PART I

Explanatory NoteItem 1. Business

This Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A (the “Amendment”) amends the Annual Report on Form 10-K of H.B. Fuller Company (the “Company”was founded in 1887 and incorporated as a Minnesota corporation in 1915. Our stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker symbol FUL. As used herein, “H.B. Fuller,” “we," “us,” “our,” “management” or “company” includes H.B. Fuller and its subsidiaries unless otherwise indicated. Where we refer to 2023, 2022 and 2021 herein, the reference is to our fiscal years ended December 2, 2023, December 3, 2022, and November 27, 2021, respectively.

We are a leading worldwide formulator, manufacturer and marketer of adhesives, sealants and other specialty chemical products. Sales operations span 35 countries in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, India, the Middle East and Africa. Industrial adhesives represent our core product offering, which help improve the performance of our customers’ products or improve their manufacturing processes. Customers use our adhesives products in manufacturing common consumer and industrial goods, including food and beverage containers, disposable diapers, medical products, windows, doors, appliances, sportswear, footwear, multi-wall bags, water filtration products, insulation, textiles, automobiles, recreational vehicles, buses, trucks and trailers, marine products, solar energy systems, electronics and products for the fiscal year ended November 28, 2020, as originally filedaerospace and defense industries. In addition, we have established a variety of product offerings for residential, commercial and industrial construction markets, including sealing and waterproofing solutions for airports, roads, highways, bridges and utilities; pressure-sensitive adhesives, tapes and sealants for the commercial roofing industry; and level-setting products, ready-to-use grouts, mortars, and pressure sensitive adhesives that enable contractors and do-it-yourself consumers to quickly install flooring and tiling applications more reliably and efficiently. We also provide our customers with technical support and unique solutions designed to address their specific needs.

We have three reportable segments: Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Construction Adhesives. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (the “MD&A”) in Item 7 of this Annual Report for a description of our segment operating results.

Non-U.S. Operations

The principal markets, products and methods of distribution outside the SecuritiesUnited States vary with each of our regional operations generally maintaining integrated business units that contain dedicated supplier networks, manufacturing, logistics and Exchange Commission on January 26, 2021 (the “Original Form 10-K”sales organizations. The vast majority of the products sold within any region are produced within the region, and the respective regions do not import significant amounts of product from other regions. As of December 2, 2023, we had sales offices and manufacturing plants in 25 countries outside the United States and satellite sales offices in another 9 countries.

We have a Code of Business Conduct and detailed Core Policies that we apply across all of our operations around the world. These policies represent a set of common values that apply to all employees and all of our business dealings. We have adopted policies and processes, and conduct employee training, intended to ensure compliance with various economic sanctions and export controls, including the regulations of the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). The Company is filing this AmendmentWe do not conduct any business in the following countries that are subject to include a reissued audit report onU.S. economic sanctions: Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria and the 2019 and 2018 financial statementsCrimea region of its predecessor independent auditor, KPMG LLP. The reissued audit report was dual dated to indicate that KPMG LLP has audited and reported on the adjustments madeUkraine. 

Competition

Many of our markets are highly competitive. However, we compete effectively due to the 2019quality and 2018 segment financial informationbreadth of our adhesives, sealants and specialty chemical portfolio and the experience and expertise of our commercial organizations. Within the adhesives and other specialty chemical markets, we believe few suppliers have comparable global reach and corresponding ability to deliver quality and consistency to multinational customers. Our competition is made up generally of two types of companies: (1) similar multinational suppliers and (2) regional or specialty suppliers that was recasttypically compete in only one region or within a narrow geographic area within a region. The multinational competitors typically maintain a broad product offering and range of technology, while regional or specialty companies tend to retrospectively reflect the realignment of the Company's operating segment structure as further described in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements.have limited or more focused product ranges and technology.

No other changes were made to the Original Form 10-K except for removing the paragraph and table containing adjusted EBITDA information by segment in Note 15. Except as stated herein, this Amendment does not reflect events occurring after the date

Principal competitive factors in the Original Form 10-K. Information not affected by this Amendment remains unchangedsale of adhesives and reflects the disclosures made at the time the Original Form 10-K was filed.

As required by Rule 12b-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, new certifications by the Company’s principal executive officerother specialty chemicals are product performance, supply assurance, technical service, quality, price and principal financial officer are filed as exhibits to this Amendment under Item 15 of Part IV. In addition, new consents of Ernst & Young LLP and KPMG LLP have been included in Item 15 of Part IV, Exhibits 23.1 and 23.2.

customer service.

Customers

We have cultivated strong, integrated relationships with a diverse set of customers worldwide. Our customers are among the technology and market leaders in consumer goods, construction and industrial markets. We pride ourselves on long-term, collaborative customer relationships and a diverse portfolio of customers in which no single customer accounted for more than 10 percent of consolidated net revenue.

Our leading customers include manufacturers of food and beverages, hygiene products, clothing, major appliances, electronics, automobiles, aerospace and defense products, solar energy systems, filters, construction materials, wood flooring, furniture, cabinetry, windows, doors, tissue and towel, corrugation, tube winding, packaging, and tapes and labels.

Our products are delivered directly to customers primarily from our manufacturing and distribution facilities, with additional deliveries made through distributors and retailers.

Human Capital Resources and Management 

Employees and Labor Relations

As of December 2, 2023, we have approximately 7,200 employees in 45 countries, including approximately 2,600 employees based in the U.S. Approximately 450 U.S. employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements with various unions. Approximately 750 employees in foreign countries are subject to collective bargaining agreements. Overall, we consider our employee relations to be good.

Health and Safety

The health and safety of our employees and anyone who enters our workplace is important, and we believe that nothing we do is worth getting hurt for. We have a strong environmental, health and safety program that focuses on implementing policies and training programs, as well as performing self-audits to enhance workplace safety.

Competitive Pay and Benefits

Our primary compensation strategy is “Pay for Performance”, which supports a culture of accountability and performance. Our compensation guiding principles are to structure compensation that is simple, aligned and balanced. We believe that these principles are strongly aligned with the strategic priorities of our business and our objective to deliver value for our shareholders.

We are committed to fair pay and strive to be externally competitive while ensuring internal equity across our organization. We conduct global pay equity assessments and compensation reviews, and when necessary, we take action to address areas of concern.

Quality, affordable health care is the foundation of the comprehensive benefits package we offer our employees. It is one of the tools we use to recruit and retain, and it is seen as the preferred benefit by most employees. Employees in the United States earning below $54,000 each year have 100% of their individual medical premiums covered by the Company in the form of a medical premium reimbursement. 

Results-Driven, Collaborative Culture

Our purpose is connecting what matters for all stakeholders and we go about this by winning the right way through our core values. We expect employees to act with integrity and hold each other accountable for our actions. We value our global team’s diverse perspectives, backgrounds and experiences. We make daily, conscious choices to excel, by always bringing passion and creativity to our work, and by striving for innovation ethically and fairly. Our worldwide network of culture champions supports our focus on being At Our Best. Our communication on goals, targets and performance is frequent and transparent. We continue to leverage flexible work options available to employees who don't need our facilities to perform their jobs and this continues to enhance connections across the company, as well as with customers and external partners. This supports our desire to be first and fastest in finding solutions for customers and improving our overall effectiveness. Finally, we continue to take great pride in our focus on giving back to the communities in which we operate through the giving efforts of the H.B. Fuller Foundation and the thousands of employee volunteer hours each year.

Inclusion and Diversity

As a global company, we currently have employees present in 45countries around the world. We place strong value on collaboration and we believe that working together leads to better outcomes for our customers. This extends to the way we treat each other as team members. We strive to create an environment where innovative ideas can flourish by demonstrating respect for each other and valuing the diverse opinions, background and viewpoints of employees. We believe that diversity in our teams leads to new ideas, helps us solve problems and allows us to better connect with our global customer base.

We are taking specific actions to foster inclusion and diversity into our culture. Learning resources have been implemented to support greater awareness and understanding of the behaviors expected from employees. We have introduced employee networking groups, an expanded and enhanced mentoring program and focused development programs with the goal of creating meaningful opportunities for employees. We have adjusted our recruiting practices to ensure we are getting the right level of exposure to diverse candidates.

Talent Development

We recognize how important it is for our colleagues to develop and progress in their careers. We provide a variety of resources to help our colleagues grow in their current roles and build new skills, including online development resources focused on specific business imperatives with access to hundreds of online courses in our learning management system. We have implemented an innovative delivery method for leadership training to drive experiential learning and to increase access to leaders around the world. Individual development planning is a part of our annual goal setting process and people managers are expected to have regular discussions with employees to measure progress and make needed adjustments. We focus on getting employees into roles with greater responsibility and opportunities for advancement that are also aligned with their career path to facilitate development and maximize potential. Finally, we provide ambitious employees with short-term opportunities in unique assignments in addition to their current roles. These assignments support the employees’ development while also supporting company initiatives that are required to be resourced with talented employees.

Raw Materials

We use several principal raw materials in our manufacturing processes, including tackifying resins, polymers, synthetic rubbers, vinyl acetate monomer and plasticizers. We generally avoid sole source supplier arrangements for raw materials.

