This report made by the Registrants contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  Many forward-looking statements appear in “Part I – Item 2 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this quarterly report, but there are others throughout this document which may be identified by words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “continue” and similar expressions, and include statements reflecting future results or guidance and statements of outlook.  These matters are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected.  Forward-looking statements in this document are presented as of the date of this document.  Except to the extent required by applicable law, management undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement.  Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are:

The forward-looking statements of the Registrants speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they are made.  The Registrants expressly disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking information, except as required by law.  For a more detailed discussion of these factors, see “Risk Factors” in Part I of the 20222023 Annual Report and in Part II of this report.

The Registrants may use AEP’s website as a distribution channel for material company information. Financial and other important information regarding the Registrants is routinely posted on and accessible through AEP’s website at www.aep.com/investors/. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about the Registrants when you enroll your email address by visiting the “Email Alerts” section at www.aep.com/investors/.

Our principal corporate website address is www.aep.com. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference herein and is not part of this Form 10-Q. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after such documents are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding AEP.

Earnings Attributable to AEP Common Shareholders increased from $684$397 million in 20222023 to $954$1,003 million in 20232024 primarily due to:

See “Results of Operations” section for additional information by operating segment.

The Registrants have experienced certain supply chain disruptions driven by several factors including the COVID-19 pandemic, international tensions includingand the ramifications of regional conflict, increased demand due to the economic recovery from the pandemic, inflation, labor shortages in certain trades and shortages in the availability of certain raw materials. These supply chain disruptions have not had a material impact on the RegistrantsRegistrants’ net income, cash flows and financial condition, but have extended lead times for certain goods and services and have contributed to higher prices for fuel, materials, labor, equipment and other needed commodities. Management has implemented risk mitigation strategies in an attempt to mitigate the impacts of these supply chain disruptions.

AEP and its utilities finance its operations with commercial paper and other variable rate instruments. AEP generally uses short-term borrowings to fund working capital needs until long-term funding is arranged. Sources of long-term funding includes the issuance of long-term debt. These financing options to maintain adequate liquidity are subject to fluctuations in interest rates. The United States economy has experienced a significant level of inflation that has contributed to increased uncertainty in the outlook of near-term economic activity, including whether the pace of inflation will continue and at what rate. To the extent interest rates continue to increase, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

AEP management has continued a strategic evaluation of AEP’s portfolio of businesses with a focus on core regulated utility operations, risk mitigation and simplification. As a result of these efforts, the following decisions have recently been made with respect to AEP Energy and AEP Onsite Partners.

In October 2022, AEP initiated a strategic evaluation for its ownership in AEP Energy, a wholly-owned retail energy supplier that suppliesoffers electricity and/orand natural gas on a price risk managed basis to residential, commercial and industrial customers. AEP Energy provides various energy solutions in Illinois, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio and Washington, D.C. AEP Energy had approximately 900,000954,000 customer accounts as of September 30, 2023.March 31, 2024. In April 2023, AEP management completed the strategic evaluation of AEP Energy and initiated a sale process. The timing of the completion of the sales process is dependent upon a number of factors. AEP is currently targeting the sales process to be completed in the first halfmid-2024. At conclusion of 2024.this process, AEP may decide to retain its interest in AEP Energy. Depending on the outcome of the sales process, it could reduce future net income and impact financial condition.

In April 2023, AEP also madeinitiated a decision to includesales process for its ownership in AEP Onsite Partners in a sale process.Partners. AEP OnSite Partners targets opportunities in distributed solar, combined heat and power, energy storage, waste heat recovery, energy efficiency, peaking generation and other energy solutions. As of September 30, 2023,March 31, 2024, AEP OnSite Partners owned projects located in 2221 states, including approximately 193102 MWs of installed solar capacity and approximately 2 MWs ofthree solar projects under construction.construction totaling approximately 9 MWs. As of September 30, 2023,March 31, 2024, the net book value of these assets was $353$349 million. The timing of the completion of the sales process is dependent upon a number of factors. AEP is currently targeting the sales process to be completed in the first halfmid-2024. At conclusion of 2024.this process, AEP may decide to retain its interest in AEP Onsite Partners.

