UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark one)
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31,September 30, 2020
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from             to
Commission File Number 001-01342
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Canada 98-0355078
(State or Other Jurisdiction
of Incorporation or Organization)
 
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
   
7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E.  
CalgaryAB T2C 4X9
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (403) 319-7000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 Title of Each Class  Trading Symbol(s)  Name of Each Exchange on which Registered 
Common Shares, without par value, of
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited
 CP New York Stock Exchange
  Toronto Stock Exchange
Perpetual 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock of Canadian Pacific Railway Company CP/40 New York Stock Exchange
 BC87 London Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  þ    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  þ    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
 þ
Accelerated Filer☐Non-accelerated Filer☐Smaller Reporting Company☐Emerging Growth Company☐



If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No þ
As of the close of business on April 20,October 19, 2020, there were 135,631,754134,499,003 of the registrant’s Common Shares issued and outstanding.
 


CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LIMITED
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION


  Page
Item 1.Financial Statements: 
   
 Interim Consolidated Statements of Income
2
 For the Three and Nine Months Ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019 
   
 Interim Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
3
 For the Three and Nine Months Ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019 
   
 Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets
4
 As at March 31,September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 
   
 Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
5
 For the Three and Nine Months Ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019 
   
 Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
6
 For the Three and Nine Months Ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019 
   
 Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
7
   
Item 2.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
2218
 Executive Summary
2218
 Performance Indicators
2420
 Financial Highlights
2623
 Results of Operations
2724
Share Capital
39
 Liquidity and Capital Resources
35
Share Capital
3539
 Non-GAAP Measures
3743
 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
4350
 Contractual Commitments
4450
 Critical Accounting Estimates
4451
 Forward-Looking Statements
4551
Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
4653
Item 4.Controls and Procedures
4754
   
 PART II - OTHER INFORMATION 
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
4855
Item 1A.Risk Factors
4855
Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
4855
Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities
4855
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures
4856
Item 5.Other Information
4856
Item 6.Exhibits
4957
 Signature
5058



PART I

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(unaudited)
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except share and per share data)202020192020201920202019
Revenues (Note 3)  
Freight$2,000
$1,726
$1,821
$1,932
$5,573
$5,589
Non-freight43
41
42
47
125
134
Total revenues2,043
1,767
1,863
1,979
5,698
5,723
Operating expenses  
Compensation and benefits398
406
382
355
1,127
1,144
Fuel212
209
140
210
483
655
Materials59
57
53
50
162
161
Equipment rents36
35
39
33
108
102
Depreciation and amortization192
160
195
185
582
528
Purchased services and other312
357
275
277
853
899
Total operating expenses1,209
1,224
1,084
1,110
3,315
3,489
  
Operating income834
543
779
869
2,383
2,234
Less:  
Other expense (income) (Note 4)211
(47)
Other components of net periodic benefit recovery (Note 12)(85)(97)
Other (income) expense (Note 4)(36)29
89
(58)
Other components of net periodic benefit recovery (Note 13)(86)(99)(257)(294)
Net interest expense114
114
114
110
346
336
Income before income tax expense594
573
787
829
2,205
2,250
Income tax expense (Note 5)185
139
189
211
563
474
Net income$409
$434
$598
$618
$1,642
$1,776
  
Earnings per share (Note 6)  
Basic earnings per share$2.99
$3.10
$4.42
$4.47
$12.09
$12.75
Diluted earnings per share$2.98
$3.09
$4.41
$4.46
$12.04
$12.70
  
Weighted-average number of shares (millions) (Note 6)  
Basic136.7
140.1
135.2
138.1
135.9
139.3
Diluted137.2
140.5
135.8
138.7
136.4
139.8
  
Dividends declared per share$0.8300
$0.6500
$0.9500
$0.8300
$2.6100
$2.3100
See Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(unaudited)
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192020201920202019
Net income$409
$434
$598
$618
$1,642
$1,776
Net (loss) gain in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of hedging activities(65)16
Net gain (loss) in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of hedging activities16
(8)(18)23
Change in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges2
2
3
2
6
8
Change in pension and post-retirement defined benefit plans45
20
44
20
134
61
Other comprehensive (loss) income before income taxes(18)38
Income tax recovery (expense) on above items60
(22)
Other comprehensive income before income taxes63
14
122
92
Income tax (expense) recovery on above items(29)3
(16)(41)
Other comprehensive income (Note 7)42
16
34
17
106
51
Comprehensive income$451
$450
$632
$635
$1,748
$1,827
See Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS AT
(unaudited)
March 31December 31September 30December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Assets    
Current assets  
Cash and cash equivalents$247
$133
$183
$133
Accounts receivable, net (Note 8)885
805
840
805
Materials and supplies177
182
185
182
Other current assets98
90
116
90
1,407
1,210
1,324
1,210
Investments369
341
Investments (Note 9)223
341
Properties19,900
19,156
20,169
19,156
Goodwill and intangible assets223
206
Goodwill and intangible assets (Note 9)284
206
Pension asset1,111
1,003
1,317
1,003
Other assets478
451
470
451
Total assets$23,488
$22,367
$23,787
$22,367
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity  
Current liabilities  
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$1,528
$1,693
$1,380
$1,693
Long-term debt maturing within one year (Note 9, 10)266
599
Long-term debt maturing within one year (Note 10, 11)841
599
1,794
2,292
2,221
2,292
Pension and other benefit liabilities790
785
777
785
Other long-term liabilities541
562
576
562
Long-term debt (Note 9, 10)9,804
8,158
Long-term debt (Note 10, 11)8,945
8,158
Deferred income taxes3,604
3,501
3,689
3,501
Total liabilities16,533
15,298
16,208
15,298
Shareholders’ equity  
Share capital1,985
1,993
1,978
1,993
Additional paid-in capital51
48
56
48
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 7)(2,480)(2,522)(2,416)(2,522)
Retained earnings7,399
7,550
7,961
7,550
6,955
7,069
7,579
7,069
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$23,488
$22,367
$23,787
$22,367
See Contingencies (Note 14)15) and Subsequent event (Note 16)
See Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192020201920202019
Operating activities  
Net income$409
$434
$598
$618
$1,642
$1,776
Reconciliation of net income to cash provided by operating activities:  
Depreciation and amortization192
160
195
185
582
528
Deferred income tax expense (Note 5)39
38
45
96
133
116
Pension recovery and funding (Note 12)(65)(88)
Foreign exchange loss (gain) on debt and lease liabilities (Note 4)215
(45)
Pension recovery and funding (Note 13)(65)(94)(192)(271)
Foreign exchange (gain) loss on debt and lease liabilities (Note 4)(40)25
89
(57)
Other operating activities, net(72)45
56
24
11
87
Change in non-cash working capital balances related to operations(229)(131)(296)(31)(448)(222)
Cash provided by operating activities489
413
493
823
1,817
1,957
Investing activities  
Additions to properties(355)(224)(484)(464)(1,341)(1,147)
Investment in Central Maine & Québec Railway (Note 9)0
0
19
0
Proceeds from sale of properties and other assets2
6
2
4
9
18
Other(9)(1)(1)(1)0
(6)
Cash used in investing activities(362)(219)(483)(461)(1,313)(1,135)
Financing activities  
Dividends paid(114)(91)(113)(116)(339)(298)
Issuance of CP Common Shares24
4
3
6
32
20
Purchase of CP Common Shares (Note 11)(501)(207)
Issuance of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper (Note 9)959
397
Purchase of CP Common Shares (Note 12)(400)(500)(945)(964)
Issuance of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper (Note 10)0
0
958
397
Repayment of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper(15)(5)(49)(6)(74)(491)
Net repayment of commercial paper (Note 9)(553)—
Increase in short-term borrowings (Note 9)145
—
Net issuance (repayment) of commercial paper (Note 10)459
355
(114)601
Net increase in short-term borrowings (Note 10)0
0
5
0
Other11
—
0
(2)11
(2)
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities(44)98
Cash used in financing activities(100)(263)(466)(737)
Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents31
(1)(4)1
12
(1)
Cash position  
Increase in cash and cash equivalents114
291
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents(94)100
50
84
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period133
61
277
45
133
61
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$247
$352
$183
$145
$183
$145
  
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:  
Income taxes paid$139
$149
$311
$122
$455
$379
Interest paid$157
$149
$163
$141
$383
$373
See Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited)
For the three months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars except per share data) Common shares (in millions)
 Share
capital
Additional
paid-in
capital
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
loss
Retained
earnings
Total
shareholders’
equity
Balance at July 1, 2020 135.5
 $1,990
$53
$(2,450)$7,872
$7,465
Net income —
 0
0
0
598
598
Other comprehensive income (Note 7) —
 0
0
34
0
34
Dividends declared ($0.9500 per share) —
 0
0
0
(128)(128)
Effect of stock-based compensation expense —
 0
4
0
0
4
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 12) (1.0) (15)0
0
(381)(396)
Shares issued under stock option plan 0
 3
(1)0
0
2
Balance at September 30, 2020 134.5
 $1,978
$56
$(2,416)$7,961
$7,579
Balance at July 1, 2019 139.1
 $1,996
$45
$(2,009)$7,125
$7,157
Net income —
 0
0
0
618
618
Other comprehensive income (Note 7) —
 0
0
17
0
17
Dividends declared ($0.8300 per share) —
 0
0
0
(114)(114)
Effect of stock-based compensation expense —
 0
3
0
0
3
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 12) (1.6) (22)0
0
(449)(471)
Shares issued under stock option plan 0
 8
(3)0
0
5
Balance at September 30, 2019 137.5
 $1,982
$45
$(1,992)$7,180
$7,215
    
For the three months ended March 31For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars except per share data) Common shares (in millions)
 Share
capital
Additional
paid-in
capital
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
loss
Retained
earnings
Total
shareholders’
equity
 Common shares (in millions)
 Share
capital
Additional
paid-in
capital
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
loss
Retained
earnings
Total
shareholders’
equity
Balance at December 31, 2019, as previously reported 137.0
 $1,993
$48
$(2,522)$7,550
$7,069
 137.0
 $1,993
$48
$(2,522)$7,550
$7,069
Impact of accounting change (Note 2) —
 —
—
—
(1)(1) —
 —
—
—
(1)(1)
Balance at January 1, 2020, as restated 137.0
 $1,993
$48
$(2,522)$7,549
$7,068
 137.0
 $1,993
$48
$(2,522)$7,549
$7,068
Net income —
 —
—
—
409
409
 —
 0
0
0
1,642
1,642
Other comprehensive income (Note 7) —
 —
—
42
—
42
 —
 0
0
106
0
106
Dividends declared ($0.8300 per share) —
 —
—
—
(112)(112)
Dividends declared ($2.6100 per share) —
 0
0
0
(353)(353)
Effect of stock-based compensation expense —
 —
5
—
—
5
 —
 0
13
0
0
13
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 11) (1.6) (21)—
—
(447)(468)
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 12) (2.7) (39)0
0
(877)(916)
Shares issued under stock option plan 0.2
 13
(2)—
—
11
 0.2
 24
(5)0
0
19
Balance at March 31, 2020 135.6
 $1,985
$51
$(2,480)$7,399
$6,955
Balance at September 30, 2020 134.5
 $1,978
$56
$(2,416)$7,961
$7,579
Balance at January 1, 2019 140.5
 $2,002
$42
$(2,043)$6,630
$6,631
 140.5
 $2,002
$42
$(2,043)$6,630
$6,631
Net income —
 —
—
—
434
434
 —
 0
0
0
1,776
1,776
Other comprehensive income (Note 7) —
 —
—
16
—
16
 —
 0
0
51
0
51
Dividends declared ($0.6500 per share) —
 —
—
—
(91)(91)
Dividends declared ($2.3100 per share) —
 0
0
0
(320)(320)
Effect of stock-based compensation expense —
 —
5
—
—
5
 —
 0
11
0
0
11
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 11) (0.7) (10)—
—
(175)(185)
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 12) (3.2) (46)0
0
(906)(952)
Shares issued under stock option plan —
 5
(1)—
—
4
 0.2
 26
(8)0
0
18
Balance at March 31, 2019 139.8
 $1,997
$46
$(2,027)$6,798
$6,814
Balance at September 30, 2019 137.5
 $1,982
$45
$(1,992)$7,180
$7,215
See Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31,September 30, 2020
(unaudited)

1    Basis of presentation

These unaudited interim consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CP”, or “the Company”), expressed in Canadian dollars, reflect management’s estimates and assumptions that are necessary for their fair presentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). They do not include all disclosures required under GAAP for annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the 2019 annual consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements and notes included in CP's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The accounting policies used are consistent with the accounting policies used in preparing the 2019 annual consolidated financial statements,Consolidated Financial Statements, except for the newly adopted accounting policy discussed in Note 2.

CP's operations can be affected by seasonal fluctuations such as changes in customer demand and weather-related issues. This seasonality could impact quarter-over-quarter comparisons.

In management’s opinion, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (consisting of normal and recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly such information. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the fiscal year.

2    Accounting changes

Implemented in 2020

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses

On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the new Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), and all related amendments under FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. Using a modified retrospective approach, the Company recognized a cumulative-effect adjustment to its opening retained earnings balance in the period of adoption. Accordingly, comparative financial information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

The impact of the adoption of ASC 326 as at January 1, 2020 was an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $1 million, with the offsets to "Deferred income taxes" and "Retained earnings" on the Company's Interim Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 8 for further discussion of the current period credit loss.

Future Changes

Simplification of Financial Disclosures about Guarantors

In MarchDuring the second quarter of 2020, the Company early adopted the Securities and Exchange Commission issued amendments to the financial disclosure requirements for guarantors and issuers of guaranteed securities, to improve the quality of disclosure and reduce compliance burdens. Among other changes, the amendments replace the current requirement for condensed consolidating financial information (“CCFI”), as specified in Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X,S-X. The amendments simplify disclosure requirements by replacing condensed consolidating financial information (“CCFI”) with summarized financial information and expanded qualitative non-financial disclosures about the guarantees, issuers, and guarantors. The amendments willThis disclosure can be effective on January 4, 2021, withfound in the option to comply in advance. The Company is currently assessing the impactLiquidity and Capital Resources section of these amendments for its future CCFI disclosures.Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.


3    Revenues

The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenues from contracts with customers by major source:
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192020201920202019
Freight 
 
Grain$418
$380
$457
$409
$1,321
$1,211
Coal150
158
130
183
411
514
Potash112
114
132
117
390
367
Fertilizers and sulphur70
57
65
66
212
186
Forest products78
73
85
78
244
229
Energy, chemicals and plastics491
315
321
382
1,153
1,043
Metals, minerals and consumer products189
173
152
201
474
579
Automotive87
76
94
87
215
267
Intermodal405
380
385
409
1,153
1,193
Total freight revenues2,000
1,726
1,821
1,932
5,573
5,589
Non-freight excluding leasing revenues29
26
27
32
80
89
Revenues from contracts with customers2,029
1,752
1,848
1,964
5,653
5,678
Leasing revenues14
15
15
15
45
45
Total revenues$2,043
$1,767
$1,863
$1,979
$5,698
$5,723


Contract liabilities       
                  
Contract liabilities represent payments received for performance obligations not yet satisfied and relate to deferred revenue, and are presented as components of "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities" on the Company's Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in contract liabilities:
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192020201920202019
Opening balance$146
$2
$79
$74
$146
$2
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period(37)(2)(25)(8)(95)(2)
Increase due to consideration received, net of revenue recognized during the period3
73
5
4
8
70
Closing balance$112
$73
$59
$70
$59
$70


4    Other (income) expense (income)
 For the three months ended March 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Foreign exchange loss (gain) on debt and lease liabilities$215
$(45)
Other foreign exchange gains(5)(3)
Other1
1
Other expense (income)$211
$(47)
 For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Foreign exchange (gain) loss on debt and lease liabilities$(40)$25
$89
$(57)
Other foreign exchange losses (gains)2
2
(2)(4)
Other2
2
2
3
Other (income) expense$(36)$29
$89
$(58)



5    Income taxes
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192020201920202019
Current income tax expense$146
$101
$144
$115
$430
$358
Deferred income tax expense39
38
45
96
133
116
Income tax expense$185
$139
$189
$211
$563
$474


The effective tax raterates for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 was 31.10%were 23.97% and 25.52%, respectively, compared to 24.24%25.43% and 21.06%, respectively for the same periodperiods of 2019.

For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, the effective tax rate was 25.00%, excluding the discrete item of the foreign exchange ("FX") lossgain of $215$40 million on debt and lease liabilities was 25.00%.liabilities.

For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2019, the effective tax rate was 25.11%, excluding the discrete item of the FX loss of $25 million on debt and lease liabilities.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the effective tax rate was 25.00%, excluding the discrete item of the FX loss of $89 million on debt and lease liabilities.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the effective tax rate was 25.50%, excluding the discrete items of the FX gain of $45$57 million on debt and lease liabilities was 25.75%.and an $88 million deferred income tax recovery from the revaluation of deferred income tax balances as at January 1, 2019 on the enactment of Alberta provincial corporate income tax rate decrease.

6    Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share has been calculated using Net income for the period divided by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the period. The number of shares used in the earnings per share calculations are reconciled as follows:
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions)202020192020201920202019
Weighted-average basic shares outstanding136.7
140.1
135.2
138.1
135.9
139.3
Dilutive effect of stock options0.5
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding137.2
140.5
135.8
138.7
136.4
139.8


For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, there were no options excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (three months ended September 30, 2019 - nil). For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, there were 0.1 million options excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effects were not dilutive (three(nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2019 - 0.20.1 million).


7    Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") by component
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)
Foreign currency net of hedging activities(1)

Derivatives and
other(1)

Pension and post-
retirement defined
benefit plans(1)

Total(1)

Foreign currency net of hedging activities(1)

Derivatives and
other(1)

Pension and post-
retirement defined
benefit plans(1)

Total(1)

Opening balance, January 1, 2020$112
$(54)$(2,580)$(2,522)
Opening balance, July 1, 2020$116
$(52)$(2,514)$(2,450)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(1)0
0
(1)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss0
2
33
35
Net other comprehensive (loss) income(1)2
33
34
Closing balance, September 30, 2020$115
$(50)$(2,481)$(2,416)
Opening balance, July 1, 2019$112
$(58)$(2,063)$(2,009)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications7
—
—
7
1
0
0
1
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss—
2
33
35
0
1
15
16
Net other comprehensive income7
2
33
42
1
1
15
17
Closing balance, March 31, 2020$119
$(52)$(2,547)$(2,480)
Opening balance, January 1, 2019$113
$(62)$(2,094)$(2,043)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications—
(1)(1)(2)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss—
2
16
18
Net other comprehensive income—
1
15
16
Closing balance, March 31, 2019$113
$(61)$(2,079)$(2,027)
Closing balance, September 30, 2019$113
$(57)$(2,048)$(1,992)

(1) 
Amounts are presented net of tax.

 For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)
Foreign currency net of hedging activities(1)

Derivatives and
other(1)

Pension and post-
retirement defined
benefit plans(1)

Total(1)

Opening balance, January 1, 2020$112
$(54)$(2,580)$(2,522)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications3
(2)0
1
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss0
6
99
105
Net other comprehensive income3
4
99
106
Closing balance, September 30, 2020$115
$(50)$(2,481)$(2,416)
Opening balance, January 1, 2019$113
$(62)$(2,094)$(2,043)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications0
0
(1)(1)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss0
5
47
52
Net other comprehensive income0
5
46
51
Closing balance, September 30, 2019$113
$(57)$(2,048)$(1,992)
(1)
Amounts are presented net of tax.
Amounts in Pension and post-retirement defined benefit plans reclassified from AOCL are as follows:
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192020201920202019
Amortization of prior service costs(1)
$(1)$(1)$(1)$0
Recognition of net actuarial loss(1)
$45
$21
45
21
135
62
Total before income tax44
20
134
62
Income tax recovery(12)(5)(11)(5)(35)(15)
Total net of income tax$33
$16
$33
$15
$99
$47
(1) 
Impacts "Other components of net periodic benefit recovery" on the Interim Consolidated Statements of Income.

8    Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable from customers are recognized initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost less allowance for expected credit losses. Losses on accounts receivable are estimated based on historical credit loss experience of receivables with similar risk characteristics. Historical loss experience is adjusted to reflect any management expectations that current or future conditions will differ from conditions that existed for the period over which historical information is evaluated.

To determine expected credit losses, customer receivables are disaggregated by credit characteristics, type of customer service, customer line of business, and receivable aging.
(in millions of Canadian dollars)FreightNon-freightTotal
Accounts receivable, as at March 31, 2020$724
$202
$926
    
Allowance for credit losses   
Restated, as at January 1, 2020 (Note 2)(27)(16)(43)
Current period credit loss provision, net—
2
2
Allowance for credit losses, as at March 31, 2020(27)(14)(41)
Total accounts receivable, net as at March 31, 2020$697
$188
$885
    
Total accounts receivable, net restated, as at January 1, 2020$610
$194
$804
 For the three months ended September 30, 2020For the nine months ended September 30, 2020
(in millions of Canadian dollars)FreightNon-freightTotalFreightNon-freightTotal
Allowance for credit losses, opening balance(1)
$(26)$(14)$(40)$(27)$(16)$(43)
Current period credit loss provision, net0
0
0
1
2
3
Allowance for credit losses, closing balance$(26)$(14)$(40)$(26)$(14)$(40)

(1)
Opening balance at January 1, 2020 was restated as described in Note 2.
 As at September 30, 2020
(in millions of Canadian dollars)FreightNon-freightTotal
Total accounts receivable$705
$175
$880
Allowance for credit losses(26)(14)(40)
Total accounts receivable, net$679
$161
$840


Receivables are considered to be in default and are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that all remaining contractual payments due will not be collected in accordance with the terms of the customer contracts. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to earnings in the period recovered.

9    Business combination

On December 30, 2019, CP purchased 100% of Central Maine & Québec Railway Canada Inc. ("CMQ Canada") and Central Maine & Québec Railway U.S. ("CMQ U.S.") (together "CMQ").

The acquisition of CMQ Canada did not require regulatory approval and was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting on December 30, 2019.

The acquisition of CMQ U.S. was subject to approval from the United States Surface Transportation Board ("STB"). From the December 30, 2019 date of purchase, all purchased shares of CMQ U.S. were held in an independent voting trust (the "Trust") pending the STB's approval of CP's application for control of CMQ U.S. Approval was granted with an effective date of June 3, 2020. Between December 30, 2019 and June 3, 2020, CP accounted for its acquisition of CMQ U.S. as an equity method investment. During this time, CP paid additional consideration for CMQ of $3 million, representing changes from the finalization of previously estimated closing date working capital.

On June 3, 2020 the Trust was dissolved and CP assumed control of CMQ U.S. At this time, CP accounted for its acquisition in CMQ U.S. as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities were recorded at their estimated fair values as at June 3, 2020 and results from operations and cash flows were consolidated prospectively. There was no material change in the acquisition-date fair value of the equity interest held by the Company in CMQ U.S. immediately before the acquisition date. Fair values were determined primarily through the use of an income approach.

The purchase price allocation was prepared on a preliminary basis and is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax bases of the net assets acquired. Any adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition.

The following summarizes the estimated fair values of the acquired assets and liabilities of CMQ U.S. at June 3, 2020:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)June 3, 2020
Fair value of net assets acquired: 
Cash and cash equivalents$22
Accounts receivable, net2
Properties54
Intangible assets27
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(13)
Other long-term liabilities(5)
Total identifiable assets and liabilities$87
Goodwill51
 $138
Consideration: 
Fair value of previously held equity method investment$138
9
Goodwill of $51 million relates primarily to expected operating business synergies between the Company and CMQ U.S. The factors that contribute to the goodwill are revenue growth from customers which are currently not served by CP, access to new routes, and an assembled workforce. Goodwill recognized is not deductible for tax purposes.

Intangible assets of $27 million reflect customer lists acquired in the purchase of CMQ U.S., and have amortization periods of 20 years.

Acquired cash and cash equivalents of $22 million is presented as a reduction of cash used in investing activities in the Company's Interim Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and is presented net of finalized closing working capital adjustments for CMQ of $3 million as described above.

CP has not provided pro forma information relating to the pre-acquisition period as it is not material.

10    Debt

Issuance of long-term debt

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company issued U.S. $500 million 2.050% 10-year unsecured notes due March 5, 2030 for net proceeds of approximately U.S. $495 million ($662 million) and $300 million 3.050% 30-year unsecured notes due March 9, 2050 for net proceeds of approximately $296 million. These notes pay interest semi-annually and carry a negative pledge.pledge.

Credit facility

The Company's revolving credit facility consists of a U.S. $1.0 billion tranche maturing September 27, 2024 and a U.S. $300 million tranche maturing September 27, 2021. As atDuring the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company haddrew U.S. $100 million ($142 million) drawn from the U.S. $300 million tranche of its revolving credit facility. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, the Company repaid this amount in full. As at September 30, 2020, the revolving credit facility was undrawn (December 31, 2019 - undrawn). The interest rateCompany presents draws and repayments on these borrowings is 1.875%. These borrowings are includedits revolving credit facility in "Long-term debt maturing within one year" on the Company's Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Statements of Cash Flows on a net basis.

Commercial paper program

The Company has a commercial paper program which enables it to issue commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of U.S. $1.0 billion in the form of unsecured promissory notes. This commercial paper program is backed by the U.S. $1.3 billion revolving credit facility. As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company had total commercial paper borrowings of U.S. $20$345 million ($28 million), included in "Long-term debt maturing within one year" on the Company's Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets (December
(December 31, 2019 - U.S. $397 million). The weighted-average interest rate on these borrowings was 2.55%0.20% (December 31, 2019 - 2.03%). The Company presents issuances and repayments of commercial paper, all of which have a maturity of less than 90 days, in the Company's Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows on a net basis.

1011    Financial instruments

A. Fair values of financial instruments

The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy established by GAAP that prioritizes those inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based on the degree to which they are observable.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and Level 3 inputs are not observable in the market.

The carrying values ofCompany’s short-term financial instruments equal orinclude cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and short-term borrowings including commercial paper. The carrying value of short-term financial instruments all approximate their fair values with the exception of long-term debt as at:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)March 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Long-term debt (including current maturities):  
Fair value$11,607
$10,149
Carrying value10,070
8,757

values.

All long-termThe carrying value of the Company’s debt is classified as level 2. Theand finance lease liabilities do not approximate their fair value. Their estimated fair value of current and long-term borrowings has been determined based on market information where available, or by discounting future payments of principal and interest at estimated interest rates expected to be available to the Company at period end. All measurements are classified as Level 2. The Company’s debt and finance lease liabilities, including current maturities, with a carrying value of $9,327 million at September 30, 2020 (December 31, 2019 - $8,241 million), had a fair value of $11,860 million (December 31, 2019 - $10,149 million).

B. Financial risk management

The effect of the Company's net investment hedge for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 was an unrealized FX gain of $135 million and an unrealized FX loss of $555$156 million, respectively (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2019 - an unrealized FX loss of $68 million and an unrealized FX gain of $120 million)$172 million, respectively) recognized in “Other comprehensive income”.

1112    Shareholders' equity

On December 17, 2019, the Company announced a normal course issuer bid ("NCIB"), commencing December 20, 2019, to purchase up to 4.80 million Common Shares in the open market for cancellation on or before December 19, 2020. As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company had purchased 1.752.95 million Common Shares for $568$1,016 million under this NCIB.

On October 19, 2018, the Company announced a NCIB, commencing October 24, 2018, to purchase up to 5.68 million Common Shares for cancellation on or before October 23, 2019. The Company completed this NCIB on October 23, 2019.

All purchases were made in accordance with the respective NCIB at prevailing market prices plus brokerage fees, or such other prices that were permitted by the Toronto Stock Exchange, with consideration allocated to share capital"Share capital" up to the average carrying amount of the shares and any excess allocated to "Retained earnings".

The following table provides activities under the share repurchase programs:
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
202020192020201920202019
Number of Common Shares repurchased(1)
1,455,854
707,678
1,044,868
1,519,540
2,651,582
3,183,461
Weighted-average price per share(2)
$321.71
$261.73
$379.42
$310.36
$345.56
$299.09
Amount of repurchase (in millions)(2)
$468
$185
Amount of repurchase (in millions of Canadian dollars)(2)
$396
$471
$916
$952
(1) 
Includes shares repurchased but not yet cancelled at end of period.
(2) 
Includes brokerage fees.


1213    Pension and other benefits

In the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company made contributions of $9 million (three months ended March 31,September 30, 2019 - $11$17 million) to its defined benefit pension plans. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company made contributions of $24 million (nine months ended September 30, 2019 - $40 million) to its defined benefit pension plans.


Net periodic benefit costs for defined benefit pension plans and other benefits included the following components:
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30
PensionsOther benefitsPensionsOther benefits
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019202020192020201920202019
Current service cost (benefits earned by employees)$35
$27
$3
$3
$35
$27
$3
$3
Other components of net periodic benefit (recovery) cost:  
Interest cost on benefit obligation102
112
5
5
102
113
4
4
Expected return on fund assets(237)(237)—
—
(236)(236)0
0
Recognized net actuarial loss44
21
1
2
44
20
1
1
Amortization of prior service costs(1)(1)0
0
Total other components of net periodic benefit (recovery) cost(91)(104)6
7
(91)(104)5
5
Net periodic benefit (recovery) cost$(56)$(77)$9
$10
$(56)$(77)$8
$8
 
For the nine months ended September 30
PensionsOther benefits
(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Current service cost (benefits earned by employees)$105
$81
$9
$9
Other components of net periodic benefit (recovery) cost: 
Interest cost on benefit obligation305
338
13
14
Expected return on fund assets(709)(710)0
0
Recognized net actuarial loss132
61
3
3
Amortization of prior service costs(1)(1)0
1
Total other components of net periodic benefit (recovery) cost(273)(312)16
18
Net periodic benefit (recovery) cost$(168)$(231)$25
$27


1314    Stock-based compensation

At March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company had several stock-based compensation plans including stock option plans, various cash-settled liability plans, and an employee share purchase plan. These plans resulted in an expense for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 of $11$56 million and $110 million, respectively (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2019 - an expense of $34 million)$15 million and $88 million, respectively).

Stock option plan

In the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, under CP’s stock option plans, the Company issued 212,020215,943 options at the weighted-average price of $351.37$350.65 per share, based on the closing price on the grant date. Pursuant to the employee plan, these options may be exercised upon vesting, which is between 12 months and 48 months after the grant date, and will expire after seven years.


Under the fair value method, the fair value of the stock options at grant date was approximately $15 million. The weighted-average fair value assumptions were approximately:
 For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020
Expected option life (years)(1)
4.75
Risk-free interest rate(2)
1.31%1.29%
Expected stock price volatility(3)
23.05%23.11%
Expected annual dividends per share(4)
$3.3200
Expected forfeiture rate(5)
4.37%4.40%
Weighted-average grant date fair value per option granted during the period$68.9568.86
(1) 
Represents the period of time that awards are expected to be outstanding. Historical data on exercise behaviour or, when available, specific expectations regarding future exercise behaviour were used to estimate the expected life of the option.
(2) 
Based on the implied yield available on zero-coupon government issues with an equivalent term commensurate with the expected term of the option.
(3) 
Based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price over a period commensurate with the expected term of the option.
(4) 
Determined by the current annual dividend at the time of grant. The Company does not employ different dividend yields throughout the contractual term of the option. On July 21, 2020, the Company announced an increase in its quarterly dividend to $0.9500 per share, representing $3.8000 on an annual basis.
(5) 
The Company estimates forfeitures based on past experience. This rate is monitored on a periodic basis.

Performance share unit plans

During the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company issued 97,20597,710 Performance Share Units ("PSUs") with a grant date fair value of approximately $34 million and 10,029 Performance Deferred Share Units ("PDSUs") with a grant date fair value, including value of expected future matching units, of approximately $4 million. PSUs and PDSUs attract dividend equivalents in the form of additional units based on dividends paid on the Company’s Common Shares, and vest approximately three years after the grant date, contingent upon CP’s performance ("performance factor"). The fair value of these PSUs and PDSUs is measured periodically until settlement using a lattice-based valuation model.Vestedsettlement. Vested PSUs are settled in cash. Vested PDSUs are settled in cash pursuant to the Deferred Share Unit ("DSU") Plan and are eligible for a 25% match if the holder has not exceeded their share ownership requirements, and are paid out only when the holder ceases their employment with CP.


The performance period for PSUs and PDSUs issued in the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 is January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 and the performance factors are Return on Invested Capital ("ROIC"), Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") compared to the S&P/TSX 60 Index, and TSR compared to Class I railways.

The performance period for PSUs issued in 2017 was January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019, and the performance factors for these PSUs were ROIC, TSR compared to the S&P/TSX Capped Industrial Index, and TSR compared to S&P 1500 Road and Rail Index. The resulting payout was 193% of the outstanding units multiplied by the Company's average share price calculated using the last 30 trading days preceding December 31, 2019. In the first quarter of 2020, payouts occurred on the total outstanding awards, including dividends reinvested, totalling $76 million on 121,225 outstanding awards.

Deferred share unit plan

During the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company granted 13,13417,356 DSUs with a grant date fair value of approximately $4$6 million. DSUs vest over various periods of up to 4836 months and are only redeemable for a specified period after employment is terminated. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, payouts totaling $8 million were made in respect of 25,345 vested DSUs, including dividends reinvested. The expense for DSUs is recognized over the vesting period for both the initial subscription price and the change in value between reporting periods.

1415    Contingencies

In the normal course of its operations, the Company becomes involved in various legal actions, including claims relating to injuries and damage to property. The Company maintains provisions it considers to be adequate for such actions. While the final outcome with respect to actions outstanding or pending at March 31,September 30, 2020 cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management that their resolution will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position or results of operations.

Legal proceedings related to Lac-Mégantic rail accident

On July 6, 2013, a train carrying petroleum crude oil operated by Montréal Maine and Atlantic Railway (“MMAR”) or a subsidiary, Montréal Maine & Atlantic Canada Co. (“MMAC” and collectively the “MMA Group”), derailed in Lac-Mégantic, Québec. The derailment occurred on a section of railway owned and operated by the MMA Group and while the MMA Group exclusively controlled the train.


Following the derailment, MMAC sought court protection in Canada under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act and MMAR filed for bankruptcy in the U.S. Plans of arrangement were approved in both Canada and the U.S. (the “Plans”), providing for the distribution of approximately $440 million amongst those claiming derailment damages.

A number of legal proceedings, set out below, were commenced in Canada and the U.S. against CP and others:

(1)Québec's Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks ordered various parties, including CP, to remediate the derailment site (the "Cleanup Order") and served CP with a Notice of Claim for $95 million for those costs. CP appealed the Cleanup Order and contested the Notice of Claim with the Administrative Tribunal of Québec. These proceedings are stayed pending determination of the Attorney General of Québec (“AGQ”) action (paragraph 2 below).

(2)The AGQ sued CP in the Québec Superior Court claiming $409 million in damages, which was amended and reduced to $315 million (the “AGQ Action”). The AGQ Action alleges that: (i) CP was responsible for the petroleum crude oil from its point of origin until its delivery to Irving Oil Ltd.; and (ii) CP is vicariously liable for the acts and omissions of the MMA Group.

(3)A class action in the Québec Superior Court on behalf of persons and entities residing in, owning or leasing property in, operating a business in, or physically present in Lac-Mégantic at the time of the derailment was certified against CP on May 8, 2015 (the "Class Action"). Other defendants including MMAC and Mr. Thomas Harding ("Harding") were added to the Class Action on January 25, 2017. The Class Action seeks unquantified damages, including for wrongful death, personal injury, property damage, and economic loss.

(4)NaN subrogated insurers sued CP in the Québec Superior Court claiming approximately $16 million in damages, which was amended and reduced to approximately $15 million (the “Promutuel Action”), and 2 additional subrogated insurers sued CP claiming approximately $3 million in damages (the “Royal Action”). Both actions contain similar allegations as the AGQ Action. The actions do not identify the subrogated parties. As such, the extent of any overlap between the damages claimed in these actions and under the Plans is unclear. The Royal Action is stayed pending determination of the consolidated proceedings described below.

On December 11, 2017, the AGQ Action, the Class Action and the Promutuel Action were consolidated. These consolidated claims are currently scheduled for a joint liability trial commencing on or around September 28, 2020,13, 2021, followed by a damages trial, if necessary.

(5)NaN plaintiffs (all individual claims joined in one action) sued CP, MMAC, and Harding in the Québec Superior Court claiming approximately $5 million in damages for economic loss and pain and suffering, and asserting similar allegations as in the Class Action and the AGQ Action. The majority of the plaintiffs opted-out of the Class Action and all but two are also plaintiffs in litigation against CP, described in paragraph 7 below. This action is stayed pending determination of the consolidated claims described above.

in litigation against CP, described in paragraph 7 below. This action is stayed pending determination of the consolidated claims described above.

(6)The MMAR U.S. bankruptcy estate representative commenced an action against CP in November 2014 in the Maine Bankruptcy Court claiming that CP failed to abide by certain regulations and seeking approximately U.S. $30 million in damages for MMAR’s loss in business value (as yet unquantified).according to a recent report. This action asserts that CP knew or ought to have known that the shipper misclassified the petroleum crude oil and therefore should have refused to transport it.
 
(7)The class and mass tort action commenced against CP in June 2015 in Texas (on behalf of Lac-Mégantic residents and wrongful death representatives) and the wrongful death and personal injury actions commenced against CP in June 2015 in Illinois and Maine, were all transferred and consolidated in Federal District Court in Maine (the “Maine Actions”). The Maine Actions allege that CP negligently misclassified and improperly packaged the petroleum crude oil. On CP’s motion, the Maine Actions were dismissed. The plaintiffs are appealing the dismissal decision, which may be heard in July 2020.is pending.

(8)The trustee for the wrongful death trust commenced Carmack Amendment claims against CP in North Dakota Federal Court, seeking to recover approximately U.S. $6 million for damaged rail cars and lost crude and reimbursement for the settlement paid by the consignor and the consignee under the Plans (alleged to be U.S. $110 million and U.S. $60 million, respectively). The Court issued an Order on August 6, 2020 granting and denying in parts the parties' summary judgment motions, which Order is now subject to further review based on pending motions by the parties. This action is scheduled for trial in August 2020.on March 23, 2021.

At this stage of the proceedings, any potential responsibility and the quantum of potential losses cannot be determined. Nevertheless, CP denies liability and is vigorously defending these proceedings.


Environmental liabilities

Environmental remediation accruals, recorded on an undiscounted basis unless a reliable, determinable estimate as to an amount and timing of costs can be established, cover site-specific remediation programs.

The accruals for environmental remediation represent CP’s best estimate of its probable future obligation and include both asserted and unasserted claims, without reduction for anticipated recoveries from third parties. Although the recorded accruals include CP’s best estimate of all probable costs, CP’s total environmental remediation costs cannot be predicted with certainty. Accruals for environmental remediation may change from time to time as new information about previously untested sites becomes known, and as environmental laws and regulations evolve and advances are made in environmental remediation technology. The accruals may also vary as the courts decide legal proceedings against outside parties responsible for contamination. These potential charges, which cannot be quantified at this time, may materially affect income in the particular period in which a charge is recognized.
Costs related to existing, but as yet unknown, or future contamination will be accrued in the period in which they become probable and reasonably estimable.

The expense included in “Purchased services and other” for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 was $1$2 million and $6 million, respectively (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2019 - $1 million)$2 million and $4 million, respectively). Provisions for environmental remediation costs are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities”, except for the current portion which is recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities”. The total amount provided at March 31,September 30, 2020 was $83$81 million (December 31, 2019 - $77 million). Payments are expected to be made over 10 years through 2029.

15 Condensed consolidating financial information16    Subsequent event

Canadian Pacific Railway Company,On October 15, 2020, CP and OMERS Infrastructure Management Inc. (“OMERS”) entered into a 100%-owned subsidiarypurchase agreement whereby CP will acquire the 83.5 percent ownership of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CPRL”), is the issuerDetroit River Tunnel Partnership, currently held by certain affiliates of certain debt securities, which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by CPRL.OMERS. CP currently owns the remaining 16.5 percent. The following tables present condensed consolidating financial information (“CCFI”) in accordance with Rule 3-10(c) of Regulation S-X.

Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for under the equity method when presenting the CCFI.

The tables include all adjustments necessary to reconcile the CCFI on a consolidated basis to CPRL’s consolidated financial statementspurchase price for the periods presented.transaction is approximately U.S. $312 million subject to customary closing adjustments. The acquisition is currently expected to close at the end of 2020 and is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals.

Interim Condensed Consolidating Statements of Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2020    
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Revenues     
Freight$—
$1,457
$543
$—
$2,000
Non-freight—
33
93
(83)43
Total revenues—
1,490
636
(83)2,043
Operating expenses     
Compensation and benefits—
275
120
3
398
Fuel—
167
45
—
212
Materials—
41
16
2
59
Equipment rents—
44
(5)(3)36
Depreciation and amortization—
115
77
—
192
Purchased services and other—
243
154
(85)312
Total operating expenses—
885
407
(83)1,209
Operating income—
605
229
—
834
Less:     
Other expense (income)21
208
(18)—
211
Other components of net periodic benefit (recovery) expense—
(87)2
—
(85)
Net interest expense (income)—
122
(8)—
114
(Loss) income before income tax expense and equity in net earnings of subsidiaries(21)362
253
—
594
Less: Income tax expense—
134
51
—
185
Add: Equity in net earnings of subsidiaries430
202
—
(632)—
Net income$409
$430
$202
$(632)$409



Interim Condensed Consolidating Statements of Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2019                 
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Revenues     
Freight$—
$1,244
$482
$—
$1,726
Non-freight—
29
114
(102)41
Total revenues—
1,273
596
(102)1,767
Operating expenses     
Compensation and benefits—
274
130
2
406
Fuel—
165
44
—
209
Materials—
38
15
4
57
Equipment rents—
33
2
—
35
Depreciation and amortization—
96
64
—
160
Purchased services and other—
278
187
(108)357
Total operating expenses—
884
442
(102)1,224
Operating income—
389
154
—
543
Less:     
Other (income) expense(5)(43)1
—
(47)
Other components of net periodic benefit (recovery) expense—
(98)1
—
(97)
Net interest (income) expense(1)122
(7)—
114
Income before income tax expense and equity in net earnings of subsidiaries6
408
159
—
573
Less: Income tax expense—
104
35
—
139
Add: Equity in net earnings of subsidiaries428
124
—
(552)—
Net income$434
$428
$124
$(552)$434




Interim Condensed Consolidating Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2020             
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Net income$409
$430
$202
$(632)$409
Net (loss) gain in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of hedging activities—
(555)490
—
(65)
Change in derivatives designated as cash flow
hedges		—
2
—
—
2
Change in pension and post-retirement defined
benefit plans		—
44
1
—
45
Other comprehensive (loss) income before income taxes—
(509)491
—
(18)
Income tax recovery on above items—
60
—
—
60
Equity accounted investments42
491
—
(533)—
Other comprehensive income42
42
491
(533)42
Comprehensive income$451
$472
$693
$(1,165)$451


Interim Condensed Consolidating Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2019     
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Net income$434
$428
$124
$(552)$434
Net gain (loss) in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of hedging activities—
120
(104)—
16
Change in derivatives designated as cash flow
hedges		—
2
—
—
2
Change in pension and post-retirement defined
benefit plans		—
19
1
—
20
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes—
141
(103)—
38
Income tax expense on above items—
(22)—
—
(22)
Equity accounted investments16
(103)—
87
—
Other comprehensive income (loss)16
16
(103)87
16
Comprehensive income$450
$444
$21
$(465)$450


Interim Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets
As at March 31, 2020
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Assets     
Current assets     
Cash and cash equivalents$—
$119
$128
$—
$247
Accounts receivable, net—
670
215
—
885
Accounts receivable, intercompany172
249
168
(589)—
Short-term advances to affiliates—
1,891
3,874
(5,765)—
Materials and supplies—
134
43
—
177
Other current assets—
54
44
—
98
 172
3,117
4,472
(6,354)1,407
Long-term advances to affiliates1,090
8
92
(1,190)—
Investments—
29
340
—
369
Investments in subsidiaries10,886
11,861
—
(22,747)—
Properties—
10,446
9,454
—
19,900
Goodwill and intangible assets—
—
223
—
223
Pension asset—
1,111
—
—
1,111
Other assets—
179
299
—
478
Deferred income taxes5
—
—
(5)—
Total assets$12,153
$26,751
$14,880
$(30,296)$23,488
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity     
Current liabilities     
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$113
$1,025
$390
$—
$1,528
Accounts payable, intercompany7
333
249
(589)—
Short-term advances from affiliates5,078
664
23
(5,765)—
Long-term debt maturing within one year—
203
63
—
266
 5,198
2,225
725
(6,354)1,794
Pension and other benefit liabilities—
695
95
—
790
Long-term advances from affiliates—
1,181
9
(1,190)—
Other long-term liabilities—
180
361
—
541
Long-term debt—
9,804
—
—
9,804
Deferred income taxes—
1,780
1,829
(5)3,604
Total liabilities5,198
15,865
3,019
(7,549)16,533
Shareholders’ equity     
Share capital1,985
538
4,610
(5,148)1,985
Additional paid-in capital51
411
267
(678)51
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income(2,480)(2,480)1,072
1,408
(2,480)
Retained earnings7,399
12,417
5,912
(18,329)7,399
 6,955
10,886
11,861
(22,747)6,955
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$12,153
$26,751
$14,880
$(30,296)$23,488



Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets
As at December 31, 2019                
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Assets     
Current assets     
Cash and cash equivalents$—
$37
$96
$—
$133
Accounts receivable, net24
597
184
—
805
Accounts receivable, intercompany164
313
249
(726)—
Short-term advances to affiliates—
1,387
3,700
(5,087)—
Materials and supplies—
144
38
—
182
Other current assets—
41
49
—
90
 188
2,519
4,316
(5,813)1,210
Long-term advances to affiliates1,090
7
84
(1,181)—
Investments—
32
309
—
341
Investments in subsidiaries10,522
11,165
—
(21,687)—
Properties—
10,287
8,869
—
19,156
Goodwill and intangible assets—
—
206
—
206
Pension asset—
1,003
—
—
1,003
Other assets—
173
278
—
451
Deferred income taxes4
—
—
(4)—
Total assets$11,804
$25,186
$14,062
$(28,685)$22,367
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity     
Current liabilities     
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$146
$1,189
$358
$—
$1,693
Accounts payable, intercompany6
402
318
(726)—
Short-term advances from affiliates4,583
490
14
(5,087)—
Long-term debt maturing within one year—
548
51
—
599
 4,735
2,629
741
(5,813)2,292
Pension and other benefit liabilities—
698
87
—
785
Long-term advances from affiliates—
1,174
7
(1,181)—
Other long-term liabilities—
206
356
—
562
Long-term debt—
8,145
13
—
8,158
Deferred income taxes—
1,812
1,693
(4)3,501
Total liabilities4,735
14,664
2,897
(6,998)15,298
Shareholders’ equity     
Share capital1,993
538
4,610
(5,148)1,993
Additional paid-in capital48
406
265
(671)48
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income(2,522)(2,522)581
1,941
(2,522)
Retained earnings7,550
12,100
5,709
(17,809)7,550
 7,069
10,522
11,165
(21,687)7,069
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$11,804
$25,186
$14,062
$(28,685)$22,367



Interim Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
For the three months ended March 31, 2020             
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Cash provided by operating activities$94
$240
$269
$(114)$489
Investing activities     
Additions to properties—
(271)(84)—
(355)
Proceeds from sale of properties and other assets—
1
1
—
2
Advances to affiliates—
(496)(175)671
—
Other—
(8)(1)—
(9)
Cash used in investing activities—
(774)(259)671
(362)
Financing activities     
Dividends paid(114)(114)—
114
(114)
Issuance of CP Common Shares24
—
—
—
24
Purchase of CP Common Shares(501)—
—
—
(501)
Issuance of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper—
959
—
—
959
Repayment of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper—
(6)(9)—
(15)
Net repayment of commercial paper—
(553)—
—
(553)
Increase in short-term borrowings—
145
—
—
145
Advances from affiliates486
175
10
(671)—
Other11
—
—
—
11
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities(94)606
1
(557)(44)
Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents—
10
21
—
31
Cash position     
Increase in cash and cash equivalents—
82
32
—
114
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period—
37
96
—
133
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$—
$119
$128
$—
$247



Interim Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
For the three months ended March 31, 2019
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer)
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations
CPRL Consolidated
Cash provided by operating activities$687
$198
$219
$(691)$413
Investing activities     
Additions to properties—
(141)(83)—
(224)
Proceeds from sale of properties and other assets—
4
2
—
6
Advances to affiliates—
(250)(30)280
—
Repayment of advances to affiliates—
643
—
(643)—
Other—
—
(1)—
(1)
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities—
256
(112)(363)(219)
Financing activities     
Dividends paid(91)(691)—
691
(91)
Issuance of CP Common Shares4
—
—
—
4
Purchase of CP Common Shares(207)—
—
—
(207)
Issuance of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper—
397
—
—
397
Repayment of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper—
(5)—
—
(5)
Advances from affiliates250
30
—
(280)—
Repayment of advances from affiliates(643)—
—
643
—
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities(687)(269)—
1,054
98
Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents—
(1)—
—
(1)
Cash position     
Increase in cash and cash equivalents—
184
107
—
291
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period—
42
19
—
61
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$—
$226
$126
$—
$352



ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company's Interim Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 in Item 1. Financial Statements, other information in this report, and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of the Company's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except where otherwise indicated, all financial information reflected herein is expressed in Canadian dollars.

For purposes of this report, all references herein to “CP”, “the Company”, “we”, “our” and “us” refer to CPRL, CPRL and its subsidiaries, CPRL and one or more of its subsidiaries, or one or more of CPRL's subsidiaries, as the context may require.

Available Information

CP makes available on or through its website www.cpr.ca free of charge, its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our website also contains charters for our Board of Directors and each of its committees, our corporate governance guidelines and our Code of Business Ethics. SEC filings made by CP are also accessible through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The information on our website is not part of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

The Company has included the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) certifications regarding the Company's public disclosure required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as Exhibits to this report.

Executive Summary

FirstThird Quarter of 2020 Results

•
Financial performance - In the firstthird quarter of 2020, CP reported Diluted earnings per share ("EPS") of $2.98,$4.41, a decrease of 4% as1% compared to the same period of 2019 and Net income of $409$598 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of 6% as3% compared to the same period of 2019. These decreases were primarily due to lower Operating income in the third quarter of 2020, partially offset by foreign exchange ("FX") translation lossesgains on debt and lease liabilities in 2020 compared to FX translation gains in 2019 and higher taxes due to higher taxable income, partially offset by higher Operating income.losses during the same period of 2019.

Adjusted diluted EPS which excludes the FX translation losses and gains on debt and lease liabilities, was $4.42$4.12 in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of 58%11% compared to the same period of 2019. Adjusted income which also excludes the FX translation losses and gains on debt and lease liabilities, was $607$560 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of 55%13% compared to the same period of 2019. These increasesdecreases were primarily due to higherlower Operating income.income in the third quarter of 2020.

Adjusted diluted EPS and Adjusted income are defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures and discussed further in Results of Operations of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

CP reported an Operating ratio of 59.2%58.2% in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a 1,010210 basis point improvementincrease as compared to the same period of 2019. This improvementincrease was primarily due to higher freight revenues, and decreased operatingstock-based compensation expense associated with lower casualty costs and reduced weather related costs caused by harsh winter operating conditions in the first quarterimpacts of 2019.changes to stock price.

•
Total revenues - Total revenues increaseddecreased by 16%6% in the firstthird quarter of 2020 to $2,043$1,863 million from $1,767 million incompared to the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily drivendue to lower volumes as measured by higher volumes, liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates.revenue ton-miles ("RTMs") primarily due to the impacts of the novel strain of Coronavirus (“COVID-19”).

•
Operating performance - CP's average train speed increased by 2% in the first quarter of 2020, to 21.6 miles per hour, due to improved winter operating conditions which resulted in improved network fluidity. Average train weight increased by 4%7% to 9,1889,857 tons and average train length increased by 3%9% to 7,4098,082 feet, duecompared to the same period in 2019. These increases were a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency and continued improvements in operational efficiency for Potash and Grain trains, in each case compared to the same period in 2019. These metrics are discussed further in Performance Indicators of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Recent Developments

ForOn October 15, 2020, CP entered into an agreement to acquire full ownership of the firstDetroit River Tunnel Partnership, which owns a 1.6-mile rail tunnel linking Windsor, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan. The purchase price for the transaction is approximately U.S. $312 million subject to customary closing adjustments. CP currently owns a 16.5 percent interest in the partnership and is its designated operator. The acquisition will reduce CP’s operating costs related to movements through the tunnel while further integrating the eastern part of our network. The transaction is currently expected to close at the end of 2020 and remains subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals.

In the third quarter of 2020, the global emergenceeffects of the novel strainCOVID-19 pandemic on consumer demand resulted in lower volumes in the following lines of Coronavirus (“COVID-19”) had no material impact to CP’s business, financial condition, or results of operations.business: Energy, chemicals and plastics and Metals, minerals and consumer products. The future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on CP’s business are highly uncertain,continue to be unknown, however we havethe Company has put forward our current

estimate of the impact on our business in our revised 2020 outlook.outlook discussed below. CP continues to adapt our resources in real time and deliver for our customers and the North American economy.

As COVID-19 continuescontinued to spread throughout Canada and the United States during the three months ended September 30, 2020, CP is currently conductingconducted business as usual, to the greatest extent possible in the current circumstances, while continuing to apply principles of precision scheduled railroading to respond to changes in demand. The Company is takingcontinuing to take a variety of measures to ensure the availability of its transportation

services throughout our network, promote the safety and security of our employees, and railroaders, and support the communities in which we operate. CP is also supporting employees by working with labour unions to shorten recall times, to be prepared for when demand increases. Certain modifications the Company has made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic include:include but are not limited to: implementing a period of working at home for all non-essential support staff; restricting employee business travel; implementing post-travel employee screening; strengthening clean workplace practices; reinforcing socially responsible sick leave recommendations; limiting visitor and third-party access to Company facilities; launching internal COVID-19 resources for employees; creating a pandemic response team comprised of employees and members of senior management; encouraging telephonic and video conference-based meetings along with other hygiene and social distancing practices recommended by health authorities including Health Canada, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization; and supplementing employment insurance payments and maintaining health benefit coverage of employees through the pandemic. CP is responding to this crisis through measures designed to protect our workforce and preventingprevent disruptions to the central role the Company's operations provide at the backbone ofto the North American economy. CP's service is deemed essential as part of the transportation industry. We believe that we remain well positioned to adjust to market conditions to assist our customers as they work to manage their supply chain and inventories.
The Company's phased reintegration back into the workplace of non-essential office employees who had been working remotely is nearing completion. Preventative measures that serve to minimize the risk of exposure to COVID-19 remain in effect, including modifying our workspace to implement physical distancing measures, and continuously reevaluating our efforts with safety as a top priority.

As previously announced,In addition to the Company’s annual meeting of shareholders, held on April 21, 2020, was conducted via a virtual-only format by live webcast online for the first time. Weabove, we have observed many other companies, including companies in our industry, taking precautionary and preemptive actions to address the COVID-19 pandemic, and companies may take further actions that alter their normal business operations. We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that could materially alter our business operations as may be required or recommended by federal, provincial, state or local authorities, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, shareholders, partners, suppliers, and other stakeholders.

Additional information concerning the impact COVID-19 may have to our future business and results of operations is provided in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In the third quarter of 2020, CP released its first public statement on climate change, acknowledging the effects of rising global temperatures and our commitment to ongoing efforts to mitigate the impacts. The statement supports the goals of the Paris Agreement and the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, which seek to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In support of this initiative, we plan to establish a science-based emissions reduction target to guide our climate action.

Prior Developments

On July 21, 2020, CP declared a quarterly dividend of $0.95 per share on the outstanding Common Shares, an increase from $0.83 per share from the prior quarter. The dividend is payable on October 26, 2020 to holders of record at the close of business on September 25, 2020.

In the first six months of 2020, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer demand resulted in lower volumes in the following lines of business: Energy, chemicals and plastics, Metals, minerals and consumer products, Intermodal, and Automotive.

In the second quarter of 2020, CP completed its previously announced acquisition of Central Maine and Québec Railway
U.S. Inc. ("CMQ U.S."). Together with the earlier completion of the previously announced acquisition of Central Maine & Québec Railway Canada Inc. ("CMQ Canada"), the acquisition of CMQ U.S. completed CP's purchase of the entire CMQ network originally announced on November 20, 2019. CMQ U.S. and CMQ Canada will continue to operate in the U.S. and in Canada respectively as subsidiaries of CP. This allows CP to integrate CMQ U.S.'s 244.2 route-miles of rail line in Maine and Vermont into CP's network. The transaction also included 57.3 route-miles leased from the Maine Department of Transportation. CMQ U.S.'s network links CP directly to the Atlantic Ocean port of Searsport, Maine, and to Port Saint John in New Brunswick through connections with Eastern Maine Railway and New Brunswick Southern Railway. With the CMQ acquisition, CP is now a 13,000-mile rail network connecting the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast across six Canadian provinces and 11 U.S. states.

The Company’s annual meeting of shareholders, held on April 21, 2020, was conducted via a virtual-only format by live webcast online for the first time. All 11 director nominees were elected.


During the first quarter of 2019, the Company experienced severe winter operating conditions and an increase in the frequency and severity of casualty incidents and derailments. As a result, the Company incurred significant costs to manage severe weather conditions, as well as direct casualty costs, and higher operating costs. During this period and the subsequent network recovery the Company also experienced losses and deferrals of potential revenues.

2020 Outlook

As a resultBased on the strength of the ongoing impacts ofCompany’s performance to date, on October 20, 2020, CP updated the COVID-19 pandemic to business operations and the broader macroeconomy,outlook for 2020 that CP hashad previously updated its 2020 outlook. Based on CP’s current view of the demand environment, theJuly 22, 2020. The Company now expects volume, as measured in revenue ton-miles ("RTMs"), to be downdeliver at least mid-single digits anddigit Adjusted diluted EPS to be roughly flatgrowth year over year based on Adjusted diluted EPS of $16.44 in 2019. In spite of currency headwinds, CP now expects volume, as measured in RTMs, to be down low-single digits and continues to expect capital expenditures of $1.6 billion as the Company takes advantage of available track time to better position the network for recovery and support long-term shareholder returns.billion. CP's revised earnings guidance assumes aan FX rate of $1.40 USD/CAD,$1.35 CAD/USD, other components of net periodic benefit recovery to decrease by approximately $40 million versusas compared to 2019 and an effective tax rate of 25 percent.approximately 24.8 percent as a result of the accelerated reduction of the Alberta corporate tax rate as compared to 25.0 percent previously. Adjusted diluted EPS is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures and discussed further in Results of Operations of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Although CP has provided a forward-looking Non-GAAP measure (Adjusted diluted EPS), management is unable to reconcile, without unreasonable efforts, the forward-looking Adjusted diluted EPS to the most comparable GAAP measure, due to unknown variables and uncertainty related to future results. These unknown variables may include unpredictable transactions of significant value. In past years, CP has recognized significant asset impairment charges, management transition costs related to senior executives and discrete tax items. These or other similar, large unforeseen transactions affect diluted EPS but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted diluted EPS. Additionally, the U.S.-to-CanadaU.S.-to-Canadian dollar exchange rate is unpredictable and can have a significant impact on CP’s reported results but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted diluted EPS. In particular, CP excludes the FX impact of translating the Company’s debt and lease liabilities, the impact from changes in income tax rates and a provision for uncertain tax item from Adjusted diluted EPS. Please see Forward-Looking Statements in this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion.


Performance Indicators

The following table lists the key measures of the Company’s operating performance:
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
20202019% Change2020
2019(1)
% Change2020
2019(1)
% Change
Operations Performance  
Gross ton-miles (“GTMs”) (millions)71,309
64,854
10
65,997
71,658
(8)200,383
209,229
(4)
Train miles (thousands)8,367
7,823
7
7,247
8,354
(13)22,479
24,550
(8)
Average train weight - excluding local traffic (tons)9,188
8,868
4
9,857
9,173
7
9,644
9,117
6
Average train length - excluding local traffic (feet)7,409
7,165
3
8,082
7,446
9
7,831
7,382
6
Average terminal dwell (hours)6.2
7.9
(22)6.7
5.8
16
6.5
6.7
(3)
Average train speed (miles per hour, or "mph")21.6
21.1
2
22.5
22.7
(1)22.1
22.1
—
Locomotive productivity (GTMs / operating horsepower)207
208
—
207
200
4
Fuel efficiency (U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed / 1,000 GTMs)0.971
1.014
(4)0.926
0.927
—
0.940
0.956
(2)
Total Employees and Workforce  
Total employees (average)12,486
12,844
(3)12,156
13,203
(8)12,214
13,107
(7)
Total employees (end of period)12,330
12,995
(5)12,166
13,104
(7)12,166
13,104
(7)
Workforce (end of period)12,366
13,037
(5)12,185
13,134
(7)12,185
13,134
(7)
Safety Indicators(1)
  
FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours1.20
1.93
(38)1.06
1.44
(26)1.13
1.45
(22)
FRA train accidents per million train-miles0.99
1.62
(39)1.13
1.31
(14)1.06
1.29
(18)
(1) 
FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2019 waswere previously reported as 1.97,1.39 and 1.44, restated to 1.931.44 and 1.45, respectively in this report. FRA train accidents per million train-miles for the currentthree and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were previously reported as 1.10 and 1.19, restated to 1.31 and 1.29, respectively in this report. This adjustment reflectsThese restatements reflect new information available within specified periods stipulated by the FRA but that exceed the Company's financial reporting timeline.

For key measures of the Company's revenue performance, refer to Operating Revenues of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 

Operations Performance

These key measures are used by management as comparisons to historical operating results and in the planning process to facilitate decisions that continue to drive further productivity improvements in the Company's operations. Results of these key measures reflect how effective CP’s management is at controlling costs and executing the Company’s operating plan and strategy. Continued monitoring of these key measures ensures that the Company can take appropriate actions to ensure the delivery of superior service and be able to grow its business at low incremental cost.

Three months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2019

•
A GTM is defined as the movement of one ton of train weight over one mile. GTMs are calculated by multiplying total train weight by the distance the train moved. Total train weight comprises the weight of the freight cars, their contents, and any inactive locomotives. An increase in GTMs indicates additional workload. GTMs increaseddecreased by 10%8% in the firstthird quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily drivenmainly attributable to lower volumes of crude, Coal, and frac sand. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of crude, Canadian grain and Intermodal. This increase was partially offset by lower volumes of Canadian coal and Potash.

•
Train miles are defined as the sum of the distance moved by all trains operated on the network. Train miles increasedprovide a measure of the productive utilization of our network. A smaller increase in train miles relative to increases in volumes, as measured by 7%RTMs, and/or workload, as measured by GTMs, indicate improved train productivity. Train miles decreased by 13% in the firstthird quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increase indicatesdecrease reflects the impact of a 10% increasean 8% decrease in workload (GTMs) partially offset byas well as a 4%7% increase in average train weights.

•
Average train weight is defined as the average gross weight of CP trains, both loaded and empty. This excludes trains in short-haul service, work trains used to move CP’s track equipment and materials, and the haulage of other railroads’ trains on CP’s network. An increase in average train weight indicates improved asset utilization and may also be the result of moving heavier commodities. Average train weight increased by 4%7% in the firstthird quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency and improved winter operating conditions, partially offsetcontinued improvements in operational efficiency due to moving longer and heavier export potash and Grain trains. Improvements for Grain trains were driven by lower volumes of heavier commodities such as Canadian coalthe High Efficiency Product ("HEP") train model, which is an 8,500-foot train model that features the new high-capacity grain hopper cars and Potash.increased grain carrying capacity.

•
Average train length is defined as the average total length of CP trains, both loaded and empty. This includes all cars and locomotives on the train and is calculated as the sum of each car or locomotive's length multiplied by the distance travelled, divided by train miles. This excludes trains in short-haul service, work trains used to move CP’s track equipment and materials, and the haulage of other railroads’ trains on CP’s network. An increase in average train length indicates improved asset utilization. Average train length increased by 9% in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency and improvements in operational efficiency due to moving longer export potash and Grain trains. Improvements for Grain trains were driven by the 8,500-foot HEP train model.

Average train length increased by 3% in the first quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency, partially offset by lower volumes of Canadian coal and Potash, which move in longer trains.

•
Average terminal dwell is defined as the average time a freight car resides within terminal boundaries expressed in hours. The timing starts with a train arriving at the terminal, a customer releasing the car to the Company, or a car arriving at interchange from another railroad. The timing ends when the train leaves, a customer receives the car from CP, or the freight car is transferred to another railroad. Freight cars are excluded if they are being stored at the terminal or used in track repairs. A decrease in average terminal dwell indicates improved terminal performance resulting in faster cycle times and improved railcar utilization.Average terminal dwell improvedincreased by 22%16% in the firstthird quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This favourable decreaseincrease was duea result of aligning the operating plan to increased network fluidity.demand in order to maintain efficiencies in train productivity.

•
Average train speed is defined as a measure of the line-haul movement from origin to destination including terminal dwell hours. It is calculated by dividing the total train miles travelled by the total train hours operated. This calculation does not include delay time related to customers or foreign railroads and excludes the time and distance travelled by: i) trains used in or around CP’s yards; ii) passenger trains; and iii) trains used for repairing track. An increase in average train speed indicates improved on-time performance resulting in improved asset utilization.Average train speed increaseddecreased by 2%1% in the firstthird quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This2019 as a result of increased track and roadway capital programs.

•
Locomotive productivity is defined as the daily average GTMs divided by daily average operating horsepower. Operating horsepower excludes units offline, tied up or in storage, or in use on other railways, and includes foreign units online. An increase in speedlocomotive productivity indicates more efficient locomotive utilization and may also be the result of moving heavier commodities. Locomotive productivity was dueflat in the third quarter of 2020 compared to improved winter operating conditions.the same period of 2019.

•
Fuel efficiency is defined as U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed per 1,000 GTMs. Fuel consumed includes gallons from freight, yard and commuter service but excludes fuel used in capital projects and other non-freight activities. An improvement in fuel efficiency indicates operational cost savings and CP's commitment to corporate sustainability through a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions intensity. Fuel efficiency was flat in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019.


Nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019

•
GTMs decreased by 4% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to decreased volumes of Coal, crude, and frac sand. This decrease was partially offset by increased volumes of Canadian grain and Potash.

•
Train miles decreased by 8%for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This decrease reflected the impact of a 4% decrease in workload (GTMs), as well as a 6% increase in average train weights.

•
Average train weight increased by 6% for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency, continued improvements in operational efficiency due to moving longer and heavier export potash and Grain trains, and improved winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2020. This increase was partially offset by lower volumes of heavier commodities such as Canadian coal. Improvements for Grain trains were driven by the 8,500-foot HEP train model.

•
Average train length increased by 6% for the first nine months of 2020 from the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to improvements in operating plan efficiency and continued improvements in operational efficiency due to moving longer export potash and Grain trains. This increase was partially offset by lower volumes of commodities such as Canadian coal, which move in longer trains. Improvements for Grain trains were driven by the 8,500-foot HEP train model.

•
Average terminal dwell decreased by 3% in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This favourable decrease was due to improved network fluidity as a result of a continued focus on velocity and terminal efficiency in the first quarter of 2020, partially offset by the alignment of the operating plan to demand in order to maintain efficiencies in train productivity in the second and third quarter of 2020.

•
Average train speed was flat in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019.

•
Locomotive productivity increased by 4% in the first quarternine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increase was driven by improvements in operating plan efficiency.

•
Fuel efficiency improved by 2% in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. This increase in efficiency was primarily due to improved winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2020 and increased train productivity.

Total Employees and Workforce

An employeeis defined as an individual currently engaged in full-time, part-time, or seasonal employment with CP while workforce is defined as total employees plus contractors and consultants. The Company monitors employment and workforce levels in order to efficiently meet service and strategic requirements. The number of employees is a key driver to total compensation and benefits costs.

The average number of total employees decreased by 3%8% and 7% for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the same periodperiods of 2019. The total number of employees as at March 31,September 30, 2020 was 12,330,12,166, a decrease of 665,938, or 5%7%, compared to 12,99513,104 as at March 31,September 30, 2019. The total workforce as at March 31,September 30, 2020 was 12,366,12,185, a decrease of 671,949, or 5%7%, compared to 13,03713,134 as at March 31,September 30, 2019. The decrease in total employees and workforce is due to more efficient resource planning, and impacts ofincluding furloughs associated with the economic downturn caused by COVID-19, partially offset by the addition of Central Maine & Québec Railway Canada Inc. ("CMQ Canada") employees and workforce.from the acquisition of CMQ.

Safety Indicators

Safety is a key priority and core strategy for CP’s management, employees, and Board of Directors. Personal injuries and train accidents are indicators of the effectiveness of the Company's safety systems, and are used by management to evaluate and, as necessary, alter the Company's safety systems, procedures, and protocols. Each measure follows U.S. Federal Railroad Administration (“FRA”) reporting guidelines, which can result in restatement after initial publication to reflect new information available within specified periods stipulated by the FRA but that exceed the Company's financial reporting timeline.

The FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours frequency is the number of personal injuries, multiplied by 200,000 and divided by total employee hours. Personal injuries are defined as injuries that require employees to lose time away from work, modify their normal duties or obtain medical treatment beyond minor first aid. FRA employee-hours are the total hours worked, excluding vacation and sick time, by all employees, excluding contractors. The FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours frequency for CP was 1.201.06 in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease from 1.931.44 in the same period of 2019. For the first nine months of 2020, the FRA personal injury rate per 200,000 employee-hours for CP was 1.13, a decrease from 1.45 in the same period of 2019.

The FRA train accidents per million train-miles frequency is the number of train accidents, multiplied by 1,000,000 and divided by total train miles. Train accidents included in this metric meet or exceed the FRA reporting threshold of U.S. $10,700 in damage.

The FRA train accidents per million train-miles was 0.991.13 in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease from 1.621.31 in the same period of 2019. For the first nine months of 2020, the FRA train accidents per million train-miles was 1.06, a decrease from 1.29 in the same period of 2019.


Financial Highlights

The following table presents selected financial data related to the Company’s financial results as of, and for the three and nine months ended, March 31,September 30, 2020 and the comparative figures in 2019. The financial highlights should be read in conjunction with Item 1. Financial Statements and this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30 For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions, except per share data, percentages and ratios)2020201920202019 20202019
Financial Performance and Liquidity    
Total revenues$2,043
$1,767
$1,863
$1,979
 $5,698
$5,723
Operating income834
543
779
869
 2,383
2,234
Net income409
434
598
618
 1,642
1,776
Adjusted income(1)
607
392
560
640
 1,720
1,634
Basic EPS2.99
3.10
4.42
4.47
 12.09
12.75
Diluted EPS2.98
3.09
4.41
4.46
 12.04
12.70
Adjusted diluted EPS(1)
4.42
2.79
4.12
4.61
 12.62
11.68
Dividends declared per share0.8300
0.6500
0.9500
0.8300
 2.6100
2.3100
Cash provided by operating activities489
413
493
823
 1,817
1,957
Cash used in investing activities(362)(219)(483)(461) (1,313)(1,135)
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities(44)98
Cash used in financing activities(100)(263) (466)(737)
Free cash(1)
158
193
6
363
 497
821
Financial PositionAs at March 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019As at September 30, 2020 As at December 31, 2019
Total assets$23,488
$22,367
$23,787  $22,367 
Total long-term debt, including current portion10,070
8,757
9,786  8,757 
Total shareholders’ equity6,955
7,069
7,579  7,069 
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30 For the nine months ended September 30
Financial Ratios(2)
2020201920202019 20202019
Operating ratio(3)(2)
59.2%69.3%58.2%56.1% 58.2%61.0%
For the twelve months ended March 31For the twelve months ended September 30
202020192020 2019
Return on average shareholders' equity(4)
35.1%30.8%
Return on average shareholders' equity(3)

31.2% 32.4%
Adjusted return on invested capital ("Adjusted ROIC")(1)
17.4%15.9%16.2% 16.6%
Long-term debt to Net income ratio(5)(4)
4.2
4.4
4.2  3.9 
Adjusted net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio(1)
2.5
2.6
2.5  2.4 
(1) 
These measures have no standardized meanings prescribed by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. These measures are defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(2) 
The Non-GAAP measure Return on invested capital ("ROIC") has been discontinued starting with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in order to reduce Non-GAAP disclosures.
(3)
Operating ratio is defined as operating expenses divided by revenues, further discussed in Results of Operations of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(4)(3) 
Return on average shareholders' equity is defined as Net income divided by average shareholders' equity, averaged between the beginning and ending balance over a rolling 12-month period, further discussed in Results of Operations of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(5)(4) 
Long-term debt to Net income ratio is defined as long-term debt, including long-term debt maturing within one year, divided by Net income, further discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.


Results of Operations

Three months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2019

Income

Operating income was $834$779 million in the first quarter of 2020, an increase of $291 million, or 54%, from $543 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
higher volumes as measured by RTMs;
liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates;
the impact of harsher winter operating conditions in 2019;
decreased operating expense associated with lower casualty costs in 2020 of $31 million; and
the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization.

This increase was partially offset by higher volume variable expenses and higher depreciation and amortization of $31 million (excluding FX).

Net income was $409 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $25$90 million, or 6%10%, from $434$869 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes as measured by RTMs due to the impacts of COVID-19 and higher stock-based compensation primarily driven by the impact of changes in share price. This decrease was partially offset by liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates, and the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization.

Net income was $598 million in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $20 million, or 3%, from $618 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower Operating income in 2020, partially offset by an FX translation lossgain on U.S. dollar-denominated debt and lease liabilities of $215$40 million, compared to an FX translation gainloss of $45$25 million in the same period of 2019, higher taxes due to higher taxable income, partially offset by higher Operating income.2019.

Adjusted income, defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, was $607$560 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $215$80 million, or 55%13%, from $392$640 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to higherlower Operating income partially offset by higher taxes due to higher taxable income.in 2020.

Diluted Earnings per Share

Diluted EPS was $2.98$4.41 in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $0.11,$0.05, or 4%1%, from $3.09$4.46 in the same period of 2019. This decrease was due to lower Net income, partially offset by a lower average number of outstanding shares due to share repurchases under the Company'sCompany’s share repurchase program.

Adjusted diluted EPS, defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, was $4.42$4.12 in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $1.63,$0.49, or 58%11%, from $2.79$4.61 in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to higherlower Adjusted income andin 2020, partially offset by a lower average number of outstanding shares due to the Company’s share repurchase program.

Operating Ratio

The Operating ratio provides the percentage of revenues used to operate the railway. A lower percentage normally indicates higher efficiency in the operation of the railway. The Company’s Operating ratio was 59.2%58.2% in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a 1,010210 basis point improvementincrease from 69.3%56.1% in the same period of 2019. This improvementincrease was primarily due to:
increased stock-based compensation primarily driven by the impact of changes in share price;
lower volumes as measured by RTMs;
higher casualty costs incurred in 2020; and
cost inflation.

This increase was partially offset by:
liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates;
higher volumes;
the favourable impact of harsher winter operating conditionschanges in 2019;
lower casualty costs in 2020;fuel prices; and
the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization.
This improvement was partially offset by higher depreciation and amortization.

Return on Average Shareholders' Equity and Adjusted Return on Invested Capital

Return on average shareholders' equity and Adjusted ROIC are measures used by management to determine how productively the Company uses its long-term capital investments, representing critical indicators of good operating and investment decisions. Adjusted ROIC is also an important performance criteria in determining certain elements of the Company's long-term incentive plan.

Return on average shareholders' equity was 35.1%31.2% for the twelve months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, a 430120 basis point increasedecrease compared to 30.8%32.4% for the twelve months ended March 31, 2019, primarilySeptember 30, 2019. This decrease was due to higher Net income. This increase was partially offset bya higher average shareholders' equity due to accumulated Net income, partially offset by the impact of the Company's share repurchase program.

Adjusted ROIC was 17.4%16.2% for the twelve months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, a 15040 basis point increasedecrease compared to 15.9%16.6% for the twelve months ended March 31, 2019,September 30, 2019. This decrease was primarily due to higher Operating income. This increase was partially offset by the increase in adjusted average invested capital primarily due to higher Adjusted income,long-term debt, partially offset by the impact of the Company's share

repurchase program. Adjusted ROIC is a Non-GAAP measure, which is defined and reconciled from Return on average shareholders' equity, the most comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.


Nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019

Income

Operating income was $2,383 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $149 million, or 7%, from $2,234 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates;
the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization;
the impact of harsher winter operating conditions in 2019; and
the favourable impact of changes in fuel prices.

This increase was partially offset by:
lower volumes as measured by RTMs;
higher depreciation and amortization of $51 million (excluding FX); and
cost inflation.

Net income was $1,642 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $134 million, or 8%, from $1,776 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to an FX translation loss on U.S. dollar-denominated debt and lease liabilities of $89 million, compared to an FX translation gain of $57 million in the same period of 2019 and an income tax recovery of $88 million associated with a change in tax rate in 2019, partially offset by higher Operating income in 2020.

Adjusted income was $1,720 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $86 million, or 5%, from $1,634 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher Operating income in 2020, partially offset by higher taxes due to higher taxable income.

Diluted Earnings per Share

Diluted EPS was $12.04 in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $0.66, or 5%, from $12.70 in the same period of 2019. This decrease was due to lower Net income, partially offset by a lower average number of outstanding shares due to the Company’s share repurchase program.

Adjusted diluted EPS was $12.62 in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $0.94, or 8%, from $11.68 in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher Adjusted income and a lower average number of outstanding shares due to the Company’s share repurchase program.

Operating Ratio

The Company’s Operating ratio was 58.2% in the first nine months of 2020, a 280 basis point improvement from 61.0% in the same period of 2019. This improvement was primarily due to:
liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates;
the favourable impact of changes in fuel prices; and
the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization.

This improvement was partially offset by higher depreciation and amortization and cost inflation.

Impact of FX on Earnings

Fluctuations in FX affect the Company’s results because U.S. dollar-denominated revenues and expenses are translated into Canadian dollars. U.S. dollar-denominated revenues and expenses increase (decrease) when the Canadian dollar weakens (strengthens) in relation to the U.S. dollar. In the firstthird quarter of 2020, the impact of a stronger U.S. dollar resulted in an increase in total revenues of $6$9 million, an increase in total operating expenses of $6$5 million, and an increase in interest expense of $1 million from the same period of 2019. In the first nine months of 2020, the impact of a stronger U.S. dollar resulted in an increase in total revenues of $50 million, an increase in total operating expenses of $30 million, and an increase in interest expense of $6 million from the same period of 2019.

On April 17,October 16, 2020, the noon buying rate certified for customs purposes by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York was U.S. $1.00 = $1.40$1.32 Canadian dollar.


The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, the average exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the U.S. dollar expressed in the Canadian dollar equivalent of one U.S. dollar, the high and lowperiod end exchange rates, and period endthe high and low exchange rates for the periods indicated. Averages for year-end periodsAverage exchange rates are calculated by using the exchange rates on the last day of each full month during the relevant period. These rates are based on the noon buying rate certified for customs purposes by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board.
Average exchange rates (Canadian/U.S. dollar)2020201920202019
For the three months ended - March 31$1.35
$1.33
For the three months ended - September 30$1.33
$1.32
For the nine months ended - September 30$1.35
$1.33

Ending exchange rates (Canadian/U.S. dollar)2020201920202019
Beginning of year - January 1$1.30
$1.36
$1.30
$1.36
End of quarter - March 31$1.41
$1.34
Beginning of quarter - July 1$1.36
$1.31
End of quarter - September 30$1.33
$1.32

For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
High/Low exchange rates (Canadian/U.S. dollar)202020192020201920202019
High$1.45
$1.36
$1.36
$1.33
$1.45
$1.36
Low$1.30
$1.31
$1.30
$1.30
$1.30
$1.30

The impact of FX on total revenues and operating expenses is discussed further in Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, in the Foreign Exchange Risk section.

Impact of Fuel Price on Earnings

Fluctuations in fuel prices affect the Company’s results because fuel expense constitutes a significant portion of CP's operating costs. As fuel prices fluctuate, there will be an impact on earnings due to the timing of recoveries from CP's fuel cost adjustment program. The following table indicates the average fuel price for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and the comparative periods of 2019.
Average Fuel Price (U.S. dollars per U.S. gallon)2020201920202019
For the three months ended - March 31$2.33
$2.40
For the three months ended - September 30$1.72
$2.41
For the nine months ended - September 30$1.90
$2.48

The impact of fuel prices on earnings includes the impacts of carbon taxes, levies, and obligations under cap-and-trade programs recovered and paid, on revenues and expenses, respectively.

In the firstthird quarter of 2020, the favourableunfavourable impact of fuel prices on Operating income was $12$10 million. Lower fuel prices resulted in a decrease in Total operating expenses of $11$51 million. TheLower fuel prices, and the unfavourable impact of the timing of recoveries from CP's fuel cost adjustment program, partially offset by increased carbon tax recoveries, resulted in a decrease in Total revenues of $61 million from the same period of 2019.

In the first nine months of 2020, the favourable impact of fuel prices on Operating income was $26 million. Lower fuel prices resulted in a decrease in Total operating expenses of $143 million. Lower fuel prices, partially offset by the timing of recoveries from CP's fuel cost adjustment program, and increased carbon tax recoveries, partially offset by lower prices, resulted in an increasea decrease in Total revenues of $1$117 million from the same period of 2019.



Impact of Share Price on Earnings

Fluctuations in the Common Share price affect the Company's operating expenses because share-based liabilities are measured at fair value. The Company's Common Shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") and the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") with ticker symbol "CP". The following tables indicate the opening and closing Common Share price on the TSX and the NYSE for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and the comparative periodperiods in 2019.
TSX (in Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Opening Common Share price, as at January 1$331.03
$242.24
$331.03
$242.24
Ending Common Share price, as at March 31$310.55
$275.34
Change in Common Share price for the three months ended March 31$(20.48)$33.10
Ending Common Share price, as at June 30$345.32
$308.43
Ending Common Share price, as at September 30$405.05
$294.42
Change in Common Share price for the three months ended September 30$59.73
$(14.01)
Change in Common Share price for the nine months ended September 30$74.02
$52.18

NYSE (in U.S. dollars)2020201920202019
Opening Common Share price, as at January 1$254.95
$177.62
$254.95
$177.62
Ending Common Share price, as at March 31$219.59
$206.03
Change in Common Share price for the three months ended March 31$(35.36)$28.41
Ending Common Share price, as at June 30$255.34
$235.24
Ending Common Share price, as at September 30$304.43
$222.46
Change in Common Share price for the three months ended September 30$49.09
$(12.78)
Change in Common Share price for the nine months ended September 30$49.48
$44.84

In the firstthird quarter of 2020, the impact of the change in Common Share prices resulted in a decreasean increase in stock-based compensation expense of $17$32 million compared to a decrease of $9 million in the same period of 2019.

In the first nine months of 2020, the impact of the change in Common Share prices resulted in an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $35 million compared to an increase of $13$20 million in the same period of 2019.

The impact of share price on stock-based compensation is discussed further in Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Share Price Impact on Stock-Based Compensation.

Operating Revenues

The Company’s revenues are primarily derived from transporting freight. Changes in freight volumes generally contribute to corresponding changes in freight revenues and certain variable expenses, such as fuel, equipment rents, and crew costs. Non-freight revenues are generated from leasing of certain assets; other arrangements, including logistical services and contracts with passenger service operators; and switching fees.
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(2)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(2)
Freight revenues (in millions)(1)
$2,000
$1,726
$274
1615$1,821
$1,932
$(111)(6)(6)
Non-freight revenues (in millions)43
41
2
542
47
(5)(11)(11)
Total revenues (in millions)$2,043
$1,767
$276
1615$1,863
$1,979
$(116)(6)(6)
Carloads (in thousands)690.6
635.6
55.0
9N/A659.0
711.9
(52.9)(7)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)39,218
36,002
3,216
9N/A36,690
39,172
(2,482)(6)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$2,896
$2,716
$180
76$2,763
$2,714
$49
2
1
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)5.10
4.79
0.31
64.96
4.93
0.03
1
—
(1) 
Freight revenues include fuel surcharge revenues of $119$55 million in 2020 and $107$119 million in 2019. Fuel surcharge revenues include recoveries of carbon taxes, levies, and obligations under cap-and-trade programs.
(2) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Freight revenues were $2,000$1,821 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $274$111 million, or 16%6%, from $1,726$1,932 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to higher higherlower volumes as measured by RTMs, andRTMs. This decrease was partially offset by higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile.

RTMs are defined as the movement of one revenue-producing ton of freight over a distance of one mile. RTMs measure the relative weight and distance of rail freight moved by the Company. RTMs for the firstthird quarter of 2020 were 39,21836,690 million, an increasea decrease of 9%

2,482 million, or 6%, compared with 36,00239,172 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was mainly attributable to higherlower volumes of crude, Intermodal,Coal, and Grain.frac sand. This increasedecrease was partially offset by lowerhigher volumes of Canadian coalgrain and Potash.

Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile is defined as freight revenue per revenue-producing ton of freight over a distance of one mile. This is an indicator of yield. Freight revenue per revenue ton mileton-mile was 5.104.96 cents in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of 0.31 cent,0.03 cents, or 6%1%, from 4.794.93 cents in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates.rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $9 million. This increase was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices of $61 million.


Carloads are defined as revenue-generating shipments of containers and freight cars. Carloads were 690.6659.0 thousand in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of 55.052.9 thousand, or 9%7%, from 635.6711.9 thousand in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to higherlower volumes of crude, Intermodal, crude,Coal, and Grain.frac sand. This increasedecrease was partially offset by lowerhigher volumes of Canadian coal.grain and Potash.

Freight revenue per carload is defined as freight revenue per revenue-generating shipment of containers or freight cars. This is an indicator of yield. Freight revenue per carload was $2,896$2,763 in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $180,$49, or 7%2%, from $2,716$2,714 in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates.rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $9 million. This increase was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices of $61 million.

Non-freight revenues were $43$42 million in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $5 million, or 11%, from $47 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower passenger revenues and switching fees.
For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(2)
Freight revenues (in millions)(1)
$5,573
$5,589
$(16)—
(1)
Non-freight revenues (in millions)125
134
(9)(7)(7)
Total revenues (in millions)$5,698
$5,723
$(25)—
(1)
Carloads (in thousands)1,980.6
2,064.3
(83.7)(4)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)111,635
114,994
(3,359)(3)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$2,814
$2,707
$107
4
3
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)4.99
4.86
0.13
3
2
(1)
Freight revenues include fuel surcharge revenues of $237 million in 2020 and $352 million in 2019. Fuel surcharge revenues include carbon taxes, levies, and obligations recovered under cap-and-trade programs.
(2)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Freight revenues were $5,573 million in the first quarternine months of 2020, a decrease of $16 million, or flat, from $5,589 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes as measured by RTMs, partially offset by higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile.

RTMs for the first nine months of 2020 were 111,635 million, a decrease of 3,359 million, or 3% compared with 114,994 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was mainly attributable to lower volumes of Coal, crude, and frac sand. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of Canadian grain and Potash.

Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile was 4.99 cents in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $2 million,0.13 cents, or 5%3%, from $414.86 cents in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $50 million. This increase was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices, of $117 million and moving lower volumes of Automotive, which has a higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile compared to the corporate average.

Carloads were 1,980.6 thousand in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of 83.7 thousand, or 4%, from 2,064.3 thousand in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of Coal, frac sand, crude, and Automotive. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of Canadian grain and Potash.

Freight revenue per carload was $2,814 in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $107, or 4%, from $2,707 in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher logistical servicesliquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $50 million. This increase is partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices, of $117 million.


Non-freight revenues were $125 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $9 million, or 7%, from $134 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower passenger revenues and switching fees.

Fuel Cost Adjustment Program

Freight revenues include fuel surcharge revenues associated with CP's fuel cost adjustment program, which is designed to respond to fluctuations in fuel prices and help reduce exposure to changing fuel prices. The surcharge is applied to shippers through tariffs and by contract, within agreed-upon guidelines. This program includes recoveries of carbon taxes, levies, and obligations under cap-and-trade programs. Freight revenues includeincluded fuel surcharge revenues of $119$55 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $12$64 million, or 11%54%, from $107$119 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to lower fuel prices and lower volumes.

In the first nine months of 2020, fuel surcharge revenues were $237 million, a decrease of $115 million, or 33%, from $352 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower fuel prices. This decrease was partially offset by the timing of recoveries from CP's fuel cost adjustment program increased volumes, and increased carbon tax recoveries. The increases were partially offset by lower fuel prices.

Lines of Business

Grain
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$418
$380
$38
10$457
$409
$48
12
11
Carloads (in thousands)100.6
92.8
7.8
8N/A124.5
106.6
17.9
17
N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)9,016
8,352
664
8N/A10,549
8,953
1,596
18
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,155
$4,089
$66
21$3,671
$3,837
$(166)(4)(5)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)4.64
4.55
0.09
24.33
4.57
(0.24)(5)(5)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Grain revenue was $418$457 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $38$48 million, or 10%12%, from $380$409 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to increasedmoving record volumes of Canadian grain primarily to Vancouver, B.C., higher freight rates, and Montreal, and increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile.the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to moving higher volumes of long haul Canadian grain to Vancouver and the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.
For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$1,321
$1,211
$110
9
8
Carloads (in thousands)343.5
312.5
31.0
10
N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)29,734
26,757
2,977
11
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,846
$3,875
$(29)(1)(2)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)4.44
4.53
(0.09)(2)(3)
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Grain revenue was $1,321 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $110 million, or 9%, from $1,211 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to moving record volumes of Canadian grain, primarily to Vancouver and Thunder Bay, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile and moving lower volumes of U.S. soybeansgrain, primarily corn, to the Pacific Northwest.western Canada. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increaseddecreased due to moving higher freight rates, primarily for regulatedvolumes of long haul Canadian grain.grain to Vancouver and the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.


Coal
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$150
$158
$(8)(5)(5)$130
$183
$(53)(29)(29)
Carloads (in thousands)63.8
70.4
(6.6)(9)N/A
63.5
81.2
(17.7)(22)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)4,435
5,232
(797)(15)N/A
4,437
5,761
(1,324)(23)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$2,351
$2,237
$114
5
5
$2,047
$2,254
$(207)(9)(10)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)3.38
3.01
0.37
12
12
2.93
3.18
(0.25)(8)(8)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  
 
Coal revenue was $150$130 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $8$53 million, or 5%29%, from $158$183 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to decreasedlower volumes of Canadian coal, driven by supply chain challenges at both the ports. This decrease was partially offset by increasedmines and the ports, lower volumes of U.S. coal to Wisconsin, and decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to higher freight rates. RTMs decreased more than carloadsthe unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.
For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$411
$514
$(103)(20)(20)
Carloads (in thousands)186.7
229.3
(42.6)(19)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)13,209
16,485
(3,276)(20)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$2,201
$2,242
$(41)(2)(2)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)3.11
3.12
(0.01)—
—
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Coal revenue was $411 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $103 million, or 20%, from $514 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to moving proportionately lower volumes of Canadian coal, driven by supply chain challenges at both the mines and ports, lower volumes of U.S. coal to Vancouver, which hasWisconsin, and decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue as a longer lengthresult of haul.

lower fuel prices.

Potash
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$112
$114
$(2)(2)(2)$132
$117
$15
13
13
Carloads (in thousands)36.4
37.9
(1.5)(4)N/A
43.6
36.3
7.3
20
N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)4,138
4,573
(435)(10)N/A
5,036
4,188
848
20
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,077
$2,996
$81
3
3
$3,028
$3,223
$(195)(6)(6)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)2.71
2.48
0.23
9
9
2.62
2.79
(0.17)(6)(6)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Potash revenue was $112$132 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decreasean increase of $2$15 million, or 2%13%, from $114$117 million in the same period of 2019. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to decreasedhigher volumes of export potash driven by unresolvedfollowing resolved international contract negotiations.negotiations, higher volumes of domestic potash, and higher freight rates. This decreaseincrease was partially offset by increaseddecreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.

For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$390
$367
$23
6
5
Carloads (in thousands)127.0
118.6
8.4
7
N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)14,664
14,003
661
5
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,071
$3,094
$(23)(1)(2)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)2.66
2.62
0.04
2
1
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Potash revenue was $390 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $23 million, or 6%, from $367 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of export potash following resolved international contract negotiations, higher volumes of domestic potash, and increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. This increase was partially offset by lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates. RTMs decreasedrates and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Carloads increased more than carloads due toRTMs driven by moving proportionately less exporthigher volumes to the Port of Vancouver,domestic potash within western Canada, which has a longershorter length of haul.

Fertilizers and Sulphur
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$70
$57
$13
2321
$65
$66
$(1)(2)(3)
Carloads (in thousands)15.1
13.7
1.4
10N/A
13.9
14.8
(0.9)(6)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)1,095
902
193
21N/A
1,059
1,030
29
3
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,636
$4,197
$439
109
$4,676
$4,459
$217
5
3
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.39
6.38
0.01
—(1)6.14
6.41
(0.27)(4)(6)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Fertilizers and sulphur revenue was $70$65 million in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $1 million, or 2%, from $66 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to decreased freight revenue per revenue-ton mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of dry fertilizers, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Carloads decreased while RTMs increased due to moving lower volumes of wet fertilizers within Alberta, which has a shorter length of haul.
For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$212
$186
$26
14
12
Carloads (in thousands)45.7
42.6
3.1
7
N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)3,387
2,872
515
18
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,639
$4,366
$273
6
5
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.26
6.48
(0.22)(3)(5)
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Fertilizers and sulphur revenue was $212 million in the first quarternine months of 2020, an increase of $13$26 million, or 23%14%, from $57$186 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of both dry fertilizers, wet fertilizers, and wet fertilizers.sulphur as well as the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. RTMs increased more than carloads due to moving proportionately higherlower volumes of long haul wet fertilizers fromwithin Alberta, to Iowa.which has a shorter length of haul.


Forest Products
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$78
$73
$5
7
7
$85
$78
$7
9
8
Carloads (in thousands)18.1
17.1
1.0
6
N/A
17.9
18.5
(0.6)(3)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)1,277
1,179
98
8
N/A
1,463
1,278
185
14
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,309
$4,288
$21
—
—
$4,749
$4,216
$533
13
11
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.11
6.23
(0.12)(2)(2)5.81
6.10
(0.29)(5)(6)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Forest products revenue was $78$85 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $5$7 million, or 7%9%, from $73$78 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of lumber and panel products. Freightwood pulp, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue-ton milerevenue ton-mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. RTMs increased while carloads decreased due to moving higher volumes of panel products and wood pulp from eastern Canada to the U.S,U.S., which hashave a longer length of haul.
For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$244
$229
$15
7
5
Carloads (in thousands)53.5
54.1
(0.6)(1)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)4,059
3,746
313
8
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,561
$4,233
$328
8
6
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.01
6.11
(0.10)(2)(3)
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Forest products revenue was $244 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $15 million, or 7%, from $229 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of lumber, wood pulp, and panel products, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. RTMs increased while carloads decreased due to moving higher volumes of panel products and wood pulp from eastern Canada to the U.S., which have a longer length of haul.

Energy, Chemicals and Plastics
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$491
$315
$176
5655$321
$382
$(61)(16)(16)
Carloads (in thousands)101.8
78.8
23.0
29N/A63.6
90.8
(27.2)(30)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)8,849
6,359
2,490
39N/A4,620
7,571
(2,951)(39)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,823
$3,998
$825
2120$5,047
$4,207
$840
20
19
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)5.55
4.96
0.59
126.95
5.05
1.90
38
37
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Energy, chemicals and plastics revenue was $491$321 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $176$61 million, or 56%16%, from $315$382 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to lower volumes of crude, gasoline, and liquefied petroleum gas ("LPG") as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of crudeplastics and increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased primarily due to higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates. RTMs increaseddecreased more than carloads due to moving lower volumes of crude, which has a longer length of haul.

For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$1,153
$1,043
$110
11
10
Carloads (in thousands)228.2
257.0
(28.8)(11)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)17,981
20,901
(2,920)(14)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$5,053
$4,058
$995
25
24
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.41
4.99
1.42
28
27
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Energy, chemicals and plastics revenue was $1,153 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $110 million, or 11%, from $1,043 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile and higher volumes of long haulplastics. This increase was partially offset by lower volumes of crude and LPG as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased primarily due to Kansas City, Missouri.higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, higher freight rates and the favourable impact of the change in FX. RTMs decreased more than carloads due to moving lower volumes of crude, which has a longer length of haul.

Metals, Minerals and Consumer Products
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$189
$173
$16
9
9
$152
$201
$(49)(24)(25)
Carloads (in thousands)58.2
53.5
4.7
9
N/A
50.8
62.9
(12.1)(19)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)2,771
2,448
323
13
N/A
2,303
2,910
(607)(21)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,247
$3,239
$8
—
—
$2,992
$3,196
$(204)(6)(7)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.82
7.07
(0.25)(4)(4)6.60
6.91
(0.31)(4)(5)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Metals, minerals and consumer products revenue was $189$152 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $16$49 million, or 9%24%, from $173$201 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to higherlower volumes of frac sand aggregates, and steel.steel as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. This decrease was partially offset by the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue-ton milerevenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. RTMs decreased more than carloads due to moving higherlower volumes of frac sand to the Bakken, which has a longer length of haul.
For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$474
$579
$(105)(18)(19)
Carloads (in thousands)154.1
180.1
(26.0)(14)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)6,951
8,225
(1,274)(15)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,076
$3,215
$(139)(4)(6)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.82
7.04
(0.22)(3)(5)
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Metals, minerals and consumer products revenue was $474 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $105 million, or 18%, from $579 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to moving lower volumes of frac sand and steel as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. This decrease was partially offset by the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.


Automotive
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$87
$76
$11
14
13$94
$87
$7
8
7
Carloads (in thousands)28.2
25.1
3.1
12
N/A31.2
29.2
2.0
7
N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)326
335
(9)(3)N/A390
351
39
11
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,085
$3,048
$37
1
1$3,013
$2,979
$34
1
—
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)26.69
22.84
3.85
17
1624.10
24.79
(0.69)(3)(4)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Automotive revenue was $87$94 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $11$7 million, or 14%8%, from $76$87 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to the onboarding of customers moving to and from Vancouver, higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile.rates and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. RTMs increased more than carloads due to moving higher volumes to and from Vancouver, which has a longer length of haul.
For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$215
$267
$(52)(19)(21)
Carloads (in thousands)71.3
85.8
(14.5)(17)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)846
1,125
(279)(25)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,015
$3,112
$(97)(3)(5)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)25.41
23.73
1.68
7
5
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Automotive revenue was $215 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $52 million, or 19%, from $267 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes from Vancouver to eastern Canada.caused by manufacturing plant shutdowns in the second quarter of 2020 across North America as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. This decrease was partially offset by higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates. Carloads increased whilerates and the favourable impact of the change in FX. RTMs decreased more than carloads due to increased short haulmoving higher volumes within southern Ontario.

Ontario, which has a shorter length of haul.

Intermodal
For the three months ended March 3120202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
For the three months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$405
$380
$25
7
6
$385
$409
$(24)(6)(6)
Carloads (in thousands)268.4
246.3
22.1
9
N/A
250.0
271.6
(21.6)(8)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)7,311
6,622
689
10
N/A
6,833
7,130
(297)(4)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$1,509
$1,542
$(33)(2)(2)$1,540
$1,506
$34
2
2
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)5.54
5.74
(0.20)(3)(4)5.63
5.74
(0.11)(2)(2)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Intermodal revenue was $405$385 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $25$24 million, or 7%6%, from $380$409 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to lower volumes of international intermodal driven by the onboardingcompletion of a new international ocean carrier,customer contract, and decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of domestic intermodal, and higher domestic volumes of food and wholesale.freight rates. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. Carloads decreased more than RTMs due to moving proportionately higherlower volumes of international intermodal.intermodal, which has a shorter length of haul.


For the nine months ended September 3020202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted
% Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$1,153
$1,193
$(40)(3)(4)
Carloads (in thousands)770.6
784.3
(13.7)(2)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)20,804
20,880
(76)—
N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$1,496
$1,521
$(25)(2)(2)
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)5.54
5.71
(0.17)(3)(3)
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Intermodal revenue was $1,153 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $40 million, or 3%, from $1,193 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile, lower volumes of international intermodal driven by the completion of a customer contract, and as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This decrease was partially offset by the onboarding of a new international intermodal customer and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenues as a result of lower fuel prices. Carloads decreased more than RTMs due to moving proportionately lower volumes of international intermodal, which has a shorter length of haul.

Operating Expenses
For the three months ended March 31 (in millions)20202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
For the three months ended September 30 (in millions)20202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Compensation and benefits$398
$406
$(8)(2)(2)$382
$355
$27
8
7
Fuel212
209
3
1
—
140
210
(70)(33)(34)
Materials59
57
2
4
4
53
50
3
6
6
Equipment rents36
35
1
3
3
39
33
6
18
15
Depreciation and amortization192
160
32
20
19
195
185
10
5
5
Purchased services and other312
357
(45)(13)(13)275
277
(2)(1)(1)
Total operating expenses$1,209
$1,224
$(15)(1)(2)$1,084
$1,110
$(26)(2)(3)
(1) 
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.  

Operating expenses were $1,209$1,084 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $15$26 million, or 2%, from $1,224$1,110 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
the favourable impact of harsher winter$51 million from lower fuel prices;
lower volume variable expense; and
efficiencies generated from improved operating conditionsperformance and asset utilization.

This decrease was partially offset by:
increased stock-based compensation primarily driven by a $41 million impact of changes in 2019;share price;
decreasedcost inflation;
increased operating expense associated with lowerhigher casualty costs incurred in 2020 of $31$11 million; and
higher depreciation and amortization of $9 million (excluding FX).
For the nine months ended September 30 (in millions)20202019Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Compensation and benefits$1,127
$1,144
$(17)(1)(2)
Fuel483
655
(172)(26)(27)
Materials162
161
1
1
1
Equipment rents108
102
6
6
4
Depreciation and amortization582
528
54
10
10
Purchased services and other853
899
(46)(5)(6)
Total operating expenses$3,315
$3,489
$(174)(5)(6)
(1)
FX Adjusted % Change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX Adjusted % Change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Operating expenses were $3,315 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $174 million, or 5%, from $3,489 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
the favourable impact of $143 million from lower fuel prices;
lower volume variable expenses;
efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization; and
lower stock based compensationthe impact of $23 million.harsher winter operating conditions in 2019.

This decrease was partially offset by:
higher volume variable expenses;
higher depreciation and amortization of $31$51 million (excluding FX);
cost inflation; and
cost inflation.the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $30 million.

Compensation and Benefits

Compensation and benefits expense includes employee wages, salaries, fringe benefits, and stock-based compensation. Compensation and benefits expense was $398$382 million in the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $27 million, or 8%, from $355 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
increased stock-based compensation primarily driven by a $41 million impact of changes in share price;
higher pension current service cost of $8 million; and
the impact of wage and benefit inflation.

This increase was partially offset by:
labour efficiencies;
lower volume variable expense as a result of decreased workload as measured by GTMs; and
reduced training costs.

Compensation and benefits expense was $1,127 million in the first quarternine months of 2020, a decrease of $8$17 million, or 2%1%, from $406$1,144 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
lower stock-based compensation of $23 million driven primarily by a decrease in the stock price;
labour efficiencies;
reduced training costs;
lower volume variable expense as a result of decreased workload as measured by GTMs; and
the impact of harsherweather related costs as a result of harsh winter operating conditions driven by operational inefficiencies and increased track maintenance in the first quarter of 2019.

This decrease was partially offset by:
higher volume variable expenses as a result of an increase in workload as measured by GTMs;
the impact of wage and benefit inflation;
higher pension current service cost of $8$24 million;
increased stock-based compensation primarily driven by the impact of changes in share price of $15 million; and
higher incentive compensation.the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $7 million.


Fuel

Fuel expense consists mainly of fuel used by locomotives and includes provincial, state, and federal fuel taxes. Fuel expense was $212$140 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $3$70 million, or 1%33%, from $209$210 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to an increasethe favourable impact of $51 million from lower fuel prices and a decrease in workload, as measured by GTMs, andGTMs.

This decrease was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $2$1 million. The increase

Fuel expense was partially offset by $483 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $172 million, or 26%, from $655 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
the favourable impact of $11$143 million from lower fuel pricesprices;
a decrease in workload, as measured by GTMs; and
an improvement in fuel efficiency of 4% due to2% from improved winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2020 and increased train productivity.

This decrease was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $10 million.

Materials

Materials expense includes the cost of materials used for the maintenance of track, locomotives, freight cars, and buildings, as well as software sustainment. Materials expense was $59$53 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $2$3 million, or 4%6%, from $57$50 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was due to higher track maintenance and repairs.


Materials expense was $162 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $1 million, or 1%, from $161 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was due to higher locomotive maintenance and freight car maintenance,cost inflation, partially offset by lower weather related material costs, and higher recoveries from foreign freight car maintenance.maintenance, net of recoveries.

Equipment Rents

Equipment rents expense includes the cost associated with using other railways' freight cars, intermodal equipment, and locomotives, net of rental income received from other railroads for the use of CP’s equipment. Equipment rents expense was $36$39 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $1$6 million, or 3%18%, from $35$33 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to greaterlower receipts for CP freight cars used by other railways and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $1 million.

Equipment rents expense was $108 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $6 million, or 6%, from $102 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to lower receipts for CP freight cars used by other railways and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $2 million. This increase was partially offset by lower usage of pooled freight cars as a result of higher volumes.by CP.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense represents the charge associated with the use of track and roadway, buildings, rolling stock, information systems, and other depreciable assets. Depreciation and amortization expense was $192$195 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $32$10 million, or 20%5%, from $160$185 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to a higher depreciable asset base and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $1 million.

Depreciation and amortization expense was $582 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $54 million, or 10%, from $528 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to a higher depreciable asset base, the unfavourable impact of depreciation studiesthe change in FX of $3 million, and other adjustments made in 2019.

Purchased Services and Other
For the three months ended March 31 (in millions)20202019Total Change% Change
For the three months ended September 30 (in millions)20202019Total Change% Change
Support and facilities$75
$71
$4
6
$68
$70
$(2)(3)
Track and operations75
75
—
—
65
66
(1)(2)
Intermodal56
56
—
—
51
54
(3)(6)
Equipment30
32
(2)(6)27
31
(4)(13)
Casualty39
69
(30)(43)31
24
7
29
Property taxes36
36
—
—
28
31
(3)(10)
Other5
18
(13)(72)5
1
4
400
Land sales(4)—
(4)—
—
—
—
—
Total Purchased services and other$312
$357
$(45)(13)$275
$277
$(2)(1)

Purchased services and other expense encompasses a wide range of third-party costs, including expenses for joint facilities, personal injuries and damage claims, environmental remediation, property taxes, contractor and consulting fees, insurance, and gains on land sales. Purchased services and other expense was $312$275 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $45$2 million or 13%, from $357$277 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
lower business travel and event costs due to COVID-19, reported primarily in Support and facilities and Track and operations;
efficiencies generated from improved operating performance, reported in Intermodal and Equipment; and
lower property taxes.

This decrease was partially offset by higher expenses primarily due to the reducedincreased number and severity of casualty incidents, reported in Casualty;Casualty and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $1 million.



For the nine months ended September 30 (in millions)20202019Total Change% Change
Support and facilities$198
$207
$(9)(4)
Track and operations210
215
(5)(2)
Intermodal154
165
(11)(7)
Equipment85
98
(13)(13)
Casualty100
109
(9)(8)
Property taxes95
103
(8)(8)
Other15
19
(4)(21)
Land sales(4)(17)13
(76)
Total Purchased services and other$853
$899
$(46)(5)

Purchased services and other expense was $853 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $46 million, or 5%, from $899 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
reduced business travel and event costs due to COVID-19, reported in Support and facilities and Track and operations;
lower snow removal and other weather related costs reported in Track and operations;
a decrease in charges associated with contingencies of $10 million, reported in Other;
lower snow removalproperty taxes; and other weather related costs,
lower expenses primarily due to the reduced number and severity of casualty incidents, reported in Track and operations and Intermodal; and
a gain on land sales of $4 million.Casualty.

This decrease was partially offset by higher volume variable expensesgains on land sales of $13 million in 2019, reported in Land sales and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $2$8 million.


Other Income Statement Items

Other (Income) Expense (Income)

Other (income) expense (income) consists of gains and losses from the change in FX on debt and lease liabilities and working capital, costs related to financing, shareholder costs, equity income, and other non-operating expenditures. Other expenseincome was $211$36 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a change of $258$65 million, or 549%224%, compared to an expense of $29 million in the same period of 2019. This change was due to an FX translation gain on U.S. dollar-denominated debt and lease liabilities of $40 million, compared to an FX translation loss of $25 million in the same period of 2019.

Other expense was $89 million in the first nine months of 2020, a change of $147 million, or 253%, compared to an income of $47$58 million in the same period of 2019. This change was primarily due to aan FX translation loss on U.S. dollar-denominated debt and lease liabilities of $215$89 million, compared to aan FX translation gain of $45$57 million in the same period of 2019.

FX translation gains and losses on debt and lease liabilities are discussed further in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Other Components of Net Periodic Benefit Recovery

Other components of net periodic recovery was $85$86 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $13 million or 13%, compared to $97$99 million in the same period of 2019 and was $257 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $12$37 million or 12%. This decrease was13%, compared to $294 million in the same period of 2019. These decreases were primarily due to an increaseincreases in the recognized net actuarial loss.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense includes interest on long-term debt and finance leases. Net interest expense was $114 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, unchangedan increase of $4 million, or 4%, from $110 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to the unfavourable impacts of an increase in debt levels of $12 million and change in FX of $1 million. This was partially offset by a net reduction in interest chargesrelated to long-term debt of $4$7 million as a result of a lower effective interest rate following the Company's debt refinancing of debtcompleted in 2019 and 2020, offset by an increaseas well as a decrease in commercial paper interest of $3 million.

Net interest expense was $346 million and in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $10 million, or 3%, from $336 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
the unfavourable impact fromof an increase in debt levels of $23 million;

the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $1$6 million; and
a decrease in interest income of $2 million.

This was partially offset by a reduction in interest related to long-term debt of $22 million as the result of a lower effective interest rate following the Company's debt refinancing completed in 2019 and 2020.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $185$189 million in the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $22 million, or 10%, from $211 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower taxable earnings and a lower effective tax rate.

Income tax expense was $563 million in the first quarternine months of 2020, an increase of $46$89 million, or 33%19%, from $139$474 million in the same period of 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher taxable earnings compared to the same perioddecrease in Alberta's provincial corporate tax rate enacted in 2019 resulting in deferred income tax recoveries of 2019.$88 million.

The effective tax rate in the firstthird quarter of 2020, including discrete items, was 31.10%23.97% compared to 24.24%25.43% in the same period of 2019. The effective tax rate in the first nine months of 2020, including discrete items, was 25.52% compared to 21.06% in the same period of 2019. The effective tax rate in the third quarter and first nine months of 2020, excluding discrete items, was 25.00%, for both periods compared to 25.75%25.11% and 25.50%, respectively, in the same period of 2019. The decrease in the effective tax rate excluding discrete items was primarily due to the decrease in Alberta's provincial corporate tax rate and the 2020 U.S. track maintenance credit.

The Company expects an annualized effective tax rate in 2020 of 25.00%24.80%. The Company’s 2020 outlook for its annualized effective income tax rate is based on certain assumptions about events and developments that may or may not materialize or that may be offset entirely or partially by new events and developments. This is discussed further in Item 1A. Risk Factors of CP's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Share Capital

At April 20,October 19, 2020, the latest practicable date, there were 135,631,754134,499,003 Common Shares and no preferred shares issued and outstanding, which consists of 13,87413,837 holders of record of the Common Shares. In addition, CP has a Management Stock Option Incentive Plan (“MSOIP”), under which key officers and employees are granted options to purchase the Common Shares. Each option granted can be exercised for one Common Share. At April 20,October 19, 2020, 1,539,3761,485,981 options were outstanding under the MSOIP and stand-alone option agreements entered into with Mr. Keith Creel. There are 898,748897,266 options available to be issued by the Company’s MSOIP in the future. CP has a Director's Stock Option Plan (“DSOP”), under which directors are granted options to purchase Common Shares. There are no outstanding options under the DSOP, which has 340,000 options available to be issued in the future.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company believes adequate amounts of Cash and cash equivalents are available in the normal course of business to provide for ongoing operations, including the obligations identified in the tables in Contractual Commitments of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The Company is not aware of any trends or expected fluctuations in the Company's liquidity that would create any deficiencies. The Company's primary sources of liquidity include its Cash and cash equivalents, its commercial paper program, its bilateral letter of credit facilities, and its revolving credit facility.

As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company had $247$183 million of Cash and cash equivalents compared to $133 million at December 31, 2019.

As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company had U.S. $100 million drawn on itsCompany's revolving credit facility compared to $nil at Decemberwas undrawn (December 31, 2019 - undrawn), from a total available amount of U.S. $1.3 billion. The agreement requires the Company to maintain a financial covenant in

conjunction with the credit facility. As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all terms and conditions of the credit facility arrangements and satisfied the financial covenant.

The Company has a commercial paper program that enables it to issue commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of U.S. $1.0 billion in the form of unsecured promissory notes. This commercial paper program is backed by the revolving credit facility. As at March 31,September 30, 2020, total commercial paper borrowings werewas U.S. $20$345 million, compared to U.S. $397 million as at December 31, 2019.

As at March 31,September 30, 2020, under its bilateral letter of credit facilities, the Company had letters of credit drawn of $85$61 million from a total available amount of $300 million. This compares to letters of credit drawn of $80 million from a total available amount of $300 million as at December 31, 2019. Under the bilateral letter of credit facilities, the Company has the option to post collateral in the form of Cash or cash equivalents, equal at least to the face value of the letter of credit issued. As at March 31,September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company did not have any collateral posted on its bilateral letter of credit facilities.


The following discussion of operating, investing, and financing activities describes the Company’s indicators of liquidity and capital resources.

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities was $489$493 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increasea decrease of $76$330 million, or 40%, compared to $413$823 million in the same period of 2019. This increasedecrease was primarily due to an increaseunfavourable change in working capital, which included higher income tax payments, as well as a decrease in cash generating income partially offsetduring the third quarter of 2020, compared to the same period of 2019. The Company had higher income tax payments in the third quarter of 2020 as a result of the deferral of Canadian federal and provincial as well as U.S. federal payments until the third quarter of 2020 due to COVID-19.

Cash provided by operating activities was $1,817 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $140 million, or 7%, compared to $1,957 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to an unfavourable change in working capital and a decrease in receipts from customers in advance of performing service duringservices in the first quarter ofnine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period of 2019.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $362$483 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, an increase of $143$22 million, or 5%, compared to $219$461 million in the same period of 2019, and was $1,313 million in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of $178 million, or 16%, compared to $1,135 million in the same period of 2019. This increase wasThese increases were primarily due to higher capital additions during the first quarter of 2020 compared to the same periodperiods of 2019.

Free Cash

CP generated positive Free cash of $158$6 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $35$357 million, or 98%, from $193$363 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to an increasea decrease in cash usedprovided by operating activities.

For the first nine months of 2020, CP generated positive Free cash of $497 million, a decrease of $324 million, or 39%, from $821 million in investing activities as a resultthe same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to higher additions to properties partially offset by an increaseand a decrease in cash provided by operating activities.

Free cash is affected by seasonal fluctuations and by other factors including the size of the Company's capital programs. Free cash is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities was $44$100 million in the firstthird quarter of 2020, a decrease of $142$163 million, or 62%, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $98$263 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to thehigher net repaymentissuances of commercial paper and an increase inas well as lower payments to buy back shares under the Company's share repurchase program during the first quarter ofthree months ended September 30, 2020. This was partially offset by higher repayments of long-term debt compared to the same period of 2019.

Cash used in financing activities was $466 million in the first nine months of 2020, a decrease of $271 million, or 37%, compared to $737 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to the issuances of U.S. $500 million 2.050% notes due March 5, 2030 and $300 million 3.050% notes due March 9, 2050, as well as an increase in short-term borrowings in the first quarter of 2020, compared to the issuance of $400 million 3.150% notes due March 13, 2029 in the same period of 2019, as well as the principal repayment of U.S. $350 million of the Company's 7.250% notes during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This was partially offset by net repayments of commercial paper during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to net issuances in the same period of 2019.

Credit Measures

Credit ratings provide information relating to the Company’s operations and liquidity, and affect the Company’s ability to obtain short-term and long-term financing and/or the cost of such financing.

A mid-investment grade credit rating is an important measure in assessing the Company’s ability to maintain access to public financing and to minimize the cost of capital. It also affects the ability of the Company to engage in certain collateralized business activities on a cost-effective basis.

Credit ratings and outlooks are based on the rating agencies’ methodologies and can change from time to time to reflect their views of CP. Their views are affected by numerous factors including, but not limited to, the Company’s financial position and liquidity along with external factors beyond the Company’s control.

As at March 31,September 30, 2020, CP's credit ratings from Standard & Poor's Rating Services ("Standard & Poor's") and Moody's Investor Service ("Moody's") remain unchanged from December 31, 2019.



Credit ratings as at March 31,September 30, 2020(1) 
Long-term debt Outlook
Standard & Poor's  
 Long-term corporate creditBBB+stable
 Senior secured debtAstable
 Senior unsecured debtBBB+stable
Moody's  
 Senior unsecured debtBaa1stable
Commercial paper program  
Standard & Poor'sA-2N/A
Moody's P-2N/A
(1) 
Credit ratings are not recommendations to purchase, hold or sell securities and do not address the market price or suitability of a specific security for a particular investor. Credit ratings are based on the rating agencies' methodologies and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies.

Financial Ratios

The Long-term debt to Net income ratio for the twelve months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and March 31,September 30, 2019 was 4.2 and 4.4,3.9, respectively. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to higher Net income, partially offset by higher debt.debt balance.

The Adjusted net debt to Adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) ratio for the twelve months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and March 31,September 30, 2019 was 2.5 and 2.6,2.4, respectively. This decreaseThe increase was primarily due to an increase in Adjusted EBITDA,a higher debt balance as at September 30, 2020, partially offset by an increase in Adjusted net debt as at March 31, 2020.EBITDA. The Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio is a Non-GAAP measure, which is defined and reconciled from the Long-term debt to Net income ratio, the most comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Over the long term, CP targets an Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio of 2.0 to 2.5.

Although CP has provided a target Non-GAAP measure (Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio), management is unable to reconcile, without unreasonable efforts, the target Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio to the most comparable GAAP measure (Long-term debt to Net income ratio), due to unknown variables and uncertainty related to future results. These unknown variables may include unpredictable transactions of significant value. In past years, CP has recognized significant asset impairment charges, management transition costs related to senior executives and discrete tax items. These or other similar, large unforeseen transactions affect Net income but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted EBITDA. Additionally, the U.S.-to-Canada dollar exchange rate is unpredictable and can have a significant impact on CP’s reported results but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted EBITDA. In particular, CP excludes the FX impact of translating the Company’s debt and lease liabilities, interest and taxes from Adjusted EBITDA. Please see Forward-Looking Statements in this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion.

Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information

Canadian Pacific Railway Company (“CPRC”), a 100%-owned subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CPRL”), is the issuer of certain securities which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by CPRL on an unsecured basis. The other subsidiaries of CPRC do not guarantee the securities and are referred to below as the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”. The following is a description of the terms and conditions of the guarantees with respect to securities for which CPRC is the issuer and CPRL provides a full and unconditional guarantee.

As of September 30, 2020, CPRC has $7,803 million principal amount of debt securities outstanding due through 2115, and $46 million in perpetual 4% consolidated debenture stock, for all of which CPRL is the guarantor.

CPRL fully and unconditionally guarantees the payment of the principal (and premium, if any) and interest on the debt securities and consolidated debenture stock issued by CPRC, any sinking fund or analogous payments payable with respect to such securities, and any additional amounts payable when they become due, whether at maturity or otherwise. The guarantee is CPRL’s unsubordinated and unsecured obligation and ranks equally with all of CPRL’s other unsecured, unsubordinated obligations.

CPRL will be released and relieved of its obligations under the guarantees after obligations to the holders are satisfied in accordance with the terms of the respective instruments.

The Company early adopted Rule 13-01 of the SEC's Regulation S-X which simplifies the existing disclosure requirements relating to our guaranteed securities and allows such disclosure to be included within this Part 1, Item II, "Management’s Discussion and

Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Pursuant to Rule 13-01, we are eligible to provide this summarized financial and non-financial information in lieu of providing separate financial statements of CPRC.

More information on the securities under this guarantee structure can be found in Exhibit 22.1 List of Issuers and Guarantor Subsidiaries of this quarterly report.

Summarized Financial Information

The following tables present summarized financial information for CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and CPRL (Parent Guarantor) on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among CPRC and CPRL; (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries; and (iii) intercompany dividend income.

Statements of Income
 
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and
CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)For the nine months ended September 30, 2020For the year ended December 31, 2019
Total revenues$4,271
$5,662
Total operating expenses2,498
3,446
Operating income(1)
1,773
2,216
Less: Other(2)
203
(13)
Income before income tax expense1,570
2,229
Net income$1,138
$1,704
(1)
Includes net lease costs incurred from non-guarantor subsidiaries for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and for the year ended December 31, 2019 of $240 million and $320 million, respectively.
(2)
Includes Other (income) expense, Other components of net periodic benefit recovery, and Net interest expense.

Balance Sheets
 
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and
CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)As at September 30, 2020As at December 31, 2019
Assets  
Current assets$900
$842
Properties10,855
10,287
Other non-current assets1,548
1,208
   
Liabilities  
Current liabilities$1,824
$1,833
Long-term debt8,946
8,145
Other non-current liabilities2,870
2,711

Excluded from the Income Statements and Balance Sheets above are the following significant intercompany transactions and balances that CPRC and CPRL have with the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries:

Cash Transactions with Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
 
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and
CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)For the nine months ended September 30, 2020For the year ended December 31, 2019
Dividend income from non-guarantor subsidiaries$139
$158
Capital contributions to non-guarantor subsidiaries—
(125)
Redemption of shares by non-guarantor subsidiaries45
1,345

Balances with Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
 
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and
CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)As at September 30, 2020As at December 31, 2019
Assets  
Accounts receivable, intercompany$267
$318
Short-term advances to affiliates17
14
Long-term advances to affiliates9
7
   
Liabilities  
Accounts payable, intercompany$162
$249
Short-term advances from affiliates3,762
3,700
Long-term advances from affiliates86
84
Non-GAAP Measures

The Company presents Non-GAAP measures to provide a basis for evaluating underlying earnings and liquidity trends in the Company’s business that can be compared with the results of operations in prior periods. In addition, these Non-GAAP measures facilitate a multi-period assessment of long-term profitability, allowing management and other external users of the Company’s consolidated financial information to compare profitability on a long-term basis, including assessing future profitability, with that of the Company’s peers.

These Non-GAAP measures have no standardized meaning and are not defined by GAAP and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The presentation of these Non-GAAP measures is not intended to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or as superior to the financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.

Non-GAAP Performance Measures

The Company uses adjusted earnings results including Adjusted income and Adjusted diluted earnings per share to evaluate the Company’s operating performance and for planning and forecasting future business operations and future profitability. These Non-GAAP measures are presented in Financial Highlights and discussed further in other sections of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. These Non-GAAP measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding operating results because they exclude certain significant items that are not considered indicative of future financial trends either by nature or amount. As a result, these items are excluded for management assessment of operational performance, allocation of resources and preparation of annual budgets. These significant items may include, but are not limited to, restructuring and asset impairment charges, individually significant gains and losses from sales of assets, the FX impact of

translating the Company’s debt and lease liabilities (including borrowings under the credit facility), discrete tax items, and certain items outside the control of management. These items may not be non-recurring. However, excluding these significant items from GAAP results allows for a consistent understanding of the Company's consolidated financial performance when performing a multi-period assessment including assessing the likelihood of future results. Accordingly, these Non-GAAP financial measures may provide insight to investors and other external users of the Company's consolidated financial information.

In the first threenine months of 2020, there was one significant item included in Net income as follows:
during the year to date, a non-cash loss of $215$89 million ($19878 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt and lease liabilities that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by $1.44.58 cents as follows:
–in the third quarter, an $40 million gain ($38 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 29 cents;
–in the second quarter, an $86 million gain ($82 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 59 cents; and
–in the first quarter, a $215 million loss ($198 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by $1.44.

In 2019, there were three significant items included in Net income as follows:
•
in the fourth quarter, a deferred tax expense of $24 million as a result of a provision for an uncertain tax item of a prior period that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 17 cents;
•
in the second quarter, a deferred tax recovery of $88 million due to the change in the Alberta provincial corporate income tax rate that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 63 cents; and
•
during the course of the year, a net non-cash gain of $94 million ($86 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt and lease liabilities that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 62 cents as follows:
–
in the fourth quarter, a $37 million gain ($32 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 22 cents;
–
in the third quarter, a $25 million loss ($22 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 15 cents;
–
in the second quarter, a $37 million gain ($34 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 24 cents; and

–
in the first quarter, a $45 million gain ($42 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 30 cents.

In the ninethree months ended December 31, 2018, there were twowas one significant itemsitem included in Net income as follows:
•
in the second quarter, a deferred tax recovery of $21 million due to reductions in the Missouri and Iowa state tax rates that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 15 cents; and
a non-cash loss of $113 million ($103 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 72 cents.
•
a net non-cash loss of $119 million ($108 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt as follows:
–
in the fourth quarter, a $113 million loss ($103 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 72 cents;
–
in the third quarter, a $38 million gain ($33 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 23 cents; and
–
in the second quarter, a $44 million loss ($38 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 27 cents.

Reconciliation of GAAP Performance Measures to Non-GAAP Performance Measures

The following tables reconcile the most directly comparable measures presented in accordance with GAAP to the Non-GAAP measures presented in Financial Highlights and discussed further in other sections of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations:

Adjusted income is calculated as Net income reported on a GAAP basis adjusted for significant items.
For the three months ended March 31For the twelve months ended December 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30For the twelve months ended December 31
(in millions)20202019201920202019202020192019
Net income as reported$409
$434
$2,440
$598
$618
$1,642
$1,776
$2,440
Less significant items (pre-tax):  
Impact of FX translation (loss) gain on debt and lease liabilities(215)45
94
Impact of FX translation gain (loss) on debt and lease liabilities40
(25)(89)57
94
Add:  
Tax effect of adjustments(1)
(17)3
8
2
(3)(11)3
8
Income tax rate changes—
—
(88)—
—
—
(88)(88)
Provision for uncertain tax item—
—
24
—
—
—
—
24
Adjusted income$607
$392
$2,290
$560
$640
$1,720
$1,634
$2,290
(1) 
The tax effect of adjustments was calculated as the pre-tax effect of the adjustments multiplied by the applicable tax rate for the above items of 8.17%4.82% and 12.15% for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, 6.45%respectively,14.23% and 5.05% for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2019, respectively, and 8.55% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, respectively.2019. The applicable tax rates reflect the taxable jurisdictions and nature, being on account of capital or income, of the significant items.


Adjusted diluted earnings per share is calculated using Adjusted income, as defined above, divided by the weighted-average diluted number of Common Shares outstanding during the period as determined in accordance with GAAP.
For the three months ended March 31For the twelve months ended December 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30For the twelve months ended December 31
2020201920192020201920202019
Diluted earnings per share as reported$2.98
$3.09
$17.52
$4.41
$4.46
$12.04
$12.70
$17.52
Less significant items (pre-tax):  
Impact of FX translation (loss) gain on debt and lease liabilities(1.57)0.32
0.67
Impact of FX translation gain (loss) on debt and lease liabilities0.30
(0.18)(0.65)0.41
0.67
Add:  
Tax effect of adjustments(1)
(0.13)0.02
0.05
0.01
(0.03)(0.07)0.02
0.05
Income tax rate changes—
—
(0.63)—
—
—
(0.63)(0.63)
Provision for uncertain tax item—
—
0.17
—
—
—
—
0.17
Adjusted diluted earnings per share$4.42
$2.79
$16.44
$4.12
$4.61
$12.62
$11.68
$16.44
(1) 
The tax effect of adjustments was calculated as the pre-tax effect of the adjustments multiplied by the applicable tax rate for the above items of 8.17%4.82% and 12.15% for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020, 6.45%respectively, 14.23% and 5.05% for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2019, respectively, and 8.55% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, respectively.2019. The applicable tax rates reflect the taxable jurisdictions and nature, being on account of capital or income, of the significant items.

Adjusted ROIC

Adjusted ROIC is calculated as Adjusted return divided by Adjusted average invested capital. Adjusted return is defined as Net income adjusted for interest expense, tax effected at the Company’s adjusted annualized effective tax rate, and significant items in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, tax effected at the applicable tax rate. Adjusted average invested capital is defined as the sum of total Shareholders' equity, Long-term debt, and Long-term debt maturing within one year, as presented in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements, each averaged between the beginning and ending balance over a rolling 12-month period, adjusted for the impact of significant items, tax effected at the applicable tax rate, on closing balances as part of this average. Adjusted ROIC excludes significant items reported in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements, as these significant items

are not considered indicative of future financial trends either by nature or amount, and excludes interest expense, net of tax, to incorporate returns on the Company’s overall capitalization. Adjusted ROIC is a performance measure that measures how productively the Company uses its long-term capital investments, representing critical indicators of good operating and investment decisions made by management, and is an important performance criteria in determining certain elements of the Company's long-term incentive plan. Adjusted ROIC, which is reconciled below from Return on average shareholders' equity, the most comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, is also presented in Financial Highlights and discussed further in Results of Operations of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Starting with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q,Beginning in the first quarter of 2020, CP aligned the reconciliation sequence for Adjusted ROIC to start with Net income, with no change to the calculated Adjusted return.

Calculation of Return on average shareholders' equity
 For the twelve months ended March 31
(in millions, except for percentages)20202019
Net income as reported$2,415
$2,037
Average shareholders' equity$6,884
$6,624
Return on average shareholders' equity35.1%30.8%

 For the twelve months ended September 30
(in millions, except for percentages)20202019
Net income as reported$2,306
$2,321
Average shareholders' equity$7,397
$7,172
Return on average shareholders' equity31.2%32.4%

Reconciliation of Net income to Adjusted return
For the twelve months ended March 31For the twelve months ended September 30
(in millions)2020201920202019
Net income as reported$2,415
$2,037
$2,306
$2,321
Add:  
Net interest expense448
452
458
450
Tax on interest(1)
(112)(113)(114)(115)
Significant items:  
Impact of FX translation loss on debt and lease liabilities (pre-tax)166
74
52
56
Tax on significant items(2)
(12)(8)(6)(7)
Income tax recovery from income tax rate changes(88)(21)—
(88)
Provision for uncertain tax item24
—
24
—
Adjusted return$2,841
$2,421
$2,720
$2,617
(1) 
Tax was calculated at the adjusted annualized effective tax rate of 24.85%24.67% and 24.76%25.12% for the twelve months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(2) 
Tax was calculated as the pre-tax effect of the adjustments multiplied by the applicable tax rate for the above items of 7.61%11.22% and 11.34%13.64% for the twelve months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Reconciliation of Average shareholders' equity to Adjusted average invested capital
For the twelve months ended March 31For the twelve months ended September 30
(in millions)2020201920202019
Average shareholders' equity$6,884
$6,624
$7,397
$7,172
Average Long-term debt, including long-term debt maturing within one year9,497
8,640
9,385
8,634
$16,381
$15,264
$16,782
$15,806
Less:  
Income tax recovery from income tax rate changes44
11
—
44
Provision for uncertain tax item(12)—
(12)—
Adjusted average invested capital$16,349
$15,253
$16,794
$15,762


Calculation of Adjusted ROIC
For the twelve months ended March 31For the twelve months ended September 30
(in millions, except for percentages)2020201920202019
Adjusted return$2,841
$2,421
$2,720
$2,617
Adjusted average invested capital$16,349
$15,253
$16,794
$15,762
Adjusted ROIC17.4%15.9%16.2%16.6%

Free Cash

Free cash is calculated as Cash provided by operating activities, less Cash used in investing activities, adjusted for changes in cash and cash equivalents balances resulting from FX fluctuations.fluctuations, and the acquisition of Central Maine and Québec Railway ("CMQ"). Free cash is a measure that management considers to be an indicator of liquidity. Free cash is useful to investors and other external users of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements as it assists with the evaluation of the Company's ability to generate cash from its operations without incurring additional external financing. The acquisition of CMQ is not indicative of investment trends and has also been excluded from Free cash. Positive Free cash indicates the amount of cash available for reinvestment in the business, or cash that can be returned to investors through dividends, stock repurchase programs, debt retirements or a combination of these. Conversely, negative Free cash indicates the amount of cash that must be raised from investors through new debt or equity issues, reduction in available cash balances or a combination of these. Free cash should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, Cash provided by operating activities. Free cash is presented in Financial Highlights and discussed further in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.


Reconciliation of Cash Provided by Operating Activities to Free Cash
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions)202020192020201920202019
Cash provided by operating activities$489
$413
$493
$823
$1,817
$1,957
Cash used in investing activities(362)(219)(483)(461)(1,313)(1,135)
Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents31
(1)(4)1
12
(1)
Less: 
Investment in Central Maine and Québec Railway—
—
19
—
Free cash$158
$193
$6
$363
$497
$821

Foreign Exchange Adjusted % Change

FX adjusted % change allows certain financial results to be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons in the analysis of trends in business performance. Financial result variances at constant currency are obtained by translating the comparable period of the prior year results denominated in U.S. dollars at the foreign exchange rates of the current period.


FX adjusted % changes in revenues are further used in calculating FX adjusted % change in freight revenue per carload and RTM. These items are presented in Operating Revenues of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30
(in millions)Reported 2020Reported 2019Variance
due to FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adjusted % ChangeReported 2020Reported 2019Variance
due to FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adjusted % Change
Freight revenues by line of business    
Grain$418
$380
$1
$381
10
$457
$409
$1
$410
11
Coal150
158
—
158
(5)130
183
1
184
(29)
Potash112
114
—
114
(2)132
117
—
117
13
Fertilizers and sulphur70
57
1
58
21
65
66
1
67
(3)
Forest products78
73
—
73
7
85
78
1
79
8
Energy, chemicals and plastics491
315
1
316
55
321
382
2
384
(16)
Metals, minerals and consumer products189
173
1
174
9
152
201
1
202
(25)
Automotive87
76
1
77
13
94
87
1
88
7
Intermodal405
380
1
381
6
385
409
1
410
(6)
Freight revenues2,000
1,726
6
1,732
15
1,821
1,932
9
1,941
(6)
Non-freight revenues43
41
—
41
5
42
47
—
47
(11)
Total revenues$2,043
$1,767
$6
$1,773
15
$1,863
$1,979
$9
$1,988
(6)

 For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions)Reported 2020Reported 2019Variance
due to FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adjusted % Change
Freight revenues by line of business     
Grain$1,321
$1,211
$11
$1,222
8
Coal411
514
1
515
(20)
Potash390
367
3
370
5
Fertilizers and sulphur212
186
3
189
12
Forest products244
229
4
233
5
Energy, chemicals and plastics1,153
1,043
8
1,051
10
Metals, minerals and consumer products474
579
9
588
(19)
Automotive215
267
5
272
(21)
Intermodal1,153
1,193
6
1,199
(4)
Freight revenues5,573
5,589
50
5,639
(1)
Non-freight revenues125
134
—
134
(7)
Total revenues$5,698
$5,723
$50
$5,773
(1)


FX adjusted % changes in operating expenses are presented in Operating Expenses of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
For the three months ended March 31For the three months ended September 30
(in millions)Reported 2020Reported 2019Variance
due to FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adjusted % ChangeReported 2020Reported 2019Variance
due to FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adjusted % Change
Compensation and benefits$398
$406
$1
$407
(2)$382
$355
$1
$356
7
Fuel212
209
2
211
—
140
210
1
211
(34)
Materials59
57
—
57
4
53
50
—
50
6
Equipment rents36
35
—
35
3
39
33
1
34
15
Depreciation and amortization192
160
1
161
19
195
185
1
186
5
Purchased services and other312
357
2
359
(13)275
277
1
278
(1)
Total operating expenses$1,209
$1,224
$6
$1,230
(2)$1,084
$1,110
$5
$1,115
(3)

 For the nine months ended September 30
(in millions)Reported 2020Reported 2019Variance
due to FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adjusted % Change
Compensation and benefits$1,127
$1,144
$7
$1,151
(2)
Fuel483
655
10
665
(27)
Materials162
161
—
161
1
Equipment rents108
102
2
104
4
Depreciation and amortization582
528
3
531
10
Purchased services and other853
899
8
907
(6)
Total operating expenses$3,315
$3,489
$30
$3,519
(6)

Adjusted Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio

Adjusted net debt to Adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA")EBITDA ratio is calculated as Adjusted net debt divided by Adjusted EBITDA. The Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio is a key credit measure used to assess the Company’s financial capacity. The ratio provides information on the Company’s ability to service its debt and other long-term obligations. The Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio, which is reconciled below from the Long-term debt to Net income ratio, the most comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, is also presented in Financial Highlights and discussed further in Results of Operations of this Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Calculation of Long-term Debt to Net Income Ratio
(in millions, except for ratios)2020201920202019
Long-term debt including long-term debt maturing within one year as at March 31$10,070
$8,923
Net income for the twelve months ended March 312,415
2,037
Long-term debt including long-term debt maturing within one year as at September 30$9,786
$8,983
Net income for the twelve months ended September 30$2,306
$2,321
Long-term debt to Net income ratio4.2
4.4
4.2
3.9


Reconciliation of Long-term Debt to Adjusted Net Debt

Adjusted net debt is defined as Long-term debt, Long-term debt maturing within one year and Short-term borrowing as reported on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets adjusted for pension plans deficit, operating lease liabilities recognized on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets, and Cash and cash equivalents.

(in millions)2020201920202019
Long-term debt including long-term debt maturing within one year as at March 31$10,070
$8,923
Long-term debt including long-term debt maturing within one year as at September 30$9,786
$8,983
Add:  
Pension plans deficit(1)
300
265
287
260
Operating lease liabilities365
386
325
370
Less:  
Cash and cash equivalents247
352
183
145
Adjusted net debt as at March 31$10,488
$9,222
Adjusted net debt as at September 30$10,215
$9,468
(1) 
Pension plans deficit is the total funded status of the Pension plans in deficit only.  


Reconciliation of Net Income to EBIT, Adjusted EBIT and Adjusted EBITDA
Earnings before interest and tax ("EBIT") is calculated as Net income before Net interest expense and Income tax expense. Adjusted EBIT excludes significant items reported in both Operating income and Other expense (income). expense. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as Adjusted EBIT plus operating lease expense and Depreciation and amortization, less Other components of net periodic benefit recovery.
For the twelve months ended March 31For the twelve months ended September 30
(in millions)2020201920202019
Net income as reported$2,415
$2,037
$2,306
$2,321
Add:  
Net interest expense448
452
458
450
Income tax expense752
654
795
668
EBIT3,615
3,143
3,559
3,439
Less significant items (pre-tax):  
Impact of FX translation loss on debt and lease liabilities(166)(74)(52)(56)
Adjusted EBIT3,781
3,217
3,611
3,495
Add:  
Operating lease expense83
97
79
99
Depreciation and amortization738
686
760
708
Less:  
Other components of net periodic benefit recovery369
385
344
391
Adjusted EBITDA$4,233
$3,615
$4,106
$3,911

Calculation of Adjusted Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio
(in millions, except for ratios)20202019
Adjusted net debt as at March 31$10,488
$9,222
Adjusted EBITDA for the twelve months ended March 314,233
3,615
Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio2.5
2.6

(in millions, except for ratios)20202019
Adjusted net debt as at September 30$10,215
$9,468
Adjusted EBITDA for the twelve months ended September 30$4,106
$3,911
Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio2.5
2.4

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Guarantees

As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the Company had residual value guarantees on operating lease commitments of $2 million and a guarantee to uphold an equity investee's credit facility of $21 million. The maximum amount that could be payable under these and all of the Company’s other guarantees cannot be reasonably estimated due to the nature of certain of these guarantees. All or a portion of amounts paid under certain guarantees could be recoverable from other parties or through insurance. The Company accrues for all guarantees that it expects to pay. As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the fair value of these guarantees recognized as a liability was $5accruals amounted to $14 million, reducedincreased from $10 million at December 31, 2019, as athe result of liability settlements.new guarantees.


Contractual Commitments

The following table indicates the Company’s obligations and commitments to make future payments for contracts such as debt, leases, and commercial arrangements as at March 31,September 30, 2020.
Payments due by period (in millions)Total20202021 & 20222023 & 2024ThereafterTotal20202021 & 20222023 & 2024Thereafter
Contractual commitments



















Interest on long-term debt and finance leases$12,336
$313
$917
$794
$10,312
$11,423
$65
$869
$752
$9,737
Long-term debt10,003
238
905
617
8,243
9,727
468
861
582
7,816
Finance leases164
6
124
15
19
151
2
117
14
18
Operating leases(1)
414
65
125
99
125
366
15
128
96
127
Supplier purchases2,173
373
874
523
403
1,825
141
814
479
391
Other long-term liabilities(2)
489
41
103
101
244
460
15
104
100
241
Total contractual commitments$25,579
$1,036
$3,048
$2,149
$19,346
$23,952
$706
$2,893
$2,023
$18,330
(1) 
Residual value guarantees on certain leased equipment with a maximum exposure of $2 million are not included in the minimum payments shown above.
(2) 
Includes expected cash payments for environmental remediation, post-retirement benefits, workers’ compensation benefits, long-term disability benefits, pension benefit payments for the Company’s non-registered supplemental pension plan, and certain other long-term liabilities. Projected payments for post-retirement benefits, workers’ compensation benefits, and long-term disability benefits include the anticipated payments for years 2020 to 2029. Pension contributions for the Company’s registered pension plans are not included due to the volatility in calculating them. Pension payments are discussed further in Critical Accounting Estimates of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Company's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Certain Other Financial Commitments

In addition to the financial commitments mentioned previously in Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and those mentioned above, the Company is party to certain other financial commitments discussed below.

Letters of Credit

Letters of credit are obtained mainly to provide security to third parties under the terms of various agreements, including the supplemental pension plan. CP is liable for these contractual amounts in the case of non-performance under these agreements. Letters of credit are accommodated through a revolving credit facility and the Company’s bilateral letter of credit facilities.

Capital Commitments

The Company remains committed to maintaining the current high level of quality of our capital assets in pursuing sustainable growth. As part of this commitment, CP has entered into contracts with suppliers to make various capital purchases related to track and rolling stock programs. Payments for these commitments are due in 2020 through 2032. These expenditures are expected to be financed by cash generated from operations or by issuing new debt.

The following table outlines the Company’s commitments to make future payments for letters of credit and capital expenditures as at March 31,September 30, 2020:
Payments due by period (in millions)Total20202021 & 20222023 & 2024ThereafterTotal20202021 & 20222023 & 2024Thereafter
Certain other financial commitments  
Letters of credit$85
$85
$—
$—
$—
$61
$61
$—
$—
$—
Capital commitments737
377
211
73
76
516
101
276
67
72
Total certain other financial commitments$822
$462
$211
$73
$76
$577
$162
$276
$67
$72


Critical Accounting Estimates

To prepare consolidated financial statements that conform with GAAP, the Company is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. Using the most current information available, the Company reviews estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to environmental liabilities, pensions and other benefits, property, plant and equipment, deferred income taxes, and personal injury and other claims liabilities. Additional information concerning critical accounting estimates is supplemented in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Company's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Following completion of the January 1, 2020 actuarial valuations of the Canadian pension plans, CP has changed its estimate of aggregate pension contributions, including its defined benefit and defined contribution plans, to be in the range of $40 million to $50 million in 2020, a reduction of $25 million from the previous estimate. The estimate for 2021 to 2023 remains in the range of $50 million to $100 million per year. There have not been anyno other material changes to the Company's critical accounting estimates in the first threenine months of 2020.

The development, selection and disclosure of these estimates, and this MD&A, have been reviewed by the Board of Directors’ Audit and Finance Committee, which is composed entirely of independent directors.


Forward-Looking Statements

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and forward-looking information within the meaning of other relevant securities legislation, including applicable securities laws in Canada.Canada (collectively referred to herein as "forward-looking statements"). Forward-looking statements typically include words such as “financial expectations”, “key assumptions”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “plan”, “will”, “outlook”, “should” or similar words suggesting future outcomes. To the extent that CP has provided forecasts or targets using Non-GAAP financial measures, the Company may not be able to provide a reconciliation to a GAAP measure without unreasonable efforts, due to unknown variables and uncertainty related to future results. This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements relating, but not limited to, statements concerning 2020 volume as measured in revenue ton-miles, adjusted diluted EPS, capital program investments, the U.S.-to-Canadian dollar exchange rate and expected impacts resulting from changes therein, annualized effective tax rate, and other components of net periodic benefit recovery, and the expected outcome of litigation against the Company, the purpose of which is to assist readers in understanding our expected and targeted financial results, and this information may not be appropriate for other purposes.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based on current expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions, having regard to the Company's experience and its perception of historical trends, and includes, but is not limited to, expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions relating to: North American and global economic growth; commodity demand growth; sustainable industrial and agricultural production; commodity prices and interest rates; foreign exchange rates (as specified herein); effective tax rates (as specified herein); performance of our assets and equipment; sufficiency of our budgeted capital expenditures in carrying out our business plan; geopolitical conditions; applicable laws, regulations and government policies; the availability and cost of labour, services and infrastructure; the satisfaction by third parties of their obligations to the Company; and the anticipated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s businesses,business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition. Although the Company believes the expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions reflected in the forward-looking statements presented herein are reasonable as of the date hereof, there can be no assurance that they will prove to be correct. Current conditions, economic and otherwise, render assumptions, although reasonable when made, subject to greater uncertainty.

Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements as actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve numerous inherent risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements, including but not limited to the following factors: changes in business strategies; general North American and global economic, credit and business conditions; risks associated with agricultural production such as weather conditions and insect populations; the availability and price of energy commodities; the effects of competition and pricing pressures; industry capacity; shifts in market demand; changes in commodity prices; uncertainty surrounding timing and volumes of commodities being shipped via CP; inflation; geopolitical instability; changes in laws, regulations and government policies, including regulation of rates; changes in taxes and tax rates; potential increases in maintenance and operating costs; changes in fuel prices; uncertainties of investigations, proceedings or other types of claims and litigation; labour disputes; risks and liabilities arising from derailments; transportation of dangerous goods; timing of completion of capital and maintenance projects; currency and interest rate fluctuations; effects of changes in market conditions and discount rates on the financial position of pension plans and investments; trade restrictions or other changes to international trade arrangements; climate change; various events that could disrupt operations, including severe weather, such as droughts, floods, avalanches and earthquakes, and cybersecurity attacks, as well as security threats and governmental response to them, and technological changes; and the pandemic created by the outbreak of the novel strain of coronavirus (and the disease known as COVID-19)COVID-19 and resulting effects on economic conditions, the demand environment for logistics requirements and energy prices, restrictions imposed by public health authorities or governments, fiscal and monetary policy responses by governments and financial institutions, and disruptions to global supply chains. The foregoing list of factors is

not exhaustive. There are more specific factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements contained in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These more specific factors are identified and discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors of CP's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, a specific risk factor related to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on CP is included in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Other risks are detailed from time to time in reports filed by CP with securities regulators in Canada and the United States.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, CP undertakes no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, or the foregoing assumptions and risks affecting such forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to interest rate risk during the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 from the information provided in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk of CP's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Refer to information on foreign exchange risk and share price impact on stock-based compensation discussed below:

Foreign Exchange Risk

Although CP conducts business primarily in Canada, a significant portion of its revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities including debt are denominated in U.S. dollars. The value of the Canadian dollar is affected by a number of domestic and international factors, including, without limitation, economic performance, and Canadian, U.S. and international monetary policies. Consequently, the Company’s results are affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between these currencies. On an annualized basis, a $0.01 weakening (or strengthening) of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar positively (or negatively) impacts Total revenues by approximately $30 million (2019 - approximately $30$28 million), negatively (or positively) impacts Operating expenses by approximately $15 million (2019 - approximately $15 million), and negatively (or positively) impacts Net interest expense by approximately $3 million (2019 - approximately $3 million).

CP uses U.S. dollar-denominated debt to hedge its net investment in U.S. operations. As at March 31,September 30, 2020, the net investment in U.S. operations is less than the total U.S. denominated debt. Consequently, FX translation on the Company’s undesignated debt and lease liabilities causes additional impacts on earnings in Other expense (income). expense. For further information on the net investment hedge, please refer to Financial Statements, Note 19 Financial instruments of CP's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

To manage this exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates between Canadian and U.S. dollars, CP may sell or purchase U.S. dollar forwards at fixed rates in future periods. In addition, changes in the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and other currencies (including the U.S. dollar) make the goods transported by the Company more or less competitive in the world marketplace and may in turn positively or negatively affect revenues.

Share Price Impact on Stock-Based Compensation

Based on information available at March 31,September 30, 2020, for every $1.00 change in share price, stock-based compensation expense has a corresponding change of approximately $0.4$0.5 million to $0.6 million (2019 - approximately $0.4 million to $0.6 million). This excludes the impact of changes in share price relative to the S&P/TSX 60 Index, the S&P/TSX Capped Industrial Index, the S&P 1500 Road and Rail Index, and to Class I railways, which may trigger different performance share unit payouts. Stock-based compensation may also be impacted by non-market performance conditions.

Additional information concerning stock-based compensation is included in Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 1314 Stock-based compensation.


ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of March 31,September 30, 2020, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision of and with the participation of CP's management, including its CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31,September 30, 2020, to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the firstthird quarter of 2020, the Company has not identified any changes in internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For further details refer to Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 1415 Contingencies.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors from the information provided in Item 1A. Risk Factors of CP's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, with the exception of those discussed below.

The COVID-19 pandemic couldhas negatively affected and may continue to negatively affect the Company's business and operating results

In the first nine months of 2020, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer demand resulted in lower volumes in several of the Company's lines of business, including Energy, chemicals and plastics, Metals, minerals and consumer products, Intermodal, and Automotive. The future impacts of the global emergence of the novel strain of Coronavirus and the disease it causes (known as "COVID-19")COVID-19 on the Company's business or operating and financial results are unpredictable and cannot be identified or assessed with certainty at this time. The widespread health crisisCOVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the global economy and resulted in a widespread economic downturn which has adversely impacted and could continue to adversely impact demand for our services. Suchservices and otherwise cause interruptions, could includeincluding fluctuations to commodity prices, disruptions or restrictions on the ability to transport freight in the ordinary course, temporary closures of facilities and ports, or the facilities and ports of our customers, partners, suppliers or other third-party service providers, and/or changes to export/import restrictions. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has impacted and may continue to impact the seasonal trends that typically characterize our revenues and operating income. There is no assurance that the outbreak will not continue to have a material adverse impact on our business or results of operations. Further,Additionally, our operations could be further negatively affected if a significant number of our employees are unable to perform their normal duties, including because of contracting COVID-19 or based on further direction from governments, public health authorities or regulatory agencies. The extent of the impact, if any, will depend on developments, many of which are beyond our control, including actions taken by governments, financial institutions, monetary policy authorities, and public health authorities to contain and respond to public health concerns and general economic conditions as a result of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic may also result in continued substantial market volatility and declines, which could adversely impact future net periodic benefit costs and funding requirements of CP’s pension plans. Furthermore, certain impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including demand for our services and to economic conditions generally, could continue following the pandemic or the expiration or termination of government actions in respect of the pandemic.

We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required or recommended by federal, provincial, state or local authorities, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, suppliers, shareholders and other stakeholders. We cannot be certain of potential effects any such alterations or modifications may have on our business or operating and financial results for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020.2020 or in future fiscal periods.

To the extent COVID-19 adversely affects our business or operating and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the risk factors included in Item 1A. Risk Factors of CP’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities

CP has established a share repurchase program which is further described in Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 1112 Shareholders' equity. The following table presents the number of Common Shares repurchased during each month of the firstthird quarter of 2020 and the average price paid by CP for the repurchase of such Common Shares.
2020Total number of shares purchased
Average price paid per share(1)

Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs
Maximum number of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
January 1 to January 31318,054
$338.59
318,054
4,184,399
February 1 to February 29472,800
349.70
472,800
3,711,599
March 1 to March 31665,000
293.73
665,000
3,046,599
Ending Balance1,455,854
$321.71
1,455,854
N/A
2020
Total number of shares purchased(1)

Average price paid per share(2)

Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs
Maximum number of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
July 1 to July 31290,891
$358.09
290,891
2,604,848
August 1 to August 31341,349
381.97
341,349
2,263,499
September 1 to September 30412,628
392.35
412,628
1,850,871
Ending Balance1,044,868
$379.42
1,044,868
N/A
(1) 
Includes shares repurchased but not yet cancelled at quarter end.
(2)
Includes brokerage fees.




ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.


ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
ExhibitDescription
4.122.1*
FormList of 2.050% Note due 2030 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SecuritiesIssuers and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2020, File No. 001-01342).
4.2
Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 5, 2020, by and among Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as issuer, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2020, File No. 001-01342).
4.3*
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 9, 2020, by and among Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as issuer, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as guarantor, and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee.Guarantor Subsidiaries
31.1*
CEO Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications
31.2*
CFO Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications
32.1*
CEO Section 1350 Certifications
32.2*
CFO Section 1350 Certifications
101.INS*Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.DEF*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.PRE*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
 
The following financial information from Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the firstthird quarter ended March 31,September 30, 2020, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) includes: (i) the Interim Consolidated Statements of Income for the third quarters and first threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019; (ii) the Interim Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the third quarters and first threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019; (iii) the Interim Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31,September 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019; (iv) the Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the third quarters and first threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019; (v) the Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the third quarters and first threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2020 and 2019; and (vi) the Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

104*Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*Filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

SIGNATURE


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LIMITED
(Registrant)
By:/s/ NADEEM VELANI
 Nadeem Velani
 
Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

Dated: April 21,October 20, 2020


5058