The majority of our raw materials are petroleum/natural gas-based derivatives, therefore the cost of crude oil and natural gas can impact the cost of our raw materials. Under normal conditions, raw materials are available on the open market. Prices and availability are subject to supply and demand market mechanisms. Raw material costs, including costs for unique or specialty chemicals used in the manufacturing of our products, are primarily determined by the balance of supply against the aggregate demand from the adhesives industry and other industries that use the same raw material streams.

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses 

Much of the technology we use in our products and manufacturing processes is available in the public domain. For technology not available in the public domain, we rely on trade secrets and patents when appropriate to protect our competitive position. We also license some patented technology from other sources. Our business is not materially dependent upon licenses or similar rights or on any single patent or group of related patents.

We enter into agreements with many employees to protect rights to technology and intellectual property. Confidentiality commitments also are routinely obtained from customers, suppliers and others to safeguard proprietary information.

We own numerous trademarks and service marks in various countries. Trademarks, such as H.B. Fuller®, Swift®, Advantra®, Clarity®, Earthic™, Sesame®, TEC®, Foster®, Rakoll®, Rapidex®, Full-Care®, Thermonex®, Silaprene®, Eternabond®, Cilbond®, HydroArmor®, Ködispace®, Weld Mount® and TONSAN® are important in marketing products. Many of our trademarks and service marks are registered. U.S. trademark registrations are for a term of ten years and are renewable every ten years as long as the trademarks are used in the regular course of trade.

Research and Development

Our investment in research and development creates new and innovative adhesive technology platforms, enhances product performance, ensures a competitive cost structure and leverages available raw materials. New product development is a key research and development outcome, providing higher-value solutions to existing customers or meeting new customers’ needs. Projects are developed in local laboratories in each region, where we understand our customer base the best. Platform developments are coordinated globally through our network of laboratories.

Through designing and developing new polymers and new formulations, we expect to continue to grow in our current markets. We also develop new applications for existing products and technologies, and improve manufacturing processes to enhance productivity and product quality. Research and development efforts are closely aligned to customer needs. We foster open innovation, seek supplier-driven new technology and use relationships with academic and other institutions to enhance our capabilities.

As climate change and other sustainability concerns become more prevalent, governmental and non-governmental organizations, customers and investors are increasingly focusing on these issues. We continue to monitor our markets to ensure we are developing the adhesives and sealants to support our customers’ responses to changing consumer demand, new product designs and upcoming regulatory and sustainability efforts. We invest significantly in innovation, research and expertise, which are crucial for the continuous extraction of value from our business strategy. This also facilitates the creation of new high-performance solutions that enable customers to improve their products and processes to better achieve their sustainability programs.

Regulatory Compliance

We comply with applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and workers' safety, including those required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and the European Union’s ("EU") Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (“REACH”) regulation. This includes regular review of and upgrades to environmental, health and safety policies, practices and procedures as well as improved production methods to minimize our facilities’ outgoing waste, based on evolving societal standards and increased environmental understanding. Expenditures to comply with environmental regulations over the next two years are estimated to be approximately $21.4 million, including approximately $0.9 million of capital expenditures. See additional disclosure under Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Various legislation, regulations and international accords pertaining to climate change have been implemented or are being considered for implementation, particularly as they relate to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, such as the EU's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive ("CSRD"), California’s Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act and Climate Related Financial Risk Act, and similar regulations under consideration by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). These laws may directly impact the Company, however we have not determined the extent of potential disclosures or other reporting requirements. We continue to monitor the development and implementation of such legislation and regulations. We also continue to regularly report our sustainability efforts and metrics under the Global Reporting Initiative (“GRI”) framework and report our goals and progress in our annual Sustainability Report.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) prohibits bribery of government officials to benefit business interests. We operate and sell our products in countries that are rated as high-risk for corruption, which creates the risk of unauthorized conduct by our employees, customs brokers, distributors or other third party intermediaries that could be in violation of the FCPA or similar local regulations. We comply with the FCPA’s requirements to make and keep accurate books and records that accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls.

We are also subject to and comply with increasingly complex privacy and data protection laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions. This includes the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which enforces rules relating to the protection of processing and movement of personal data. The interpretation and enforcement of such regulations are continuously evolving and there may be uncertainty with respect to how to comply with them. Noncompliance with GDPR and other data protection laws could result in damage to our reputation and payment of monetary penalties.

Seasonality

Our operating segments have historically had lower net revenue in winter months, which is primarily our first fiscal quarter, mainly due to international holidays and the seasonal decline in construction and consumer spending activities.

Information About Our Executive Officers

The following table shows the name, age and business experience for the past five years of the executive officers as of January 16, 2024. Unless otherwise noted, the positions described are positions with the company or its subsidiaries.

The Board of Directors elects the executive officers annually.

Available Information

For more information about us, visit our website at: www.hbfuller.com.

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC via EDGAR. Our SEC filings are available free of charge to the public on the SEC website at www.sec.gov and on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been filed with or furnished to the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors 

As a global manufacturer of adhesives, sealants and other specialty chemical products, we operate in a business environment that is subject to various risks and uncertainties. Below are the most significant factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Strategic andOperational Risks

Increases in prices and declines in the availability of raw materialshave adversely affected, and could continue toerode,our profit margins, and could negatively impactour operating results.

In 2023, raw material costs made up approximately 75 percent of our cost of sales. Based on 2023 financial results, a hypothetical one percent change in our raw material costs would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $13.3 million or $0.24 per diluted share.  Accordingly, changes in the cost of raw materials, due to scarcity, supplier disruptions, inflation and for other reasons, can significantly impact our earnings. Raw materials needed to manufacture products are obtained from a number of suppliers and many of the raw materials are petroleum and natural gas based derivatives. Under normal market conditions, these raw materials are generally available on the open market from a variety of producers. While alternate supplies of most key raw materials are available, supplier production outages may lead to strained supply-demand situations for certain raw materials. The substitution of key raw materials requires us to identify new supply sources, reformulate and re-test and may require seeking re-approval from our customers using those products. From time to time, the prices and availability of these raw materials may fluctuate, which could impair our ability to procure necessary materials, or increase the cost of manufacturing products. If the prices of raw materials increase in a short period of time, we may be unable to pass these increases on to our customers in a timely manner and could experience reductions to our profit margins.

We are at risk of cyber-attacks or other security breaches that could compromise sensitive business information, undermine our ability to operate effectively and expose us to liability, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Increasingly, companies are subject to a wide variety of attacks on their networks on an ongoing basis. In addition to traditional computer “hackers,” malicious code (such as viruses and worms), phishing attempts, ransomware, employee theft or misuse, and denial of service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors engage in intrusions and attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions) and add to the risks to internal networks, cloud deployed enterprise and customer-facing environments and the information they store and process. Despite significant efforts to create security barriers to such threats, it is virtually impossible for us to entirely mitigate these risks. We, and our third-party software and service providers, have experienced and will continue to experience security threats and attacks from a variety of sources. 

As part of our business, we store our data, including intellectual property, and certain data about our employees, customers and vendors in our information technology systems. Our security measures may be breached as a result of third-party action, including intentional misconduct by computer hackers, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise. Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or other information to gain access to our customers' data or our data, including our intellectual property and other confidential business information, or our information technology systems. In addition, given their size and complexity, our information systems could be vulnerable to service interruptions or to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, third-party vendors and/or business partners, or from cyber-attacks by malicious third parties attempting to gain unauthorized access to our products, systems or confidential information. 

We are subject to increasingly complex and evolving laws, regulations and customer-imposed controls, that govern privacy and cybersecurity.  These laws and regulations have been adopted by multiple agencies at the federal and state level, as well as in foreign jurisdictions, and the regimes have not been harmonized.  Our failure to comply with these regulatory regimes may result in significant liabilities or penalties.

If a third party gained unauthorized access to our data, including any data regarding our employees, customers or vendors, the security breach could expose us to risks. Such unauthorized access and a failure to effectively recover from breaches could compromise confidential information, disrupt our business, harm our reputation, result in the loss of customer confidence, business and assets (including trade secrets and other intellectual property), result in regulatory proceedings and legal claims, and have a negative impact on our financial results.

Our business and operations have been, and may in the future, be adversely affected by epidemics, pandemics, outbreaks of disease and other adverse public health developments.

Epidemics, pandemics, outbreaks of novel diseases and other adverse public health developments in countries and states where we operate may arise at any time. Such developments, including the COVID-19 pandemic, have had, and in the future may have, an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These effects include a potentially negative impact on the availability of our key personnel, labor shortages and increased turnover, temporary closures of our facilities or facilities of our business partners, customers, suppliers, third-party service providers or other vendors, and interruption of domestic and global supply chains, distribution channels and liquidity and capital or financial markets. In particular, restrictions on or disruptions of transportation, port closures or increased border controls or closures, or other impacts on domestic and global supply chains or distribution channels, could increase our costs for raw materials and commodity costs, increase demand for raw materials and commodities from competing purchasers, limit our ability to meet customer demand or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or cash flows. Precautionary measures that we may take in the future intended to limit the impact of any epidemic, pandemic, disease outbreak or other public health development, may result in additional costs. In addition, such epidemics, pandemics, disease outbreaks or other public health developments may adversely affect economies and financial markets throughout the world, such as the effect that COVID-19 has had on world economies and financial markets, which may affect our ability to obtain additional financing for our businesses and demand for our products and services. The extent to which major public health issues impact our business and our financial results in the future will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. As a result, it is not possible to predict the overall future impact of major public health issues on our business, liquidity, capital resources and financial results.