AEP Onsite Partners also ownsowned a 50% interest in NM Renewable Development, LLC, (NMRD) totaling $119 million accounted for as an equity method investment.NMRD. The NMRD portfolio consistsconsisted of 9 operating solar projects totaling 185 MWs and 6 projects totaling 440 MWs in development. Separate from the remainder of AEP Onsite Partners,In December 2023, AEP and the joint owner have agreedsigned an agreement to initiatesell NMRD to a joint sales process for their respective interests in NMRD. The timing ofnonaffiliated third party and the completion of the sales process is dependent upon a number of factors. AEP is currently targeting the sales process to besale was completed in February 2024. AEP received cash proceeds of approximately $107 million, net of taxes and transaction costs. The transaction did not have a material impact on net income or financial condition. See the fourth quarter“Disposition of 2023 or early 2024.NMRD” section of Note 6 for additional information.

In August 2022, President Biden signed H.R. 5376 into law, commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or IRA.

In June 2023, the IRS issued temporary regulations related to the transfer of tax credits. In the third quarter of 2023, AEP, on behalf of PSO, SWEPCo and SWEPCo,AEP Energy Supply, LLC, entered into a transferability agreementagreements with a nonaffiliated partyparties to sell 2023 generated PTCs resulting in cash proceeds of approximately $80$174 million expectedwith $102 million received in 2023, $62 million received in the fourthfirst quarter of 2023.2024 and the remaining $10 million was received in April 2024. AEP expects to continue to explore the ability to efficiently monetize its tax credits through third party transferability agreements.

I&M’s Cook Plant qualifies for the transferable Nuclear PTC, which is available for tax years beginning in 2024 through 2032. The Nuclear PTC is calculated based on electricity generated and sold to third-parties and is subject to a “reduction amount” as the facility’s gross receipts increase above a certain threshold. Due to lack of guidance and uncertainty surrounding the computation of gross receipts, AEP and I&M are unable to estimate the amount of the Nuclear PTCs earned as of March 31, 2024 and have not included any Nuclear PTCs in the annualized effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2024. See Note 11 - Income Taxes for additional information.

The growth of Planned DispositionAEP’s regulated generation portfolio reflects the company’s commitment to meet customer’s energy and capacity needs while balancing cost and reliability.

AEP has received regulatory approvals from various state regulatory commissions to acquire approximately 2,811 MWs of KPCo and KTCoowned renewable generation facilities, totaling approximately $6.6 billion, in addition to 612 MWs of renewable purchase power agreements, as included in the following table:

The Registrants fileare involved in rate cases and other proceedings with their regulatory commissions in order to establish fair and appropriate electric service rates to recover their costs and earn a fair return on their investments.  TheDepending on the outcomes, of these regulatoryrate cases and proceedings can have a material impact the Registrants’ current and futureon results of operations, cash flows and possibly financial position.condition. AEP is currently involved in the following key proceedings.

The following tables show the Registrants’ completed and pending base rate case proceedings in 2023.2024. See Note 4 - Rate Matters for additional information.

Pending Base Rate Case Proceedings

In January 2023, OPCo filed an application with the PUCO to approve an ESP that included proposed rate adjustments, proposed new riders and the continuation and modification of certain existing rider revenuesriders, including the DIR, effective June 2024 through May 2030. The proposal includes a return on common equity of 10.65% on capital costs for certain riders. In June 2023, intervenors filed testimony opposing OPCo’s plan for various new riders and modifications to existing riders, including the DIR. In September 2023, OPCo and certain incremental renewable facility benefits expectedintervenors filed a settlement agreement with the PUCO addressing the ESP application. The settlement included a four year term from June 2024 through May 2028, an ROE of 9.7% and continuation of a number of riders including the DIR subject to be provided to customers through riders. See “2022 Oklahoma Base Rate Case” section of Note 4 for additional information.

IncreasesSWEPCo constructed the Turk Plant, a base load 600 MW (650 MW net maximum capacity) pulverized coal ultra-supercritical generating unit in fuelArkansas, which was placed in-service in December 2012 and is included in the Vertically Integrated Utilities segment. SWEPCo owns 73% (440 MWs/477 MWs) of the Turk Plant and operates the facility. As of March 31, 2024, the net book value of the Turk Plant was $1.4 billion, before cost of removal including CWIP and inventory.

