UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark one)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022


☐			Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

For the Transition Period from to .


Commission File Number			1-15202

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

22-1867895

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

475 Steamboat Road

Greenwich

Connecticut

06830

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)


(203)			629-3000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)


			None
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title	Trading Symbol	Name

Common Stock, par value $.20 per share	WRB	New York Stock Exchange


5.700% Subordinated Debentures due 2058	WRB-PE	New York Stock Exchange
5.100% Subordinated Debentures due 2059	WRB-PF	New York Stock Exchange
4.250% Subordinated Debentures due 2060	WRB-PG	New York Stock Exchange
4.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2061	WRB-PH	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares of common stock, $.20 par value, outstanding as of ~~April~~July 27, 2022: ~~265,193,412~~265,272,980

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
			Item 1. Financial Statements
			Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
			Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
			Item 4. Controls and Procedures
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
			Item 1. Legal Proceedings
			Item 1A. Risk Factors
			Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
			Item 6. Exhibits
SIGNATURES

~~EX-10.1~~
EX-31.1
EX-31.2
EX-32.1
EX-101 INSTANCE DOCUMENT
EX-101 SCHEMA DOCUMENT
EX-101 CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share data)


		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021			June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
		(Unaudited)		(Audited)			(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Assets	Assets					Assets
Investments:	Investments:					Investments:
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $16,838,703 and $16,471,304; allowance for expected credit losses of $26,531 and $22,625 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)		$	16,426,196	$	16,602,673
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $17,697,420 and $16,471,304; allowance for expected credit losses of $33,405 and $22,625 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $17,697,420 and $16,471,304; allowance for expected credit losses of $33,405 and $22,625 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	$	16,851,514	$	16,602,673
Investment funds						Investment funds	1,702,270		1,480,612
Real estate	Real estate	1,276,157		1,852,508		Real estate	1,304,094		1,852,508
Investment funds		1,545,648		1,480,612
Equity securities						Equity securities	1,155,326		941,243
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	1,188,910		1,179,606		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		1,179,606
Equity securities		1,126,491		941,243
Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,429 and $1,718 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)		115,097		115,172
Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $2,175 and $1,718 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $2,175 and $1,718 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	113,483		115,172

Total investments	Total investments	21,678,499		22,171,814		Total investments	22,268,690		22,171,814
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	2,114,841		1,568,843		Cash and cash equivalents	1,316,603		1,568,843
Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $28,236 and $25,218 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)		2,599,357		2,522,972
Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,655 and $7,713 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)		2,929,161		2,923,026
Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $30,557 and $25,218 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $30,557 and $25,218 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	2,799,805		2,522,972
Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,744 and $7,713 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,744 and $7,713 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	3,046,754		2,923,026
Deferred policy acquisition costs	Deferred policy acquisition costs	716,645		676,145		Deferred policy acquisition costs	753,185		676,145
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	Prepaid reinsurance premiums	680,703		676,915		Prepaid reinsurance premiums	694,888		676,915

Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations						Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	9,937		—
Property, furniture and equipment	Property, furniture and equipment	417,888		419,883		Property, furniture and equipment	415,446		419,883
Goodwill	Goodwill	169,652		169,652		Goodwill	169,652		169,652
Accrued investment income	Accrued investment income	129,194		122,938		Accrued investment income	133,014		122,938
Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	43,527		42,457		Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	296,943		42,457

Other assets	Other assets	771,487		753,231		Other assets	787,530		753,231
Total assets	Total assets	$	32,250,954	$	32,047,876	Total assets	$	32,692,447	$	32,047,876

Liabilities and Equity	Liabilities and Equity					Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:	Liabilities:					Liabilities:
Reserves for losses and loss expenses	Reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	15,722,889	$	15,390,888	Reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	16,145,821	$	15,390,888
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	5,026,905		4,847,160		Unearned premiums	5,249,543		4,847,160
Due to reinsurers	Due to reinsurers	524,562		514,980		Due to reinsurers	541,689		514,980
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	241		1,169		Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	68		1,169
Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	56,652		53,636		Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	—		53,636

Other liabilities	Other liabilities	1,189,919		1,305,245		Other liabilities	1,378,169		1,305,245
Senior notes and other debt	Senior notes and other debt	1,834,155		2,259,416		Senior notes and other debt	1,832,273		2,259,416
Subordinated debentures	Subordinated debentures	1,007,832		1,007,652		Subordinated debentures	1,008,011		1,007,652
Total liabilities	Total liabilities	25,363,155		25,380,146		Total liabilities	26,155,574		25,380,146
Equity:	Equity:					Equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share:	Preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share:					Preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share:
Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - NaN	Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - NaN	—		—		Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - NaN	—		—
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share:	Common stock, par value $0.20 per share:					Common stock, par value $0.20 per share:
Authorized 750,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 265,186,251 and 265,170,882 shares, respectively		105,803		105,803
Authorized 1,250,000,000 shares and 750,000,000 shares, respectively; issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 265,272,980 and 265,170,882 shares, respectively						Authorized 1,250,000,000 shares and 750,000,000 shares, respectively; issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 265,272,980 and 265,170,882 shares, respectively	105,803		105,803
Additional paid-in capital	Additional paid-in capital	992,012		981,104		Additional paid-in capital	1,001,093		981,104
Retained earnings	Retained earnings	9,582,790		9,015,135		Retained earnings	9,602,948		9,015,135
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(649,229)		(281,955)		Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,029,630)		(281,955)
Treasury stock, at cost, 263,828,377 and 263,843,868 shares, respectively		(3,166,873)		(3,167,076)
Treasury stock, at cost, 263,741,648 and 263,843,868 shares, respectively						Treasury stock, at cost, 263,741,648 and 263,843,868 shares, respectively	(3,165,729)		(3,167,076)
Total stockholders’ equity	Total stockholders’ equity	6,864,503		6,653,011		Total stockholders’ equity	6,514,485		6,653,011
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	23,296		14,719		Noncontrolling interests	22,388		14,719
Total equity	Total equity	6,887,799		6,667,730		Total equity	6,536,873		6,667,730
Total liabilities and equity	Total liabilities and equity	$	32,250,954	$	32,047,876	Total liabilities and equity	$	32,692,447	$	32,047,876

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
						For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
		2022		2021				2022		2021					2022			2021
REVENUES:	REVENUES:								REVENUES:
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	$	2,413,254	$	2,050,038				Net premiums written	$	2,585,635		$	2,212,181		$	4,998,889		$	4,262,219
Change in net unearned premiums	Change in net unearned premiums	(164,167)		(200,082)					Change in net unearned premiums	(228,477)			(240,557)			(392,645)			(440,639)
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	2,249,087		1,849,956					Net premiums earned	2,357,158			1,971,624			4,606,244			3,821,580
Net investment income	Net investment income	173,512		158,577					Net investment income	171,574			168,187			345,086			326,764
Net investment gains:
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments		369,882		51,759
Net investment (losses) gains:									Net investment (losses) gains:
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments									Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments	(163,935)			20,461			205,947			72,219

Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	(3,617)		(16,920)					Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	(7,620)			3,603			(11,237)			(13,316)
Net investment gains		366,265		34,839
Net investment (losses) gains									Net investment (losses) gains	(171,555)			24,064			194,710			58,903
Revenues from non-insurance businesses	Revenues from non-insurance businesses	97,776		87,430					Revenues from non-insurance businesses	128,421			109,122			226,197			196,552
Insurance service fees	Insurance service fees	27,951		25,808					Insurance service fees	26,393			22,256			54,344			48,064
Other income	Other income	818		259					Other income	896			833			1,716			1,092
Total revenues	Total revenues	2,915,409		2,156,869					Total revenues	2,512,887			2,296,086			5,428,297			4,452,955

OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:	OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:								OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Losses and loss expenses	Losses and loss expenses	1,339,252		1,121,592					Losses and loss expenses	1,435,817			1,203,647			2,775,069			2,325,238
Other operating costs and expenses	Other operating costs and expenses	713,899		616,268					Other operating costs and expenses	699,819			647,705			1,413,718			1,263,973
Expenses from non-insurance businesses	Expenses from non-insurance businesses	94,855		86,290					Expenses from non-insurance businesses	122,966			106,698			217,822			192,989
Interest expense	Interest expense	34,970		36,651					Interest expense	31,723			38,096			66,693			74,747
Total operating costs and expenses	Total operating costs and expenses	2,182,976		1,860,801					Total operating costs and expenses	2,290,325			1,996,146			4,473,302			3,856,947
Income before income taxes	Income before income taxes	732,433		296,068					Income before income taxes	222,562			299,940			954,995			596,008
Income tax expense	Income tax expense	(139,403)		(64,352)					Income tax expense	(43,095)			(62,262)			(182,499)			(126,614)
Net income before noncontrolling interests	Net income before noncontrolling interests	593,030		231,716					Net income before noncontrolling interests	179,467			237,678			772,496			469,394
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	(2,392)		(2,191)					Noncontrolling interests	(145)			(440)			(2,536)			(2,631)
Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	$	590,638	$	229,525				Net income to common stockholders	$	179,322		$	237,238		$	769,960		$	466,763

NET INCOME PER SHARE:	NET INCOME PER SHARE:								NET INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic	Basic	$	2.13	$	0.83				Basic	$	0.65		$	0.85		$	2.78		$	1.68
Diluted	Diluted	$	2.12	$	0.82				Diluted	$	0.64		$	0.85		$	2.76		$	1.66

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
						For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
		2022		2021				2022		2021					2022			2021
Net income before noncontrolling interests	Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	593,030	$	231,716				Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	179,467		$	237,678		$	772,496		$	469,394
Other comprehensive (loss) income:	Other comprehensive (loss) income:								Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments	Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments	56,272		4,050					Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments	(43,393)			2,537			12,879			6,587
Change in unrealized investment losses, net of taxes		(423,545)		(90,130)
Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains, net of taxes									Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains, net of taxes	(337,008)			23,272			(760,553)			(66,858)

Other comprehensive loss		(367,273)		(86,080)
Comprehensive income		225,757		145,636
Other comprehensive (loss) income									Other comprehensive (loss) income	(380,401)			25,809			(747,674)			(60,271)
Comprehensive (loss) income									Comprehensive (loss) income	(200,934)			263,487			24,822			409,123
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	(2,391)		(2,191)					Noncontrolling interests	(145)			(439)			(2,535)			(2,630)
Comprehensive income to common stockholders		$	223,366	$	143,445
Comprehensive (loss) income to common stockholders									Comprehensive (loss) income to common stockholders	$	(201,079)		$	263,048		$	22,287		$	406,493

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
						For the Three Months Ended June 30,
		2022		2021				2022				2021			2022			2021
COMMON STOCK:	COMMON STOCK:								COMMON STOCK:
Beginning and end of period	Beginning and end of period	$	105,803	$	105,803				Beginning and end of period	$	105,803		$	105,803		$	105,803		$	105,803
ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:	ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:								ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	981,104	$	977,215				Beginning of period	$	992,012		$	988,288		$	981,104		$	977,215
Restricted stock units issued	Restricted stock units issued	(530)		(525)					Restricted stock units issued	(1,840)			597			(2,370)			72
Restricted stock units expensed	Restricted stock units expensed	11,438		11,598					Restricted stock units expensed	10,921			11,013			22,359			22,611

End of period	End of period	$	992,012	$	988,288				End of period	$	1,001,093		$	999,898		$	1,001,093		$	999,898
RETAINED EARNINGS:	RETAINED EARNINGS:								RETAINED EARNINGS:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	9,015,135	$	8,348,381				Beginning of period	$	9,582,790		$	8,556,621		$	9,015,135		$	8,348,381

Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	590,638		229,525					Net income to common stockholders	179,322			237,238			769,960			466,763
Dividends ($0.09 and $0.08, per share, respectively)		(22,983)		(21,285)
Dividends ($0.60, $0.42, $0.69 and $0.50 per share, respectively)									Dividends ($0.60, $0.42, $0.69 and $0.50 per share, respectively)	(159,164)			(111,771)			(182,147)			(133,056)
End of period	End of period	$	9,582,790	$	8,556,621				End of period	$	9,602,948		$	8,682,088		$	9,602,948		$	8,682,088
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:	ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:								ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
Unrealized investment (loss) gains:	Unrealized investment (loss) gains:								Unrealized investment (loss) gains:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	90,900	$	289,714				Beginning of period	$	(332,646)		$	199,584		$	90,900		$	289,714

Change in unrealized losses on securities without an allowance for expected credit losses		(423,839)		(100,485)
Change in unrealized gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses		293		10,355
Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities without an allowance for expected credit losses									Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities without an allowance for expected credit losses	(320,130)			23,340			(743,969)			(77,145)
Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses									Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses	(16,878)			(69)			(16,585)			10,286
End of period	End of period	(332,646)		199,584					End of period	(669,654)			222,855			(669,654)			222,855
Currency translation adjustments:	Currency translation adjustments:								Currency translation adjustments:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	(372,855)		(351,886)					Beginning of period	(316,583)			(347,836)			(372,855)			(351,886)
Net change in period	Net change in period	56,272		4,050					Net change in period	(43,393)			2,537			12,879			6,587
End of period	End of period	(316,583)		(347,836)					End of period	(359,976)			(345,299)			(359,976)			(345,299)

Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(649,229)	$	(148,252)				Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(1,029,630)		$	(122,444)		$	(1,029,630)		$	(122,444)
TREASURY STOCK:	TREASURY STOCK:								TREASURY STOCK:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	(3,167,076)	$	(3,058,425)				Beginning of period	$	(3,166,873)		$	(3,087,860)		$	(3,167,076)		$	(3,058,425)
Stock exercised/vested	Stock exercised/vested	203		248					Stock exercised/vested	1,144			791			1,347			1,039
Stock repurchased	Stock repurchased	—		(29,683)					Stock repurchased	—			—			—			(29,683)

End of period	End of period	$	(3,166,873)	$	(3,087,860)				End of period	$	(3,165,729)		$	(3,087,069)		$	(3,165,729)		$	(3,087,069)
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:	NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:								NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	14,719	$	14,995				Beginning of period	$	23,296		$	15,684		$	14,719		$	14,995
Contributions (distributions)		6,186		(1,502)
(Contributions) distributions									(Contributions) distributions	(1,053)			(6,445)			5,134			(7,947)
Net income	Net income	2,392		2,191					Net income	145			440			2,536			2,631
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(1)		—					Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—			(1)			(1)			(1)
End of period	End of period	$	23,296	$	15,684				End of period	$	22,388		$	9,678		$	22,388		$	9,678