We experience substantial competition in each of the operating segments and geographic areas in which we operate.

Our wide variety of products are sold in numerous markets, each of which is highly competitive. Our competitive position in markets is, in part, subject to external factors. For example, supply and demand for certain of our products is driven by end-use markets and worldwide capacities which, in turn, impact demand for and pricing of our products. Many of our direct competitors are part of large multinational companies and may have more resources than we do. Any increase in competition may result in lost market share or reduced prices, which could result in reduced profit margins. This may impair the ability to grow or even to maintain current levels of revenues and earnings. While we have an extensive customer base, loss of certain top customers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations until such business is replaced, and no assurances can be made that we would be able to regain or replace any lost customers.

Failure to develop and/or acquire new products and protect our intellectual property could negatively impact our future performance and growth.

Ongoing innovation and product development are important factors in our competitiveness, as is acquisition of new technologies. Failure to create and/or acquire new products and generate new ideas could negatively impact our ability to grow and deliver strong financial results. We may face difficulties marketing products produced using new technologies including, but not limited to, sustainable adhesives, which may adversely impact our sales and financial results.  Failure of the products to work as predicted could lead to liability and damage to our reputation.

We continually apply for and obtain U.S. and foreign patents to protect the results of our research for use in our operations and licensing. We are party to a number of patent licenses and other technology agreements. We rely on patents, confidentiality agreements and internal security measures to protect our intellectual property. Failure to protect this intellectual property could negatively affect our future performance and growth.

Our operations may present health and safety risks.

Notwithstanding our emphasis on the safety of our employees and contractors and the precautions we take related to health and safety, we may be unable to avoid safety incidents relating to our operations that result in injuries or deaths. Certain safety incidents may result in legal or regulatory action that could result in increased expenses or reputational damage. We maintain workers' compensation insurance to address the risk of incurring material liabilities for injuries or deaths, but there can be no assurance that the insurance coverage will be adequate or will continue to be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could result in material liabilities to us for any injuries or deaths. Changes to federal, state and local employee health and safety regulations, and legislative, regulatory or societal responses to safety incidents may result in heightened regulations or public scrutiny that may increase our compliance costs or result in reputational damage.

A failure in our information technology systems could negatively impact our business.

We rely on information technology to record and process transactions, manage our business and maintain the financial accuracy of our records. Our computer systems are subject to damage or interruption from various sources, including power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, security breaches, vandalism, catastrophic events and human error. Interruptions of our computer systems could disrupt our business, for example by leading to plant downtime and/or power outages and could result in the loss of business and cause us to incur additional expense.

We are in the process of implementing a global Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system, including upgrading to SAP S/4HANA® which is anticipated to occur at the beginning of fiscal 2025, that we refer to as Project ONE, which will upgrade and standardize our information system. Implementation of Project ONE began in our North America adhesives business in 2014 and, through 2023, we completed implementation of this system in various parts of our business including Latin America (except Brazil), Australia and various other businesses in North America and Europe, India, Middle East and Africa (EIMEA). During 2024 and beyond, we will continue implementation in North America; Europe, India, the Middle East and Africa ("EIMEA"); Brazil and Asia Pacific.

Any delays or other failure to achieve our implementation goals may adversely impact our financial results. In addition, the failure to either deliver the application on time or anticipate the necessary readiness and training needs could lead to business disruption and loss of business. Failure or abandonment of any part of the ERP system could result in a write-off of part or all of the costs that have been capitalized on the project.

Risks associated with acquisitions could have an adverse effect on us and the inability to execute organizational restructuring may affect our results.

As part of our growth strategy, we have made, and will likely continue to make, acquisitions of complementary businesses or products. The ability to grow through acquisitions depends upon our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and integrate suitable acquisitions. If we fail to successfully integrate acquisitions into our existing business, our results of operations and our cash flows could be adversely affected. Our acquisition strategy also involves other risks and uncertainties, including distraction of management from current operations, greater than expected liabilities and expenses, inadequate return on capital, unidentified issues not discovered in our investigations and evaluations of those strategies and acquisitions, and difficulties implementing and maintaining consistent standards, controls, procedures, policies and systems. Future acquisitions could result in additional debt and other liabilities, and increased interest expense, restructuring charges and amortization expense related to intangible assets.

Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to further penetrate markets outside the United States, where there is the potential for significant economic and political disruptions. Our operations in these markets may be subject to greater risks than those faced by our operations in the United States, including political and economic instability, project delay or abandonment due to unanticipated government actions, inadequate investment in infrastructure, undeveloped property rights and legal systems, unfamiliar regulatory environments, relationships with local partners, language and cultural differences and increased difficulty recruiting, training and retaining qualified employees.

In addition, our profitability is dependent on our ability to drive sustainable productivity improvements such as cost savings through organizational restructuring. Delays or unexpected costs may prevent us from realizing the full operational and financial benefits of such restructuring initiatives and may potentially disrupt our operations.

Macroeconomic Risks

Uncertainties in foreigneconomic,political, regulatory andsocial conditionsand fluctuations in foreign currency may adversely affectour results.

Approximately 56 percent, or $2.0 billion, of our net revenue was generated outside the United States in 2023. International operations could be adversely affected by changes in economic, political, regulatory, and social conditions, especially in Brazil, Russia, China, the Middle East, including Turkey and Egypt, and other developing or emerging markets where we do business. An economic downturn in the businesses or geographic areas in which we sell our products could reduce demand for these products and result in a decrease in sales volume that could have a negative impact on our results of operations. Product demand often depends on end-use markets. Economic conditions that reduce consumer confidence or discretionary spending may reduce product demand. Challenging economic conditions may also impair the ability of our customers to pay for products they have purchased, and as a result, our reserves for doubtful accounts and write-offs of accounts receivable may increase. In addition, trade protection measures, anti-bribery and anti-corruption regulations, restrictions on repatriation of earnings and cash, currency controls implemented by foreign governments, differing intellectual property rights and changes in legal and regulatory requirements that restrict the sales of products or increase costs could adversely affect our results of operations.

Fluctuations and volatility in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies could potentially result in increases or decreases in net revenue, cost of raw materials and earnings and may adversely affect the value of our assets outside the United States. In 2023, the change in foreign currencies negatively impacted our net revenue by approximately $88.5 million. In 2023, we spent approximately $1.9 billion for raw materials worldwide of which approximately $1.0 billion was purchased outside the United States. Based on 2023 financial results, a hypothetical one percent change in our cost of sales due to foreign currency rate changes would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $9.4 million or $0.17 per diluted share. Although we utilize risk management tools, including hedging, as appropriate, to mitigate market fluctuations in foreign currencies, any changes in strategy in regard to risk management tools can also affect revenue, expenses and results of operations and there can be no assurance that such measures will result in cost savings or that all market fluctuation exposure will be eliminated.

Distressed financial markets may result in dramatic deflation of financial asset valuations and high interest rates may disrupt the availability of capital.

Adverse equity market conditions and volatility in the credit markets could have a negative impact on the value of our pension trust assets, our future estimated pension liabilities and other postretirement benefit plans. In addition, we could be required to provide increased pension plan funding. As a result, our financial results could be negatively impacted.

In a rising interest rate environment, more costly debt and reduced access to capital markets may affect our ability to invest in strategic growth initiatives such as acquisitions. In addition, the reduced credit availability could limit our customers’ ability to invest in their businesses, refinance maturing debt obligations, or meet their ongoing working capital needs. If these customers do not have sufficient access to the financial markets, demand for our products may decline.

The military conflicts betweenRussiaand Ukraine and Israel and Hamas, and the global response to these events, could adversely impact our revenues, gross margins and financial results.

The U.S. government and other nations have imposed significant restrictions on most companies’ ability to do business in Russia as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Increases in energy demand and supply disruptions caused by the Russia and Ukraine conflict have resulted in significantly higher energy prices, particularly in Europe. Further, in October 2023, a military conflict commenced between Israel and Hamas. It is not possible to predict the broader or longer-term consequences of these conflicts, which could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, energy shortages, geopolitical shifts and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, security conditions, currency exchange rates and financial markets. Such geopolitical instability and uncertainty could have a negative impact on our ability to sell to, ship products to, collect payments from, and support customers in certain regions based on trade restrictions, embargoes and export control law restrictions, and logistics restrictions including closures of air space, and could increase the costs, risks and adverse impacts from these new challenges. We may also be the subject of increased cyber-attacks.  While the countries involved in these conflicts do not constitute a material portion of our business, a significant escalation or expansion of economic disruption or the conflicts' current scope could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Catastrophic events could disrupt our operations or the operations of our suppliers or customers, having a negative impact on our financial results.

Unexpected events, including global pandemics, natural disasters and severe weather events, fires or explosions at our facilities or those of our suppliers, acts of war or terrorism, supply disruptions or breaches of security of our information technology systems could increase the cost of doing business or otherwise harm our operations, our customers and our suppliers. Such events could reduce demand for our products or make it difficult or impossible for us to receive raw materials from suppliers and deliver products to our customers.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

The impact of changing laws or regulations or the manner of interpretation or enforcement of existing laws or regulations could adversely impact our financial performance and restrict our ability to operate our business or execute our strategies.

New laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations or the manner of their interpretation or enforcement, could increase our cost of doing business and restrict our ability to operate our business or execute our strategies. In addition, compliance with laws and regulations is complicated by our substantial global footprint, which will require significant and additional resources to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations in the various countries where we conduct business.