In AprilJune 2023, the WVPSC Staff submittedKPSC issued an order directing KPCo to show cause why it should not be subject to Kentucky statutory remedies, including fines and penalties, for failure to provide adequate service in its service territory. The KPSC’s show cause order did not make any determination regarding the adequacy of KPCo’s service. In July 2023, KPCo filed a prudency review prepared by an independent consultant retained byresponse to the WVPSC staff. Adoption of the consultant report’s findings by the WVPSC could result in a disallowance of up to $285 million. Management disagreesshow cause order demonstrating that it has provided adequate service. In December 2023 and February 2024, KPCo and certain intervenors filed testimony with the conclusionsKPSC. In February 2024, KPCo filed a motion to strike and recommendations contained inexclude intervenor testimony. In March 2024, the consultant’s report and aKPSC denied KPCo’s February 2024 motion. A hearing was held with the WVPSC in September 2023. APCo and WPCo are awaiting a WVPSC order addressing: (a) the prudency review requested by the WVPSC regarding 2021 and 2022 ENEC under-recovery balances, (b) potential securitization of ENEC under-recovery balances, Amos and Mountaineer Plant property balances and deferred storm costs and (c) potential further adjustment to ENEC rates. An order is anticipated in the fourth quarter of 2023. In September 2023, APCo received an order from the WVPSC authorizing an $89 million annual increase in ENEC rates for the Companies’ forecasted costs for the period September 2023 through August 2024. See “ENEC Filings” section of Note 4 for additional information.

In December 2023, AEP acquiredKPCo received intervenor testimony in its FAC review for the two-year period ending October 31, 2022, recommending a disallowance ranging from $44 million to $60 million of its total $432 million purchased power cost recoveries as a result of proposed modifications to the ratemaking methodology that limits purchased power costs recoverable through the FAC. A hearing was held in February 2024 and placed into service 159 MWsan order is expected in the second quarter of owned renewable generation facilities totaling approximately $154 million.2024. If any fuel costs are not recoverable or refunds are ordered, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

SWEPCo constructed the Turk Plant, a base load 600 MW (650 MW net maximum capacity) pulverized coal ultra-supercritical generating unit in Arkansas, which was placed in-service in December 2012 and is included in the Vertically Integrated Utilities segment. SWEPCo owns 73% (440 MWs/477 MWs) of the Turk Plant and operates the facility. As of March 31, 2024, the net book value of the Turk Plant was $1.4 billion, before cost of removal including CWIP and inventory.

Approximately 20% of SWEPCo’s portion of the Turk Plant output is currently not subject to cost-based rate recovery in Arkansas. This portion of the plant’s output is being sold into the wholesale market. Approximately 80% of the Turk Plant investment is recovered under retail cost-based rate recovery in Texas, Louisiana and through SWEPCo’s wholesale customers under FERC-approved rates. In November 2022, SWEPCo filed a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity with the APSC for approval to operate the Turk plantPlant to serve Arkansas customers and recover the associated costs through a cost recovery rider. Cost-based recovery of the Turk Plant would aid SWEPCo’s near-term capacity needs and support compliance with SPP’s 2023 increased capacity planning reserve margin requirements. In April 2023, intervenors filed testimony recommending the APSC deny the Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity on the basis that the Turk Plant is not the least cost alternative. In March 2024, the APSC issued an order denying SWEPCo’s request to allow the merchant portion of the Turk Plant to serve Arkansas customers. As a result of the APSC’s March 2024 order, SWEPCo recorded a $32 million favorable impact to net income as a result of the reduction to the regulatory liability related to the merchant portion of Turk Plant Excess ADIT.