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,

				2022			2021				2022			2021
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:	CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:							CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	$	590,638		$	229,525		Net income to common stockholders	$	769,960		$	466,763
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:	Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:							Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Net investment gains	Net investment gains	(366,265)			(34,839)			Net investment gains	(194,710)			(58,903)
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	24,631			33,543			Depreciation and amortization	37,238			70,597
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	2,392			2,191			Noncontrolling interests	2,536			2,631
Investment funds	Investment funds	(52,012)			(38,935)			Investment funds	(85,874)			(100,246)
Stock incentive plans	Stock incentive plans	11,438			11,817			Stock incentive plans	24,158			23,122
Change in:	Change in:							Change in:
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	(7,215)			(16,108)			Arbitrage trading account	(27,071)			(139,520)
Premiums and fees receivable	Premiums and fees receivable	(69,704)			(96,290)			Premiums and fees receivable	(284,092)			(321,718)
Reinsurance accounts	Reinsurance accounts	(2,643)			(105,589)			Reinsurance accounts	(111,350)			(178,442)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	Deferred policy acquisition costs	(39,220)			(38,577)			Deferred policy acquisition costs	(77,561)			(72,125)
Income taxes	Income taxes	123,763			47,372			Income taxes	(56,725)			(71,205)

Reserves for losses and loss expenses	Reserves for losses and loss expenses	316,065			303,305			Reserves for losses and loss expenses	788,211			705,454
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	167,522			219,920			Unearned premiums	409,450			473,395
Other	Other	(221,708)			(206,345)			Other	(188,517)			(103,994)
Net cash from operating activities	Net cash from operating activities	477,682			310,990			Net cash from operating activities	1,005,653			695,809
CASH FROM (USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:								CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	408,221			1,115,114			Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	909,295			1,474,054
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	Proceeds from sale of equity securities	9,227			57,457			Proceeds from sale of equity securities	19,842			98,765
(Contributions) distributions from investment funds		(13,423)			36,236
(Contributions to) distributions from investment funds								(Contributions to) distributions from investment funds	(142,801)			88,363
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	1,440,457			1,623,357			Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	2,655,789			3,156,861
Purchase of fixed maturity securities	Purchase of fixed maturity securities	(2,200,214)			(4,118,161)			Purchase of fixed maturity securities	(4,860,991)			(6,266,934)
Purchase of equity securities	Purchase of equity securities	(100,356)			(69,181)			Purchase of equity securities	(271,296)			(143,836)
Real estate sold		28,141			9,787
Real estate (purchased) sold								Real estate (purchased) sold	(5,974)			202,115

Change in loans receivable	Change in loans receivable	332			9,256			Change in loans receivable	1,200			(28,510)
Net purchases of property, furniture and equipment	Net purchases of property, furniture and equipment	(9,114)			(10,872)			Net purchases of property, furniture and equipment	(22,028)			(48,273)
Change in balances due to security brokers	Change in balances due to security brokers	98,058			151,776			Change in balances due to security brokers	69,801			65,751
Cash received in connection with business disposition	Cash received in connection with business disposition	906,789			—			Cash received in connection with business disposition	906,789			—
Payment for business purchased net of cash acquired	Payment for business purchased net of cash acquired	(49,572)			—			Payment for business purchased net of cash acquired	(49,572)			—
Other	Other	17			—			Other	37			2
Net cash from (used in) investing activities		518,563			(1,195,231)
Net cash used in investing activities								Net cash used in investing activities	(789,909)			(1,401,642)
CASH (USED IN) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:	CASH (USED IN) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:							CASH (USED IN) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Repayment of senior notes and other debt	Repayment of senior notes and other debt	(426,503)			(110,000)			Repayment of senior notes and other debt	(426,503)			(505,230)
Net payments for stock options exercised		(327)			(525)

Net proceeds from issuance of debt	Net proceeds from issuance of debt	1,186			691,213			Net proceeds from issuance of debt	192			686,893
Cash dividends to common stockholders	Cash dividends to common stockholders	(22,983)			(21,285)			Cash dividends to common stockholders	(22,983)			(21,285)
Purchase of common treasury shares	Purchase of common treasury shares	—			(29,683)			Purchase of common treasury shares	—			(29,683)
Other, net	Other, net	(2,703)			(1,503)			Other, net	(1,400)			(6,725)
Net cash (used in) from financing activities	Net cash (used in) from financing activities	(451,330)			528,217			Net cash (used in) from financing activities	(450,694)			123,970
Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	1,083			(1,431)			Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	(17,290)			(304)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	Net change in cash and cash equivalents	545,998			(357,455)			Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(252,240)			(582,167)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,568,843			2,372,366			Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,568,843			2,372,366
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	2,114,841		$	2,014,911		Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,316,603		$	1,790,199

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(1) General

The unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements. The unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position and results of operations on a basis consistent with the prior audited consolidated financial statements. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. For further information related to areas of judgment and estimates and other information necessary to understand the Company’s financial position and results of operations, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Reclassifications have been made in the 2021 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 2022 financial statements. Shares outstanding and per share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the 3-for-2 common stock split effected on March 23, 2022.

The income tax provision has been computed based on the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to a net reduction to the Company’s valuation allowance against foreign tax credits and foreign net operating losses, which was partially offset by state income taxes.

(2) Per Share Data

The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period (including 11,592,699 and 11,651,811 common shares held in a grantor trust as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively). The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.

The weighted average number of common shares used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share was as follows:


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,			For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
				For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022	2021			(In thousands)	2022		2021			2022		2021
Basic	Basic	276,772	277,793					Basic	276,815		277,733		276,794		277,763
Diluted	Diluted	279,157	280,245					Diluted	279,525		280,659		279,327		280,478

(3) Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Policies

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:

All accounting and reporting standards that became effective in 2022 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company.

Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:

All recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.

(4) ~~Acquisitions~~Acquisition

In March 2022, the Company acquired an 80.0% ownership interest for $51.1 million in a company engaged in residential and commercial textiles. The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been estimated based on a preliminary valuation. The fair values of the assets and liabilities will be adjusted, as needed, following completion of the final valuation.

The following table summarizes the initial estimated fair value of net assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the business combination completed in 2022:


(In thousands)	2022


Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,564
Real estate, furniture and equipment	2,527
Intangible assets	48,787

Other assets	11,275
Total assets acquired	64,153

Other liabilities assumed	(5,417)
Noncontrolling interest	(7,600)

Net assets acquired	$	51,136

(5) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The following table presents the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI"):


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)			Currency Translation Adjustments		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment (Losses) Gains			Currency Translation Adjustments		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022									As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022
Changes in AOCI	Changes in AOCI								Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	90,900		$	(372,855)	$	(281,955)	Beginning of period	$	90,900		$	(372,855)	$	(281,955)

Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(433,136)			56,272		(376,864)		Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(799,623)			12,879		(786,744)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI	9,591			—		9,591		Amounts reclassified from AOCI	39,070			—		39,070
Other comprehensive (loss) income	Other comprehensive (loss) income	(423,545)			56,272		(367,273)		Other comprehensive (loss) income	(760,553)			12,879		(747,674)
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest		(1)			—		(1)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest									Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	(1)			—		(1)
End of period	End of period	$	(332,646)		$	(316,583)	$	(649,229)	End of period	$	(669,654)		$	(359,976)	$	(1,029,630)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI								Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	12,141	(1)	$	—	$	12,141	Pre-tax	$	49,456	(1)	$	—	$	49,456
Tax effect	Tax effect	(2,550)		(2)	—		(2,550)		Tax effect	(10,386)		(2)	—		(10,386)
After-tax amounts reclassified	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	9,591		$	—	$	9,591	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	39,070		$	—	$	39,070
Other comprehensive (loss) income	Other comprehensive (loss) income								Other comprehensive (loss) income
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	(539,449)		$	56,272	$	(483,177)	Pre-tax	$	(970,232)		$	12,879	$	(957,353)
Tax effect	Tax effect	115,904			—		115,904		Tax effect	209,679			—		209,679
Other comprehensive (loss) income	Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(423,545)		$	56,272	$	(367,273)	Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(760,553)		$	12,879	$	(747,674)
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2022									As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2022
Changes in AOCI									Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period									Beginning of period	$	(332,646)		$	(316,583)	$	(649,229)

Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications									Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(366,488)			(43,393)		(409,881)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI									Amounts reclassified from AOCI	29,480			—		29,480
Other comprehensive loss									Other comprehensive loss	(337,008)			(43,393)		(380,401)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest									Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	—			—		—
Ending balance									Ending balance	$	(669,654)		$	(359,976)	$	(1,029,630)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI									Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax									Pre-tax	$	37,316	(1)	$	—	$	37,316
Tax effect									Tax effect	(7,836)		(2)	—		(7,836)
After-tax amounts reclassified									After-tax amounts reclassified	$	29,480		$	—	$	29,480
Other comprehensive loss									Other comprehensive loss
Pre-tax									Pre-tax	$	(430,784)		$	(43,393)	$	(474,177)
Tax effect									Tax effect	93,776			—		93,776
Other comprehensive loss									Other comprehensive loss	$	(337,008)		$	(43,393)	$	(380,401)

As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period $ 289,714 $ (351,886) $ (62,172)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications (98,991) 4,050 (94,941)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI 8,861 — 8,861
Other comprehensive (loss) income (90,130) 4,050 (86,080)
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest — — —
End of period $ 199,584 $ (347,836) $ (148,252)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax $ 11,216 (1) $ — $ 11,216
Tax effect (2,355) (2) — (2,355)
After-tax amounts reclassified $ 8,861 $ — $ 8,861
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Pre-tax $ (113,735) $ 4,050 $ (109,685)
Tax effect 23,605 — 23,605
Other comprehensive (loss) income $ (90,130) $ 4,050 $ (86,080)



As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	289,714		$	(351,886)	$	(62,172)


Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(87,168)			6,587		(80,581)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	20,310			—		20,310
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(66,858)			6,587		(60,271)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	(1)			—		(1)
End of period	$	222,855		$	(345,299)	$	(122,444)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	25,709	(1)	$	—	$	25,709
Tax effect	(5,399)		(2)	—		(5,399)
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	20,310		$	—	$	20,310
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Pre-tax	$	(84,931)		$	6,587	$	(78,344)
Tax effect	18,073			—		18,073
Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(66,858)		$	6,587	$	(60,271)
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2021
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	199,584		$	(347,836)	$	(148,252)


Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	11,823			2,537		14,360
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	11,449			—		11,449
Other comprehensive income	23,272			2,537		25,809
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	(1)			—		(1)
Ending balance	$	222,855		$	(345,299)	$	(122,444)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	14,493	(1)	$	—	$	14,493
Tax effect	(3,044)		(2)	—		(3,044)
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	11,449		$	—	$	11,449
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax	$	28,804		$	2,537	$	31,341
Tax effect	(5,532)			—		(5,532)
Other comprehensive income	$	23,272		$	2,537	$	25,809

____________

(1) Net investment (losses) gains ~~(losses)~~ in the consolidated statements of income.

(2) Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.

(6) Statements of Cash Flows

Interest payments were ~~$52,899,000~~$74,577,437 and ~~$45,393,000~~$71,781,000 for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. ~~No income~~Income taxes paid were ~~paid during such periods.~~$183,000,000 and $177,000,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(7) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities

At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
						Gains		Losses											Gains		Losses
March 31, 2022
June 30, 2022														June 30, 2022
Held to maturity:	Held to maturity:													Held to maturity:
State and municipal	State and municipal	$	70,165	$	(378)	$	7,094	$	—	$	76,881	$	69,787	State and municipal	$	46,486	$	(127)	$	5,347	$	—	$	51,706	$	46,359
Residential mortgage-backed	Residential mortgage-backed	4,455		—		324		—		4,779		4,455		Residential mortgage-backed	4,155		—		170		—		4,325		4,155
Total held to maturity	Total held to maturity	74,620		(378)		7,418		—		81,660		74,242		Total held to maturity	50,641		(127)		5,517		—		56,031		50,514
Available for sale:	Available for sale:													Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	837,167		—		2,397		(20,716)		818,848		818,848		U.S. government and government agency	762,615		—		1,213		(42,914)		720,914		720,914
State and municipal:	State and municipal:													State and municipal:
Special revenue	Special revenue	1,948,586		—		12,944		(44,803)		1,916,727		1,916,727		Special revenue	1,937,329		—		6,636		(76,329)		1,867,636		1,867,636
State general obligation	State general obligation	378,408		—		7,043		(6,574)		378,877		378,877		State general obligation	378,081		—		3,957		(13,458)		368,580		368,580
Pre-refunded	Pre-refunded	165,882		—		6,216		—		172,098		172,098		Pre-refunded	200,716		—		3,232		(49)		203,899		203,899
Corporate backed	Corporate backed	175,070		—		1,407		(4,472)		172,005		172,005		Corporate backed	166,591		—		453		(6,836)		160,208		160,208
Local general obligation	Local general obligation	410,058		—		11,184		(5,075)		416,167		416,167		Local general obligation	418,962		—		6,593		(8,615)		416,940		416,940
Total state and municipal	Total state and municipal	3,078,004		—		38,794		(60,924)		3,055,874		3,055,874		Total state and municipal	3,101,679		—		20,871		(105,287)		3,017,263		3,017,263
Mortgage-backed:	Mortgage-backed:													Mortgage-backed:
Residential	Residential	1,179,468		—		2,417		(60,650)		1,121,235		1,121,235		Residential	1,181,482		—		794		(110,774)		1,071,502		1,071,502
Commercial	Commercial	266,921		—		339		(3,759)		263,501		263,501		Commercial	413,090		—		552		(8,045)		405,597		405,597
Total mortgage-backed	Total mortgage-backed	1,446,389		—		2,756		(64,409)		1,384,736		1,384,736		Total mortgage-backed	1,594,572		—		1,346		(118,819)		1,477,099		1,477,099
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	4,319,535		—		1,459		(63,573)		4,257,421		4,257,421		Asset-backed	4,421,553		—		484		(129,549)		4,292,488		4,292,488
Corporate:	Corporate:													Corporate:
Industrial	Industrial	3,373,710		0		12,708		(115,614)		3,270,804		3,270,804		Industrial	3,412,383		(164)		2,643		(199,225)		3,215,637		3,215,637
Financial	Financial	1,747,275		—		4,612		(45,155)		1,706,732		1,706,732		Financial	1,909,682		(18)		341		(98,344)		1,811,661		1,811,661
Utilities	Utilities	422,354		—		1,806		(14,434)		409,726		409,726		Utilities	448,342		—		249		(26,490)		422,101		422,101
Other	Other	206,526		—		47		(5,328)		201,245		201,245		Other	247,531		—		29		(7,834)		239,726		239,726
Total corporate	Total corporate	5,749,865		—		19,173		(180,531)		5,588,507		5,588,507		Total corporate	6,017,938		(182)		3,262		(331,893)		5,689,125		5,689,125
Foreign government	Foreign government	1,333,123		(26,153)		3,411		(63,813)		1,246,568		1,246,568		Foreign government	1,748,422		(33,096)		528		(111,743)		1,604,111		1,604,111
Total available for sale	Total available for sale	16,764,083		(26,153)		67,990		(453,966)		16,351,954		16,351,954		Total available for sale	17,646,779		(33,278)		27,704		(840,205)		16,801,000		16,801,000
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	16,838,703	$	(26,531)	$	75,408	$	(453,966)	$	16,433,614	$	16,426,196	Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	17,697,420	$	(33,405)	$	33,221	$	(840,205)	$	16,857,031	$	16,851,514

____________

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.

910


(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
					Gains		Losses
December 31, 2021
Held to maturity:
State and municipal	$	69,539	$	(387)	$	10,813	$	—	$	79,965	$	69,152
Residential mortgage-backed	4,829		—		632		—		5,461		4,829

Total held to maturity	74,368		(387)		11,445		—		85,426		73,981
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	851,128		—		8,509		(4,294)		855,343		855,343
State and municipal:
Special revenue	2,016,382		—		62,961		(5,706)		2,073,637		2,073,637
State general obligation	388,110		—		23,152		(1,015)		410,247		410,247
Pre-refunded	202,633		—		14,891		(574)		216,950		216,950
Corporate backed	166,943		—		7,191		(1,532)		172,602		172,602
Local general obligation	401,974		—		29,455		(732)		430,697		430,697
Total state and municipal	3,176,042		—		137,650		(9,559)		3,304,133		3,304,133
Mortgage-backed:
Residential	940,744		—		9,896		(11,321)		939,319		939,319
Commercial	125,709		—		3,388		(341)		128,756		128,756
Total mortgage-backed securities	1,066,453		—		13,284		(11,662)		1,068,075		1,068,075
Asset-backed	4,504,950		—		4,409		(18,794)		4,490,565		4,490,565
Corporate:
Industrial	3,231,520		(16)		62,751		(21,092)		3,273,163		3,273,163
Financial	1,739,282		—		30,709		(6,591)		1,763,400		1,763,400
Utilities	396,242		—		13,262		(3,202)		406,302		406,302
Other	154,210		—		125		(1,525)		152,810		152,810
Total corporate	5,521,254		(16)		106,847		(32,410)		5,595,675		5,595,675
Foreign government	1,277,109		(22,222)		7,508		(47,494)		1,214,901		1,214,901
Total available for sale	16,396,936		(22,238)		278,207		(124,213)		16,528,692		16,528,692
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	16,471,304	$	(22,625)	$	289,652	$	(124,213)	$	16,614,118	$	16,602,673

____________

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for held to maturity securities for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	387	$	798	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	387	$	798

Provision for expected credit losses	Provision for expected credit losses	(9)		(68)		Provision for expected credit losses	(260)		(345)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	378	$	730	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	127��	$	453

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for held to maturity securities for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	378	$	730

Provision for expected credit losses	(251)		(277)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	127	$	453

1011

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021:


		2022						2021							2022						2021
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		Foreign Government		Corporate		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	22,222	$	16	$	22,238	$	1,264	$	518	$	1,782	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	22,222	$	16	22,238		$	1,264	$	518	$	1,782

Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	484		—		484		18,990		16		19,006		Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	1,897		182		2,079		18,990		16		19,006
Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	3,447		(16)		3,431		(261)		(513)		(774)		Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	9,010		(16)		8,994		(861)		(517)		(1,378)
Reduction due to disposals	Reduction due to disposals	—		—		—		—		(5)		(5)		Reduction due to disposals	(33)		—		(33)		(494)		(5)		(499)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	26,153	$	—	$	26,153	$	19,993	$	16	$	20,009	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	33,096	$	182	$	33,278	$	18,899	$	12	$	18,911

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company increased the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities utilizing its credit loss assessment process and inputs used in its credit loss model due to an increase in unrealized losses primarily ~~due~~

toassociated with foreign government securities. During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, the Company increased the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities, ~~primarily~~mainly due to foreign government securities that had no reserve in prior periods.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


	2022						2021
(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		Foreign Government		Corporate		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	26,153	$	—	$	26,153	$	19,993	$	16	$	20,009

Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	1,413		182		1,595		—		—		—
Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	5,563		—		5,563		(600)		(4)		(604)
Reduction due to disposals	(33)		—		(33)		(494)		—		(494)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	33,096	$	182	$	33,278	$	18,899	$	12	$	18,911

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost (1)		Fair Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost (1)		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	Due in one year or less	$	1,472,865	$	1,461,188	Due in one year or less	$	1,859,431	$	1,829,253
Due after one year through five years	Due after one year through five years	7,903,303		7,756,952		Due after one year through five years	8,188,520		7,879,921
Due after five years through ten years	Due after five years through ten years	4,029,040		3,898,727		Due after five years through ten years	3,970,551		3,716,098
Due after ten years	Due after ten years	1,982,273		1,927,232		Due after ten years	2,080,064		1,950,335
Mortgage-backed securities	Mortgage-backed securities	1,450,844		1,389,515		Mortgage-backed securities	1,598,727		1,481,424
Total	Total	$	16,838,325	$	16,433,614	Total	$	17,697,293	$	16,857,031

________________

(1) Amortized cost is reduced by the allowance for expected credit losses of ~~$378~~$127 thousand related to held to maturity securities.

At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no investments that exceeded 10% of common stockholders' equity, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities.

1112

(8) Investments in Equity Securities

At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, investments in equity securities were as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value		(In thousands)	Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
				Gains		Losses									Gains		Losses
March 31, 2022
June 30, 2022												June 30, 2022
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	699,566	$	191,842	$	(8,091)	$	883,317	$	883,317	Common stocks	$	863,106	$	111,393	$	(41,827)	$	932,672	$	932,672
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	262,513		2,917		(22,256)		243,174		243,174		Preferred stocks	259,338		2,652		(39,336)		222,654		222,654
Total	Total	$	962,079	$	194,759	$	(30,347)	$	1,126,491	$	1,126,491	Total	$	1,122,444	$	114,045	$	(81,163)	$	1,155,326	$	1,155,326

December 31, 2021	December 31, 2021											December 31, 2021
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	619,896	$	92,401	$	(16,894)	$	695,403	$	695,403	Common stocks	$	619,896	$	92,401	$	(16,894)	$	695,403	$	695,403
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	250,149		7,874		(12,183)		245,840		245,840		Preferred stocks	250,149		7,874		(12,183)		245,840		245,840
Total	Total	$	870,045	$	100,275	$	(29,077)	$	941,243	$	941,243	Total	$	870,045	$	100,275	$	(29,077)	$	941,243	$	941,243

(9) Arbitrage Trading Account

At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair and carrying values of the arbitrage trading account were ~~$1,189~~$1,142 million and $1,180 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).

The Company uses put options and call options in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options are reported at fair value. As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the fair value of short option contracts outstanding was ~~$242~~$68 thousand (notional amount of ~~$29.2~~$13.5 million). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.

(10) Net Investment Income

Net investment income consisted of the following:


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,
						For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021				(In thousands)	2022		2021					2022			2021
Investment income earned on:
Investment income (loss) earned on:										Investment income (loss) earned on:
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	101,284	$	94,677					Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	124,389		$	96,996		$	225,673		$	191,673
Investment funds	Investment funds	52,012		38,935						Investment funds	33,861			61,311			85,874			100,246
Equity securities										Equity securities	12,797			7,212			23,653			13,392
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	9,187		19,074						Arbitrage trading account	4,127			3,914			13,313			22,989
Equity securities		10,856		6,180
Real estate	Real estate	2,146		1,161						Real estate	(1,551)			872			595			2,032

Gross investment income	Gross investment income	175,485		160,027						Gross investment income	173,623			170,305			349,108			330,332
Investment expense	Investment expense	(1,973)		(1,450)						Investment expense	(2,049)			(2,118)			(4,022)			(3,568)
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	173,512	$	158,577					Net investment income	$	171,574		$	168,187		$	345,086		$	326,764

1213

(11) Investment Funds

The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary). The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investment funds under the equity method of accounting.

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments, which were ~~$615~~$440 million as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022.

Investment funds consisted of the following:


		Carrying Value as of				Income (Loss) from Investment Funds					Carrying Value as of				Income (Loss) from Investment Funds
		March 31,		December 31,		For the Three Months Ended March 31,					June 30,		December 31,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Financial services	Financial services	$	454,701	$	431,818	$	25,932	$	17,142	Financial services	$	469,474	$	431,818	$	24,135	$	48,990
Transportation	Transportation	341,022		336,688		11,179		6,228		Transportation	338,555		336,688		25,355		17,177
Real Estate	Real Estate	283,897		273,690		16,364		4,434		Real Estate	275,075		273,690		28,243		10,506
Energy	Energy	136,401		150,224		(892)		3,320		Energy	132,728		150,224		3,708		9,492
Infrastructure										Infrastructure	110,491		12,314		(133)		699
Other funds	Other funds	329,627		288,192		(569)		7,811		Other funds	375,947		275,878		4,566		13,382
Total	Total	$	1,545,648	$	1,480,612	$	52,014	$	38,935	Total	$	1,702,270	$	1,480,612	$	85,874	$	100,246

The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Financial services investment funds include the Company’s minority investment in Lifson Re, a Bermuda reinsurance company. Effective January 1, 2021, Lifson Re participates on a fully collateralized basis in a majority of the Company’s reinsurance placements for a 22.5% share of placed amounts. The percentage will be increased from 22.5% to 30.0% effective July 1, 2022. This pertains to all traditional reinsurance/retrocessional placements for both property and casualty business where there is more than one open market reinsurer participating. For the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company has ceded approximately ~~$89~~$226 million and ~~$53~~$139 million, respectively, of written premiums to Lifson Re.

Other funds include deferred compensation trust assets of ~~$32~~$31 million and $34 million as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. These assets support other liabilities reflected in the balance sheet of an equal amount for employees who have elected to defer a portion of their compensation. The change in the net asset value of the trust is recorded in other funds within net investment income with an offsetting equal amount within corporate expenses.

(12) Real Estate

Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:


		Carrying Value					Carrying Value
		March 31,		December 31,			June 30,		December 31,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Properties in operation	Properties in operation	$	1,052,198	$	1,626,826	Properties in operation	$	1,079,174	$	1,626,826
Properties under development	Properties under development	223,959		225,682		Properties under development	224,920		225,682
Total	Total	$	1,276,157	$	1,852,508	Total	$	1,304,094	$	1,852,508

As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., an office complex in New York City and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of ~~$32,031,000~~$32,743,000 and $57,391,000 as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Related depreciation expense was ~~$4,788,000~~$7,445,000 and ~~$4,890,000~~$9,622,000 for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and

2021, respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is

~~$24,004,686~~ $15,974,530 in 2022, ~~$30,750,724~~$31,172,279 in 2023, ~~$30,466,934~~$31,529,168 in 2024, ~~$27,802,134~~$28,867,842 in 2025, ~~$25,807,966~~$26,877,236 in 2026, ~~$24,984,457~~$26,067,784 in 2027 and ~~$476,939,991~~$482,756,589 thereafter.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold a real estate investment in London.

A mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. has been under development in 2022 and 2021, with the completed portion reported in properties in operation as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022.

(13) Loans Receivable

At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans receivable were as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):	Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):					Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):
Real estate loans	Real estate loans	$	89,213	$	89,431	Real estate loans	$	89,009	$	89,431
Commercial loans	Commercial loans	25,884		25,741		Commercial loans	24,474		25,741
Total	Total	$	115,097	$	115,172	Total	$	113,483	$	115,172

Fair value:	Fair value:					Fair value:
Real estate loans	Real estate loans	$	89,672	$	90,793	Real estate loans	$	87,598	$	90,793
Commercial loans	Commercial loans	25,884		25,741		Commercial loans	24,474		25,741
Total	Total	$	115,556	$	116,534	Total	$	112,072	$	116,534

The real estate loans are secured by commercial and residential real estate primarily located in New York. These loans generally earn interest at fixed or stepped interest rates and have maturities through 2026. The commercial loans are with small business owners who have secured the related financing with the assets of the business. Commercial loans primarily earn interest on a fixed basis and have varying maturities generally not exceeding 10 years.

Loans receivable in non-accrual status were ~~NaN~~none and $0.2 million as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021:


		2022						2021							2022						2021
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	1,362	$	356	$	1,718	$	1,683	$	3,754	$	5,437	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	1,362	$	356	$	1,718	$	1,683	$	3,754	$	5,437

Provision for expected credit losses		(67)		(222)		(289)		(75)		(1,164)		(1,239)
Change in expected credit losses														Change in expected credit losses	(134)		591		457		(182)		(3,285)		(3,467)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	1,295	$	134	$	1,429	$	1,608	$	2,590	$	4,198	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	1,228	$	947	$	2,175	$	1,501	$	469	$	1,970

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company ~~reduced~~increased the allowance primarily due to ~~the decrease~~an increase in the ~~duration~~weighted average life of the loans receivable portfolio. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company decreased the allowance primarily due to loan ~~portfolio.~~repayments.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


	2022						2021
(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	1,295	$	134	$	1,429	$	1,608	$	2,590	$	4,198

Change in expected credit losses	(67)		813		746		(107)		(2,121)		(2,228)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	1,228	$	947	$	2,175	$	1,501	$	469	$	1,970

The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions.

In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions.

1416

(14) Net Investment (Losses) Gains ~~(Losses)~~

Net investment (losses) gains ~~(losses)~~ were as follows:


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021			(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net investment gains (losses):
Net investment (losses) gains:							Net investment (losses) gains:
Fixed maturity securities:	Fixed maturity securities:						Fixed maturity securities:
Gains	Gains	$	1,705	$	8,240		Gains	$	647	$	5,440	$	2,352	$	13,680
Losses	Losses	(2,984)		(2,071)			Losses	(3,459)		(2,236)		(6,443)		(4,307)
Equity securities (1):	Equity securities (1):						Equity securities (1):
Net realized gains on investment sales	Net realized gains on investment sales	905		8,572			Net realized gains on investment sales	41		6,256		946		14,828
Change in unrealized gains (losses)		93,213		(24,335)
Change in unrealized losses							Change in unrealized losses	(131,530)		(18,239)		(38,317)		(42,574)
Investment funds	Investment funds	(2,162)		47,671			Investment funds	(2,362)		(300)		(4,524)		47,371
Real estate (2)	Real estate (2)	286,192		12,909			Real estate (2)	358		49,492		286,550		62,401
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	(32)		—			Loans receivable	—		(881)		(32)		(881)
Other	Other	(6,955)		773			Other	(27,630)		(19,071)		(34,585)		(18,299)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses		369,882		51,759
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses							Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses	(163,935)		20,461		205,947		72,219
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments:	Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments:						Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments:
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	(3,906)		(18,159)			Fixed maturity securities	(6,874)		1,375		(10,780)		(16,783)
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	289		1,239			Loans receivable	(746)		2,228		(457)		3,467
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	(3,617)		(16,920)			Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	(7,620)		3,603		(11,237)		(13,316)
Net investment gains		366,265		34,839
Income tax expense		(78,442)		(5,887)
After-tax net investment gains		$	287,823	$	28,952
Net investment (losses) gains							Net investment (losses) gains	(171,555)		24,064		194,710		58,903
Income tax benefit (expense)							Income tax benefit (expense)	37,519		(5,264)		(40,923)		(11,151)
After-tax net investment (losses) gains							After-tax net investment (losses) gains	$	(134,036)	$	18,800	$	153,787	$	47,752


Change in unrealized investment losses on available for sale securities:
Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains on available for sale securities:						Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains on available for sale securities:
Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses	Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses	$	(540,263)	$	(122,568)	Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses	$	(409,647)	$	28,511	$	(949,910)	$	(94,058)
Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses	Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses	293		10,355		Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses	(16,878)		(69)		(16,585)		10,286

Investment funds	Investment funds	469		(1,020)		Investment funds	(3,302)		762		(2,833)		(257)
Other	Other	52		(502)		Other	(957)		(400)		(904)		(902)
Total change in unrealized investment losses		(539,449)		(113,735)
Income tax benefit		115,904		23,605
Total change in unrealized investment (losses) gains						Total change in unrealized investment (losses) gains	(430,784)		28,804		(970,232)		(84,931)
Income tax benefit (expense)						Income tax benefit (expense)	93,776		(5,532)		209,679		18,073
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	(1)		—		Noncontrolling interests	—		(1)		(1)		(1)
After-tax change in unrealized investment losses of available for sale securities		$	(423,546)	$	(90,130)
After-tax change in unrealized investment (losses) gains of available for sale securities						After-tax change in unrealized investment (losses) gains of available for sale securities	$	(337,008)	$	23,271	$	(760,554)	$	(66,859)

______________________

(1) The net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized (losses) gains consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.

(2) During March 2022, the Company realized a gain on the sale of a real estate investment in London, U.K. of $251 million, net of transaction expenses and the foreign currency impact, including the reversal of the currency translation adjustment.

1517

(15) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position

The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position:


		Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or Greater				Total					Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or Greater				Total
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		(In thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
March 31, 2022
June 30, 2022														June 30, 2022
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	547,027	$	18,521	$	36,307	$	2,195	$	583,334	$	20,716	U.S. government and government agency	$	570,441	$	40,355	$	35,683	$	2,559	$	606,124	$	42,914
State and municipal	State and municipal	1,360,055		51,579		95,853		9,345		1,455,908		60,924		State and municipal	1,789,266		92,972		95,746		12,315		1,885,012		105,287
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	1,069,979		49,408		140,480		15,001		1,210,459		64,409		Mortgage-backed	1,223,393		97,556		116,005		21,263		1,339,398		118,819
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	3,898,607		61,254		186,663		2,319		4,085,270		63,573		Asset-backed	3,788,329		124,135		193,620		5,414		3,981,949		129,549
Corporate	Corporate	3,805,020		148,708		381,306		31,823		4,186,326		180,531		Corporate	4,775,827		277,520		499,270		54,373		5,275,097		331,893
Foreign government	Foreign government	809,004		29,721		211,576		34,092		1,020,580		63,813		Foreign government	1,292,469		59,376		246,041		52,367		1,538,510		111,743
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	$	11,489,692	$	359,191	$	1,052,185	$	94,775	$	12,541,877	$	453,966	Fixed maturity securities	$	13,439,725	$	691,914	$	1,186,365	$	148,291	$	14,626,090	$	840,205

December 31, 2021	December 31, 2021													December 31, 2021
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	487,712	$	4,026	$	17,021	$	268	$	504,733	$	4,294	U.S. government and government agency	$	487,712	$	4,026	$	17,021	$	268	$	504,733	$	4,294
State and municipal	State and municipal	502,333		7,403		29,547		2,156		531,880		9,559		State and municipal	502,333		7,403		29,547		2,156		531,880		9,559
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	558,751		6,900		106,130		4,762		664,881		11,662		Mortgage-backed	558,751		6,900		106,130		4,762		664,881		11,662
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	3,832,944		18,503		75,385		291		3,908,329		18,794		Asset-backed	3,832,944		18,503		75,385		291		3,908,329		18,794
Corporate	Corporate	2,582,860		29,322		51,095		3,088		2,633,955		32,410		Corporate	2,582,860		29,322		51,095		3,088		2,633,955		32,410
Foreign government	Foreign government	758,975		15,793		82,057		31,701		841,032		47,494		Foreign government	758,975		15,793		82,057		31,701		841,032		47,494
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	$	8,723,575	$	81,947	$	361,235	$	42,266	$	9,084,810	$	124,213	Fixed maturity securities	$	8,723,575	$	81,947	$	361,235	$	42,266	$	9,084,810	$	124,213

Substantially all of the securities in an unrealized loss position are rated investment grade, except for the securities in the foreign government classification. A significant amount of the unrealized loss on foreign government securities is the result of changes in currency exchange rates.

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 is presented in the table below:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government	Foreign government	37	$	132,306	$	30,753	Foreign government	42	$	124,609	$	52,655
Corporate	Corporate	12	30,071		3,158		Corporate	12	46,437		5,739
State and municipal	State and municipal	1	13,583		1,422		State and municipal	1	13,248		1,756
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	7	1,785		48		Mortgage-backed	11	3,513		144
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	1	37		5		Asset-backed	3	87		24
Total	Total	58	$	177,782	$	35,386	Total	69	$	187,894	$	60,318

For fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or to be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.

The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.

1618

(16) Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.

Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.

Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.

If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.

1719

The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 by level:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		(In thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
March 31, 2022
June 30, 2022										June 30, 2022
Assets:	Assets:									Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:	Fixed maturity securities available for sale:									Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	818,848	$	—	$	818,848	$	—	U.S. government and government agency	$	720,914	$	—	$	720,914	$	—
State and municipal	State and municipal	3,055,874		—		3,055,874		—		State and municipal	3,017,263		—		3,017,263		—
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	1,384,736		—		1,384,736		—		Mortgage-backed	1,477,099		—		1,477,099		—
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	4,257,421		—		4,257,421		—		Asset-backed	4,292,488		—		4,292,488		—
Corporate	Corporate	5,588,507		—		5,588,507		—		Corporate	5,689,125		—		5,689,125		—
Foreign government	Foreign government	1,246,568		—		1,246,568		—		Foreign government	1,604,111		—		1,604,111		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	16,351,954		—		16,351,954		—		Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	16,801,000		—		16,801,000		—
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	883,317		877,387		1,230		4,700		Common stocks	932,672		926,865		1,256		4,551
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	243,174		—		231,203		11,971		Preferred stocks	222,654		—		211,358		11,296
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	1,126,491		877,387		232,433		16,671		Total equity securities	1,155,326		926,865		212,614		15,847
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	1,188,910		1,186,353		2,557		—		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		1,121,579		20,424		—
Total	Total	$	18,667,355	$	2,063,740	$	16,586,944	$	16,671	Total	$	19,098,329	$	2,048,444	$	17,034,038	$	15,847
Liabilities:	Liabilities:									Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	241	$	241	$	—	$	—	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	68	$	68	$	—	$	—

December 31, 2021	December 31, 2021									December 31, 2021
Assets:	Assets:									Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:	Fixed maturity securities available for sale:									Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	855,343	$	—	$	855,343	$	—	U.S. government and government agency	$	855,343	$	—	$	855,343	$	—
State and municipal	State and municipal	3,304,133		—		3,304,133		—		State and municipal	3,304,133		—		3,304,133		—
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	1,068,075		—		1,068,075		—		Mortgage-backed	1,068,075		—		1,068,075		—
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	4,490,565		—		4,490,565		—		Asset-backed	4,490,565		—		4,490,565		—
Corporate	Corporate	5,595,675		—		5,595,675		—		Corporate	5,595,675		—		5,595,675		—
Foreign government	Foreign government	1,214,901		—		1,214,901		—		Foreign government	1,214,901		—		1,214,901		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	16,528,692		—		16,528,692		—		Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	16,528,692		—		16,528,692		—
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	695,403		684,470		1,639		9,294		Common stocks	695,403		684,470		1,639		9,294
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	245,840		—		234,544		11,296		Preferred stocks	245,840		—		234,544		11,296
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	941,243		684,470		236,183		20,590		Total equity securities	941,243		684,470		236,183		20,590
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	1,179,606		1,153,079		26,527		—		Arbitrage trading account	1,179,606		1,153,079		26,527		—
Total	Total	$	18,649,541	$	1,837,549	$	16,791,402	$	20,590	Total	$	18,649,541	$	1,837,549	$	16,791,402	$	20,590
Liabilities:	Liabilities:									Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	1,169	$	1,137	$	32	$	—	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	1,169	$	1,137	$	32	$	—

1820

The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021:


Gains (Losses) Included In:	Gains (Losses) Included In:																			Gains (Losses) Included In:
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Beginning Balance		Earnings (Losses)		Other Comprehensive Income (Losses)		Impairments		Purchases		Sales		Paydowns / Maturities		Transfers In / (Out)		Ending Balance		(In thousands)	Beginning Balance		Earnings (Losses)		Other Comprehensive Income (Losses)		Impairments		Purchases		Sales		Paydowns / Maturities		Transfers In / (Out)		Ending Balance
																																							(In thousands)	Beginning Balance	Earnings (Losses)	Other Comprehensive Income (Losses)	Impairments	Purchases	Sales	Paydowns / Maturities	Transfers In / (Out)	Ending Balance
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022																				Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Assets:	Assets:																			Assets:

Equity securities:	Equity securities:																			Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	9,294	$	(4,594)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,700	Common stocks	$	9,294	$	(4,743)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,551
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	11,296		—		—		—		675		—		—		—		11,971		Preferred stocks	11,296		—		—		—		925		(925)		—		—		11,296
Total		20,590		(4,594)		—		—		675		—		—		—		16,671
Arbitrage trading account		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Total	Total	$	20,590	$	(4,594)	$	—	$	—	$	675	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	16,671	Total	$	20,590	$	(4,743)	$	—	$	—	$	925	$	(925)	$	—	$	—	$	15,847

Liabilities:	Liabilities:																			Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	—	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Year Ended December 31, 2021	Year Ended December 31, 2021																			Year Ended December 31, 2021
Assets:	Assets:																			Assets:
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:	Fixed maturities securities available for sale:																			Fixed maturities securities available for sale:

Corporate	Corporate	$	1,000	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(1,000)	$	—	$	—	$	—	Corporate	$	1,000	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(1,000)	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	Total	1,000		—		—		—		—		(1,000)		—		—		—		Total	1,000		—		—		—		—		(1,000)		—		—		—
Equity securities:	Equity securities:																			Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	9,215		640		—		—		—		(561)		—		—		9,294		Common stocks	9,215		640		—		—		—		(561)		—		—		9,294
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	9,331		(35)		—		—		2,000		—		—		—		11,296		Preferred stocks	9,331		(35)		—		—		2,000		—		—		—		11,296
Total	Total	18,546		605		—		—		2,000		(561)		—		—		20,590		Total	18,546		605		—		—		2,000		(561)		—		—		20,590
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	—		8		—		—		—		(8)		—		—		—		Arbitrage trading account	—		8		—		—		—		(8)		—		—		—
Total	Total	$	19,546	$	613	$	—	$	—	$	2,000	$	(1,569)	$	—	$	—	$	20,590	Total	$	19,546	$	613	$	—	$	—	$	2,000	$	(1,569)	$	—	$	—	$	20,590
Liabilities:	Liabilities:																			Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

For the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 ~~there was 1 security transferred into Level 3. For~~and for the year ended December 31, 2021, there were no0 securities transferred into or out of Level 3.

1921

(17) Reserves for Loss and Loss Expenses

The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities ("IBNR"). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions.

The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.

Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.

Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.

2022

The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:


		March 31,					June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Net reserves at beginning of period	Net reserves at beginning of period	$	12,848,362	$	11,620,393	Net reserves at beginning of period	$	12,848,362	$	11,620,393

Net provision for losses and loss expenses:	Net provision for losses and loss expenses:					Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
Claims occurring during the current year (1)	Claims occurring during the current year (1)	1,327,695		1,115,173		Claims occurring during the current year (1)	2,748,725		2,308,309
Increase (decrease) in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)		3,761		(859)
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)						Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)	9,765		1,530
Loss reserve discount accretion	Loss reserve discount accretion	7,796		7,278		Loss reserve discount accretion	16,579		15,399
Total	Total	1,339,252		1,121,592		Total	2,775,069		2,325,238
Net payments for claims:	Net payments for claims:					Net payments for claims:
Current year	Current year	84,598		97,586		Current year	318,129		279,703
Prior years	Prior years	933,656		794,472		Prior years	1,688,843		1,485,116
Total	Total	1,018,254		892,058		Total	2,006,972		1,764,819
Foreign currency translation	Foreign currency translation	9,983		(14,779)		Foreign currency translation	(94,526)		(16,153)
Net reserves at end of period	Net reserves at end of period	13,179,343		11,835,148		Net reserves at end of period	13,521,933		12,164,659
Ceded reserves at end of period	Ceded reserves at end of period	2,543,546		2,245,380		Ceded reserves at end of period	2,623,888		2,316,288
Gross reserves at end of period	Gross reserves at end of period	$	15,722,889	$	14,080,528	Gross reserves at end of period	$	16,145,821	$	14,480,947

(1) Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $7$15 million and $5$10 million for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by $4$22 million and $5$16 million for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3) For certain retrospectively rated insurance policies and reinsurance agreements, reserve development is offset by additional or return premiums. Favorable development, net of additional and return premiums, was $1$3 million and $3$4 million for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and may further impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and may be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business. Losses incurred from COVID-19-related claims have been offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses; however, as the economy and legal systems have reopened, the benefit of lower claim frequency has continued to abate. Although as populations continue to be vaccinated against the virus and the effects of the pandemic have receded in many jurisdictions, most particularly the United States, it remains too early to determine the ultimate net impact of COVID-19 on the Company. New variants of the COVID-19 virus, including the “Omicron” variant, continue to create risks with respect to loss costs and the potential for renewed impact of the other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules.

Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims are not material at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time.

The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s continued evolving impact, there remains a high degree of uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, should the pandemic continue or worsen as a result of new COVID-19 variants or otherwise, governments in the jurisdictions where we operate may renew their efforts to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions, and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.

As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company had recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately ~~$290~~$303 million, of which ~~$246~~$255 million relates to the Insurance segment and ~~$44~~$48 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such ~~$290~~$303 million of COVID-19-related losses included ~~$268~~$292 million of reported losses and ~~$22~~$11 million of IBNR. For the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company recognized current accident year losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $3 million, of which $1 million ~~which~~ relates to the Insurance segment and $2 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

2123

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $1$3 million included $6$3 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, ~~largely~~slightly offset by $5$0.3 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

The overall favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to favorable development on the 2020 and 2021 accident ~~year, largely~~years, partially offset by adverse development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years. The favorable development on the 2020 and 2021 accident ~~year~~years was concentrated in the ~~commercial auto liability,~~ other liability ~~and accident and health (employer stop loss)~~ lines of ~~business.~~business, including products liability and commercial multi-peril liability, and to a lesser extent professional liability and workers’ compensation. The Company ~~continued to experience~~experienced lower reported claim frequency in ~~commercial auto~~these lines of business during 2020 and ~~other liability in~~ 2021 relative to historical averages, and continues to experience lower reported incurred losses relative to our ~~expectations.~~expectations for these accident years as they develop during 2022. These trends began in 2020 and we believe were ~~likely~~ caused by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including for example, lockdowns, reduced driving/traffic ~~significant~~and increased work from home, court closures, and similar reduced activities and travel. While reported claim frequency in these lines increased in 2021 relative to 2020, it remained below the historical levels pre- the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.home. Due to the ongoing uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the ~~COVID-19~~ pandemic on accident ~~year~~years 2020 and 2021 incurred losses, the Company ~~remains~~has been cautious in ~~factoring in~~reacting to these lower trends in setting and updating its ~~initial~~ loss ratio ~~picks~~estimates for ~~this year.~~these years. As these accident ~~year 2021 has begun~~years have continued to mature, ~~we have recognized~~the Company has continued to recognize some of the favorable reported experience in ~~our~~its ultimate loss ~~picks~~estimates made ~~as of March 31,~~during 2022.

The adverse development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years is concentrated in the other liability ~~line~~and professional liability, including medical professional, lines of business, and to a lesser degree ~~professional liability and~~ commercial auto liability. The development is driven by a larger than expected number of large losses reported. The Company believes social inflation is contributing to an increase in the frequency of large losses ~~particularly impacted~~for these accident years. Social inflation can include higher settlement demands from plaintiffs, use of tactics such as litigation funding by the ~~excess~~plaintiffs’ bar, negative public sentiment towards large businesses and ~~surplus lines casualty classes~~corporations, and erosion of ~~business.~~tort reforms, among others.

The overall slight adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment was driven mainly by adverse development in the professional liability and non-proportional reinsurance assumed ~~liability~~property and ~~professional~~ liability lines of business, ~~largely~~substantially offset by favorable development in excess ~~workers'~~workers’ compensation. ~~Both the adverse and favorable development was spread across many prior accident years.~~ The adverse development spread mainly across accident years 2015 through 2021 was associated primarily with our U.S. assumed reinsurance business and related to accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures. The favorable excess ~~workers'~~workers’ compensation development was mainly in 2011 and prior accident years, and was driven by ~~continued lower~~a review of the Company’s claim ~~frequency and reported losses~~reporting patterns as well as a number of favorable claim settlements relative to ~~our expectations and to favorable claim settlements.~~expectations.

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $3$4 million included $6$12 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, partially offset by $3$8 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

The overall favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to favorable development on the 2020 accident year, partially offset by adverse development on the 2016 through ~~2018~~2019 accident years. The favorable development on the 2020 accident year was largely concentrated in the commercial auto liability and other liability lines of business. During 2020 the Company achieved larger rate increases in these lines of business than were contemplated in ~~its~~our budget and in our initial loss ratio selections. The Company also experienced significantly lower reported claim frequency in these lines in 2020 relative to historical averages, and lower reported incurred losses relative to our expectations. We believe that the lower claim frequency and lower reported incurred losses were caused by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, ~~including~~ for example, lockdowns, reduced driving and traffic, work from home, court closures, etc.; however, due to the ongoing uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the pandemic on accident year 2020 incurred losses, the Company did not adjust its reserves ~~based on~~due to these lower trends during 2020. ~~As of March 31, 2021, we began~~However, as the accident year has begun to ~~recognize~~mature, the Company has recognized some of the favorable accident year 2020 experience in ~~certain lines in our~~its ultimate loss ~~picks.~~estimates made as of June 30, 2021. The adverse development on the 2016 through ~~2018~~2019 accident years is concentrated in the other liability line of business, and is driven by a ~~higher~~larger number than expected ~~number~~ of large losses reported. The large losses particularly impacted directors and officers liability and excess and surplus lines casualty classes of business.

~~Prior year reserve~~The overall adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment was ~~less significant during~~mainly concentrated in the ~~first quarter of 2021,~~non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability and ~~consisted of small adverse or favorable movements across many lines of business, which largely offset each other. The largest contributor to the slight overall adverse development for the segment was~~ non-proportional reinsurance assumed property lines of business, ~~which~~related to accident years 2018 through 2020. The development was ~~impacted~~driven by higher than expected reported losses on ~~property per risk~~excess of loss treaties written in the U.S. and U.K. ~~related to accident year 2020.~~

2224

(18) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments:


		March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021					June 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets:	Assets:									Assets:
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	$	16,426,196	$	16,433,614	$	16,602,673	$	16,614,118	Fixed maturity securities	$	16,851,514	$	16,857,031	$	16,602,673	$	16,614,118
Equity securities	Equity securities	1,126,491		1,126,491		941,243		941,243		Equity securities	1,155,326		1,155,326		941,243		941,243
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	1,188,910		1,188,910		1,179,606		1,179,606		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		1,142,003		1,179,606		1,179,606
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	115,097		115,556		115,172		116,534		Loans receivable	113,483		112,072		115,172		116,534
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	2,114,841		2,114,841		1,568,843		1,568,843		Cash and cash equivalents	1,316,603		1,316,603		1,568,843		1,568,843

Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations										Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	9,937		9,937		—		—
Due from broker	Due from broker	—		—		20,448		20,448		Due from broker	—		—		20,448		20,448
Liabilities:	Liabilities:									Liabilities:
Due to broker	Due to broker	77,601		77,601		—		—		Due to broker	49,178		49,178		—		—
Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	56,652		56,652		53,636		53,636		Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	—		—		53,636		53,636
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	241		241		1,169		1,169		Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	68		68		1,169		1,169
Senior notes and other debt	Senior notes and other debt	1,834,155		1,788,992		2,259,416		2,526,630		Senior notes and other debt	1,832,273		1,558,985		2,259,416		2,526,630
Subordinated debentures	Subordinated debentures	1,007,832		957,670		1,007,652		1,095,600		Subordinated debentures	1,008,011		810,028		1,007,652		1,095,600

The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note ~~15.~~16. The fair value of loans receivable are estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.

(19) Premiums and Reinsurance Related Information

The following is a summary of insurance and reinsurance financial information:


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,
						For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021				(In thousands)	2022		2021					2022			2021
Written premiums:	Written premiums:									Written premiums:
Direct	Direct	$	2,542,336	$	2,177,162					Direct	$	2,757,739		$	2,395,114		$	5,300,075		$	4,572,276
Assumed	Assumed	317,500		307,550						Assumed	294,662			266,122			612,163			573,672
Ceded	Ceded	(446,582)		(434,674)						Ceded	(466,766)			(449,055)			(913,349)			(883,729)
Total net premiums written	Total net premiums written	$	2,413,254	$	2,050,038					Total net premiums written	$	2,585,635		$	2,212,181		$	4,998,889		$	4,262,219

Earned premiums:	Earned premiums:									Earned premiums:
Direct	Direct	$	2,404,597	$	2,003,045					Direct	$	2,511,579		$	2,151,739		$	4,916,177		$	4,154,784
Assumed	Assumed	292,373		259,541						Assumed	292,547			259,166			584,920			518,707
Ceded	Ceded	(447,883)		(412,630)						Ceded	(446,968)			(439,281)			(894,853)			(851,911)
Total net premiums earned	Total net premiums earned	$	2,249,087	$	1,849,956					Total net premiums earned	$	2,357,158		$	1,971,624		$	4,606,244		$	3,821,580

Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	$	243,294	$	298,740					Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	$	305,196		$	255,163		$	548,490		$	553,903
Ceded commissions earned	Ceded commissions earned	$	117,445	$	101,680					Ceded commissions earned	$	116,991		$	106,834		$	234,436		$	208,515

2325

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	25,218	$	22,883

Provision for expected credit losses	5,339		1,925
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	30,557	$	24,808

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021:
(In thousands) 2022 2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period $ 25,218 $ 22,883
Provision for expected credit losses 3,018 1,381
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period $ 28,236 $ 24,264


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	28,236	$	24,264

Provision for expected credit losses	2,321		544
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	30,557	$	24,808

The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. The Company also cedes premiums to state assigned risk plans and captive insurance companies. Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	7,713	$	7,801

Change in expected credit losses	31		(518)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	7,744	$	7,283

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021:
(In thousands) 2022 2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period $ 7,713 $ 7,801
Provision for expected credit losses (58) (428)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period $ 7,655 $ 7,373


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	7,655	$	7,373

Change in expected credit losses	89		(90)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	7,744	$	7,283

(20) Restricted Stock Units

Pursuant to its stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. RSUs are expensed pro-ratably over the vesting period. RSU expenses were ~~$11~~$22 million and ~~$12~~$23 million for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021 respectively. A summary of RSUs issued in the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021 follows:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Units	Fair Value		($ in thousands)	Units	Fair Value

2022	2022	1,660	$	150	2022	6,918	$	450
2021	2021	885	$	40	2021	2,297	$	115

(21) Litigation and Contingent Liabilities

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial

condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.

(22) Leases

Lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months on the balance sheet. All leases disclosed within this footnote are classified as operating leases. Recognized right-of-use asset and lease liability are reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense is reported in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statement of income and accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

To determine the discount rate used to calculate present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate during the lease commencement period in line with the respective lease duration. In certain cases, the Company has the option to renew the lease. Lease renewal future payments are included in the present value of the future minimum lease payments when the Company determines it is reasonably certain to renew.

The main leases entered into by the Company are for office space used by the Company’s operating units across the world. Additionally, the Company, to a lesser extent, has equipment leases mainly for office equipment. Further information relating to operating lease expense and other operating lease information are as follows:

For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
(In thousands) 2022 2021
Leases:
Lease cost $ 10,198 $ 11,264
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows $ 10,993 $ 11,377
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities $ 17,269 $ 30


	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Leases:
Lease cost	$	12,152	$	11,429	$	22,351	$	22,693
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows	$	11,054	$	11,920	$	22,047	$	23,297
Right-of-use assets obtained (reduced) in exchange for new lease liabilities	$	2,933	$	(181)	$	20,202	$	(151)

As of March 31,
($ in thousands) 2022 2021
Right-of-use assets $ 180,424 $ 156,942
Lease liabilities $ 217,086 $ 195,590
Weighted-average remaining lease term 7.3 years 6.7 years
Weighted-average discount rate 4.58 % 5.94 %


	As of June 30,
($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Right-of-use assets	$	171,871		$	148,455
Lease liabilities	$	207,959		$	185,738
Weighted-average remaining lease term	7.2 years			6.7 years
Weighted-average discount rate	4.53		%	5.95		%

Contractual maturities of the Company’s future minimum lease payments are as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	March 31, 2022		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022
Contractual Maturities:	Contractual Maturities:			Contractual Maturities:
2022	2022	$	34,336	2022	$	23,209
2023	2023	45,618		2023	44,933
2024	2024	39,676		2024	39,548
2025	2025	29,793		2025	29,704
2026	2026	23,150		2026	23,188
Thereafter	Thereafter	77,609		Thereafter	78,322
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	250,182		Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	238,904
Less: Discount impact	Less: Discount impact	33,096		Less: Discount impact	30,945
Total lease liability	Total lease liability	$	217,086	Total lease liability	$	207,959

2527

(23) Business Segments

The Company’s reportable segments include the following 2 business segments, plus a corporate segment:

•Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific Region and South Africa, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company's overall effective tax rate.

Summary financial information about the Company's reporting segments is presented in the following tables. Income (loss) before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.


		Revenues													Revenues
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Earned Premiums (1)		Investment Income		Other		Total (2)		Pre-Tax Income (Loss)		Net Income (Loss) to Common Stockholders		(In thousands)	Earned Premiums (1)		Investment Income		Other		Total (2)		Pre-Tax Income (Loss)		Net Income (Loss) to Common Stockholders
Three months ended March 31, 2022
Three months ended June 30, 2022														Three months ended June 30, 2022
Insurance	Insurance	$	1,962,835	$	137,654	$	8,676	$	2,109,165	$	382,412	$	315,552	Insurance	$	2,070,157	$	114,124	$	8,335	$	2,192,616	$	347,461	$	276,133
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	286,252		27,423		—		313,675		57,628		47,080		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	287,001		57,111		—		344,112		92,177		73,374
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		8,435		117,869		126,304		(73,872)		(59,817)		Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		339		147,375		147,714		(45,521)		(36,149)
Net investment gains	Net investment gains	—		—		366,265		366,265		366,265		287,823		Net investment gains	—		—		(171,555)		(171,555)		(171,555)		(134,036)
Total	Total	$	2,249,087	$	173,512	$	492,810	$	2,915,409	$	732,433	$	590,638	Total	$	2,357,158	$	171,574	$	(15,845)	$	2,512,887	$	222,562	$	179,322
Three months ended March 31, 2021
Three months ended June 30, 2021														Three months ended June 30, 2021
Insurance	Insurance	$	1,604,979	$	105,237	$	8,279	$	1,718,495	$	257,109	$	198,708	Insurance	$	1,727,202	$	116,703	$	8,212	$	1,852,117	$	291,290	$	230,313
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	244,977		37,708		—		282,685		68,649		54,471		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	244,422		46,879		—		291,301		74,794		59,334
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		15,632		105,218		120,850		(64,529)		(52,606)		Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		4,605		124,000		128,604		(90,208)		(71,209)
Net investment gains	Net investment gains	—		—		34,839		34,839		34,839		28,952		Net investment gains	—		—		24,064		24,064		24,064		18,800
Total	Total	$	1,849,956	$	158,577	$	148,336	$	2,156,869	$	296,068	$	229,525	Total	$	1,971,624	$	168,187	$	156,276	$	2,296,086	$	299,940	$	237,238

Six months ended June 30, 2022														Six months ended June 30, 2022
Insurance														Insurance	$	4,032,991	$	251,778	$	17,012	$	4,301,781	$	729,873	$	591,685
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess														Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	573,253		84,534		—		657,787		149,805		120,454
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)														Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		8,774		265,245		274,019		(119,393)		(95,966)
Net investment gains														Net investment gains	—		—		194,710		194,710		194,710		153,787
Total														Total	$	4,606,244	$	345,086	$	476,967	$	5,428,297	$	954,995	$	769,960
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021														Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Insurance														Insurance	$	3,332,181	$	221,941	$	16,490	$	3,570,612	$	548,399	$	429,022
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess														Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	489,399		84,587		—		573,986		143,443		113,806
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)														Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		20,236		229,218		249,454		(154,737)		(123,817)
Net investment losses														Net investment losses	—		—		58,903		58,903		58,903		47,752
Total														Total	$	3,821,580	$	326,764	$	304,611	$	4,452,955	$	596,008	$	466,763

_________________

(1) Certain amounts included in earned premiums of each segment are related to inter-segment transactions.

(2) Revenues for Insurance from foreign countries for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021 were ~~$235~~$263 million and ~~$196~~$221 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were $498 million and $418 million, respectively. Revenues for Reinsurance & Monoline Excess from foreign countries for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021 were ~~$96~~$93 million and ~~$88~~$90 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were $189 million and $178 million, respectively.

(3) Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses that are not allocated to business segments.

Identifiable Assets


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Insurance	Insurance	$	25,057,202	$	24,403,918	Insurance	$	25,671,814	$	24,403,918
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	5,058,976		4,917,985		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	4,924,298		4,917,985
Corporate, other and eliminations	Corporate, other and eliminations	2,134,776		2,725,973		Corporate, other and eliminations	2,096,335		2,725,973
Consolidated	Consolidated	$	32,250,954	$	32,047,876	Consolidated	$	32,692,447	$	32,047,876

Net premiums earned by major line of business are as follows:


		For the Three Months Ended March 31,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,
						For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021				(In thousands)	2022		2021					2022			2021
Insurance:	Insurance:									Insurance:
Other liability	Other liability	$	754,456	$	611,404					Other liability	$	789,363		$	646,321		$	1,538,754		$	1,255,582
Short-tail lines (1)	Short-tail lines (1)	375,212		324,740						Short-tail lines (1)	401,768			339,890			776,980			664,630
Workers' compensation	Workers' compensation	285,423		267,449						Workers' compensation	299,645			291,471			585,067			558,920
Commercial automobile	Commercial automobile	282,234		220,761						Commercial automobile	301,741			237,444			583,975			458,205
Professional liability	Professional liability	265,510		180,626						Professional liability	277,640			212,077			548,215			394,844
Total Insurance	Total Insurance	1,962,835		1,604,979						Total Insurance	2,070,157			1,727,202			4,032,991			3,332,181

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:									Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Casualty reinsurance	Casualty reinsurance	184,122		149,638						Casualty reinsurance	190,659			152,531			374,781			302,169
Monoline excess (2)										Monoline excess (2)	54,611			48,247			106,507			94,120
Property reinsurance	Property reinsurance	50,234		49,466						Property reinsurance	41,731			43,644			91,965			93,110
Monoline excess (2)		51,896		45,873
Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	286,252		244,977						Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	287,001			244,422			573,253			489,399

Total	Total	$	2,249,087	$	1,849,956					Total	$	2,357,158		$	1,971,624		$	4,606,244		$	3,821,580

______________

(1) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.

(2) Monoline excess includes operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.

~~(24) Subsequent Event~~

On April 1, 2022, the Company entered into a senior unsecured revolving credit facility that provides for revolving, unsecured borrowings up to an aggregate of $300 million with a $50 million sublimit for letters of credit. The Company may increase the amount available under the facility to a maximum of $500 million subject to obtaining lender commitments for the increase and other customary conditions. Borrowings under the facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes. All borrowings under the facility must be repaid by April 1, 2027, except that letters of credit outstanding on that date may remain outstanding until April 1, 2028 (or such later date approved by all lenders). Our ability to utilize the facility is conditioned on the satisfaction of representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type. As of the date of this report, there were no borrowings outstanding under the facility.

2729

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

This is a “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any forward-looking statements contained herein, including statements related to our outlook for the industry and for our performance for the year 2022 and beyond, are based upon the Company’s historical performance and on current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. They are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to: the cyclical nature of the property casualty industry; the impact of significant competition, including new entrants to the industry; the long-tail and potentially volatile nature of the insurance and reinsurance business; product demand and pricing; claims development and the process of estimating reserves; investment risks, including those of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and investments in equity securities, including investments in financial institutions, municipal bonds, mortgage-backed securities, loans receivable, investment funds, including real estate, merger arbitrage, energy related and private equity investments; the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues; the uncertain nature of damage theories and loss amounts, including claims for cybersecurity-related risks; natural and man-made catastrophic losses, including as a result of terrorist activities; the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of climate change, which may alter the frequency and increase the severity of catastrophe events; general economic and market activities, including inflation, interest rates, and volatility in the credit and capital markets; the impact of the conditions in the financial markets and the global economy, and the potential effect of legislative, regulatory, accounting or other initiatives taken in response, on our results and financial condition; foreign currency and political risks (including those associated with the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, or "Brexit") relating to our international operations; our ability to attract and retain key personnel and qualified employees; continued availability of capital and financing; the success of our new ventures or acquisitions and the availability of other opportunities; the availability of reinsurance; our retention under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019; the ability or willingness of our reinsurers to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to us; other legislative and regulatory developments, including those related to business practices in the insurance industry; credit risk related to our policyholders, independent agents and brokers; changes in the ratings assigned to us or our insurance company subsidiaries by rating agencies; the availability of dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries; potential difficulties with technology and/or cyber security issues; the effectiveness of our controls to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards; and other risks detailed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

These risks and uncertainties could cause our actual results for the year 2022 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement we make. Any projections of growth in our revenues would not necessarily result in commensurate levels of earnings. Our future financial performance is dependent upon factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and our other SEC filings. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except to the extent required by applicable laws, the Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

2830

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our business units with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance, enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company’s primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.

An important part of our strategy is to form new operating units to capitalize on various business opportunities. Over the years, the Company has formed numerous operating units that are focused on important parts of the economy in the U.S., including healthcare, cyber security, energy and agriculture, and on growing international markets, including the Asia-Pacific region, South America and Mexico.

The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of capital employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.

The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities. Returns available on fixed maturity investments have been at low levels for an extended period.

The Company also invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income. The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

On February 25, 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a 3-for-2 common stock split which was paid in the form of a stock dividend to holders of record as of March 9, 2022. The additional shares were issued on March 23, 2022. Shares outstanding and per share amounts in this Form 10-Q reflect such 3-for-2 common stock split.

On March 7, 2022, the Company sold a real estate investment consisting of an office building located in London for £718 million. The Company realized a pretax gain of $317 million in the first quarter of 2022, before transaction expenses and the impact of foreign currency, including the reversal of the currency translation adjustment. The gain was $251 million after such adjustments.

On April 1, 2022, the Company entered into a senior unsecured revolving credit facility that provides for revolving, unsecured borrowings up to an aggregate of $300 million. Borrowings under the facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes and must be repaid by April 1, 2027. Our ability to utilize the facility is conditioned on the satisfaction of representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type. As of the date of this report, there were no borrowings outstanding under the facility.

The COVID-19 pandemic, including the related impact on the U.S. and global economies, continued to adversely affect our results of operations. For the ~~three~~six months ended ~~on March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company recorded approximately $1$3 million for current accident year COVID-19-related losses, net of reinsurance. At the same time, COVID-19 has led to reduced loss frequency in certain lines of business (which has begun to return to pre-pandemic levels as many economies and legal systems have reopened as a result of higher levels of vaccination). The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on the economy and the Company’s results of operations, financial position and liquidity is not within the Company’s control and remains unclear due to, among other factors, uncertainty in connection with its claims, reserves and reinsurance recoverables.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed premiums and allowance for expected credit losses on investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.

In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.

In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.

Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, some of the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.

of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.

The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in 2021:


(In thousands)	Frequency (+/-)
Severity (+/-)	1%		5%		10%
1%	$	98,916	$	297,732	$	546,252
5%	297,732		504,422		762,785
10%	546,252		762,785		1,033,450

Our net reserves for losses and loss expenses of approximately ~~$13.2~~$13.5 billion as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. The impact of such changes would likely be manifested gradually over the course of many years, as the magnitude of the changes became evident.

Approximately ~~$2.8~~$2.9 billion, or ~~22%~~21%, of the Company’s net loss reserves as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 relate to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. There is a higher degree of uncertainty and greater variability regarding estimates of excess workers' compensation and assumed reinsurance loss reserves. In the case of excess workers’ compensation, our policies generally attach at $1 million or higher. The claims which reach our layer therefore tend to involve the most serious injuries and many remain open for the lifetime of the claimant, which extends the claim settlement tail. These claims also occur less

frequently but tend to be larger than primary claims, which increases claim variability. In the case of assumed reinsurance our loss reserve estimates are based, in part, upon information received from ceding companies. If information received from ceding companies is not timely or correct, the Company’s estimate of ultimate losses may not be accurate. Furthermore, due to delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is also extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting and the extended tail in its selection of loss development factors for these lines of business.

Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.

Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Insurance	Insurance	$	10,336,512	$	10,060,420	Insurance	$	10,657,879	$	10,060,420
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	2,842,831		2,787,942		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	2,864,054		2,787,942
Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	13,179,343		12,848,362		Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	13,521,933		12,848,362
Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	2,543,546		2,542,526		Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	2,623,888		2,542,526
Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	15,722,889	$	15,390,888	Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	16,145,821	$	15,390,888

Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Reported Case Reserves		Incurred But Not Reported		Total		(In thousands)	Reported Case Reserves		Incurred But Not Reported		Total
March 31, 2022
June 30, 2022								June 30, 2022
Other liability	Other liability	$	1,719,685	$	3,470,054	$	5,189,739	Other liability	$	1,760,193	$	3,590,784	$	5,350,977
Workers’ compensation (1)	Workers’ compensation (1)	1,033,303		937,468		1,970,771		Workers’ compensation (1)	1,020,485		924,892		1,945,377
Professional liability	Professional liability	478,809		1,048,942		1,527,751		Professional liability	483,342		1,123,842		1,607,184
Commercial automobile	Commercial automobile	525,903		446,277		972,180		Commercial automobile	559,106		474,334		1,033,440
Short-tail lines (2)	Short-tail lines (2)	304,813		371,258		676,071		Short-tail lines (2)	320,801		400,100		720,901
Total Insurance	Total Insurance	4,062,513		6,273,999		10,336,512		Total Insurance	4,143,927		6,513,952		10,657,879
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,496,676		1,346,155		2,842,831		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,497,475		1,366,579		2,864,054
Total	Total	$	5,559,189	$	7,620,154	$	13,179,343	Total	$	5,641,402	$	7,880,531	$	13,521,933

December 31, 2021	December 31, 2021							December 31, 2021
Other liability	Other liability	$	1,724,907	$	3,319,665	$	5,044,572	Other liability	$	1,724,907	$	3,319,665	$	5,044,572
Workers’ compensation (1)	Workers’ compensation (1)	1,016,014		903,448		1,919,462		Workers’ compensation (1)	1,016,014		903,448		1,919,462
Professional liability	Professional liability	468,680		1,019,344		1,488,024		Professional liability	468,680		1,019,344		1,488,024
Commercial automobile	Commercial automobile	504,821		424,382		929,203		Commercial automobile	504,821		424,382		929,203
Short-tail lines (2)	Short-tail lines (2)	322,917		356,242		679,159		Short-tail lines (2)	322,917		356,242		679,159
Total Insurance	Total Insurance	4,037,339		6,023,081		10,060,420		Total Insurance	4,037,339		6,023,081		10,060,420
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,475,623		1,312,319		2,787,942		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,475,623		1,312,319		2,787,942
Total	Total	$	5,512,962	$	7,335,400	$	12,848,362	Total	$	5,512,962	$	7,335,400	$	12,848,362

___________

(1) Reserves for workers’ compensation and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess are net of an aggregate net discount of ~~$444~~$420 million and $452 million as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

(2) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.

(3) Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes property and casualty reinsurance, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.

The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.

Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss adjustment expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.

Net prior year development (i.e., the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Net (increase) decrease in prior year loss reserves		$	(3,761)	$	859
Net increase in prior year loss reserves						Net increase in prior year loss reserves	$	(9,765)	$	(1,530)
Increase in prior year earned premiums	Increase in prior year earned premiums	4,407		2,595		Increase in prior year earned premiums	12,412		5,384
Net favorable prior year development	Net favorable prior year development	$	646	$	3,454	Net favorable prior year development	$	2,647	$	3,854

The COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and may further impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and may be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business. Losses incurred from COVID-19-related claims have been offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses; however, as the economy and legal systems have reopened, the benefit of lower claim frequency has begun to abate. Although as populations have continued to be vaccinated against the virus and the effects of the pandemic have receded in many jurisdictions, most particularly the United States, it remains too early to determine the ultimate net impact of COVID-19 on the Company. New variants of the COVID-19 virus, including the “Omicron” variant, continue to create risks with respect to loss costs and the potential for renewed impact of the other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules.

The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s continued evolving impact, there remains a high degree of uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, should the pandemic continue or worsen as a result of new COVID-19 variants or otherwise, governments in the jurisdictions where we operate may renew their efforts to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions,and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.

lockdowns, reduced driving/traffic ~~significant~~and increased work from home, court closures, and similar reduced activities and travel. While reported claim frequency in these lines increased in 2021 relative to 2020, it remained below the historical levels pre- the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.home. Due to the ongoing uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the ~~COVID-19~~ pandemic on accident ~~year~~years 2020 and 2021 incurred losses, the Company ~~remains~~has been cautious in ~~factoring in~~reacting to these lower trends in setting and updating its ~~initial~~ loss ratio ~~picks~~estimates for ~~this year.~~these years. As these accident ~~year 2021 has begun~~years have continued to mature, ~~we have recognized~~the Company has continued to recognize some of the favorable reported experience in ~~our~~its ultimate loss ~~picks~~estimates made ~~as of March 31,~~during 2022.

Reserve Discount. The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was ~~$1,336~~$1,280 million and $1,387 million at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was ~~$444~~$420 million and $452 million at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of ~~3.4%~~3.3%.

Substantially all of the workers’ compensation discount (97% of total discounted reserves at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022) relates to excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.

The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.

Assumed Reinsurance Premiums. The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are

made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately $59 million at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and $60 million at December 31, 2021. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments.

Fixed Maturity Securities – For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net investment gains (losses). For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company does not intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the credit loss through net investment gains (losses), limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains (losses). The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.

The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not rated by a rating agency are evaluated and classified by the Company on a case-by-case basis.

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 is presented in the table below:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government	Foreign government	37	$	132,306	$	30,753	Foreign government	42	$	124,609	$	52,655
Corporate	Corporate	12	30,071		3,158		Corporate	12	46,437		5,739
State and municipal	State and municipal	1	13,583		1,422		State and municipal	1	13,248		1,756
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	7	1,785		48		Mortgage-backed	11	3,513		144
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	1	37		5		Asset-backed	3	87		24
Total	Total	58	$	177,782	$	35,386	Total	69	$	187,894	$	60,318

As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company has recorded an allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities of ~~$27~~$33 million. The Company has evaluated the remaining fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.

Loans Receivable – For loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a

reduction to amortized cost of the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains (losses). Loans receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses of ~~$1 million and~~ $2 million as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, ~~2021, respectively.~~2021.

Fair Value Measurements. The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities, and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.

In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Pricing source:	Pricing source:					Pricing source:
Independent pricing services	Independent pricing services	$	16,031,112	98.1	%	Independent pricing services	$	16,136,447	96.0	%
Syndicate manager	Syndicate manager	56,231		0.3		Syndicate manager	62,758		0.4
Directly by the Company based on:	Directly by the Company based on:					Directly by the Company based on:
Observable data	Observable data	264,611		1.6		Observable data	601,795		3.6

Total	Total	$	16,351,954	100.0	%	Total	$	16,801,000	100.0	%

Independent pricing services – Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company did not make any

adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing services. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Syndicate manager – The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Observable data – If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.

Cash flow model – If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.

3739

Results of Operations for the ~~Three~~Six Months Ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022			2021			($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Insurance:	Insurance:							Insurance:
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	2,484,799		$	2,140,013		Gross premiums written	$	5,256,464		$	4,561,859
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	2,073,291			1,739,824			Net premiums written	4,399,416			3,734,036
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	1,962,835			1,604,979			Net premiums earned	4,032,991			3,332,181
Loss ratio	Loss ratio	59.5		%	61.3		%	Loss ratio	60.3		%	61.3		%
Expense ratio	Expense ratio	28.1		%	29.3		%	Expense ratio	27.9		%	28.9		%
GAAP combined ratio	GAAP combined ratio	87.6		%	90.6		%	GAAP combined ratio	88.2		%	90.2		%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:							Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	375,038		$	344,699		Gross premiums written	$	655,773		$	584,089
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	339,963			310,214			Net premiums written	599,473			528,183
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	286,252			244,977			Net premiums earned	573,253			489,399
Loss ratio	Loss ratio	59.9		%	56.5		%	Loss ratio	60.2		%	57.4		%
Expense ratio	Expense ratio	29.5		%	30.9		%	Expense ratio	28.4		%	30.6		%
GAAP combined ratio	GAAP combined ratio	89.4		%	87.4		%	GAAP combined ratio	88.6		%	88.0		%
Consolidated:	Consolidated:							Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	2,859,837		$	2,484,712		Gross premiums written	$	5,912,237		$	5,145,948
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	2,413,254			2,050,038			Net premiums written	4,998,889			4,262,219
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	2,249,087			1,849,956			Net premiums earned	4,606,244			3,821,580
Loss ratio	Loss ratio	59.5		%	60.6		%	Loss ratio	60.2		%	60.8		%
Expense ratio	Expense ratio	28.3		%	29.5		%	Expense ratio	28.0		%	29.1		%
GAAP combined ratio	GAAP combined ratio	87.8		%	90.1		%	GAAP combined ratio	88.2		%	89.9		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands, except per share data)	(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021
Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	$	590,638	$	229,525	Net income to common stockholders	$	769,960	$	466,763
Weighted average diluted shares	Weighted average diluted shares	279,157		280,245		Weighted average diluted shares	279,327		280,478
Net income per diluted share	Net income per diluted share	$	2.12	$	0.82	Net income per diluted share	$	2.76	$	1.66

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of ~~$591~~$770 million in 2022 compared to ~~$230~~$467 million in 2021. The ~~$361~~$303 million increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in ~~net investment gains of $268 million primarily due to sale of a real estate investment in London, an after-tax increase in~~ underwriting income of ~~$74~~$128 million mainly due to the growth in premium rates and exposure as well as reductions in loss ratio ~~partly due to lower catastrophe losses~~ and ~~a lower~~ expense ratio driven by net earned premium growth outpacing expense growth, an after-tax increase in net investment ~~income~~gains of ~~$12~~$110 million primarily due to sale of a real estate investment ~~funds,~~in London partly offset by the loss from change in market value on equity securities, an after-tax increase in foreign currency gains of $30 million as the U.S. dollar strengthened against the majority of other currencies in 2022, an after-tax increase in net investment income of $15 million primarily due to rising interest rates on fixed maturity securities, a reduction of $8$13 million in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, an after-tax reduction on debt extinguishment expense of $3$9 million for debt redeemed in ~~March~~ 2021, an after-tax reduction in interest expense of $6 million due to debt repayments at maturity and refinancings, an after-tax increase in profits from non-insurance businesses of $1$4 million ~~an after-tax reduction in interest expenses of $1 million due to debt repayments at maturity~~ and ~~refinancings, a less than $1 million after-tax increase of other income and a less than $1 million~~an after-tax increase in insurance service income of $2 million, partially offset by an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $7$14 million mainly due to increased ~~incentive~~performance-based compensation ~~costs and an after-tax decrease in foreign currency gains of $1 million.~~costs. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased by ~~1.1~~1.2 million for 2022 compared to 2021, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2021.

3840

Premiums. Gross premiums written were ~~$2,860~~$5,912 million in 2022, an increase of 15% from ~~$2,485~~$5,146 million in 2021. The increase was due to a ~~$345~~$694 million increase in the Insurance segment and a ~~$30~~$72 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 82% of premiums expiring in 2022 were renewed, and 81% of premiums expiring in 2021 were renewed.

Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased ~~7.2%~~6.4% in 2022 when adjusted for changes in exposures, and increased ~~8.3%~~7.5% excluding workers' compensation.

A summary of gross premiums written in 2022 compared with 2021 by line of business within each business segment follows:

•Insurance - gross premiums increased ~~16%~~15% to ~~$2,485~~$5,256 million in 2022 from ~~$2,140~~$4,562 million in 2021. Gross premiums increased ~~$158~~$323 million (20%) for other liability, ~~$84~~$194 million ~~(17%~~(19%) for short-tail lines, ~~$51~~$88 million (16%) for commercial auto, $57 million (8%) for professional liability ~~$34~~and $32 million ~~(13%) for commercial auto and $18 million (6%~~(5%) for workers' compensation.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased 9%12% to ~~$375~~$656 million in 2022 from ~~$345~~$584 million in 2021. Gross premiums increased ~~$25~~$59 million ~~(13%~~(17%) for casualty reinsurance, ~~and $6~~$8 million (6%) for monoline excess and ~~decreased by less than $1~~$5 million ~~(1%~~(5%) for property reinsurance.

Net premiums written were ~~$2,413~~$4,999 million in 2022, an increase of ~~18%~~17% from ~~$2,050~~$4,262 million in 2021 due in part to our decision to retain more business. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were ~~16%~~15% in 2022, ~~and~~down from 17% in 2021.

Premiums earned increased ~~22%~~21% to ~~$2,249~~$4,606 million in 2022 from ~~$1,850~~$3,822 million in 2021. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2022 are related to business written during both 2022 and 2021. Audit premiums were ~~$70~~$142 million in 2022 compared with ~~$35~~$84 million in ~~2021.~~2021 due to an increase in exposures.

Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021:


		Amount				Average Annualized Yield					Amount				Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	101,284	$	94,677	2.2	%	2.2	%	Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	225,673	$	191,673	2.4	%	2.2	%
Investment funds	Investment funds	52,012		38,935		13.7		11.6		Investment funds	85,874		100,246		10.9		14.8
Equity securities										Equity securities	23,653		13,392		4.8		4.9
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	9,187		19,074		3.1		16.1		Arbitrage trading account	13,313		22,989		2.3		8.4
Equity securities		10,856		6,180		4.7		4.7
Real estate	Real estate	2,146		1,161		0.5		0.2		Real estate	595		2,032		0.1		0.2
Gross investment income	Gross investment income	175,485		160,027		3.0		3.0		Gross investment income	349,108		330,332		2.9		3.1
Investment expenses	Investment expenses	(1,973)		(1,450)		—		—		Investment expenses	(4,022)		(3,568)		—		—
Total	Total	$	173,512	$	158,577	2.9	%	3.0	%	Total	$	345,086	$	326,764	2.9	%	3.0	%

Net investment income increased 9%6% to ~~$174~~$345 million in 2022 from ~~$159~~$327 million in 2021 due primarily to a ~~$13 million increase in income from investment funds primarily from financial services and real estate funds, a $7~~$34 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by increased investment in bonds and rising interest rates and a $5$10 million increase from equity securities, ~~and a $1 million increase in real estate,~~ partially offset by a $14 million decrease in income from investment funds primarily due to financial services funds, a $10 million decrease from the arbitrage trading account, a $1 million decrease in real estate and a $1 million increase in investment expenses. The Company maintained the short duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. We expect investment income to increase as interest rates continue to move higher. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were ~~$23.7~~$23.9 billion in 2022 and ~~$21.3~~$21.6 billion in 2021.

Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees increased to ~~$28~~$54 million in 2022 from ~~$26~~$48 million in 2021, mainly due to the business recovery from the pandemic.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as

management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were ~~$370~~$206 million in 2022 compared with ~~net gains of $52~~$72 million in 2021. The gains of ~~$370~~$206 million in 2022 reflected net realized gains on investments of ~~$277~~$244 million (primarily a $251 million net gain from the sale of a real estate investment in London after transaction expenses and the foreign currency impact, including the reversal of the currency translation adjustment)~~, and~~ partially offset by an increase in unrealized ~~gains~~losses on equity securities of ~~$93~~$38 million. In 2021, the ~~net~~ gains of ~~$52~~$72 million reflected net realized gains on ~~investment sales~~investments of ~~$76~~$115 million (primarily due to the sale of certain real estate assets and the disposition of an investment fund) ~~and~~partially offset by an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of ~~$24~~$43 million.

Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $4$11 million ($39 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily due to change in estimate. For the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$17~~$13 million ($1310 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily related to foreign government securities which did not previously have an allowance.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were ~~$98~~$226 million in 2022 and ~~$87~~$197 million in 2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile ~~businesses.~~business, as well as a newly acquired commercial and residential textile business in 2022.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to ~~$1,339~~$2,775 million in 2022 from ~~$1,122~~$2,325 million in 2021. The consolidated loss ratio was ~~59.5%~~60.2% in 2022 and ~~60.6%~~60.8% in 2021. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were ~~$29~~$87 million (including current accident year losses of approximately $1$3 million related to COVID-19) in 2022 and ~~$36~~$80 million (including losses of approximately ~~$15~~$40 million related to COVID-19) in 2021. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $1$3 million in 2022 and $3$4 million in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was ~~58.3%~~58.4% in 2022 and ~~58.9%~~58.8% in 2021.

A summary of loss ratios in 2022 compared with 2021 by business segment follows:

•Insurance - The loss ratio was ~~59.5%~~60.3% in 2022 and 61.3% in 2021. Catastrophe losses were ~~$11~~$51 million in 2022 compared with ~~$33~~$70 million in 2021. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $1 million. Favorable prior year reserve development was $6$3 million in ~~both~~ 2022 and $12 million in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development ~~was 59.3%~~decreased 0.6 points to 59.1% in 2022 ~~and~~from 59.7% in 2021.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was ~~59.9%~~60.2% in 2022 and ~~56.5%~~57.4% in 2021. Catastrophe losses were ~~$18~~$36 million in 2022 compared with $3$10 million in 2021. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $2 million. Adverse prior year reserve development was $5$0.3 million in 2022 and $3$8 million in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development ~~decreased 2.6~~increased 0.3 points to ~~51.7%~~53.8% in 2022 from ~~54.3%~~53.5% in 2021.

Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and ~~expenses:~~expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

($ in thousands) 2022 2021
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses $ 635,453 $ 545,750
Insurance service expenses 22,466 20,786
Net foreign currency gains (4,168) (5,594)
Debt extinguishment costs — 3,617
Other costs and expenses 60,148 51,709
Total $ 713,899 $ 616,268


($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	1,288,547	$	1,111,483
Insurance service expenses	46,356		42,575
Net foreign currency gains	(43,995)		(6,719)
Debt extinguishment costs	—		11,520
Other costs and expenses	122,810		105,114
Total	$	1,413,718	$	1,263,973

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased 16% and net premiums earned increased ~~22%~~21% from 2021. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) was ~~28.3%~~28.0% in 2022, ~~and 29.5%~~down from 29.1% in 2021. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned outpacing compensation expense growth. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease or

travel and entertainment expenses increase, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.

Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, were ~~$22~~$46 million in 2022 and ~~$21~~$43 million in 2021.

Net foreign currency gains result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $4$44 million in 2022 compared to $6$7 million in 2021. The ~~reduction~~increase in gains is primarily related to ~~less~~the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the ~~Argentine peso and U.K. sterling~~majority of other currencies in 2022 versus 2021.

Debt extinguishment costs of $4$12 million in 2021 related to the redemption of $400 million of subordinated debentures in March and June 2021 that were due in 2056.

Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to ~~$60~~$123 million in 2022 from ~~$52~~$105 million in 2021, primarily due to the increase in performance-based compensation costs in 2022.

Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were ~~$95~~$218 million in 2022 compared to ~~$86~~$193 million in 2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile ~~businesses.~~business, as well as a newly acquired residential and commercial textile business in 2022.

Interest Expense. Interest expense was ~~$35~~$67 million in 2022 and $75 million in 2021. In March 2021, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 3.55% senior notes due 2052 and redeemed its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures due 2056. In June 2021, the Company redeemed the $290 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056. In September 2021, the Company issued $350 million aggregate principal amount of 3.15% senior notes due 2061.

In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March. The above redemptions during the six months ended June 30, 2021 resulted in debt extinguishment costs of $12 million. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2021, the Company sold a real estate asset, which resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's non-recourse debt that was supporting the property.

The maturity and redemption of senior notes and debentures and issuance of additional senior notes and debentures in 2022 and 2021 decreased interest expense in 2022.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 19.1% and 21.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The lower effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the year earlier period, was primarily due to a net reduction to the Company’s valuation allowance against foreign tax credits and foreign net operating losses.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $130.0 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.