Our global operations expose us to trade and economic sanctions and other restrictions imposed by the U.S., the EU and other governments and organizations. The U.S. Departments of Justice, Commerce, State, Homeland Security, and Treasury and other federal agencies and authorities have a broad range of civil and criminal penalties they may seek to impose against corporations and individuals for violations of economic sanctions laws, export control laws, the FCPA and other federal statutes and regulations, including those established by the OFAC. Under these laws and regulations, as well as other anti-corruption laws, anti-money-laundering laws, export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations, various government agencies may require export licenses, may seek to impose modifications to business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned persons or entities and modifications to compliance programs, including import restrictions, which may increase compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions. A violation of these laws, regulations, policies or procedures could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although we have implemented policies and procedures in these areas, we cannot assure that our policies and procedures are sufficient or that directors, officers, employees, representatives, manufacturers, suppliers and agents have not engaged and will not engage in conduct in violation of such policies and procedures.

Costs and expenses resulting from compliance with environmental laws and regulations may negatively impact our operations and financial results.

We are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations that impose various environmental controls on us or otherwise relate to environmental protection, the sale and export of certain chemicals or hazardous materials, and various health and safety matters. The costs of complying with these laws and regulations can be significant and may increase as applicable requirements and their enforcement become more stringent and new rules are implemented. Adverse developments and/or periodic settlements could negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings for a discussion of current environmental matters.

Climate change, or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change, may materially adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

Climate change resulting from increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could present risks to our future operations from natural disasters and extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires or flooding. Such extreme weather conditions could pose physical risks to our facilities and disrupt operation of our supply chain and may increase operational costs. The impacts of climate change on global water resources may result in water scarcity, which could in the future impact our ability to access sufficient quantities of water in certain locations and result in increased costs. Concern over climate change continues to result in new legal or regulatory requirements designed to mitigate the effects of climate change on the environment, such as the EU's CSRD, California’s Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act and Climate Related Financial Risk Act, and similar regulations under consideration by the SEC. We are experiencing increased compliance burdens and costs to meet the regulatory obligations and these regulatory obligations may adversely affect raw material sourcing, manufacturing operations and the distribution of our products.

Our business exposes us to potential product liability, warranty, and tort claims, and recalls, which may negatively impact our operations, financial results, and reputation.

The development, manufacture and sale of adhesives, sealants, and other specialty chemical products by us, including products produced for the medical device, automotive, food and beverage, aerospace and defense, construction, and hygiene products end markets, involves a risk of exposure to product liability, warranty, and tort claims, product recalls, product seizures and related adverse publicity. A product liability, warranty, or tort claim or judgment against us could also result in substantial and unexpected expenditures, affect customer confidence in our products, and divert management's attention from other responsibilities. Although we maintain product liability insurance, there can be no assurance that the level of coverage is adequate, that coverage will apply, or that we will be able to continue to maintain our existing insurance or obtain comparable insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all. We also have contracting policies and controls in place to limit our exposure to third party claims, though we might not always be able to limit our exposure to those claims.

We have lawsuits and claims against us with uncertain outcomes.

Our operations from time to time are parties to or targets of lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which are handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. The results of any future litigation or settlement of such lawsuits and claims are inherently unpredictable, but such outcomes could be adverse and material in amount. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings for a discussion of current litigation.

The Company’s effective tax rate could be volatile and materially change as a result of the adoption of new tax legislation and other factors.

A change in tax laws is one of many factors that impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The U.S. Congress and other government agencies in jurisdictions where the Company does business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations. As a result, the tax laws in the U.S. and other countries in which the Company does business could change, and any such changes could adversely impact our effective tax rate, financial condition and results of operations.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD"), an international association of 38 countries including the United States, finalized and adopted numerous changes to long-standing tax principles. Certain of these changes become effective for the Company in 2025 and will likely increase tax uncertainty and may adversely affect our provision for income taxes.

Additional income tax expense or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could have a negative impact on our financial results.

We are subject to income tax laws and regulations in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. Our income tax liabilities are dependent upon the location of earnings among these different jurisdictions. Our income tax provision and income tax liabilities could be adversely affected by the jurisdictional mix of earnings, changes in valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax laws and regulations. In the ordinary course of our business, we are also subject to continuous examinations of our income tax returns by tax authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final results of any tax examination or related litigation could be materially different from our related historical income tax provisions and accruals. Adverse developments in an audit, examination or litigation related to previously filed tax returns, or in the relevant jurisdiction’s tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles and interpretations could have a material effect on our results of operations and cash flows in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. The decision to repatriate foreign earnings could result in higher withholding taxes.

Financial Risks

We may be required to record impairment charges on our goodwill or long-lived assets.

Weak demand may cause underutilization of our manufacturing capacity or elimination of product lines; contract terminations or customer shutdowns may force sale or abandonment of facilities and equipment; or other events associated with weak economic conditions or specific product or customer events may require us to record an impairment on tangible assets, such as facilities and equipment, as well as intangible assets, such as intellectual property or goodwill, which would have a negative impact on our financial results.

Our current indebtedness could have a negative impact on our liquidity or restrict our activities.

Our current indebtedness contains various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. Our overall leverage and the terms of our financing arrangements could:

In addition, the restrictive covenants require us to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy other financial condition tests. Our ability to meet those financial ratios and tests will depend on our ongoing financial and operating performance, which, in turn, will be subject to economic conditions and to financial, market and competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the instruments governing our indebtedness.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Principal executive offices and central research facilities are located in the St. Paul, Minnesota area. These facilities are company-owned. Manufacturing operations are carried out at 36 plants located throughout the United States and at 45 plants located in 25 other countries. In addition, numerous sales and service offices are located throughout the world. We believe that the properties owned or leased are suitable and adequate for our business. Operating capacity varies by product line, but additional production capacity is available for most product lines by increasing the number of shifts worked. The following is a list of our manufacturing plants as of December 2, 2023 (each of the listed properties are owned by us, unless otherwise specified):

1 Leased Property

2 Idle Property

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Environmental Matters

From time to time, we become aware of compliance matters relating to, or receive notices from, federal, state or local entities regarding possible or alleged violations of environmental, health or safety laws and regulations. Also, from time to time, we are identified as a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) and/or similar state laws that impose liability for costs relating to the clean up of contamination resulting from past spills, disposal or other release of hazardous substances. We are also subject to similar laws in some of the countries where current and former facilities are located. Our environmental, health and safety department monitors compliance with applicable laws on a global basis. 

Currently, we are involved in various environmental investigations, clean up activities and administrative proceedings and lawsuits. In particular, we are currently deemed a PRP in conjunction with numerous other parties, in a number of government enforcement actions associated with landfills and/or hazardous waste sites. As a PRP, we may be required to pay a share of the costs of investigation and clean up of these sites.

We are also engaged in environmental remediation and monitoring efforts at a number of current and former operating facilities. To the extent we can reasonably estimate the amount of our probable liabilities for environmental matters, we establish a financial provision. It is reasonably possible that we may have additional liabilities related to these known environmental matters. However, the full extent of our future liability for environmental matters is difficult to predict because of uncertainty as to the cost of investigation and clean up of the sites, our responsibility for such hazardous substances and the number of and financial condition of other potentially responsible parties.

While uncertainties exist with respect to the amounts and timing of the ultimate environmental liabilities, based on currently available information, we have concluded that these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flow. However, adverse developments and/or periodic settlements could negatively impact the results of operations or cash flows in one or more future periods.

Other Legal Proceedings

From time to time and in the ordinary course of business, we are a party to, or a target of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, contract, patent and intellectual property, environmental, health and safety, tax and employment matters. While we are unable to predict the outcome of these matters, we have concluded, based upon currently available information, that the ultimate resolution of any pending matter, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flow. However, adverse developments and/or periodic settlements could negatively impact the results of operations or cash flows in one or more future periods.

For additional information regarding environmental matters and other legal proceedings, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Part II.

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchangeunder the symbol FUL. As of January 17, 2024, there were 1,268 common shareholders of record for our common stock.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Information on our purchases of equity securities during the fourth quarter of 2023 is as follows:

¹ The total number of shares purchased are shares withheld to satisfy the employees' withholding taxes upon vesting of restricted stock. Repurchases of common stock are made to support our stock-based employee compensation plans and for other corporate purposes. Upon vesting of restricted stock awarded to employees, shares are withheld to cover the employees' minimum withholding taxes.

On April 7, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding common shares for a period of up to five years. Under the program, we are authorized to repurchase shares for cash on the open market, from time to time, in privately negotiated transactions or block transactions, or through an accelerated repurchase agreement. The timing of such repurchases is dependent on price, market conditions and applicable regulatory requirements. Upon repurchase of the shares, we reduce our common stock for the par value of the shares with the excess being applied against additional paid in capital. This authorization replaces the April 6, 2017 authorization to repurchase shares.

Total Shareholder Return Graph

The line graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock for the last five fiscal years with cumulative total return on the S&P Small Cap 600 Index and Dow Jones U.S. Specialty Chemicals Index. This graph assumes a $100 investment in each of H.B. Fuller, the S&P Small Cap 600 Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Specialty Chemicals Index at the close of trading on December 1, 2018, and also assumes the reinvestment of all dividends.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Reserved.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

H.B. Fuller Company is a global formulator, manufacturer and marketer of adhesives and other specialty chemical products. We have three reportable segments: Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Construction Adhesives. 

The Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives operating segment manufactures and supplies adhesives products in the assembly, packaging, converting, nonwoven and hygiene, health and beauty, flexible packaging, graphic arts and envelope markets. The Engineering Adhesives operating segment provides high-performance adhesives to the transportation, electronics, clean energy, aerospace and defense, performance wood, insulating glass, textile, appliance and heavy machinery markets. The Construction Adhesives operating segment manufactures and provides specialty adhesives, sealants, tapes, mortars, grouts, and application devices for commercial building roofing systems, heavy infrastructure projects, road/highway/airport transportation applications, telecom/5G utilities, industrial LNG plants, building envelope applications, HVAC insulation systems, and for both residential and commercial flooring underlayment solutions.

Total Company

When reviewing our financial statements, it is important to understand how certain external factors impact us. These factors include:

We purchase thousands of raw materials, the majority of which are petroleum/natural gas derivatives. The price of these derivatives impacts the cost of our raw materials. However, the supply of and demand for key raw materials has a greater impact on our costs. As demand increases in high-growth areas, the supply of key raw materials may tighten, resulting in certain materials being put on allocation. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, also can have an impact as key raw material producers are shut down for extended periods of time. We continually monitor capacity utilization figures, market supply and demand conditions, feedstock costs and inventory levels, as well as derivative and intermediate prices, which affect our raw materials. With approximately 75 percent of our cost of sales accounted for by raw materials, our financial results are extremely sensitive to changing costs in this area.

The pace of economic growth directly impacts certain industries to which we supply products. For example, adhesives-related revenues from durable goods customers in areas such as appliances, furniture and other woodworking applications tend to fluctuate with the overall economic activity. In business components such as Construction Adhesives and insulating glass in Engineering Adhesives, revenues tend to move with more specific economic indicators such as housing starts and other construction-related activity.

The movement of foreign currency exchange rates as compared to the U.S. dollar impacts the translation of the foreign entities’ financial statements into U.S. dollars. As foreign currencies weaken against the U.S. dollar, our revenues and costs decrease as the foreign currency-denominated financial statements translate into fewer U.S. dollars. The fluctuations of the Euro, Chinese renminbi, British pound sterling, Egyptian pound, Turkish lira, Brazilian real, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar have the largest impact on our financial results as compared to all other currencies. In 2023, currency fluctuations had a negative impact on net revenue of approximately $88.5 million as compared to 2022.

Key financial results andtransactions for 2023 included the following:

Our total year organic revenue growth, which we define as the combined variances from sales volume and product pricing, decreased 5.5 percent for 2023 compared to 2022 due to a decrease in sales volume, partially offset by an increase in product pricing.

In 2023, our diluted earnings per share was $2.59 compared to $3.26 in 2022. The lower earnings per share in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to lower net revenue, higher operating costs, interest expense and income tax expense, partially offset by lower raw material costs.

Information pertaining to fiscal year 2021 was included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 3, 2022, under Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Position and Results of Operations,” which was filed with the SEC on January 24, 2023.

Project ONE

In December 2012,our Board of Directors approved a multi-year project to replace and enhance our existing core information technology platforms. The scope for this project includes most of the basic transaction processing for the company including customer orders, procurement, manufacturing and financial reporting. The project envisions harmonized business processes for all of our operating segments supported with one standard software configuration. The execution of this project, which we refer to as Project ONE, is being supported by internal resources and consulting services. Implementation of Project ONE began in our North America adhesives business in 2014 and, through 2023, we completed implementation of this system in various parts of our business including Latin America (except Brazil), Australia, and various other businesses in North America and EIMEA. During 2024 and beyond, we will continue implementation in North America, EIMEA, Brazil and Asia Pacific.

Total expenditures for Project ONE are estimated to be $240 to $260 million, of which 60-65% is expected to be capital expenditures. Our total project-to-date expenditures are approximately $200 million, of which approximately $120 million are capital expenditures. Given the complexity of the implementation, the total investment to complete the project may exceed our estimate.

Restructuring Plans

During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company approved restructuring plans (the “Plans”) related to organizational changes and other actions to optimize operations and integrate acquired businesses. In implementing the Plans, the Company currently expects to incur costs of approximately $39.1 million to $44.1 million ($30.4 million to $34.4 million after-tax), which include (i) cash expenditures of approximately $28.4 million to $29.6 million ($22.0 million to $23.0 million after-tax) for severance and related employee costs globally and (ii) other restructuring costs related to the streamlining of processes and the payment of anticipated income taxes in certain jurisdictions related to the Plans. We have incurred costs of $27.0 million under the Plans as of December 2, 2023. The Plans began to be implemented in the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 and are currently expected to be completed during fiscal year 2026. The restructuring costs will be spread across the next several fiscal quarters as the measures are implemented with the majority of the charges recognized and cash payments occurring in fiscal 2023 and 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition are based upon the Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We believe the critical accounting policies and areas that require the most significant judgments and estimates to be used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements relate to goodwill impairment; pension and other postretirement assumptions; long-lived assets recoverability; valuation of product, environmental and other litigation liabilities; valuation of deferred tax assets and accuracy of tax contingencies; and valuation of acquired assets and liabilities.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a purchase business combination. Goodwill is allocated to our reporting units, which are our operating segments or one level below our operating segments (the component level). Reporting units are determined by the discrete financial information available for the component and whether it is regularly reviewed by segment management. Components are aggregated into a single reporting unit if they share similar economic characteristics. Our reporting units are as follows: Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Construction Adhesives.

We evaluate our goodwill for impairment annually at the beginning of the fourth quarter or earlier upon the occurrence of substantive unfavorable changes in economic conditions, industry trends, costs, cash flows, or ongoing declines in market capitalization. The quantitative impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, the assignment of assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units, and the determination of fair value of each reporting unit. The impairment test requires the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. In performing the impairment test, we determined the fair value of our reporting units through the income approach by using discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analyses. Determining fair value requires the Company to make judgments about appropriate forecasted revenue and related revenue growth rate, the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") margins rate and the weighted average cost of capital. The cash flows employed in the DCF analysis for each reporting unit are based on the reporting unit's budget, long-term business plan and recent operating performance. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in the future cash flows of the respective reporting unit and market conditions. Given the inherent uncertainty in determining the assumptions underlying a DCF analysis, actual results may differ from those used in our valuations. In assessing the reasonableness of the determined fair values, we also reconciled the aggregate determined fair value of the Company to the Company's market capitalization, which, at the date of our 2023 impairment test, included a 26 percent control premium.

For the 2023 impairment test, the fair value of the reporting units exceeded the respective carrying values by 8 percent to 140 percent. Significant assumptions used in the DCF analysis included discount rates that ranged from 10.1 percent to 12.3 percent and long-term revenue growth rates. The Construction Adhesives reporting unit, with $432.8 million of goodwill assigned to it as of December 2, 2023, exceeded the respective carrying value by 8 percent. An increase in the discount rate of 10 basis points or a decrease in the long-term growth rates of 10 percent would result in the fair value of the Construction Adhesives reporting unit falling below its carrying value. The Engineering Adhesives and Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives reporting units had significant fair value in excess of carrying value.

Management will continue to monitor these reporting units for changes in the business environment that could impact recoverability. The recoverability of goodwill is dependent upon the continued growth of cash flows from our business activities. If the economy or business environment falter and we are unable to achieve our assumed revenue growth rates or profit margin percentages, our projections used would need to be remeasured, which could impact the carrying value of our goodwill in one or more of our reporting units. Most significantly, for our Construction Adhesives reporting unit, a decrease in the planned volume revenue growth would negatively impact the fair value of the reporting unit and the calculation of excess carrying value.

See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding goodwill.

Pension and Other Postretirement Plan Assumptions

We sponsor defined-benefit pension plans in both the U.S. and non-U.S. entities. Also in the U.S., we sponsor other postretirement plans for health care and life insurance benefits. Expenses and liabilities for the pension plans and other postretirement plans are actuarially calculated. These calculations are based on our assumptions related to the discount rate, expected return on assets, projected salary increases and health care cost trend rates. Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements includes disclosure of assumptions employed in these measurements for both the non-U.S. and U.S. plans.

The discount rate assumption is determined using an actuarial yield curve approach, which results in a discount rate that reflects the characteristics of the plan. The approach identifies a broad population of corporate bonds that meet the quality and size criteria for the particular plan. We use this approach rather than a specific index that has a certain set of bonds that may or may not be representative of the characteristics of our particular plan. A higher discount rate reduces the present value of the pension obligations. The discount rate for the U.S. pension plan was 5.66 percent at December 2, 2023, 5.36 percent at December 3, 2022 and 2.76 percent at November 27, 2021. Net periodic pension cost for a given fiscal year is based on assumptions developed at the end of the previous fiscal year. A discount rate change of 0.5 percentage points at December 2, 2023 would impact U.S. pension and other postretirement plan (income) expense by $0.1 million (pre-tax) in fiscal 2024. Discount rates for non-U.S. plans are determined in a manner consistent with the U.S. plans.