In June 2023, SWEPCothe KPSC issued an order directing KPCo to show cause why it should not be subject to Kentucky statutory remedies, including fines and penalties, for failure to provide adequate service in its service territory. The KPSC’s show cause order did not make any determination regarding the adequacy of KPCo’s service. In July 2023, KPCo filed rebuttala response to the show cause order demonstrating that it has provided adequate service. In December 2023 and February 2024, KPCo and certain intervenors filed testimony with the APSC.KPSC. In JulyFebruary 2024, KPCo filed a motion to strike and exclude intervenor testimony. In March 2024, the KPSC denied KPCo’s February 2024 motion. A hearing is expected in 2024. If any fines or penalties are levied against KPCo relating to the show cause order, it could reduce net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

In December 2023, additionalKPCo received intervenor testimony was filed within its FAC review for the APSC bytwo-year period ending October 31, 2022, recommending a disallowance ranging from $44 million to $60 million of its total $432 million purchased power cost recoveries as a result of proposed modifications to the Attorney General of Arkansas andratemaking methodology that limits purchased power costs recoverable through the APSC staff with recommendations consistent with the previously filed April 2023 intervenor testimony.FAC. A hearing was held in October 2023February 2024 and an order is expected in the fourthsecond quarter of 2024. If any fuel costs are not recoverable or refunds are ordered, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

In July 2019, HB 6, which offered incentives for power-generating facilities with zero or reduced carbon emissions, was signed into law by the Ohio Governor. HB 6 terminated energy efficiency programs as of December 31, 2020, including OPCo’s shared savings revenues of $26 million annually and phased out renewable mandates after 2026. HB 6 also provided for continued recovery of existing renewable energy contracts on a bypassable basis through 2032 and included a provision for continued recovery of OVEC costs through 2030 which is allocated to all electric distribution utility customers in Ohio on a non-bypassable basis. OPCo’s Inter-Company Power Agreement for OVEC terminates in June 2040. In July 2020, an investigation led by the U.S. Attorney’s Office resulted in a federal grand jury indictment of the Turk Plant was $1.4 billion, before costSpeaker of removal including CWIPthe Ohio House of Representatives, Larry Householder, four other individuals, and inventory. If SWEPCo cannot ultimately recover its investmentGeneration Now, an entity registered as a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization, in connection with an alleged racketeering conspiracy involving the adoption of HB 6. Certain defendants in that case had previously plead guilty and, expenses relatedin March 2023, a federal jury convicted Larry Householder and another individual of participating in the racketeering conspiracy. In 2021, four AEP shareholders filed derivative actions purporting to assert claims on behalf of AEP against certain AEP officers and directors. See “Litigation Related to Ohio House Bill 6” section of Litigation below for additional information.

In March 2021, the Governor of Ohio signed legislation that, among other things, repealed the payments to the Arkansas retail portionnonaffiliated owner of Ohio’s nuclear power plants that were previously authorized under HB 6. The new legislation, House Bill 128, went into effect in May 2021 and leaves unchanged other provisions of HB 6 regarding energy efficiency programs, recovery of renewable energy costs and recovery of OVEC costs. To the Turk Plant,extent that the law changes or OPCo (a) is unable to recover the costs of renewable energy contracts on a bypassable basis by the end of 2032, (b) is unable to recover costs of OVEC after 2030 or (c) incurs significant costs associated with the derivative actions, it could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

In the ordinary course of business, AEP is involved in employment, commercial, environmental and regulatory litigation. Since it is difficult to predict the outcome of these proceedings, management cannot predict the eventual resolution, timing or amount of any loss, fine or penalty. Management assesses the probability of loss for each contingency and accrues a liability for cases that have a probable likelihood of loss if the loss can be estimated.  Adverse results in these proceedings have the potential to reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition. See Note 4 – Rate Matters and Note 5 – Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies for additional information.

In August 2020, an AEP shareholder filed a putative class action lawsuit in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio against AEP and certain of its officers for alleged violations of securities laws. In December 2021, the district court issued an opinion and order dismissing the securities litigation complaint with prejudice, determining that the complaint failed to plead any actionable misrepresentations or omissions. The plaintiffs did not appeal the ruling.