($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Insurance:
Gross premiums written	$	2,771,665		$	2,421,846
Net premiums written	2,326,125			1,994,212
Net premiums earned	2,070,157			1,727,202
Loss ratio	61.0		%	61.4		%
Expense ratio	27.7		%	28.5		%
GAAP combined ratio	88.7		%	89.9		%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Gross premiums written	$	280,736		$	239,390
Net premiums written	259,510			217,969
Net premiums earned	287,001			244,422
Loss ratio	60.4		%	58.2		%
Expense ratio	27.4		%	30.4		%
GAAP combined ratio	87.8		%	88.6		%
Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	$	3,052,401		$	2,661,236
Net premiums written	2,585,635			2,212,181
Net premiums earned	2,357,158			1,971,624
Loss ratio	60.9		%	61.0		%
Expense ratio	27.7		%	28.7		%
GAAP combined ratio	88.6		%	89.7		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021
Net income to common stockholders	$	179,322	$	237,238
Weighted average diluted shares	279,525		280,659
Net income per diluted share	$	0.64	$	0.85

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $179 million in 2022 compared to $237 million in 2021. The $58 million decrease in net income was primarily due to an after-tax decrease in net investment gains of $158 million mainly due to change in market value on equity securities and an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $7 million mainly due to increased performance-based compensation costs, partially offset by an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $53 million mainly due to the growth in premium rates and exposure as well as reductions in expense ratio driven by net earned premium growth outpacing expense growth, an after-tax increase in foreign currency gains of $31 million due to strengthening of the U.S dollar against the majority of other currencies, an after-tax reduction on debt extinguishment expense of $6 million for debt redeemed in June 2021, an after-tax reduction in interest expenses of $5 million due to lower interest rates from refinancings, a reduction of $4 million in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, an after-tax increase in net investment income of $3 million, an after-tax increase in profits from non-insurance businesses of $3 million and an after-tax increase of $2 million in insurance service income. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased by 1.1 million for 2022 compared to 2021, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2021.

Premiums. Gross premiums written were $3,052 million in 2022, an increase of 15% from $2,661 million in 2021. The increase was due to a $350 million increase in the Insurance segment and a $41 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 82% of premiums expiring in 2022 were renewed, and 81% of premiums expiring in 2021 were renewed.

Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 5.8% in 2022 when adjusted for changes in exposures, and increased 6.8% excluding workers' compensation.

A summary of gross premiums written in 2022 compared with 2021 by line of business within each business segment follows:

•Insurance - gross premiums increased 14% to $2,772 million in 2022 from $2,422 million in 2021. Gross premiums increased $167 million (20%) for other liability, $111 million (20%) for short-tail lines, $54 million (18%) for commercial auto, $15 million (5%) for workers' compensation and $3 million (1%) for professional liability.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased 17% to $280 million in 2022 from $239 million in 2021. Gross premiums increased $34 million (21%) for casualty reinsurance, $6 million (12%) for property reinsurance and $1 million (5%) for monoline excess.

Net premiums written were $2,586 million in 2022, an increase of 17% from $2,212 million in 2021 due in part to our decision to retain more business. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 15% in 2022, down from 17% in 2021.

Premiums earned increased 20% to $2,357 million in 2022 from $1,972 million in 2021. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2022 are related to business written during both 2022 and 2021. Audit premiums were $72 million in 2022 compared with $52 million in 2021 due to an increase in exposures.

Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


	Amount				Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	124,389	$	96,996	2.6	%	2.2	%
Investment funds	33,861		61,311		8.3		17.9
Equity securities	12,797		7,212		4.9		5.2
Arbitrage trading account	4,127		3,914		1.4		2.5
Real estate	(1,551)		872		(0.5)		0.2
Gross investment income	173,623		170,305		2.9		3.1
Investment expenses	(2,049)		(2,118)		—		—
Total	$	171,574	$	168,187	2.8	%	3.1	%

Net investment income increased 2% to $172 million in 2022 from $168 million in 2021 due primarily to a $27 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by increased investment in bonds and rising interest rates and a $6 million increase from equity securities, partially offset by a $27 million decrease in income from investment funds primarily due to financial services funds and a $2 million decrease in real estate. The Company maintained the short duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. We expect investment income to increase as interest rates continue to move higher. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $24.1 billion in 2022 and $21.9 billion in 2021.

Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees increased to $26 million in 2022 from $22 million in 2021, mainly due to the business recovery from the pandemic.

management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized losses on investments were $164 million in 2022 compared with net gains of $20 million in 2021. The losses of $164 million in 2022 reflected net realized losses on investments of $32 million (primarily due to foreign exchange losses on investments) and an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $132 million. In 2021, the gains of $20 million reflected net realized gains on investments of $39 million (primarily due to the sale of certain real estate assets) partially offset by an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $19 million.

Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the three months ended June 30, 2022, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $8 million ($6 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily due to change in estimate. For the three months ended June 30, 2021, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments decreased by $4 million ($3 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily related to the disposition of loans which were previously impaired.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $128 million in 2022 and $109 million in 2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile business, as well as a newly acquired residential and commercial textile business in 2022.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $1,436 million in 2022 from $1,204 million in 2021. The consolidated loss ratio was 60.9% in 2022 and 61.0% in 2021. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were $58 million (including current accident year losses of approximately $2 million related to COVID-19) in 2022 and $44 million (including losses of approximately $25 million related to COVID-19) in 2021. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $2 million in 2022 and $0.4 million in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 58.5% in 2022 and 58.8% in 2021.

A summary of loss ratios in 2022 compared with 2021 by business segment follows:

•Insurance - The loss ratio was 61.0% in 2022 and 61.4% in 2021. Catastrophe losses were $40 million in 2022 compared with $37 million in 2021. Adverse prior year reserve development was $3 million in 2022 and $6 million favorable prior year reserve development in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 0.9 points to 58.9% in 2022 from 59.8% in 2021.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was 60.4% in 2022 and 58.2% in 2021. Catastrophe losses were $18 million in 2022 compared with $7 million in 2021. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $2 million. Favorable prior year reserve development was $5 million in 2022 and $6 million adverse prior year reserve development in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 3.0 points to 55.9% in 2022 from 52.9% in 2021.

Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	653,093	$	565,733
Insurance service expenses	23,890		21,789
Net foreign currency gains	(39,827)		(1,125)
Debt extinguishment costs	—		7,903
Other costs and expenses	62,663		53,405
Total	$	699,819	$	647,705

percentage of net premiums earned) was 27.7% in 2022, down from 28.7% in 2021. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned outpacing compensation expense growth. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease or travel and entertainment expenses increase, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.

Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, were $24 million in 2022 and $22 million in 2021.

Net foreign currency gains result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $40 million in 2022 compared to $1 million in 2021. The increase in gains is primarily due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the majority of other currencies in 2022 versus 2021.

Debt extinguishment costs of $8 million in 2021 related to the redemption of a $290 million subordinated debenture in June 2021 that was due in 2056.

Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $63 million in 2022 from $53 million in 2021, primarily due to the increase in performance-based compensation costs in 2022.

Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $123 million in 2022 compared to $107 million in 2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile business, as well as a newly acquired residential and commercial textile business in 2022.

Interest Expense. Interest expense was $32 million in 2022 and $38 million in 2021. In March 2021, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 3.55% senior notes due 2052 and redeemed its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures due 2056. In June 2021, the Company redeemed the $290 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056. In September 2021, the Company issued $350 million aggregate principal amount of 3.15% senior notes due 2061.

In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March. The above redemptions during the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021 resulted in debt extinguishment costs of $4$8 million. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2021, the Company sold a real estate asset, which resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's non-recourse debt that was supporting the property.

The maturity and redemption of senior notes and debentures and issuance of additional senior notes and debentures in 2022 and 2021 ~~are expected to decrease~~decreased interest expense in ~~2022 and forward.~~2022.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was ~~19.0%~~19.4% and ~~21.7%~~20.8% for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The lower effective income tax rate for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, compared to the year earlier period, was primarily due to ~~a net reduction to the Company’s valuation allowance against~~lower taxes on foreign ~~tax credits and foreign net operating losses.~~earnings.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately ~~$120.6~~$130.0 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.

4148

Investments

As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. Due to the low fixed maturity investment returns, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.

The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the average duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The average duration of the fixed maturity portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, ~~was~~were both 2.4 years at ~~both March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 were as follows:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Fixed maturity securities:	Fixed maturity securities:					Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	U.S. government and government agencies	$	818,848	3.5	%	U.S. government and government agencies	$	720,914	3.1	%
State and municipal:	State and municipal:					State and municipal:
Special revenue	Special revenue	1,935,528		8.2		Special revenue	1,867,636		7.9
Local general obligation						Local general obligation	416,940		1.8
State general obligation	State general obligation	424,590		1.8		State general obligation	414,939		1.7
Local general obligation		416,167		1.8
Pre-refunded (1)	Pre-refunded (1)	177,371		0.8		Pre-refunded (1)	203,899		0.9
Corporate backed	Corporate backed	172,005		0.7		Corporate backed	160,208		0.7
Total state and municipal	Total state and municipal	3,125,661		13.3		Total state and municipal	3,063,622		13.0
Mortgage-backed:	Mortgage-backed:					Mortgage-backed:
Agency	Agency	874,067		3.7		Agency	821,398		3.5
Commercial	Commercial	263,501		1.1		Commercial	405,597		1.7
Residential-Prime	Residential-Prime	246,852		1.0		Residential-Prime	250,052		1.1
Residential-Alt A	Residential-Alt A	4,771		—		Residential-Alt A	4,207		—
Total mortgage-backed	Total mortgage-backed	1,389,191		5.8		Total mortgage-backed	1,481,254		6.3
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	4,257,421		18.0		Asset-backed	4,292,488		18.2
Corporate:	Corporate:					Corporate:
Industrial	Industrial	3,270,804		13.8		Industrial	3,215,637		13.7
Financial	Financial	1,706,732		7.2		Financial	1,811,661		7.7
Utilities	Utilities	409,726		1.7		Utilities	422,101		1.8
Other	Other	201,245		0.9		Other	239,726		1.0
Total corporate	Total corporate	5,588,507		23.6		Total corporate	5,689,125		24.2
Foreign government and foreign government agencies	Foreign government and foreign government agencies	1,246,568		5.3		Foreign government and foreign government agencies	1,604,111		6.8
Total fixed maturity securities	Total fixed maturity securities	16,426,196		69.5		Total fixed maturity securities	16,851,514		71.6
Equity securities:	Equity securities:					Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	883,317		3.7		Common stocks	932,672		4.0
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	243,174		1.0		Preferred stocks	222,654		0.9
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	1,126,491		4.7		Total equity securities	1,155,326		4.9
Cash and cash equivalents (2)		1,980,346		8.4
Investment funds	Investment funds	1,544,856		6.5		Investment funds	1,702,270		7.2
Real estate	Real estate	1,276,157		5.4		Real estate	1,304,094		5.5
Cash and cash equivalents (2)						Cash and cash equivalents (2)	1,277,294		5.4
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	1,188,910		5.0		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		4.9
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	115,097		0.5		Loans receivable	113,483		0.5
Total investments	Total investments	$	23,658,053	100.0	%	Total investments	$	23,545,984	100.0	%

____________________

(1) Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.

(2) Cash and cash equivalents includes trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations, trading account securities sold but not yet purchased and unsettled purchases.

4249

Fixed Maturity Securities. The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.

The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized ~~gains;~~gains or losses; however, there is no reason to expect these gains or losses to continue in future periods.

Equity Securities. Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, mainly in the financial institutions and energy sectors.

Investment Funds. At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the carrying value of investment funds was ~~$1,546~~$1,702 million, including investments in financial services funds of ~~$455 million, transportation funds of $341 million, real estate funds of $284~~$469 million, other funds of ~~$330~~$376 million (which includes a deferred compensation trust asset of ~~$32~~$31 million) ~~and~~, transportation funds of $339 million, real estate funds of $275 million, energy funds of ~~$136~~$133 million and infrastructure funds of $110 million. Investment funds are generally reported on a one-quarter lag.

Real Estate. Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington D.C., an office complex in New York City and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. In addition, part of the previously mentioned mixed-use project in Washington D.C. is under development. The Company expects to fund further development costs for the project with a combination of its own funds and external financing. ~~As described above, during~~During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold an office building in London.

Arbitrage Trading Account. The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.

Loans Receivable. Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses), had an amortized cost of ~~$115~~$113 million and an aggregate fair value of ~~$116~~$112 million at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $1$2 million as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022. Loans receivable include real estate loans of $89 million that are secured by commercial and residential real estate located primarily in New York. Real estate loans generally earn interest at fixed or stepped interest rates and have maturities through 2026. Loans receivable include commercial loans of ~~$26~~$24 million that are secured by business assets and have fixed interest rates with varying maturities not exceeding 10 years.

Market Risk. The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 2.4 years at both ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.

4350

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow. Cash flow provided from operating activities increased to ~~$478~~$1,006 million in the first ~~three~~six months of 2022 from ~~$311~~$696 million in the first ~~three~~six months of 2021, primarily due to an increase in premium receipts partially offset by higher loss and loss expense payments.

The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company generally targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within 1.5 years of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed income securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately ~~77.9%~~77.0% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.

Debt. At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of ~~$2,842~~$2,840 million and a face amount of ~~$2,867~~$2,866 million. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $7$6 million in 2024, $5 million in 2025, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $470 million in 2050, $400 million in 2052, $185 million in 2058, $300 million in 2059, $250 million in 2060, and $650 million in 2061.

Equity. At ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, total common stockholders’ equity was ~~$6.9~~$6.5 billion, common shares outstanding were ~~265,186,251~~265,272,980 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was ~~$25.89.~~$24.56. During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. In the second quarter of 2022, the board of directors of the Company declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share and a special cash dividend of $0.50 per share. In the first quarter of 2022, the board of directors of the Company declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 cents per share. The number of common shares outstanding excludes shares held in a grantor trust established by the Company for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred RSUs.

Total Capital. Total capitalization (equity, debt and subordinated debentures) was ~~$9.7~~$9.4 billion at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was ~~29%~~30% at ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, down from 33% at December 31, 2021.

4451

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

Reference is made to the information under “Investments - Market Risk” under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-Q.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14 as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Please see Note 2021 to the notes to the interim consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company did not repurchase any of its shares during the three months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2022, and accordingly the number of shares authorized for purchase by the Company remains 15,000,000.

Item 6. Exhibits


Number
(~~10.1~~3.1)		The Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended through May 10, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form ~~of 2022 Performance Unit Award Agreement under~~10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the ~~W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan.~~
	Commission on August 6, 2003).

(3.2)		Amendment, dated May 11, 2004, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2004).

(3.3)		Amendment, dated May 16, 2006, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 17, 2006).

(3.4)		Amendment, dated June 12, 2020, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2020).

(3.5)		Amendment, dated June 15, 2022, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2022).

(31.1)		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

(31.2)		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

(32.1)		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

4553

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
Date:	~~May 3,~~August 2, 2022	/s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		President and Chief Executive Officer

Date:	~~May 3,~~August 2, 2022	/s/ Richard M. Baio
		Richard M. Baio
		Executive Vice President - Chief Financial Officer

4654


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Leases:
Lease cost	$	10,198	$	11,264
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows	$	10,993	$	11,377
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities	$	17,269	$	30


	As of March 31,
($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Right-of-use assets	$	180,424		$	156,942
Lease liabilities	$	217,086		$	195,590
Weighted-average remaining lease term	7.3 years			6.7 years
Weighted-average discount rate	4.58		%	5.94		%