The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption for the U.S. pension plan was 7.75 percent in 2023, 7.00 percent in 2022 and 7.25 percent in 2021. Our expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets was based on our target asset allocation assumption of 55 percent equities and 45 percent fixed-income. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, determines the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by considering the expected future returns and volatility levels for each asset class that are based on historical returns and forward looking observations. For 2023, the expected long-term rate of return on the target equities allocation was 8.50 percent and the expected long-term rate of return on the target fixed-income allocation was 5.60 percent. The total plan rate of return assumption included an estimate of the effect of diversification and the plan expense. A change of 0.5 percentage points for the expected return on assets assumption would impact U.S. net pension and other postretirement plan expense by approximately $2.3 million (pre-tax).

Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, uses the actual historical rates of return of the asset categories to assess the reasonableness of the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. The most recent 10-year and 20-year historical equity returns are shown in the table below. Our expected rate of return on our total portfolio is consistent with the historical patterns observed over longer time frames.

* Beginning in 2022, our target allocation migrated from 60 percent equities and 40 percent fixed-income to 55 percent equities and 45 percent fixed income. The historical actual rate of return for the fixed income of 5.5 percent is since inception (17 years, 11 months).

The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption for non-U.S. pension plans was a weighted-average of 5.02 percent in 2023 compared to 3.49 percent in 2022 and 6.15 percent in 2021. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption used in each non-U.S. plan is determined on a plan-by-plan basis for each local jurisdiction and is based on expected future returns for the investment mix of assets currently in the portfolio for that plan. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, develops expected rates of return for each plan, considers expected long-term returns for each asset category in the plan, reviews expectations for inflation for each local jurisdiction, and estimates the effect of active management of the plan’s assets. Our largest non-U.S. pension plans are in the United Kingdom and Germany. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets for the United Kingdom was 4.50 percent and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets for Germany was 5.50 percent. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, uses actual historical returns of the asset portfolio to assess the reasonableness of the expected rate of return for each plan.

The projected salary increase assumption is based on historic trends and comparisons to the external market. Higher rates of increase result in higher pension expenses. As this rate is also a long-term expected rate, it is less likely to change on an annual basis. Under the U.S. pension plan, the compensation amount was locked-in as of May 31, 2011 and thus the benefit no longer includes compensation increases. Projected salary increase assumptions for non-U.S. plans are determined in a manner consistent with the U.S. plans.

Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets

The assessment of the recoverability of long-lived assets reflects our assumptions and estimates. Factors that we must estimate when performing impairment tests include sales volume, prices, inflation, currency exchange rates, tax rates and capital spending. Significant judgment is involved in estimating these factors, and they include inherent uncertainties. The measurement of the recoverability of these assets is dependent upon the accuracy of the assumptions used in making these estimates and how the estimates compare to the eventual future operating performance of the specific businesses to which the assets are attributed.

Judgments made by us include the expected useful lives of long-lived assets. The ability to realize undiscounted cash flows in excess of the carrying amounts of such assets is affected by factors such as the ongoing maintenance and improvement of the assets, changes in economic conditions and changes in operating performance.

Product, Environmental and Other Litigation Liabilities

As disclosed in Item 3. Legal Proceedings and in Note 1 and Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings. Reserves for loss contingencies associated with these matters are established when it is determined that a liability is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The assessment of the probable liabilities is based on the facts and circumstances known at the time that the financial statements are being prepared. For cases in which it is determined that a liability is probable but only a range for the potential loss exists, the minimum amount of the range is recorded and subsequently adjusted as better information becomes available.

For cases in which insurance coverage is available, the gross amount of the estimated liabilities is accrued, and a receivable is recorded for any probable estimated insurance recoveries. A discussion of environmental, product and other litigation liabilities is disclosed in Item 3. Legal Proceedings and Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Based upon currently available facts, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of any pending legal proceeding, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our long-term financial condition. However, adverse developments and/or periodic settlements could negatively affect our results of operations or cash flows in one or more future quarters.

Income Tax Accounting

As part of the process of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The process involves estimating actual current tax expense along with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for book and tax purposes. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realized. We have considered future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowance. Increases in the valuation allowance result in additional expense to be reflected within the tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets totaled $15.6 million as of December 2, 2023, and $14.4 million as of December 3, 2022.

We recognize tax benefits for tax positions for which it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position will be sustained by the applicable tax authority at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We do not recognize a financial statement benefit for a tax position that does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold. We believe that our liabilities for income taxes reflect the most likely outcome. It is difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of the resolution of any particular tax position. Future changes in judgment related to the resolution of tax positions will impact earnings in the quarter of such change. We adjust our income tax liabilities related to tax positions in light of changing facts and circumstances. Settlement with respect to a tax position would usually require cash. Based upon our analysis of tax positions taken on prior year returns and expected tax positions to be taken for the current year tax returns, we have identified gross uncertain tax positions of $14.3 million as of December 2, 2023 and $17.6 million as of December 3, 2022.

We have not recorded U.S. deferred income taxes for certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries undistributed earnings as such amounts are intended to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. Should we change our business strategies related to these non-U.S. subsidiaries, additional U.S. tax liabilities could be incurred. It is not practical to estimate the amount of these additional tax liabilities. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on income tax accounting.

Acquisition Accounting

As we enter into business combinations, we perform acquisition accounting requirements including the following:

We complete valuation procedures and record the resulting fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based upon the valuation of the business enterprise and the tangible and intangible assets acquired. Enterprise value allocation methodology requires management to make assumptions and apply judgment to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If estimates or assumptions used to complete the enterprise valuation and estimates of the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities significantly differed from assumptions made, the resulting difference could materially affect the fair value of net assets.

The calculation of the fair value of the tangible assets, including property, plant and equipment, utilizes the cost approach, which computes the cost to replace the asset, less accrued depreciation resulting from physical deterioration, functional obsolescence and external obsolescence. The calculation of the fair value of the identified intangible assets are determined using cash flow models following the income approach or a discounted market-based methodology approach. Significant inputs include estimated revenue growth rates, gross margins, operating expenses, and estimated attrition, royalty and discount rates. Goodwill is recorded as the difference in the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and the purchase price.

Results of Operations

Net revenue

We review variances in net revenue in terms of changes related to sales volume and product pricing (referred to as organic revenue growth), business acquisitions and divestitures (M&A) and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The following table shows the net revenue variance analysis for fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022:

Organic revenue decreased 5.5 percent in 2023 compared to 2022 and consisted of an 11.0 percent decrease in Construction Adhesives, a 5.1 percent decrease in Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives and a 4.2 percent decrease in Engineering Adhesives. The decrease is driven by a decrease in sales volume, partially offset by an increase in product pricing. The 3.3 percent increase from M&A is due to acquisitions that occurred during the year. The negative 2.4 percent currency impact was primarily driven by a weaker Egyptian pound, Chinese renminbi, Turkish lira and Argentinian peso offset by a stronger Euro and Mexican peso compared to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, net revenue in 2023 was lower than 2022 by 1.8 percent from an additional week of revenue in 2022 as it was a 53-week fiscal year compared to a 52-week fiscal year in 2023.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales in 2023 compared to 2022 decreased 300 basis points as a percentage of net revenue. Lower raw material costs and higher product pricing partially offset by the impact of lower sales volume led to the decrease.

Gross profit

Gross profit in 2023 increased 4.7 percent and gross profit margin increased 300 basis points compared to 2022. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily due to lower raw material costs and higher product pricing partially offset by the impact of lower sales volume.

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses

SG&A expenses for 2023 increased $12.8 million, or 2.0 percent compared to 2022. The increase is due to higher restructuring and acquisition project costs and the impact of acquisitions. SG&A expenses as a percent of revenue increased by 150 basis points compared to the prior year due to lower net revenue and higher restructuring and acquisition project costs.

Other income, net

Other income, net in 2023 included $20.3 million of net defined benefit pension benefits and $1.2 of other income, partially offset by $11.6 million of currency transaction losses and a $0.1 million loss on disposal of assets. Other income, net in 2022 included $26.8 million of net defined benefit pension benefits and a $1.4 million gain on disposal of assets, partially offset by $12.9 million of currency transaction losses and $2.4 of other expense. The $26.8 million of net defined benefit pension benefits for 2022 included a $3.3 million settlement loss related to the termination of our Canadian defined benefit pension plan.

Interest expense

Interest expense was $134.6 million and $91.5 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was higher primarily due to higher debt balances and higher interest rates. We capitalized $1.8 million and $1.5 million of interest expense in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest income

Interest income in 2023 and 2022 was $3.9 million and $7.8 million, respectively, consisting primarily of interest on cross-currency swap activity and other miscellaneous interest income.

Income tax expense:

Income tax expense of $93.5 million in 2023 includes $26.1 million of discrete tax expense, primarily related to the impact of withholding tax recorded on earnings that are no longer permanently reinvested, as well as other various U.S. and foreign tax matters. Excluding the discrete tax expense of $26.1 million, the overall effective tax rate was 28.8 percent.

Income tax expense of $77.2 million in 2022 includes $9.3 million of discrete tax expense, primarily related to the revaluation of cross-currency swap agreements due to depreciation of the Euro versus the U.S. dollar and several foreign discrete items, offset in part by U.S. tax benefit for state deferred tax rate change and excess tax benefit for stock compensation. Excluding the discrete tax expense of $9.3 million, the overall effective tax rate was 26.9 percent. 

The increase in the overall effective tax rate for 2023 compared to 2022, excluding the impact of discrete items, is primarily due to the change in the mix of earnings across jurisdictions, as well as the impact of withholding tax recorded on current earnings that will not be permanently invested.

