tax laws or regulatory agency rules and regulations, as well as unanticipated future actions impacting related accruals of regulatory agency fees.

The valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets was $11.5 million and $58.7 million at July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In fiscal 2021, we released $46.5 million of our valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred income tax assets that we are more likely than not going to utilize. This release was mostly related to domestic deferred income tax assets. We used the framework of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Income Taxes (Topic 740) to determine whether the valuation allowance should be maintained or reversed. We considered the scheduled expiration of our net operating losses included in our deferred tax assets, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in our assessment of the valuation allowance. The primary factors that resulted in the valuation allowance release were the three consecutive years of profitability in the United States and expected future profitability in both the United States and the United Kingdom that will utilize a significant portion of the net operating losses. Our tax planning strategies were not a significant factor in the analysis. In fiscal 2020, due to taxable income in the United States, we utilized deferred tax assets and released the corresponding valuation allowance to offset income tax expense of $3.5 million. In addition, in fiscal 2020, we released an additional $8.4 million of the valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets that we are more likely than not going to utilize because we forecasted future profitability in the United States.

On June 21, 2018, the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., holding that a state may require a remote seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax on goods and services provided to purchasers in the state, overturning certain existing court precedent. We have evaluated our state tax filings with respect to the Wayfair decision and are in the process of reviewing our remittance practices. It is possible that one or more jurisdictions may assert that we have liability for periods for which we have not collected sales, use or other similar taxes, and if such an assertion or assertions were successful it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results. One or more jurisdictions may change their laws or policies to apply their sales, use or other similar taxes to our operations, and if such changes were made it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results.

Our 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports our calendar year 2016 revenue, is currently under audit by the USAC. The Internal Audit Division of USAC issued preliminary audit findings and we have, in accordance with audit procedures, appealed certain of the findings. We are awaiting a final decision by USAC on the preliminary audit findings. Depending on the findings contained in the final decision, we may further appeal to the FCC. Although a final decision remains pending, we have been invoiced $2.9 million and $1.8 million on behalf of the Federal Telecommunications Relay Services Fund and on behalf of the Universal Service Fund, respectively. We do not intend to remit payment for these fees unless and until a negative decision on our appeal has been issued. In response to the aforementioned preliminary audit findings, we made certain changes to our filing policies and procedures for years that remain potentially under audit. At July 31, 2021 and 2020, our accrued expenses included $38.3 million and $40.8 million, respectively, for FCC-related regulatory fees for the year covered by the audit, as well as prior and subsequent years.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARD NOT YET ADOPTED

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, that changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For receivables, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking current expected credit loss model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except the losses will be recognized as allowances instead of reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. In addition, an entity will have to disclose significantly more information about allowances, credit quality indicators, and past due securities. The new provisions will be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. We will adopt the new standard on August 1, 2023. We are evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

As of August 1, 2020, we revised our reportable business segments to reflect the growth of our financial technology and cloud communications businesses and their increased contributions to our consolidated results. Our three reportable business segments, Fintech, net2phone-UCaaS, and Traditional Communications, reflect management’s approach to analyzing results, its resource allocation strategy, and its assessment of business performance. Comparative segment information has been reclassified and restated in all periods to conform to the current period presentation. We evaluate the performance of our business segments based primarily on income (loss) from operations. Accordingly, the income and expense line items below income (loss) from operations are only included in our discussion of the consolidated results of operations.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

We continue to monitor and respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business, including our customers, employees, suppliers, vendors, and business partners.

Operationally, our employees transitioned to work-from-home during the third quarter of fiscal 2020 and, to a large degree, continue to work-from-home. Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, certain of our employees returned to our offices on a part-time basis. Our salespeople, customer service employees, technicians, and delivery employees continue to serve our independent retailers, channel partners, and customers with minimal interruption.

COVID-19 had mixed financial impacts on our businesses beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2020 and continuing through the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. It drove increases in demand for our consumer offerings, principally BOSS Revolution Money Transfer, BOSS Revolution Calling and Mobile Top-Up, through our digital channels beginning in the latter half of March 2020. Subsequently, digital transaction levels have continued to increase relative to retailer originated transactions. Conversely, sales of consumer offerings originating through retailers and channel partners slowed modestly in late March and April 2020 before stabilizing in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020. NRS was immaterially impacted by the closure of some of its retailers in the third quarter of fiscal 2020, but most re-opened quickly and many attracted increased foot traffic following the onset of COVID-19 as local retailers are typically more accessible to pedestrian traffic than big box retailers. The resilience of local retailers has enabled NRS to continue to expand sales of terminals, payment processing, and advertising services. Carrier Services’ revenue, which had been declining as communications globally transition away from traditional international long-distance voice, declined more rapidly following the onset of COVID-19 as business communications shifted from calling to video conferencing and other collaboration platforms.

At the onset of COVID-19, the transition from offices to a more flexible workforce increased the demand for net2phone-UCaaS’ offerings. Customers transitioned from their on-premises phone system to net2phone-UCaaS’ cloud solution, ported their phone numbers, and quickly set-up their employees to work remotely. In April 2020, the release of Huddle, net2phone-UCaaS’ integrated video conferencing solution, significantly improved net2phone-UCaaS’ functionality for remote work, which also increased the demand for its services. COVID-19 had mixed financial impacts on net2phone-UCaaS’ business beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2020. Its customer base growth slowed somewhat in the second half of fiscal 2020 in certain Latin American markets. However, Latin American sales rebounded in the first quarter of fiscal 2021 and sales have remained strong in its United States and Canadian markets. In the second half of fiscal 2021, COVID-19 cases increased in Latin America, in particular Brazil, and in Spain. This caused businesses to downsize or shutdown, which reduced its customer base and revenues. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, the demand for flexible communications solutions for a hybrid workforce has resulted in an increase in new net2phone-UCaaS customers.

As of the date of this Annual Report, including the impact of COVID-19, we expect that our cash from operations and the balance of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments that we held on July 31, 2021 will be sufficient to meet our currently anticipated working capital and capital expenditure requirements during fiscal 2022. However, the situation remains fluid and we cannot predict with certainty the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Concentration of Customers

Our most significant customers typically include telecom operators to whom we provide wholesale services and distributors of our retail calling products. While they may vary from quarter to quarter, our five largest customers collectively accounted for 14.5% and 12.7% of our consolidated revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively. Our customers with the five largest receivables balance collectively accounted for 9.7% and 13.8% of the consolidated gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This concentration of customers increases our risk associated with nonpayment by those customers. In an effort to reduce our risk, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our significant customers, and in some cases, do not offer credit terms to customers, choosing instead to require prepayment. Historically, when we have issued credit, we have not required collateral to support trade accounts receivables from our customers. However, when necessary, we have imposed stricter credit restrictions on our customers. In some cases, this has resulted in our sharply curtailing, or ceasing completely, sales to certain customers. We attempt to mitigate our credit risk related to specific Carrier Services customers by also buying services from the customer, in order to create an opportunity to offset our payables and receivables with the customer. In this way, we can continue to sell services to these customers while reducing our receivable exposure risk. When it is practical to do so, we will increase our purchases from Carrier Services customers with receivable balances that exceed our applicable payables in order to maximize the offset and reduce our credit risk.

Explanation of Performance Metrics

Our results of operations discussion include the following performance metrics: active POS terminals, payment processing accounts, direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues, seats, subscription revenue, and minutes of use.

NRS uses two metrics, among others, to measure the size of its customer base: active POS terminals and payment processing accounts. Active POS terminals are the number of POS terminals that have completed at least one transaction in the calendar month. It excludes POS terminals that are being installed. Payment processing accounts are NRS PAY accounts that can generate revenue. It excludes accounts that have been approved but not activated. NRS uses these two metrics in its analysis of revenue trends and comparisons between periods.

Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues is a financial metric that measures changes in our direct cost of revenues relative to changes in revenues during the same period. Direct cost of revenues is the numerator and revenues are the denominator in this ratio. Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues is a useful metric for monitoring and evaluating trends in the net contribution of our revenues.

net2phone-UCaaS’ cloud communications offering is priced on a per-seat basis, with each customer employee identity constituting a seat, and its subscription revenue is a monthly base fee per seat. The number of seats served and subscription revenue trends and comparisons between periods are used in the analysis of net2phone-UCaaS’ revenues and direct cost of revenues.

Minutes of use is a nonfinancial metric that measures aggregate customer usage during a reporting period. Minutes of use is an important factor in BOSS Revolution Calling’s and Carrier Services’ revenue recognition since satisfaction of our performance obligation occurs when the customer uses our service. Minutes of use trends and comparisons between periods are used in the analysis of revenues and direct cost of revenues.

Year Ended July 31, 2021 compared to Year Ended July 31, 2020

The following table sets forth certain items in our statements of income as a percentage of our total revenues:

Fintech Segment

Fintech, which represented 5.2% and 4.4% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, comprises BOSS Revolution Money Transfer, a provider of international money remittance and related value/payment transfer services, and NRS, operator of a nationwide POS network providing payment processing, digital advertising, transaction data, and ancillary services. BOSS Revolution Money Transfer and NRS were previously included in our Telecom & Payment Services segment.

Revenues. Revenues from BOSS Revolution Money Transfer increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 driven primarily by increased transaction volume in its digital channel, and a significant but diminished benefit from transient foreign exchange market conditions that ceased by the end of the second quarter of fiscal 2021.

Revenues from NRS increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 driven primarily by the expansion of its POS network, and revenue growth from its payment processing services and digital out-of-home advertising. Merchant services and other revenue, which includes payment processing services, increased 295% to $7.8 million in fiscal 2021 from $2.0 million in fiscal 2020. Advertising and data revenue increased 95% to $8.7 million in fiscal 2021 from $4.5 million in fiscal 2020. Active POS terminals increased 40% to 14,000 at July 31, 2021 from 10,000 at July 31, 2020. Payment processing accounts increased 124% to 5,600 at July 31, 2021 from 2,500 at July 31, 2020.

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to the increase in revenues. BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s direct cost of revenues increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 due to increased direct cost of revenues in its digital channel.

Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues increased 310 basis points in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to an increase in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s digital channel, partially offset by a decrease in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in NRS.

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to increases in employee compensation, debit and credit card processing charges, sales commissions, and marketing expense. The increase in card processing charges was the result of increased credit and debit card transactions through our BOSS Revolution Money app and other digital channels. As a percentage of Fintech’s revenue, Fintech’s selling, general and administrative expense increased to 64.5% from 59.7% in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to increased depreciation of capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software and increased depreciation of NRS’ POS equipment.

net2phone-UCaaS Segment

The net2phone-UCaaS segment, which represented 3.0% and 2.4% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, comprises net2phone’s cloud communications offerings, which were previously included in our net2phone segment.

Revenues. net2phone-UCaaS’ revenues increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 driven by growth in the United States, although revenue increased in all net2phone-UCaaS regions. Seats served increased 47% to 226,000 at July 31, 2021 from 154,000 at July 31, 2020. Subscription revenue increased 39% to $41.5 million in fiscal 2021 from $29.9 million in fiscal 2020, led by growth in the U.S. market. net2phone-UCaaS launched its integration with Slack in the third quarter of fiscal 2021, building on its prior integrations with Zoho and Microsoft Teams. Also in fiscal 2021, net2phone-UCaaS launched an integration with Salesforce. In November 2020, net2phone-UCaaS announced it had launched its service in Peru and in December 2020, it expanded coverage to six additional cities in Brazil.

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to the increase in revenues, with the largest increases in the United States and Latin America.

Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased 170 basis points in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily because of a decrease in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in the United States. net2phone-UCaaS’ focus on mid-sized businesses, multi-channel strategies, and localized offerings generated revenue growth that exceeded the increase in direct cost of revenues.

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to increases in employee compensation and sales commissions. As a percentage of net2phone-UCaaS’ revenues, net2phone-UCaaS’ selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to 102.4% from 114.3% in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 was due to increased depreciation of net2phone-UCaaS’ telephone equipment leased to customers and increased depreciation of capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software.

Other Operating Expense, net. Other operating expense, net in fiscal 2021 was due to the settlement of a legal matter. Other operating expense, net in fiscal 2020 was due to the write-off of certain capitalized assets related to a cancelled project.

Traditional Communications Segment

The Traditional Communications segment, which represented 91.8% and 93.2% of our total revenues in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, includes Mobile Top-Up, which enables customers to transfer airtime and bundles of airtime, messaging, and data to international and domestic mobile accounts, BOSS Revolution Calling, an international long-distance calling service marketed primarily to immigrant communities in the United States and Canada, and Carrier Services, a wholesale provider of international voice and SMS termination and outsourced traffic management solutions to telecoms worldwide. Traditional Communications also includes net2phone-Platform Services, which provides telephony services to cable operators and other offerings that leverage a common technology platform, as well as smaller communications and payments offerings, many in harvest mode. Most of the Traditional Communications segment was previously included in our Telecom & Payment Services segment except for net2phone-Platform Services, which was previously included in our net2phone segment.

Traditional Communications’ most significant revenue streams are from Mobile Top-Up, BOSS Revolution Calling, and Carrier Services. Mobile Top-Up and BOSS Revolution Calling are sold direct-to-consumers and through distributors and retailers. We receive payments for BOSS Revolution Calling, traditional calling cards, and Mobile Top-Up prior to providing the services. We recognize the revenue when services are provided to the customer. Traditional Communications’ revenues tend to be somewhat seasonal, with the second fiscal quarter (which contains Christmas and New Year’s Day) and the fourth fiscal quarter (which contains Mother’s Day and Father’s Day) typically showing higher minute volumes.

Revenues. Revenues from Mobile Top-Up increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily from product expansion and continued growth across all of our distribution channels, including the addition of a business-to-business channel in fiscal 2021. The business-to-business channel was the main driver for Mobile Top-Up’s revenue increase in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. In addition, our acquisition of a mobile top-up company in December 2020 contributed to our increased penetration into the market in Africa.

Revenues and minutes of use from BOSS Revolution Calling decreased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 although COVID-19 related demand in fiscal 2021 slowed the rate of decline in BOSS Revolution Calling revenue that we have experienced in recent periods. BOSS Revolution Calling continues to be impacted by persistent, market-wide trends, including the proliferation of unlimited calling plans offered by wireless carriers and mobile virtual network operators, and the increasing penetration of free and paid over-the-top voice, video conferencing, and messaging services.

Revenues and minutes of use from Carrier Services decreased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 as communications globally continued to transition away from international voice calling. This trend was accelerated by the impact of COVID-19 as business communications shifted from calling to video conferencing and other collaboration platforms. We expect that Carrier Services will continue to be adversely impacted by these trends, and minutes of use and revenues will likely continue to decline from quarter-to-quarter, as we seek to maximize economics rather than necessarily sustain minutes of use or revenues.

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues increased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to increases in Mobile Top-Up’s direct cost of revenues in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 as a result of the increase in its revenues, partially offset by decreases in Carrier Services’ and BOSS Revolution Calling’s direct cost of revenues in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020.

Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased 10 basis points in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 because of decreases in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in Mobile Top-Up and BOSS Revolution Calling in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020, mostly offset by an increase in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in Carrier Services in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020. The decreases in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in Mobile Top-Up and BOSS Revolution Calling were primarily due to the continued migration of customers to our digital platforms. The increased adoption of our digital, direct-to-consumer channels is expected to continue, which is expected to contribute to future reductions in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues.

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense decreased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily due to decreases in employee compensation, stock-based compensation, marketing expense, and bad debt expense, partially offset by an increase in debit and credit card processing charges. The increases in card processing charges were the result of the shift in the sales of our consumer offerings from cash transactions at retailers to credit and debit card transactions through our BOSS Revolution Calling app and other digital channels. As a percentage of Traditional Communications’ revenue, Traditional Communications’ selling, general and administrative expense decreased to 8.9% from 10.7% in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 as more of our property, plant, and equipment became fully depreciated, partially offset by depreciation of equipment added to our telecommunications network and capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software.

Severance Expense. We incurred severance expense of $0.4 million and $3.5 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Other Operating Gain (Expense), net. Other operating gain (expense), net in fiscal 2021 included a gain of $2.0 million received from the sale to a third party of all our rights under the Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation. The lawsuit is about claims that merchants paid excessive fees to accept Visa and Mastercard cards between January 1, 2004 and January 25, 2019 because Visa and Mastercard, individually, and together with their respective member banks, violated the antitrust laws. Other operating gain (expense), net also included expense for the indemnification of a net2phone cable telephony customer related to patent infringement claims brought against the customer of $0.5 million and $1.2 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively. Other operating gain (expense), net in fiscal 2021 also included expense for a settlement of a Carrier Services’ claim for $0.6 million and other expense of $0.3 million. In addition, other operating gain (expense), net in fiscal 2020 included an accrual for non-income related taxes related to one of our foreign subsidiaries of $2.2 million, a write-off of $0.6 million for certain assets primarily in Latin America, and expense of $0.5 million for a legal matter.

Corporate

Corporate costs include compensation, consulting fees, treasury, tax and accounting services, human resources, corporate purchasing, corporate governance including Board of Directors’ fees, internal and external audit, investor relations, corporate insurance, corporate legal, charitable contributions, travel, and other corporate-related general and administrative expenses. Corporate does not generate any revenues, nor does it incur any direct cost of revenues.

General and Administrative. Corporate general and administrative expense decreased in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily because of a decrease in stock-based compensation due to reductions in expense of deferred stock units granted in June 2019 and stock options, as well as a decrease in employee compensation. As a percentage of our consolidated revenues, Corporate general and administrative expense was 0.5% and 0.7% in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Other Operating Gain (Expense), net. As discussed in Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 to Part II of this Annual Report, we (as well as other defendants) have been named in a pending putative class action on behalf of Straight Path’s stockholders and a derivative complaint. We incurred legal fees of $2.9 million and $3.6 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, related to this action. Also, we recorded offsetting gains from insurance claims for this matter of $3.1 million and $3.1 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Consolidated

The following is a discussion of certain of our consolidated expenses, and our consolidated income and expense line items below income from operations.

Related Party Lease Costs. We lease office and parking space in Rafael Holdings’ building and parking garage located at 520 Broad St, Newark, New Jersey. We also lease office space in Israel from Rafael Holdings. The Newark lease expires in April 2025 and the Israel lease expires in July 2025. In both fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, we incurred lease costs of $1.9 million in connection with the Rafael Holdings’ leases, which is included in consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense. Stock-based compensation expense included in consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses was $1.5 million and $3.9 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively. The decrease in stock-based compensation expense in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 was primarily due to reductions in expense of deferred stock units granted in June 2019 and stock options. At July 31, 2021, unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based compensation was an aggregate of $0.6 million. The unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period that ends in fiscal 2024.

nm—not meaningful

Other Income (Expense), net. Other income (expense), net consists of the following:

On February 2, 2021, we paid $4.0 million to purchase shares of series B convertible preferred stock of a communications company (the equity method investee, or EMI). The shares purchased represent 23.95% of the outstanding shares of the EMI on an as converted basis. We account for this investment using the equity method since the series B convertible preferred stock is in-substance common stock, and we can exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the EMI. We determined that on the date of the acquisition, there was a difference of $3.4 million between our investment in the EMI and our proportional interest in the equity of the EMI, which represented our share of the EMI’s customer list on the date of acquisition. This basis difference is being amortized over the 6-year estimated life of the customer list.

The gain on investments in fiscal 2021 is primarily from appreciation of shares of Rafael Holdings Class B common stock, partially offset by unrealized losses on hedge funds.

Income Taxes. In fiscal 2021, we released $46.5 million of our valuation allowance on the portion of our deferred income tax assets that we are more likely than not going to utilize. This release was mostly related to domestic deferred income tax assets. We used the framework of ASC Income Taxes (Topic 740) to determine whether the valuation allowance should be maintained or reversed. We considered the scheduled expiration of our net operating losses included in our deferred tax assets, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in our assessment of the valuation allowance. The primary factors that resulted in the valuation allowance release were the three consecutive years of profitability in the United States and expected future profitability in both the United States and the United Kingdom that will utilize a significant portion of the net operating losses. Our tax planning strategies were not a significant factor in the analysis. In fiscal 2020, due to taxable income in the United States, we utilized deferred tax assets and released the corresponding valuation allowance to offset income tax expense of $3.5 million. In addition, in fiscal 2020, we released an additional $8.4 million of the valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred tax assets that we are more likely than not going to utilize because we forecasted future profitability in the United States. The increase in income tax expense in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020, excluding the benefits from the valuation allowance released in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, was primarily due to differences in the amount of taxable income earned in the various taxing jurisdictions.

Net (Income) Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. The change in the net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 was due to the reduction in the net loss of NRS, as well as new noncontrolling interests in fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2021, we acquired an aggregate of 75% of the issued shares of a company that provides a descriptiondigital platform facilitating supply and distribution of mobile airtime and data top-ups and other services across borders. As of May 31, 2021, we entered into a Warrant Purchase Agreement with the shareholders of a variable interest entity, or VIE, that operates money transfer businesses. We have various management rights and protective provisions pursuant to the Warrant Purchase Agreement. Primarily as a result of the Warrant Purchase Agreement, we can obtain 90% of the ownership interests in the VIE. We consolidated the VIE as of May 31, 2021 because we determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE since we have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and we have the obligation to absorb losses of and the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to it. We do not currently own any interest in the VIE and thus the net income incurred by the VIE was attributed to noncontrolling interests. Finally, on December 31, 2020, the previously approved compensatory arrangement with each class of Howard S. Jonas, the Chairman of our Board of Directors, and Shmuel Jonas, our Chief Executive Officer, was finalized. Howard S. Jonas and Shmuel Jonas each received fifty restricted shares of net2phone 2.0, Inc., or net2phone 2.0, Class B common stock, which represents 5% of the outstanding common stock of net2phone 2.0. net2phone 2.0 owns and operates our net2phone-UCaaS segment.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

As of the date of this Annual Report, including the impact of COVID-19, we currently expect our cash from operations and the balance of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments that we held on July 31, 2021 will be sufficient to meet our currently anticipated working capital and capital expenditure requirements during fiscal 2022.

At July 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and unrestricted current equity investments of $161.4 million and working capital (current assets in excess of current liabilities) of $48.8 million.

We treat unrestricted cash and cash equivalents held by IDT Payment Services as substantially restricted and unavailable for other purposes. At July 31, 2021, “Cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheet included an aggregate of $15.3 million held by IDT Payment Services that was unavailable for other purposes.

Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operations vary significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year, depending on our operating results and the timing of operating cash receipts and payments, specifically trade accounts receivable and trade accounts payable.

Gross trade accounts receivable increased to $51.1 million at July 31, 2021 from $50.3 million at July 31, 2020 primarily due to amounts billed during fiscal 2021 that were greater than collections in fiscal 2021.

Deferred revenue arises from sales of prepaid products and varies from period to period depending on the mix and the timing of revenues. Deferred revenue increased to $42.3 million at July 31, 2021 from $40.1 million at July 31, 2020 primarily due to an increase in the BOSS Revolution Calling deferred revenue balance.

Customer deposit liabilities at IDT Financial Services Limited, our Gibraltar-based bank, decreased to $115.5 million at July 31, 2021 from $116.0 million at July 31, 2020. Our restricted cash and cash equivalents included $115.8 million and $116.3 million at July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, held by the bank.

On December 21, 2020, we received $2.0 million from the sale to a third party of all our rights under the Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation. The lawsuit is about claims that merchants paid excessive fees to accept Visa and Mastercard cards between January 1, 2004 and January 25, 2019 because Visa and Mastercard, individually, and together with their respective member banks, violated the antitrust laws.

On June 21, 2018, the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., holding that a state may require a remote seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax on goods and services provided to purchasers in the state, overturning certain existing court precedent. We have evaluated our state tax filings with respect to the Wayfair decision and are in the process of reviewing our remittance practices. It is possible that one or more jurisdictions may assert that we have liability for periods for which we have not collected sales, use or other similar taxes, and if such an assertion or assertions were successful it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results. One or more jurisdictions may change their laws or policies to apply their sales, use or other similar taxes to our operations, and if such changes were made it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results.

Investing Activities

Our capital expenditures were $16.8 million in fiscal 2021 compared to $16.0 million in fiscal 2020. We currently anticipate that total capital expenditures in fiscal 2022 will be $18 million to $20 million. We expect to fund our capital expenditures with our net cash provided by operating activities and cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments on hand.

On December 3, 2020, our subsidiary IDT International Telecom, Inc., or IDTIT, acquired 51% of the issued shares of a company for $2.4 million, net of cash acquired. We also recorded $0.4 million for the estimated fair value of contingent consideration. The contingent consideration of $0.5 million will be paid (a) no later than November 30, 2021 if the acquired company generates EBITDA (as defined in the purchase agreement) of no less than $1.0 million between October 1, 2020 and September 30, 2021; or (b) no later than November 30, 2022 if the acquired company generates EBITDA of no less than $1.0 million between October 1, 2021 and September 30, 2022. Also, pursuant to a Put/Call Option Agreement related to the 5% of the issued shares of the acquired company that the seller did not initially sell to IDTIT, or the Option Shares, the seller exercised its option and on March 22, 2021, IDTIT purchased the Option Shares for $0.3 million. On June 15, 2021, IDTIT purchased 19% of the issued shares of the acquired company from the remaining noncontrolling interest holder for $1.0 million. We also recorded $0.2 million for the estimated fair value of contingent consideration. The contingent consideration of up to $0.3 million will be paid if the acquired company meets certain Adjusted EBITDA targets (as defined in the purchase agreement) no later than April 1, 2023.

On December 11, 2019, our subsidiary, net2phone, Inc. acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Ringsouth Europa, S.L., a regional provider of cloud communications services to businesses in Spain. The cash paid for the acquisition was $0.5 million. We also recorded $0.4 million for the estimated fair value of contingent consideration. The contingent consideration includes two potential payments to the seller of $0.4 million each, based on monthly recurring revenue targets to be achieved over a 36-month period and 48-month period. The second potential payment is not contingent upon meeting the target for the first payment.

On September 29, 2021, NRS sold 862,442 shares of its Class B common stock, which represents 2.5% of its outstanding capital stock on a fully diluted basis, to Alta Fox Opportunities Fund LP, or Alta Fox, for cash of $10 million. Alta Fox has the right to request redemption of all or any portion of the NRS common shares that it purchased at the per share purchase price during a period of 182 days following the fifth anniversary of this transaction. The redemption right shall terminate upon the consummation of (i) a sale of NRS or its assets for cash or securities that are listed on a national securities exchange, (ii) a public offering of NRS’ securities, or (iii) a distribution of NRS’ capital stock following which NRS’ common shares are listed on a national securities exchange.

As of May 31, 2021, we purchased a warrant from the shareholders of a VIE for cash of $0.8 million, which is included in financing activities, and a contingent payment of $0.1 million. We acquired cash of $3.3 million from the initial consolidation of the VIE, which is included in investing activities.

On December 7, 2020, we purchased from Rafael Holdings 218,245 newly issued shares of Rafael Holding’s Class B common stock and a warrant to purchase up to 43,649 shares of Rafael Holding’s Class B common stock at an exercise price of $22.91 at any time on or after December 7, 2020 and on or prior to June 6, 2022. The aggregate purchase price was $5.0 million. The purchase price was based on a per share price of $22.91, which was the closing price of Rafael Holding’s Class B common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the trading day immediately preceding the purchase date. On March 15, 2021, we exercised the warrant in full and purchased 43,649 shares of Rafael Holding’s Class B common stock for cash of $1.0 million.

On February 2, 2021, we paid $4.0 million to purchase shares of the EMI’s series B convertible preferred stock representing 23.95% of the outstanding shares of the EMI on an as converted basis. On August 10, 2021, we paid $1.1 million to purchase shares of the EMI’s series C convertible preferred stock and additional shares of the EMI’s series B convertible preferred stock. These purchases increased our ownership of the EMI’s outstanding shares to 26.57% on an as converted basis.

Purchases of debt securities and equity investments were $43.2 million and $22.4 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively. Proceeds from maturities and sales of debt securities and redemptions of equity investments were $26.2 million and $6.5 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively.

Financing Activities

We distributed cash of $0.9 million and $0.9 million in fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, respectively, to the noncontrolling interests in certain of our subsidiaries.

In fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, we received proceeds from financing-related other liabilities of $0.7 million and nil, respectively.

In fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, we repaid financing-related other liabilities of $0.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

On April 20, 2020, our subsidiary, IDT Domestic Telecom, Inc., or IDT DT, received loan proceeds of $10.0 million from TD Bank, N.A., pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program, or the PPP Loan, under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration. On April 29, 2020, IDT DT returned all $10.0 million in proceeds from the PPP Loan.

In fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, we received proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $0.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for which we issued 81,041 and 32,551 shares, respectively, of our Class B common stock.

Our subsidiary, IDT Telecom, Inc., or IDT Telecom, entered into a credit agreement, dated as of May 17, 2021, with TD Bank, N.A. for a revolving credit facility for up to a maximum principal amount of $25.0 million. IDT Telecom may use the proceeds to finance working capital requirements and for certain closing costs of the facility. At July 31, 2021, IDT Telecom had not borrowed any amounts under this facility. The revolving credit facility is secured by primarily all of IDT Telecom’s assets. The principal outstanding bears interest per annum at the Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration Ltd. LIBOR multiplied by the Regulation D maximum reserve requirement plus 125 to 175 basis points, depending upon IDT Telecom’s leverage ratio as computed for the most recent fiscal quarter. Interest is payable monthly, and all outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest is due in May 2024. IDT Telecom pays a quarterly unused commitment fee on the average daily balance of the unused portion of the $25.0 million commitment of 30 to 85 basis points, depending upon IDT Telecom’s leverage ratio as computed for the most recent fiscal quarter. IDT Telecom is required to comply with various affirmative and negative covenants as well as maintain certain targets based on financial ratios during the term of the revolving credit facility. As of July 31, 2021, IDT Telecom was in compliance with all of the covenants.

IDT Telecom had a credit agreement, dated as of October 31, 2019, with TD Bank, N.A. for a revolving credit facility for up to a maximum principal amount of $25.0 million until its maturity on July 15, 2020. The principal outstanding incurred interest per annum at the LIBOR rate adjusted by the Regulation D maximum reserve requirement plus 125 basis points. In fiscal 2020, we borrowed and repaid an aggregate of $1.4 million under the facility. IDT Telecom paid a quarterly unused commitment fee of 0.3% per annum on the average daily balance of the unused portion of the $25.0 million commitment.

We have an existing stock repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors for the repurchase of shares of our Class B common stock. The Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 8.0 million shares in the aggregate. In fiscal 2021, we repurchased 463,792 shares of Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $2.8 million. In fiscal 2020, we repurchased 671,117 shares of our Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $4.2 million. At July 31, 2021, 5.8 million shares remained available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program.

In fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020, we paid $1.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively, to repurchase 109,381 and 37,348 shares, respectively, of our Class B common stock that were tendered by employees of ours to satisfy the employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the lapsing of restrictions on awards of deferred stock units and restricted stock. Such shares are repurchased by us based on their fair market value on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date.

Other Sources and Uses of Resources

We are considering spin-offs, sales of equity, and other potential dispositions of certain of our subsidiaries. Some of the transactions under consideration are in early stages and others are more advanced. A spin-off may include the contribution of a significant amount of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and/or equity securities to the subsidiary prior to the spin-off, which would reduce our capital resources. The sale of a subsidiary’s equity in an initial public offering or other transaction would instead be a source of cash. In fiscal 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors had directed us to prepare for the potential spin-off of our net2phone cloud communications business. Management subsequently has stated that it expects the preparations will be complete by the end of calendar year 2021 or shortly thereafter. There is no assurance at this time that any of these transactions will be completed.

We intend to, where appropriate, make other strategic investments and acquisitions to complement, expand, and/or enter into new businesses. In considering acquisitions and investments, we search for opportunities to profitably grow our existing businesses and/or to add qualitatively to the range and diversification of businesses in our portfolio. At this time, we cannot guarantee that we will be presented with acquisition opportunities that meet our return-on-investment criteria, or that our efforts to make acquisitions that meet our criteria will be successful.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OTHER COMMERCIAL COMMITMENTS

The following table quantifies our future contractual obligations and other commercial commitments at July 31, 2021:

Payments Due by Period

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We do not have any “off-balance sheet arrangements,” as defined in relevant SEC regulations that are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources, other than the following.

In connection with our spin-off of Straight Path in July 2013, we and Straight Path entered into various agreements prior to the spin-off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for our relationship with Straight Path after the spin-off, and a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of us and Straight Path with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local, and foreign taxes for periods before and including the spin-off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, we indemnify Straight Path and Straight Path indemnifies us for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, we indemnify Straight Path from all liability for taxes of Straight Path or any of its subsidiaries or relating to the Straight Path business with respect to taxable periods ending on or before the spin-off, from all liability for taxes of ours, other than Straight Path and its subsidiaries, for any taxable period, and from all liability for taxes due to the spin-off. (see Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 to Part II of this Annual Report).

We have performance bonds issued through third parties for the benefit of various states in order to comply with the states’ financial requirements for money remittance licenses and telecommunications resellers. At July 31, 2021, we had aggregate performance bonds of $19.6 million outstanding.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks.

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and the reports of the independent registered pursuant to Section 12public accounting firms thereon starting on page F-1 are included herein.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.1934, as amended), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of July 31, 2021.

Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We, the management of IDT Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”), are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting of the Company.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and includes those policies and procedures that:

Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2021. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting, as prescribed above, as of July 31, 2021. Based on our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2021 was effective based on the criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Grant Thornton, LLP has provided an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2021.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

No other changes have been made to the Form 10-K. Except as indicated otherwise herein, this Amendment speaks asREPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of the Original Filing Date, does not reflect events that may have occurred subsequent to the Original Filing Date,Directors and does not modify or update in any way disclosures made in the Form 10-K.Stockholders

IDT Corporation

Opinion on internal control over financial reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of IDT Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of July 31, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended July 31, 2021, and our report dated October 14, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

Part III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The following is a list of our directors and executive officers along with the specific information required by Rule 14a-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Executive Officers

Shmuel Jonas—Chief Executive Officer

Marcelo Fischer—Chief Financial Officer

Bill Pereira—President and Chief Operating Officer

Mitch Silberman—Chief Accounting Officer and Controller

Joyce J. Mason—Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary

Menachem Ash—Executive Vice President of Strategy and Legal Affairs

Nadine Shea – Executive Vice President of Global Human Resources

David Wartell —Chief Technology Officer

Directors

Howard S. Jonas—Chairman of the Board

Liora Stein—Current Board Member

Michael Chenkin—Certified Public Accountant; previously worked in the Audit Department of Coopers and Lybrand and as a consultant to the securities industry

Eric F. Cosentino—Former Rector of the Episcopal Church of the Divine Love, Montrose, New York

Judah Schorr—Founder of Judah Schorr MD PC, an anesthesia provider to hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers and medical offices, and has been its President and owner since its inception

The remaining information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2021, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Corporate Governance

We have included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K certificates of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer certifying the quality of our public disclosure.

We make available free of charge through the investor relations page of our web site (www.idt.net/ir) our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, and all beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4, and 5 filed by directors, officers and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our equity, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We have adopted codes of business conduct and ethics for all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Copies of the codes of business conduct and ethics are available on our web site.

Our web site and the information contained therein or incorporated therein are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2021, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2021, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2021, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2021, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Part IV

Part IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Reports

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmsFirm on Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Financial Statements covered by ReportsReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmsFirm

All schedules have been omitted since they are either included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements or not required or not applicable.

The exhibits listed in paragraph (b) of this item are filed, furnished, or incorporated by reference as part of this Form 10-K.

Certain of the agreements filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K contain representations and warranties by the parties to the agreements that have been made solely for the benefit of the parties to the agreement. These representations and warranties:

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date that these representations and warranties were made or at any other time. Investors should not rely on them as statements of fact.