In January 2021, an AEP shareholder filed a derivative action in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio purporting to assert claims on behalf of AEP against certain AEP officers and directors. In February 2021, a second AEP shareholder filed a similar derivative action in the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County, Ohio. In April 2021, a third AEP shareholder filed a similar derivative action in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio and a fourth AEP shareholder filed a similar derivative action in the Supreme Court for the State of New York, Nassau County. These derivative complaints allege the officers and directors made misrepresentations and omissions similar to those alleged in the putative securities class action lawsuit filed against AEP. The derivative complaints together assert claims for: (a) breach of fiduciary duty, (b) waste of corporate assets, (c) unjust enrichment, (d) breach of duty for insider trading and (e) contribution for violations of sections 10(b) and 21D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and seek monetary damages and changes to AEP’s corporate governance and internal policies among other forms of relief. The court entered a scheduling order in the New York state court derivative action staying the case other than with respect to briefing the motion to dismiss. AEP filed substantive and forum-based motions to dismiss onin April 29, 2022. OnIn June 2022, the Ohio state court entered an order continuing the stays of that case until the final resolution of the consolidated derivative actions pending in Ohio federal district court. In September 13, 2022, the New York state court granted the forum-based motion to dismiss with prejudice and the plaintiff subsequently filed a notice of appeal with the New York appellate court. OnIn January 20, 2023, the New York plaintiff filed a motion to intervene in the pending Ohio federal court action and withdrew his appeal in New York. The two derivative actions pending in federal district court in Ohio have been consolidated and the plaintiffs in the consolidated action filed an amended complaint. AEP filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint and subsequently filed a brief in opposition to the New York plaintiffs’ motion to intervene in the consolidated action in Ohio. OnIn March 20, 2023, the federal district court issued an order granting the motion to dismiss with prejudice and denying the New York plaintiffs’ motion to intervene. OnIn April 20, 2023, one of the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit of the Ohio federal district court order dismissing the consolidated action and denying the intervention. On June 15, 2022, the Ohio state court entered an order continuing the stays of that case until the final resolution of the consolidated derivative actions pending in Ohio federal district court. The defendants will continue to defend against the claims. Management is unable to determine adoes not believe the range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring.occurring will have a material impact on results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

In March 2021, AEP received a litigation demand letter from counsel representing a purported AEP shareholder. The litigation demand letter was directed to the Board of Directors of AEP (AEP Board) and contained factual allegations involving HB 6 that were generally consistent with those in the derivative litigation filed in state and federal court. The shareholder that sent the letter has since withdrawn the litigation demand, which is now terminated and of no further effect. In April 2023, AEP received a litigation demand from counsel representing the purported AEP shareholder who filed the dismissed derivative action in New York state court and unsuccessfully tried to intervene in the consolidated derivative actions in Ohio federal court. The litigation demand letter is directed to the AEP Board and contains factual allegations involving HB 6 that are generally consistent with those in the derivative litigation filed in state and federal court. The letter demands, among other things, that the AEP Board undertake an independent investigation into alleged legal violations by certain current and former directors and officers, and

that AEP commence a civil action for breaches of fiduciary duty and related claims against any individuals who allegedly harmed AEP. The AEP Board considered the 2023 litigation demand letter and formed a committee of the Board (the “Demand Review Committee”) to investigate, review, monitor and analyze the allegations in the letter and make a recommendation to the AEP Board regarding a reasonable and appropriate response to the same. The AEP Board will act in response to the letter as appropriate. Management is unable to determine adoes not believe the range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring.occurring will have a material impact on results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

In November 2022, the Federal EPA issued a final decision denying Gavin Power LLC’s requested extension to allow a CCR surface impoundment at the Gavin Power Station to continue to receive CCR and non-CCR waste streams after April 11, 2021 until May 4, 2023 (the Gavin Denial). As part of the Gavin Denial, the Federal EPA made several determinationsassertions related to the CCR Rule (see “Coal Combustion Residual (CCR)“CCR Rule” section below for additional information), including a determinationan assertion that the closure of the 300 acre unlined fly ash reservoir (FAR) is noncompliant with the CCR Rule in multiple respects. The Gavin Power Station was formerly owned and operated by AEP and was sold to Gavin Power LLC and Lightstone Generation LLC in 2017. Pursuant to the PSA, AEP maintained responsibility to complete closure of the FAR in accordance with the closure plan approved by the Ohio EPA which was completed in July 2021. The PSA contains indemnification provisions, pursuant to which the owners of the Gavin Power Station have notified AEP they believe they are entitled to indemnification for any damages that may result from these claims, including any future enforcement or litigation resulting from the Federal EPA’sany determinations of noncompliance by the Federal EPA with various aspects of the CCR Rule as part ofconsistent with the Gavin Denial. The owners of the Gavin Power Station have also sought indemnification for landowner claims for property damage allegedly caused by modifications to the FAR. Management does not believe that the owners of the Gavin Power Station have any valid claim for indemnity or otherwise against AEP under the PSA. In addition, Gavin Power LLC, several AEP subsidiaries, and other parties have filed Petitions for Review of the Gavin Denial with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Management is unable to determine a range of potential losses that is reasonably possible of occurring. In January 2024, Gavin Power LLC also filed a complaint with the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, alleging various violations of the Administrative Procedure Act and asserting that the Federal EPA, through its prior inaction, has waived and is estopped from raising certain objections raised in the Gavin Denial. Management cannot predict the outcome of that litigation.

AEP has a substantial capital investment program and incurs additional operational costs to comply with environmental control requirements.  Additional investments and operational changes will be made in response to existing and anticipated requirements to reduce emissions from fossil generation and in response to rules governing the beneficial use and disposal of coal combustion by-products, clean water and renewal permits for certain water discharges.

AEP is engaged in litigation about environmental issues, was notified of potential responsibility for the clean-up of contaminated sites and incurred costs for disposal of SNF and future decommissioning of the nuclear units.  Management is engaged in the development of possible future requirements including the items discussed below.  

AEP will seek recovery of expenditures for pollution control technologies and associated costs from customers through rates in regulated jurisdictions.  Environmental rules could result in accelerated depreciation, impairment of assets or regulatory disallowances.  If AEP cannot recover the costs of environmental compliance, it would reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

The rules and proposed environmental controlscontrol requirements discussed below will have ana material impact on AEP System generating units.  Management continues to evaluate the impact of these rules, project scope and technology available to achieve compliance.AEP’s operations.  As of September 30, 2023, theMarch 31, 2024, AEP System owned generating capacity of approximately 23,30023,200 MWs, of which approximately 10,700 MWs were coal-fired.  In April 2024, the Federal EPA announced four major new rules directed at fossil-fuel electric generation facilities. Management continues to evaluate the impacts of these rules on the plans for the future of AEP’s generating fleet, in particular, the economic feasibility of making the requisite environmental investments on AEP’s fossil generation fleet andfleet. AEP continues to refine the cost estimates of complying with these rules and evaluate other impactsto identify the best alternative for ensuring compliance with all of the environmental proposals on fossil generation.rules while meeting AEP’s obligations to provide reliable and affordable electricity.

The cost estimates will change depending on the timingcosts of implementation and whether the Federal EPA provides flexibility in finalizing proposedcomplying with new rules or revising certain existing requirements.  The cost estimates willmay also change based on: (a) potential state rules that impose additional more stringent standards, (b) additional rulemaking activities in response to court decisions, (c) actual performance of the pollution control technologies installed, (d) changes in costs for new pollution controls, (e) new generating technology developments, (f) total MWs of capacity retired and replaced, including the type and amount of such replacement capacity, (g) compliance with the Federal EPA’s revised coal combustion residual rules and (h)(g) other factors.

The CAA establishes a comprehensive program to protect and improve the nation’s air quality and control sources of air emissions. The states implement and administer many of these programs and could impose additional or more stringent requirements. The primary regulatory programs that continue to drive investments in AEP’s existing generating units include: (a) periodic revisions to NAAQS and the development of SIPs to achieve more stringent standards, (b) implementation of the regional haze program by the states and the Federal EPA, (c) regulation of hazardous air pollutant emissions under MATS, (d) implementation and review of CSAPR and (e) the Federal EPA’s regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil generation under Section 111 of the CAA. Notable developments in significant CAA regulatory requirements affecting AEP’s operations are discussed in the following sections.

Areas with air quality that does not meet the new standard will be designated by the Federal EPA as “nonattainment,” which will trigger an obligation for states to strengthenrevise their SIPs to include additional requirements, resulting in further emission reductions to ensure that the primary (health-based) annual PM2.5 standard. Management cannot currently predict if any changes to these standards are likely tonew standard will be finalized or what such changesmet. Areas around some of AEP’s generating facilities may be butdeemed nonattainment, which may require those facilities to install additional pollution controls or to implement operational constraints. The nonattainment designations by the Federal EPA and the subsequent SIP revisions by the affected states will continuetake some time to monitor this issue and any future rulemakings.complete; therefore, management cannot reasonably estimate the impact on AEP’s operations, cash flows, net income or financial condition.

The Federal EPA issued a Clean Air Visibility Rule (CAVR) in 2005, which could require power plants and other facilities to install best available retrofit technology to address regional haze in federal parks and other protected areas. CAVR is implemented by the states, through SIPs, or by the Federal EPA, through FIPs. In 2017, the Federal EPA revised the rules governing submission of SIPs to implement the visibility programs. Petitions for review of the final rule revisions have been filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

Excessive costs to comply with future legislation orenvironmental regulations have led to the announcement of early plant closures across the country. The Federal EPA’s new GHG rules and the suite of other new rules announced simultaneously and directed at the fossil-fuel fired electric utility industry, see discussion of other rules below, and could force AEP to close additional coal-fired generation facilities earlier than their estimated useful life. If AEP is unable to recover the costs of its investments, it would reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

In April 2023,2024, the Federal EPA issued a proposedrevised MATS rule that would revise the MATS for power plants. The proposed rule includes a more stringent standard for emissions of filterable PM for coal-fired electric generating units, as well as a new mercury standard for lignite-fired electric generating units. The proposed rule also requires the installation and operation of continuous emissions monitors for PM. Management is evaluating the impacts of the rule, as proposed and will continue to monitorbut does not anticipate any significant challenges complying with the rulemaking.rule.

The Federal EPA’s CCR rule regulates the disposal and beneficial re-use of CCR, including fly ash and bottom ash created from coal-fired generating units and FGD gypsum generated at some coal-fired plants.  The original rule appliesapplied to active and inactive CCR landfills and surface impoundments at facilities of active electric utility or independent power producers. With revisions announced in April 2024, the scope of the rule has expanded significantly, to include inactive impoundments at inactive facilities (“legacy CCR surface impoundments”) as well as to establish requirements for currently exempt solid waste management units that involve the direct placement of CCR on the land (“CCR management units”).

In 2020, the Federal EPA revised the original CCR rule to include a requirement that unlined CCR storage ponds cease operations and initiate closure by April 11, 2021. The revised rule provides two options that allow facilities to extend the date by which they must cease receipt of coal ash and close the ponds.

The first option provides an extension to cease receipt of CCR no later than October 15, 2023 for most units, and October 15, 2024 for a narrow subset of units; however, the Federal EPA’s grant of such an extension requires a satisfactory demonstration of the need for additional time to develop alternative ash disposal capacity and will be limited to the soonest timeframe technically feasible to cease receipt of CCR. Additionally, each request must undergo formal review, including public comments, and be approved by the Federal EPA. AEP filed applications for additional time to develop alternative disposal capacity at the following plants:

In January 2022, the Federal EPA proposed to deny several extension requests filed by the other utilities based on allegations that those utilities are not in compliance with the CCR Rule (the January Actions). In November 2022, the Federal EPA finalized one of these denials (the November Denial)Gavin Denial, discussed above). The Federal EPA’s allegations of noncompliance rely on new interpretations of the CCR Rule requirements. The January Actions of the Federal EPA and the NovemberGavin Denial have been challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit as unlawful rulemaking that revises the existing CCR Rule requirements without proper notice and without opportunity for comment. Management is unable to predict the outcome of that litigation.litigation or how it may impact the Federal EPA’s interpretation of the CCR Rule.

In July 2022, the Federal EPA proposed conditional approval of the pending extension request for theAPCo’s Mountaineer Plant. The Federal EPA alleged that the Mountaineer Plant was not fully compliant with the CCR Rule. In December 2022, AEP withdrew the pending extension request for the Mountaineer Plant as work to construct new CCR disposal facilities was completed and the extension was no longer needed. In addition, AEP ceased receiving ash in the other ponds subject to the extension requests, completed construction of new, CCR Rule compliant facilities at the plants listed in the table above and withdrew all of the remaining applications for additional time to develop alternative disposal capacity.

Under the second option for obtaining an extension of the April 11, 2021 deadline to cease operation of unlined impoundments, a generating facility may continue operating its existing impoundments without developing alternative CCR disposal, provided the facility commits to cease combustion of coal by a date certain. Under this option, a generating facility had until October 17, 2023 to cease coal-fired operations and to close CCR storage ponds 40 acres or less in size, or through October 17, 2028 for facilities with CCR storage ponds greater than 40 acres in size. Pursuant to this option, AEP informed the Federal EPA of its intent to retire the Pirkey Plant and cease using coal at the Welsh Plant. In March 2023, the Pirkey Plant was retired. The table below summarizes the net book value of Welsh Plant, Units 1 and 3 as of September 30, 2023.

In May 2023,April 2024, the Federal EPA proposedfinalized revisions to the CCR Rule to expand the scope of the rule to include inactive impoundments at inactive facilities (“legacy CCR surface impoundments”) as well as to establish requirements for currently exempt solid waste management units that involve the direct placement of CCR on the land (“CCR management units”). The proposedFederal EPA is requiring that owners and operators of legacy surface impoundments comply with all of the existing CCR Rule requirements applicable to inactive CCR surface impoundments at active facilities, except for the location restrictions and liner design criteria. The rule establishes compliance deadlines for legacy surface impoundments to meet regulatory requirements, including a requirement to initiate closure within five years after the effective date of the final rule. The rule requires evaluations to be completed at both active facilities and inactive facilities with one or more legacy surface impoundments. AEP is evaluating the applicability of the rule to current and former plant sites and is working to develop estimates of compliance costs, which are expected to be material, including costs to upgrade or close and replace legacy CCR surface impoundments and to conduct any required remedial actions including removal of coal ash.

Closure and post-closure estimated costs for facilities subject to the original CCR Rule have been included in ARO in accordance with the requirements in the Federal EPA’s original CCR rule. Material ARO revisions will be necessary to address the expanded scope of facilities subject to the revised rule. Additional material ARO revisions may occur on a site-by-site basis if finalized,groundwater monitoring activities conclude that corrective actions are required to mitigate groundwater impacts. AEP may incur significant additional costs complying with the Federal EPA’s CCR Rule, including costs to upgrade or close and replace surface impoundments and landfills used to manage CCR and to conduct any required remedial actions including removal of coal ash.

AEP would need to seek cost recovery through regulated rates, including proposing new regulatory mechanisms for cost recovery where existing mechanisms are not applicable, for which regulatory approval cannot be assured. The rule could have a material adverse impact on net income, cash flows and financial condition if AEP cannot ultimately recover any additional costs of compliance. Management is also evaluating potential legal challenges to the revised rule.

The Federal EPA’s ELG rule for generating facilities establishes limits for FGD wastewater, fly ash and bottom ash transport water and flue gas mercury control wastewater, which are to be implemented through each facility’s wastewater discharge permit. A revision to the ELG rule, published in October 2020, established additional options for reusing and discharging small volumes of bottom ash transport water, provided an exception for retiring units and extended the compliance deadline to a date as soon as possible beginning one year after the rule was published but no later than December 2025. Management has assessed technology additions and retrofits to comply with the rule and the impacts of the Federal EPA’s actions on facilities’ wastewater discharge permitting for FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water. For affected facilities that must install additional technologies to meet the ELG rule limits, permit modifications were filed in January 2021 that reflect the outcome of that assessment. AEP continues to work with state agencies to finalize permit terms and conditions. Other facilities opted to file Notices of Planned Participation (NOPP), pursuant to which the facilities are not required to install additional controls to meet ELG limits provided they make commitments to cease coal combustion by a date certain. In March 2023,April 2024, the Federal EPA proposedfinalized further revisions to the ELG rule which, if finalized, wouldthat establish a zero liquid discharge standard for FGD wastewater, and bottom ash transport water, and managed combustion residual leachate, as well as more stringent discharge limits for unmanaged combustion residual leachate. The revised rule provides a new compliance alternative that would avoid the need to install zero liquid discharge systems for facilities that comply with the 2020 rule’s control technology requirements and commit to retire by 2024. Management is evaluating the impactscompliance alternatives in the rule, taking into consideration the requirements of the proposed ruleother new rules and their combined impacts to operations. Management cannot predict whetheris also evaluating potential legal challenges to the Federal EPA will actually finalize further revisions, but will continue to monitor this issue and will participate in further rulemaking activities as they arise.