Income from equity method investments

The income from equity method investments relates to our 50 percent ownership of the Sekisui-Fuller joint venture in Japan. The lower income for 2023 compared to 2022 is due to the unfavorable impact of the weakening of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar and lower net income in our joint venture.

Net income attributable to H.B. Fuller

Net income attributable to H.B. Fuller was $144.9 million in 2023 compared to $180.3 million in 2022. Diluted earnings per share were $2.59 per share in 2023 and $3.26 per share in 2022.

Operating Segment Results

We are required to report segment information in the same way that we internally organize our business for assessing performance and making decisions regarding allocation of resources. For segment evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, segment operating income is defined as gross profit less SG&A expenses. Inter-segment revenues are recorded at cost plus a markup for administrative costs. Corporate expenses, other than those included in Corporate Unallocated, are allocated to each operating segment.

We have three reportable segments: Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Construction Adhesives. The tables below provide certain information regarding the net revenue and segment operating income of each of our operating segments. Corporate Unallocated includes business acquisition and integration costs, organizational restructuring charges and project costs related to the implementation of Project ONE.

Net Revenue by Segment

Segment Operating Income (Loss)

The following table provides a reconciliation of segment operating income to income before income taxes and income from equity method investments, as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives

The following tables provide details of Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives net revenue variances:

Net revenue decreased 5.6 percent in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in organic revenue growth was attributable to a decrease in sales volume, partially offset by an increase in product pricing. The 4.6 percent increase in net revenue from M&A was due to acquisitions of Lemtapes in the first quarter of 2023, Beardow Adams in the second quarter of 2023 and Adhezion in the third quarter of 2023. The negative currency effect was due to a weaker Egyptian pound, Turkish lira, Argentinian peso and Chinese renminbi offset by a stronger Mexican peso and Euro compared to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, net revenue in 2023 was lower than 2022 by 1.8 percent from an additional week of revenue in 2022 as it was a 53-week fiscal year compared to a 52-week fiscal year in 2023. As a percentage of net revenue, gross margin increased due to lower raw material costs and higher product pricing partially offset by the impact of lower sales volume. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased due to the impact of acquisitions and lower net revenue. Segment operating income increased 29.7 percent and segment operating margin as a percentage of net revenue increased 360 basis points in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Engineering Adhesives

The following tables provide details of Engineering Adhesives net revenue variances:

Net revenue decreased 6.8 percent in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in organic revenue growth was attributable to a decrease in sales volume, partially offset by a slight increase in product pricing. The 1.2 percent increase in net revenue from M&A was due to the acquisitions of ZKLT in the third quarter of 2022 and Aspen in the first quarter of 2023. The negative currency effect was due to a weaker Chinese renminbi and Turkish lira partially offset by a stronger Euro compared to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, net revenue in 2023 was lower than 2022 by 1.8 percent from an additional week of revenue in 2022 as it was a 53-week fiscal year compared to a 52-week fiscal year in 2023. As a percentage of net revenue, gross margin increased due to lower raw material costs and higher product pricing partially offset by the impact of lower sales volume. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased due to lower net revenue. Segment operating income increased 11.0 percent and segment operating margin as a percentage of net revenue increased 210 basis points in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Construction Adhesives

The following tables provide details of Construction Adhesives net revenue variances:

Net revenue decreased 7.7 percent in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in organic revenue growth was attributable to a decrease in sales volume, partially offset by an increase in product pricing. The 5.4 percent increase in net revenue from M&A was due to the acquisitions of GSSI in the fourth quarter of 2022, XChem in the third quarter of 2023 and Sanglier in the fourth quarter of 2023. The negative currency effect was due to a weaker Australian dollar and Canadian dollar offset by a stronger Euro compared to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, net revenue in 2023 was lower than 2022 by 1.6 percent from an additional week of revenue in 2022 as it was a 53-week fiscal year compared to a 52-week fiscal year in 2023. As a percentage of net revenue, gross margin decreased slightly primarily due to the impact of lower sales volume partially offset by higher product pricing and lower raw material costs. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased due to the impact of acquisitions and lower net revenue. Segment operating income decreased 73.9 percent and segment operating margin as a percentage of net revenue decreased 320 basis points in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Corporate Unallocated

NMP = Non-meaningful percentage

Corporate Unallocated includes acquisition and integration-related charges, restructuring-related charges and costs related to the implementation of Project ONE.

Segment operating loss increased 52.7 percent in 2023 reflecting higher restructuring and acquisition project costs compared to 2022. 

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Total cash and cash equivalents as of December 2, 2023 were $179.5 million compared to $79.9 million as of December 3, 2022. Total long and short-term debt was $1,838.4 million as of December 2, 2023 and $1,765.1 million as of December 3, 2022.

We believe that cash flows from operating activities will be adequate to meet our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital expenditure needs. In addition, we believe we have the ability to obtain both short-term and long-term debt to meet our financing needs for the foreseeable future. Cash available in the United States has historically been sufficient and we expect it will continue to be sufficient to fund U.S. operations, U.S. capital spending and U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit contributions in addition to funding U.S. acquisitions, dividend payments, debt service and share repurchases as needed. For those international earnings considered to be reinvested indefinitely, we currently have no intention to, and plans do not indicate a need to, repatriate these funds for U.S. operations.

Our credit agreements include restrictive covenants that, if not met, could lead to a renegotiation of our credit lines and a significant increase in our cost of financing. At December 2, 2023, we were in compliance with all covenants of our contractual obligations as shown in the following table:

We believe we have the ability to meet all of our contractual obligations and commitments in fiscal 2024.

Net Financial Assets (Liabilities)

Of the $179.5 million in cash and cash equivalents as of December 2, 2023, $152.9 million was held outside the U.S. Of the $152.9 million of cash held outside the U.S., earnings on $136.0 million are indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. It is not practical for us to determine the U.S. tax implications of the repatriation of these funds.

There are no contractual or regulatory restrictions on the ability of consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances to us. Our credit facilities have the following restrictions related to investments and general limitations: 1) a credit facility limitation restricting investments, loans, advances or capital contributions from Loan Parties to non-Loan Parties in excess of $150.0 million, 2) a credit facility limitation that provides total investments, loans, advances or guarantees not otherwise permitted in the credit agreement for all subsidiaries shall not exceed $150.0 million in the aggregate, 3) a credit facility limitation that provides total investments, dividends, and distributions shall not exceed the Available Amount defined in these agreements, all three of which do not apply when our secured leverage ratio is below 4.0x, and 4) typical statutory restrictions, which prohibit distributions in excess of net capital or similar tests. Additionally, we have taken the income tax position that the majority of our cash in non-U.S. locations is indefinitely reinvested.

Debt Outstanding and Debt Capacity

Notes Payable

Notes payable were $1.8 million at December 2, 2023 and $28.9 million at December 3, 2022. These amounts primarily represented various foreign subsidiaries’ short-term borrowings that were not part of committed lines. The current weighted-average interest rates on these short-term borrowings were approximately 10.75 percent in 2023 and 16.2 percent in 2022.

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of a senior secured term loan (“Term Loan A”) with an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million and a senior secured term loan (“Term Loan B”) with an aggregate principal amount of $800.0 million. Interest on Term Loan A is payable at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus an adjustment of 0.10 percent and an interest rate spread of 1.50 percent (6.95 percent at December 2, 2023). The interest rate spread is based on a secured leverage grid. Term Loan A matures on February 15, 2028. At December 2, 2023, a balance of $487.5 million was outstanding on Term Loan A. Interest on Term Loan B is payable at SOFR plus an interest rate spread of 2.25 percent with a SOFR floor of 0.50 percent (7.60 percent at December 2, 2023). Term Loan B matures on February 15, 2030. At December 2, 2023, a balance of $796.0 million was outstanding on Term Loan B. On January 12, 2023, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement (amended on February 28, 2023) to convert $400,000 of our variable rate 1-month SOFR to a fixed rate of 3.7260. On March 16, 2023, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to convert $300,000 of our 1-month SOFR rate debt to a fixed rate of 3.7210 percent and to convert $100,000 of our 1-month SOFR rate debt to a fixed rate of 3.8990 percent. 

Long-term debt also consists of 10-year unsecured public notes (“10-year Public Notes”) with an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million due February 15, 2027 with a fixed coupon of 4.00 percent and 8-year unsecured public notes (“8-year Public Notes”) with an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million due October 15, 2028 with a fixed coupon of 4.25 percent. We currently have no intention to prepay the Public Notes. On February 12, 2021, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement to convert our 8-year Public Notes to a variable interest rate of 1-month LIBOR plus 3.28 percent. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of this interest rate swap.

Interest payable on our long-term debt totaled $1.7 million as of December 2, 2023. 

Revolving Credit Facility 

We have a revolving credit agreement with a consortium of financial institutions at December 2, 2023. This revolving credit agreement creates a secured multi-currency revolving credit facility that we can draw upon to repay existing indebtedness, finance working capital needs, finance acquisitions and for general corporate purposes up to a maximum of $700.0 million. Interest on the revolving credit facility is payable at SOFR plus an adjustment of 0.10 percent and an interest rate spread of 1.50 percent (6.95 percent at December 2, 2023). A facility fee of 20 basis points of the unused commitment under the revolving credit facility is payable quarterly. The interest rate spread and the facility fee are based on a secured leverage grid. At December 2, 2023, there was no balance outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on February 15, 2028. 

We are subject to mandatory prepayments in the first quarter of each fiscal year equal to 50 percent of Excess Cash Flow, as defined in our debt agreement, of the prior fiscal year less any voluntary prepayments made during that fiscal year. The Excess Cash Flow Percentage shall be reduced to 25 percent when our Secured Leverage Ratio is below 4.25:1.00 and to 0 percent when our Secured Leverage Ratio is below 3.75:1.00.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

As of December 2, 2023, goodwill totaled $1,486.5 million (31.5 percent of total assets) and other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $729.1 million (15.4 percent of total assets).

The components of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net of amortization, by segment are as follows:

Selected Metrics of Liquidity and Capital Resources

Key metrics we monitor are net working capital as a percent of annualized net revenue, trade receivables days sales outstanding (DSO), inventory days on hand, free cash flow after dividends and debt capitalization ratio.

¹ Net working capital (trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts plus inventory minus trade payables) divided by annualized net revenue (current quarter, multiplied by 4).

² Trade receivables net of allowance for doubtful accounts multiplied by 91 (13 weeks) and divided by the net revenue for the quarter.

³ Total inventory multiplied by 91 and divided by cost of sales (excluding delivery costs) for the quarter.

⁴ Trade accounts payable multiplied by 91 (13 weeks) and divided by the net revenue for the quarter.

⁵ Net cash provided by operating activities less purchased property, plant and equipment and dividends paid. See reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow after dividends below.

⁶ Total debt divided by (total debt plus total stockholders’ equity).

Free cash flow after dividends, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as net cash provided by operating activities less purchased property, plant and equipment and dividends paid. Free cash flow after dividends is an integral financial measure used by the Company to assess its ability to generate cash in excess of its operating needs, therefore, the Company believes this financial measure provides useful information to investors. The following table reflects the manner in which free cash flow after dividends is determined and provides a reconciliation of free cash flow after dividends to net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Reconciliation of “Net cash provided by operating activities” to "Free cash flow after dividends"

Summary of Cash Flows

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net income including non-controlling interest was $145.0 million in 2023 and $180.4 million in 2022. Depreciation and amortization expense totaled $159.8 million in 2023 compared to $147.0 million in 2022. The higher depreciation and amortization expense in 2023 is related to the assets acquired in our business acquisitions.

Changes in net working capital (trade receivables, inventory and trade payables) accounted for a source of cash of $83.5 million compared to a use of cash of $103.2 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Following is an assessment of each of the net working capital components:

Contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans were $4.3 million and $3.0 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Income taxes payable resulted in a $41.2 million source of cash and a $12.9 million use of cash in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other assets resulted in a $7.9 million use of cash and a $46.5 million source of cash in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The use of cash in 2023 compared to a source of cash in 2022 is primarily driven by a smaller decrease in pension and post-retirement assets related to the year-end pension valuation compared to the prior year and an increase in derivative assets in 2023 compared to a decrease in 2022. Accrued compensation was a $13.8 million use of cash and a $1.1 million source of cash in 2023 and 2022, respectively, relating to lower accruals for our employee incentive plans in 2023. Other liabilities resulted in a $22.9 million and $4.1 million source of cash in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The higher source of cash in 2023 compared to 2022 was due to an increase in hedging liabilities from interest rate swap activity in 2023 compared to the prior year. Other operating activity was a $28.0 million use of cash and a $6.2 million source of cash in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other operating activity includes equity adjustments related to year-end pension valuations and valuation adjustments for our derivatives.

Cash Flows Used In Investing Activities

Purchases of property, plant and equipment were $119.1 million in 2023 compared to $130.0 million in 2022. The lower purchases in 2023 reflect the timing of capital projects and expenditures related to growth initiatives. Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment were $5.0 million in 2023 compared to $1.6 million in 2022. We paid cash, net of cash acquired, of $205.1 million and $250.8 million for purchased businesses in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cash Flows From Financing Activities

In 2023, we received $2,233.3 million in proceeds and repaid $2,126.5 million of long-term debt including borrowings and repayments on our revolving credit facility and in 2022, we received $335.0 million in proceeds and repaid $159.5 million of long-term debt. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of debt borrowings and repayments. Debt issuance costs of $10.2 million were paid in 2023 compared to $0.6 million paid in 2022. Cash paid for dividends were $43.4 million and $39.2 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash generated from the exercise of stock options was $14.6 million and $30.1 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Indirect repurchases of common stock through a net-settlement feature related to statutory minimum tax withholding upon vesting of restricted stock were $2.6 million in 2023 compared to $4.0 million in 2022. There were no repurchases from our share repurchase program in 2023 and 2022.

We expect 2024 capital expenditures to be approximately $140.0 million.

Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be identified by the use of words like "plan," "expect," "aim," "believe," "project," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "will," "should," "could" (including the negative or variations thereof) and other expressions that indicate future events and trends. These plans and expectations are based upon certain underlying assumptions, including those mentioned with the specific statements. Such assumptions are in turn based upon internal estimates and analyses of current market conditions and trends, our plans and strategies, economic conditions and other factors. These plans and expectations and the assumptions underlying them are necessarily subject to risks and uncertainties inherent in projecting future conditions and results. Actual results could differ materially from expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements if one or more of the underlying assumptions and expectations proves to be inaccurate or is unrealized. In addition to the factors described in this report, Item 1A. Risk Factors identifies some of the important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in any such forward-looking statements. In order to comply with the terms of the safe harbor, we have identified these important factors which could affect our financial performance and could cause our actual results for future periods to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements. These factors should be considered, together with any similar risk factors or other cautionary language that may be made elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The list of important factors in Item 1A. Risk Factors does not necessarily present the risk factors in order of importance. This disclosure, including that under Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors, and other forward-looking statements and related disclosures made by us in this report and elsewhere from time to time, represents our best judgment as of the date the information is given. We do not undertake responsibility for updating any of such information, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further public company disclosures (such as in filings with the SEC or in our press releases) on related subjects.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market Risk

We are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency rates and prices of raw materials. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Our financial performance may be negatively affected by unfavorable economic conditions. Recessionary economic conditions may have an adverse impact on our sales volumes, pricing levels and profitability. As domestic and international economic conditions change, trends in discretionary consumer spending also become unpredictable and subject to reductions due to uncertainties about the future. A general reduction in consumer discretionary spending due to a recession in the domestic and international economies, or uncertainties regarding future economic prospects, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Interest Rate Risk

Exposure to changes in interest rates results primarily from borrowing activities used to fund operations. Committed floating rate credit facilities are used to fund a portion of operations. We believe that probable near-term changes in interest rates would not materially affect financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The annual impact on interest expense of a one-percentage point interest rate change on the outstanding balance of our variable rate debt, net of interest rate swap derivatives as of December 2, 2023, would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $5.3 million or $0.09 per diluted share.

Foreign Exchange Risk

As a result of being a global enterprise, there is exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our operating results, financial condition and net investment in foreign subsidiaries are subject to both currency translation and currency transaction risk. Approximately 56 percent of net revenue was generated outside of the United States in 2023. Principal foreign currency exposures relate to the Euro, Chinese renminbi, British pound sterling, Egyptian pound, Turkish lira, Brazilian real, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Mexican peso.

We enter into cross border transactions through importing and exporting goods to and from different countries and locations. These transactions generate foreign exchange risk as they create assets, liabilities and cash flows in currencies other than their functional currency. This also applies to services provided and other cross border agreements among subsidiaries. Our objective is to balance, where possible, non-functional currency denominated assets to non-functional currency denominated liabilities to have a natural hedge and minimize foreign exchange impacts.

In the event a natural hedge is not available, we take steps to minimize risks from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative instruments. We do not enter into any speculative positions with regard to derivative instruments.

Based on 2023 financial results, a hypothetical one percent change in our cost of sales due to foreign currency rate changes would have resulted in a change in net income attributable to H.B. Fuller of approximately $9.4 million or $0.17 per diluted share. Based on 2023 financial results and foreign currency balance sheet positions as of December 2, 2023, a hypothetical overall 10 percent change in the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $16.7 million or $0.30 per diluted share.

Raw Materials

The principal raw materials used to manufacture products include resins, polymers, synthetic rubbers, vinyl acetate monomer and plasticizers. We generally avoid sole source supplier arrangements for raw materials. While alternate supplies of most key raw materials are available, unplanned supplier production outages may lead to strained supply-demand situations for several key raw materials such as ethylene and propylene, several polymers and other petroleum derivatives such as waxes.

The purchase of raw materials is our largest expenditure. Our objective is to purchase raw materials that meet both our quality standards and production needs at the lowest total cost. Most raw materials are purchased on the open market or under contracts that limit the frequency but not the magnitude of price increases. In some cases, however, the risk of raw material price changes is managed by strategic sourcing agreements which limit price increases to increases in supplier feedstock costs, while requiring decreases as feedstock costs decline. The leverage of having substitute raw materials approved for use wherever possible is used to minimize the impact of possible price increases. Based on 2023 financial results, a hypothetical one percent change in our raw material costs would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $13.3 million or $0.24 per diluted share.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information concerning new accounting standards and the impact of the implementation of these standards on our financial statements.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF TOTAL EQUITY

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands)