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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period endedCommission file
June 30, 20202021
number1-5805
JPMorgan Chase & Co.Co.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware13-2624428
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. employer
identification no.)
Delaware13-2624428
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. employer
identification no.)
383 Madison Avenue,
New York,New York10179
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) (212) 270-6000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stockJPMThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 6.10% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series AAJPM PR GThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 6.15% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series BBJPM PR HThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 5.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series DDJPM PR DThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 6.00% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series EEJPM PR CThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series GGJPM PR JThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.55% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series JJJPM PR KThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series LLJPM PR LThe New York Stock Exchange
Alerian MLP Index ETNs due May 24, 2024AMJNYSE Arca, Inc.
Guarantee of Callable Step-Up Fixed Rate Notes due April 26, 2028 of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLCJPM/28The New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Callable Fixed Rate Notes due June 10, 2032 of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLCJPM/32The New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Large accelerated filer
☒

Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020: 3,047,604,487
2021: 2,988,155,355



FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I – Financial information
Page
Item 1.
Financial Statements.
Consolidated Financial Statements – JPMorgan Chase & Co.:
Consolidated statements of income (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June30 2020, 2021 and 20192020
9389
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June30 2020, 2021 and 20192020
9490
Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited) at June30 2020, 2021 and December 31, 20192020
9591
Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June30 2020, 2021 and 20192020
9692
Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) for the six months ended June30 2020, 2021 and 20192020
9793
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
9894
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
188178
Consolidated Average Balance Sheets, Interest and Rates (unaudited) for the three months ended June30 2020, 2021 and 20192020
189179
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms and Line of Business Metrics
191181
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Consolidated Financial Highlights
3
Introduction
4
Executive Overview
5
Consolidated Results of Operations
1310
Consolidated Balance Sheets and Cash Flows Analysis
1815
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
2118
Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
2219
Business Segment Results
2421
Firmwide Risk Management
4844
Capital Risk Management
4945
Liquidity Risk Management
5551
Consumer Credit Portfolio
6258
Wholesale Credit Portfolio
6763
Investment Portfolio Risk Management
7975
Market Risk Management
8076
Country Risk Management
8581
Operational Risk Management
8682
Estimations and Model Risk Management
8783
Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm
8884
Accounting and Reporting Developments
9187
Forward-Looking Statements
9288
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
200190
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures.
200190
Part II – Other information
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings.
200190
Item 1A.
Risk Factors.
200190
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
201191
Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
201192
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.
201192
Item 5.
Other Information.
201192
Item 6.
Exhibits.
202192
2


JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated financial highlights (unaudited)
As of or for the period ended, (in millions, except per share, ratio, headcount data and where otherwise noted)

Six months ended June 30,
2Q211Q214Q203Q202Q2020212020
Selected income statement data
Total net revenue(a)
$30,479 $32,266 $29,335 $29,255 $33,075 $62,745 $61,361 
Total noninterest expense17,667 18,725 16,048 16,875 16,942 36,392 33,733 
Pre-provision profit(b)
12,812 13,541 13,287 12,380 16,133 26,353 27,628 
Provision for credit losses(2,285)(4,156)(1,889)611 10,473 (6,441)18,758 
Income before income tax expense15,097 17,697 15,176 11,769 5,660 32,794 8,870 
Income tax expense(a)
3,149 3,397 3,040 2,326 973 6,546 1,318 
Net income$11,948 $14,300 $12,136 $9,443 $4,687 $26,248 $7,552 
Earnings per share data
Net income:     Basic$3.79 $4.51 $3.80 $2.93 $1.39 $8.30 $2.17 
         Diluted3.78 4.50 3.79 2.92 1.38 8.28 2.17 
Average shares: Basic3,036.6 3,073.5 3,079.7 3,077.8 3,076.3 3,054.9 3,086.1 
         Diluted3,041.9 3,078.9 3,085.1 3,082.8 3,081.0 3,060.3 3,090.8 
Market and per common share data
Market capitalization464,778 460,820 387,492 293,451 286,658 464,778 286,658 
Common shares at period-end2,988.2 3,027.1 3,049.4 3,048.2 3,047.6 2,988.2 3,047.6 
Book value per share84.85 82.31 81.75 79.08 76.91 84.85 76.91 
Tangible book value per share (“TBVPS”)(b)
68.91 66.56 66.11 63.93 61.76 68.91 61.76 
Cash dividends declared per share0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.80 1.80 
Selected ratios and metrics
Return on common equity (“ROE”)(c)
18 %23 %19 %15 %7 %21 %6 %
Return on tangible common equity (“ROTCE”)(b)(c)
23 29 24 19 9 26 7 
Return on assets(c)
1.29 1.61 1.42 1.14 0.58 1.44 0.50 
Overhead ratio58 58 55 58 51 58 55 
Loans-to-deposits ratio45 44 47 49 52 45 52 
Firm Liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) (average)(d)
111 110 110 114 117 111 117 
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. LCR (average)(d)
171 166 160 157 140 171 140 
Common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio(e)
13.0 13.1 13.1 13.1 12.4 13.0 12.4 
Tier 1 capital ratio(e)
15.1 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.3 15.1 14.3 
Total capital ratio(e)
17.1 17.2 17.3 17.3 16.7 17.1 16.7 
Tier 1 leverage ratio(e)
6.6 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.9 
Supplementary leverage ratio (“SLR”)(e)
5.4 6.7 6.9 7.0 6.8 5.4 6.8 
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Trading assets$520,588 $544,052 $503,126 $505,822 $491,716 $520,588 $491,716 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses573,637 597,394 589,999 531,136 558,791 573,637 558,791 
Loans1,040,954 1,011,307 1,012,853 989,740 1,009,382 1,040,954 1,009,382 
Total assets(a)
3,684,256 3,689,336 3,384,757 3,245,061 3,212,643 3,684,256 3,212,643 
Deposits2,305,217 2,278,112 2,144,257 2,001,416 1,931,029 2,305,217 1,931,029 
Long-term debt299,926 279,427 281,685 279,175 317,003 299,926 317,003 
Common stockholders’ equity253,548 249,151 249,291 241,050 234,403 253,548 234,403 
Total stockholders’ equity286,386 280,714 279,354 271,113 264,466 286,386 264,466 
Headcount260,110 259,350 255,351 256,358 256,710 260,110 256,710 
Credit quality metrics
Allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments$22,498 $25,517 $30,737 $33,637 $34,301 $22,498 $34,301 
Allowance for loan losses to total retained loans2.02 %2.42 %2.95 %3.26 %3.27 %2.02 %3.27 %
Nonperforming assets$9,802 $10,257 $10,906 $11,462 $9,715 $9,802 $9,715 
Net charge-offs734 1,057 1,050 1,180 1,560 1,791 3,029 
Net charge-off rate0.31 %0.45 %0.44 %0.49 %0.64 %0.38 %0.63 %
As of or for the period ended, (in millions, except per share, ratio, headcount data and where otherwise noted)

      Six months ended June 30,
2Q20
1Q20
4Q19
3Q19
2Q19
 2020
2019
Selected income statement data        
Total net revenue(a)
$32,980
$28,192
$28,285
$29,291
$28,747
 $61,172
$57,823
Total noninterest expense(a)
16,942
16,791
16,293
16,372
16,256
 33,733
32,604
Pre-provision profit(b)
16,038
11,401
11,992
12,919
12,491
 27,439
25,219
Provision for credit losses10,473
8,285
1,427
1,514
1,149
 18,758
2,644
Income before income tax expense5,565
3,116
10,565
11,405
11,342
 8,681
22,575
Income tax expense878
251
2,045
2,325
1,690
 1,129
3,744
Net income$4,687
$2,865
$8,520
$9,080
$9,652
 $7,552
$18,831
         
Earnings per share data        
Net income:     Basic$1.39
$0.79
$2.58
$2.69
$2.83
 $2.17
$5.48
         Diluted1.38
0.78
2.57
2.68
2.82
 2.17
5.46
Average shares: Basic3,076.3
3,095.8
3,140.7
3,198.5
3,250.6
 3,086.1
3,274.3
         Diluted3,081.0
3,100.7
3,148.5
3,207.2
3,259.7
 3,090.8
3,283.9
         
Market and per common share data        
Market capitalization286,658
274,323
429,913
369,133
357,479
 286,658
357,479
Common shares at period-end3,047.6
3,047.0
3,084.0
3,136.5
3,197.5
 3,047.6
3,197.5
Book value per share76.91
75.88
75.98
75.24
73.88
 76.91
73.88
Tangible book value per share (“TBVPS”)(b)
61.76
60.71
60.98
60.48
59.52
 61.76
59.52
Cash dividends declared per share0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.80
 1.80
1.60
         
Selected ratios and metrics        
Return on common equity (“ROE”)(c)
7%4%14%15%16% 6%16%
Return on tangible common equity (“ROTCE”)(b)(c)
9
5
17
18
20
 7
20
Return on assets(b)
0.58
0.40
1.22
1.30
1.41
 0.50
1.40
Overhead ratio51
60
58
56
57
 55
56
Loans-to-deposits ratio51
55
61
62
63
 51
63
Liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) (average)117
114
116
115
113
 117
113
Common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio(d)
12.4
11.5
12.4
12.3
12.2
 12.4
12.2
Tier 1 capital ratio(d)
14.3
13.3
14.1
14.1
14.0
 14.3
14.0
Total capital ratio(d)
16.7
15.5
16.0
15.9
15.8
 16.7
15.8
Tier 1 leverage ratio(d)
6.9
7.5
7.9
7.9
8.0
 6.9
8.0
Supplementary leverage ratio (“SLR”)(d)
6.8
6.0
6.3
6.3
6.4
 6.8
6.4
         
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)        
Trading assets$526,042
$548,580
$411,103
$495,875
$523,373
 $526,042
$523,373
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses558,791
471,144
398,239
394,251
307,264
 558,791
307,264
Loans978,518
1,015,375
959,769
945,218
956,889
 978,518
956,889
Total assets3,213,115
3,139,431
2,687,379
2,764,661
2,727,379
 3,213,115
2,727,379
Deposits1,931,029
1,836,009
1,562,431
1,525,261
1,524,361
 1,931,029
1,524,361
Long-term debt317,003
299,344
291,498
296,472
288,869
 317,003
288,869
Common stockholders’ equity234,403
231,199
234,337
235,985
236,222
 234,403
236,222
Total stockholders’ equity264,466
261,262
261,330
264,348
263,215
 264,466
263,215
Headcount256,710
256,720
256,981
257,444
254,983
 256,710
254,983
         
Credit quality metrics        
Allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments$34,301
$25,391
$14,314
$14,400
$14,295
 $34,301
$14,295
Allowance for loan losses to total retained loans3.32%2.32%1.39%1.42%1.39% 3.32%1.39%
Nonperforming assets$8,440
$6,421
$4,497
$5,343
$5,260
 $8,440
$5,260
Net charge-offs1,560
1,469
1,494
1,371
1,403
 3,029
2,764
Net charge-off rate0.64%0.62%0.63%0.58%0.60% 0.63%0.59%
Effective January 1, 2020,(a)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the Firm adopted the Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“CECL”) accounting guidance.current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(a)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Pre-provision profit, TBVPS and ROTCE are each non-GAAP financial measures. Tangible common equity (“TCE”) is also a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 22-23 for a further discussion of these measures.
(c)Quarterly ratios are based upon annualized amounts.
(d)Reflects the relief provided by the Federal Reserve Board in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the CECL capital transition provisions that became effective in the first quarter of 2020. As of June 30, 2020, the SLR reflects the temporary exclusions of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks. Refer to Regulatory Developments Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic on pages 11-12 and Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54 of this Form 10-Q for additional information. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 85-92 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s capital metrics.

(b)Pre-provision profit, TBVPS and ROTCE are each non-GAAP financial measures. Tangible common equity (“TCE”) is also a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 19-20 for a further discussion of these measures.
(c)Quarterly ratios are based upon annualized amounts.
(d)For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the percentage represents average LCR for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 51-55 for additional information on the LCR results.
(e)The capital metrics reflect the relief provided by the Federal Reserve Board in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") capital transition provisions that became effective in the first quarter of 2020. The SLR prior to the periods ended June 30, 2021 reflects the temporary exclusions of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks, which became effective April 1, 2020 and remained in effect through March 31, 2021. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 45-50 of this Form 10-Q and pages 91-101 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information.
3

INTRODUCTION
The following is Management’s discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPMorgan Chase” or the “Firm”) for the second quarter of 2020.2021.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the second quarter of 20202021 (“Form 10-Q”) should be read together with JPMorgan Chase’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20192020 (“20192020 Form 10-K”). Refer to the Glossary of terms and acronyms and line of business (“LOB”) metrics on pages 191-199181-189 for definitions of terms and acronyms used throughout this Form 10-Q.
This documentForm 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of JPMorgan Chase’s management, speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. ForRefer to Forward-looking Statements on page 88 of this Form 10-Q, Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors on pages 190-191 of this Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A, Risk factors, on pages 8-32 of the 2020 Form 10-K for a discussion of certain of those risks and uncertainties and the factors that could cause JPMorgan Chase’s actual results to differ materially because of those risks and uncertainties, refer to Forward-looking Statements on page 92 of this Form 10-Q, Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors on pages 200-201 of this Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A, Risk factors, on pages 6-28 of the 2019 Form 10-K.uncertainties.
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM), a financial holding company incorporated under Delaware law in 1968, is a leading global financial services firm and one of the largest banking institutionsbased in the United States of America (“U.S.”), with operations worldwide;worldwide. JPMorgan Chase had $3.2$3.7 trillion in assets and $264.5$286.4 billion in stockholders’ equity as of June 30, 2020.2021. The Firm is a leader in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing and asset management. Under the J.P. Morgan and Chase brands, the Firm serves millions of customers in the U.S., and many of the world’s most prominent corporate, institutional and government clients.clients globally.
JPMorgan Chase’s principal bank subsidiary is JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (“JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.”), a national banking association with U.S. branches in 3843 states and Washington, D.C. as of June 30, 2020.2021. JPMorgan Chase’s principal non-bank subsidiary is J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“J.P. Morgan Securities”), a U.S. broker-dealer. The bank and non-bank subsidiaries of JPMorgan Chase operate nationally as well as through overseas branches and subsidiaries, representative offices and subsidiary foreign banks. The Firm’s principal operating subsidiary outside the U.S. is J.P. Morgan Securities plc, a U.K.-based subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
For management reporting purposes, the Firm’s activities are organized into four major reportable business segments, as well as a Corporate segment. The Firm’s consumer business segment is Consumer & Community Banking (“CCB”). The Firm’s wholesale business segments are the Corporate & Investment Bank (“CIB”), Commercial Banking (“CB”), and Asset & Wealth Management (“AWM”). ForRefer to Note 25 of this Form 10-Q and Note 32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for a description of the Firm’s business segments and the products and services they provide to their respective
client bases, refer to Note 26 of this Form 10-Q and Note 32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K.bases.
The Firm's website is www.jpmorganchase.com. JPMorgan Chase makes available on its website, free of charge, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files or furnishes such material to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) at www.sec.gov. JPMorgan Chase also makes additionalimportant information about the Firm available on its website, including on the Investor Relations section of its website at https://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/investor-relations/investor-relations.htm.

ir.
4


EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
This executive overview of the MD&A highlights selected information and does not contain all of the information that is important to readers of this Form 10-Q. For a complete description of the trends and uncertainties, as well as the risks and critical accounting estimates affecting the Firm and its various LOBs, this Form 10-Q and the 20192020 Form 10-K should be read together and in their entirety.
Effective January 1, 2020,
Financial performance of JPMorgan Chase
(unaudited)
As of or for the period ended,
(in millions, except per share data and ratios)
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20212020Change20212020Change
Selected income statement data
Total net revenue(a)
$30,479$33,075(8)%$62,745$61,3612 %
Total noninterest expense17,66716,9424 36,39233,7338 
Pre-provision profit12,81216,133(21)26,35327,628(5)
Provision for credit losses(2,285)10,473NM(6,441)18,758NM
Net income11,9484,687155 26,2487,552248 
Diluted earnings per share$3.78$1.38174 $8.28$2.17282 
Selected ratios and metrics
Return on common equity18%7%21%6%
Return on tangible common equity239267
Book value per share$84.85$76.9110 $84.85$76.9110 
Tangible book value per share68.9161.7612 68.9161.7612 
Capital ratios(b)
CET1 capital13.0%12.4%13.0%12.4%
Tier 1 capital15.114.315.114.3
Total capital17.116.717.116.7
(a)Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance.current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(b)The capital metrics reflect the relief provided by the Federal Reserve Board in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the CECL capital transition provisions that became effective in the first quarter of 2020. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 45-50 of this Form 10-Q and pages 91-101 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information.
Financial performance of JPMorgan Chase        
(unaudited)
As of or for the period ended,
(in millions, except per share data and ratios)
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Selected income statement data           
Total net revenue(a)
$32,980
 $28,747
 15 % $61,172
 $57,823
 6 %
Total noninterest expense(a)
16,942
 16,256
 4
 33,733
 32,604
 3
Pre-provision profit16,038
 12,491
 28
 27,439
 25,219
 9
Provision for credit losses10,473
 1,149
 NM
 18,758
 2,644
 NM
Net income4,687
 9,652
 (51) 7,552
 18,831
 (60)
Diluted earnings per share$1.38
 $2.82
 (51) $2.17
 $5.46
 (60)
Selected ratios and metrics           
Return on common equity7% 16%   6% 16%  
Return on tangible common equity9
 20
   7
 20
  
Book value per share$76.91
 $73.88
 4
 $76.91
 $73.88
 4
Tangible book value per share61.76
 59.52
 4
 61.76
 59.52
 4
Capital ratios(b)
           
CET112.4% 12.2%   12.4% 12.2%  
Tier 1 capital14.3
 14.0
   14.3
 14.0
  
Total capital16.7
 15.8
   16.7
 15.8
  
(a)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Reflects the relief provided by the Federal Reserve Board in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the CECL capital transition provisions that became effective in the first quarter of 2020. Refer to Regulatory Developments Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic on pages 11-12 and Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54 of this Form 10-Q for additional information. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 85-92 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s capital metrics.

Comparisons noted in the sections below are for the second quarter of 20202021 versus the second quarter of 2019,2020, unless otherwise specified.
Firmwide overview
JPMorgan Chase reported net income of $4.7$11.9 billion for the second quarter of 2020,2021, or $1.38$3.78 per share, on net revenue of $33.0$30.5 billion. The Firm reported ROE of 7%18% and ROTCE of 9%23%. The Firm recorded a number of significant items inFirm's results for the second quarter of 2020,2021 included a reduction in the allowance for credit losses of $3.0 billion compared to an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $8.9 billion in the prior year.
•Net income was $11.9 billion, up $7.3 billion.
•Total net revenue was down 8%.
–Noninterest revenue was $17.7 billion, down 8%, driven by lower CIB Markets revenue, largely offset by higher Investment Banking fees in CIB, higher Card income and higher management fees in AWM.
–The prior year included $678 million of mark-ups on held-for-sale positions in the bridge financing portfolio in CIB and CB.
–Net interest income was $12.7 billion, down 8%, predominantly driven by CIB Markets and lower loans in Card.

•Noninterest expense was $17.7 billion, up 4%, largely driven by continued investments in the business, including technology and front office hiring, as well as higher volume-related brokerage expense in CIB and distribution expense in AWM.
•The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $2.3 billion driven by net reductions in the allowance for credit losses of $3.0 billion, compared to an additionexpense of $10.5 billion in the prior year predominantly driven by net additions to the allowance for credit losses of $8.9 billion, $678 million of markups on held-for-sale positions, including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio in CIB and CB, and a $510 million gain in Credit Adjustments & Other in CIB driven by funding spread tightening on derivatives.billion.
Net income was down 51%, driven by an increase in the provision for credit losses across the Firm.
•
Total net revenue increased 15%. Noninterest revenue was $19.1 billion, up 33%, largely driven by higher CIB Markets revenue and Investment Banking fees. The increase in revenue also included $678 million of markups on held-for-sale positions, including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio in CIB and CB, and a $510 million gain in Credit Adjustments & Other in CIB driven by funding spread tightening on derivatives. Net interest income was $13.9 billion, down 4%, with the impact of lower rates predominantly offset by higher net interest income in CIB Markets and balance sheet growth.
Noninterest expense was $16.9 billion, up 4%, predominantly driven by revenue-related expense, primarily compensation, partially offset by lower marketing expense in Card as a result of lower travel-related benefits and lower investments in marketing campaigns, as well as lower structural expense.


•
The provision for credit losses was $10.5 billion, up $9.3 billion from the prior year, driven by additions to the allowance for credit losses, reflecting further deterioration and increased uncertainty in the macroeconomic outlook as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The addition in the wholesale allowance was $4.6 billion across multiple industry sectors, and the addition in the consumer allowance was $4.4 billion, largely in Card.
The total allowance for credit losses was $34.3$22.6 billion at June 30, 2020, and the2021. The Firm had aan allowance for loan losslosses to retained loans coverage ratio of 3.32%2.02%, compared with 1.39%2.42% in the first quarter of 2021, and 3.27% in the prior year,year; the decrease from the first quarter of 2021 was driven by net reductions in the additions to allowance for creditloan losses anddue to improvements in the adoption of CECL. Firm's economic outlook.
•The Firm’s nonperforming assets totaled $8.4$9.8 billion at June 30, 2020, an increase from $5.3 billion in2021, relatively flat versus the prior year. The increase wasNonperforming assets were down $455 million from March 31, 2021, driven by downgrades in the wholesale portfolio across multiple industries on client credit deterioration, and the inclusion of purchased credit deterioratedlower nonaccrual loans in the mortgage portfolio, which are subject to nonaccrual loan treatment following the adoption of CECL.consumer and wholesale portfolios, reflecting improved credit performance, partially offset by higher derivative receivables.
5

•Firmwide average loans of $1.0 trillion were up 4%, largely reflecting drawdowns on committed revolving credit facilitiesflat versus the prior year, as lower loans in MarchCB and higher loan balances in AWM,CCB were offset by the net origination of Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans, as well as loans originated under the Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). The loan growth was partially offset by lower loan balances in Home LendingAWM and Card.CIB.
•Firmwide average deposits of $1.9$2.3 trillion were up 25%23%, reflecting significant inflows across the Firm,LOBs primarily driven by the effect of certain government actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as customerspandemic.
•As of June 30, 2021, the Firm had average eligible High Quality Liquid Assets (“HQLA”) of approximately $717 billion and clients lookedunencumbered marketable securities with a fair value of approximately $854 billion, resulting in approximately $1.6 trillion of liquidity sources. Refer to remain liquid as a result of market conditions.Liquidity Risk Management on pages 51-55 for additional information.

6

Selected capital-related metrics
•The Firm’s CET1 capital was $191$209 billion, and the Standardized and Advanced CET1 ratios were 12.4%13.0% and 13.2%13.8%, respectively.
•The Firm’s SLR was 6.8%5.4%. As of June 30, 2020, the SLR reflects the temporary exclusions of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks, as required by the Federal Reserve’s interim final rule issued on April 1, 2020. The Firm’s SLR excluding the temporary relief was 5.7%.
•The Firm grew TBVPS, ending the second quarter of 20202021 at $61.76,$68.91, up 4%12% versus the prior year.
Pre-provision profit, ROTCE and TBVPS are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 22-2319-20 for a further discussion of each of these measures.

Business segment highlights
Selected business metrics for each of the Firm’s four LOBs are presented below for the second quarter of 2020.
2021.
CCB
ROE
(2)%44%
•
Average deposits up 20%25%; client investment assets up 9%36%
•
Average loans down 7%3%; debit and credit card sales volume down 23%up 45%
•
Provision for credit losses of $5.8 billion, predominantly driven by an addition to the allowance for credit losses of $4.6 billionActive mobile customers up 10%
CIB
ROE
27%23%
•
#1 ranking for Global Investment Banking fees with 9.8%9.4% wallet share year-to-dateYTD
•
Total Markets revenue of $9.7$6.8 billion, up 79%down 30%, with Fixed Income Markets up 99%down 44% and Equity Markets up 38%
•
Provision for credit losses of $2.0 billion, predominantly driven by an addition to the allowance for credit losses of $1.8 billion13%
CB
ROE
(14)%23%
•
Gross Investment Banking revenue of $851 million,$1.2 billion, up 44%37%
•
Average loans up 13%down 12%; average deposits up 41%
•
Provision for credit losses of $2.4 billion driven by an addition to the allowance for credit losses22%
AWM
ROE
 24%32%
•
Assets under management (AUM)("AUM") of $2.5$3.0 trillion, up 15%21%
•
Average loans up 12%21%; average deposits up 20%
•
Provision for credit losses of $223 million, driven by an addition to the allowance for credit losses37%
Refer to the Business Segment Results on pages 24-4721-43 for a detailed discussion of results by business segment.

Credit provided and capital raised
JPMorgan Chase continues to support consumers, businesses and communities around the globe. The Firm provided new and renewed credit and raised capital for wholesale and consumer clients during the first six months of 2020,2021, consisting of:
$1.21.7 trillion
Total credit provided and capital raised (including loans and commitments)(a)
$107
151
billion
Credit for consumers
$11
10
billion
Credit for U.S. small businesses
$404656 billionCredit for corporations
$651879 billionCapital raised for corporate clients and non-U.S. government entities
$5332
 billion
Credit and capital raised for nonprofit and U.S. government entities(b)
$2811 billion
Loans under the Small Business Administration’s Paycheck Protection

Program

(a)Excludes loans under the SBA’s PPP.
(b)Includes states, municipalities, hospitals and universities.
(a)Excludes loans under the SBA’s PPP.
(b)Includes states, municipalities, hospitals and universities.


7

Recent events
•On June 29, 2020,28, 2021, JPMorgan Chase announced that it had completed the 2020Federal Reserve’s 2021 Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (“CCAR”) stress test process.
–The Firm’s 2021 indicative Stress Capital Buffer (“SCB”) requirement is 3.2% (down from the current 3.3% and), which would result in a minimum Standardized CET1 capital ratio of 11.2% (down from the current 11.3%). The Federal Reserve Board will provide the Firm with its final SCB requirement by August 31, 2020. The Firm’s2021, and that requirement will become effective on October 1, 2021, and will remain in effect until September 30, 2022.
–Additionally, the Firm's Board of Directors currently intends to maintainincrease the quarterly common stock dividend ofto $1.00 per share (up from the current $0.90 per share forshare), effective in the third quarter of 2020. Additionally, in June 2020, 2021.
•the Federal Reserve directed all large bank holding companies, including the Firm, to discontinue net share repurchases,On May 18, 2021, JPMorgan Chase announced several senior management changes:
–Retirement of Gordon Smith at least through the end of the third quarteryear, by which time Daniel Pinto, Co-President and COO and CEO of 2020.CIB, will become the Firm's sole President and COO

–Appointment of Marianne Lake, CEO of Consumer Lending, and Jennifer Piepszak, CFO of the Firm, as co-heads of CCB, reporting to Mr. Smith until his retirement at the end of 2021, and
–Appointment of Jeremy Barnum, head of Global Research in CIB, as successor to Ms. Piepszak as CFO of the Firm, and his appointment to the Operating Committee.
•Firm acquisitions and investments:
–On June 29, 2021, JPMorgan Chase announced an agreement to acquire OpenInvest, a provider of values-based financial solutions, including tools for evaluating portfolios and reporting on their ESG impact.
–On June 28, 2021, JPMorgan Chase announced an agreement to take a 40% ownership stake in C6 Bank, a full-service Brazilian digital bank, subject to regulatory approvals.
–On June 21, 2021, JPMorgan Chase announced an agreement to acquire Campbell Global, which performs global timberland investment and natural resource management.
–On June 17, 2021, JPMorgan Chase announced an agreement to acquire Nutmeg, a digital wealth manager based in the U.K., subject to regulatory approvals. The acquisition is part of the launching of Chase as a digital retail bank in the U.K. in the coming months.
2020 outlookOutlook
These current expectations are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of JPMorgan Chase’s management, speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q, and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Refer to Forward-Looking Statements on page 9288 and Risk Factors on page 200190 of this Form 10-Q andand pages 6–288–32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of certain of those risks and uncertainties and the other factors that could cause JPMorgan Chase’s actual results to differ materially because of those risks and uncertainties. There is no assurance that actual results in the full year of 2020 will be in line with the outlook set forth below, and the Firm does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements.
JPMorgan Chase’s current outlook for the remainder of 20202021 should be viewed against the backdrop of the global and U.S. economies, the COVID-19 pandemic, financial markets activity, the geopolitical environment, the competitive environment, client and customer activity levels, and regulatory and legislative developments in the U.S. and other countries where the Firm does business. Each of these factors will affect the performance of the Firm and its LOBs. The Firm will continue to make appropriate adjustments to its businesses and operations in response to ongoing developments in the business, economic, regulatory and legal environments in which it operates. The outlook information contained in this Form 10-Q supersedes all outlook information furnished by the Firm in its periodic reports filed with the SEC prior to the date of this Form 10-Q.
FirmwideFull-year 2021
•Management expects full-year 2020 net interest income, on a managed basis, to be approximately $56$52.5 billion, market dependent.
•Management expects adjusted expense for the full-year 2020 to be approximately $65 billion.$71 billion, market dependent.

•Management expects the net charge-off rate in Card to be less than 2.5%.


Net interest income, on a managed basis, and adjusted expense are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 19-20.
8

Business Developments
COVID-19 Pandemic
In the first quarter of 2020, in response toThroughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the Firm invoked resiliency plans to allowhas remained focused on serving its businesses to remain operational, utilizing disaster recovery sitesclients, customers and implementing alternative work arrangements globally, including work from home.communities, as well as the well-being of its employees.
The Firm also implemented strategies and procedures designed to help it respond to increased market volatility, client demand for credit and liquidity, distress in certain industries/sectors and the ongoing impacts to consumers and businesses.
In the second quarter, the Firm continued its focus on responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, including developing plans to return employees to the office. The Firm continues to actively monitor the dynamic health and safety situations at local and regional levels as more of the Firm's global workforce returns to the office, and will adapt its plans remain flexible to adapt as these situations evolve.
Supporting clientsRefer to Credit Portfolio on page 57 and customers
The Firm has continued to support its clientspage 113 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on PPP; Consumer Credit portfolio on pages 58-62 and customers during the challenging conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including by providing liquidity. Since March, the Firm has extended more than $350 billionpage 116 of newJPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K, as well as Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 63-72 and renewed credit to its clients and customers,page 122 of which approximately $300 billion was in the wholesale businesses.
The Firm is participating in a number of U.S government facilities and programs including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) and the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). At June 30,JPMorgan Chase's 2020 the Firm had approximately $28 billion ofForm 10-K for further information on retained loans under the PPP. payment deferral.
Refer to Regulatory Developments Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic on pages 11-1252-53 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for more information ona discussion of U.S. Governmentgovernment actions impacting the Firm and U.S. government facilities and programs.
In addition, in March 2020 the Firm began providing payment deferrals on loans and auto leases, refunded fees, and modified covenants for clients and customers.
In the consumer portfolio segment, through June 30, 2020, the Firm has provided customer assistance to over 2 million accounts, including refunding over $83 million in fees and granting payment deferrals on over $79 billion of loans and leases, of which $42 billion was for third-party mortgage loans serviced. As of June 30, 2020 the Firm had approximately $28 billion of retained loans that were still under payment deferral.
In the wholesale portfolio segment, through June 30, 2020, the Firm has provided client assistance to approximately 12,000 clients, primarily risk-rated clients in CCB. The majority of the client assistance was payment deferrals on approximately $23 billion of loans. As of June 30, 2020, there were approximately $17 billion of retained loans that were still under payment deferral.
Refer to Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 for additional information on assistance granted to customers and clients. Refer to Consumer Credit portfolio on pages 62-66 and Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 67-76 for additional information on retained loans that were still under payment deferral as of June 30, 2020.
Approximately three-quarters of the Firm’s branch network is operational, and ATMs remain accessible. The Firm also continues to provide a wide range of banking services accessible to clients and customers online.
Protecting and supporting employees
In addition to widespread work from home arrangements, the Firm has taken actions to protect and support its employees. These actions include providing increased safety measures for those employees whose job functions require them to continue to be onsite, a special payment for certain eligible employees and expanded healthcare resources.
Supporting communities
Since March, the Firm has committed $250 million to help address humanitarian needs and long-term economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic on the communitiesprograms in which the Firm operates. This includes a $200 million commitment to be deployed over time to support underserved small businesses and nonprofits and $50 million in grants to help vulnerable communities impacted by the pandemic.

has participated.

Departure of the U.K. from the EU
The Firm continues to execute on its Firmwide Brexit Implementation program and remains focused on the following key areas to ensure continuation of service to its EU clients: regulatory and legal entity readiness; client readiness; and business and operational readiness. The Firm’s Brexit-related planning in the second half of 2020 will focus on the possibility that the U.K. will complete its departure from the EU without having agreed the terms of their future relationship, which is commonly referred to as “hard Brexit,” as the July 1, 2020 deadline for the U.K. to request an extension of the transition period has passed. This will require completion of the relocation of certain front office roles from the U.K. to EU locations, and finalization of the migration of EU clients and certain positions to EU entities by the end of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has added incremental risk to the Firm’s Brexit Implementation program due to the potential impact on its ability to execute changes such as relocation of employees given travel restrictions, or the ability of clients to be operationally ready to the extent that they have diverted resources during 2020 to address the effects of the pandemic.
Interbank Offered Rate (“IBOR”) transition
On March 12, 2020,5, 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”Conduct Authority confirmed that the publication of the principal tenors of the U.S. dollar London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") issued an accounting standards update providing optional expedients(i.e., overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month and exceptions12-month LIBOR) will cease immediately following a final publication on June 30, 2023. The scheduled cessation date for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contractsU.K. sterling, Japanese yen, Swiss franc and hedge relationships affected by reference rate reform. This update providesEuro LIBOR, and the one-week and two-month tenors of U.S. dollar LIBOR, remains December 31, 2021, and the Firm is prioritizing those currencies and tenors of LIBOR for various elective options, referred to as “practical expedients,” that are intended to simplify the operational impact of applying U.S. GAAP to certain transactions. contract remediation in 2021.
The Firm expectscontinues to apply certain of these practical expedients relatingmake progress on its initiatives to mitigate the risks to the Firm associated with IBOR discontinuation. As part of the transition, in the second half of 2020. ReferFirm continues to Accounting and Reporting Developmentsengage with clients on page 91 for additional information.contract remediation. The Firm also continues to monitor the transition relief being considered by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and U.S. Treasury Department regarding accounting andthe tax implications of reference rate reform.
The Firm also continues to develop and implement plans to appropriately mitigate the risks associated with IBOR discontinuation. Refer to Business Developments on page 4751 of the 2019JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s initiatives to address the expected discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other IBORs.additional information.


Regulatory Developments Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Since March 2020, the U.S. government as well as central banks and banking authorities around the world have taken and continue to take actions to help individuals, households and businesses that have been adversely affected by the economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, which was signed into law on March 27, 2020, provides, among other things, funding to support loan facilities to assist consumers and businesses. Set forth below is a summary as of the date of this Form 10-Q of U.S. government actions currently impacting the Firm and U.S. government programs in which the Firm is participating to support individuals, businesses, and the broader economy. The Firm will continue to assess ongoing developments in government actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
U.S. government actions
Eligible retained income definition. On March 17, 2020, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), collectively the “federal banking agencies,” issued an interim final rule that revised the definition of “eligible retained income” in the regulatory capital rules that apply to all U.S. banking organizations. On March 23, 2020, the Federal Reserve issued an interim final rule that revised the definition of “eligible retained income” for purposes of the total loss-absorbing capacity (“TLAC”) buffer requirements that apply to global systemically important banking organizations. The revised definition of eligible retained income makes any automatic limitations on payout distributions that could apply under the agencies’ capital rules or TLAC rule take effect on a more graduated basis in the event that a banking organization’s capital, leverage and TLAC ratios were to decline below regulatory requirements (including buffers). The March 17, 2020 interim final rule was issued, in conjunction with an interagency statement encouraging banking organizations to use their capital and liquidity buffers, to further support banking organizations’ abilities to lend to households and businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reserve requirements. On March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve reduced reserve requirement ratios to zero percent, effectively eliminating the reserve requirement for all depository institutions, an action that freed up liquidity in the banking system to support lending to households and businesses.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-59 and Note 21 for additional information on the reduction to the reserve requirement.
Regulatory Capital - Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) transition delay. On March 31, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule that provided banking organizations with the option to delay the effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year
transition period (“CECL capital transition provisions”). The Firm elected to apply the CECL capital transition provisions.
Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54 and Note 22 on pages 176-177 for additional information on the CECL capital transition provisions and the impact to the Firm’s capital metrics.
Supplementary leverage ratio (“SLR”) temporary revision. On April 1, 2020, the Federal Reserve issued an interim final rule that requires, on a temporary basis, the calculation of total leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR for bank holding companies, to exclude the on-balance sheet amounts of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks. These exclusions became effective April 1, 2020, and will remain in effect through March 31, 2021.
Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54 and Note 22 for additional information on the Firm’s SLR.
Loan modifications. On April 7, 2020, the federal banking agencies along with the National Credit Union Administration, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, in consultation with the state financial regulators, issued an interagency statement revising a March 22, 2020 interagency statement on loan modifications and the reporting for financial institutions working with customers affected by the COVID-19 pandemic (the “IA Statement”). The IA Statement reconfirmed that efforts to work with borrowers where the loans are prudently underwritten, and not considered past due or carried on nonaccrual status, should not result in the loans automatically being considered modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) for accounting and financial reporting purposes, or for purposes of their respective risk-based capital rules, which would otherwise require financial institutions subject to the capital rules to hold more capital. The IA Statement also clarified the interaction between its previous guidance and Section 4013 of the CARES Act, which provides certain financial institutions with the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs for a limited period of time for loan modifications made to address the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Firm has granted various forms of assistance to customers and clients impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, including payment deferrals and covenant modifications. The majority of the Firm’s COVID-19 related loan modifications have not been considered TDRs as:
they represent short-term or other insignificant modifications, whether under the Firm’s regular loan modification assessments or the IA Statement guidance, or
the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided under section 4013 of the CARES Act.
To the extent that certain modifications do not meet any of the above criteria, the Firm accounts for them as TDRs. Refer to Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 and Note 12 for9

additional information on the Firm’s loan modification activities.
U.S. government facilities and programs
. Beginning in March 2020, the Federal Reserve announced a suite of facilities using its emergency lending powers under section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act to support the flow of credit to individuals, households and businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and to support the broader economy. These facilities include the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (“MMLF”), Main Street Lending Facilities, Primary Dealer Credit Facility (“PDCF”), Commercial Paper Funding Facility (“CPFF”), Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (“SMCCF”) and Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (“TALF”). In addition, beginning April 3, 2020, the PPP, established by the CARES Act and administered by the SBA, authorized eligible lenders to provide nonrecourse loans to eligible borrowers until August 8, 2020 to provide an incentive for these businesses to keep their workers on their payroll. The Firm has participated and is participating in certain of these facilities and programs, as needed, to assist its clients and customers or to support the broader economy.
Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54, Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-59, Note 22 and Note 24 for additional information on the Firm’s participation in the MMLF. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-59 for additional information on the Firm’s participation in the PDCF. Refer to Business Developments on pages 9-10, Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54, Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 and Note 22 for additional information on the Firm’s participation in the PPP.


CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This section provides a comparative discussion of JPMorgan Chase’s Consolidated Results of Operations on a reported basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, unless otherwise specified. Factors that relate primarily to a single business segment are discussed in more detail within that business segment.segment's results. Refer to pages 88-9084-86 of this Form 10-Q and pages 136–138152-155 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm that affect the Consolidated Results of Operations.
Revenue           Revenue
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
(in millions)20212020Change20212020Change
Investment banking fees$2,850
 $1,851
 54 % $4,716
 $3,691
 28 %Investment banking fees$3,470 $2,850 22 %$6,440 $4,716 37 %
Principal transactions7,621
 3,714
 105
 10,558
 7,790
 36
Principal transactions4,076 7,621 (47)10,576 10,558 — 
Lending- and deposit-related fees(a)
1,431
 1,624
 (12) 3,137
 3,183
 (1)
Asset management, administration and commissions(a)
4,266
 4,264
 —
 8,806
 8,301
 6
Investment securities gains26
 44
 (41) 259
 57
 354
Lending- and deposit-related feesLending- and deposit-related fees1,760 1,431 23 3,447 3,137 10 
Asset management, administration and commissionsAsset management, administration and commissions5,194 4,266 22 10,223 8,806 16 
Investment securities gains/(losses)Investment securities gains/(losses)(155)26 NM(141)259 NM
Mortgage fees and related income917
 279
 229
 1,237
 675
 83
Mortgage fees and related income551 917 (40)1,255 1,237 1 
Card income(b)
974
 1,281
 (24) 1,969
 2,508
 (21)
Other income(c)
1,042
 1,292
 (19) 2,198
 2,767
 (21)
Card incomeCard income1,647 974 69 2,997 1,969 52 
Other income(a)(b)
Other income(a)(b)
1,195 1,137 5 2,318 2,387 (3)
Noninterest revenue19,127
 14,349
 33
 32,880
 28,972
 13
Noninterest revenue17,738 19,222 (8)37,115 33,069 12 
Net interest income13,853
 14,398
 (4) 28,292
 28,851
 (2)Net interest income12,741 13,853 (8)25,630 28,292 (9)
Total net revenue$32,980
 $28,747
 15 % $61,172
 $57,823
 6 %Total net revenue$30,479 $33,075 (8)%$62,745 $61,361 2 %
(a) InIncluded operating lease income of $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion for the first quarter ofthree months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively and $2.6 billion and $2.8 billion for the Firm reclassified certain fees from asset management, administrationsix months ended June 30, 2021 and commissions to lending- and deposit-related fees.2020, respectively.
(b) Prior-period amounts haveamount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b) In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense Refer to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(c) Included operating lease income of $1.4 billion and $1.3 billionNote 1 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $2.8 billion and$2.6 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.further information.
Quarterly results
Investment banking fees increased driven byacross products in CIB, reflecting:
•higher advisory fees due to a higher number of completed transactions
•higher debt underwriting fees due to increased industry-widedriven by an active acquisition finance market, partially offset by lower investment grade bond fees, and wallet share gains in both investment-grade and high-yield bonds
•higher equity underwriting fees due to increased industry-widedriven by an active IPO market, predominantly offset by lower fees and wallet share gains, primarily infrom follow-on offerings and convertible securities markets
–the increased activity in debt and equity underwriting reflected clients seeking access to liquidity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic
higher advisory fees driven by a few large completed transactions.offerings.
Refer to CIB segment results on pages 31-3728-33 and Note 65 for additional information.
Principal transactions revenue increased and includeddecreased in CIB, primarily reflecting:
•lower revenue in Fixed Income Markets across products compared to a strong prior year,
partially offset by
•higher revenue in Equity Markets driven by strong performance in prime brokerage.
The decrease in Principal transactions also reflects the absence of two significant items in the prior year: $678 million of mark-ups on held-for-sale positions in the bridge financing portfolio in CIB and CB, and a $510 million gain in CIB's Credit Adjustments & Other, both of which represent reversals of a portion of the losses that were recognized in the first quarter of 2020:2020.
$678 million of markups on held-for-sale positions, including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio in CIB and CB, compared with $896 million of markdowns in the first quarter of 2020, and
a $510 million gain in Credit Adjustments & Other in CIB driven by funding spread tightening on derivatives, compared with a $951 million loss in the first quarter of 2020.
Excluding these two items, principal transactions revenue increased in CIB driven by strong client activity in Fixed Income Markets primarily in Rates, Currencies & Emerging Markets, and Credit; and in Equity Markets related to derivatives and Cash Equities. The prior year included a gain from the initial public offering (“IPO”) of Tradeweb.
The increase in principal transactions revenue also reflected net gains on certain legacy private equity investments in Corporate, compared with net losses in the prior year.
Principal transactions revenue in CIB may in certain cases have offsets across other revenue lines, including net interest income. The Firm assesses the performance of its CIB Markets business performance on a total revenue basis.
Refer to CIB CB and Corporate segment results on pages 31-37, pages 38-41 and page 46,28-33 and Note 65 for additional information.
Lending- and deposit-related fees decreased due to lowerincreased reflecting:
•higher cash management fees and higher lending-related fees, particularly loan commitment fees, in CIB and CB, and
•higher deposit-related fees in CCB, reflecting lowerhigher transaction activityactivity.
Refer to CIB segment results on pages 28-33, CB on pages 34-37 and the impactCCB on pages 23-27, and Note 5 for additional information.
Asset management, administration and commissions revenueincreased driven by higher asset management fees in AWM as a result of higher average market levels and strong cumulative net inflows into long-term products, net of liquidity fee refundswaivers,and in CCB related to the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by higher cash management fees in CIBlevel of client investment assets on higher average market levels and CB. net inflows.
Refer to AWM and CCB segment results on pages 26-30, CIB on38-41, and pages 31-37 and CB on pages 38-41,23-27, respectively, and Note 65 for additional information.
For information on asset management, administration and commissions revenue, refer to CCB, CIB and AWM segment results on pages 26-30, pages 31-37 and pages 42-45, respectively, and Note 6.revenue.


10

ReferInvestment securities gains/(losses) reflected the impact of repositioning the investment securities portfolio. Refer to Corporate segment results on page 46pages 42-43 and Note 109 for additional information on investment securities gains.gains/(losses).
Mortgage fees and related income increaseddecreased due to:
higher net•lower mortgage production revenue reflecting higherlower production margins, partially offset by the absence of gains on loan sales in the prior year in Home Lending,higher volumes, and
higher•lower net mortgage servicing revenue reflecting highera net loss in MSR risk management results, due to the absence of losses resulting from updates to model inputscompared with a net gain in the prior year partially offset by lower operating revenue reflecting a lower level of third-party loans serviced.period.
Refer to CCB segment results on pages 26-30,23-27, Note 65 and 1514 for furtheradditional information.
Card income decreased due to lowerincreased as a result of higher net interchange income and higher merchant processing fees, reflecting lowerin the second quarter of 2021, the acceleration of debit and credit card sales volumes that beganvolume above pre-pandemic levels, and lower acquisition costs. Refer to CCB segment results on pages 23-27 and Note 5 for additional information.
Other income in Marchcreased reflecting:
•higher gains on several investments, primarily in CIB,
predominantly offset by
•lower operating lease income as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by higher annual fees and lower acquisition costs.decline in auto operating lease volume in CCB
Refer to CCB, CIB and CB segment results on pages 26-30, pages 31-37 and pages 38-41, as well as and Note 6 for further information.
Other income• decreased, reflecting:
higher costs associated with using forward contracts to hedge certain non-U.S. dollar-denominated net investment exposures in Treasury and CIO,
increased amortization on a higher levelslevel of alternative energy investments in the tax-oriented investment portfolio in CIB. The increased amortization was more than offset by lower income tax expense from the associated tax credits
lower market-driven results on certain investments in Corporate
partially offset by
higher operating lease income from growth in auto operating lease volume in CCB
Refer to Note 17 for further information.credits.
Net interest incomedecreased due to the impact ofdriven by lower rates, predominantly offset by higher net interest incomeMarkets NII and lower loans in CIB Markets and balance sheet growth.Card.
The Firm’s average interest-earning assets were $2.8$3.2 trillion, up $481$358 billion, predominantly driven by higher deposits with banks and investment securities, and the yield was 2.31%1.79%, down 142 bps,52 basis points (“bps”), primarily due to lower rates. The net yield on these assets, on an FTE basis, was 1.99%1.62%, a decrease of 5037 bps. The net yield excluding CIB Markets was 2.27%1.90%, down 10837 bps.
Net yield on an FTE basis, and net yield excluding CIB Markets, is aare non-GAAP financial measure.measures. Refer to the Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates schedule on pages 189–190page 179 for further details; and the Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 22-2319-20 for a further discussion of Net interest yield excluding CIB markets.Markets.

Year-to-date results
Investment banking fees increased across products in CIB, reflecting:
•higher equity underwriting fees driven by CIB, an active reflecting:IPO market
•
•higher advisory fees driven by a higher debt underwriting fees due to increased industry-wide fees and wallet share gains in investment-grade bonds, and for high-yield bonds, after the markets stabilized in the second quarter of 2020
•
higher equity underwriting fees due to increased industry-wide fees and wallet share gains, primarily in follow-on offerings and convertible securities markets
–the increased activity in debt and equity underwriting reflected clients seeking access to liquidity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic
partially offset by
•
lower advisory fees driven by a lower number of completed transactions, and
•higher debt underwriting fees driven by an active acquisition finance market.
Principal transactions revenue increased despite was flat, primarily reflecting:
•higher revenue in CIB Equity Markets driven by strong performance across derivatives, prime brokerage, and Cash Equities
•higher net gains on certain legacy private equity investments in Corporate, and
•the year-to-date resultsabsence of the two significant items noted below:
in the prior year: a $441 million net loss in CIB’s Credit Adjustments & Other, predominantly driven by losses on certain components of fair value option elected liabilities, as well as the impact of funding spread widening on derivatives, and
$218 $218 million of net markdowns on held-for-sale positions including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio in CIB and CB.CB,
Excluding these two items, principal transactionsoffset by
•lower revenue increased in CIB driven by strong client activity in Fixed Income Markets, primarily driven by reductions in Rates and Currencies & Emerging Markets, and Credit; andcompared to a strong prior year, partially offset by an increase in Equity Markets related to derivatives and Cash Equities.Securitized Products.
Lending- and deposit-related fees was relatively flat as the lower deposit-related fees in CCB, reflecting lower transaction activity and the impact of fee refunds related to the COVID-19 pandemic, was offset by increased reflecting:
•higher cash management fees and higher lending-related fees, particularly loan commitment fees, in CIB and CB.CB,
predominantly offset by
•lower overdraft fees in CCB.
Asset management, administration and commissions revenue increased driven by:
by higher brokerage commissions in CIB and AWM on higher client-driven volume, and
asset management fees as a result of higher asset management fees in AWM as a result of strong cumulative net inflows into long-term and liquidity products and higher average market levels, net of liquidity fee waivers,and in CCB related to athe higher level of client investment assets
partially offset by
•
lower volume of annuity sales in CCB. on higher average market levels and net inflows.
Investment securities gainsgains/(losses) in both periods reflected the impact of repositioning the investment securities portfolio.portfolio.
Mortgage fees and related income increased due to:
higher net mortgage production revenuewas relatively flat primarily reflecting higher mortgage production revenue, on higher production volumes, and margins, partially offset by the absence of gains on loan sales in the prior year in Home Lending, and


higherlower net mortgage servicing revenue reflectingas a result of a higher net loss in MSR risk management results due to the absence of losses resulting from updates to model inputs in the prior year, predominantly offset by lower operating revenue reflecting a lower level of third-party loans serviced and faster prepayment speeds on lower rates.results.
Card income decreased due to lower net interchange income reflecting lower card sales volumes that began in Marchincreased as a result of higher net interchange income and higher merchant processing fees, reflecting in the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by higher annual fees.first half of 2021, the acceleration of debit and credit card sales volume above pre-pandemic levels, and lower acquisition costs.

11

Other income decreased reflecting:
net losses on certain equity investments in CIB, compared with net gains in the prior year
net valuation losses on certain investments in AWM, compared with gains in the prior year
•increased amortization on a higher levelslevel of alternative energy investments in the tax-oriented investment portfolio in CIB. The increased amortization is
was more than offset by lower income tax expense from the associated tax credits, andcredits. Additionally, the first quarter of 2021 included weather-related write-downs on certain renewable energy investments
higher costs associated with using forward contracts to hedge certain non-U.S. dollar-denominated net investment exposures in Treasury and CIO,
partially offset by
higher•lower operating lease income from growthas a result of the decline in auto operating lease volume in CCB, and
•lower gains on certain Corporate investments,
predominantly offset by
•gains on several investments compared with losses in the prior year, primarily in CIB and AWM.
Net interest income decreased due topredominantly driven by the impact of lower rates, predominantlypartially offset by higher net interest income in CIB Markets and balance sheet growth.
The Firm’s average interest-earning assets were $2.6$3.2 trillion, up $324$509 billion, predominantly driven by higher deposits with banks and investment securities, and the yield was 2.70%1.83%, down 106 bps,87 basis points (“bps”), primarily due to lower rates. The net yield on these assets, on an FTE basis, was 2.17%1.65%, a decrease of 3652 bps. The net yield excluding CIB Markets was 2.61%1.92%, down 7869 bps.
12

Provision for credit losses
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)20212020Change20212020Change
Consumer, excluding credit card$(808)$1,591 NM$(1,792)$2,210 NM
Credit card(1,045)4,028 NM(3,562)9,091 NM
Total consumer(1,853)5,619 NM(5,354)11,301 NM
Wholesale(425)4,850 NM(1,096)7,444 NM
Investment securities(7)4 NM9 13 NM
Total provision for credit losses$(2,285)$10,473 NM$(6,441)$18,758 NM
Quarterly results
The provision for credit losses decreased driven by net reductions in the allowance for credit losses.
The decrease in consumer was driven by:
•a $2.6 billion reduction in the allowance for credit losses, including $1.8 billion in Card reflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook; and $600 million in Home Lending primarily due to continued improvements in home price index ("HPI") expectations, and
•lower net charge-offs predominantly in Card, reflecting lower charge-offs and higher recoveries as consumer cash balances remained elevated benefiting from the ongoing impact of government stimulus and payment assistance programs;
•the prior year included a $4.4 billion addition to the allowance for credit losses.
The decrease in wholesale reflected a net reduction of $442 million in the allowance for credit losses across the LOBs, reflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook. The prior year included a $4.6 billion net addition to the allowance for credit losses.
Refer to CCB segment results on pages 23-27, CIB on pages 28-33, CB on pages 34-37, AWM on pages 38-41, the Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 73-74, and Notes 9 and 12 for additional information on the credit portfolio and the allowance for credit losses.

Year-to-date results
The provision for credit losses decreased driven by net reductions in the allowance for credit losses.
The decrease in consumer was driven by:
•a $7.1 billion reduction in the allowance for credit losses, including $5.3 billion in Card reflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook, and $1.2 billion in Home Lending primarily due to continued improvements in HPI expectations, and
•lower net charge-offs predominantly in Card, reflecting lower charge-offs and higher recoveries as consumer cash balances remained elevated benefiting from the ongoing impact of government stimulus and payment assistance programs;
•the prior year included a $8.7 billion addition to the allowance for credit losses.
The decrease in wholesale reflects a net reduction of $1.1 billion in the allowance for credit losses across the LOBs, reflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook. The prior year included a $7.0 billion net addition to the allowance for credit losses.
13

Provision for credit losses          
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)

2020
 2019
 Change 2020
 2019
 Change
Consumer, excluding credit card$1,591
 $(366) NM $2,210
 $(246) NM
Credit card4,028
 1,440
 180 9,091
 2,642
 244
Total consumer5,619
 1,074
 423 11,301
 2,396
 372
Wholesale4,850
 75
 NM 7,444
 248
 NM
Investment securities4
 NA
 NM 13
 NA
 NM
Total provision for credit losses$10,473
 $1,149
 NM $18,758
 $2,644
 NM
Noninterest expense
(in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20212020Change20212020Change
Compensation expense$9,814 $9,509 3 %$20,415 $18,404 11 %
Noncompensation expense:
Occupancy1,090 1,080 1 2,205 2,146 3 
Technology, communications and equipment2,488 2,590 (4)5,007 5,168 (3)
Professional and outside services2,385 1,999 19 4,588 4,027 14 
Marketing626 481 30 1,377 1,281 7 
Other expense(a)(b)
1,264 1,283 (1)2,800 2,707 3 
Total noncompensation expense7,853 7,433 6 15,977 15,329 4 
Total noninterest expense$17,667 $16,942 4 %$36,392 $33,733 8 %
Effective January 1,(a)Included Firmwide legal expense of $185 million and $118 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $213 million and $315 million for the Firm adoptedsix months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(b)Included FDIC-related expense of $177 million and $218 million for the CECL accounting guidance. In conjunction withthree months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $378 million and $317 million for the adoptionsix months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Quarterly results
Compensation expenseincreased largely driven by the impact of CECL,investments in the Firm reclassified risk-rated loansbusinesses. Performance-related compensation was relatively flat as the decline in CIB was offset in the other LOBs and lending-related commitmentsCorporate.
Noncompensation expenseincreased predominantly as a result of:
•higher volume-related brokerage expense in CIB and distribution expense in AWM
•higher legal expense in Corporate, and
•higher marketing expense in CCB primarily travel-related benefits and investments in marketing campaigns,
partially offset by
•lower volume-related expense in CCB, reflecting lower depreciation from lower auto lease assets, and
•lower contribution expense in the second quarter of 2021 given the $550 million donation of equity investments to the Firm's Foundation in the first quarter of 2021.

Year-to-date results
Compensation expenseincreased predominantly driven by higher performance-related compensation, and the impact of investments in the LOBs.
Noncompensation expenseincreased as a result of:
•higher volume-related brokerage expense in CIB and distribution expense in AWM
•higher contribution expense, which included a $550 million donation of equity investments to the Firm's Foundation in the first quarter of 2021
•higher marketing expense in CCB primarily travel-related benefits and investments in marketing campaigns, and
•higher investments, including technology,
partially offset by
•lower volume-related expense in CCB, reflecting lower depreciation from the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment to the wholesale portfolio segment, to align with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. lower auto lease assets
•lower other structural expense, particularly travel and entertainment, and
•lower legal expense.
Income tax expense
(in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20212020Change20212020Change
Income before income tax expense$15,097 $5,660 167 %$32,794 $8,870 270 %
Income tax expense(a)
3,149 973 224 6,546 1,318 397 
Effective tax rate(a)
20.9 %17.2 %20.0 %14.9 %
(a)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Quarterly results
The provision for credit lossesincreased driven by the further deterioration and increased uncertainty in the macroeconomic environment as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in wholesale and consumer.
The increase in wholesale reflects a net addition of $4.6 billion to the allowance for credit losses across the LOBs impacting multiple industry sectors.
The increase in consumer was driven by:
additions of $4.4 billion to the allowance for credit losses, consisting of $2.9 billion for Card, $900 million for Home Lending, $285 million for Auto, and $272 million for CBB,
partially offset by
lower net charge-offs in Card reflecting higher recoveries.
The prior year included a $234 million net reduction in the allowance for credit losses.
Refer to CCB segment results on pages 26-30, CIB on pages 31-37, CB on pages 38-41, AWM on pages 42-45, the Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 77-78, and Note 13 for additional information on the credit portfolio and the allowance for credit losses.
Year-to-date results
The provision for credit lossesincreased driven by the deterioration and uncertainty in the macroeconomic environment as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in consumer and wholesale.
The increase in consumer was driven by:
additions of $8.7 billion to the allowance for credit losses, consisting of $6.6 billion for Card, $1.2 billion for Home Lending, $520 million for Auto, and $352 million for CBB,
partially offset by
lower net charge-offs reflecting higher recoveries in Home Lending on a loan sale in the first quarter of 2020, and in Card, largely offset by higher charge-offs in Card on loan growth in the prior year.
The prior year included a $221 million net reduction in the allowance for credit losses.
The increase in wholesale reflects a net addition of $7.0 billion to the allowance for credit losses across the LOBs impacting multiple industry sectors.

Noninterest expense           
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)

2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Compensation expense$9,509
 $8,547
 11 % $18,404
 $17,484
 5 %
Noncompensation expense:           
Occupancy1,080
 1,060
 2
 2,146
 2,128
 1
Technology, communications and equipment2,590
 2,378
 9
 5,168
 4,742
 9
Professional and outside services1,999
 2,212
 (10) 4,027
 4,251
 (5)
Marketing(a)
481
 777
 (38) 1,281
 1,609
 (20)
Other expense(b)(c)
1,283
 1,282
 —
 2,707
 2,390
 13
Total noncompensation expense7,433
 7,709
 (4) 15,329
 15,120
 1
Total noninterest expense$16,942
 $16,256
 4 % $33,733
 $32,604
 3 %
(a)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Included Firmwide legal expense/(benefit) of $118 million and $69 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $315 million and $(12) million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(c)Included FDIC-related expense of $218 million and $121 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $317 million and $264 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Quarterly results
Compensation expense increased driven by higher revenue-related expense in CIB.
Noncompensation expense decreased as a result of:
lower marketing expense in Card as a result of lower travel-related benefits and investments in marketing campaigns
lower structural expense, including lower travel and entertainment across the businesses, as well as lower payment processing costs,
partially offset by
higher volume-related expense, including depreciation from growth in auto lease assets in CCB, and brokerage expense in CIB
higher investments in the businesses, including technology.

Year-to-date results
Compensation expense increased driven by higher revenue-related expense in CIB, partially offset by lower structural compensation expense in Corporate.
Noncompensation expense increased as a result of:
higher legal expense primarily in CIB and Corporate
higher volume-related expense, including depreciation from growth in auto lease assets in CCB, and brokerage expense in CIB
higher investments in the businesses, including technology,
partially offset by
lower marketing expense in Card as a result of lower travel-related benefits and investments in marketing campaigns
lower structural expense, including lower travel and entertainment across the businesses, as well as lower payment processing costs.

Income tax expense       
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)

2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Income before income tax expense$5,565
 $11,342
 (51)% $8,681
 $22,575
 (62)%
Income tax expense878
 1,690
 (48) 1,129
 3,744
 (70)
Effective tax rate15.8% 14.9%   13.0% 16.6%  
Quarterly results
The effective tax rate increased as the reduction increased predominantly driven by a higher level of pre-tax income tax expense due to the impact ofand changes in the level and mix of income and expenses subject to U.S. federal, and state and local taxes, was more than offset byas well as the absence of the $768 millionimpact of tax benefits recorded in the prior year related to the resolution of certain tax audits.reserve changes.
Year-to-date results
The effective tax rate decreasedincreased driven by a higher level of pre-tax income and changes in the level and mix of income and expenses subject to U.S. federal, and state and local taxes as well asthat also reduced the more significant effectrelative impact of certain tax benefits, on a lower level of pre-tax income. The decrease was partially offset by the recognition of $874 million of tax benefits recorded in the prior year related to the resolution of certain tax audits.audits, and tax reserve changes.



14

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AND CASH FLOWS ANALYSIS
Effective January 1, 2020, the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Consolidated balance sheets analysis
The following is a discussion of the significant changes between June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020.
Selected Consolidated balance sheets data
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020		Change
Assets
Cash and due from banks$26,592 $24,874 7 %
Deposits with banks678,829 502,735 35 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements260,987 296,284 (12)
Securities borrowed186,376 160,635 16 
Trading assets520,588 503,126 3 
Available-for-sale securities232,161 388,178 (40)
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses341,476 201,821 69 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses573,637 589,999 (3)
Loans1,040,954 1,012,853 3 
Allowance for loan losses(19,500)(28,328)(31)
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses1,021,454 984,525 4 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable125,253 90,503 38 
Premises and equipment26,631 27,109 (2)
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets54,655 53,428 2 
Other assets(a)
209,254 151,539 38 
Total assets$3,684,256 $3,384,757 9 %
Selected Consolidated balance sheets data
(in millions)June 30,
2020
 December 31,
2019
Change
Assets    
Cash and due from banks$20,544
 $21,704
(5)%
Deposits with banks473,185
 241,927
96
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements256,980
 249,157
3
Securities borrowed142,704
 139,758
2
Trading assets526,042
 411,103
28
Available-for-sale securities485,883
 350,699
39
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses72,908
 47,540
53
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses558,791
 398,239
40
Loans978,518
 959,769
2
Allowance for loan losses(32,092) (13,123)145
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses946,426
 946,646
—
Accrued interest and accounts receivable72,260
 72,861
(1)
Premises and equipment26,301
 25,813
2
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets51,669
 53,341
(3)
Other assets138,213
 126,830
9
Total assets$3,213,115
 $2,687,379
20 %
(a) Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks increased primarily as a result of significant deposit inflows, which also funded assetthe continued growth across the Firm, including in investment securities.deposits and limited deployment opportunities in Treasury and CIO. Deposits with banks reflect the Firm’s placements of its excess cash with various central banks, including the Federal Reserve Banks.
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreementsdecreased driven by:
•lower deployment of funds in Treasury and CIO, and lower client-driven market-making activities in CIB,
partially offset by
•higher demand for securities to cover short positions in CIB.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-5951-55 and Note 1110 for informationadditional information.
Securities borrowed increased driven by CIB reflecting higher client-driven activities in Fixed Income Markets, and an increase in the demand for securities to cover short positions in Equity Markets. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on federal funds soldpages 51-55 and securities purchased under resale agreements.Note 10 for additional information.
Trading assets increased compared with lower levels at year-end predominantly due toreflecting;
•strong client-driven market-making activities in equity instruments, largely in prime brokerage,
partially offset by
•lower debt instruments, in CIB Fixed Income Markets, as well as higher derivative receivablesand
•lower deployment of funds in CIB as a result of market movements.Treasury and CIO.
Refer to Notes 2 and 54 for additional information.

Investment securities deincreased, reflectingcreased due to paydowns and net purchases of U.S. Treasuries and U.S. GSE and government agency MBSsales in the available-for-sale (“AFS”("AFS") portfolio, driven by interest rate risk management activities and cash deployment,, partially offset by a non-cash transferthe net impact of $26purchases and paydowns in held-to-maturity. AFS securities of $104.5 billion of U.S. GSE and government agency MBS from the AFSwere transferred to the held-to-maturity (“HTM”)HTM portfolio resulting in a comparable increase in HTM.for capital management purposes.
Refer to Corporate segment results on page 46,pages 42-43, Investment Portfolio Risk Management on page 79,75, and Notes 2 and 109 for additional information on Investment securities.information.
Loans increased, reflecting:reflecting:
the outstanding loans from the March drawdown activity on committed revolving credit facilities•higher secured lending in CIB Markets; and CB,in AWM higher securities-based and custom lending, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact of the PPP loans in CBB and CB,well as mortgages,
partially offset by
•lower loans in Card due to the decline in sales volume that began in March as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well asCCB and CB, which included the impact of seasonality; and lower loans in Home Lending primarily due to net repayments.PPP forgiveness.
The allowance for loan losses increased primarily reflecting the deterioration and uncertaintydecreased, consisting of:
•a $7.0 billion reduction in consumer, predominantly in the macroeconomic environment as credit card portfolio, reflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook; and in the residential real estate portfolio, primarily due to continued improvements in HPI expectations,and
•a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, consisting of:
•
a $8.6$1.8 billion addition in consumer, predominantly in the credit card and residential real estate portfolios
a net $6.2 billion additionreduction in wholesale, across the LOBs, impacting multiple industry sectors, andreflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook.
There was a $589 million net $4.2 billion addition as a result of the adoption of CECL.
There were also additions to the allowance for lending-related commitments, whichdriven by wholesale. This allowance is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, of $920 million related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and $98 million related to the adoption of CECL, resulting insheets. The total additionsnet reduction to the allowance for credit losses of $15.7was $8.2 billion, and $4.3 billion, respectively, as of June 30, 2020.2021.

Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 60-79,56-75, and Notes 1, 2, 3, 1211 and 1312 for a more detailed discussion of loans and the allowance for loan losses.
15

Accrued interest and accounts receivable increased predominantly due to higher client receivables related to client-driven activities in CIB Markets, including prime brokerage.
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangibles decreased reflecting lowerincreased driven by higher MSRs as a result of fasternet additions, as well as lower prepayment speeds on lower rates and the realization of expected cash flows, partially offset by net additions to the MSRs.higher rates. Refer to Note 1514 for additional information.
Other assets increased reflectingpredominantly due to the impact of securities financing transactions in CIB prime brokerage, as well as higher cash collateral placed with central counterparties and the Firm’s participation in the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston’s (“FRBB”("CCPs") MMLF. The assets purchased from money market mutual fund clients related to the MMLF were funded by nonrecourse advances from the FRBB, which are recorded in short-term borrowings. . Refer to Regulatory Developments Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic on pages 11-12 and Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-59Note 10 for additional information.information on securities financing transactions.

Selected Consolidated balance sheets data (continued)
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020		Change
Liabilities
Deposits$2,305,217 $2,144,257 8 %
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements245,437 215,209 14 
Short-term borrowings51,938 45,208 15 
Trading liabilities183,867 170,181 8 
Accounts payable and other liabilities(a)
297,082 231,285 28 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”)14,403 17,578 (18)
Long-term debt299,926 281,685 6 
Total liabilities3,397,870 3,105,403 9 
Stockholders’ equity286,386 279,354 3 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,684,256 $3,384,757 9 %
Selected Consolidated balance sheets data (continued) 
(in millions)June 30,
2020
 December 31,
2019
Change
Liabilities    
Deposits$1,931,029
 $1,562,431
24%
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements235,647
 183,675
28
Short-term borrowings48,014
 40,920
17
Trading liabilities165,212
 119,277
39
Accounts payable and other liabilities230,916
 210,407
10
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”)20,828
 17,841
17
Long-term debt317,003
 291,498
9
Total liabilities2,948,649
 2,426,049
22
Stockholders’ equity264,466
 261,330
1
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,213,115
 $2,687,379
20%
(a) Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Deposits increased reflecting significant inflows across the LOBs primarily driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, as customers and clients lookedeffect of certain government actions in response to remain liquid as a result of market conditions.
In the wholesale businesses, the inflows principally occurred in March, and in general were maintained through the second quarter.
COVID 19 pandemic. In CCB, the increase was also driven by the continued growth in bothfrom existing and new accounts as well as COVID-19 related factors, such as the government stimulus for consumersacross both consumer and small businesses, lower consumer spending, and delays in tax payments.
business customers. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-5951-55 and Notes 2 and 1615 for additional information.
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements increased reflecting:
•
in CIB, a net increase related to client-driven market-making
•the impact of client activities and higher secured financing of trading assets partially offset by a decline in the Firm's participation in the Federal Reserve's open market operations, and
in Treasury and CIO, higherCIB,
partially offset by
•lower secured financing of AFS investment securities. securities in Treasury and CIO.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-5951-55 and Note 1110 for additional information.
Short-term borrowingsincreased driven by the Firm’s participation in the FRBB’s MMLF, as well as a change in mix of funding sources in CIB activities from securities sold under repurchase agreements in CIB. The nonrecourse advances from the FRBB funded the assets purchased from money market mutual fund clients related to the MMLF, which are recorded in other assets.
Refer to Regulatory Developments Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic on pages 11-12 and Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-59 for additional information.
Trading liabilities increased in CIBpredominantly as a result of higher financing of prime brokerage activities in CIB. Refer to pages 51-55 for information on changes in Liquidity Risk Management.
Trading liabilities increased due to client-driven market-making activities in CIB Fixed Income Markets, which resulted in higher levels of short positions in debt instruments, in Fixed Income Markets, as well as higherpartially offset by lower derivative payables primarily as a result of market movements. Refer to Notes 2 and 54 for additional information.

Accounts payable and other liabilities increased reflectingpredominantly due to the impact of securities financing transactions and higher client payables related to client-driven activities, both in CIB.CIB prime brokerage. Refer to Note 10 for additional information on securities financing transactions.
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs increased reflecting higher levelsdecreased predominantly driven by maturities of Firm-administered multi-seller conduit commercial paper held by third parties.
credit card securitizations in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements on page 2118 and Notes 1413 and 2322 for furtheradditional information on Firm-sponsored VIEs and loan securitization trusts.
Long-term debt increased as a result of higher FHLBdriven by net advances, net issuance of senior and subordinated debt, and higher issuances, partially offset byfair value hedge accounting adjustments related to lower interesthigher rates.RefeReferr to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-5951-55 for additional information on the Firm’s long-term debt activities.information.
Stockholders’ equity increased reflecting net income, partially offset by the net impact of capital actions, net income,and the adoption of CECL and an increasedecrease in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). The increasedecrease in AOCI was driven by net unrealized gainsthe impact of higher rates on the AFS securities portfolio and higher valuation of interest rate cash flow hedges. Refer to page 9692 for information on changes in stockholders’ equity, and Capital actions on page 53.pages 48-49, and Note 19 for additional information on AOCI.


16

Consolidated cash flows analysis
The following is a discussion of cash flow activities during the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
(in millions) Six months ended June 30,(in millions)Six months ended June 30,
2020
 2019
20212020
Net cash provided by/(used in)    Net cash provided by/(used in)
Operating activities $(37,032) $(94,734)Operating activities$(30,342)$(37,170)
Investing activities (183,617) 27,424
Investing activities33,089 (183,479)
Financing activities 451,436
 56,469
Financing activities180,968 451,436 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (689) 86
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(5,903)(689)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks $230,098
 $(10,755)
Net increase in cash and due from banks and deposits with banksNet increase in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks$177,812 $230,098 
Operating activities
•In 2021, cash used resulted from higher accrued interest and accounts receivable and securities borrowed, partially offset by higher accounts payable and other liabilities.
•In 2020, cash used resulted from higher trading assets and other assets, largely offset by higher trading liabilities and accounts payable and other liabilities.
Investing activities
•In 2019,2021, cash used primarily resulted from higher trading assets-debt and equity instruments andprovided reflected lower securities borrowed,purchased under resale agreements, partially offset by increased trading liabilities and accounts payable and other liabilities, and net proceeds from loans held-for-sale.
originations of loans.
Investing activities
•In 2020, cash used was driven by net purchases of investment securities and net loan originations.
In 2019, cash provided resulted from a decrease in securities purchased under resale agreements, and net proceeds from sales of loans held-for-investment, partially offset by net purchases of investment securities.
Financing activities
•In 2020,2021, cash provided was due toreflected higher deposits an increase in federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, and net proceeds from long-termlong- and short-term borrowings.
•In 2019,2020, cash provided resulted fromreflected higher deposits and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, and higher deposits.net proceeds from long- and short-term borrowings.
•For both periods, cash was used for repurchases of common stock and cash dividends on common and preferred stock. On March 15, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Firm temporarily suspended repurchases of its common equity. Additionally, in June 2020, the Federal Reserve directed all large bank holding companies, including the Firm, to discontinue net share repurchases, at least through the end of the third quarter of 2020.
* * *
Refer to Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 18-19,15-16, Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54,45-50, and Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-5951-55 of this Form 10-Q, and pages 93–98102–108 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the activities affecting the Firm’s cash flows.
17


OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
In the normal course of business, the Firm enters into various off-balance sheet arrangements and contractual obligations that may require future cash payments. Certain obligations are recognized on-balance sheet, while others are disclosed as off-balance sheet under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”).
Special-purpose entities
The Firm has several types of off–balance sheet arrangements, including through nonconsolidated special-purpose entities (“SPEs”), which are a type of VIE, and through lending-related financial instruments (e.g., commitments and guarantees).
The Firm holds capital, as appropriate, against all SPE-related transactions and related exposures, such as derivative contracts and lending-related commitments and guarantees.
The Firm has no commitments to issue its own stock to support any SPE transaction, and its policies require that transactions with SPEs be conducted at arm’s length and reflect market pricing.
The table below provides an index of where in this Form 10-Q a discussiondiscussions of the Firm’s various off-balance sheet arrangements can be found. Refer to Note 1 for additional information about the Firm’s consolidation policies.
Type of off-balance sheet arrangementLocation of disclosurePage references
Special-purpose entities: variable interests and other obligations, including contingent obligations, arising from variable interests in nonconsolidated VIEsRefer to Note 1413162-167152-157
Off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees, and other commitmentsRefer to Note 2322178-181168-171


18


EXPLANATION AND RECONCILIATION OF THE FIRM’S USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The Firm prepares its Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and this presentation is referred to as “reported” basis; these financial statements appear on pages 93-97.89-93.
In addition to analyzing the Firm’s results on a reported basis, the Firm also reviews and uses certain non-GAAP financial measures at the Firmwide and segment level. These non-GAAP measures include:
•Firmwide “managed” basis results, including the overhead ratio, which include certain reclassifications to present total net revenue from investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities (“FTE” basis)
•Pre-provision profit, which represents total net revenue less total noninterest expense
•Net interest income and net yield excluding CIB’sCIB Markets businesses
Tangible common equity (“TCE”),•TCE, ROTCE, and TBVPS
•Adjusted expense, which represents noninterest expense excluding Firmwide legal expense
•Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained, excluding trade finance and conduits.
Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use Of Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Key Performance Measures on pages 57–5962–64 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of management’s use of non-GAAP financial measures.
The following summary tables provide a reconciliation from the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results to managed basis.
Three months ended June 30,
20212020
(in millions, except ratios)Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
Managed
basis		Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
Managed
basis
Other income(a)
$1,195 $807 $2,002 $1,137 $635 $1,772 
Total noninterest revenue17,738 807 18,545 19,222 635 19,857 
Net interest income12,741 109 12,850 13,853 107 13,960 
Total net revenue30,479 916 31,395 33,075 742 33,817 
Total noninterest expense17,667 NA17,667 16,942 NA16,942 
Pre-provision profit12,812 916 13,728 16,133 742 16,875 
Provision for credit losses(2,285)NA(2,285)10,473 NA10,473 
Income before income tax expense15,097 916 16,013 5,660 742 6,402 
Income tax expense(a)
3,149 916 4,065 973 742 1,715 
Net income$11,948 NA$11,948 $4,687 NA$4,687 
Overhead ratio(a)
58 %NM56 %51 %NM50 %
Six months ended June 30,
20212020
(in millions, except ratios)Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
Managed
basis		Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
Managed
basis
Other income(a)
$2,318 $1,551 $3,869 $2,387 $1,249 $3,636 
Total noninterest revenue37,115 1,551 38,666 33,069 1,249 34,318 
Net interest income25,630 218 25,848 28,292 217 28,509 
Total net revenue62,745 1,769 64,514 61,361 1,466 62,827 
Total noninterest expense36,392 NA36,392 33,733 NA33,733 
Pre-provision profit26,353 1,769 28,122 27,628 1,466 29,094 
Provision for credit losses(6,441)NA(6,441)18,758 NA18,758 
Income before income tax expense32,794 1,769 34,563 8,870 1,466 10,336 
Income tax expense(a)
6,546 1,769 8,315 1,318 1,466 2,784 
Net income$26,248 NA$26,248 $7,552 NA$7,552 
Overhead ratio(a)
58 %NM56 %55 %NM54 %
(a)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(b)Predominantly recognized in CIB, CB and Corporate.





19
 Three months ended June 30,
 2020 2019
(in millions, except ratios)Reported 
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
 Managed
basis		 Reported 
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
 Managed
basis
Other income$1,042
 $730
  $1,772
 $1,292
 $596
  $1,888
Total noninterest revenue(a)
19,127
 730
  19,857
 14,349
 596
  14,945
Net interest income13,853
 107
  13,960
 14,398
 138
  14,536
Total net revenue32,980
 837
  33,817
 28,747
 734
  29,481
Total noninterest expense(a)
16,942
 NA
  16,942
 16,256
 NA
  16,256
Pre-provision profit16,038
 837
  16,875
 12,491
 734
  13,225
Provision for credit losses10,473
 NA
  10,473
 1,149
 NA
  1,149
Income before income tax expense5,565
 837
  6,402
 11,342
 734
  12,076
Income tax expense878
 837
  1,715
 1,690
 734
  2,424
Net income$4,687
 NA
  $4,687
 $9,652
 NA
  $9,652
              
Overhead ratio51% NM
  50% 57% NM
  55%
              
 Six months ended June 30,
 2020 2019
(in millions, except ratios)Reported 
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
 Managed
basis		 Reported 
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(b)
 Managed
basis
Other income$2,198
 $1,438
  $3,636
 $2,767
 $1,181
  $3,948
Total noninterest revenue(a)
32,880
 1,438
  34,318
 28,972
 1,181
  30,153
Net interest income28,292
 217
  28,509
 28,851
 281
  29,132
Total net revenue61,172
 1,655
  62,827
 57,823
 1,462
  59,285
Total noninterest expense(a)
33,733
 NA
  33,733
 32,604
 NA
  32,604
Pre-provision profit27,439
 1,655
  29,094
 25,219
 1,462
  26,681
Provision for credit losses18,758
 NA
  18,758
 2,644
 NA
  2,644
Income before income tax expense8,681
 1,655
  10,336
 22,575
 1,462
  24,037
Income tax expense1,129
 $1,655
  2,784
 3,744
 1,462
  5,206
Net Income$7,552
 NA
  $7,552
 $18,831
 NA
  $18,831
              
Overhead ratio55% NM
  54% 56% NM
  55%

(a)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Predominantly recognized in CIB, CB and Corporate.

The following table provides information on net interest income and net yield excluding CIB’s Markets businesses.CIB Markets.

(in millions, except rates)		Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20212020Change20212020Change
Net interest income – reported$12,741 $13,853 (8)%$25,630 $28,292 (9)%
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments109 107 2 218 217 — 
Net interest income – managed basis(a)
$12,850 $13,960 (8)$25,848 $28,509 (9)
Less: CIB Markets net interest income(b)
1,987 2,536 (22)4,210 4,132 2 
Net interest income excluding CIB Markets(a)
$10,863 $11,424 (5)$21,638 $24,377 (11)
Average interest-earning assets$3,177,195 $2,819,689 13 $3,152,022 $2,642,619 19 
Less: Average CIB Markets interest-earning assets(b)
882,848 795,511 11 874,764 765,681 14 
Average interest-earning assets excluding CIB Markets$2,294,347 $2,024,178 13 %$2,277,258 $1,876,938 21 %
Net yield on average interest-earning assets – managed basis1.62 %1.99 %1.65 %2.17 %
Net yield on average CIB Markets interest-earning assets(b)
0.90 1.28 0.97 1.09 
Net yield on average interest-earning assets excluding CIB Markets1.90 %2.27 %1.92 %2.61 %

(in millions, except rates)
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2020
2019
 Change
 20202019 Change
Net interest income – reported$13,853
$14,398
 (4)% $28,292
$28,851
 (2)%
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments107
138
 (22) 217
281
 (23)
Net interest income – managed basis(a)
$13,960
$14,536
 (4) $28,509
$29,132
 (2)
Less: CIB Markets net interest income(b)
2,536
624
 306
 4,132
1,248
 231
Net interest income excluding CIB Markets(a)
$11,424
$13,912
 (18) $24,377
$27,884
 (13)
          
Average interest-earning assets$2,819,855
$2,339,094
 21
 $2,642,794
$2,319,105
 14
Less: Average CIB Markets interest-earning assets(b)
795,677
673,480
 18
 765,856
661,397
 16
Average interest-earning assets excluding CIB Markets$2,024,178
$1,665,614
 22% $1,876,938
$1,657,708
 13 %
Net yield on average interest-earning assets – managed basis1.99%2.49%   2.17%2.53%  
Net yield on average CIB Markets interest-earning assets(b)
1.28
0.37
   1.08
0.38
  
Net yield on average interest-earning assets excluding CIB Markets2.27%3.35%   2.61%3.39%  
(a)Interest includes the effect of related hedges. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(a)Interest includes the effect of related hedges. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(b)Refer to page 36 for further information on CIB’s Markets businesses.

(b)Refer to page 32 for further information on CIB Markets.
The following summary table provides a reconciliation from the Firm’s common stockholders’ equity to TCE.
Period-endAverage
(in millions, except per share and ratio data)Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Common stockholders’ equity$253,548 $249,291 $250,849 $234,408 $248,209 $234,469 
Less: Goodwill49,256 49,248 49,260 47,805 49,254 47,808 
Less: Other intangible assets850 904 864 791 877 802 
Add: Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,461 2,453 2,459 2,393 2,457 2,388 
Tangible common equity$205,903 $201,592 $203,184 $188,205 $200,535 $188,247 
Return on tangible common equityNANA23 %9 %26 %7 %
Tangible book value per share$68.91 $66.11 NANAN/AN/A
(a)Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating TCE.
20
 Period-end Average
(in millions, except per share and ratio data)Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
Common stockholders’ equity$234,403
$234,337
 $234,408
$233,026
 $234,469
$231,547
Less: Goodwill47,811
47,823
 47,805
47,472
 47,808
47,474
Less: Other intangible assets778
819
 791
741
 802
741
Add: Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,397
2,381
 2,393
2,304
 2,388
2,296
Tangible common equity$188,211
$188,076
 $188,205
$187,117
 $188,247
$185,628
         
Return on tangible common equityNA
NA
 9%20% 7%20%
Tangible book value per share$61.76
$60.98
 NA
NA
 N/A
N/A
(a)Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating TCE.


BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS
The Firm is managed on an LOB basis. There are four major reportable business segments – Consumer & Community Banking, Corporate & Investment Bank, Commercial Banking and Asset & Wealth Management. In addition, there is a Corporate segment.
The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Firm’s Operating Committee. Segment results are presented on a managed basis. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 22-2319-20 for a definition of managed basis.
Description of business segment reporting methodology
Results of the business segments are intended to present each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. The management reporting process that derives business segment results includes the allocation of certain income and expense items. The Firm periodically assesses the assumptions, methodologies and reporting classifications used for segment reporting, and further refinements may be implemented in future periods. The Firm also assesses the level of capital required for each LOB on at least an annual basis. The Firm’s LOBs also provide various business metrics which are utilized by the Firm and its investors and analysts in assessing performance.
Revenue sharing
When business segments join efforts to sell products and services to the Firm’s clients, the participating business segments may agree to share revenue from those transactions. Revenue and expense areis generally recognized in the segment responsible for the related product or service, with allocations to the other segment(s)
involved in the transaction. The segment results reflect these revenue-sharing agreements.
Business segment capitalCapital allocation
The amount of capital assigned to each businesssegment is referred to as equity. Periodically, the assumptions and methodologies used to allocate capital are assessedreassessed and as a result, the capital allocated to the LOBs may change. Refer to Line of business equity on page 9048, and page 98 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on business segment capital allocation.
Refer to Business Segment Results – Description of business segment reporting methodology on pages 60–6165–66 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of those methodologies.
Business segment changes
In the first quarter of 2020, the Firm began reporting a Wholesale Payments business unit within CIB following a realignment of the Firm’s wholesale payments businesses. The Wholesale Payments business comprises:
Merchant Services, which was realigned from CCB to CIB
Treasury Services and Trade Finance in CIB. Trade Finance was previously reported in Lending in CIB.
In connection with the alignment of Wholesale Payments, the assets, liabilities and headcount associated with the Merchant Services business were realigned to CIB from CCB, and the revenue and expenses of the Merchant Services business is reported across CCB, CIB and CB based primarily on client relationships. Prior periods have been revised to reflect this realignment and revised allocation methodology.

21

JPMorgan Chase
Consumer BusinessesWholesale Businesses
Consumer & Community BankingCorporate & Investment BankCommercial BankingAsset & Wealth Management
Consumer &
Business Banking		Home LendingCard & AutoBankingMarkets &
Securities Services		 • Middle Market Banking • Asset Management
 • Consumer Banking/Chase Wealth Management
 • Business Banking
 • Home Lending Production
 • Home Lending Servicing
 • Real Estate Portfolios
 • Credit Card
 • Auto

 • Investment Banking
 • Wholesale Payments
 • Lending
 • Fixed Income Markets • Corporate Client Banking
 • Wealth Management

 • Equity Markets
 • Securities Services
 • Credit Adjustments & Other
 • Commercial Real Estate Banking

Segment results – managed basis
The following tables summarize the Firm’s results by segment for the periods indicated.
Three months ended June 30,Consumer & Community BankingCorporate & Investment BankCommercial Banking
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change20212020Change
Total net revenue$12,760 $12,3583%$13,214 $16,383(19)%$2,483 $2,4003%
Total noninterest expense7,062 6,76746,523 6,812(4)981 89310
Pre-provision profit/(loss)5,698 5,59126,691 9,571(30)1,502 1,507—
Provision for credit losses(1,868)5,828NM(79)1,987NM(377)2,431NM
Net income/(loss)5,634 (176)NM4,985 5,451(9)1,420 (681)NM
Return on equity (“ROE”)44%(2)%23 %27%23 %(13)%
Three months ended June 30,
Consumer & Community Banking(a)
 Corporate & Investment Bank Commercial BankingThree months ended June 30,Asset & Wealth ManagementCorporateTotal
(in millions, except ratios)2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change 2020
2019
Change
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change20212020Change
Total net revenue$12,217
$13,484
(9)% $16,352
$9,831
66 $2,392
$2,285
5 %Total net revenue$4,107 $3,43020%$(1,169)$(754)(55)%$31,395 $33,817(7)%
Total noninterest expense6,626
6,836
(3) 6,764
5,661
19 899
931
(3)Total noninterest expense2,586 2,32311515 14725017,667 16,9424
Pre-provision profit/(loss)5,591
6,648
(16) 9,588
4,170
130 1,493
1,354
10
Pre-provision profit/(loss)1,521 1,10737(1,684)(901)(87)13,728 16,875(19)
Provision for credit losses5,828
1,120
420
 1,987
—
NM 2,431
29
NM
Provision for credit losses(10)223NM49 4NM(2,285)10,473NM
Net income/(loss)(176)4,157
NM
 5,464
2,946
85 (691)1,002
NM
Net income/(loss)1,153 66174(1,244)(568)(119)11,948 4,687155
Return on equity (“ROE”)(2)%31%  27%14% (14)%17% 
ROEROE32 %24%NMNM18 %7%
Six months ended June 30,Consumer & Community BankingCorporate & Investment BankCommercial Banking
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change20212020Change
Total net revenue$25,277 $25,645(1)%$27,819 $26,3865%$4,876 $4,5657%
Total noninterest expense14,264 14,036213,627 12,76771,950 1,8794
Pre-provision profit/(loss)11,013 11,609(5)14,192 13,61942,926 2,6869
Provision for credit losses(5,470)11,600NM(410)3,388NM(495)3,441NM
Net income/(loss)12,362 21NM10,725 7,436442,588 (542)NM
ROE49%(1)%25%18%21 %(6)%
Three months ended June 30,Asset & Wealth Management Corporate 
Total(a)
Six months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,Asset & Wealth ManagementCorporateTotal
(in millions, except ratios)2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change20212020Change
Total net revenue$3,610
$3,559
1 % $(754)$322
NM
 $33,817
$29,481
15 %Total net revenue$8,184 $6,81920%$(1,642)$(588)(179)%$64,514 $62,8273%
Total noninterest expense2,506
2,596
(3) 147
232
(37) 16,942
16,256
4
Total noninterest expense5,160 4,75881,391 29337536,392 33,7338
Pre-provision profit/(loss)1,104
963
15
 (901)90
NM
 16,875
13,225
28
Pre-provision profit/(loss)3,024 2,06147(3,033)(881)(244)28,122 29,094(3)
Provision for credit losses223
2
NM
 4
(2)NM
 10,473
1,149
NM
Provision for credit losses(131)317NM65 12442(6,441)18,758NM
Net income/(loss)658
719
(8) (568)828
NM
 4,687
9,652
(51)Net income/(loss)2,397 1,33080(1,824)(693)(163)26,248 7,552248
ROE24%27%  NM
NM
  7%16% ROE34 %25%NMNM21 %6%
Six months ended June 30,
Consumer & Community Banking(a)
 Corporate & Investment Bank Commercial Banking
(in millions, except ratios)2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change 2020
2019
Change
Total net revenue$25,329
$26,927
(6)% $26,300
$19,865
32 $4,570
$4,698
(3)%
Total noninterest expense13,728
13,759
—
 12,660
11,290
12 1,887
1,869
1
Pre-provision profit/(loss)11,601
13,168
(12) 13,640
8,575
59 2,683
2,829
(5)
Provision for credit losses11,600
2,434
377
 3,388
87
NM 3,441
119
NM
Net income/(loss)15
8,104
(100) 7,452
6,206
20 (544)2,062
NM
ROE(1)%31%  18%15%  (6)%18% 
Six months ended June 30,Asset & Wealth Management Corporate 
Total(a)
(in millions, except ratios)2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change
Total net revenue$7,216
$7,048
2 % $(588)$747
NM
 $62,827
$59,285
6 %
Total noninterest expense5,165
5,243
(1) 293
443
(34) 33,733
32,604
3
Pre-provision profit/(loss)2,051
1,805
14
 (881)304
NM
 29,094
26,681
9
Provision for credit losses317
4
NM
 12
—
NM
 18,758
2,644
NM
Net income/(loss)1,322
1,380
(4) (693)1,079
NM
 7,552
18,831
(60)
ROE24%26%  NM
NM
  6%16% 
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)
In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
The following sections provide a comparative discussion of the Firm’s results by segment as of or for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 versus the corresponding periods in the prior year, unless otherwise specified.

22


CONSUMER & COMMUNITY BANKING
Consumer & Community Banking offers services to consumers and businesses through bank branches, ATMs, digital (including mobile and online) and telephone banking. CCB is organized into Consumer & Business Banking (including Consumer Banking/Chase Wealth Management and Business Banking), Home Lending (including Home Lending Production, Home Lending Servicing and Real Estate Portfolios) and Card & Auto. Consumer & Business Banking offers deposit and investment products and services to consumers, and lending, deposit, and cash management and payment solutions to small businesses. Home Lending includes mortgage origination and servicing activities, as well as portfolios consisting of residential mortgages and home equity loans. Card & Auto issues credit cards to consumers and small businesses and originates and services auto loans and leases.

Refer to pages 67–70 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 197187 for a further discussion of the business profile of CCB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change
Revenue
Lending- and deposit-related fees$753 $617 22 %$1,495 $1,589 (6)%
Asset management, administration and commissions866 634 37 1,671 1,342 25 
Mortgage fees and related income548 917 (40)1,251 1,237 1 
Card income1,238 667 86 2,237 1,319 70 
All other income1,321 1,387 (5)2,660 2,832 (6)
Noninterest revenue4,726 4,222 12 9,314 8,319 12 
Net interest income8,034 8,136 (1)15,963 17,326 (8)
Total net revenue12,760 12,358 3 25,277 25,645 (1)
Provision for credit losses(1,868)5,828 NM(5,470)11,600 NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense2,977 2,694 11 5,953 5,476 9 
Noncompensation expense(a)
4,085 4,073 — 8,311 8,560 (3)
Total noninterest expense7,062 6,767 4 14,264 14,036 2 
Income before income tax expense7,566 (237)NM16,483 9 NM
Income tax expense1,932 (61)NM4,121 (12)NM
Net income$5,634 $(176)NM$12,362 $21 NM
Revenue by line of business
Consumer & Business Banking$6,016 $5,248 15 $11,651 $11,514 1 
Home Lending1,349 1,687 (20)2,807 2,848 (1)
Card & Auto5,395 5,423 (1)10,819 11,283 (4)
Mortgage fees and related income details:
Production revenue517 742 (30)1,274 1,061 20 
Net mortgage servicing revenue(b)
31 175 (82)(23)176 NM
Mortgage fees and related income$548 $917 (40)%$1,251 $1,237 1 %
Financial ratios
Return on equity44 %(2)%49 %(1)%
Overhead ratio55 5556 55 
Selected income statement data          
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Revenue           
Lending- and deposit-related fees(a)
$617
 $971
 (36)% $1,589
 $1,880
 (15)%
Asset management, administration and commissions(a)
536
 620
 (14) 1,121
 1,201
 (7)
Mortgage fees and related income917
 279
 229
 1,237
 675
 83
Card income(b)
733
 913
 (20) 1,442
 1,775
 (19)
All other income1,313
 1,321
 (1) 2,686
 2,611
 3
Noninterest revenue4,116
 4,104
 —
 8,075
 8,142
 (1)
Net interest income8,101
 9,380
 (14) 17,254
 18,785
 (8)
Total net revenue12,217
 13,484
 (9) 25,329
 26,927
 (6)
            
Provision for credit losses5,828
 1,120
 420
 11,600
 2,434
 377
            
Noninterest expense           
Compensation expense2,557
 2,531
 1
 5,154
 5,097
 1
Noncompensation expense(b)(c)
4,069
 4,305
 (5) 8,574
 8,662
 (1)
Total noninterest expense6,626
 6,836
 (3) 13,728
 13,759
 —
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(237) 5,528
 NM
 1
 10,734
 (100)
Income tax expense/(benefit)(61) 1,371
 NM
 (14) 2,630
 NM
Net income/(loss)$(176) $4,157
 NM
 $15
 $8,104
 (100)
            
Revenue by line of business           
Consumer & Business Banking$5,107
 $6,897
 (26) $11,198
 $13,558
 (17)
Home Lending1,687
 1,118
 51
 2,848
 2,464
 16
Card & Auto(b)
5,423
 5,469
 (1) 11,283
 10,905
 3
            
Mortgage fees and related income details:           
Net production revenue742
 353
 110
 1,061
 553
 92
Net mortgage servicing revenue(d)
175
 (74) NM
 176
 122
 44
Mortgage fees and related income$917
 $279
 229 % $1,237
 $675
 83 %
            
Financial ratios           
Return on equity(2)% 31%   (1)% 31%  
Overhead ratio54
 51
   54
 51
  
In
(a)Included depreciation expense on leased assets of $856 million and $1.1 billion for the first quarterthree months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $1.8 billion and $2.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(b)Included MSR risk management results of $(103) million and $79 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $(218) million and $(11) million for the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(a)In the first quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain fees from asset management, administration and commissions to lending- and deposit-related fees. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)
23
In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(c)Included depreciation expense on leased assets of $1.1 billion and $957 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $2.2 billion and $1.9 billion for six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(d)Included MSR risk management results of $79 million and $(244) million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $(11) million and $(253) million for six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.


Quarterly results
Net lossincome was $176 million, compared with net income of $4.2$5.6 billion, in the prior year,up $5.8 billion, predominantly driven by an increasea decrease in the provision for credit losses.
Net revenue was $12.2$12.8 billion, a decreasean increase of 9%3%.
Net interest income was $8.1$8.0 billion, down 14%1%, driven by:
•lower loans in Card due to the impact of higher payments and lower cumulative sales volume throughout 2020, and deposit margin compression in CBB, and lower loans in Card,
partiallypredominantly offset by
•growth in deposits, accelerated recognition of deferred processing fees due to PPP loan forgiveness in CBB and loan margin expansionand lower funding costs in Card.
Noninterest revenue was $4.1$4.7 billion, flat comparedup 12%, driven by:
•higher card income due to the prior year, reflecting:
higher net interchange income reflecting the acceleration in the second quarter of 2021 of debit and credit card sales volume, above pre-pandemic levels, and lower acquisition costs,
•a higher level of client investment assets on higher average market levels and net inflows, and
•higher deposit-related fees due to higher transaction activity,
largely offset by
•lower mortgage production revenue reflecting higherlower production margins partially offset by the absence of gains on loan sales in the prior year, andhigher volumes,
higher•lower net mortgage servicing revenue reflecting highera net loss in MSR risk management results, due to the absence of losses resulting from updates to model inputscompared with a net gain in the prior year partially offset by period, and
•lower operating revenue reflecting a lower level of third-party loans serviced,
offset by
lower deposit-related fees due to lower transaction activity and the impact of fee refunds related to the COVID-19 pandemic,
lower card income due to lower net interchange income reflecting lower card sales volumes that began in March as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by higher annual fees and lower acquisition costs, and
lower volume of annuity sales.auto lease volume.
Refer to Note 1514 for further information regarding changes in the value of the MSR asset and related hedges, and mortgage fees and related income.
Noninterest expense was $6.6$7.1 billion, down 3%up 4%, driven by lowerby:
•continued investments in the business and higher volume- and revenue-related expense, including marketing expense on lowerreflecting higher travel-related benefits and lower investments in marketing campaigns, as well as
partially offset by
•lower structural expense, includingdepreciation from lower payment processing costs.auto lease assets.
The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $1.9 billion, compared with an expense of $5.8 billion an increase of $4.7 billion fromin the prior year, driven by:
additions to•a $2.6 billion reduction in the allowance for credit losses, as a resultdriven by improvements in the Firm’s economic outlook, consisting of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, consisting of: $2.9$1.8 billion forin Card, $900$600 million forin Home Lending, $490primarily due to continued improvement in HPI expectations, $125 million forin CBB and $310$75 million forin Auto, and
partially offset by
•lower net charge-offs predominantly in Card, reflecting lower charge-offs and higher recoveries.recoveries as consumer cash balances remained elevated benefiting from the ongoing impact of government stimulus and payment assistance programs.
The prior year included a $200$4.6 billion addition to the allowance for credit losses.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 56-75 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 73-74 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
Year-to-date results
Net income was $12.4 billion, up $12.3 billion, driven by a decrease in the provision for credit losses.
Net revenue was $25.3 billion, a decrease of 1%.
Net interest income was $16.0 billion, down 8%, driven by:
•the impact of deposit margin compression in CBB and lower loans in Card due to the impact of higher payments and lower cumulative sales volume throughout 2020,
largely offset by
•growth in deposits and accelerated recognition of deferred processing fees due to PPP loan forgiveness in CBB.
Noninterest revenue was $9.3 billion, up 12%, driven by:
•higher card income due to higher net interchange income reflecting the acceleration in the first half of 2021 of debit and credit card sales volume, above pre-pandemic levels, and lower acquisition costs,
•higher mortgage production revenue reflecting higher production volumes, and
•a higher level of client investment assets on higher average market levels and net inflows,
partially offset by
•lower net mortgage servicing revenue as a result of a higher net loss in MSR risk management results
•lower auto lease volume, and
•lower overdraft fees.
Noninterest expense was $14.3 billion, up 2%, reflecting:
•continued investments in the business and higher volume- and revenue-related expense, including marketing expense reflecting higher travel-related benefits and marketing campaigns,
largely offset by
•lower deprecation from lower auto lease assets, and
•lower structural expenses.
The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $5.5 billion, compared with an expense of $11.6 billion in the prior year, driven by:
•a $7.2 billion reduction in the allowance for credit losses, driven by improvements in the Firm’s economic outlook, consisting of $5.3 billion in Card, $1.2 billion in Home Lending, primarily due to continued improvement in HPI expectations, $475 million in CBB and $225 million in Auto, and
•lower net charge-offs predominantly in Card, reflecting lower charge-offs and higher recoveries as consumer cash balances remained elevated benefiting from the ongoing impact of government stimulus and payment assistance programs.
The prior year included a $9.0 billion addition to the allowance for credit losses.
24

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except headcount)20212020Change20212020Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Total assets$494,305 $498,658 (1)%$494,305 $498,658 (1)%
Loans:
Consumer & Business Banking(a)
46,228 49,305 (6)46,228 49,305 (6)
Home Lending(b)
179,371 195,664 (8)179,371 195,664 (8)
Card141,802 141,656 — 141,802 141,656 — 
Auto67,598 59,287 14 67,598 59,287 14 
Total loans434,999 445,912 (2)434,999 445,912 (2)
Deposits1,056,507 885,535 19 1,056,507 885,535 19 
Equity50,000 52,000 (4)50,000 52,000 (4)
Selected balance sheet data (average)
Total assets$485,209 $504,571 (4)$484,868 $515,133 (6)
Loans:
Consumer & Business Banking49,356 43,442 14 49,611 36,506 36 
Home Lending(c)
177,444 199,532 (11)179,832 205,434 (12)
Card136,149 142,377 (4)135,520 152,518 (11)
Auto67,183 60,306 11 67,072 60,599 11 
Total loans430,132 445,657 (3)432,035 455,057 (5)
Deposits1,047,771 840,467 25 1,013,917 790,088 28 
Equity50,000 52,000 (4)50,000 52,000 (4)
Headcount125,300 123,765 1 %125,300 123,765 1 %
(a)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, included $16.7 billion and $19.9 billionof loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 57 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(b)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, Home Lending loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were $16.5 billion and $8.6 billion, respectively.
(c)Average Home Lending loans held-for sale and loans at fair value were $14.2 billion and $8.7 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $13.3 billion and $12.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
25

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratio data)20212020Change20212020Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)
$5,256 $4,422 19 %$5,256 $4,422 19 %
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
Consumer & Business Banking72 60 20 137 134 2 
Home Lending(79)(5)NM(130)(127)(2)
Card755 1,178 (36)1,738 2,491 (30)
Auto(16)45 NM10 93 (89)
Total net charge-offs/(recoveries)$732 $1,278 (43)$1,755 $2,591 (32)
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate
Consumer & Business Banking(d)
0.59 %0.56 %0.56 %0.74 %
Home Lending(0.19)(0.01)(0.16)(0.13)
Card2.24 3.332.60 3.28
Auto(0.10)0.300.03 0.31
Total net charge-off/(recovery) rate0.71 %1.18 %0.85 %1.18 %
30+ day delinquency rate(e)
Home Lending(f)
1.08 %1.30 %1.08 %1.30 %
Card1.01 1.71 1.01 1.71 
Auto0.42 0.54 0.42 0.54 
90+ day delinquency rate - Card(e)
0.54 %0.93 %0.54 %0.93 %
Allowance for loan losses
Consumer & Business Banking$897 $1,372 (35)$897 $1,372 (35)
Home Lending630 2,957 (79)630 2,957 (79)
Card12,500 17,800 (30)12,500 17,800 (30)
Auto817 1,044 (22)817 1,044 (22)
Total allowance for loan losses$14,844 $23,173 (36)%$14,844 $23,173 (36)%
(a)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $397 million and $561 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(b)Generally excludes loans that were under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 58-62 for further information on consumer payment assistance activity. The second quarter of 2021 includes loans to customers that have exited COVID-19 payment deferral programs and are 90 or more days past due, predominantly all of which were considered collateral-dependent at time of exit from COVID-19 payment deferral programs and charged down to the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell.
(c)Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(d)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, included $16.7 billion and $19.9 billion of loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP. The Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on PPP loans, because the loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 57 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(e)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, the principal balance of loans in Home Lending, Card and Auto under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic were as follows: (1) $5.2 billion and $18.2 billion in Home Lending, respectively; (2) $55 million and $4.4 billion in Card, respectively; and (3) $89 million and $12.3 billion in Auto, respectively. Loans that are performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 58-62 for further information on consumer payment assistance activity.
(f)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $483 million and $826 million, respectively, that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
26

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in billions, except ratios and where otherwise noted)20212020Change20212020Change
Business Metrics
Number of branches4,869 4,923 (1)%4,869 4,923 (1)%
Active digital customers (in thousands)(a)
56,915 54,505 4 56,915 54,505 4 
Active mobile customers (in thousands)(b)
42,896 39,044 10 42,896 39,044 10 
Debit and credit card sales volume$344.3 $237.6 45 $634.6 $503.6 26 
Consumer & Business Banking
Average deposits$1,028.5 $821.6 25 $994.7 $773.3 29 
Deposit margin1.28 %1.52 %1.29 %1.77 %
Business banking origination volume(c)
$2.2 $23.0 (91)$12.2 $24.5 (50)
Client investment assets(d)
673.7 494.4 36 673.7 494.4 36 
Number of client advisors4,5714,2597 4,5714,2597 
Home Lending
Mortgage origination volume by channel
Retail$22.7 $18.0 26 $45.7 $32.1 42 
Correspondent16.9 6.2 173 33.2 20.2 64 
Total mortgage origination volume(e)
$39.6 $24.2 64 $78.9 $52.3 51 
Third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end)463.9 482.4 (4)463.9 482.4 (4)
MSR carrying value (period-end)4.5 3.1 45 4.5 3.1 45 
Ratio of MSR carrying value (period-end) to third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end)0.97 %0.64 %0.97 %0.64 %
MSR revenue multiple(f)
3.59 x2.29 x3.59 x2.21 x
Credit Card
Credit card sales volume, excluding Commercial Card$223.7 $148.5 51 $407.4 $327.6 24 
Net revenue rate11.32 %11.02 %11.43 %10.76 %
Auto
Loan and lease origination volume$12.4 $7.7 61 $23.6 $16.0 48 
Average auto operating lease assets19.6 22.6 (13)%20.0 22.8 (13)%
(a)Users of all web and/or mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(b)Users of all mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(c)Included origination volume under the PPP of $1.3 billion and $21.5 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $10.6 billion and $21.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 57 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(d)Includes assets invested in managed accounts and J.P. Morgan mutual funds where AWM is the investment manager. Refer to AWM segment results on pages 38-41 for additional information.
(e)Firmwide mortgage origination volume was $44.9 billion and $28.3 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $88.1 billion and $60.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(f)Represents the ratio of MSR carrying value (period-end) to third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end) divided by the ratio of annualized loan servicing-related revenue to third-party mortgage loans serviced (average).
27

CORPORATE & INVESTMENT BANK
Refer to pages 71–76 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 187 for a further discussion of the business profile of CIB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change
Revenue
Investment banking fees$3,572 $2,847 25 %$6,560 $4,754 38 %
Principal transactions4,026 7,400 (46)10,071 10,588 (5)
Lending- and deposit-related fees633 500��27 1,226 950 29 
Asset management, administration and commissions1,246 1,148 9 2,532 2,409 5 
All other income435 409 6 611 499 22 
Noninterest revenue9,912 12,304 (19)21,000 19,200 9 
Net interest income3,302 4,079 (19)6,819 7,186 (5)
Total net revenue(a)
13,214 16,383 (19)27,819 26,386 5 
Provision for credit losses(79)1,987 NM(410)3,388 NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense3,582 3,997 (10)7,911 7,003 13 
Noncompensation expense2,941 2,815 4 5,716 5,764 (1)
Total noninterest expense6,523 6,812 (4)13,627 12,767 7 
Income before income tax expense6,770 7,584 (11)14,602 10,231 43 
Income tax expense1,785 2,133 (16)3,877 2,795 39 
Net income$4,985 $5,451 (9)%$10,725 $7,436 44 %
Financial ratios
Return on equity23 %27 %25 %18 %
Overhead ratio49 42 49 48 
Compensation expense as percentage of total net revenue27 24 28 27 
(a)Includes tax-equivalent adjustments, predominantly due to income tax credits related to alternative energy investments; income tax credits and amortization of the cost of investments in affordable housing projects; and tax-exempt income from municipal bonds of $763 million and $591 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $1.5 billion and $1.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Prior-period tax-equivalent adjustment amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)20212020Change20212020Change
Revenue by business
Investment Banking$3,424 $3,401 1 %$6,275 $4,287 46 %
Wholesale Payments1,453 1,387 5 2,845 2,801 2 
Lending229 270 (15)494 620 (20)
Total Banking5,106 5,058 1 9,614 7,708 25 
Fixed Income Markets4,098 7,338 (44)9,859 12,331 (20)
Equity Markets2,689 2,380 13 5,978 4,617 29 
Securities Services1,088 1,097 (1)2,138 2,171 (2)
Credit Adjustments & Other(a)
233 510 (54)230 (441)NM
Total Markets & Securities Services8,108 11,325 (28)18,205 18,678 (3)
Total net revenue$13,214 $16,383 (19)%$27,819 $26,386 5 %
(a)Consists primarily of centrally managed credit valuation adjustments (“CVA”), funding valuation adjustments (“FVA”) on derivatives, other valuation adjustments, and certain components of fair value option elected liabilities, which are primarily reported in principal transactions revenue. Results are presented net of associated hedging activities and net of CVA and FVA amounts allocated to Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets.



28

Quarterlyresults
Net income was $5.0 billion, down 9%.
Net revenue was $13.2 billion, down 19%.
Banking revenue was $5.1 billion, up 1%.
•Investment Banking revenue was $3.4 billion, up 1%, driven by higher Investment Banking fees, up 25%, reflecting higher fees across products. The prior year included $659 million of markups on held-for-sale positions in the bridge financing portfolio. The Firm ranked #1 for Global Investment Banking fees, according to Dealogic.
–Advisory fees were $916 million, up 52%, driven by a higher number of completed transactions.
–Debt underwriting fees were $1.6 billion, up 26%, driven by an active acquisition finance market, partially offset by lower investment grade bond fees.
–Equity underwriting fees were $1.1 billion, up 9%, driven by an active IPO market, predominantly offset by lower fees from follow-on and convertible securities offerings.
•Wholesale Payments revenue was $1.5 billion, up 5%, driven by higher deposit balances and fees, predominantly offset by deposit margin compression.
•Lending revenue was $229 million, down 15%, driven by lower net interest income, largely offset by lower fair value losses on hedges of accrual loans compared to the prior year.
Markets & Securities Services revenue was $8.1 billion, down 28%. Markets revenue was $6.8 billion, down 30%.
•Fixed Income Markets revenue was $4.1 billion, down 44%, driven by lower revenue across products compared to a strong prior year.
•Equity Markets revenue was $2.7 billion, up 13%, driven by strong performance across prime brokerage, Cash Equities, and derivatives.
•Securities Services revenue was $1.1 billion, down 1%, driven by deposit margin compression predominantly offset by growth in deposits and fees.
•Credit Adjustments & Other was a gain of $233 million largely driven by valuation adjustments related to certain collateralized derivatives. The prior year gain of $510 million was driven by funding spread tightening on derivatives.
Noninterest expense was $6.5 billion, down 4%, driven by lower revenue-related expense, primarily performance-related compensation, partially offset by higher volume-related brokerage expense.
The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $79 million, driven by a net reduction in the allowance for credit losses.losses, compared with an expense of $2.0 billion in the prior year.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 60-7956-75 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 77-7873-74 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
Year-to-dateresults
Net income was $15 million, compared to $8.1$10.7 billion, in the prior year, predominantly driven by an increase in the provision for credit losses.up 44%.
Net revenue was $25.3 billion, a decrease of 6%.
Net interest income was $17.3 billion, down 8%, driven by:
the impact of deposit margin compression in CBB, and lower loans in Home Lending predominantly due to prior year loan sales,
partially offset by
growth in deposits in CBB, and loan margin expansion in Card.
Noninterest revenue was $8.1 billion, relatively flat, driven by:
lower card income due to lower net interchange income reflecting lower card sales volumes that began in March as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by higher annual fees,
lower deposit-related fees due to lower transaction activity and the impact of fee refunds related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and
lower volume of annuity sales,
offset by
higher net mortgage production revenue reflecting higher mortgage production volumes and margins, partially offset by the absence of gains on loan sales in the prior year,
higher auto lease volume, and
higher net mortgage servicing revenue reflecting higher MSR risk management results due to the absence of losses resulting from updates to model inputs in the prior year, predominantly offset by lower operating revenue reflecting a lower level of third-party loans serviced and faster prepayment speeds on lower rates.
Noninterest expense was $13.7 billion, flat compared to the prior year, reflecting:
lower structural expenses, including lower payment processing costs, and
lower marketing expenses on lower travel-related benefits and investments in marketing campaigns,
offset by
higher volume- and revenue-related expense, including depreciation on auto lease assets, and investments in the business.
The provision for credit losses was $11.6 billion, an increase of $9.2 billion from the prior year, driven by:
additions to the allowance for credit losses as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, consisting of: $6.6 billion for Card, $1.2 billion for Home Lending, $649 million for CBB, and $560 million for Auto,
partially offset by
lower net charge-offs reflecting higher recoveries in Home Lending on a loan sale in the first quarter of 2020, and in Card, largely offset by higher charge-offs in Card on loan growth in the prior year.
The prior year included a $200 million net reduction in the allowance for credit losses.


Selected metrics           
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except headcount)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020 2019 Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)           
Total assets$492,251
 $536,758
 (8)% $492,251
 $536,758
 (8)%
Loans:           
Consumer & Business Banking46,910
(b) 
26,616
 76
 46,910
(b) 
26,616
 76
Home Lending188,576
 219,533
 (14) 188,576
 219,533
 (14)
Card141,656
 157,576
 (10) 141,656
 157,576
 (10)
Auto59,287
 62,073
 (4) 59,287
 62,073
 (4)
Total loans436,429
 465,798
 (6) 436,429
 465,798
 (6)
Deposits876,991
 695,096
 26
 876,991
 695,096
 26
Equity52,000
 52,000
 —
 52,000
 52,000
 —
Selected balance sheet data (average)           
Total assets$498,140
 $534,612
 (7) $507,676
 $540,296
 (6)
Loans:           
Consumer & Business Banking41,198
 26,570
 55
 34,230
 26,529
 29
Home Lending192,716
 224,685
 (14) 195,379
 231,778
 (16)
Card142,377
 153,746
 (7) 152,518
 152,447
 —
Auto60,306
 62,236
 (3) 60,599
 62,498
 (3)
Total loans436,597
 467,237
 (7) 442,726
 473,252
 (6)
Deposits831,996
 690,892
 20
 782,822
 685,980
 14
Equity52,000
 52,000
 —
 52,000
 52,000
 —
            
Headcount(a)
122,089
 123,580
 (1)% 122,089
 123,580
 (1)%
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation, including a decrease to period-end assets and headcount of $13.9 billion and 4,152, respectively, as of June 30, 2019.
(a)
During the second quarter of 2020, certain technology and support functions, comprising approximately 850 staff, were transferred from AWM to CCB as part of the ongoing reorganization of the U.S. Wealth Management business.
(b)At June 30, 2020, included $19.9 billion of loans in Business Banking under the PPP. Refer to Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 for a further discussion of the PPP.


Selected metrics          
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratio data)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020 2019 Change
Credit data and quality statistics           
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)
$4,407
(e) 
$3,142
 40 %
$4,407
(e) 
$3,142

40 %
            
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)           
Consumer & Business Banking60
 66
 (9) 134
 125
 7
Home Lending(5) (28) 82
 (127) (33) (285)
Card1,178
 1,240
 (5) 2,491
 2,442
 2
Auto45
 42
 7
 93
 100
 (7)
Total net charge-offs/(recoveries)$1,278
 $1,320
 (3) $2,591
 $2,634
 (2)
            
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate           
Consumer & Business Banking0.59%
(f) 
1.00%   0.79 %
(f) 
0.95%  
Home Lending(0.01) (0.05)   (0.13) (0.03)  
Card3.33
 3.24
   3.28
 3.23
  
Auto0.30
 0.27
   0.31
 0.32
  
Total net charge-off/(recovery) rate1.18% 1.14%   1.18
 1.13
  
            
30+ day delinquency rate           
Home Lending(c)(d)
1.30%
(g) 
1.55%   1.30 %
(g) 
1.55%  
Card1.71
(g) 
1.71
   1.71
(g) 
1.71
  
Auto0.54
(g) 
0.82
   0.54
(g) 
0.82
  
            
90+ day delinquency rate — Card0.93%
(g) 
0.87%   0.93
(g) 
0.87
  
            
Allowance for loan losses           
Consumer & Business Banking$1,370
 $796
 72
 $1,370
 $796
 72
Home Lending2,957
 2,302
 28
 2,957
 2,302
 28
Card17,800
 5,383
 231
 17,800
 5,383
 231
Auto1,044
 465
 125
 1,044
 465
 125
Total allowance for loan losses$23,171
 $8,946
 159 % $23,171
 $8,946
 159 %
Effective January 1, 2020, the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance. The adoption resulted in a change in the accounting for PCI loans, which are considered purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans under CECL. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(a)At June 30, 2020, nonaccrual loans included $1.3 billion of PCD loans. Prior to the adoption of CECL, nonaccrual loans excluded PCI loans as the Firm recognized interest income on each pool of PCI loans as each of the pools was performing.
(b)At June 30, 2020 and 2019, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $561 million and $1.8 billion, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(c)At June 30, 2020, the 30+ day delinquency rates included PCD loans. The rate prior to January 1, 2020 was revised to include the impact of PCI loans.
(d)At June 30, 2020 and 2019, excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $826 million and $2.9 billion, respectively, that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(e)Generally excludes loans that were under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 62-66 for further information on consumer payment assistance activity.
(f)At June 30, 2020, included $19.9 billion of loans in Business Banking under the PPP. Given that PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA, the Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on these loans. Refer to Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(g)At June 30, 2020, the principal balance of loans in Home Lending, Card and Auto under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic were $18.2 billion, $4.4 billion and $12.3 billion, respectively. Loans that are performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 62-66 for further information on consumer payment assistance activity.



Selected metrics          
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in billions, except ratios and where otherwise noted)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Business Metrics           
Number of branches4,923
 4,970
 (1)% 4,923
 4,970
 (1)%
Active digital customers (in thousands)(a)
54,471
 51,032
 7
 54,471
 51,032
 7
Active mobile customers (in thousands)(b)
39,024
 35,392
 10
 39,024
 35,392
 10
Debit and credit card sales volume$237.6
 $281.5
 (16) $503.6

$536.6
 (6)
            
Consumer & Business Banking           
Average deposits$813.2
 $676.7
 20
 $766.0
 $672.6
 14
Deposit margin1.52% 2.60%   1.77% 2.61%  
Business banking origination volume$23.0
(f) 
$1.7
 NM
 $24.5
(f) 
$3.2
 NM
Client investment assets356.1
 328.1
 9
 356.1
 328.1
 9
            
Home Lending           
Mortgage origination volume by channel           
Retail$18.0
 $12.5
 44
 $32.1
 $20.4
 57
Correspondent6.2
 12.0
 (48) 20.2
 19.1
 6
Total mortgage origination volume(c)
$24.2
 $24.5
 (1) $52.3
 $39.5
 32
            
Total loans serviced (period-end)$683.7
 $780.1
 (12) $683.7
 $780.1
 (12)
Third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end)482.4
 526.6
 (8) 482.4
 526.6
 (8)
MSR carrying value (period-end)3.1
 5.1
 (39) 3.1
 5.1
 (39)
Ratio of MSR carrying value (period-end) to third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end)0.64% 0.97%   0.64% 0.97%  
            
MSR revenue multiple(d)
2.29x 2.69x   2.21x 2.77x  
            
Credit Card           
Credit card sales volume, excluding Commercial Card$148.5
 $192.5
 (23) $327.6
 $365.0
 (10)
Net revenue rate(e)
11.02% 10.31%   10.76% 10.43%  
            
Auto           
Loan and lease origination volume$7.7
 $8.5
 (9) $16.0
 $16.4
 (2)
Average auto operating lease assets22.6
 21.3
 6 % 22.8
 21.1
 8 %
(a)Users of all web and/or mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(b)Users of all mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(c)Firmwide mortgage origination volume was $28.3 billion and $26.3 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $60.2 billion and $42.7 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(d)Represents the ratio of MSR carrying value (period-end) to third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end) divided by the ratio of annualized loan servicing-related revenue to third-party mortgage loans serviced (average).
(e)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(f)Included $21.5 billion of origination volume under the PPP for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. Refer to Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 for a further discussion of the PPP.

CORPORATE & INVESTMENT BANK
The Corporate & Investment Bank, which consists of Banking and Markets & Securities Services, offers a broad suite of investment banking, market-making, prime brokerage, and treasury and securities products and services to a global client base of corporations, investors, financial institutions, merchants, government and municipal entities. Banking offers a full range of investment banking products and services in all major capital markets, including advising on corporate strategy and structure, capital-raising in equity and debt markets, as well as loan origination and syndication. Banking also includes Wholesale Payments, which provides payments services enabling clients to manage payments and receipts globally, and cross-border financing. Markets & Securities Services includes Markets, a global market-maker in cash securities and derivative instruments, which also offers sophisticated risk management solutions, prime brokerage, and research. Markets & Securities Services also includes Securities Services, a leading global custodian which provides custody, fund accounting and administration, and securities lending products principally for asset managers, insurance companies and public and private investment funds.

Refer to Line of Business Metrics on page 197 for a further discussion of the business profile of CIB.
Selected income statement data        
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)2020 2019 Change 2020 2019 Change
Revenue           
Investment banking fees$2,847
 $1,846
 54 % $4,754
 $3,690
 29 %
Principal transactions7,400
 3,885
 90
 10,588
 8,049
 32
Lending- and deposit-related fees(a)
500
 412
 21
 950
 808
 18
Asset management, administration and commissions(a)

1,146
 1,112
 3
 2,407
 2,179
 10
All other income380
 405
 (6) 415
 770
 (46)
Noninterest revenue12,273
 7,660
 60
 19,114
 15,496
 23
Net interest income4,079
 2,171
 88
 7,186
 4,369
 64
Total net revenue(b)
16,352
 9,831
 66
 26,300
 19,865
 32
            
Provision for credit losses1,987
 —
 NM
 3,388
 87
 NM
            
Noninterest expense           
Compensation expense3,997
 2,839
 41
 7,003
 5,930
 18
Noncompensation expense2,767
 2,822
 (2) 5,657
 5,360
 6
Total noninterest expense6,764
 5,661
 19
 12,660
 11,290
 12
Income before income tax expense7,601
 4,170
 82
 10,252
 8,488
 21
Income tax expense2,137
 1,224
 75
 2,800
 2,282
 23
Net income$5,464
 $2,946
 85 % $7,452
 $6,206
 20 %
Financial ratios           
Return on equity27% 14%   18% 15%  
Overhead ratio41
 58
   48
 57
  
Compensation expense as percentage of total net revenue24
 29
   27
 30
  
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)In the first quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain fees from asset management, administration and commissions to lending- and deposit-related fees. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Includes tax-equivalent adjustments, predominantly due to income tax credits related to alternative energy investments; income tax credits and amortization of the cost of investments in affordable housing projects; and tax-exempt income from municipal bonds of $686 million and $547 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $1.4 billion and $1.1 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Selected income statement data        
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020 2019 Change 2020 2019 Change
Revenue by business           
Investment Banking$3,401
 $1,776
 91 % $4,287
 $3,521
 22 %
Wholesale Payments
1,356
 1,402
 (3) 2,715
 2,817
 (4)
Lending270
 260
 4
 620
 518
 20
Total Banking5,027
 3,438
 46
 7,622
 6,856
 11
Fixed Income Markets7,338
 3,690
 99
 12,331
 7,415
 66
Equity Markets2,380
 1,728
 38
 4,617
 3,469
 33
Securities Services1,097
 1,045
 5
 2,171
 2,059
 5
Credit Adjustments & Other(a)
510
 (70) NM
 (441) 66
 NM
Total Markets & Securities Services11,325
 6,393
 77
 18,678
 13,009
 44
Total net revenue$16,352
 $9,831
 66 % $26,300
 $19,865
 32 %
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)Includes credit valuation adjustments (“CVA”) managed centrally within CIB and funding valuation adjustments (“FVA”) on derivatives and certain components of fair value option elected liabilities, which are primarily reported in principal transactions revenue. Results are presented net of associated hedging activities and net of CVA and FVA amounts allocated to Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets.
Quarterly results
Net income was $5.5$27.8 billion, up 85%, with record revenue more than offsetting higher noninterest expense and an increase in the provision for credit losses.
Net revenue was $16.4 billion, up 66%5%.
Banking revenue was $5.0$9.6 billion, up 46%25%.
•Investment Banking revenue was $3.4$6.3 billion, up 91%46%, driven by higher Investment Banking fees, up 54%38%, reflecting higher fees across products, as well as $659and the absence of prior year net markdowns of $161 million of markups on held-for-sale positions including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio as a result of improved market conditions.portfolio. The Firm maintained itsranked #1 ranking for Global Investment Banking fees, according to Dealogic.
–Debt underwriting fees were $1.3 billion, up 55%, driven by increased industry-wide fees and wallet share gains in both investment-grade and high-yield bonds.
–Equity underwriting fees were $977 million, up 93%, driven by both increased industry-wide fees and wallet share gains primarily in follow-on offerings and convertible securities markets.
–The increased activity in debt and equity underwriting reflected clients seeking access to liquidity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
–Advisory fees were $602 million, up 15%, driven by a few large completed transactions.
–Equity underwriting fees were $2.1 billion, up 62%, driven by an active IPO market.
–Debt underwriting fees were $2.8 billion, up 22%, driven by an active acquisition finance market.
–Advisory fees were $1.6 billion, up 44%, driven by a higher number of completed transactions.
•Wholesale Payments revenue was $1.4$2.8 billion, down 3%up 2%, driven by a reporting re-classification for certain expenses which are now reported as a reduction of revenue in Merchant Services. In addition, the impact of higher deposit balances wasand fees, predominantly offset by deposit margin compression.
•Lending revenue was $270$494 million, up 4%down 20%, with higherdriven by lower net interest income, onpartially offset by higher loan balances, as well as
higher fees, offset by fair value losses on hedges of accrual loans.commitment fees.
Markets & Securities Services revenue was $11.3$18.2 billion, up 77%down 3%. Markets revenue was $9.7$15.8 billion, up 79%down 7%.
•Fixed Income Markets revenue was $7.3$9.9 billion, down 20%, driven by lower revenue in Rates and Currencies & Emerging Markets compared to a strong prior year, partially offset by higher revenue in Securitized Products.
•Equity Markets revenue was $6.0 billion, up 99%29%, or up 120% excluding a gain from the IPO of Tradeweb in the prior year, driven by strong performance across products, primarily in Rates, Currencies & Emerging Markets, and Credit.
Equity Markets revenue was $2.4 billion, up 38%, predominantly driven by strong client activity in derivatives, prime brokerage, and Cash Equities.
•Securities Services revenue was $1.1$2.1 billion, up 5%down 2%, predominantly driven bywith deposit balance and fee growth partiallymargin compression offset by deposit margin compression.growth in deposits and fees.
•Credit Adjustments & Other was a gain of $510$230 million largely driven by funding spread tightening onvaluation adjustments related to certain collateralized derivatives.
Noninterest expense was $6.8 billion, up 19%, driven by higher revenue-related compensation expense.
The provision for credit losses was $2.0 billion, predominantly driven by net additions to the allowance for credit losses as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across multiple industry sectors.
Year-to-date results
Net income was $7.5 billion, up 20%, with revenue more than offsetting higher noninterest expense and an increase in the provision for credit losses.
Net revenue was $26.3 billion, up 32%.
Banking revenue was $7.6 billion, up 11%.
Investment Banking revenue was $4.3 billion, up 22%, driven by higher Investment Banking fees, up 29%, reflecting higher debt and equity underwriting fees, partially offset by lower advisory fees, as well as $161 million of net markdowns on held-for-sale positions,

including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio. The Firm maintained its #1 ranking for Global Investment Banking fees, according to Dealogic.
–Debt underwriting fees were $2.3 billion, up 34%, driven by increased industry-wide fees and wallet share gains in investment-grade bonds, and for high-yield bonds, after the markets stabilized in the second quarter of 2020.
–Equity underwriting fees were $1.3 billion, up 70%, driven by both increased industry-wide fees and wallet share gains primarily in follow-on offerings and convertible securities markets.
–The increased activity in debt and equity underwriting reflected clients seeking access to liquidity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
–Advisory fees of $1.1 billion were down 5%, driven by lower number of completed transactions.
Wholesale payments revenue was $2.7 billion, down 4%, driven by a reporting re-classification for certain expenses which are now reported as a reduction of revenue in Merchant Services. In addition, the impact of higher balances and fee growth was predominantly offset by deposit margin compression.
Lending revenue was $620 million, up 20%, driven by higher net interest income on higher loan balances, as well as higher fees.
Markets & Securities Services revenue was $18.7 billion, up 44%. Markets revenue was $16.9 billion, up 56%.
Fixed Income Markets revenue was $12.3 billion, up 66%, driven by strong client activity across products primarily in Rates, Currencies & Emerging Markets, and Credit.
Equity Markets revenue was $4.6 billion, up 33%, driven by strong client activity in derivatives and Cash Equities.
Securities Services revenue was $2.2 billion, up 5%, predominantly driven by deposit balance and fee growth partially offset by deposit margin compression.
Credit Adjustments & Other was a netprior year loss of $441 million was predominantly driven by losses on certain components of fair value option elected liabilities, as well as the impact of funding spread widening on derivativesderivatives.
Noninterest expense was $12.7$13.6 billion, up 12%7%, predominantly driven by higher volume- and revenue-related expense, largely performance-related compensation, partially offset by lower legal expense.
The provision for credit losses was $3.4 billion, compared with $87a net benefit of $410 million, in the prior year. The increase was predominantly driven by a net additions toreduction in the allowance for credit losses, as a resultcompared with an expense of $3.4 billion in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across multiple industry sectors.prior year.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 60-79 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 77-78 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
29

Selected metricsSelected metrics          Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,		As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except headcount)2020 2019 Change 2020 2019 Change(in millions, except headcount)20212020Change20212020Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)           Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Assets$1,080,761
 $976,430
 11% $1,080,761
 $976,430
 11%
Total assets(a)
Total assets(a)
$1,363,992 $1,080,189 26 %$1,363,992 $1,080,189 26 %
Loans:           Loans:
Loans retained(a)
140,770
 123,074
 14
 140,770
 123,074
 14
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value10,241
 6,838
 50
 10,241
 6,838
 50
Loans retained(b)
Loans retained(b)
144,764 140,770 3 144,764 140,770 3 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(c)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(c)
56,668 34,017 67 56,668 34,017 67 
Total loans151,011
 129,912
 16
 151,011
 129,912
 16
Total loans201,432 174,787 15 201,432 174,787 15 
Equity80,000
 80,000
 —
 80,000
 80,000
 —
Equity83,000 80,000 4 83,000 80,000 4 
Selected balance sheet data (average)           Selected balance sheet data (average)
Assets$1,167,807
 $1,000,517
 17
 $1,125,314
 $984,165
 14
Total assets(a)
Total assets(a)
$1,371,218 $1,166,867 18 $1,332,755 $1,124,389 19 
Trading assets-debt and equity instruments450,507
 421,775
 7
 438,911
 401,656
 9
Trading assets-debt and equity instruments469,625 421,953 11 467,172 410,229 14 
Trading assets-derivative receivables76,710
 48,815
 57
 65,922
 49,707
 33
Trading assets-derivative receivables73,642 76,710 (4)75,678 65,922 15 
Loans:           Loans:
Loans retained(a)
$154,038
 $124,194
 24
 $141,438
 $125,585
 13
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value8,399
 7,763
 8
 9,108
 8,186
 11
Loans retained(b)
Loans retained(b)
$140,096 $154,038 (9)$138,454 $141,438 (2)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(c)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(c)
52,376 33,538 56 49,042 34,374 43 
Total loans$162,437
 $131,957
 23
 $150,546
 $133,771
 13
Total loans$192,472 $187,576 3 $187,496 $175,812 7 
Equity80,000
 80,000
 —
 80,000
 80,000
 —
Equity83,000 80,000 4 83,000 80,000 4 
Headcount60,950
 59,111
 3% 60,950
 59,111
 3%
Headcount(d)
Headcount(d)
64,261 60,950 5 %64,261 

60,950 5 %
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. (a)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation,presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(b)Loans retained includes credit portfolio loans, loans held by consolidated Firm-administered multi-seller conduits, trade finance loans, other held-for-investment loans and overdrafts.
(c)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value primarily reflect lending related positions originated and purchased in CIB Markets, including an increaseloans held for securitization.
(d)During the six months ended June 30, 2021, 1,155 technology and risk management employees were transferred from Corporate to CIB.
Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$(12)$204 NM$(19)$259 NM
Nonperforming assets:
Nonaccrual loans:
Nonaccrual loans retained(a)
$783 $1,195 (34)%$783 $1,195 (34)
Nonaccrual loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(b)
1,187 1,510 (21)1,187 1,510 (21)
Total nonaccrual loans1,970 2,705 (27)1,970 2,705 (27)
Derivative receivables481 108 345 481 108 345 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions95 35 171 95 35 171 
Total nonperforming assets$2,546 $2,848 (11)$2,546 $2,848 (11)
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses(c)
$1,607 $3,039 (47)$1,607 $3,039 (47)
Allowance for lending-related commitments(c)
1,902 1,634 16 1,902 1,634 16 
Total allowance for credit losses$3,509 $4,673 (25)%$3,509 $4,673 (25)%
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(c)(d)
(0.03)%0.53 %(0.03)%0.37 %
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained(c)
1.11 2.16 1.11 2.16 
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained, excluding trade finance and conduits(c)(e)
1.53 2.87 1.53 2.87 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans retained(a)(c)
205 254 205 254 
Nonaccrual loans to total period-end loans0.98 %1.55 %0.98 %1.55 %
(a)Allowance for loan losses of $180 million and $340 million were held against these nonaccrual loans at June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(b)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $316 million and $135 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(c)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(d)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were excluded when calculating the net charge-off/(recovery) rate.
(e)Management uses allowance for loan losses to period-end assetsloans retained, excluding trade finance and headcountconduits, a non-GAAP financial measure, to provide a more meaningful assessment of $13.9 billionCIB’s allowance coverage ratio.
30

Investment banking fees
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)20212020Change20212020Change
Advisory$916 $602 52 %$1,596 $1,105 44 %
Equity underwriting1,063 977 9 2,119 1,308 62 
Debt underwriting(a)
1,593 1,268 26 2,845 2,341 22 
Total investment banking fees$3,572 $2,847 25 %$6,560 $4,754 38 %
(a)Represents long-term debt and 4,152, respectively,loan syndications.
League table results – wallet share
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,Full-year 2020
2021202020212020
RankShareRankShareRankShareRankShareRankShare
Based on fees(a)
M&A(b)
Global#2 10.6 %#1 10.0 %#2 9.5 %#2 9.0 %#2 9.0 %
U.S.2 11.4 4 8.1 2 10.3 2 8.6 2 9.4 
Equity and equity-related(c)
Global1 10.4 2 11.7 3 8.7 2 10.9 2 8.6 
U.S.1 14.3 2 13.1 3 9.8 2 12.9 2 11.2 
Long-term debt(d)
Global1 9.0 1 9.7 1 9.1 1 9.3 1 8.9 
U.S.1 13.5 1 13.5 1 13.0 1 13.0 1 12.8 
Loan syndications
Global1 10.8 1 9.4 1 11.9 1 10.1 1 11.1 
U.S.1 12.3 1 10.3 1 13.9 1 10.2 1 11.6 
Global investment banking fees(e)
#1 10.1 %#1 10.4 %#1 9.4 %#1 9.7 %#1 9.1 %
(a)Source: Dealogic as of June 30, 2019.July 1, 2021. Reflects the ranking of revenue wallet and market share.
(a)Loans retained includes credit portfolio loans, loans held by consolidated Firm-administered multi-seller conduits, trade finance loans, other held-for-investment loans and overdrafts.

(b)Global M&A excludes any withdrawn transactions. U.S. M&A revenue wallet represents wallet from client parents based in the U.S.
(c)Global equity and equity-related ranking includes rights offerings and Chinese A-Shares.
(d)Long-term debt rankings include investment-grade, high-yield, supranationals, sovereigns, agencies, covered bonds, ABS and mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”); and exclude money market, short-term debt, and U.S. municipal securities.
(e)Global investment banking fees exclude money market, short-term debt and shelf securities.


Selected metrics           
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)2020 2019 Change 2020 2019 Change
Credit data and quality statistics           
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$204
 $72
 183 % $259
 $102
 154 %
Nonperforming assets:           
Nonaccrual loans:           
Nonaccrual loans retained(a)
$1,195
 $569
 110 % $1,195
 $569
 110
Nonaccrual loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value
250
 370
 (32) 250
 370
 (32)
Total nonaccrual loans1,445
 939
 54
 1,445
 939
 54
Derivative receivables108
 39
 177
 108
 39
 177
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions35
 58
 (40) 35
 58
 (40)
Total nonperforming assets$1,588
 $1,036
 53
 $1,588
 $1,036
 53
Allowance for credit losses:           
Allowance for loan losses$3,440
 $1,131
 204
 $3,440
 $1,131
 204
Allowance for lending-related commitments1,233
 807
 53
 1,233
 807
 53
Total allowance for credit losses$4,673
 $1,938
 141 % $4,673
 $1,938
 141 %
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(b)
0.53% 0.23%   0.37% 0.16%  
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained2.44
 0.92
   2.44
 0.92
  
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained, excluding trade finance and conduits(c)
3.27
 1.27
   3.27
 1.27
  
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans retained(a)
288
 199
   288
 199
  
Nonaccrual loans to total period-end loans0.96% 0.72%   0.96% 0.72%  
(a)Allowance for loan losses of $340 million and $147 million were held against these nonaccrual loans at June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(b)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were excluded when calculating the net charge-off/(recovery) rate.
(c)Management uses allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained, excluding trade finance and conduits, a non-GAAP financial measure, to provide a more meaningful assessment of CIB’s allowance coverage ratio.


Investment banking fees          
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020 2019 Change 2020 2019 Change
Advisory$602
 $525
 15 $1,105
 $1,169
 (5)%
Equity underwriting977
 505
 93 1,308
 770
 70
Debt underwriting(a)
1,268
 816
 55 2,341
 1,751
 34
Total investment banking fees$2,847
 $1,846
 54 $4,754
 $3,690
 29 %
(a)Represents long-term debt and loan syndications.


31
League table results – wallet share            
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, Full-year 2019
 2020 2019 2020 2019 
 Rank Share Rank Share Rank Share Rank Share Rank Share
Based on fees(a)
                  
M&A(b)
                   
Global#1
 10.6 #2
 8.8 #2
 9.2 #2
 9.3 #2
 9.0%
U.S.4
 8.8 2
 8.8 2
 8.8 2
 9.5 2
 9.3
Equity and equity-related(c)
                   
Global2
 11.8 2
 9.6 2
 10.9 2
 9.3 1
 9.3
U.S.2
 13.2 2
 11.4 2
 12.9 2
 11.7 2
 13.2
Long-term debt(d)
                   
Global1
 10.0 1
 7.4 1
 9.5 1
 7.6 1
 7.8
U.S.1
 13.4 1
 11.4 1
 12.9 1
 11.6 1
 12.0
Loan syndications                   
Global1
 8.7 1
 9.0 1
 9.9 1
 11.1 1
 10.1
U.S.3
 9.2 2
 10.2 1
 9.8 1
 13.4 1
 12.5
Global investment banking fees(e)
#1
 10.6 #1
 8.6 #1
 9.8 #1
 9.1 #1
 8.9%

(a)Source: Dealogic as of July 1, 2020. Reflects the ranking of revenue wallet and market share.
(b)Global M&A excludes any withdrawn transactions. U.S. M&A revenue wallet represents wallet from client parents based in the U.S.
(c)Global equity and equity-related ranking includes rights offerings and Chinese A-Shares.
(d)Long-term debt rankings include investment-grade, high-yield, supranationals, sovereigns, agencies, covered bonds, ABS and mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”); and exclude money market, short-term debt, and U.S. municipal securities.
(e)Global investment banking fees exclude money market, short-term debt and shelf deals.

Markets revenue
The following table summarizes select income statement data for the Markets businesses. Markets includes both Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets. Markets revenue comprises principal transactions, fees, commissions and other income, as well as net interest income. The Firm assesses its Markets business performance on a total revenue basis, as offsets may occur across revenue line items. For example, securities that generate net interest income may be risk-managed by derivatives that are
recorded in principal transactions revenue. Refer to Notes 65 and 76 for a description of the composition of these income statement line items. Refer to Markets revenue on page 6974 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information.
For the periods presented below, the predominant source of principal transactions revenue was the amount recognized upon executing new transactions.
Three months ended June 30,Three months ended June 30,
20212020

(in millions)		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets
Principal transactions$1,925 $1,879 $3,804 $4,651 $1,737 $6,388 
Lending- and deposit-related fees82 4 86 48 2 50 
Asset management, administration and commissions121 485 606 93 497 590 
All other income293 11 304 176 (22)154 
Noninterest revenue2,421 2,379 4,800 4,968 2,214 7,182 
Net interest income1,677 310 1,987 2,370 166 2,536 
Total net revenue$4,098 $2,689 $6,787 $7,338 $2,380 $9,718 
Six months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20212020

(in millions)		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets
Principal transactions$5,489 $4,361 $9,850 $7,794 $3,460 $11,254 
Lending- and deposit-related fees151 8 159 95 4 99 
Asset management, administration and commissions250 1,029 1,279 204 1,105 1,309 
All other income359 (20)339 177 (23)154 
Noninterest revenue6,249 5,378 11,627 8,270 4,546 12,816 
Net interest income3,610 600 4,210 4,061 71 4,132 
Total net revenue$9,859 $5,978 $15,837 $12,331 $4,617 $16,948 
 Three months ended June 30, Three months ended June 30,
 2020 2019

(in millions)		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets		 Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets
Principal transactions$4,651
$1,737
$6,388
 $2,431
$1,608
$4,039
Lending- and deposit-related fees48
2
50
 49
2
51
Asset management, administration and commissions93
497
590
 97
453
550
All other income176
(22)154
 173
(19)154
Noninterest revenue4,968
2,214
7,182
 2,750
2,044
4,794
Net interest income2,370
166
2,536
 940
(316)624
Total net revenue$7,338
$2,380
$9,718
 $3,690
$1,728
$5,418
        
 Six months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
 2020 2019

(in millions)
Fixed Income Markets
Equity
Markets
Total
Markets
 Fixed Income Markets
Equity
Markets
Total
Markets
Principal transactions$7,794
$3,460
$11,254
 $4,913
$3,165
$8,078
Lending- and deposit-related fees95
4
99
 98
4
102
Asset management, administration and commissions204
1,105
1,309
 200
887
1,087
All other income177
(23)154
 392
(23)369
Noninterest revenue8,270
4,546
12,816
 5,603
4,033
9,636
Net interest income4,061
71
4,132
 1,812
(564)1,248
Total net revenue$12,331
$4,617
$16,948
 $7,415
$3,469
$10,884
Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)20212020Change20212020Change
Assets under custody (“AUC”) by asset class (period-end)
(in billions):
Fixed Income$15,720 $15,023 5 %$15,720 $15,023 5 %
Equity12,505 9,288 35 12,505 9,288 35 
Other(a)
3,897 3,136 24 3,897 3,136 24 
Total AUC$32,122 $27,447 17 $32,122 $27,447 17 
Merchant processing volume (in billions)(b)
$475.2 $371.9 28 $900.9 $746.7 21 
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(c)
$721,882 $607,902 19 %$713,868 $561,183 27 %
(a)Consists of mutual funds, unit investment trusts, currencies, annuities, insurance contracts, options and other contracts.
(b)Represents total merchant processing volume across CIB, Markets had one loss day inCCB and CB.
(c)Client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertain to the second quarter of 2020Wholesale Payments and three loss days for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Loss days represent the number of days for which CIB Markets, which consists of Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets, posted losses to total net revenue. The loss days determined under this measure differ from the measure used to determine backtesting gains and losses. Daily backtesting gains and losses include positions in the Firm’s Risk Management value-at-risk (“VaR”) measure and exclude select components of totalSecurities Services businesses.


32

International metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except where
 otherwise noted)		20212020Change20212020Change
Total net revenue(a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$3,784 $4,977 (24)%$7,844 $7,568 4 %
Asia-Pacific1,792 2,196 (18)4,053 3,972 2 
Latin America/Caribbean460 587 (22)954 1,094 (13)
Total international net revenue6,036 7,760 (22)12,851 12,634 2 
North America7,178 8,623 (17)14,968 13,752 9 
Total net revenue$13,214 $16,383 (19)$27,819 $26,386 5 
Loans retained (period-end)(a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$31,534 $27,504 15 $31,534 $27,504 15 
Asia-Pacific14,262 13,565 5 14,262 13,565 5 
Latin America/Caribbean5,456 8,178 (33)5,456 8,178 (33)
Total international loans51,252 49,247 4 51,252 49,247 4 
North America93,512 91,523 2 93,512 91,523 2 
Total loans retained$144,764 $140,770 3 $144,764 $140,770 3 
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(b)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$246,949 $216,211 14 $241,593 $203,594 19 
Asia-Pacific132,438 125,839 5 132,284 114,816 15 
Latin America/Caribbean47,502 36,339 31 45,891 33,598 37 
Total international$426,889 $378,389 13 $419,768 $352,008 19 
North America294,993 229,513 29 294,100 209,175 41 
Total client deposits and other third-party liabilities$721,882 $607,902 19 $713,868 $561,183 27 
AUC (period-end)(b)
(in billions)
North America$20,864 $17,734 18 $20,864 $17,734 18 
All other regions11,258 9,713 16 11,258 9,713 16 
Total AUC$32,122 $27,447 17 %$32,122 $27,447 17 %
(a)Total net revenue which may more than offset backtesting gainsand loans retained (excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value) are based on the location of the trading desk, booking location, or losses on a particular day. For more information on daily backtesting gainsdomicile of the client, as applicable.
(b)Client deposits and losses, referother third-party liabilities pertaining to the VaR discussionWholesale Payments and Securities Services businesses, and AUC, are based on pages 80-82
Selected metrics           
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)2020 2019 Change 2020 2019 Change
Assets under custody (“AUC”) by asset class (period-end)
(in billions):
           
Fixed Income$15,023
 $13,056
 15 % $15,023
 $13,056
 15 %
Equity9,288
 9,352
 (1) 9,288
 9,352
 (1)
Other(a)
3,136
 3,042
 3
 3,136
 3,042
 3
Total AUC$27,447

$25,450
 8
 $27,447
 $25,450
 8
Merchant processing volume (in billions)(b)
$371.9
 $371.6
 —
 $746.7
 $728.1
 3
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(c)
$607,902

$458,237
 33 % $561,183
 $451,185
 24 %
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as partdomicile of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)Consists of mutual funds, unit investment trusts, currencies, annuities, insurance contracts, options and other contracts.
(b)Represents total merchant processing volume across CIB, CCB and CB.
(c)Client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertain to the Wholesale Payments and Securities Services businesses.

client.
33
International metrics           
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except where
 otherwise noted)
2020 
2019(c)
 Change 2020 
2019(c)
 Change
Total net revenue(a)
           
Europe/Middle East/Africa$4,976
 $2,898
 72 % $7,566
 $6,078
 24 %
Asia-Pacific2,196
 1,276
 72
 3,972
 2,683
 48
Latin America/Caribbean587
 379
 55
 1,094
 785
 39
Total international net revenue7,759
 4,553
 70
 12,632
 9,546
 32
North America8,593
 5,278
 63
 13,668
 10,319
 32
Total net revenue$16,352
 $9,831
 66
 $26,300
 $19,865
 32
            
Loans retained (period-end)(a)
          
Europe/Middle East/Africa$28,973
 $27,843
 4
 $28,973
 $27,843
 4
Asia-Pacific13,644
 15,302
 (11) 13,644
 15,302
 (11)
Latin America/Caribbean8,190
 7,090
 16
 8,190
 7,090
 16
Total international loans50,807
 50,235
 1
 50,807
 50,235
 1
North America89,963
 72,839
 24
 89,963
 72,839
 24
Total loans retained$140,770
 $123,074
 14
 $140,770
 $123,074
 14
            
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(b)
           
Europe/Middle East/Africa$216,211
 $175,189
 23
 $203,594
 $169,694
 20
Asia-Pacific125,839
 86,889
 45
 114,816
 85,990
 34
Latin America/Caribbean36,339
 28,860
 26
 33,598
 28,175
 19
Total international$378,389
 $290,938
 30
 $352,008
 $283,859
 24
North America229,513
 167,299
 37
 209,175
 167,326
 25
Total client deposits and other third-party liabilities$607,902
 $458,237
 33
 $561,183
 $451,185
 24
            
AUC (period-end)(b)
(in billions)
           
North America$17,734
 $15,875
 12
 $17,734
 $15,875
 12
All other regions9,713
 9,575
 1
 9,713
 9,575
 1
Total AUC$27,447
 $25,450
 8 % $27,447
 $25,450
 8 %
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)Total net revenue and loans retained (excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value) are based on the location of the trading desk, booking location, or domicile of the client, as applicable.
(b)Client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertaining to the Wholesale Payments and Securities Services businesses, and AUC, are based on the domicile of the client.
(c)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.


COMMERCIAL BANKING
Commercial Banking provides comprehensive financial solutions, including lending, wholesale payments, investment banking and asset management products across three primary client segments: Middle Market Banking, Corporate Client Banking and Commercial Real Estate Banking. Other includes amounts not aligned with a primary client segment.
Middle Market Banking covers small and midsized companies, local governments and nonprofit clients.
Corporate Client Banking covers large corporations.
Commercial Real Estate Banking covers investors, developers, and owners of multifamily, office, retail, industrial and affordable housing properties.

Refer to pages 77–79 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 198188 for a discussion of the business profile of CB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)20212020Change20212020Change
Revenue
Lending- and deposit-related fees$350 $297 18 %$681 $558 22 %
All other income600 526 14 1,186 873 36 
Noninterest revenue950 823 15 1,867 1,431 30 
Net interest income1,533 1,577 (3)3,009 3,134 (4)
Total net revenue(a)
2,483 2,400 3 4,876 4,565 7 
Provision for credit losses(377)2,431 NM(495)3,441 NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense484 430 13 966 902 7 
Noncompensation expense497 463 7 984 977 1 
Total noninterest expense981 893 10 1,950 1,879 4 
Income before income tax expense1,879 (924)NM3,421 (755)NM
Income tax expense459 (243)NM833 (213)NM
Net income/(loss)$1,420 $(681)NM$2,588 $(542)NM
(a)Total net revenue included tax-equivalent adjustments from income tax credits related to equity investments in designated community development entities and in entities established for rehabilitation of historic properties, as well as tax-exempt income related to municipal financing activities of $78 million and $80 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $151 million and $161 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Selected income statement data (continued)
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change
Revenue by product
Lending$1,172 $1,127 4 %$2,340 $2,081 12 %
Wholesale payments914 925 (1)1,757 1,903 (8)
Investment banking(a)
370 256 45 720 491 47 
Other27 92 (71)59 90 (34)
Total net revenue$2,483 $2,400 3 $4,876 $4,565 7 
Investment banking revenue, gross(b)
$1,164 $851 37 $2,293 $1,537 49 
Revenue by client segments
Middle Market Banking$1,009 $870 16 $1,925 $1,813 6 
Corporate Client Banking851 866 (2)1,702 1,539 11 
Commercial Real Estate Banking599 566 6 1,203 1,107 9 
Other24 98 (76)46 106 (57)
Total net revenue$2,483 $2,400 3 %$4,876 $4,565 7 %
Financial ratios
Return on equity23 %(13)%21 %(6)%
Overhead ratio40 37 40 41 
(a)Includes CB’s share of revenue from investment banking products sold to CB clients through the CIB.
(b)Refer to Business Segment Results on page 21 for discussion of revenue sharing.
Selected income statement data      
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Revenue           
Lending- and deposit-related fees(a)
$297
 $224
 33 % $558
 $457
 22 %
All other income(a)
518
 399
 30
 878
 899
 (2)
Noninterest revenue815
 623
 31
 1,436
 1,356
 6
Net interest income1,577
 1,662
 (5) 3,134
 3,342
 (6)
Total net revenue(b)
2,392
 2,285
 5
 4,570
 4,698
 (3)
            
Provision for credit losses2,431
 29
 NM
 3,441
 119
 NM
            
Noninterest expense           
Compensation expense430
 438
 (2) 902
 887
 2
Noncompensation expense469
 493
 (5) 985
 982
 —
Total noninterest expense899
 931
 (3) 1,887
 1,869
 1
            
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(938) 1,325
 NM
 (758) 2,710
 NM
Income tax expense/(benefit)(247) 323
 NM
 (214) 648
 NM
Net income/(loss)$(691) $1,002
 NM
 $(544) $2,062
 NM
34
In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB and the revenue and expense of the business is reported across CCB, CIB and CB based primarily on client relationship. In conjunction with this realignment, treasury services product revenue has been renamed wholesale payments. Prior-period revenue and expense amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

(a)In the first quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain fees from asset management, administration and commissions (which are included in all other income) to lending- and deposit-related fees. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Total net revenue included tax-equivalent adjustments from income tax credits related to equity investments in designated community development entities and in entities established for rehabilitation of historic properties, as well as tax-exempt income related to municipal financing activities of $80 million and $100 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $161 million and $194 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Quarterly results
Net lossincome was $691 million, driven by$1.4 billion, up $2.1 billion, primarily reflecting the absence of an increase in the provisionallowance for credit losses.losses recorded in the prior year.
Net revenue was $2.4$2.5 billion, up 5%3%. Net interest income was $1.6$1.5 billion, down 5%, driven by lower deposit margin, largely offset by higher deposit and loan balances. Noninterest revenue was $815 million, up 31%, driven by a gain on a strategic investment, higher deposit related fees, and investment banking revenue, partially offset by lower card income predominantly due to lower volumes as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Noninterest expense was $899 million, down 3%, driven by deposit margin compression, predominantly offset by the impact of lower structural expense.
funding costs on loans. Noninterest revenue was $950 million, up 15%, driven by higher investment banking revenue, wholesale payments activity, and lending fees partially offset by the absence of a prior year equity investment gain.
Noninterest expense was $981 million, up 10%, predominantly driven by higher volume- and revenue- related expense and investments in the business.
The provision for credit losses was $2.4 billion, compared with $29a net benefit of $377 million, in the prior year. The increase was driven by a net additions toreduction in the allowance for credit losses, as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across multiple industry sectors.
Year-to-date results
Net loss was $544 million, driven by an increase in the provision for credit losses.
Net revenue was $4.6 billion, down 3%. Net interest income was $3.1 billion, down 6%, driven by lower deposit margin largely offset by higher deposit and loan balances. Noninterest revenue was $1.4 billion, up 6%, driven by higher deposit related fees and a gain on a strategic investment, largely offset by lower card income primarily

due to lower volumes as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a $57 million mark down of a held-for-sale position.
Noninterest expense was $1.9 billion, relatively flat, driven by investments in the business largely offset by lower structural expense.
The provision for credit losses was $3.4 billion, compared with $119 millionan expense of $2.4 billion in the prior year. The increase was driven by net additions to the allowance for credit losses as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across multiple industry sectors.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 60-7956-75 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 77-7873-74 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
Year-to-dateresults
Net income was $2.6 billion, up $3.1 billion, primarily reflecting the absence of an increase in the allowance for credit losses recorded in the prior year.
Net revenue was $4.9 billion, up 7%. Net interest income was $3.0 billion, down 4%, driven by deposit margin compression, offset by the impact of lower funding costs on loans and higher deposit balances. Noninterest revenue was $1.9 billion, up 30%, predominantly driven by higher investment banking revenue and wholesale payments activity, partially offset by the absence of a prior year equity investment gain.
Noninterest expense was $2.0 billion, up 4%, driven by higher volume- and revenue-related expense and investments in the business.
The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $495 million, driven by a net reduction in the allowance for credit losses, compared with an expense of $3.4 billion in the prior year.

35

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except headcount)20212020Change20212020Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Total assets$226,022 $235,034 (4)%$226,022 $235,034 (4)%
Loans:
Loans retained200,929 223,192 (10)200,929 223,192 (10)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value3,381 917 269 3,381 917 269 
Total loans$204,310 $224,109 (9)$204,310 $224,109 (9)
Equity24,000 22,000 9 24,000 22,000 9 
Period-end loans by client segment
Middle Market Banking$59,314 (a)$64,211 (8)$59,314 (a)$64,211 (8)
Corporate Client Banking44,866 56,182 (20)44,866 56,182 (20)
Commercial Real Estate Banking99,858 103,117 (3)99,858 103,117 (3)
Other272 599 (55)272 599 (55)
Total loans$204,310 (a)$224,109 (9)$204,310 (a)$224,109 (9)
Selected balance sheet data (average)
Total assets$226,562 $247,512 (8)$226,071 $236,792 (5)
Loans:
Loans retained202,102 233,044 (13)203,127 221,516 (8)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value3,150 502 NM2,866 1,167 146 
Total loans$205,252 $233,546 (12)$205,993 $222,683 (7)
Average loans by client segment
Middle Market Banking$61,698 $66,279 (7)$60,859 $61,162 — 
Corporate Client Banking43,440 63,308 (31)44,573 58,170 (23)
Commercial Real Estate Banking99,864 103,516 (4)100,260 102,521 (2)
Other250 443 (44)301 830 (64)
Total loans$205,252 $233,546 (12)$205,993 $222,683 (7)
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities$290,250 $236,968 22 $290,619 $212,888 37 
Equity24,000 22,000 9 24,000 22,000 9 
Headcount12,163 11,802 3 %12,163 11,802 3 %
(a)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, total loans included $5.0 billion and $6.5 billion of loans, respectively, under the PPP, of which $4.9 billion and $6.3 billion were in Middle Market Banking, respectively. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 57 for a further discussion of the PPP.
36
CB product revenue consists of the following:
Lending includes a variety of financing alternatives, which are primarily provided on a secured basis; collateral includes receivables, inventory, equipment, real estate or other assets. Products include term loans, revolving lines of credit, bridge financing, asset-based structures, leases, and standby letters of credit.
Wholesale payments includes revenue from a broad range of products and services that enable CB clients to manage payments and receipts, as well as invest and manage funds.
Investment banking includes revenue from a range of products providing CB clients with sophisticated capital-raising alternatives, as well as balance sheet and risk management tools through advisory, equity underwriting, and loan syndications. Revenue from Fixed Income and Equity Markets products used by CB clients is also included.
Other product revenue primarily includes tax-equivalent adjustments generated from Community Development Banking activities and certain income derived from principal transactions.

Selected income statement data (continued)      
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Revenue by product           
Lending$1,127
 $1,012
 11 % $2,081
 $2,024
 3 %
Wholesale payments917
 1,063
 (14) 1,908
 2,167
 (12)
Investment banking(a)
256
 193
 33
 491
 482
 2
Other92
 17
 441
 90
 25
 260
Total Commercial Banking net revenue$2,392
 $2,285
 5
 $4,570
 $4,698
 (3)
            
Investment banking revenue, gross(b)
$851
 $592
 44
 $1,537
 $1,410
 9
            
Revenue by client segments           
Middle Market Banking$866
 $961
 (10) $1,812
 $1,935
 (6)
Corporate Client Banking859
 744
 15
 1,540
 1,595
 (3)
Commercial Real Estate Banking566
 538
 5
 1,107
 1,085
 2
Other101
 42
 140
 111
 83
 34
Total Commercial Banking net revenue$2,392
 $2,285
 5 % $4,570
 $4,698
 (3)%
            
Financial ratios           
Return on equity(14)% 17%   (6)% 18%  
Overhead ratio38
 41
   41
 40
  
Selected metrics (continued)
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)20212020Change20212020Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$3 $79 (96)%$32 $179 (82)%
Nonperforming assets
Nonaccrual loans:
Nonaccrual loans retained(a)(b)
$1,006 $1,252 (20)%$1,006 $1,252 (20)%
Nonaccrual loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(b)
2 125 (98)2 125 (98)
Total nonaccrual loans$1,008 $1,377 (27)$1,008 $1,377 (27)
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions17 24 (29)17 24 (29)
Total nonperforming assets$1,025 $1,401 (27)$1,025 $1,401 (27)
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses(b)
$2,589 $4,730 (45)$2,589 $4,730 (45)
Allowance for lending-related commitments(b)
870 807 8 870 807 8 
Total allowance for credit losses$3,459 $5,537 (38)%$3,459 $5,537 (38)%
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(c)
0.01 %0.14 %0.03 %0.16 %
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained(b)
1.29 2.12 1.29 2.12 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans retained(a)(b)
257 378 257 378 
Nonaccrual loans to period-end total loans0.49 0.61 0.49 0.61 
In the first quarter(a)Allowance for loan losses of $188 million and $287 million was held against nonaccrual loans retained at June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB and the revenue and expense of the business is reported across CCB, CIB and CB based primarily on client relationship. In conjunction with this realignment, treasury services product revenue has been renamed wholesale payments. respectively.
(b)Prior-period revenue and expense amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)Includes CB’s share of revenue from investment banking products sold to CB clients through the CIB.
(b)Refer to Business Segment Results on page 24 for discussion of revenue sharing.

(c)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were excluded when calculating the net charge-off/(recovery) rate.

Selected metrics        
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except headcount)2020
 2019
Change
 2020
 2019
Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)         
Total assets$234,934
 $220,712
6 % $234,934
 $220,712
6 %
Loans:         
Loans retained223,192
 208,323
7
 223,192
 208,323
7
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value917
 1,284
(29) 917
 1,284
(29)
Total loans$224,109
 $209,607
7
 $224,109
 $209,607
7
Equity22,000
 22,000
—
 22,000
 22,000
—
          
Period-end loans by client segment         
Middle Market Banking$64,211
(a) 
$56,346
14
 $64,211
(a) 
$56,346
14
Corporate Client Banking56,182
 51,500
9
 56,182
 51,500
9
Commercial Real Estate Banking103,117
 100,751
2
 103,117
 100,751
2
Other599
 1,010
(41) 599
 1,010
(41)
Total Commercial Banking loans$224,109
(a) 
$209,607
7
 $224,109
(a) 
$209,607
7
          
Selected balance sheet data (average)         
Total assets$247,512
 $218,760
13
 $236,792
 $218,530
8
Loans:         
Loans retained233,044
 206,771
13
 221,516
 205,623
8
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value502
 701
(28) 1,167
 1,165
—
Total loans$233,546
 $207,472
13
 $222,683
 $206,788
8
          
Average loans by client segment         
Middle Market Banking$66,279
 $57,155
16
 $61,162
 $56,940
7
Corporate Client Banking63,308
 48,656
30
 58,170
 48,400
20
Commercial Real Estate Banking103,516
 100,671
3
 102,521
 100,469
2
Other443
 990
(55) 830
 979
(15)
Total Commercial Banking loans$233,546
 $207,472
13
 $222,683
 $206,788
8
          
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities$236,968
 $168,247
41
 $212,888
 $167,756
27
Equity22,000
 22,000
—
 22,000
 22,000
—
          
Headcount11,802
 11,248
5 % 11,802
 11,248
5 %
(a)At June 30, 2020, total loans included $6.5 billion of loans under the PPP, of which $6.3 billion were in Middle Market Banking. Refer to Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 for a further discussion of the PPP.

Selected metrics (continued)        
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)2020
2019
Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Credit data and quality statistics         
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$79
$15
427% $179
 $26
 NM
Nonperforming assets         
Nonaccrual loans:         
Nonaccrual loans retained(a)
$1,377
$614
124% $1,377
 $614
 124%
Nonaccrual loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value—
—
—
 —
 —
 —
Total nonaccrual loans$1,377
$614
124
 $1,377
 $614
 124
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions24
20
20
 24
 20
 20
Total nonperforming assets$1,401
$634
121
 $1,401
 $634
 121
Allowance for credit losses:         
Allowance for loan losses$4,830
$2,756
75
 $4,830
 $2,756
 75
Allowance for lending-related commitments707
274
158
 707
 274
 158
Total allowance for credit losses$5,537
$3,030
83% $5,537
 $3,030
 83%
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(b)
0.14%0.03%  0.16% 0.03%  
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained2.16
1.32
  2.16
 1.32
  
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans retained(a)
351
449
  351
 449
  
Nonaccrual loans to period-end total loans0.61
0.29
  0.61
 0.29
  
(a)Allowance for loan losses of $287 million and $125 million was held against nonaccrual loans retained at June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(b)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were excluded when calculating the net charge-off/(recovery) rate.

37


ASSET & WEALTH MANAGEMENT
Refer to pages 74–7680–82 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on pages 198-199188–189 for a discussion of the business profile of AWM.
Selected income statement dataSelected income statement data   Selected income statement data
(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change
20212020Change20212020Change
Revenue     Revenue
Asset management, administration and commissions$2,589
$2,568
1 % $5,295
$4,984
6 %Asset management, administration and commissions$3,019 $2,489 21 %$5,907 $5,072 16 %
All other income131
115
14
 134
292
(54)All other income146 86 70 404 32 NM
Noninterest revenue2,720
2,683
1
 5,429
5,276
3
Noninterest revenue3,165 2,575 23 6,311 5,104 24 
Net interest income890
876
2
 1,787
1,772
1
Net interest income942 855 10 1,873 1,715 9 
Total net revenue3,610
3,559
1
 7,216
7,048
2
Total net revenue4,107 3,430 20 8,184 6,819 20 
     
Provision for credit losses223
2
NM
 317
4
NM
Provision for credit losses(10)223 NM(131)317 NM
     
Noninterest expense     Noninterest expense
Compensation expense1,315
1,406
(6) 2,726
2,868
(5)Compensation expense1,356 1,178 15 2,745 2,404 14 
Noncompensation expense1,191
1,190
—
 2,439
2,375
3
Noncompensation expense1,230 1,145 7 2,415 2,354 3 
Total noninterest expense2,506
2,596
(3) 5,165
5,243
(1)Total noninterest expense2,586 2,323 11 5,160 4,758 8 
     
Income before income tax expense881
961
(8) 1,734
1,801
(4)Income before income tax expense1,531 884 73 3,155 1,744 81 
Income tax expense223
242
(8) 412
421
(2)Income tax expense378 223 70 758 414 83 
Net income$658
$719
(8) $1,322
$1,380
(4)Net income$1,153 $661 74 $2,397 $1,330 80 
     
Revenue by line of business     Revenue by line of business
Asset Management$1,780
$1,785
—
 $3,520
$3,546
(1)Asset Management$2,236 $1,780 26 $4,421 $3,520 26 
Wealth Management1,830
1,774
3
 3,696
3,502
6
Global Private Bank(a)
Global Private Bank(a)
1,871 1,650 13 3,763 3,299 14 
Total net revenue$3,610
$3,559
1 % $7,216
$7,048
2 %Total net revenue$4,107 $3,430 20 %$8,184 $6,819 20 %
     
Financial ratios     Financial ratios
Return on equity24%27%  24%26% Return on equity32 %24 %34 %25 %
Overhead ratio69
73
  72
74
 Overhead ratio63 68 63 70
Pre-tax margin ratio:     Pre-tax margin ratio:
Asset Management30
25
  26
24
 Asset Management37 30 36 27 
Wealth Management19
29
  22
27
 
Global Private Bank(a)
Global Private Bank(a)
38 21 41 24 
Asset & Wealth Management24
27
  24
26
 Asset & Wealth Management37 26 39 26 
(a)In the first quarter of 2021, the Wealth Management business was renamed Global Private Bank. In the fourth quarter of 2020, certain wealth management clients were transferred from AWM Global Private Bank to the J.P. Morgan Wealth Management unit in CCB’s Consumer & Business Banking business. For further information see page 80 of the 2020 Form 10-K.
Quarterly results
Net income was $658 million, down 8%$1.2 billion, up 74%.
Net revenue was $3.6$4.1 billion, up 1%20%. Net interest income was $890$942 million, up 2%10%. Noninterest revenue was $3.2 billion, up 23%.
Revenue from Asset Management was $2.2 billion, up 26%, reflecting predominantly driven by:
•higher asset management fees on cumulative net inflows into long-term products and higher average market levels, net of liquidity fee waivers, and
•higher performance fees.
Revenue from Global Private Bank was $1.9 billion, up 13%, driven by:
•higher deposit and loan balances, higher asset management fees and the impact of lower funding costs on loans, partially offset by deposit margin compression.

Noninterest revenueexpense was $2.7$2.6 billion, up 1%, as a result of increased brokerage commissions on higher client-driven volume partially offset by lower asset management fees as a shift in the mix toward lower yield products was predominantly offset by strong net inflows into liquidity products over the past year.
Revenue from Asset Management of $1.8 billion, was flat versus the prior year.
Revenue from Wealth Management was $1.8 billion, up 3%,11% driven by higher depositvolume- and loan balances, as well as increased brokerage commissions on higher client-driven volume, largely offset by deposit margin compression.
Noninterest expense of $2.5 billion was down 3%, as lower structural as well as volume-and revenue-related expense, were partially offset by higher investments.primarily performance-related compensation and distribution expense.
The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $10 million, compared with an expense of $223 million driven by additions toin the allowance for credit losses predominantly as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.prior year.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 60-7956-75 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 77-7873-74 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
Year-to-date results
Net income was $1.3$2.4 billion, a decreasean increase of 4%80%.
Net revenue was $7.2$8.2 billion, an increase of 2%20%. Net interest income was $1.8$1.9 billion, up 1%, reflecting higher deposit and loan balances, offset by deposit margin compression.9%. Noninterest revenue was $5.4$6.3 billion, up 3%, driven by increased brokerage commissions on higher client-driven volume, and higher asset management fees as a result of net inflows into liquidity products partially offset by net valuation losses on certain investments, compared with gains in the prior year.24%.


38

Revenue from Asset Management was $3.5$4.4 billion, down 1%up 26%, predominantly driven by net valuation losses on certain investments, compared with gains in the prior year, predominantly offset by by:
•higher asset management fees as a result ofon strong cumulative net inflows into long-term and liquidity products.products and higher average market levels, net of liquidity fee waivers, and
•net investment valuation gains, compared with losses in the prior year.
Revenue from Wealth ManagementGlobal Private Bank was $3.7$3.8 billion, up 6%14%, largely driven by by:
•higher deposit and loan balances, as well as increased brokerage commissionshigher asset management fees and the impact of lower funding costs on higher client-driven volume, largelyloans, partially offset by deposit margin compression.
Noninterest expense was $5.2 billion, a decreasean increase of 1%8%, asdriven by higher volume- and revenue-related expense, primarily performance-related compensation and distribution expense, partially offset by lower structural as well as volume-and revenue-related expense, were largely offset by higher investments.expense.
The provision for credit losses was $317a net benefit of $131 million, driven by additions toa reduction in the allowance for credit losses, predominantly as a resultcompared with an expense of $317 million in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.prior year.

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ranking data, headcount and ratios)20212020Change20212020Change
% of JPM mutual fund assets rated as 4- or 5-star(a)
62 %54 %62 %54 %
% of JPM mutual fund assets ranked in 1st or 2nd quartile:(b)
1 year72 54 72 54 
3 years77 69 77 69 
5 years74 72 74 72 
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)(c)
Total assets$217,284 $176,782 23 %$217,284 $176,782 23 %
Loans198,683 162,904 22 198,683 162,904 22 
Deposits217,488 160,993 35 217,488 160,993 35 
Equity14,000 10,500 33 14,000 10,500 33 
Selected balance sheet data (average)(c)
Total assets$214,384 $175,887 22 $210,963 $175,361 20 
Loans195,171 161,196 21 191,966 160,355 20 
Deposits219,699 160,102 37 213,167 152,336 40 
Equity14,000 10,500 33 14,000 10,500 33 
Headcount20,866 21,273 (2)20,866 21,273 (2)
Number of Global Private Bank client advisors2,435 2,409 1 2,435 2,409 1 
Credit data and quality statistics(c)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$12 $(2)NM$23 $— NM
Nonaccrual loans792 771 3 792 771 3 
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses$458 $646 (29)$458 $646 (29)
Allowance for lending-related commitments25 28 (11)25 28 (11)
Total allowance for credit losses$483 $674 (28)%$483 $674 (28)%
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate0.02 %— %0.02 %— %
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans0.23 0.40 0.23 0.40 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans58 84 58 84 
Nonaccrual loans to period-end loans0.40 0.47 0.40 0.47 
Selected metrics       
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ranking data, headcount and ratios)2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change
% of JPM mutual fund assets rated as 4- or 5-star(a)
54%63%  54%63% 
% of JPM mutual fund assets ranked in 1st or 2nd quartile:(b)
       
1 year54
78
  54
78
 
3 years69
75
  69
75
 
5 years72
82
  72
82
 
        
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)(c)
       
Total assets$183,189
$172,149
6 % $183,189
$172,149
6 %
Loans165,299
149,877
10
 165,299
149,877
10
Deposits169,537
136,225
24
 169,537
136,225
24
Equity10,500
10,500
—
 10,500
10,500
—
        
Selected balance sheet data (average)(c)
       
Total assets$182,318
$167,544
9
 $182,817
$167,452
9
Loans163,440
146,494
12
 162,631
145,953
11
Deposits168,573
140,317
20
 159,602
139,282
15
Equity10,500
10,500
—
 10,500
10,500
—
        
Headcount(d)
22,949
23,683
(3) 22,949
23,683
(3)
        
Number of Wealth Management client advisors2,869
2,735
5
 2,869
2,735
5
        
Credit data and quality statistics(c)
       
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$(2)$(3)33
 $—
$1
NM
Nonaccrual loans775
127
NM
 775
127
NM
Allowance for credit losses:       
Allowance for loan losses$648
$331
96
 $648
$331
96
Allowance for lending-related commitments28
17
65
 28
17
65
Total allowance for credit losses$676
$348
94 % $676
$348
94 %
Net charge-off rate—
(0.01)%  —
—
 
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans0.39
0.22
  0.39
0.22
 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans84
261
  84
261
 
Nonaccrual loans to period-end loans0.47
0.08
  0.47
0.08
 
(a)Represents the Nomura “star rating” for Japan domiciled funds and Morningstar for all other domiciled funds. Includes only Asset Management retail open-ended mutual funds that have a rating. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds.
(a)Represents the Nomura “star rating” for Japan domiciled funds and Morningstar for all other domiciled funds. Includes only Asset Management retail open-ended mutual funds that have a rating. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds.
(b)Quartile ranking sourced from Lipper, Morningstar, Nomura and Fund Doctor based on country of domicile. Includes only Asset Management retail open-ended mutual funds that are ranked by the aforementioned sources. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds.
(c)Loans, deposits and related credit data and quality statistics relate to the Wealth Management business.
(d)During the second quarter of 2020, certain technology and support functions, comprising approximately 850 staff, were transferred from AWM to CCB as part of the ongoing reorganization of the U.S. Wealth Management business.

(b)Quartile ranking sourced from Lipper, Morningstar and Nomura based on country of domicile. Includes only Asset Management retail open-ended mutual funds that are ranked by the aforementioned sources. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds.
(c)Loans, deposits and related credit data and quality statistics relate to the Global Private Bank business.
39

Client assets
Client assets of $3.4$4.0 trillion and assets under management of $2.5$3.0 trillion were up 12%25% and 15%21%, respectively, driven by higher market levels and cumulative net inflows into liquidity and long term products as well as higher market levels.products.
Client assets
As of June 30,
(in billions)20212020Change
Assets by asset class
Liquidity$698 $704 (1)%
Fixed income688 618 11 
Equity725 448 62 
Multi-asset702 566 24 
Alternatives174 140 24 
Total assets under management2,987 2,476 21 
Custody/brokerage/administration/deposits1,057 765 38 
Total client assets(a)
$4,044 $3,241 25 
Assets by client segment
Private Banking$752 $631 19 
Global Institutional(b)
1,383 1,228 13 
Global Funds(b)
852 617 38 
Total assets under management$2,987 $2,476 21 
Private Banking$1,755 $1,360 29 
Global Institutional(b)
1,430 1,259 14 
Global Funds(b)
859 622 38 
Total client assets(a)
$4,044 $3,241 25 %
(a)Includes CCB client investment assets invested in managed accounts and J.P. Morgan mutual funds where AWM is the investment manager.
(b)In the first quarter of 2021, Institutional and Retail client segments were renamed to Global Institutional and Global Funds, respectively. This did not result in a change to the clients within either client segment.
Client assets (continued)

Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in billions)2021202020212020
Assets under management rollforward
Beginning balance$2,833 $2,210 $2,716 $2,328 
Net asset flows:
Liquidity15 93 59 170 
Fixed income17 18 25 18 
Equity20 11 51 10 
Multi-asset2 (2)8 (4)
Alternatives10 3 13 3 
Market/performance/other impacts90 143 115 (49)
Ending balance, June 30$2,987 $2,476 $2,987 $2,476 
Client assets rollforward
Beginning balance$3,828 $2,891 $3,652 $3,089 
Net asset flows75 135 205 226 
Market/performance/other impacts141 215 187 (74)
Ending balance, June 30$4,044 $3,241 $4,044 $3,241 
40

International
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)20212020Change20212020Change
Total net revenue (a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$888 $719 24 %$1,722 $1,342 28 %
Asia-Pacific496 378 31 1,010 778 30 
Latin America/Caribbean216 198 9 430 386 11 
Total international net revenue1,600 1,295 24 3,162 2,506 26 
North America2,507 2,135 17 5,022 4,313 16 
Total net revenue(a)
$4,107 $3,430 20 %$8,184 $6,819 20 %
(a)Regional revenue is based on the domicile of the client.
As of June 30,As of June 30,
(in billions)20212020Change20212020Change
Assets under management
Europe/Middle East/Africa$558 $446 25 %$558 $446 25 %
Asia-Pacific245 205 20 245 205 20 
Latin America/Caribbean75 64 17 75 64 17 
Total international assets under management878 715 23 878 715 23 
North America2,109 1,761 20 2,109 1,761 20 
Total assets under management$2,987 $2,476 21 $2,987 $2,476 21 
Client assets
Europe/Middle East/Africa$674 $537 26 $674 $537 26 
Asia-Pacific363 286 27 363 286 27 
Latin America/Caribbean176 148 19 176 148 19 
Total international client assets1,213 971 25 1,213 971 25 
North America2,831 2,270 25 2,831 2,270 25 
Total client assets$4,044 $3,241 25 %$4,044 $3,241 25 %

41
Client assets   
 As of June 30,
(in billions)2020
2019
Change
Assets by asset class   
Liquidity$707
$481
47%
Fixed income629
543
16
Equity457
441
4
Multi-asset and alternatives718
713
1
Total assets under management2,511
2,178
15
Custody/brokerage/administration/deposits859
820
5
Total client assets$3,370
$2,998
12
    
Memo:   
Alternatives client assets (a)
$188
$177
6
    
Assets by client segment   
Private Banking$677
$617
10
Institutional1,218
991
23
Retail616
570
8
Total assets under management$2,511
$2,178
15
    
Private Banking$1,500
$1,410
6
Institutional1,249
1,013
23
Retail621
575
8
Total client assets$3,370
$2,998
12%
(a)Represents assets under management, as well as client balances in brokerage accounts
Client assets (continued)     


Three months ended
June 30,		Six months ended
June 30,
(in billions)2020
2019
 2020
2019
Assets under management rollforward     
Beginning balance$2,239
$2,096
 $2,364
$1,987
Net asset flows:     
Liquidity95
4
 170
(1)
Fixed income17
37
 18
56
Equity11
(1) 10
(7)
Multi-asset and alternatives1
—
 (1)(3)
Market/performance/other impacts148
42
 (50)146
Ending balance, June 30$2,511
$2,178
 $2,511
$2,178
      
Client assets rollforward     
Beginning balance$3,002
$2,897
 $3,226
$2,733
Net asset flows138
52
 223
61
Market/performance/other impacts230
49
 (79)204
Ending balance, June 30$3,370
$2,998
 $3,370
$2,998

International metrics       
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
2019
Change 2020
2019
Change
Total net revenue (a)
       
Europe/Middle East/Africa$719
$714
1 $1,342
$1,409
(5)%
Asia-Pacific378
376
1 778
740
5
Latin America/Caribbean198
179
11 386
361
7
Total international net revenue1,295
1,269
2 2,506
2,510
—
North America2,315
2,290
1 4,710
4,538
4
Total net revenue(a)
$3,610
$3,559
1 $7,216
$7,048
2 %
(a)Regional revenue is based on the domicile of the client.
 As of June 30, As of June 30,
(in billions)2020
2019
Change
 2020
2019
Change
Assets under management       
Europe/Middle East/Africa$446
$392
14% $446
$392
14%
Asia-Pacific205
183
12
 205
183
12
Latin America/Caribbean64
56
14
 64
56
14
Total international assets under management715
631
13
 715
631
13
North America1,796
1,547
16
 1,796
1,547
16
Total assets under management$2,511
$2,178
15
 $2,511
$2,178
15
        
Client assets       
Europe/Middle East/Africa$537
$478
12
 $537
$478
12
Asia-Pacific286
257
11
 286
257
11
Latin America/Caribbean148
136
9
 148
136
9
Total international client assets971
871
11
 971
871
11
North America2,399
2,127
13
 2,399
2,127
13
Total client assets$3,370
$2,998
12% $3,370
$2,998
12%


















CORPORATE
Refer to pages 77–7883–84 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of Corporate.
Selected income statement and balance sheet data
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except headcount)20212020Change20212020Change
Revenue
Principal transactions$(8)$(2)(300)%$264 $(115)NM
Investment securities gains/(losses)(155)26 NM(141)259 NM
All other income(45)(91)51 51 120 (58)%
Noninterest revenue(208)(67)(210)174 264 (34)
Net interest income(961)(687)(40)(1,816)(852)(113)
Total net revenue(a)
(1,169)(754)(55)(1,642)(588)(179)
Provision for credit losses49 4 NM65 12 442 
Noninterest expense515 147 250 1,391 293 375 
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(1,733)(905)(91)(3,098)(893)(247)
Income tax expense/(benefit)(489)(337)(45)(1,274)(200)NM
Net income/(loss)$(1,244)$(568)(119)$(1,824)$(693)(163)
Total net revenue
Treasury and CIO$(1,081)$(671)(61)$(1,786)$(502)(256)
Other Corporate(88)(83)(6)144 (86)NM
Total net revenue$(1,169)$(754)(55)$(1,642)$(588)(179)
Net income/(loss)
Treasury and CIO$(956)$(550)(74)$(1,631)$(467)(249)
Other Corporate(288)(18)NM(193)(226)15 
Total net income/(loss)$(1,244)$(568)(119)$(1,824)$(693)(163)
Total assets (period-end)$1,382,653 $1,221,980 13 $1,382,653 $1,221,980 13 
Loans (period-end)1,530 1,670 (8)1,530 1,670 (8)
Headcount(b)
37,520 38,920 (4)%37,520 38,920 (4)%
Selected income statement and balance sheet data      
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except headcount)2020
2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Revenue          
Principal transactions$(2)$(175) 99 % $(115) $(237) 51 %
Investment securities gains26
44
 (41)% 259
 57
 354 %
All other income(91)6
 NM
 120
 63
 90
Noninterest revenue(67)(125) 46 % 264
 (117) NM
Net interest income(687)447
 NM
 (852) 864
 NM
Total net revenue(a)
(754)322
 NM
 (588) 747
 NM
           
Provision for credit losses4
(2) NM
 12
 —
 NM
           
Noninterest expense(b)
147
232
 (37)% 293
 443
 (34)
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(905)92
 NM
 (893) 304
 NM
Income tax expense/(benefit)(337)(736) 54
 (200) (775) 74 %
Net income/(loss)$(568)$828
 NM
 $(693) $1,079
 NM
Total net revenue          
Treasury and CIO$(671)$618
 NM
 $(502) $1,129
 NM
Other Corporate(83)(296) 72
 (86) (382) 77
Total net revenue$(754)$322
 NM
 $(588) $747
 NM
Net income/(loss)          
Treasury and CIO$(550)$462
 NM
 $(467) $796
 NM
Other Corporate(18)366
 NM
 (226) 283
 NM
Total net income/(loss)$(568)$828
 NM
 $(693) $1,079
 NM
Total assets (period-end)$1,221,980
$821,330
 49
 $1,221,980
 $821,330
 49
Loans (period-end)1,670
1,695
 (1) 1,670
 1,695
 (1)
Headcount38,920
37,361
 4 % 38,920
 37,361
 4 %
(a)Included tax-equivalent adjustments, driven by tax-exempt income from municipal bonds, of $66 million and $63 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $133 million and $124 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(a)Included tax-equivalent adjustments, driven by tax-exempt income from municipal bonds, of $63 million and $81 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $124 million and $167 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(b)Included a net legal benefit of $(12) million and $(67) million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $(32) million and $(157) million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(b)During the six months ended June 30, 2021, 1,155 technology and risk management employees were transferred from Corporate to CIB.
Quarterly results
Net loss was $568 million$1.2 billion compared with a net incomeloss of $828$568 million in the prior year.
Net revenue was a loss of $754$1.2 billion, down $415 million, down $1.1 billion, driven by lower by:
•limited deployment opportunities as deposit growth continued, and
•net interest income on lower rates. The current quarter also included small net gains on certain legacy private equity investments compared toinvestment securities losses in the prior year.current quarter reflecting the impact of repositioning the investment securities portfolio.
Noninterest expense of $147$515 million was down $85up $368 million predominantly due to lower structural expense, partially offset by a lower nethigher legal benefit compared to the prior year.and technology expense.
The current period income tax benefit was predominantly driven by the change in the level and mix of income and expenses subject to U.S. federal and state and local taxes. The prior period included tax benefits of $742 million related to the resolution of certain tax audits.





Year-to-date results
Net loss was $693 million$1.8 billion compared with a net incomeloss of $1.1 billion$693 million in the prior year.
Net revenue was a loss of $588 million,$1.6 billion, compared with $747a loss of $588 million in the prior year. The decrease wasyear, predominantly driven by lower net interest income on limited deployment opportunities as deposit growth continued as well as lower rates, partially offset by higher noninterestrates.
Noninterest revenue decreased primarily due to higher net investment securities losses compared to net gains in the prior year reflecting the impactrepositioning of repositioning the investment securities portfolio.portfolio in both periods, largely offset by net gains on certain legacy private equity investments,
Noninterest expense of $293 million$1.4 billion was down $150 million due to lower structural expense, partially offsetup $1.1 billion driven by a lower net legal benefit comparedhigher contribution to the prior year.Firm's Foundation and higher legal and technology expense.
The current period income tax benefit was driven by the change in the level and mix of income and expenses subject to U.S. federal and state and local taxes as well as other tax adjustments, partially offset by the impact of the Firm’sFirm's estimated full-year expected tax rate relative to the level of year-to-date pretax income. The prior period included tax benefits of $825 million related toincome, partially offset by the resolution of certain tax audits.

42

Treasury and CIO overview
At June 30, 2020,2021, the average credit rating of the Treasury and CIO investment securities comprising the portfolio in the table below was AA+ (based upon external ratings where available and, where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings). Refer to Note 109 for further information on the Firm’s investment securities portfolio and internal risk ratings.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-5951-55 for further information on liquidity and funding risk. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 80-8476-80 for information on interest rate and foreign exchange and other risks.
Selected income statement and balance sheet data
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions)20212020Change20212020Change
Investment securities gains/(losses)$(155)$26 NM$(141)$259 NM
Available-for-sale securities (average)$342,338 $426,470 (20)%$357,307 $399,712 (11)%
Held-to-maturity securities (average)(a)
240,696 71,713 236 224,417 59,193 279 
Investment securities portfolio (average)$583,034 $498,183 17 $581,724 $458,905 27 
Available-for-sale securities (period-end)$230,127 $483,752 (52)$230,127 $483,752 (52)
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses (period-end)(a)
341,476 72,908 368 341,476 72,908 368 
Investment securities portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses (period-end)(b)
$571,603 $556,660 3 %$571,603 $556,660 3 %
(a)During the second quarter of 2021 and the full year 2020, the Firm transferred $104.5 billion and $164.2 billion of investment securities, respectively, from AFS to HTM for capital management purposes.
(b)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, the allowance for credit losses on investment securities was $87 million and $23 million, respectively.
43
Selected income statement and balance sheet data      
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 Change
 2020
 2019
 Change
Investment securities gains$26
 $44
 (41)% $259
 $57
 354
Available-for-sale securities (average)$426,470
 $248,612
 72 % $399,712
 $237,669
 68
Held-to-maturity securities (average)71,713
 30,929
 132
 59,193
 31,005
 91
Investment securities portfolio (average)$498,183
 $279,541
 78
 $458,905
 $268,674
 71
Available-for-sale securities (period-end)$483,752
 $274,533
 76
 $483,752
 $274,533
 76
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses (period-end)(a)(b)
72,908
 30,907
 136
 72,908
 30,907
 136
Investment securities portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses (period-end)(a)
$556,660
 $305,440
 82 % $556,660
 $305,440
 82
(a)At June 30, 2020, the allowance for credit losses on HTM securities was $23 million.
(b)During the first quarter of 2020, the Firm transferred $26.1 billion of U.S. GSE and government agency MBS from AFS to HTM for capital management purposes.
Refer to Note 10 for further information.


FIRMWIDE RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk is an inherent part of JPMorgan Chase’s business activities. When the Firm extends a consumer or wholesale loan, advises customers and clients on their investment decisions, makes markets in securities, or offers other products or services, the Firm takes on some degree of risk. The Firm’s overall objective is to manage its businesses, and the associated risks, in a manner that balances serving the interests of its clients, customers and investors and protects the safety and soundness of the Firm.
The Firm believes that effective risk management requires, among other things:
•Acceptance of responsibility, including identification and escalation of risk issues,risks by all individuals within the Firm;
•Ownership of risk identification, assessment, data and management within each of the LOBs and Corporate; and
•Firmwide structures for risk governance.
The Firm strives for continual improvement in its efforts to enhance controls, ongoing employee training and development, talent retention, and other measures. The Firm follows a disciplined and balanced compensation framework with strong internal governance and independent oversight by the Board of Directors (the “Board”). The impact of risk and control issues is carefully considered in the Firm’s performance evaluation and incentive compensation processes.
Risk governance and oversight framework
The Firm’s risk management governance and oversight framework involves understanding drivers of risks, types of risks, and impacts of risks.
jpm-20210630_g1.jpg
Refer to pages 79-8385-89 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of Firmwide risk management governance and oversight.
Risk governance and oversight functions
The following sections of this Form 10-Q and the 20192020 Form 10-K discuss the risk governance and oversight functions in place to manage the risks inherent in the Firm’s business activities.
Risk governance and oversight functionsForm 10-Q page referenceForm 10-K page referenceRisk governance and oversight functionsForm 10-Q page referenceForm 10-K page reference
Strategic risk 84Strategic risk90
Capital risk49–5485–92Capital risk45-5091-101
Liquidity risk55–5993–98Liquidity risk51-55102-108
Reputation risk 99Reputation risk109
Consumer credit risk62-66103–107Consumer credit risk58-62114-120
Wholesale credit risk67-76108–115Wholesale credit risk63-72121-131
Investment portfolio risk79118Investment portfolio risk75134
Market risk80-84119–126Market risk76-80135-142
Country risk85127–128Country risk81143-144
Operational risk86129–135Operational risk82145-151
Compliance risk 132Compliance risk148
Conduct risk 133Conduct risk149
Legal risk 134Legal risk150
Estimations and Model risk87135Estimations and Model risk83151
44


CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Capital risk is the risk the Firm has an insufficient level or composition of capital to support the Firm’s business activities and associated risks during normal economic environments and under stressed conditions.
The Firm has been impacted by market events as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, but has remained well-capitalized.
Refer to pages 85–9291-101 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form
10-K, Note 2221 of this Form 10-Q and the Firm’s Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, for a further discussion of the Firm’s Capital Risk Management, including capital planning and stress testing.
COVID-19 Pandemic
The Firm has been impacted by recent market events as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, but remains well-capitalized. However, the continuation or further deterioration of the current macroeconomic environment could result in impacts to the Firm’s capital and leverage position.
Basel III Overview
The capital rules under Basel III establish minimum capital ratios and overall capital adequacy standards for large and internationally active U.S. bank holding companies (“BHC”Bank Holding Companies ("BHCs") and banks, including the Firm and its insured depository institution (“IDI”) subsidiaries, including JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The minimum amount of regulatory capital that must be held by BHCs and banks is determined by calculating risk-weighted assets (“RWA”), which are on-balance sheet assets and off-balance sheet exposures, weighted according to risk. Two comprehensive approaches are prescribed for calculating RWA: a standardized approach (“Basel III Standardized”), and an advanced approach (“Basel III Advanced”). For each of the risk-based capital ratios, the capital adequacy of the Firm is evaluated against the lower of the Standardized or Advanced approaches.approaches compared to their respective minimum capital ratios.
The Firm’s Basel III Standardized-risk-based ratios are currently more binding than the Basel III Advanced-risk-based ratios.
Basel III also includes a requirement for Advanced Approach banking organizations, including the Firm, to calculate the SLR. The Firm’s SLR is currently more binding than the Basel III Standardized-risk-based ratios. Refer to SLR on page 90 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K48 for additional information.
Key Regulatory Developments
Current Expected Credit LossesCECL regulatory capital transition delay. . As disclosed in the Firm’s 2019 Form 10-K, the Firm initially elected to phase-in the January 1, 2020 (“day 1”) CECL adoption impact to retained earnings of $2.7 billion to CET1 capital, at 25% per year in each of 2020 to 2023. As part of their response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 31, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interima final rule that provided the option beginning January 1, 2020 to delay the effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a
three-year transition period beginning January 1, 2022 (“CECL capital transition provisions”).
The interim final rule provides a uniform approach for estimating the effects of CECL compared to the legacy incurred loss model during the first two years of the transition period (the “day 2” transition amount), whereby the Firm may exclude from CET1 capital 25% of the change in the allowance for credit losses (excluding allowances on PCD loans). The cumulative day 2 transition amount as at December 31, 2021 that is not recognized in CET1 capital as well as the $2.7 billion day 1 impact, will be phased into CET1 capital at 25% per year beginning January 1, 2022. The Firm has elected to apply the CECL capital transition provisions, and accordingly, for the period ended June 30, 2020,2021, the capital metrics of the Firm exclude $6.5$3.8 billion, which is the $2.7 billion day 1 impact to retained earnings and 25% of the $15.7$4.0 billion increase in the allowance for credit losses from January 1, 2020 (excluding allowances on PCD loans).
The impacts of the CECL capital transition provisions onhave also been incorporated into Tier 2 capital, adjusted average assets, and total leverage exposure have also been incorporated into the Firm’s capital metrics.exposure. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 91-101 and Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for further information on CECL capital transition provisions and the CECL accounting guidance.
Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility. On March 18, 2020, the Federal Reserve established the MMLF facility, authorized through September 30, 2020, to enhance the liquidity and functioning of money markets. On July 28, 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it was extending the MMLF through December 31, 2020. Under the MMLF, the FRBB makes nonrecourse advances to participating financial institutions to purchase certain types of assets from eligible money market mutual fund clients. These assets, which are reflected in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets, are pledged to the FRBB as collateral. On March 23, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule to neutralize the effects of purchasing assets through the program on risk-based and leverage-based capital ratios. As of June 30, 2020, the Firm excluded assets purchased from money market mutual fund clients pursuant to nonrecourse advances provided under the MMLF in the amount of $3.8 billion from its RWA and $7.8 billion from adjusted average assets and total leverage exposure.
Supplementary leverage ratio temporary revision.On April 1, 2020, the Federal Reserve issued an interim final rule that requires, on a temporary basis, the calculation of total leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR for bank holding companies, to exclude the on-balance sheet amounts of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks. These exclusions became effective April 1, 2020, and will remain in effect through March 31, 2021.
On June 1, 2020, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC issued an interim final rule that provides IDI subsidiaries with an option to apply this temporary exclusion subject to certain

restrictions. As of June 30, 2020, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. has not elected to apply this exclusion.
Paycheck Protection Program.PPP. On April 13, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule (issued as final on September 29, 2020) to neutralize the regulatory capital effects of participating in the PPP on risk-based capital ratios by applying a zero percent risk weight to loans originated under the program. The Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on PPP loans, because the loans are guaranteed by the SBA. As of June 30, 2020,2021, the Firm had approximately $28$23 billion of loans remaining under the program.
The interim rule also provides that ifTotal leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR includes PPP loan is pledgedloans as collateral for a non-recourse loan under the Firm did not participate in the Federal Reserve’s Paycheck Protection Program Lending (“PPPL”) Facility, which would have allowed the PPP loans can be excluded from leverage-based capital ratios. As of June 30,Firm to exclude them under the final rule.
TLAC Holdings rule. On October 20, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule prescribing the regulatory capital treatment for holdings of Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity ("TLAC") debt instruments by certain large banking organizations, such as the Firm had not participated inand JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. This rule expands the PPPL Facility.
Refer to Regulatory Developments Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic on pages 11-12 for additional information on
regulatory actions and significant financing programs that the U.S. government and regulators have introduced to address the effectsscope of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Stress Capital Buffer. On March 4, 2020,existing capital deductions rule around the Federal Reserveholdings of capital instruments of financial institutions to also include TLAC debt instruments issued the final rule introducing the SCB framework for the Basel III Standardized approach that is designed to more closely integrate the results of the quantitative assessment in the annual CCAR with the ongoing minimum capital requirements for BHCs under the U.S. Basel III rules.by systemically important banking organizations. The final rule replacesbecame effective April 1, 2021 and did not have a material impact on the static 2.5% CET1Firm’s risk-based capital conservation buffer in the Standardized approach with a dynamic institution-specific SCB. The final rule does not apply to the Advanced approach capital requirements. The SCB requirement for BHCs will be effective on October 1 of each year and is expected to remain in effect until September 30 of the following year.metrics.

45

The following tables present the Firm’s risk-based and leverage-based capital metrics under both the Basel III Standardized and Advanced Approaches.approaches and leverage-based capital metrics. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 85–9291-101 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of these capital metrics.
StandardizedAdvanced
(in millions, except ratios)
June 30, 2021(a)
December 31, 2020(a)
Minimum capital ratios(b)
June 30, 2021(a)
December 31, 2020(a)
Minimum capital ratios(b)
Risk-based capital metrics:
CET1 capital$209,010 $205,078 $209,010 $205,078 
Tier 1 capital241,356 234,844 241,356 234,844 
Total capital274,443 269,923 262,364 257,228 
Risk-weighted assets1,601,631 1,560,609 1,514,386 1,484,431 
CET1 capital ratio13.0 %13.1 %11.3 %13.8 %13.8 %10.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio15.1 15.0 12.8 15.9 15.8 12.0 
Total capital ratio17.1 17.3 14.8 17.3 17.3 14.0 
(a)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions. Additionally, loans originated under the PPP receive a zero percent risk weight.
(b)Represents minimum requirements and regulatory buffers applicable to the Firm. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
(in millions, except ratios)
June 30, 2021(b)
December 31, 2020(b)(c)
Minimum capital ratios(d)
Leverage-based capital metrics:
Adjusted average assets(a)
$3,680,830 $3,353,319 
Tier 1 leverage ratio6.6 %7.0 %4.0 %
Total leverage exposure$4,456,557 $3,401,542 
SLR5.4 %6.9 %5.0 %
(a)Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratios, includes total quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill and other intangible assets.
(b)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions.
(c)Total leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR excludes U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks, as provided by the rule issued by the Federal Reserve which became effective April 1, 2020 and remained in effect through March 31, 2021. The SLR excluding the relief was 5.8% for the period ended December 31, 2020.
(d)Represents minimum requirements and regulatory buffers applicable to the Firm. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
 
June 30, 2020(c)(d)
 December 31, 2019  
(in millions, except ratios)StandardizedAdvanced StandardizedAdvanced 
Minimum capital ratios(e)
Risk-based capital metrics:       
CET1 capital$190,867
$190,867
 $187,753
$187,753
  
Tier 1 capital220,674
220,674
 214,432
214,432
  
Total capital256,667
244,112
 242,589
232,112
  
Risk-weighted assets1,541,365
1,450,587
 1,515,869
1,397,878
  
CET1 capital ratio12.4%13.2% 12.4%13.4% 10.5%
Tier 1 capital ratio14.3
15.2
 14.1
15.3
 12.0
Total capital ratio16.7
16.8
 16.0
16.6
 14.0
Leverage-based capital metrics:       
Adjusted average assets(a)
$3,176,729
$3,176,729
 $2,730,239
$2,730,239
  
Tier 1 leverage ratio6.9%6.9% 7.9%7.9% 4.0%
Total leverage exposure(b)
NA
$3,228,424
 NA
$3,423,431
  
SLR(b)
NA
6.8% NA
6.3% 5.0%
46
(a)Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratios, includes total quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill and other intangible assets.
(b)As of June 30, 2020, total leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR excludes U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks, as provided by the interim final rule issued by the Federal Reserve on April 1, 2020.
(c)As of June 30, 2020, the capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions.
(d)As of June 30, 2020, the capital metrics reflect the exclusion of assets purchased from money market mutual fund clients pursuant to nonrecourse advances provided under the MMLF. Additionally, loans originated under the PPP receive a zero percent risk weight.
(e)Represents minimum requirements and regulatory buffers applicable to the Firm. Refer to Note 22 for additional information.


Capital components
The following table presents reconciliations of total stockholders’ equity to Basel III CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Total capital as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020.
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31, 2020
Total stockholders’ equity$286,386 $279,354 
Less: Preferred stock32,838 30,063 
Common stockholders’ equity253,548 249,291 
Add:
Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,461 2,453 
Other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
3,107 3,486 
Less:
Goodwill49,256 49,248 
Other intangible assets850 904 
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital209,010 205,078 
Preferred stock32,838 30,063 
Less: Other Tier 1 adjustments492 297 
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital$241,356 $234,844 
Long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2 capital$15,588 $16,645 
Qualifying allowance for credit losses(c)
17,854 18,372 
Other(355)62 
Standardized Tier 2 capital$33,087 $35,079 
Standardized Total capital$274,443 $269,923 
Adjustment in qualifying allowance for credit losses for Advanced Tier 2 capital(d)
(12,079)(12,695)
Advanced Tier 2 capital$21,008 $22,384 
Advanced Total capital$262,364 $257,228 
(a)Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating CET1 capital.
(b)As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the impact of the CECL capital transition provision was an increase in CET1 capital of $3.8 billion and $5.7 billion, respectively.
(c)Represents the allowance for credit losses eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital up to 1.25% of credit risk RWA, including the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA.
(d)Represents an adjustment to qualifying allowance for credit losses for the excess of eligible credit reserves over expected credit losses up to 0.6% of credit risk RWA, including the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA.

(in millions)June 30, 2020
December 31, 2019
Total stockholders’ equity$264,466
$261,330
Less: Preferred stock30,063
26,993
Common stockholders’ equity234,403
234,337
Add:  
Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,397
2,381
Less:  
Goodwill47,811
47,823
Other intangible assets778
819
Other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
(2,656)323
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital190,867
187,753
Preferred stock30,063
26,993
Less: Other Tier 1 adjustments256
314
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital$220,674
$214,432
Long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2 capital$17,894
$13,733
Qualifying allowance for credit losses(c)
18,006
14,314
Other93
110
Standardized Tier 2 capital$35,993
$28,157
Standardized Total capital$256,667
$242,589
Adjustment in qualifying allowance for credit losses for Advanced Tier 2 capital(d)
(12,555)(10,477)
Advanced Tier 2 capital$23,438
$17,680
Advanced Total capital$244,112
$232,112
(a)
Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating CET1 capital.
(b)
As of June 30, 2020, the impact of the CECL capital transition provision was an increase in CET1 capital of $6.5 billion.
(c)Represents the allowance for credit losses eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital up to 1.25% of credit risk RWA, including the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA.
(d)Represents an adjustment to qualifying allowance for credit losses for the excess of eligible credit reserves over expected credit losses up to 0.6% of credit risk RWA, including the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA.
Capital rollforward
The following table presents the changes in Basel III CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital for the six months ended June 30, 2020.2021.
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		2020
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at December 31, 2019$187,753
Net income applicable to common equity6,730
Dividends declared on common stock(5,559)
Net purchase of treasury stock(5,288)
Changes in additional paid-in capital(397)
Changes related to AOCI7,220
Adjustment related to AOCI(a)
(3,415)
Changes related to other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
3,823
Change in Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital3,114
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at June 30, 2020$190,867
  
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at December 31, 2019$214,432
Change in CET1 capital(b)
3,114
Net issuance of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock3,070
Other58
Change in Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital6,242
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at June 30, 2020$220,674
  
Standardized Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2019$28,157
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 24,162
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)
3,692
Other(18)
Change in Standardized Tier 2 capital7,836
Standardized Tier 2 capital at June 30, 2020$35,993
Standardized Total capital at June 30, 2020$256,667
  
Advanced Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2019$17,680
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 24,162
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)
1,614
Other(18)
Change in Advanced Tier 2 capital5,758
Advanced Tier 2 capital at June 30, 2020$23,438
Advanced Total capital at June 30, 2020$244,112
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		2021
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at December 31, 2020$205,078 
Net income applicable to common equity25,476 
Dividends declared on common stock(5,483)
Net purchase of treasury stock(10,120)
Changes in additional paid-in capital(200)
Changes related to AOCI(5,416)
Adjustment related to AOCI(a)
1,591 
Changes related to other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
(1,916)
Change in Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital3,932 
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at June 30, 2021$209,010
(a)Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at December 31, 2020Includes cash flow hedges and DVA related to structured notes recorded$234,844 
Change in AOCI.CET1 capital(b)
3,932 
Net issuance of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock2,775 
Other(195)
Change in Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital6,512 
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at June 30, 2021$241,356
(b)Standardized Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2020Includes the impact of the CECL$35,079 
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2(1,057)
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)
(518)
Other(417)
Change in Standardized Tier 2 capital transition provisions.(1,992)
Standardized Tier 2 capital at June 30, 2021$33,087
Standardized Total capital at June 30, 2021$274,443
Advanced Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2020$22,384 
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2(1,057)
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)
98 
Other(417)
Change in Advanced Tier 2 capital(1,376)
Advanced Tier 2 capital at June 30, 2021$21,008
Advanced Total capital at June 30, 2021$262,364
(a)Includes cash flow hedges and debit valuation adjustment ("DVA") related to structured notes recorded in AOCI.

(b)Includes the impact of the CECL capital transition provisions.
47

RWA rollforward
The following table presents changes in the components of RWA under Basel III Standardized and Advanced approaches for the six months ended June 30, 2020.2021. The amounts in the rollforward categories are estimates, based on the predominant driver of the change.
StandardizedAdvanced
Six months ended June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Credit risk RWAMarket risk RWATotal RWACredit risk RWAMarket risk RWAOperational risk
RWA		Total RWA
December 31, 2020$1,464,219 $96,390 $1,560,609 $1,002,330 $96,910 $385,191 $1,484,431 
Model & data changes(a)
— (1,225)(1,225)— (1,225)— (1,225)
Portfolio runoff(b)
(2,800)— (2,800)(1,500)— — (1,500)
Movement in portfolio levels(c)
48,096 (3,049)45,047 24,507 (3,220)11,393 32,680 
Changes in RWA45,296 (4,274)41,022 23,007 (4,445)11,393 29,955 
June 30, 2021$1,509,515 $92,116 $1,601,631 $1,025,337 $92,465 $396,584 $1,514,386 
 Standardized Advanced 
Six months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Credit risk RWAMarket risk RWATotal RWA Credit risk RWAMarket risk RWA
Operational risk
RWA
Total RWA
December 31, 2019$1,440,220
$75,649
$1,515,869
 $932,948
$75,652
$389,278
$1,397,878
Model & data changes(a)
300
(15,200)(14,900) (6,300)(15,200)—
(21,500)
Portfolio runoff(b)
(2,500)—
(2,500) (2,200)—
—
(2,200)
Movement in portfolio levels(c)
(5,799)48,695
42,896
 31,270
48,872
(3,733)76,409
Changes in RWA(7,999)33,495
25,496
 22,770
33,672
(3,733)52,709
June 30, 2020$1,432,221
$109,144
$1,541,365
 $955,718
$109,324
$385,545
$1,450,587
(a)
Model & data changes refer to material movements in levels of RWA as a result of revised methodologies and/or treatment per regulatory guidance (exclusive of rule changes).Model & data changes refer to material movements in levels of RWA as a result of revised methodologies and/or treatment per regulatory guidance (exclusive of rule changes).
(b)Portfolio runoff for credit risk RWA primarily reflects reduced risk from position rolloffs in legacy portfolios in Home Lending.
(c)Movement in portfolio levels (inclusive of rule changes) refers to: changes in book size, composition, credit quality, and market movements for credit risk RWA; changes in position and market movements for market risk RWA; updates to cumulative losses for operational risk RWA; and deductions to credit risk RWA for excess eligible credit reserves not eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital.
(b)Portfolio runoff for credit risk RWA primarily reflects reduced risk from position rolloffs in legacy portfolios in Home Lending.
(c)Movement in portfolio levels (inclusive of rule changes) refers to: changes in book size, composition, credit quality, and market movements for credit risk RWA; changes in position and market movements for market risk RWA; updates to cumulative losses for operational risk RWA; and deductions to credit risk RWA for excess eligible credit reserves not eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital.
Supplementary leverage ratio
Refer to Supplementary Leverage Ratio on pages 87-88page 95 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information.
The following table presents the components of the Firm’s SLR.
Three months ended
(in millions, except ratio)		June 30,
2021		December 31, 2020
Tier 1 capital$241,356 $234,844 
Total average assets3,728,687 3,399,818 
Less: Regulatory capital adjustments(a)
47,857 46,499 
Total adjusted average assets(b)
3,680,830 3,353,319 
Add: Off-balance sheet exposures(c)
775,727 729,978 
Less: Exclusion for U.S. Treasuries and Federal Reserve Bank deposits— 681,755 
Total leverage exposure$4,456,557 $3,401,542 
SLR5.4 %6.9 %(d)
(in millions, except ratio)June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Tier 1 capital$220,674
$214,432
Total average assets3,229,268
2,777,270
Less: Regulatory capital adjustments(a)
52,539
47,031
Total adjusted average assets(b)
3,176,729
2,730,239
Add: Off-balance sheet exposures(c)
670,606
693,192
Less: Exclusion for U.S Treasuries and Federal Reserve Bank deposits618,911
—
Total leverage exposure$3,228,424
$3,423,431
SLR6.8%6.3%
(a)
For purposes of calculating the SLR, includes total quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill and other intangible assets. As of June 30, 2020, includes adjustments for the CECL capital transition provisions and the exclusion of assets purchased from money market mutual fund clients pursuant to nonrecourse advances provided under the MMLF.For purposes of calculating the SLR, includes total quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill, other intangible assets and adjustments for the CECL capital transition provisions.
(b)Adjusted average assets used for the calculation of Tier 1 leverage ratio.
(c)Off-balance sheet exposures are calculated as the average of the three month-end spot balances during the reporting quarter.
(d)The SLR excluding the relief was 5.8% for the period ended December 31, 2020.
(b)Adjusted average assets used for the calculation of Tier 1 leverage ratio.
(c)Off-balance sheet exposures are calculated as the average of the three month-end spot balances during the reporting quarter.
Refer to Note 2221 for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s SLR ratios.SLR.
Line of business equity
Each business segment is allocated capital by taking into consideration a variety of factors including capital levels of similarly rated peers and applicable regulatory capital requirements. Refer to line of business equity on page 9098 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on capital allocation.
The following table presents the capital allocated to each business segment:segment.
Line of business equity (Allocated capital)

(in billions)		June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Consumer & Community Banking$50.0 $52.0 
Corporate & Investment Bank83.0 80.0 
Commercial Banking24.0 22.0 
Asset & Wealth Management14.0 10.5 
Corporate82.5 84.8 
Total common stockholders’ equity$253.5 $249.3 
Capital actions

(in billions)
June 30,
2020
 December 31,
2019
Consumer & Community Banking$52.0
 $52.0
Corporate & Investment Bank80.0
 80.0
Commercial Banking22.0
 22.0
Asset & Wealth Management10.5
 10.5
Corporate69.9
 69.8
Total common stockholders’ equity$234.4
 $234.3
Common stock dividends
Planning and stress testing
Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
The Firm’s second quarter common stock dividend was $0.90 per share. On June 29, 2020,28, 2021, the Firm announced that it had completedits Board of Directors intends to increase the 2020 CCAR stress test process.quarterly common stock dividend to $1.00 per share, effective in the third quarter of 2021. The Firm’s indicative SCB requirement is 3.3% anddividends are subject to approval by the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis.
Common stock
On December 18, 2020, the Federal Reserve will provideannounced that all large banks, including the Firm, withcould resume share repurchases commencing in the first quarter of 2021. Subsequently, the Firm announced that its final SCB requirementBoard of Directors authorized a new common share repurchase program for up to $30 billion. As directed by August 31, 2020. The SCB requirement will become effective on October 1, 2020the Federal Reserve, total net repurchases and will remaincommon stock dividends in effect until September 30, 2021. The SCB will be integrated intothe first and second quarters of 2021 were restricted and could not exceed the average of the Firm’s ongoing Standardizednet income for the four preceding calendar quarters. On March 25, 2021, the Federal Reserve extended these restrictions through at least the second quarter of 2021.
On June 24, 2021, the Federal Reserve announced that the temporary restrictions on capital distributions would expire on June 30, 2021 as a result of the Firm remaining above its minimum risk-based capital requirements increasingunder the minimum CET1 capital ratio to 11.3% (up from 10.5%).
The Federal Reserve has determined that changes in financial markets or
48

2021 CCAR stress test. Effective July 1, 2021, the macroeconomic outlook dueFirm is subject to the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material effect on a firm’s risk profile and financial condition and therefore is requiring all large bank holding companies, includingnormal capital distribution restrictions provided under the regulatory capital framework. The Firm continues to update and resubmit their capital plans later this year.be authorized to repurchase common shares under its existing common share repurchase program previously approved by the Board of Directors.
Refer to Key Regulatory Developments on pages 49-50 of this Form 10-Q and capital planning and stress testing on pages 85-86 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-Kpage 49 for additional information.

Capital actions
PreferredThe following table sets forth the Firm’s repurchases of common stock
Preferred stock dividends declared were $401 million and $822 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
During the three months ended June 30, 2020, the Firm did not issue or redeem any preferred stock. Refer to Note 18 of this Form 10-Q and Note 21 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s preferred stock, including the issuance and redemption of preferred stock during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021
2020(a)
2021
2020(a)
Total number of shares of common stock repurchased39.5 — 74.2 50.0 
Aggregate purchase price of common stock repurchases$6,201 $— $11,200 $6,397 
Common stock dividends
The Firm’s quarterly common stock dividend is currently $0.90 per share. The Firm intends to maintain the quarterly common stock dividend for the third quarter of 2020 subject to the approval of the Board of Directors.
Common equity
(a) On March 15, 2020, in response to the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Firm temporarily suspended repurchases of its common equity. In June 2020,stock. Subsequently, the Federal Reserve directed all large bank holding companies,banks, including the Firm, to discontinue net share repurchases at least through the end of the third quarter of 2020.
The following table sets forth the Firm’s repurchases of common equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

Three months ended
June 30,
Six months ended
June 30,
(in millions)2020
2019

2020
2019
Total number of shares of common stock repurchased—
47.5

50.0
97.0
Aggregate purchase price of common stock repurchases$—
$5,210

$6,397
$10,301
Refer to Part II, Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Part II, Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities on page 201pages 191-192 of this Form 10-Q and page 3034 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K, respectively, for additional information regarding repurchases of the Firm’s equity securities.
Preferred stock

Preferred stock dividends declared were $393 million and $772 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.
During the six months ended and subsequent to June 30, 2021, the Firm issued and redeemed several series of non-cumulative preferred stock. Refer to Note 17 of this Form 10-Q and Note 21 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s preferred stock, including the issuance and redemption of preferred stock.
Capital planning and stress testing
Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
On April 5, 2021, the Firm submitted its 2021 Capital Plan to the Federal Reserve under the Federal Reserve’s 2021 Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review ("CCAR") process. On June 28, 2021, JPMorgan Chase announced that it had completed the 2021 CCAR stress test process. The Firm’s 2021 indicative SCB requirement is 3.2% (down from the current 3.3%), which would result in a minimum Standardized CET1 capital ratio of 11.2% (down from the current 11.3%). The Federal Reserve Board will provide the Firm with its final SCB requirement by August 31, 2021, and that requirement will become effective on October 1, 2021, and will remain in effect until September 30, 2022.
Refer to Capital planning and stress testing on pages 91-92 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on CCAR.
Other capital requirements
Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity (“TLAC”)
The Federal Reserve’s TLAC rule requires the U.S. global systemically important bank (“GSIB”) top-tier holding companies, including the Firm, to maintain minimum levels of external TLAC and eligible long-term debt (“eligible LTD”).
Refer to other capital requirements on page 91100 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on TLAC.
The following table presents the TLAC and external long-term debt minimum requirements including applicable regulatory buffers, as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.
2020, except as noted below.
Minimum Requirements
TLAC to RWA(a)
23.022.5 %
TLAC to leverage exposure9.5
External long-term debt to RWA9.5
External long-term debt to leverage4.5
(a)For the period ended December 31, 2020, the TLAC to RWA minimum requirement was 23.0%.
The following table presents the eligible external TLAC and eligible LTD amounts, as well as a representation of the amounts as a percentage of the Firm’s total RWA and total leverage exposure applying the impact of the CECL capital transition provisions as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
June 30, 2021
December 31, 2020(a)
(in billions, except ratio)External TLACLTDExternal TLACLTD
Total eligible amount$459.3 $207.0 $421.0 $181.4 
% of RWA28.7 %12.9 %27.0 %11.6 %
Surplus/(shortfall)$98.9 $54.8 $62.1 $33.1 
% of total leverage exposure10.3 %4.6 %12.4 %5.3 %
Surplus/(shortfall)$35.9 $6.4 $97.9 $28.3 
 June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
(in billions, except ratio)Eligible external TLACEligible LTDEligible external TLACEligible LTD
Total eligible TLAC & LTD$407.1
$179.6
$386.4
$161.8
% of RWA26.4%11.7%25.5%10.7%
Surplus/(shortfall)$52.5
$33.2
$37.7
$17.8
     
% of total leverage exposure12.6%5.6%11.3%4.7%
Surplus/(shortfall)$100.4
$34.3
$61.2
$7.8
(a)Total leverage exposure excludes U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks, as provided by the rule issued by the Federal Reserve which became effective April 1, 2020 and remained in effect through March 31, 2021.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 51-55 for further information on long-term debt issued by the Parent Company.
Refer to Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors on pages 6–288-32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for information on the financial consequences to holders of the Firm’s debt and equity securities in a resolution scenario.
49

Broker-dealer regulatory capital
J.P. Morgan Securities
JPMorgan Chase’s principal U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary is J.P. Morgan Securities. J.P. Morgan Securities is subject to Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Net Capital Rule”). J.P. Morgan Securities is also registered as a futures commission merchant and is subject to regulatory capital requirements, including those imposed by the Rules of theSEC, Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the National Futures Association (“NFA”).
Refer to Capital risk managementBroker-dealer regulatory capital on pages 85–92page 101 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion on J.P. Morgan Securities’ capital requirements.
The following table presents J.P. Morgan Securities’ net capital:
June 30, 2021
(in millions)ActualMinimum
Net Capital$26,963 $5,150 
June 30, 2020 
(in millions)
Actual(a)

Minimum
Net Capital$27,714
$5,462
(a)Net capital reflects the exclusion of assets purchased from money market mutual fund clients pursuant to nonrecourse advances provided under the MMLF.


J.P. Morgan Securities plc
J.P. Morgan Securities plc is a wholly-owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and has authority to engage in banking, investment banking and broker-dealer activities. J.P. Morgan Securities plc is jointly regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”) and the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”). J.P. Morgan Securities plc is subject to the European Union Capital Requirements Regulation, as adopted in the U.K., and the PRA capital rules, each of which implement Basel III and thereby subject J.P. Morgan Securities plc to its requirements.
Refer to Capital risk managementBroker-dealer regulatory capital on pages 85–92page 101 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion on J.P. Morgan Securities plc.
The Bank of England requires, on a transitional basis, that U.K. banks, including U.K. regulated subsidiaries of overseas groups, maintain a minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (“MREL”). As of June 30, 2020,2021, J.P. Morgan Securities plc was compliant with the requirements of the MREL rule. Refer to Supervision and Regulation on pages 1–6 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information on MREL.
The following table presents J.P. Morgan Securities plc’s capital metrics:
June 30, 2020  
June 30, 2021June 30, 2021
Regulatory Minimum ratios(a)
(in millions, except ratios)Estimated
Minimum ratios
(in millions, except ratios)Estimated
Total capital$55,188
 Total capital$54,713 
CET1 ratio17.6%4.5%CET1 ratio16.8 %4.5 %
Total capital ratio22.5%8.0%Total capital ratio21.5 %8.0 %

(a)Represents minimum requirements excluding additional capital requirements (i.e. capital buffers) specified by the PRA. J.P. Morgan Securities plc's capital ratios as of June 30, 2021 exceeded the minimum requirements, including the additional capital requirements specified by the PRA.



50

LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Firm will be unable to meet its contractual and contingent financial obligations as they arise or that it does not have the appropriate amount, composition and tenor of funding and liquidity to support its assets and liabilities. Refer to pages 93–98102–108 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K and the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports, which are available on the Firm’s website for a further discussion of the Firm’s Liquidity Risk Management.
LCR and HQLA
The LCR rule requires that the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. maintain an amount of unencumbered High Quality Liquid Assets (“HQLA”)eligible HQLA that is sufficient to meet itstheir respective estimated total net cash outflows over a prospective 30 calendar-day period of significant stress. Under the LCR rule, the amount of eligible HQLA held by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that is in excess of its stand-alone 100% minimum LCR requirement, and that is not transferable to non-bank affiliates, must be excluded from the Firm’s reported eligible HQLA. The LCR for both the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is required to be a minimum of 100%. Refer to page 94103 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K and the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports for additional information on HQLA and net cash outflows.
The following table summarizes the Firm’sFirm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR for the three months ended June 30, 2020,2021, March 31, 20202021 and June 30, 20192020 based on the Firm’s interpretation of the finalized LCR framework.
Three months ended
Average amount
(in millions)		June 30,
2021		March 31, 2021June 30,
2020
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
HQLA
Eligible cash(a)
$673,724 $578,029 $426,053 
Eligible securities(b)(c)
42,832 118,542 225,135 
Total HQLA(d)
$716,556 $696,571 $651,188 
Net cash outflows$647,757 $634,221 $556,395 
LCR111 %110 %117 %
Net excess eligible HQLA(d)
$68,799 $62,350 $94,793 
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.:
LCR171 %166 %140 %
Net excess eligible HQLA$489,311 $442,617 $248,904 
 Three months ended
Average amount
(in millions)
June 30,
2020		March 31, 2020June 30,
2019
HQLA   
Eligible cash(a)
$426,053
$205,027
$219,838
Eligible securities(b)(c)
225,135
343,124
317,439
Total HQLA(d)
$651,188
$548,151
$537,277
Net cash outflows$556,395
$482,372
$477,442
LCR117%114%113%
Net excess HQLA(d)
$94,793
$65,779
$59,835
(a)
Represents cash on deposit at central banks, primarily the Federal Reserve Banks.Represents cash on deposit at central banks, primarily the Federal Reserve Banks.
(b)Predominantly U.S. Treasuries, U.S. GSE and government agency MBS, and sovereign bonds net of applicable haircuts under the LCR rule.
(c)Eligible HQLA eligible securities may be reported in securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, trading assets, or investment securities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)Excludes average excess eligible HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates.
(b)Predominantly U.S. Treasuries, U.S. GSE and government agency MBS, and sovereign bonds net of applicable haircuts under the LCR rule.
(c)HQLA eligible securities may be reported in securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, trading assets, or investment securities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)Excludes average excess HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates.
The Firm’s average LCR increased during the three months ended June 30, 2020,2021, compared with the three-month period ended March 31, 2020, largely2021, due to an increase in HQLA from long-term debt issuances and a benefitissuances.
The Firm's average LCR decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the prior year period due to client driven activities in the CIB as well as the relative impact on net cash outflows from the return of funding to the Parent Company from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as a result of the bank’s strong liquidity position. Liquiditysignificant increase in JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. increased during the quarter primarily due to deposits net of loan growth. Deposits increased in the second quarter as a result of market conditions driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, effective March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve, in response
deposits.
to the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced reserve requirements to zero percent, which increased JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average HQLA by approximately $25 billionLCR increased during the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared with both the three month periods ended March 31, 2021 and June 30, 2020 primarily due to growth in deposits. Deposits continued to increase in the second quarter. However, these increasesquarter primarily driven by the effect of certain government actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in excess liquidity in JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. areis excluded from the Firm’s reported LCR under the LCR rule. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
The Firm's average LCR increased during the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared with the prior year period, primarily due to an increase in the average amount of reportable HQLA as a result of increased cash from unsecured long-term debt issuances.
The Firm’sFirm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.'s average LCR fluctuates from period to period, due to changes in its eligible HQLA and estimated net cash outflows as a result of ongoing business activity.
Other liquidity sources
In addition to the assets reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA above, the Firm had unencumbered marketable securities, such as equity securities and fixed income debt securities, that the Firm believes would be available to raise liquidity. This includes securities included as part of the excess eligible HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates, as described above.affiliates. The fair value of these securities was approximately $606$854 billion and $315$740 billion as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, although the amount of liquidity that could be raised would be dependent on prevailing market conditions. The fair value increased compared to December 31, 2019,2020, due to an increase in CIB trading assets as well as an increase in excess eligible HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. which was primarily a result of increased deposits as noted above.deposits.
The Firm also had available borrowing capacity at FHLBsthe Federal Home Loan Banks ("FHLBs") and the discount window at the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of collateral pledged by the Firm to such banks of approximately $281$297 billion and $322$307 billion as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. This borrowing capacity excludes the benefit of cash and securities reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA or other unencumbered securities that are currently pledged at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window and other central banks. Available borrowing capacity decreased from December 31, 2019 primarily due to lower credit card receivable balances and lower collateral values due to a decline in their fair value, both driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although available, the Firm does not view this borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window and the other central banks as a primary source of liquidity.
NSFR
The net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”) is a liquidity requirement for large banking organizations that is intended to measure the adequacy of “available” and “required” amounts of stable funding over a one-year horizon. On October 20, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued a final NSFR rule under which large banking
51


organizations such as the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. will be required to maintain an NSFR of at least 100% on an ongoing basis. The final NSFR rule became effective on July 1, 2021, and the Firm will be required to publicly disclose its quarterly average NSFR semi-annually beginning in 2023.
The Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. are compliant with the 100% minimum NSFR, based on the Firm's current understanding of the final rule.
Funding
Sources of funds
Management believes that the Firm’s unsecured and secured funding capacity is sufficient to meet its on- and off-balance sheet obligations.
The Firm funds its global balance sheet through diverse sources of funding including stable deposits, secured and unsecured funding in the capital markets and stockholders’ equity. Deposits are the primary funding source for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Additionally, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. may also access funding through short- or long-term secured borrowings, through the issuance of
unsecured long-term debt, or from borrowings from the Parent Company or the Intermediate Holding Company (“IHC”). The Firm’s non-bank subsidiaries are primarily funded from long-term unsecured borrowings and short-term secured borrowings, primarily securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements. Excess funding is invested by Treasury and CIO in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio or deployed in cash or other short-term liquid investments based on their interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics.
Deposits
The table below summarizes, by the LOBsLOB and Corporate, the period-end deposit balances as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, and the average deposit balances for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
DepositsAverageAverage
(in millions)2021202020212020
Consumer & Community Banking$1,056,507 $958,706 $1,047,771 $840,467 $1,013,917 $790,088 
Corporate & Investment Bank739,406 702,215 765,807 652,464 756,499 607,345 
Commercial Banking291,444 284,263 290,095 236,753 290,455 212,718 
Asset & Wealth Management217,488 198,755 219,699 160,102 213,167 152,336 
Corporate372 318 423 731 450 864 
Total Firm$2,305,217 $2,144,257 $2,323,795 $1,890,517 $2,274,488 $1,763,351 
 June 30, 2020
December 31, 2019
  Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
Deposits  Average Average
(in millions)  2020
2019
 2020
2019
Consumer & Community Banking$876,991
$718,354
(a) 
 $831,996
$690,892
 $782,822
$685,980
Corporate & Investment Bank643,133
511,905
(a) 
 652,464
512,098
 607,345
502,280
Commercial Banking240,440
184,115
  236,753
168,194
 212,718
167,688
Asset & Wealth Management169,537
147,804
  168,573
140,317
 159,602
139,282
Corporate928
253
  731
793
 864
878
Total Firm$1,931,029
$1,562,431
  $1,890,517
$1,512,294
 $1,763,351
$1,496,108
(a)In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB as part of the Firm’s Wholesale Payments business. The prior- period amounts were revised to conform with the current presentation.
Deposits provide a stable source of funding and reduce the Firm’s reliance on the wholesale funding markets. A significant portion of the Firm’s deposits are consumer deposits and wholesale operating deposits, which are both considered to be stable sources of liquidity. Wholesale operating deposits are considered to be stable sources of liquidity because they are generated from customers that maintain operating service relationships with the Firm.
The table below shows the loan and deposit balances, the loans-to-deposits ratios, and deposits as a percentage of total liabilities, as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020.
(in billions except ratios)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Deposits$2,305.2 $2,144.3 
Deposits as a % of total liabilities68 %69 %
Loans$1,041.0 $1,012.9 
Loans-to-deposits ratio45 %47 %
(in billions except ratios)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
Deposits$1,931.0
 $1,562.4
Deposits as a % of total liabilities65% 64%
Loans$978.5
 $959.8
Loans-to-deposits ratio51% 61%
The Firm believes that average deposit balances are generally more representative of deposit trends than period-end deposit balances, over time.balances. However, during periods of market disruption those trends could be affected.
Average deposits increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, reflecting significant inflows across the LOBs primarily driven by the effect of certain government actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as customers and clients looked to remain liquid as a resultof marketconditions. In the wholesale businesses, the inflows principally occurred in March, and in general were maintained through the second quarter.pandemic. In CCB, the increase was also driven by the continued growth in bothfrom existing and new accounts as well as COVID-19 related factors, such as the government stimulus for consumersacross both consumer and small businesses, lower consumer spending and delays in tax payments.business customers.
Refer to the discussion of the Firm’s Business Segment Results and the Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 24-4721-43 and pages 18-19,15-16, respectively, for further information on deposit and liability balance trends.

52

The following table summarizes short-term and long-term funding, excluding deposits, as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, and average balances for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 18-1915-16 and Note 1110 for additional information.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
Sources of funds (excluding deposits)AverageAverage
(in millions)2021202020212020
Commercial paper$10,420 $12,031 $13,696 $14,032 $13,277 $14,003 
Other borrowed funds12,465 8,510 13,888 8,613 12,574 8,853 
Total short-term unsecured funding$22,885 $20,541 $27,584 $22,645 $25,851 $22,856 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(a)
$237,443 $207,877 $251,455 $268,281 $271,320 $251,338 
Securities loaned(a)
5,686 4,886 7,510 5,950 7,536 6,649 
Other borrowed funds29,053 24,667 (f)28,291 28,206 (f)27,131 (f)23,983 (f)
Obligations of Firm-administered multi-seller conduits(b)
$9,794 $10,523 $9,863 $12,428 $10,036 $11,163 
Total short-term secured funding$281,976 $247,953 $297,119 $314,865 $316,023 $293,133 
Senior notes$188,054 $166,089 $179,838 $177,972 $173,680 $171,857 
Subordinated debt20,872 21,608 20,659 20,934 20,953 19,545 
Structured notes(c)
74,455 75,325 75,351 71,561 75,196 72,205 
Total long-term unsecured funding$283,381 $263,022 $275,848 $270,467 $269,829 $263,607 
Credit card securitization(b)
$2,395 $4,943 $3,043 $5,907 $3,929 $6,039 
FHLB advances12,116 14,123 12,174 36,130 12,949 31,629 
Other long-term secured funding(d)
4,429 4,540 4,459 4,233 4,542 4,320 
Total long-term secured funding$18,940 $23,606 $19,676 $46,270 $21,420 $41,988 
Preferred stock(e)
$32,838 $30,063 $32,666 $30,063 $31,496 $29,734 
Common stockholders’ equity(e)
$253,548 $249,291 $250,849 $234,408 $248,209 $234,469 
 June 30, 2020December 31, 2019 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
Sources of funds (excluding deposits)Average Average
(in millions)2020
2019
 2020
2019
Commercial paper$13,988
$14,754
 $14,032
$26,030
 $14,003
$27,373
Other borrowed funds8,447
7,544
 8,613
11,818
 8,853
11,037
Total short-term unsecured funding$22,435
$22,298
 $22,645
$37,848
 $22,856
$38,410
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(a)
$229,320
$175,709
 $268,281
$218,057
 $251,338
$207,812
Securities loaned(a)
4,246
5,983
 5,950
8,090
 6,649
9,428
Other borrowed funds(b)
25,579
18,622
 28,206
27,840
 23,983
31,690
Obligations of Firm-administered multi-seller conduits(c)
$12,666
$9,223
 $12,428
$13,356
 $11,163
$10,387
Total short-term secured funding$271,811
$209,537
 $314,865
$267,343
 $293,133
$259,317
         
Senior notes$180,532
$166,185
 $177,972
$167,376
 $171,857
$165,176
Subordinated debt22,320
17,591
 20,934
17,056
 19,545
16,890
Structured notes(d)
73,833
74,724
 71,561
62,284
 72,205
59,853
Total long-term unsecured funding$276,685
$258,500
 $270,467
$246,716
 $263,607
$241,919
         
Credit card securitization(c)
$5,789
$6,461
 $5,907
$11,671
 $6,039
$12,535
FHLB advances36,129
28,635
 36,130
34,541
 31,629
39,227
Other long-term secured funding(e)
4,189
4,363
 4,233
4,680
 4,320
4,785
Total long-term secured funding$46,107
$39,459
 $46,270
$50,892
 $41,988
$56,547
         
Preferred stock(f)
$30,063
$26,993
 $30,063
$26,993
 $29,734
$27,059
Common stockholders’ equity(f)
$234,403
$234,337
 $234,408
$233,026
 $234,469
$231,547
(a)Primarily consists of short-term securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase.
(a)Primarily consists of short-term securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase.
(b)Effective March 2020, includes nonrecourse advances provided under the MMLF.
(c)Included in beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.
(e)Includes long-term structured notes which are secured.
(f)Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54 and Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity on page 96 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 21 and Note 22 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information on preferred stock and common stockholders’ equity.
(b)Included in beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(c)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.
(d)Includes long-term structured notes which are secured.
(e)Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 45-50 and Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity on page 92 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 21 and Note 22 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on preferred stock and common stockholders’ equity.
(f)Includes nonrecourse advances provided under the MMLF. Refer to page 106 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on the MMLF.
Short-term funding
The Firm’s sources of short-term secured funding primarily consist of securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase. These instruments are secured predominantly by high-quality securities collateral, including government-issued debt and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase increased at June 30, 2020,2021, compared with December 31, 2019,2020, reflecting in CIB, a net increase related to client-driven market-makingthe impact of client activities and higher secured financing of trading assets in CIB, partially offset by a decline in the Firm's participation in the Federal Reserve's open market operations, and in Treasury and CIO, higherlower secured financing of AFS investment securities.securities in Treasury and CIO.
The balances associated with securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase fluctuate over time due to customers’ investment and financing activities of clients, the Firm’s demand for financing, the ongoing management of the mix of the Firm’s liabilities, including its secured and unsecured financing (for both the investment securities and market-making portfolios), and other market and portfolio factors.
As of June 30, 2020, the Firm participated in the MMLF government facility. The secured nonrecourse advances under the MMLF are included in other borrowed funds. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 49-54 for additional information on the MMLF.
The PDCF was established by the Federal Reserve on March 20, 2020, to allow primary dealers to support smooth market functioning by facilitating the availability of credit to businesses and households. Under the PDCF, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) provides collateralized financing on a term basis to primary dealers. These financing transactions were reported as securities sold under agreements to repurchase. On July 28, 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it was extending through December 31, 2020 the PDCF, which was previously scheduled to expire on or around September 30, 2020. The Firm participated in the PDCF in the first quarter of 2020, and ceased its participation in May 2020 as the secured financing market normalized.
The Firm also continues to participate in the Federal Reserve’s open market operations.
The Firm’s sources of short-term unsecured funding primarily consist of other borrowed funds and issuance of wholesale commercial paper. The decrease in commercial paper at June 30, 2020,2021, from December 31, 20192020, and for the
average three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 compared to the prior year period, was due to lower net issuance primarily for short-term liquidity management.
The increase in unsecured other borrowed funds at June 30, 2021, from December 31, 2020, and for the average three and six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the prior year period, was primarily due to net issuances of structured notes in CIB Markets.


53

Long-term funding and issuance
Long-term funding provides an additional sourcessource of stable funding and liquidity for the Firm. The Firm’s long-term funding plan is driven primarily by expected client activity, liquidity considerations, and regulatory requirements, including TLAC. Long-term funding objectives include maintaining diversification, maximizing market access and optimizing funding costs. The Firm evaluates various funding markets, tenors and currencies in creating its optimal long-term funding plan.
The significant majority of the Firm’s long-term unsecured funding is issued by the Parent Company to provide flexibility in support of both bank and non-bank subsidiary funding needs. The Parent Company advances substantially all net funding proceeds to its subsidiary, the IHC. The IHC does not issue debt to external counterparties. The following table summarizes long-term unsecured issuance and maturities or redemptions for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 93–98102–108 and Note 20 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on the IHC and long-term debt.
Long-term unsecured funding
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20212020202120202021202020212020
(Notional in millions)Parent CompanySubsidiaries
Issuance
Senior notes issued in the U.S. market$20,000 $13,500 $29,250 $18,750 $— $— $— $— 
Senior notes issued in non-U.S. markets2,789 — 5,581 1,355 — — — — 
Total senior notes22,789 13,500 34,831 20,105 — — — — 
Subordinated debt— 3,000 — 3,000 — — — — 
Structured notes(a)
1,439 2,526 2,935 5,308 7,285 3,862 17,780 13,114 
Total long-term unsecured funding – issuance$24,228 $19,026 $37,766 $28,413 $7,285 $3,862 $17,780 $13,114 
Maturities/redemptions
Senior notes$4,617 $2,618 $7,317 $8,084 $— $3,572 $66 $7,637 
Subordinated debt— — — — — — — — 
Structured notes1,191 1,309 3,161 2,834 9,659 5,355 18,173 14,737 
Total long-term unsecured funding – maturities/redemptions$5,808 $3,927 $10,478 $10,918 $9,659 $8,927 $18,239 $22,374 
Long-term unsecured funding          
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
(Notional in millions)Parent Company Subsidiaries
Issuance           
Senior notes issued in the U.S. market$13,500
$4,000
 $18,750
$8,250
 $—
$—
 $—
$1,750
Senior notes issued in non-U.S. markets—
—
 1,355
2,248
 —
—
 —
—
Total senior notes13,500
4,000
 20,105
10,498
 —
—
 —
1,750
Subordinated debt3,000
—
 3,000
—
 —
—
 —
—
Structured notes(a)
2,526
631
 5,308
1,816
 3,862
9,016
 13,114
15,132
Total long-term unsecured funding – issuance$19,026
$4,631
 $28,413
$12,314
 $3,862
$9,016
 $13,114
$16,882
            
Maturities/redemptions           
Senior notes$2,618
$4,157
 $8,084
$7,907
 $3,572
$1
 $7,637
$1,816
Subordinated debt—
—
 —
146
 —
—
 —
—
Structured notes1,309
331
 2,834
959
 5,355
4,327
 14,737
8,160
Total long-term unsecured funding – maturities/redemptions$3,927
$4,488
 $10,918
$9,012
 $8,927
$4,328
 $22,374
$9,976
(a)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.
(a)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.
The Firm can also raise secured long-term funding through securitization of consumer credit card loans and FHLB advances. The following table summarizes the securitization issuance and FHLB advances and their respective maturities or redemptions for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Long-term secured fundingLong-term secured funding      Long-term secured funding
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
Issuance Maturities/Redemptions Issuance Maturities/RedemptionsIssuanceMaturities/RedemptionsIssuanceMaturities/Redemptions
(in millions)20202019 20202019 2020
2019
 2020
2019
(in millions)20212020202120202021202020212020
Credit card securitization$—
$—
 $774
$4,125
 $1,000
$—
 $1,674
$4,125
Credit card securitization$— $— $1,925 $774 $— $1,000 $2,550 $1,674 
FHLB advances—
—
 2
12,804
 15,000
—
 7,505
14,805
FHLB advances— — 1,005 2 — 15,000 2,006 7,505 
Other long-term secured funding(a)
89
18
 229
207
 323
53
 434
453
Other long-term secured funding(a)
103 89 84 229 241 323 192 434 
Total long-term secured funding$89
$18
 $1,005
$17,136
 $16,323
$53
 $9,613
$19,383
Total long-term secured funding$103 $89 $3,014 $1,005 $241 $16,323 $4,748 $9,613 
(a)Includes long-term structured notes which are secured.
(a)Includes long-term structured notes which are secured.
The Firm’s wholesale businesses also securitize loans for client-driven transactions; those client-driven loan securitizations are not considered to be a source of funding for the Firm and are not included in the table above. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further description of the client-driven loan securitizations.
54

Credit ratings
The cost and availability of financing are influenced by credit ratings. Reductions in these ratings could have an adverse effect on the Firm’s access to liquidity sources, increase the cost of funds, trigger additional collateral or funding requirements and decrease the number of investors and counterparties willing to lend to the Firm. The nature and magnitude of the impact of ratings downgrades depends on numerous contractual and behavioral factors, which the Firm believes are incorporated in its liquidity risk and stress testing metrics. The Firm believes that it maintains sufficient liquidity to withstand a potential decrease in funding capacity due to ratings downgrades.
Additionally, the Firm’s funding requirements for VIEs and other third-party commitments may be adversely affected by a decline in credit ratings. Refer to SPEs on page 21,18, and liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features in Note 54 for additional information on the impact of a credit ratings downgrade on the funding requirements for VIEs, and on derivatives and collateral agreements.

The credit ratings of the Parent Company and the Firm’s principal bank and non-bank subsidiaries as of June 30, 20202021, except as noted below, were as follows:
JPMorgan Chase & Co.JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC

J.P. Morgan Securities plc
June 30, 20202021Long-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlookLong-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlookLong-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlook
Moody’s Investors Service(a)
A2P-1Positive/StableAa2P-1StableAa3P-1Stable
Standard & Poor’s(b)
A-A-2StablePositiveA+A-1StablePositiveA+A-1StablePositive
Fitch Ratings(a)(c)
AA-F1+NegativeStableAAF1+NegativeStableAAF1+NegativeStable
(a) On July 12, 2021, Moody’s revised the outlook of the Parent Company’s long-term issuer rating from stable to positive. The outlook for the Parent Company’s short-term issuer rating and the Firm's principal bank and non-bank subsidiaries remained unchanged at stable.
(b) On May 24, 2021, Standard & Poor's affirmed the credit ratings of the Parent Company and the Firm’s principal bank and non-bank subsidiaries, and revised the outlook from stable to positive.
(c) On April 18, 2020,23, 2021, Fitch affirmed the credit ratings of the Parent Company and the Firm’s principal bank and non-bank subsidiaries, butand revised the outlook on the credit ratings from stablenegative to negative given expectations that credit fundamentals will deteriorate as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.stable.
Refer to page 98108 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the factors that could affect credit ratings of the Parent Company and the Firm’s principal bank and non-bank subsidiaries.

55


CREDIT AND INVESTMENT RISK MANAGEMENT
Credit and investment risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer; or loss of principal or a reduction in expected returns on investments, including consumer credit risk,
wholesale credit risk, and investment portfolio risk. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio, Wholesale Credit Portfolio and
Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 60-7858-74 for a further discussion of Credit Risk.
Refer to page 7975 for a further discussion of Investment Portfolio Risk. Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 100–118110–134 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s Credit and Investment Risk Management framework.

56

CREDIT PORTFOLIO
Credit risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer.
Effective January 1, 2020, the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance. The adoption resulted in a change in the accounting for PCI loans, which are considered PCD loans under CECL. In conjunction with the adoption of CECL, the Firm reclassified risk-rated loans and lending-related commitments from the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment to the wholesale portfolio segment, to align with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
The Firm has granted various forms of assistance to customers and clients impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, including payment deferrals and covenant modifications. The majority of the Firm’s COVID-19 related loan modifications have not been considered TDRs as:
they represent short-term or other insignificant modifications, whether under the Firm’s regular loan modification assessments or the IA Statement guidance, or
the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided under section 4013 of the CARES Act.
To the extent that certain modifications do not meet any of the above criteria, the Firm accounts for them as TDRs. The Firm considers expected losses of principal and accrued interest associated with all COVID-19 related loan modifications in its allowance for credit losses. Refer to Business Developments on pages 9-10 for more information on customer and client assistance granted. Refer to Notes 12 and 13 for further information on the Firm’s accounting
policies on loan modifications and the allowance for credit losses.
The effectiveness of the Firm’s actions in helping borrowers recover and in mitigating the Firm’s credit losses remains uncertain in light of the unpredictable nature and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Assistance provided in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could delay the recognition of delinquencies, nonaccrual status, and net charge-offs for those customers and clients who would have otherwise moved into past due or nonaccrual status. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 62-66 and Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 67-76 for information on loan modifications as of June 30, 2020.
In the following tables, reported loans include loans retained (i.e., held-for-investment); loans held-for-sale; and certain loans accounted for at fair value. The following tables do not include loans which the Firm accounts for at fair value and classifies as trading assets; refer to Notes 2 and 3 for further information regarding these loans. Refer to Notes 12, 23,11, 22, and 54 for additional information on the Firm’s loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables, including the Firm’s accounting policies.receivables.
Refer to Note 109 for information regarding the credit risk inherent in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio; and refer to Note 1110 for information regarding the credit risk inherent in the securities financing portfolio. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 62-6658-62 and Note 1211 for further discussions of the consumer credit environment and consumer loans. Refer to Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 67-7663-72 and Note 1211 for further discussions of the wholesale credit environment and wholesale loans.

Total credit portfolio
Credit exposure
Nonperforming(c)
(in millions)Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Loans retained$963,665 $960,506 $7,881 $8,782 
Loans held-for-sale15,513 7,873 92 284 
Loans at fair value61,776 44,474 1,099 1,507 
Total loans–reported1,040,954 1,012,853 9,072 10,573 
Derivative receivables70,711 79,630 481 56 
Receivables from customers(a)
59,609 47,710 — — 
Total credit-related assets1,171,274 1,140,193 9,553 10,629 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate ownedNANA234 256 
OtherNANA15 21 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
NANA249 277 
Lending-related commitments1,242,022 1,165,688 851 577 
Total credit portfolio$2,413,296 $2,305,881 $10,653 $11,483 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(23,036)$(23,965)$— $— 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(11,324)(14,806)NANA
(in millions,
except ratios)		Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Net charge-offs$734 $1,560 $1,791 $3,029 
Average retained loans954,155 986,804 953,118 967,719 
Net charge-off rates0.31 %0.64 %0.38 %0.63 %
(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.


Total credit portfolio    
 Credit exposure 
Nonperforming(d)(e)
(in millions)Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
Loans retained$965,448
$945,601
 $7,669
$3,983
Loans held-for-sale7,147
7,064
 245
7
Loans at fair value5,923
7,104
 130
90
Total loans–reported978,518
959,769
 8,044
4,080
Derivative receivables74,846
49,766
 108
30
Receivables from customers and other(a)
22,403
33,706
 —
—
Total credit-related assets1,075,767
1,043,241
 8,152
4,110
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions     
Real estate ownedNA
NA
 284
344
OtherNA
NA
 4
43
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
NA
NA
 288
387
Lending-related commitments1,124,677
1,104,199
 762
474
Total credit portfolio$2,200,444
$2,147,440
 $9,202
$4,971
Credit derivatives used
in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(16,542)$(18,030) $—
$—
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(c)
(21,501)(16,009) NA
NA
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage credit exposures. Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(c)At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, nonperforming assets excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $713 million and $874 million, respectively, and real estate owned (“REO”) insured by U.S. government agencies of $7 million and $9 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(in millions,
except ratios)
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended
June 30,
2020
2019
 2020
2019
Net charge-offs$1,560
$1,403
 $3,029
$2,764
Average retained loans986,804
945,209
 967,719
950,852
Net charge-off rates0.64%0.60% 0.63%0.59%
The Firm has provided various forms of assistance to customers and clients impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, including payment deferrals and covenant modifications. The majority of the Firm’s COVID-19 related loan modifications have not been considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Assistance provided in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could delay the recognition of delinquencies, nonaccrual status, and net charge-offs for those customers and clients who would have otherwise moved into past due or nonaccrual status. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 58-62 and Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 63-72 for information on loan modifications as of June 30, 2021. Refer to Notes 12 and 13 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on the Firm’s accounting policies for loan modifications and the allowance for credit losses.
(a)Receivables from customers and other primarily represents brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables.
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives used to manage both performing and nonperforming wholesale credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Credit derivatives on page 76 and Note 5 for additional information.
(c)Includes collateral related to derivative instruments where appropriate legal opinions have not been either sought or obtained with respect to master netting agreements.
(d)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, nonperforming assets excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $561 million and $961 million, respectively, and real estate owned (“REO”) insured by U.S. government agencies of $13 million and $41 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance issued by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (“FFIEC”).
(e)At June 30, 2020, nonperforming loans included $1.3 billion of PCD loans on nonaccrual status. Prior to the adoption of CECL, nonaccrual loans excluded PCI loans as the Firm recognized interest income on each pool of PCI loans as each of the pools was performing.
Paycheck Protection Program
The PPP established byended on May 31, 2021 for new applications. Since inception of the CARES Act and implemented by the SBA, providesProgram, the Firm with delegated authority to process and originate PPP loans until August 8, 2020. When certain criteria are met, PPP loans are subject to forgiveness and the Firm will receive paymentfunded approximately $40 billion of the forgiveness amount from the SBA. The term for PPP loans issued before June 5, 2020 is two years (with an option to extend to five years) and five years for those originated on or after June 5, 2020. PPP loan terms provide borrowers with an automatic payment deferral of principal and interest. Given that PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA, the Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on these loans. PPP processing fees are deferred and accreted into interest income over the contractual life of the loans.
At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Firm had approximately $28$23 billion and $27 billion of loans underremaining, respectively, including $17 billion and $19 billion in the PPP, of which $20consumer portfolio, respectively, and $6 billion and $8 billion are in Consumerthe wholesale portfolio, respectively.
The Firm continues to process forgiveness applications, and Wholesale, respectively. The impact onthrough June 30, 2021, approximately $18 billion of loans were forgiven by the SBA. This resulted in accelerated recognition of the associated deferred processing fees in interest income, relatedprimarily in CCB.
Refer to PPP loans was not materialCCB segment results on pages 23-27 and Credit Portfolio on page 113 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for a further discussion on the three months ended June 30, 2020.PPP.
57


CONSUMER CREDIT PORTFOLIO
The Firm’s retained consumer portfolio consists primarily of residential real estate loans, credit card loans, scored auto and business banking loans, as well as associated lending-related commitments. The Firm’s focus is on serving primarily the prime segment of the consumer credit market. The macroeconomic environment continued to improve in the first half of 2021, with the credit performance of the consumer portfolio, including net charge-offs, benefiting from government stimulus programs, payment deferral programs and increasing home prices. Refer to Note 11 of this Form 10-Q; and Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 114-120 and Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on consumer loans, as well as the Firm’s nonaccrual and charge-off accounting policies. Refer to Note 2322 of this Form 10-Q and Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on lending-related commitments.
Continued weakness in the macroeconomic environment driven by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in an additional increase in the allowance for credit losses. The continuation or worsening of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic environment and the extent to which customer assistance and government stimulus efforts are effective could result in further impacts to credit quality metrics, including delinquencies, nonaccrual loans and charge-offs.
The following table presents consumer credit-related information with respect to the scored credit portfolios held in CCB, AWM, CIB and Corporate.
Consumer credit portfolio
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)Credit exposure
Nonaccrual loans(j)(k)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(l)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(l)
Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		20212020202120202021202020212020
Consumer, excluding credit card
Residential real estate(a)
$218,031 $225,302 $5,060 $5,313 $(80)$(5)(0.15)%(0.01)%$(131)$(125)(0.12)%(0.10)%
Auto and other(b)(c)(d)
79,700 76,825 123 151 49 88 0.24 0.54 121 202 0.30 0.70 
Total loans – retained297,731 302,127 5,183 5,464 (31)83 (0.04)0.11 (10)77 (0.01)0.05 
Loans held-for-sale1,075 1,305 — — NANANANANANANANA
Loans at fair value(e)
30,879 15,147 475 1,003 NANANANANANANANA
Total consumer, excluding credit card loans329,685 318,579 5,658 6,467 (31)83 (0.04)0.11 (10)77 (0.01)0.05 
Lending-related commitments(f)
56,875 57,319 
Total consumer exposure, excluding credit card386,560 375,898 
Credit card
Loans retained(g)
141,079 143,432 NANA755 1,178 2.24 3.33 1,738 2,491 2.60 3.28 
Loans held-for-sale723 784 NANANANANANANANANANA
Total credit card loans141,802 144,216 NANA755 1,178 2.24 3.33 1,738 2,491 2.60 3.28 
Lending-related commitments(f)(h)
682,531 658,506 
Total credit card exposure(h)
824,333 802,722 
Total consumer credit portfolio(h)
$1,210,893 $1,178,620 $5,658 $6,467 $724 $1,261 0.67 %1.14 %$1,728 $2,568 0.80 %1.14 %
Credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(i)
$(1,220)$(747)
(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM, and scored mortgage loans held in Corporate.
(b)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, excluded operating lease assets of $19.3 billion and $20.6 billion, respectively. These operating lease assets are included in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 16 for further information.
(c)Includes scored auto and business banking loans and overdrafts.
(d)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, included $16.7 billion and $19.2 billion of loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP. The Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on PPP loans, because the loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 57 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(e)Includes scored mortgage loans held in CCB and CIB.
(f)Credit card, home equity and certain business banking lending-related commitments represent the total available lines of credit for these products. The Firm has not experienced, and does not anticipate, that all available lines of credit would be used at the same time. For credit card commitments, and if certain conditions are met, home equity commitments and certain business banking commitments, the Firm can reduce or cancel these lines of credit by providing the borrower notice or, in some cases as permitted by law, without notice. Refer to Note 22 for further information.
(g)Includes billed interest and fees.
(h)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CB and CIB.
(i)Represents the notional amount of protection obtained through the issuance of credit-related notes that reference certain pools of residential real estate and auto loans in the retained consumer portfolio.
(j)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $713 million and $874 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded from nonaccrual loans based upon the government guarantee. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status, as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(k)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Includes loans to customers that have exited COVID-19 payment deferral programs and are 90 or more days past due, predominantly all of which were considered collateral-dependent at time of exit from COVID-19 payment deferral programs and charged down to the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell.
(l)Average consumer loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were $27.0 billion and $16.3 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and were $24.2 billion and $19.4 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These amounts were excluded when calculating net charge-off/(recovery) rates.

58
Consumer credit portfolio                  
      Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,

(in millions, except ratios)		Credit exposure 
Nonaccrual loans(h)(i)(j)
 Net charge-offs/(recoveries) 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(k)
 Net charge-offs/(recoveries) 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(k)
Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
 2019
 2020
2019
 2020
 2019
Consumer, excluding credit card                   
Residential real estate(a)
$235,381
$243,317
 $4,106
$2,780
 $(5)$(29) (0.01)% (0.04)% $(125)$(31) (0.10)% (0.02)%
Auto and other(b)(c)(d)
71,624
51,682
 140
146
 88
97
 0.54
(d) 
0.75
 202
206
 0.70
(d) 
0.80
Total loans – retained307,005
294,999
 4,246
2,926
 83
68
 0.11
 0.09
 77
175
 0.05
 0.11
Loans held-for-sale1,912
3,002
 —
2
 NA
NA
 NA NA
 NA
NA
 NA NA
Total consumer, excluding credit card loans308,917
298,001
 4,246
2,928
 83
68
 0.11
 0.09
 77
175
 0.05
 0.11
Lending-related commitments(e)
45,348
40,169
                 
Total consumer exposure, excluding credit card354,265
338,170
                 
Credit card                   
Loans retained(f)
141,656
168,924
 —
—
 1,178
1,240
 3.33
 3.24
 2,491
2,442
 3.28
 3.23
Loans held-for-sale—
—
 —
—
 NA
NA
 NA NA
 NA
NA
 NA NA
Total credit card loans141,656
168,924
 —
—
 1,178
1,240
 3.33
 3.24
 2,491
2,442
 3.28
 3.23
Lending-related commitments(e)(g)
673,836
650,720
                 
Total credit card exposure(g)
815,492
819,644
                 
Total consumer credit portfolio(g)
$1,169,757
$1,157,814
 $4,246
$2,928
 $1,261
$1,308
 1.14 % 1.11 % $2,568
$2,617
 1.14 % 1.10 %

(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM, and scored mortgage loans held in Corporate.
(b)At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, excluded operating lease assets of $22.2 billion and $22.8 billion, respectively. These operating lease assets are included in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 17 for further information.
(c)Includes scored auto and business banking loans and overdrafts.
(d)At June 30, 2020, included $19.9 billion of loans in Business Banking under the PPP. Given that PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA, the Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on these loans. Refer to Credit Portfolio on pages 60-61 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(e)Credit card, home equity and certain business banking lending-related commitments represent the total available lines of credit for these products. The Firm has not experienced, and does not anticipate, that all available lines of credit would be used at the same time. For credit card commitments, and if certain conditions are met, home equity commitments and certain business banking commitments, the Firm can reduce or cancel these lines of credit by providing the borrower notice or, in some cases as permitted by law, without notice. Refer to Note 23 for further information.
(f)Includes billed interest and fees.
(g)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CB and CIB.
(h)At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $561 million and $961 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded from nonaccrual loans based upon the government guarantee. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status, as permitted by regulatory guidance issued by the FFIEC.
(i)At June 30, 2020, nonaccrual loans included $1.3 billion of PCD loans. Prior to the adoption of CECL, nonaccrual loans excluded PCI loans as the Firm recognized interest income on each pool of PCI loans as each of the pools was performing.
(j)Generally excludes loans that were under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
(k)Average consumer loans held-for-sale were $1.9 billion and $1.2 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and were $2.2 billion and $1.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These amounts were excluded when calculating net charge-off/(recovery) rates.


Consumer assistance
In March 2020, the Firm began providing assistance to customers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, predominantly in the form of payment deferrals.
Predominantly all accounts that requested payment assistance were less thanAs of June 30, days past due at2021, the timeFirm had $5.9 billion of enrollment. Although borrowers are not required to make payments while stillretained loans under payment deferral onprograms, which represented a decrease of approximately 50% of accounts with payment assistance offered, borrowers have made at least one payment between March 2020 and$22.4 billion from June 30, 2020. During the second quarter of 2021, there were approximately $386 million of new enrollments in payment deferral programs predominantly in residential real estate and credit card. Predominantly all borrowers that exited payment deferral programs are current. The Firm continues to monitor the credit risk associated with loans subject to payment deferrals throughout the deferral period and on an ongoing basis after the borrowers are required to resume making regularly scheduled payments.payments and considers expected losses of principal and accrued interest on these loans in its allowance for credit losses.
June 30, 2021June 30, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)Loan balance
Percent of loan class balance(e)
Percent of accounts who exited payment deferral and are currentLoan balanceType of assistance
Residential real estate(a)(b)
$5,777 2.7 %95 %$20,548 Rolling three month payment deferral up to eighteen months; in most cases, deferred payments will be due at the end of the loan term
Auto and other(c)
89 0.1 95 3,357 
•Auto: Currently offering one month payment deferral (initially offered three month payment deferral). Maturity date is extended by number of months deferred
•Business Banking: Three month deferral with automatic deferment to either maturity (loan) or one year forward (line)
Credit card55 — 96 (f)4,384 Currently offering deferral of one month minimum payment (initially offered three month minimum payment deferral). Interest continues to accrue during the deferral period and is added to the principal balance
Total consumer(d)
$5,921 1.4 %96 %$28,289 
(a)Excludes $7.1 billion and $34.0 billion of third-party mortgage loans serviced at June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(b)The following table presents information relatedweighted average LTV ratio of residential real estate loans under payment deferral at June 30, 2021 was 51%.
(c)Excludes risk-rated business banking and auto dealer loans held in CCB and auto operating lease assets that were still under payment deferral programs. Auto operating lease asset payment assistance is currently offering one month payment deferral (initially offered three month payment deferral). Deferrals do not extend the term of the lease and all deferred payments are due at the end of the lease term.
(d)Includes $2.6 billion and $5.7 billion of loans that were accounted for as TDRs prior to payment deferral as of June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(e)Represents the $28 billion unpaid principal balance of retained loans which were still under payment deferral programs, divided by the total unpaid principal balance of the respective loan classes retained loans.
(f)93% of the balance that exited deferral were current at June 30, 2021.
Of the $5.9 billion of loans still under payment deferral programs as of June 30, 2020.2021, approximately $2.8 billion were accounted for as TDRs, either because they were accounted for as TDRs prior to payment deferral, or because they did not qualify for or the Firm did not elect the option to suspend TDR accounting guidance provided by the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act.
Predominantly all borrowers, including those with loans accounted for as TDRs, were current upon enrollment in payment deferral programs and are expected to exit payment deferral programs in a current status, either because no payments are contractually due during the deferral period or because payments originally contractually due during the deferral period will be due at maturity upon exit. For those borrowers that are unable to resume or continue making payments in accordance with the original or modified contractual terms of their agreements upon exit from deferral programs, they will be placed on nonaccrual status in line with the Firm’s nonaccrual policy, except for credit cards as permitted by regulatory guidance, and charged off or down in accordance with the Firm’s charge-off policies. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s nonaccrual and charge-off policies.
59
As of June 30, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)
Loan balance(a)
Percent of loan class balance(b)
Type of modifications
Residential real estate$20,548
8.7%Rolling three month deferral up to one year; final work-out is determined at the end of the deferral period; Generally deferred payments are required to be paid at the end of the loan term
Auto and other3,357
4.6
•
Auto: Three month deferral with automatic maturity extension
•
Business Banking: Three month deferral with automatic deferment to either maturity (loan) or one year forward (line)
Credit card4,384
3.1
Three month minimum payment waiver with potential one month extensions totaling six months;
Interest continues to accrue during the deferral period and is added to the principal balance
Total consumer$28,289
6.3% 
(a)Excludes $7.5 billion of loans which were previously under payment deferral, with predominantly all returning to their original loan terms prior to June 30, 2020. Also excludes risk-rated business banking and auto dealer loans held in CCB and auto operating lease assets that were still under payment deferral as of June 30, 2020. Auto operating lease asset payment assistance consists of a three month payment deferral. Deferrals do not extend the term of the lease and all deferred payments are due at the end of the lease term.
(b)Represents the unpaid principal balance of retained loans which were still under payment deferral as of June 30, 2020, divided by the total unpaid principal balance of the respective loan classes retained loans as of June 30, 2020.


Consumer, excluding credit card
Portfolio analysis
Loan balances increased from December 31, 2019 due to PPP loan originations2020 driven by higher residential real estate loans at fair value as well as an increase in Business Banking,auto and other, partially offset by lower retained residential real estate loans, reflecting paydowns and loan sales.loans.
Residential real estate: The residential real estate portfolio, including loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value, predominantly consists of prime mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit. The portfolio decreased
Retained loans declined from December 31, 2019 driven by2020 due to paydowns and loan sales in Home Lending, largely offset byoutpacing originations of prime mortgage loans that have been retained on the balance sheet. in Home Lending, partially offset by growth in AWM. Retained nonaccrual loans decreased from December 31, 2020 reflecting improved credit performance. Net recoveries for the three months ended June 30, 2020 were lower when compared with the same period in the prior year as the current quarter included losses associated with the purchased credit deteriorated portfolio as a result of the adoption of CECL. Net recoveries for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 were higher when compared with the same period in the prior year as the current year benefitedhad a greater benefit from improved HPI and reversals of prior write-downs due to loan prepayments as a result of the low rate environment. Net recoveries for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were relatively flat when compared with the same period in the prior year as the current year had a greater benefit from improved HPI and reversals of prior write-downs due to loan prepayments, while the prior year included a recovery on a loan sale.
Loans at fair value increased from December 31, 2020, reflecting loan purchase activity in CIB driven by higher client demand, as well as increased originations in Home Lending due to the continued low rate environment and seasonality. Nonaccrual loans at fair value decreased from December 31, 2020 largely due to sales in CIB.
The carrying value of home equity lines of credit outstanding was $26.5$20.9 billion at June 30, 2020.2021. This amount included $9.9$8.2 billion of HELOCs that have recast from interest-only to fully amortizing payments or have been modified and $8.7$7.0 billion of interest-only balloon HELOCs, which primarily mature after 2030. The Firm manages the risk of HELOCs during their revolving period by closing or reducing the undrawn line to the extent permitted by law when borrowers are exhibiting a material deterioration in their credit risk profile.
At June 30, 2020,2021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the carrying value of interest-only residential mortgage loans was $23.2were $26.5 billion and $22.5$25.6 billion, respectively. These loans have an interest-only payment period generally followed by an adjustable-rate or fixed-rate fully amortizing payment period to maturity and are typically originated as higher-balance loans to higher-income borrowers, predominantly in AWM. Performance of this portfolioNet recoveries and charge-offs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was2021, respectively, were not material, as the credit performance of this portfolio is generally in line with the performance of the broader residentialprime mortgage portfolio for the same period.portfolio.
The following table provides a summary of the Firm’s residential mortgage portfolio insured and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, includingpredominantly loans held-for-sale.held-for-sale and loans at fair value. The Firm monitors its exposure to certain potential unrecoverable claim payments related to government-insured loans and considers this exposure in estimating the allowance for loan losses.
(in millions)June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Current$692
$1,280
Current$799 $669 
30-89 days past due265
695
30-89 days past due136 235 
90 or more days past due561
961
90 or more days past due713 874 
Total government guaranteed loans$1,518
$2,936
Total government guaranteed loans$1,648 $1,778 
Geographic composition and current estimated loan-to-value ratio of residential real estate loans
Refer to Note 1211 for information on the geographic composition and current estimated LTVs of the Firm’s residential real estate loans.
Modified residential real estate loans
The following table presents information relating to modified retained residential real estate loans for which concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, which include both TDRs and modified PCD loans not accounted for as PCI loans prior to the adoption of CECL.TDRs. The following table does not include loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions and, therefore, are not TDRs.TDRs, or loans for which the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided by the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act. Refer to Note 1211 for further information on modifications for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
(in millions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Retained loans(a)
$14,306 $15,406 
Nonaccrual retained loans(b)
$4,028 $3,899 
(a)At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, $7 million of loans modified subsequent to repurchase from Ginnie Mae in accordance with the standards of the appropriate government agency (i.e., Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), Rural Housing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (“RHS”)) are not included in the table above. When such loans perform subsequent to modification in accordance with Ginnie Mae guidelines, they are generally sold back into Ginnie Mae loan pools. Modified loans that do not re-perform become subject to foreclosure. Refer to Note 13 for additional information about sales of loans in securitization transactions with Ginnie Mae.
(b)At June 30, 2021 and 2019.December 31, 2020, nonaccrual loans included $3.1 billion and $3.0 billion of TDRs for which the borrowers were less than 90 days past due. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information about loans modified in a TDR that are on nonaccrual status.
60

(in millions)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
 
Retained loans(a)
$16,350
 $5,926
 
PCI loansNA
 12,372
(d) 
Nonaccrual retained loans(b)(c)
$3,412
 $2,332
 
(a)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, $5 million and $14 million, respectively, of loans modified subsequent to repurchase from Ginnie Mae in accordance with the standards of the appropriate government agency (i.e., Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), Rural Housing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (“RHS”)) are not included in the table above. When such loans perform subsequent to modification in accordance with Ginnie Mae guidelines, they are generally sold back into Ginnie Mae loan pools. Modified loans that do not re-perform become subject to foreclosure. Refer to Note 14 for additional information about sales of loans in securitization transactions with Ginnie Mae.
(b)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, nonaccrual loans included $2.4 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of TDRs for which the borrowers were less than 90 days past due. Refer to Note 12 for additional information about loans modified in a TDR that are on nonaccrual status.
(c)At June 30, 2020, nonaccrual loans included $1.0 billion of PCD loans. Prior to the adoption of CECL, nonaccrual loans excluded PCI loans as the Firm recognized interest income on each pool of PCI loans as each of the pools was performing.
(d)Amount represents the unpaid principal balance of modified PCI loans at December 31, 2019, which were moved to retained loans upon the adoption of CECL.
Auto and other: The auto and other loan portfolio, including loans at fair value, predominantly consists of prime-quality scored auto and business banking loans, as well as overdrafts. The portfolio increased when compared with December 31, 2019, predominantly2020 due to PPPgrowth in the auto portfolio from loan originations, of $21.5 billion in Business Banking of which $19.9 billion remained outstanding on June 30, 2020, partiallypredominantly offset by paydowns and charge-offs or liquidation of delinquent loans.loans and a decrease in Business Banking loans due to PPP loan forgiveness net of loan originations. The scored auto portfolio net recovery and charge-off rates were 0.39%(0.11)% and 0.36%0.39% for the three months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively, and 0.40%0.00% and 0.43%0.40% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Auto charge-offs for the three and 2019, respectively.six months ended June 30, 2021 benefited from government stimulus, payment assistance programs, and high vehicle collateral values.

Nonperforming assets
The following table presents information as of June 30, 2020,2021 and December 31, 2019,2020, about consumer, excluding credit card, nonperforming assets.
Nonperforming assets(a)
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Nonaccrual loans
Residential real estate(b)
$5,530 $6,316 
Auto and other128 151 
Total nonaccrual loans5,658 6,467 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate owned108 131 
Other15 21 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions123 152 
Total nonperforming assets$5,781 $6,619 
(a)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, nonperforming assets excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $713 million and $874 million, respectively, and REO insured by U.S. government agencies of $7 million and $9 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(b)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Includes loans to customers that have exited COVID-19 payment deferral programs and are 90 or more days past due, predominantly all of which were considered collateral-dependent at time of exit from COVID-19 payment deferral programs and charged down to the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell.
Nonperforming assets(a)
    
(in millions)June 30,
2020
 December 31,
2019
 
Nonaccrual loans    
Residential real estate(b)
$4,106
 $2,782
 
Auto and other140
 146
 
Total nonaccrual loans4,246
 2,928
 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions    
Real estate owned185
 208
 
Other4
 24
 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions189
 232
 
Total nonperforming assets$4,435
 $3,160
 
(a)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, nonperforming assets excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $561 million and $961 million, respectively, and REO insured by U.S. government agencies of $13 million and $41 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(b)
At June 30, 2020, nonaccrual loans included $1.3 billion of PCD loans. Prior to the adoption of CECL, nonaccrual loans excluded PCI loans as the Firm recognized interest income on each pool of PCI loans as each of the pools was performing.
Nonaccrual loans
The following table presents changes in consumer, excluding credit card, nonaccrual loans for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
Nonaccrual loan activity(a)
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		20212020
Beginning balance$6,467 $3,366 
Additions:
PCD loans, upon adoption of CECLNA708
Other additions1,422 2,378 
Total additions1,422 3,086 
Reductions:
Principal payments and other(a)
1,215 478 
Charge-offs122 220 
Returned to performing status853 361 
Foreclosures and other liquidations41 146 
Total reductions2,231 1,205 
Net changes(809)1,881 
Ending balance$5,658 $5,247 
Nonaccrual loan activity 
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		2020
2019
Beginning balance$2,928
$3,244
   
Additions:  
PCD loans, upon adoption of CECL708
NA
Other additions1,655
975
Total additions2,363
975
   
Reductions:  
Principal payments and other(a)
369
431
Charge-offs220
189
Returned to performing status356
393
Foreclosures and other liquidations100
129
Total reductions1,045
1,142
   
Net changes1,318
(167)
Ending balance$4,246
$3,077
(a)(a)Other reductions includes loan sales.
Active and suspended foreclosure: Refer to Note 12 for information on loans that were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.
Refer to Note 1211 for further information about the consumer credit portfolio, including information about delinquencies, other credit quality indicators, loan modifications and other credit quality indicators.loans that were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.
Purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans
The following tables provide credit-related information for PCD loans, which were accounted for as PCI loans prior to the adoption of CECL. PCI loans are considered PCD loans under CECL and are subject to the Firm’s nonaccrual and charge-off policies. PCD loans are now reported in the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio’s residential real estate class. Refer
(in millions, except ratios)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Loan delinquency(a)
Current$14,420 $16,036 
30-149 days past due339 432 
150 or more days past due548 573 
Total PCD loans$15,307 $17,041 
% of 30+ days past due to total retained PCD loans5.79 %5.90 %
Nonaccrual loans(b)
$1,604 $1,609 
(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Net charge-offs$3 $27 $16 $33 
Net charge-off rate0.08 %0.57 %0.20 %0.34 %
(a)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to Note 1 for further information.the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(in millions, except ratios)June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Loan delinquency(a)
  
Current$17,522
$18,571
30-149 days past due693
970
150 or more days past due568
822
Total PCD loans$18,783
$20,363
   
% of 30+ days past due to total retained PCD loans6.71%8.80%
Nonaccrual loans$1,283
NA
(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended June 30, 2020
 Six months ended June 30, 2020
Net charge-offs$27
$33
Net charge-off rate0.57%0.34%
(a)At June 30, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.

(b)Includes loans to customers that have exited COVID-19 payment deferral programs and are 90 or more days past due, predominantly all of which were considered collateral-dependent at time of exit from COVID-19 payment deferral programs and charged down to the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell.
61

Credit card
Total credit card loans decreased from December 31, 20192020 reflecting a decline inhigher payments, predominantly offset by strong sales volume beginning in March as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of seasonality.second quarter. The June 30, 2021 30+ and 90+ day delinquency rates of 1.01% and 0.54%, respectively, decreased compared to the December 31, 2020 30+ and 90+ day delinquency rates of 1.71%1.68% and 0.93%, respectively, decreased compared to the December 31, 2019 30+ and 90+ day delinquency rates of 1.87% and 0.95%0.92%, respectively. The delinquency rate wasrates were positively impacted by loansgovernment stimulus and borrowers who participated in payment deferral programs, as these loans are generally not considered delinquent if they are performing according to their modified terms.assistance programs. Net charge-offs decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 compared with the same period in the prior year due toreflecting lower charge-offs and higher recoveries. However, net charge-offs increased forrecoveries as consumer cash balances remained elevated benefiting from the six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared with the same period in the prior year due to loan growth in the prior year largely offset by higher recoveries.ongoing impact of government stimulus and payment assistance programs.
Consistent with the Firm’s policy, all credit card loans typically remain on accrual status until charged off. However, the Firm’s allowance for loan losses includes the estimated uncollectible portion of accrued and billed interest and fee income. Refer to Note 1211 for further information about this portfolio, including information about delinquencies.
Geographic and FICO composition of credit card loans
Refer to Note 1211 for information on the geographic and FICO composition of the Firm’s credit card loans.
Modifications of credit card loans
At June 30, 20202021, the Firm had $1.4$1.2 billion of credit card loans outstanding that have been modified in TDRs, which does not include loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered TDRs, compared to $1.5$1.4 billion at December 31, 2019.2020. Refer to Note 1211 for additional information about loan modification programs to borrowers.

62

WHOLESALE CREDIT PORTFOLIO
In its wholesale businesses, the Firm is exposed to credit risk primarily through its underwriting, lending, market-making, and hedging activities with and for clients and counterparties, as well as through various operating services (such as cash management and clearing activities), securities financing activities and cash placed with banks. A portion of the loans originated or acquired by the Firm’s wholesale businesses is generally retained on the balance sheet. The Firm distributes a significant percentage of the loans that it originates into the market as part of its syndicated loan business and to manage portfolio concentrations and credit risk. The wholesale portfolio is actively managed, in part by conducting ongoing, in-depth reviews of client credit quality and transaction structure inclusive of collateral where applicable, and of industry, product and client concentrations. Refer to the industry discussion on pages 70-7465-69 for further information.
The Firm’s wholesale credit portfolio includes exposure held in CIB, CB, AWM and Corporate, as well as risk-rated exposures held in CCB, including business banking and auto dealer exposures held in CCBexposure for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for credit losses.
The macroeconomicIn the first half of 2021, the credit environment driven bycontinued to improve following the broad-based deterioration in 2020 that resulted from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, has resultedpandemic.
As of June 30, 2021, retained loans increased $9.9 billion driven by CIB and AWM largely offset by decreases in broad-based deteriorationCB and CCB. Lending related commitments increased $52.8 billion, predominantly driven by net portfolio activity in CIB and CB, including an increase in the allowanceheld for credit losses. sale commitments intended to be syndicated.
In the six months ended June 30, 2020,2021, the investment-gradeinvestment- grade percentage of the credit portfolio decreased from 74%71% to 72%, and criticized70% driven by net portfolio activity, including new commitments. Criticized exposure increased $24.3$3.4 billion from $15.1$41.6 billion at December 31, 2020 to $39.4 billion.  The increase in criticized exposure was largely$45.0 billion at June 30, 2021, driven by select downgrades, largely offset by select upgrades and net portfolio activity. Nonperforming exposure remained flat at $4.9 billion and net charge off activity was $63 million.
Wholesale credit portfolio
Credit exposure
Nonperforming(c)
(in millions)Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Loans retained$524,855 $514,947 $2,698 $3,318 
Loans held-for-sale13,715 5,784 92 284 
Loans at fair value30,897 29,327 624 504 
Loans–reported569,467 550,058 3,414 4,106 
Derivative receivables70,711 79,630 481 56 
Receivables from customers(a)
59,609 47,710 — — 
Total wholesale credit-related assets699,787 677,398 3,895 4,162 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate ownedNANA126 125 
OtherNANA— — 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactionsNANA126 125 
Lending-related commitments502,616 449,863 851 577 
Total wholesale credit portfolio$1,202,403 $1,127,261 $4,872 $4,864 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(21,816)$(23,218)$— $— 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(11,324)(14,806)NANA
(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in Consumer & RetailCIB, CCB and Oil & Gas. The continuation or worseningAWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage both performing and nonperforming wholesale credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Credit derivatives on page 72 and Note 4 for additional information. Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the effects ofcurrent presentation.
(c)Loans that were modified in response to the COVID-19 pandemic oncontinue to be risk-rated in accordance with the macroeconomic environment could result in further impacts toFirm’s overall credit quality metrics, including investment-grade percentages, as well as to criticized and nonperforming exposures and charge-offs.
Retained loans increased by $35.1 billion in the six months endedrisk management framework. As of June 30, 2020, driven by the CIB and CB,2021, predominantly to commercial and industrial clients. The $35.1 billion increase reflects the outstandingall of these loans from the March drawdown activity on committed revolving credit facilities, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact of loans under the PPP.were considered performing.


Wholesale credit portfolio
 Credit exposure 
Nonperforming(c)
(in millions)Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
Loans retained$516,787
$481,678
 $3,423
$1,057
Loans held-for-sale5,235
4,062
 245
5
Loans at fair value5,923
7,104
 130
90
Loans – reported527,945
492,844
 3,798
1,152
Derivative receivables74,846
49,766
 108
30
Receivables from customers and other(a)
22,403
33,706
 —
—
Total wholesale credit-related assets625,194
576,316
 3,906
1,182
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions     
Real estate ownedNA
NA
 99
136
OtherNA
NA
 —
19
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactionsNA
NA
 99
155
Lending-related commitments405,493
413,310
 762
474
Total wholesale credit portfolio$1,030,687
$989,626
 $4,767
$1,811
Credit derivatives used
in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(16,542)$(18,030) $—
$—
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(21,501)(16,009) NA
NA
(a)Receivables from customers and other include $22.4 billion and $33.7 billion of brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively, to clients in CIB and AWM; these are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives used to manage both performing and nonperforming wholesale credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Credit derivatives on page 76 and Note 5 for additional information.
(c)Loans that were modified in response to the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be risk-rated in accordance with the Firm’s overall credit risk management framework. As of June 30, 2020, predominantly all of these loans were considered performing.

63


Wholesale assistance
In March 2020, the Firm began providing assistance to clients in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, predominantly in the form of payment deferrals and covenant modifications.
As of June 30, 2020,2021, the Firm had approximately $17 billion$460 million of retained loans still under payment deferral, almostrepresenting 0.1% of the loan portfolio, which decreased from $16.8 billion at June 30, 2020. Predominantly all short-term,clients that exited deferral are current or have paid down their loans, and included $8.8 billion in Automotive in the table below that the Firm proactively offered to performing auto dealer clients where thehas not experienced meaningful new payment deferral period ended on June 30, 2020, and the majority of the clients returned to their original loan terms.requests. The Firm continues to monitor the credit risk associated with loans subject to deferrals throughout the deferral period and on an ongoing basis after the borrowers are required to resume making regularly scheduled payments.payments and considers expected losses of principal and accrued interest on these loans in its allowance for credit losses.
As of June 30, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)
   
Industry
Loan balance(a)
Percent of total industry loan balance(b)
IG percentage of loan balance in payment deferral
Automotive$8,827
46%72%
Real Estate5,211
4
64
Individuals and Individual Entities809
1
9
Consumer & Retail

690
1
4
Industrials335
1
10
Healthcare300
1
16
All other industries603
—
55
Total$16,775
3%61%
(a)Excludes $6.5 billion of loans which were previously under payment deferral, with the majority returning to their original loan terms prior to June 30, 2020.
(b)Represents the balance of the retained loans which were still under payment deferral as of June 30, 2020, divided by the respective industry total retained loans balance as of June 30, 2020.
In addition, the Firm granted assistance in the form of covenant modifications. These types of assistance, both payment deferrals and covenant modifications, haveare generally not resulted in an increase inreported as TDRs, either because the modifications were insignificant or they qualified for the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided under section 4013 ofby the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act. These loansLoans under assistance continue to be risk-rated in accordance with the Firm’s overall credit risk management framework. As of June 30, 2020,2021, predominantly all of these loans were considered performing.
Wholesale credit exposure – maturity and ratings profile
The following tables present the maturity and internal risk ratings profiles of the wholesale credit portfolio as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020. The Firm generally considers internal ratings with qualitative characteristics equivalent to BBB-/Baa3 or higher as investment grade.grade, and takes into consideration collateral and structural support when determining the internal risk rating for each credit facility. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on internal risk ratings.
Maturity profile(d)
Ratings profile
1 year or less 1 year through 5 yearsAfter 5 yearsTotalInvestment-gradeNoninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
June 30, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)
Loans retained$204,582 $192,904 $127,369 $524,855 $387,000 $137,855 $524,855 74 %
Derivative receivables70,711 70,711 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(11,324)(11,324)
Total derivative receivables, net of collateral20,343 15,673 23,371 59,387 32,956 26,431 59,387 55 
Lending-related commitments137,552 341,412 23,652 502,616 338,195 164,421 502,616 67 
Subtotal362,477 549,989 174,392 1,086,858 758,151 328,707 1,086,858 70 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
44,612 44,612 
Receivables from customers59,609 59,609 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives$1,191,079 $1,191,079 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(7,615)$(11,699)$(2,502)$(21,816)$(17,675)$(4,141)$(21,816)81 %
Maturity profile(d)
Ratings profile
1 year or less 1 year through 5 yearsAfter 5 yearsTotalInvestment-gradeNoninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
December 31, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)
Loans retained$183,969 $197,905 $133,073 $514,947 $379,273 $135,674 $514,947 74 %
Derivative receivables79,630 79,630 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(14,806)(14,806)
Total derivative receivables, net of collateral18,456 17,599 28,769 64,824 38,941 25,883 64,824 60 
Lending-related commitments116,950 315,179 17,734 449,863 312,694 137,169 449,863 70 
Subtotal319,375 530,683 179,576 1,029,634 730,908 298,726 1,029,634 71 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
35,111 35,111 
Receivables from customers47,710 47,710 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives$1,112,455 $1,112,455 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(6,765)$(13,627)$(2,826)$(23,218)$(18,164)$(5,054)$(23,218)78 %
(a)Represents loans held-for-sale, primarily related to syndicated loans and loans transferred from the retained portfolio, and loans at fair value.
(b)These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP.
(c)The notional amounts are presented on a net basis by underlying reference entity and the ratings profile shown is based on the ratings of the reference entity on which protection has been purchased. Predominantly all of the credit derivatives entered into by the Firm where it has purchased protection used in credit portfolio management activities are executed with investment-grade counterparties. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against
64

 
Maturity profile(d)
 Ratings profile
 Due in 1 year or lessDue after 1 year through 5 yearsDue after 5 yearsTotal Investment-grade Noninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
June 30, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)
Loans retained$156,249
$235,233
$125,305
$516,787
 $371,819
 $144,968
$516,787
72%
Derivative receivables   74,846
    74,846
 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives   (21,501)    (21,501) 
Total derivative receivables, net of all collateral10,718
14,756
27,871
53,345
 37,148
 16,197
53,345
70
Lending-related commitments106,972
285,017
13,504
405,493
 293,070
 112,423
405,493
72
Subtotal273,939
535,006
166,680
975,625
 702,037
 273,588
975,625
72
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
   11,158
    11,158
 
Receivables from customers and other   22,403
    22,403
 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives   $1,009,186
    $1,009,186
 
Credit derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(134)$(13,714)$(2,694)$(16,542) $(14,035) $(2,507)$(16,542)85%
certain loans in the retained loan portfolio through the issuance of credit-related notes. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

(d)The maturity profile of retained loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables is generally based on remaining contractual maturity. Derivative contracts that are in a receivable position at June 30, 2021, may become payable prior to maturity based on their cash flow profile or changes in market conditions.
 
Maturity profile(d)
 Ratings profile
 Due in 1 year or lessDue after 1 year through 5 yearsDue after 5 yearsTotal Investment-grade Noninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
December 31, 2019
(in millions, except ratios)
Loans retained$141,620
$218,323
$121,735
$481,678
 $363,444
 $118,234
$481,678
75%
Derivative receivables   49,766
    49,766
 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives   (16,009)    (16,009) 
Total derivative receivables, net of all collateral6,561
6,960
20,236
33,757
 26,966
 6,791
33,757
80
Lending-related commitments83,821
316,328
13,161
413,310
 294,317
 118,993
413,310
71
Subtotal232,002
541,611
155,132
928,745
 684,727
 244,018
928,745
74
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
   11,166
    11,166
 
Receivables from customers and other   33,706
    33,706
 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives   $973,617
    $973,617
 
Credit derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(4,912)$(10,031)$(3,087)$(18,030) $(16,276) $(1,754)$(18,030)90%
(a)Represents loans held-for-sale, primarily related to syndicated loans and loans transferred from the retained portfolio, and loans at fair value.
(b)These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP.
(c)The notional amounts are presented on a net basis by underlying reference entity and the ratings profile shown is based on the ratings of the reference entity on which protection has been purchased. Predominantly all of the credit derivatives entered into by the Firm where it has purchased protection used in credit portfolio management activities are executed with investment-grade counterparties.
(d)The maturity profile of retained loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables is based on the remaining contractual maturity. Derivative contracts that are in a receivable position at June 30, 2020, may become payable prior to maturity based on their cash flow profile or changes in market conditions.
Wholesale credit exposure – industry exposures
The Firm focuses on the management and diversification of its industry exposures, and pays particular attention to industries with actual or potential credit concerns.
Exposures deemed criticized align with the U.S. banking regulators’ definition of criticized exposures, which consist of the special mention, substandard and doubtful categories.
The total Total criticized component of the portfolio,exposure excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value, was $39.4$45.0 billion at June 30, 2020,2021, compared with $15.1$41.6 billion at December 31, 2019, with increases largely2020, representing approximately 4.1% and 4.0% of total wholesale credit exposure, respectively. The increase in total criticized exposure was driven by select downgrades, in Consumer & Retaillargely offset by select upgrades and Oil & Gas due to impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic.net portfolio activity. The total criticized exposure at June 30, 2021 was largely undrawn and $40.9 billion was performing.
65


Below are summaries ofThe table below summarizes by industry the Firm’s exposures as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020. The industry of risk category is generally based on the client or counterparty’s primary business activity. Refer to Note 4 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on industry concentrations.
Wholesale credit exposure – industries(a)
Selected metrics
30 days or more past due and accruing
loans(h)
Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative hedges and credit-related notes(i)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables
Noninvestment-grade
As of or for the six months ended
Credit exposure(f)(g)
Investment- gradeNoncriticizedCriticized performingCriticized nonperforming
June 30, 2021
(in millions)
Real Estate$147,119 $113,988 $26,805 $5,828 $498 $172 $(7)$(188)$— 
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
131,814 116,198 14,803 239 574 1,660 24 — (3)
Consumer & Retail113,618 58,782 45,422 8,600 814 152 6 (170)— 
Technology, Media &
  Telecommunications		80,346 48,099 25,888 6,080 279 33 — (875)(33)
Asset Managers76,694 63,597 13,058 4 35 12 — — (5,100)
Industrials68,267 36,100 27,765 4,276 126 187 2 (551)(4)
Healthcare64,460 42,530 20,239 1,609 82 35 (4)(305)(156)
Banks & Finance Cos56,626 37,930 16,955 1,730 11 2 11 (506)(1,302)
Oil & Gas41,855 17,177 20,129 4,081 468 79 40 (417)(3)
Automotive40,877 24,910 14,773 1,029 165 48 (3)(377)— 
State & Municipal Govt(c)
36,656 35,973 572 101 10 8 — — (33)
Utilities32,550 22,617 8,730 936 267 4 — (385)(3)
Transportation21,374 11,716 4,972 4,473 213 19 (2)(81)(24)
Chemicals & Plastics21,153 10,725 9,672 743 13 8 — (10)— 
Metals & Mining15,791 6,180 8,927 589 95 7 1 (88)(12)
Insurance14,179 10,699 3,426 54 — 6 — — (2,228)
Central Govt12,855 12,458 397 — — — — (6,989)(143)
Securities Firms5,689 2,693 2,443 550 3 — — (48)(173)
Financial Markets Infrastructure4,628 4,345 283 — — — — — (1)
All other(d)
111,631 91,950 19,295 9 377 4 (5)(10,826)(2,106)
Subtotal$1,098,182 $768,667 $284,554 $40,931 $4,030 $2,436 $63 $(21,816)$(11,324)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value44,612 
Receivables from customers59,609 
Total(e)
$1,202,403 




















66

Wholesale credit exposure – industries(a)
         
      Selected metrics
        
30 days or more past due and accruing
loans (g)
Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative hedges(h)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables
    Noninvestment-grade
As of or for the six months ended
Credit exposure(f)
Investment- grade Noncriticized Criticized performingCriticized nonperforming
June 30, 2020
(in millions)
Real Estate$148,656
$118,177
 $28,031
 $2,220
$228
$89
$9
$(668)$(3)
Consumer & Retail110,160
53,944
 43,793
 11,793
630
146
40
(628)(12)
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
109,563
96,134
 12,474
 269
686
961
(1)—
(1,388)
Industrials66,179
39,328
 24,135
 2,453
263
196
31
(817)(62)
Healthcare60,471
45,882
 12,816
 1,537
236
19
96
(394)(209)
Technology, Media &
Telecommunications		60,461
33,658
 22,994
 3,606
203
11
46
(870)(38)
Asset Managers60,270
52,285
 7,806
 165
14
10
—
—
(5,637)
Banks & Finance Cos49,970
34,862
 14,365
 675
68
44
13
(1,855)(2,868)
Oil & Gas43,035
21,204
 15,136
 5,583
1,112
1
197
(374)—
Automotive38,294
23,882
 11,232
 3,176
4
10
—
(475)—
State & Municipal Govt(c)
36,824
36,316
 506
 —
2
7
—
—
(107)
Utilities32,078
24,144
 7,555
 319
60
—
4
(441)(13)
Transportation18,089
8,246
 8,599
 961
283
18
10
(240)(34)
Chemicals & Plastics17,172
11,388
 5,196
 561
27
7
—
(44)—
Central Govt16,385
16,056
 329
 —
—
—
—
(8,509)(3,323)
Metals & Mining15,790
6,652
 8,146
 913
79
6
10
(145)(7)
Insurance14,804
10,995
 3,762
 44
3
12
—
(36)(2,717)
Securities Firms8,233
6,175
 2,045
 1
12
—
12
(49)(3,437)
Financial Markets Infrastructure7,724
7,438
 286
 —
—
—
—
—
(33)
All other(d)
82,968
74,328
 7,428
 829
383
105
(6)(997)(1,613)
Subtotal$997,126
$721,094
 $236,634
 $35,105
$4,293
$1,642
$461
$(16,542)$(21,501)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value11,158
          
Receivables from customers and other22,403
          
Total(e)
$1,030,687
          




(continued from previous page)
Selected metrics
30 days or more past due and accruing
loans(h)
Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative hedges and credit-related notes(i)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables
Noninvestment-grade
As of or for the year ended
Credit exposure(f)(g)
Investment- gradeNoncriticizedCriticized performingCriticized nonperforming
December 31, 2020
(in millions)
Real Estate$148,498 $116,124 $27,576 $4,294 $504 $374 $94 $(190)$— 
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
122,870 107,266 14,688 227 689 1,570 (17)— — 
Consumer & Retail108,437 57,580 41,624 8,852 381 203 55 (381)(5)
Technology, Media &
  Telecommunications		72,150 36,435 27,770 7,738 207 10 73 (984)(56)
Asset Managers66,573 57,582 8,885 85 21 19 1 — (4,685)
Industrials66,470 37,512 26,881 1,852 225 278 70 (658)(61)
Healthcare60,118 44,901 13,356 1,684 177 96 104 (378)(191)
Banks & Finance Cos54,032 35,115 17,820 1,045 52 20 13 (659)(1,648)
Oil & Gas39,159 18,456 14,969 4,952 782 11 249 (488)(4)
Automotive43,331 25,548 15,575 2,149 59 152 22 (434)— 
State & Municipal Govt(c)
38,286 37,705 574 2 5 41 — — (41)
Utilities30,124 22,451 7,048 571 54 14 (7)(402)(1)
Transportation16,232 7,549 6,340 2,137 206 30 117 (83)(26)
Chemicals & Plastics17,176 10,622 5,703 822 29 6 — (83)— 
Metals & Mining15,542 5,958 8,699 704 181 8 16 (141)(13)
Insurance13,141 10,177 2,960 3 1 7 — — (1,771)
Central Govt17,025 16,652 373 — — — — (8,364)(982)
Securities Firms8,048 6,116 1,927 1 4 — 18 (49)(3,423)
Financial Markets Infrastructure6,515 6,449 66 — — — — — (10)
All other(d)
100,713 84,650 15,185 504 374 83 (9)(9,924)(1,889)
Subtotal$1,044,440 $744,848 $258,019 $37,622 $3,951 $2,922 $799 $(23,218)$(14,806)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value35,111 

Receivables from customers47,710 
Total(e)
$1,127,261 

(a)The industry rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2020, are based on the industry rankings of the corresponding exposures at June 30, 2021, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2020.

(b)Individuals and Individual Entities predominantly consists of Global Private Bank clients within AWM and includes exposure to personal investment companies and personal and testamentary trusts.

(c)In addition to the credit risk exposure to states and municipal governments (both U.S. and non-U.S.) at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, noted above, the Firm held: $6.9 billion and $7.2 billion, respectively, of trading assets; $18.5 billion and $20.4 billion, respectively, of AFS securities; and $13.5 billion and $12.8 billion, respectively, of HTM securities, issued by U.S. state and municipal governments. Refer to Note 2 and Note 9 for further information.

(d)All other includes: SPEs, and Private education and civic organizations, representing approximately 93% and 7%, respectively, at June 30, 2021 and 92% and 8%, respectively, at December 31, 2020.

(e)Excludes cash placed with banks of $694.9 billion and $516.9 billion, at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively, which is predominantly placed with various central banks, primarily Federal Reserve Banks.

(f)Credit exposure is net of risk participations and excludes the benefit of credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities held against derivative receivables or loans and liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables.

(g)Credit exposure includes held-for-sale and fair value option elected lending-related commitments.

(h)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

(i)Represents the net notional amounts of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notesused to manage the credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. The All other category includes purchased credit protection on certain credit indices. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.








67
(continued from previous page)          








Selected metrics








30 days or more past due and accruing
loans		Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative hedges(h)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables




Noninvestment-grade
As of or for the year ended
Credit exposure(f)
Investment- grade
Noncriticized
Criticized performingCriticized nonperforming
December 31, 2019
(in millions)
Real Estate$150,805
$121,607

$27,683

$1,457
$58
$104
$13
$(100)$—
Consumer & Retail106,986
58,704
 45,806
 2,261
215
118
124
(235)(11)
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
105,018
93,172

11,617

192
37
388
33
—
(641)
Industrials62,483
39,434
 21,673
 1,157
219
172
48
(746)(9)
Healthcare50,824
36,988

12,544

1,141
151
108
14
(405)(145)
Technology, Media &
Telecommunications		60,033
35,878
 21,066
 2,953
136
27
27
(658)(17)
Asset Managers51,856
45,249

6,588

6
13
18
—
—
(4,785)
Banks & Finance Cos50,786
34,941

15,031

808
6
—
—
(834)(2,112)
Oil & Gas41,641
22,244

17,823

995
579
—
98
(429)(10)
Automotive35,118
24,255

10,246

615
2
8
1
(194)—
State & Municipal Govt(c)
30,095
29,586

509

—
—
33
7
—
(46)
Utilities34,843
22,213

12,316

301
13
2
39
(414)(50)
Transportation14,497
8,734
 5,336
 353
74
30
8
(37)(37)
Chemicals & Plastics17,499
12,033

5,243

221
2
5
—
(10)(13)
Central Govt14,865
14,524

341

—
—
—
—
(9,018)(1,963)
Metals & Mining15,586
7,095

7,789

661
41
2
(1)(33)(6)
Insurance12,348
9,458

2,867

19
4
3
—
(36)(1,998)
Securities Firms7,344
5,973

1,344

27
—
—
—
(48)(3,201)
Financial Markets Infrastructure4,121
3,969

152

—
—
—
—
—
(6)
All other(d)
78,006
73,453

4,130

412
11
4
4
(4,833)(959)
Subtotal$944,754
$699,510

$230,104

$13,579
$1,561
$1,022
$415
$(18,030)$(16,009)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value11,166

















Receivables from customers and other33,706


















Total(e)
$989,626
          
(a)The industry rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2019, are based on the industry rankings of the corresponding exposures at June 30, 2020, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2019.
(b)
Individuals and Individual Entities predominantly consists of Wealth Management clients within AWM and includes exposure to personal investment companies and personal and testamentary trusts.

(c)In addition to the credit risk exposure to states and municipal governments (both U.S. and non-U.S.) at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, noted above, the Firm held: $7.5 billion and $6.5 billion, respectively, of trading assets; $30.4 billion and $29.8 billion, respectively, of AFS securities; and $4.8 billion at both periods of HTM securities, issued by U.S. state and municipal governments. Refer to Note 2 and Note 10 for further information.
(d)All other includes: SPEs and Private education and civic organizations, representing approximately 90% and 10%, respectively, at both June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019.
(e)
Excludes cash placed with banks of $484.2 billion and $254.0 billion, at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively, which is predominantly placed with various central banks, primarily Federal Reserve Banks.
(f)Credit exposure is net of risk participations and excludes the benefit of credit derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities held against derivative receivables or loans and liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables.
(g)Generally excludes loans that were under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
(h)Represents the net notional amounts of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives used to manage the credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. The All other category includes purchased credit protection on certain credit indices.

Presented below is additional detail on certain of the Firm’s largest industry exposures and/or certain industries which present potential heightened credit concerns.
Real Estate
Real Estate exposure was $148.7$147.1 billion as of June 30, 2020,2021, of which $87.1$85.4 billion iswas multifamily lending as shown in the table below. During the six months endedCriticized exposure increased by $1.5 billion from $4.8 billion at December 31, 2020 to $6.3 billion at June 30, 2020 the investment-grade portion of the portfolio decreased from 81% to 79%, while the drawn percentage increased from 78% to 82%, both2021, driven by the impactsselect downgrades.
June 30, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$85,171 $184 $85,355 84 %91 %
Office16,132 284 16,416 73 70 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
11,836 517 12,353 74 56 
Retail10,191 151 10,342 60 65 
Industrial9,823 60 9,883 81 62 
Services and Non Income Producing9,705 34 9,739 62 47 
Lodging2,983 48 3,031 18 43 
Total Real Estate Exposure(c)
145,841 1,278 147,119 77 78 
December 31, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$85,368 $183 $85,551 85 %92 %
Office16,372 475 16,847 76 70 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
13,435 421 13,856 76 55 
Retail10,573 199 10,772 60 69 
Industrial9,039 69 9,108 76 73 
Services and Non Income Producing9,242 22 9,264 62 47 
Lodging3,084 16 3,100 24 57 
Total Real Estate Exposure147,113 1,385 148,498 78 80 
(a)Multifamily exposure is largely in California.
(b)Other Income Producing Properties consists of the COVID-19 pandemic.clients with diversified property types or other property types outside of multifamily, office, retail, industrial and lodging with less material exposures.
(c)Real Estate exposure is approximately 79% secured; unsecured exposure is approximately 78% investment-grade.
(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percentage of credit exposure.

68
 June 30, 2020 
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related Commitments Derivative Receivables Credit exposure % Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$86,854
 $229
 $87,083
 88% 92% 
Office16,731
 616
 17,347
 80
 72
 
Retail11,316
 218
 11,534
 63
 70
 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
10,454
 423
 10,877
 74
 67
 
Industrial8,991
 68
 9,059
 72
 75
 
Lodging3,525
 9
 3,534
 17
 67
 
Services and Non Income Producing9,204
 18
 9,222
 51
 53
 
Total Real Estate Exposure(c)
147,075
 1,581
 148,656
 79
 82
 
           
 December 31, 2019 
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related Commitments 
Derivative
Receivables
 Credit exposure 
% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$86,380
 $58
 $86,438
 91% 92% 
Office15,647
 231
 15,878
 80
 70
 
Retail11,321
 87
 11,408
 83
 69
 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
14,372
 181
 14,553
 48
 45
 
Industrial8,842
 24
 8,866
 74
 75
 
Lodging3,702
 19
 3,721
 51
 38
 
Services and Non Income Producing9,922
 19
 9,941
 57
 47
 
Total Real Estate Exposure150,186
 619
 150,805
 81
 78
 

(a)Multifamily exposure is largely in California.
(b)Other Income Producing Properties consists of clients with diversified property types or other property types outside of multifamily, office, retail, industrial and lodging with less material exposures.
(c)Real Estate exposure is approximately 80% secured; unsecured exposure is approximately 75% investment-grade.
(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percentage of credit exposure.
Consumer & Retail
Consumer & Retail exposure was $110.2$113.6 billion as of June 30, 2020,2021, and predominantly includesincluded Retail, Food and Beverage, and Business and Consumer Services as shown in the table below. During the six months ended
June 30, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Retail(a)
$31,999 $1,210 $33,209 48 %32 %
Food and Beverage29,020 999 30,019 62 35 
Business and Consumer Services29,468 447 29,915 49 33 
Consumer Hard Goods13,463 119 13,582 61 35 
Leisure(b)
6,711 182 6,893 18 44 
Total Consumer & Retail(c)
110,661 2,957 113,618 52 34 
December 31, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Retail(a)
$32,486 $887 $33,373 52 %33 %
Food and Beverage28,012 897 28,909 62 33 
Business and Consumer Services24,760 599 25,359 52 41 
Consumer Hard Goods12,937 178 13,115 59 36 
Leisure(b)
7,440 241 7,681 18 43 
Total Consumer & Retail105,635 2,802 108,437 53 36 
(a)Retail consists of Home Improvement & Specialty Retailers, Restaurants, Supermarkets, Discount & Drug Stores, Specialty Apparel and Department Stores.
(b)Leisure consists of Gaming, Arts & Culture, Travel Services and Sports & Recreation. As of June 30, 2020, the following changes were primarily driven by impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic:
the investment-grade portion2021 approximately 74% of the Consumer & Retailnoninvestment-grade Leisure portfolio decreased from 55% to 49%is secured.
(c)Approximately 78% of the noninvestment-grade portfolio is secured.
(d)Represents drawn percentageexposure as a percent of this portfolio increased from 35% to 43%
•
criticized exposure increased by $9.9 billion from $2.5 billion to $12.4 billioncredit exposure.

 June 30, 2020 
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related Commitments Derivative Receivables Credit exposure % Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Retail(a)
$30,847
 $631
 $31,478
 48% 46% 
Food and Beverage26,987
 794
 27,781
 60
 39
 
Business and Consumer Services24,934
 631
 25,565
 51
 48
 
Consumer Hard Goods13,160
 173
 13,333
 56
 42
 
Leisure(b)
11,700
 303
 12,003
 13
 39
 
Total Consumer & Retail(c)
107,628
 2,532
 110,160
 49
 43
 
           
 December 31, 2019 
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related Commitments 
Derivative
Receivables
 Credit exposure 
% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Retail(a)
$29,290
 $294
 $29,584
 54% 37% 
Food and Beverage27,956
 625
 28,581
 67
 36
 
Business and Consumer Services24,242
 249
 24,491
 51
 37
 
Consumer Hard Goods13,144
 109
 13,253
 65
 35
 
Leisure(b)
10,930
 147
 11,077
 21
 19
 
Total Consumer & Retail105,562
 1,424
 106,986
 55
 35
 
(a)Retail consists of Home Improvement & Specialty Retailers, Restaurants, Supermarkets, Discount & Drug Stores, Specialty Apparel and Department Stores.
(b)Leisure consists of Gaming, Arts & Culture, Travel Services and Sports & Recreation. As of June 30, 2020 approximately 90% of the noninvestment-grade Leisure portfolio is secured.
(c)Approximately 80% of the noninvestment-grade portfolio is secured.
(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.
Oil & Gas
Oil & Gas exposure was $43.0$41.9 billion as of June 30, 2020,2021, including $21.0$22.6 billion of Exploration & Production and Oil field Services as shown in the table below. During the six months ended June 30, 2020,2021, the following changes wereinvestment-grade percentage decreased from 47% to 41%, predominantly driven by lower oil prices and impactsincreased derivative receivables resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic:
•
the investment-grade portion of the Oil & Gas portfolio decreased from 53% to 49%
the drawn percentage of this portfolio increased from 31% to 33%
market movements. However, criticized exposure increaseddecreased by $5.1$1.2 billion from $1.6$5.7 billion at December 31, 2020 to $6.7$4.5 billion at June 30, 2021, driven by select upgrades and net portfolio activity, largely offset by select downgrades.
June 30, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(c)
Exploration & Production ("E&P") and Oil field Services$16,957 $5,671 $22,628 29 %26 %
Other Oil & Gas(a)
18,400 827 19,227 55 22 
Total Oil & Gas(b)
35,357 6,498 41,855 41 24 
December 31, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(c)
Exploration & Production ("E&P") and Oil field Services$18,228 $1,048 $19,276 32 %37 %
Other Oil & Gas(a)
19,288 595 19,883 62 21 
Total Oil & Gas(b)
37,516 1,643 39,159 47 29 
(a)Other Oil & Gas includes Integrated Oil & Gas companies, Midstream/Oil Pipeline companies and refineries.
(b)Secured lending was $17.2 billion and $13.2 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, over half of which is reserve-based lending to the Exploration & Production sub-sector; unsecured exposure is largely investment-grade.
(c)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.

69
 June 30, 2020 
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related Commitments Derivative Receivables Credit exposure % Investment-grade
% Drawn(c)
Exploration & Production ("E&P") and Oil field Services$20,683
 $290
 $20,973
 33% 42% 
Other Oil & Gas(a)
21,356
 706
 22,062
 65
 24
 
Total Oil & Gas(b)
42,039
 996
 43,035
 49
 33
 
           
 December 31, 2019 
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related Commitments 
Derivative
Receivables
 Credit exposure 
% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(c)
Exploration & Production ("E&P") and Oil field Services$22,543
 $646
 $23,189
 38% 38% 
Other Oil & Gas(a)
18,246
 206
 18,452
 73
 23
 
Total Oil & Gas(b)
40,789
 852
 41,641
 53
 31
 

(a)Other Oil & Gas includes Integrated Oil & Gas companies, Midstream/Oil Pipeline companies and refineries.
(b)Secured lending was $13.9 billion and $15.7 billion at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, approximately half of which is reserve-based lending to the Exploration & Production sub-sector; unsecured exposure is largely investment-grade.
(c)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.

Loans
In its wholesale businesses, the Firm provides loans to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to high-net-worth individuals. Refer to Note 1211 for a further discussion on loans, including information about delinquencies, loan modifications and other credit quality indicators.
The following table presents the change in the nonaccrual loan portfolio for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019. The increase in nonaccrual loans during the six months ended2020. Since June 30, 2020, wasnonaccrual loan exposure decreased $658 million, driven by downgradesnet portfolio activity and select upgrades across multiple industries on client credit deterioration.including Oil & Gas, partially offset by select downgrades in Real Estate.
Wholesale nonaccrual loan activity
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		20212020
Beginning balance(a)
$4,106 $1,271 
Additions(a)
1,654 3,909 
Reductions:
Paydowns and other1,367 402 
Gross charge-offs129 484 
Returned to performing status605 184 
Sales245 38 
Total reductions2,346 1,108 
Net changes(692)2,801 
Ending balance$3,414 $4,072 
Wholesale nonaccrual loan activity
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		 20202019
Beginning balance $1,152
$1,587
Additions 3,754
1,307
Reductions:   
Paydowns and other 402
814
Gross charge-offs 484
163
Returned to performing status 184
67
Sales 38
57
Total reductions 1,108
1,101
Net changes 2,646
206
Ending balance $3,798
$1,793
(a)In the third quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain fair value option elected lending-related positions from trading assets to loans. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
The following table presents net charge-offs/recoveries, which are defined as gross charge-offs less recoveries, for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020. The amounts in the table below do not include gains or losses from sales of nonaccrual loans.loans recognized in noninterest revenue.
Wholesale net charge-offs/(recoveries)Wholesale net charge-offs/(recoveries) Wholesale net charge-offs/(recoveries)
(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended
June 30,		 Six months ended
June 30,		(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020
2019
 2020
2019
2021202020212020
Loans – reported   Loans – reported
Average loans retained$540,248
$472,049
 $516,032
$471,999
Average loans retained$519,902 $540,248 $517,892 $516,032 
Gross charge-offs310
112
 491
176
Gross charge-offs47 310 135 491 
Gross recoveries collected(11)(17) (30)(29)Gross recoveries collected(37)(11)(72)(30)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)299
95
 461
147
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)10 299 63 461 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate0.22%0.08% 0.18%0.06%Net charge-off/(recovery) rate0.01 %0.22 %0.02 %0.18 %

70

Lending-related commitments
The Firm uses lending-related financial instruments, such as commitments (including revolving credit facilities) and guarantees, to address the financing needs of its clients. The contractual amounts of these financial instruments represent the maximum possible credit risk should the clients draw down on these commitments or when the Firm fulfills its obligations under these guarantees, and the clients subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of these contracts. Most of these commitments and guarantees have historically been refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expired without being drawn upon or a default occurring. As a result, the Firm does not believe that the total contractual amount of these wholesale lending-related commitments is representative of the Firm’s expected future credit exposure or funding requirements. Refer to Note 2322 for further information on wholesale lending-related commitments.
Receivables from Customerscustomers
Receivables from customers primarily representreflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM that are collateralized by assets maintained in the clients’ brokerage accounts (e.g., cash on deposit, liquid and readily marketable debt or equity securities), as such generally. Because of this collateralization, no allowance for credit losses is generally held against these receivables. To manage its credit risk the Firm establishes margin requirements and monitors the required margin levels on an ongoing basis, and requires clients to deposit additional cash or other collateral, or to reduce positions, when appropriate. These receivables are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
Derivative contracts
Derivatives enable clients and counterparties to manage risks including credit risk and risks arising from fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange, equities, and commodities. The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet these needs and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. The Firm also uses derivative instruments to manage its own credit risk and other market risk exposure. The nature of the counterparty and the settlement mechanism of the derivative affect the credit risk to which the Firm is exposed. For OTC derivatives the Firm is exposed to the credit risk of the derivative counterparty. For exchange-traded derivatives (“ETD”), such as futures and options, and cleared over-the-counter (“OTC-cleared”) derivatives, the Firm can also be exposed to the credit risk of the relevant CCP. Where possible, the Firm seeks to mitigate its credit risk exposures arising from derivative contracts through the use of legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral agreements.
The percentage of the Firm’s over-the-counter derivative transactions subject to collateral agreements — excluding foreign exchange spot trades, which are not typically covered by collateral agreements due to their short maturity and centrally cleared trades that are settled daily — was approximately 88% at both June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020. Refer to Note 54 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion of derivative contracts.contracts, counterparties and settlement types.
The following table summarizes the net derivative receivables for the periods presented.
Derivative receivables  
(in millions)June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Total, net of cash collateral74,846
49,766
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables(a)
(21,501)(16,009)
Total, net of collateral$53,345
$33,757
(a)Includes collateral related to derivative instruments where appropriate legal opinions have not been either sought or obtained with respect to master netting agreements.
The fair value of derivative receivables reported on the Consolidated balance sheets were $74.8$70.7 billion and $49.8$79.6 billion at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, with increasesdecreases in CIB resulting from market movements. Derivative receivables represent the fair value of the derivative contracts after giving effect to legally enforceable master netting agreements and the related cash collateral held by the Firm. However, in management’s view,
In addition, the appropriate measure of current credit risk should also take into consideration additionalFirm held liquid securities (primarily U.S. government and agency securities and other Group of Seven nations (“G7”) government securities) and other cash collateral held bythat the Firm aggregating $21.5 billionbelieves is legally enforceable and $16.0 billion at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively, that may be used as security when the fair value of the client’s exposure is in the Firm’s favor. For the purpose of this disclosure, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule.
In management’s view, the appropriate measure of current credit risk should also take into consideration other collateral, which generally represents securities that do not qualify as high quality liquid assets under the LCR rule, but that the Firm believes is legally enforceable. The collateral amounts for each counterparty are limited to the net derivative receivables for the counterparty.
The Firm also holds additional collateral (primarily cash, G7 government securities, other liquid government agency and guaranteed securities, and corporate debt and equity securities) delivered by clients at the initiation of transactions, as well as collateral related to contracts that have a non-daily call frequency and collateral that the Firm has agreed to return but has not yet settled as of the reporting date. Although this collateral does not reduce the balances and is not included in the table above,tables below, it is available as security against potential exposure that could arise should the fair value of the client’s derivative contracts move in the Firm’s favor. The derivative receivables fair value, net of all collateral, also does not include other credit enhancements, such as letters of credit. Refer to Note 54 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements.


71

The following table summarizestables summarize the net derivative receivables and the internal ratings profile offor the Firm’s derivative receivables, including credit derivatives, net of all collateral, at the dates indicated. The Firm considers internal ratings equivalent to BBB-/Baa3 or higher as investment grade. Refer to Note 12 for further information on internal risk ratings.periods presented.
Derivative receivables
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Total, net of cash collateral$70,711 $79,630 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables(11,324)(14,806)
Total, net of liquid securities and other cash collateral$59,387 $64,824 
Other collateral held against derivative receivables(5,943)(6,022)
Total, net of collateral$53,444 $58,802 
Ratings profile of derivative receivables     
Internal rating equivalent
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019

(in millions, except ratios)
Exposure net of all collateral% of exposure net of all collateral Exposure net of all collateral% of exposure net of all collateral
AAA/Aaa to AA-/Aa3$12,158
23% $8,347
25%
A+/A1 to A-/A36,503
12
 5,471
16
BBB+/Baa1 to BBB-/Baa318,487
35
 13,148
39
BB+/Ba1 to B-/B312,850
24
 6,225
18
CCC+/Caa1 and below3,347
6
 566
2
Total$53,345
100% $33,757
100%
Ratings profile of derivative receivables

June 30, 2021December 31, 2020

(in millions, except ratios)
Exposure net of collateral% of exposure net of collateralExposure net of collateral% of exposure net of collateral
Investment-grade$31,326 59 %$37,013 63 %
Noninvestment-grade22,118 41 21,789 37 
Total$53,444 100 %$58,802 100 %
As previously noted, the Firm uses collateral agreements to mitigate counterparty credit risk. The percentage of the Firm’s over-the-counter derivative contracts subject to collateral agreements — excluding foreign exchange spot trades, which are not typically covered by collateral agreements due to their short maturity and centrally cleared trades that are settled daily — was approximately 87% and 90% at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Credit derivativesportfolio management activities
The Firm uses credit derivatives for two primary purposes: first, in its capacity as a market-maker, and second, as an end-user, to manage the Firm’s own credit risk associated with various exposures.
Credit portfolio management activities
Included in the Firm’s end-user activities are credit derivatives used to mitigate the credit risk associated with traditional lending activities (loans and lending-related commitments) and derivatives counterparty exposure in the Firm’s wholesale businesses (collectively, “creditbusinesses. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against certain loans in the retained wholesale portfolio management” activities).through the issuance of credit-related notes. Information on credit portfolio management activities is provided in the table below.
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities
Notional amount of protection
purchased and sold(a)
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage:
Loans and lending-related commitments$3,104 $4,856 
Derivative receivables18,712 18,362 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities$21,816 $23,218 
Credit derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities
 
Notional amount of protection
purchased and sold(a)
(in millions)June 30,
2020
 December 31,
2019
Credit derivatives used to manage:   
Loans and lending-related commitments$5,064
 $2,047
Derivative receivables11,478
 15,983
Credit derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities$16,542
 $18,030
(a)Amounts are presented net, considering the Firm’s net protection purchased or sold with respect to each underlying reference entity or index. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)Amounts are presented net, considering the Firm’s net protection purchased or sold with respect to each underlying reference entity or index.
Refer to Credit derivatives in Note 54 of this Form 10-Q and Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information on credit derivatives and derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities.

72

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Effective January 1, 2020,The Firm’s allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the Firm adoptedremaining expected life of the CECL accounting guidance. The adoption of this guidance established a single allowance framework for allFirm's financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. This framework requires that management’s estimate reflects credit losses over the instrument’s remaining expected life and considers expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
lending-related commitments. The Firm’s allowance for credit losses comprises:
•the allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated) and is presented separately on the Consolidated balance sheet,sheets,
•the allowance for lending-related commitments, which is presented on the Consolidated balance sheetsheets in accounts payable and other liabilities, and
•the allowance for credit losses on investment securities, which covers the Firm’s HTM and AFS securities and is recognizedreflected within Investment Securities on the Consolidated balance sheet.sheets.
Discussion of changes in the allowance
The allowance for credit losses as of June 30, 2021 decreased when compared to December 31, 2020, consisting of:
•a $7.1 billion reduction in consumer, predominantly in the credit card portfolio, reflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook; and in the residential real estate portfolio, primarily due to continued improvements in HPI expectations, and
•a $1.1 billion net reduction in wholesale, across the LOBs, reflecting improvements in the Firm's economic outlook.
The COVID-19 pandemic has stressed many macroeconomic variables (“MEVs”) used in the Firm's allowance estimate which has created challenges in the use of modeled credit loss estimates, increased the reliance on management judgment, and resulted in adjustments to appropriately address the economic circumstances. These adjustments continued through the second quarter of 2021, although to a lesser extent than experienced during 2020.
The U.S. economy has continued to improve with the benefits of vaccination and as more businesses have reopened, thereby reducing certain pandemic-related macroeconomic uncertainties. However, uncertainties remain, including the pace of vaccination progress, the impact of additional waves and new virus strains, the health of underlying labor markets, and the potential for changes in consumer behavior that could have longer term impacts on certain sectors. As a result of these uncertainties, the Firm retained meaningful weighting on its adverse scenarios, albeit to a lesser extent than the first quarter of 2021 and fourth quarter of 2020. The adverse scenarios incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions outlined below, resulting in weighted average U.S. unemployment rates rising above seven percent in 2021 and falling just below six percent throughout the second quarter of 2022 with U.S. gross
domestic product ("GDP") returning to pre-pandemic levels in 4Q21.
The Firm’s central case assumptions reflected U.S. unemployment rates and U.S. real GDP as follows:
Assumptions at June 30, 2021
4Q212Q224Q22
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.7 %4.0 %3.8 %
Cumulative change in U.S. real GDP from 12/31/20194.3 %6.0 %7.3 %
Assumptions at December 31, 2020
2Q214Q212Q22
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
6.8 %5.7 %5.1 %
Cumulative change in U.S. real GDP from 12/31/2019(1.9)%0.6 %2.0 %
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted U.S. unemployment rate.
Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.
Refer to Note 13 and Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for a description of the policies, methodologies and judgments used to determine the Firm’s allowances for credit losses on loans, lending-related commitments, and investment securities.
The allowance for credit losses increased compared with December 31, 2019, primarily reflecting the deterioration and uncertainty in the macroeconomic environment as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, consisting of:
a $8.7 billion addition in consumer, predominantly in the credit card and residential real estate portfolios
a net $7.0 billion addition in wholesale, across the LOBs impacting multiple industry sectors, and
a net $4.3 billion addition as a result of the adoption of CECL.
The increase in the allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitments was primarily driven by an increase in the provision for credit losses, reflecting the deterioration in and uncertainty around the future macroeconomic environment as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first quarter of 2020, management’s macroeconomic forecast included a decline in the U.S. real GDP of approximately 25% and an increase in the U.S. unemployment rate to above 10%, both in the second quarter, followed by a solid recovery in the second half of 2020. In the second quarter of 2020, based on the increased uncertainty around the duration and depth of the downturn and speed of economic recovery, the Firm’s central case reflected a more protracted downturn with a slower recovery of U.S. real GDP.
In the first and second quarters of 2020, the Firm’s central case assumptions reflected forecasted U.S. unemployment rates and cumulative changes in U.S. real GDP as follows:
 2020 2021
 4Q 2Q4Q
Central case assumptions    
     
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
    
1Q 20206.6 % 5.5 %4.6 %
2Q 202010.9
 9.0
7.7
     
U.S. real GDP - cumulative change from December 31, 2019    
1Q 2020(5.4) (2.3)0.3
2Q 2020(6.2) (4.0)(3.0)
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted reported U.S. unemployment rate.
In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm placed significant weighting on its adverse scenarios, which incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions above, resulting in weighted average U.S. unemployment rates remaining in double digits through the first half of 2021.
Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.
Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 88-9084-86 for further information on the allowance for credit losses and related management judgments.
Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 62-66,58-62, Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 67-7663-72 and Note 1211 for additional information on the consumer and wholesale credit portfolios.



73

The adoption of the CECL accounting guidance resulted
Allowance for credit losses and related information
20212020
Six months ended June 30,Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotal
(in millions, except ratios)
Allowance for loan losses
Beginning balance at January 1,$3,636 $17,800 $6,892 $28,328 $2,538 $5,683 $4,902 $13,123 
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principleNANANANA297 5,517 (1,642)4,172 
Gross charge-offs308 2,213 135 2,656 425 2,863 491 3,779 
Gross recoveries collected(318)(475)(72)(865)(348)(372)(30)(750)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)(10)1,738 63 1,791 77 2,491 461 3,029 
Provision for loan losses(1,746)(3,562)(1,730)(7,038)2,115 9,091 6,118 (d)17,324 
Other(2)— 3 1 (1)— 2 1 
Ending balance at June 30,$1,898 $12,500 $5,102 $19,500 $4,872 $17,800 $8,919 $31,591 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
Beginning balance at January 1,$187 $— $2,222 $2,409 $12 $— $1,179 $1,191 
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principleNANANANA133 — (35)98 
Provision for lending-related commitments(46)— 634 588 95 — 1,326 (d)1,421 
Other1 — — 1 1 — (1)— 
Ending balance at June 30,$142 $— $2,856 $2,998 $241 $— $2,469 $2,710 
Impairment methodology
Asset-specific(a)
$(557)$443 $488 $374 $263 $642 $757 $1,662 
Portfolio-based2,455 12,057 4,614 19,126 4,609 17,158 8,162 (d)29,929 
Total allowance for loan losses$1,898 $12,500 $5,102 $19,500 $4,872 $17,800 $8,919 $31,591 
Impairment methodology
Asset-specific$— $— $150 $150 $— $— $115 $115 
Portfolio-based142 — 2,706 2,848 241 — 2,354 (d)2,595 
Total allowance for lending-related commitments$142 $— $2,856 $2,998 $241 $— $2,469 $2,710 
Total allowance for credit losses(b)
$2,040 $12,500 $7,958 $22,498 $5,113 $17,800 $11,388 $34,301 
Memo:
Retained loans, end of period$297,731 $141,079 $524,855 $963,665 $307,005 $141,656 $516,787 $965,448 
Retained loans, average300,430 134,796 517,892 953,118 299,169 152,518 516,032 967,719 
Credit ratios
Allowance for loan losses to retained loans0.64 %8.86 %0.97 %2.02 %1.59 %12.57 %1.73 %(d)3.27 %
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans(c)
37 NM189 247 115 NM261 (d)412 
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans excluding credit card37 NM189 89 115 NM261 (d)180 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rates(0.01)2.60 0.02 0.38 0.05 3.28 0.18 0.63 
(a)Includes collateral dependent loans, including those considered TDRs and those for which foreclosure is deemed probable, modified PCD loans, and non-collateral dependent loans that have been modified or are reasonably expected to be modified in a change in the accounting for PCI loans, which are considered PCD loans under CECL. In conjunction with the adoption of CECL, the Firm reclassifiedTDR. Also includes risk-rated loans and lending-related commitments from the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment tothat have been placed on nonaccrual status for the wholesale portfolio segment,segment. The asset-specific credit card allowance for loan losses modified or reasonably expected to align withbe modified in a TDR is calculated based on the methodology applied when determiningloans’ original contractual interest rates and does not consider any incremental penalty rates.
(b)Excludes the allowance. allowance for credit losses on investment securities of $87 million and $23 million as of June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(c)The Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(d)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.

Allowance for credit losses and related information     
 
2020(d)
 2019
Six months ended June 30,
Consumer, excluding
credit card
Credit cardWholesaleTotal 
Consumer, excluding
credit card
Credit cardWholesaleTotal
(in millions, except ratios) 
Allowance for loan losses         
Beginning balance at January 1,$2,538
$5,683
$4,902
$13,123
 $3,434
$5,184
$4,827
$13,445
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle297
5,517
(1,642)4,172
 NA
NA
NA
NA
Gross charge-offs425
2,863
491
3,779
 445
2,725
176
3,346
Gross recoveries collected(348)(372)(30)(750) (270)(283)(29)(582)
Net charge-offs77
2,491
461
3,029
 175
2,442
147
2,764
Write-offs of PCI loans(a)
NA
NA
NA
NA
 89
—
—
89
Provision for loan losses2,115
9,091
6,619
17,825
 (246)2,642
173
2,569
Other(1)—
2
1
 —
(1)6
5
Ending balance at June 30,$4,872
$17,800
$9,420
$32,092
 $2,924
$5,383
$4,859
$13,166
          
Allowance for lending-related commitments         
Beginning balance at January 1,$12
$—
$1,179
$1,191
 $12
$—
$1,043
$1,055
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle133
—
(35)98
 NA
NA
NA
NA
Provision for lending-related commitments95
—
825
920
 —
—
75
75
Other1
—
(1)—
 —
—
(1)(1)
Ending balance at June 30,$241
$—
$1,968
$2,209
 $12
$—
$1,117
$1,129
          
Impairment methodology         
Asset-specific(b)
$263
$642
$757
$1,662
 $87
$472
$346
$905
Portfolio-based4,609
17,158
8,663
30,430
 1,538
4,911
4,513
10,962
PCINA
NA
NA
NA
 1,299
—
—
1,299
Total allowance for loan losses$4,872
$17,800
$9,420
$32,092
 $2,924
$5,383
$4,859
$13,166
          
Impairment methodology         
Asset-specific$—
$—
$115
$115
 $—
$—
$136
$136
Portfolio-based241
—
1,853
2,094
 12
—
981
993
Total allowance for lending-related commitments$241
$—
$1,968
$2,209
 $12
$—
$1,117
$1,129
          
Total allowance for credit losses$5,113
$17,800
$11,388
$34,301
 $2,936
$5,383
$5,976
$14,295
          
Memo:         
Retained loans, end of period$307,005
$141,656
$516,787
$965,448
 $314,675
$157,568
$475,485
$947,728
Retained loans, average299,169
152,518
516,032
967,719
 326,418
152,435
471,999
950,852
Credit ratios         
Allowance for loan losses to retained loans1.59%12.57%1.82%3.32% 0.93%3.42%1.02%1.39%
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans(c)
115
NM
275
418
 96
NM
341
295
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans excluding credit card115
NM
275
186
 96
NM
341
174
Net charge-off rates0.05
3.28
0.18
0.63
 0.11
3.23
0.06
0.59
(a)Prior to the adoption of CECL, write-offs of PCI loans were recorded against the allowance for loan losses when actual losses for a pool exceeded estimated losses that were recorded as purchase accounting adjustments at the time of acquisition. A write-off of a PCI loan was recognized when the underlying loan was removed from a pool.
(b)Includes modified PCD loans and loans that have been modified or are reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR. Also includes risk-rated loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status for the wholesale portfolio segment. The asset-specific credit card allowance for loan losses modified or reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR is calculated based on the loans’ original contractual interest rates and does not consider any incremental penalty rates.
(c)The Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(d)Excludes HTM securities, which had an allowance for credit losses of $23 million and a provision for credit losses of $13 million as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

74


INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO RISK MANAGEMENT
Investment portfolio risk is the risk associated with the loss of principal or a reduction in expected returns on investments arising from the investment securities portfolio or from principal investments. The investment securities portfolio is predominantly held by Treasury and CIO in connection with the Firm’s balance sheet or asset-liability management objectives. Principal investments are predominantly privately-held non-traded financial instruments and are managed in the LOBs and Corporate. Investments are typically intended to be held over extended periods and, accordingly, the Firm has no expectation for short-term realized gains with respect to these investments.
Investment securities risk
Investment securities risk includes the exposure associated with a default in the payment of principal and interest. This risk is mitigated given that the investment securities portfolio held by Treasury and CIO is predominantly invested in high-quality securities. At June 30, 2020,2021, the Treasury and CIO investment securities portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses, was $556.7$571.6 billion, and the average credit rating of the securities comprising the portfolio was AA+ (based upon external ratings where available and where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings). Refer to Corporate segment results on page 46pages 42-43 and Note 109 for further information on the investment securities portfolio and internal risk ratings. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 80-8476-80 for further information on the market risk inherent in the portfolio. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 55-5951-55 for further information on related liquidity risk.

Principal investment risk
Principal investments are typically privateprivately held non-traded financial instruments representing ownership or other forms of junior capital and span multiple asset classes. These investments are made by dedicated investing businesses or as part of a broader business strategy. In general, new principal investments include tax-oriented investments as well asand investments made to enhance or accelerate LOBthe Firm’s business strategies. The Firm’s investments will continue to evolve in line with its strategies, including the Firm’s commitment to support underserved communities and Corporate strategic business initiatives.minority-owned businesses. The Firm’s principal investments are managed by the LOBs and Corporate and are reflected within their respective financial results. The aggregate carrying values of the principal investment portfolios have not been significantly affected by recent market events as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the duration and severity of adverse macroeconomic conditions could subject certain principal investments to impairments, write-downs, or other negative impacts.
As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019,The table below presents the aggregate carrying values of the principal investment portfolios were $24.5 billionas June 30, 2021 and $24.2 billion, respectively, which included December 31, 2020.
(in billions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Tax-oriented investments, primarily in alternative energy and affordable housing(a)
$20.4 $20.0 
Private equity, various debt and equity instruments, and real assets6.4 6.2 
Total carrying value$26.8 $26.2 
(a)tax-oriented investments (e.g., affordable housing and alternative energy investments) of $18.5 billion and $18.2 billion respectively, and private equity, various debt and equity instruments, and real assets of $6.0 billion atPrior-period amount has been revised to conform with the end of both periods.current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Refer to page 118134 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Investment Portfolio Risk Management governance and oversight.

75


MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT
Market risk is the risk associated with the effect of changes in market factors such as interest and foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices, credit spreads or implied volatilities, on the value of assets and liabilities held for both the short and long term. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 119–126135–142 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Market Risk Management organization, market risk measurement, risk monitoring and control, and predominant business activities that give rise to market risk.
COVID-19 Pandemic
Market Risk Management iscontinues to actively monitoringmonitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on market risk exposures by leveraging existing risk measures and controls.
Models used to measure market risk are inherently imprecise and may beare limited in their ability to measure certain risks or to predict losses. This imprecision may be heightened when sudden or severe shifts in market conditions occur, such as those observed during the COVID-19 pandemic.occur. For additional discussion on model uncertainty refer to Estimations and Model Risk Management on page 87.83.
Market Risk Management periodically reviews the Firm’s existing market risk measures to identify opportunities for enhancement, and to the extent appropriate, will calibrate those measures accordingly over time. This is increasingly important in periods of sustained, heightened market volatility.



Value-at-risk
JPMorgan Chase utilizes value-at-risk (“VaR”), a statistical risk measure, to estimate the potential loss from adverse market moves in the current market environment. The Firm has a single VaR framework used as a basis for calculating Risk Management VaR and Regulatory VaR.
The Firm’s Risk Management VaR is calculated assuming a one-day holding period and an expected tail-loss methodology which approximates a 95% confidence level. For risk management purposes, the Firm believes this methodology provides a daily measure of risk that is closely aligned to risk management decisions made by the LOBs and Corporate and, along with other market risk measures, provides the appropriate information needed to respond to risk events. The Firm calculates separately a daily aggregated VaR in accordance with regulatory rules (“Regulatory VaR”), which is used to derive the Firm’s regulatory VaR-based capital requirements under Basel III.
The Firm’s VaR model calculations are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the composition of the Firm’s portfolios, changes in market conditions, improvements in the Firm’s modeling techniques and measurements, and other factors. Such changes may affect historical comparisons of VaR results. Refer to Estimations and Model Risk Management on page 135151 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for information regarding model reviews and approvals.
Refer to page 121137 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information regarding VaR, including the inherent limitations, and the key differences between Risk Management VaR and Regulatory VaR. Refer to JPMorgan Chase’s Basel III Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, at:
(http://investor.shareholder.com/jpmorganchase/basel.cfm) for additional information on Regulatory VaR and the other components of market risk regulatory capital for the Firm (e.g., VaR-based measure, stressed VaR-based measure and the respective backtesting). Refer to Other risk measures on pages 124-126140-142 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information regarding nonstatistical market risk measures used by the Firm.


76

The table below shows the results of the Firm’s Risk Management VaR measure using a 95% confidence level. VaR can vary significantly as positions change, market volatility fluctuates, and diversification benefits change.
Total VaR
Three months ended
June 30, 2021March 31, 2021June 30, 2020
(in millions) Avg.MinMax Avg.MinMax Avg.MinMax
CIB trading VaR by risk type
Fixed income$39 $33 $44 $125 $34 $153 $129 $109 $155 
Foreign exchange6 4 9 11 5 27 9 7 13 
Equities18 11 23 22 19 38 27 22 35 
Commodities and other22 12 35 33 22 43 32 21 44 
Diversification benefit to CIB trading VaR(44)(a) NM(b) NM(b)(90)(a)NM(b)NM(b)(69)(a)NM(b)NM(b)
CIB trading VaR41 34 

51 

101 40 134 128 104 158 
Credit portfolio VaR6 4 9 8 5 12 22 18 28 
Diversification benefit to CIB VaR(6)(a) NM(b) NM(b)(10)(a)NM(b)NM(b)(23)(a)NM(b)NM(b)
CIB VaR41 34 

52 

99 39 133 127 101 157 
CCB VaR5 4 7 6 4 11 5 2 12 
Corporate and other LOB VaR20 

18 

22 

45 (c)20 94 (c)15 11 18 
Diversification benefit to other VaR(5)(a) NM(b) NM(b)(6)(a)NM(b)NM(b)(4)(a)NM(b)NM(b)
Other VaR20 19 

22 

45 21 94 16 13 18 
Diversification benefit to CIB and other VaR(18)(a) NM(b) NM(b)(38)(a)NM(b)NM(b)(13)(a)NM(b)NM(b)
Total VaR$43 $35 

$52 

$106 $40 $153 $130 $106 $163 
Total VaR                    
 Three months ended 
 June 30, 2020
March 31, 2020 June 30, 2019 
(in millions) Avg.MinMax  Avg.MinMax  Avg.MinMax
 
CIB trading VaR by risk type                    
Fixed income$129
 $109

$155

 $60
 $30
 $156
  $39
 $33
 $45
 
Foreign exchange9
 7

13

 7
 4
 11
  7
 5
 12
 
Equities27
 22

35

 20
 13
 41
  25
 14
 31
 
Commodities and other32
 21

44

 10
 7
 24
  9
 7
 10
 
Diversification benefit to CIB trading VaR(69)
(a) 
 NM
(b) 
 NM
(b) 
 (40)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
 (36)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
CIB trading VaR128
 104

158

 57
 27
 160
  44
 34
 55
 
Credit portfolio VaR22
 18

28

 9
 3
 25
  5
 4
 7
 
Diversification benefit to CIB VaR(23)
(a) 
 NM
(b) 
 NM
(b) 
 (8)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
 (5)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
CIB VaR127
 101

157

 58
 27
 162
  44
 35
 55
 
   

 

    

 

    

 

 
CCB VaR5
 2

12

 7
 3
 11
  4
 2
 7
 
Corporate and other LOB VaR15
 11

18

 11
 9
 14
  10
 9
 10
 
Diversification benefit to other VaR(4)
(a) 
 NM
(b) 
 NM
(b) 
 (5)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
 (5)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
Other VaR16
 13

18

 13
 10
 16
  9
 8
 11
 
Diversification benefit to CIB and other VaR(13)
(a) 
 NM
(b) 
 NM
(b) 
 (12)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
 (7)
(a) 
NM
(b) 
NM
(b) 
Total VaR$130
 $106

$163

 $59
 $27
 $164
  $46
 $36
 $57
 
(a)(a)Diversification benefit represents the difference between the portfolio VaR and the sum of its individual components. This reflects the non-additive nature of VaR due to imperfect correlation across LOBs, Corporate, and risk types.
(b)The maximum and minimum VaR for each portfolio may have occurred on different trading days than the components and consequently diversification benefit is not meaningful.
Generally, average VaR across the risk types and LOBs was higher due to increased volatility, whichimperfect correlation across LOBs, Corporate, and risk types.
(b)The maximum and minimum VaR for each portfolio may have occurred on different trading days than the components and consequently diversification benefit is not meaningful.
(c)Average and maximum Corporate and other LOB VaR for the three months ended March 31, 2021 were driven by a private equity position that became publicly traded at the end of the first quarter as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and has been incorporated into average VaR results for the entirety of the secondthird quarter of 2020. As of March 31, 2021 the Firm no longer held this position.
Results
Quarter over quarter results
Average total VaR increaseddecreased by $71 million and $84$63 million for the three months ended June 30, 20202021 when compared with the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and June 30, 2019, respectively.2021. This increasedecrease was driven by volatility which occurred at the substantial increase in volatility inonset of the COVID-19 pandemic rolling out of the one-year historical look-backlook back period, as a resultlargely impacting exposures in fixed income and equities.
Year over year results
Average total VaR decreased by $87 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the same period in the prior year. This decrease was driven by volatility which occurred at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The most significant impacts were reflectedpandemic rolling out of the one-year historical look back period, predominantly impacting exposure in the fixed income and commodities risk types.
income.

Effective JanuaryJuly 1, 2020, the Firm refined the scope of VaR to exclude positions related to the risk management of interest rate exposure from changes in the Firm’s own credit spread oncertain asset-backed fair value option elected liabilities,loans, and included these positionsthem in other sensitivity-based measures.measures to more effectively measure the risk from these loans. In the absence of this refinement, the average Total VaR and each of the components would have been different by the amounts reported in the following table:
(in millions)Amount by which reported VaR would have been different for the three months ended June 30, 2020
CIB fixed income VaR $(11) 
CIB trading VaR (11) 
CIB VaR (8) 
Total VaR (8) 
(in millions)Amount by which reported average VaR would have been different for the three months ended June 30, 2021
CIB fixed income VaR$2 
CIB trading VaR(1)
CIB VaR— 
Total VaR(1)

77

The following graph presents daily Risk Management VaR for the five trailing quarters. As noted previously, average total VaR decreased by $87 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the same period in the prior year. Daily Risk Management VaR has also declined from March 31, 2020, returning to near pre-pandemic levels, as the volatility which occurred in late March of 2020 at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has rolled out of the one-year historical look-back period.
Daily Risk Management VaR
jpm-20210630_g2.jpg
Second Quarter
2020		Third Quarter
2020		Fourth Quarter
2020		First Quarter
2021		Second Quarter
2021
VaR backtesting
The Firm performs daily VaR model backtesting, which compares the daily Risk Management VaR results with the daily gains and losses that are utilized for VaR backtesting purposes. The gains and losses depicted in the chart below do not reflect the Firm’s reported revenue results as they exclude select components of total net revenue, such as those associated with the execution of new transactions (i.e., intraday client-driven trading and intraday risk management activities), fees, commissions, certain valuation adjustments and net interest income. These excluded components of total net revenue may more than offset backtesting gains and losses on a particular day. The definition of backtesting gains and losses above is consistent with the requirements for backtesting under Basel III capital rules.
For the 12 months ended June 30, 2021, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 157 of the 259 days, and observed four VaR backtesting exceptions. For the three months ended June 30, 2021, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 30 of the 65 days, and observed four VaR backtesting exceptions.
The following chart comparespresents the distribution of Firmwide daily backtesting gains and losses for the trailing 12 months and three months ended June 30, 2021. The daily backtesting losses are displayed as a percentage of the corresponding daily Risk Management VaR. The count of days with backtesting losses are shown in aggregate, in fifty percentage point intervals. A backtesting exception occurs when the Firm’sdaily backtesting loss exceeds the daily Risk Management VaR for the 12 months ended June 30, 2020.prior day. Backtesting exceptions are displayed within the intervals that are greater than one hundred percent. The results in the chart below differ from the results of backtesting disclosed in the Market Risk section of the Firm’s Basel III Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are based on Regulatory VaR applied to the Firm’s covered positions.
For the 12 months ended June 30, 2020, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 142Distribution of the 260 days, and observed 16 VaR backtesting exceptions, which was higher than the statistically expected number of backtesting exceptions due to recent market volatility being materially higher than the levels realized in the historical data used for the VaR calculation. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 38 of the 65 days, and observed two VaR backtesting exceptions as higher volatility became fully embedded in the look-back period used for the VaR calculation. Firmwide backtesting loss days can differ from the loss days for which Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets posted losses, as disclosed in the CIB Markets revenue results, as the population of positions which compose each metric are different and due to the exclusion of select components of total net revenue in backtesting gains and losses as described above. For more information on CIB Markets revenue results, refer to page 36 .
Daily Risk Management VaR Backtesting Results
12 months ended June 30, 2020
Backtesting Gains and Losses
jpm-20210630_g3.jpg
Risk Management VaR (1-day, 95% Confidence level)
chart-09987098e56854f39b9.jpg
78
Third Quarter

2019
Fourth Quarter
2019
First Quarter
2020
Second Quarter
2020

Earnings-at-risk
The effect of interest rate exposure on the Firm’s reported net income is important as interest rate risk represents one of the Firm’s significant market risks. Interest rate risk arises not only from trading activities but also from the Firm’s traditional banking activities, which include extension of loans and credit facilities, taking deposits and issuing debt as well as from the investment securities portfolio. Refer to the table on page 120136 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a summary by LOB and Corporate, identifying positions included in earnings-at-risk.
One way the Firm evaluates its structural interest rate risk is through earnings-at-risk. Earnings-at-risk estimates the Firm’s interest rate exposure for a given interest rate scenario. It is presented as a sensitivity to a baseline, which includes net interest income and certain interest rate sensitive fees. The baseline uses market interest rates and in the case of deposits, pricing assumptions. The Firm conducts simulations of changes to this baseline for interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars and other currencies (“non-U.S. dollar” currencies). These simulations primarily include retained loans, deposits, deposits with banks, investment securities, long termlong-term debt and any related interest rate hedges, and excludefunds transfer pricing of other positions in risk management VaR and other sensitivity-based measures as described on page 120136 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K.
Earnings-at-risk scenarios estimate the potential change to a net interest income baseline, over the following 12 months utilizing multiple assumptions. These scenarios include a parallel shift involving changes to both short-term and long-term rates by an equal amount; a steeper yield curve involving holding short-term rates constant and increasing long-term rates; and a flatter yield curve involving increasing short-term rates and holding long-term rates constant. These scenarios consider many different factors, including:
•The impact on exposures as a result of instantaneous changes in interest rates from baseline rates.
•Forecasted balance sheet, as well as modeled prepayment and reinvestment behavior, but do not include assumptions about actions that could be taken by the Firm or its clients and customers in response to any such instantaneous rate changes. Mortgage prepayment assumptions are based on the interest rates used in the scenarios compared with underlying contractual rates, the time since origination, and other factors which are updated periodically based on historical experience.
•The pricing sensitivity of deposits, using normalizedknown as deposit betas, which represent the amount by which deposit rates paid could change upon a given change in market interest rates over the cycle.rates. The deposit rates paid in these scenarios may differ from actual deposit rates paid, particularly for retail deposits, due to repricing lags and other factors.
The Firm’s earnings-at-risk scenarios are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the composition of the Firm’s balance sheet, changes in market conditions, improvements in the Firm’s simulation and other factors. While a relevant measure of the Firm’s interest rate exposure, the earnings at risk analysis does not represent a forecast of the Firm’s net interest income (Refer to 2020 Outlook on page 8 for additional information).
The Firm’s U.S. dollar sensitivities are presented in the table below.
(in billions)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
(in billions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Parallel shift:   Parallel shift:
+100 bps shift in rates$3.7
 $0.3
+100 bps shift in rates$6.2 $6.9 
Steeper yield curve:   Steeper yield curve:
+100 bps shift in long-term rates1.7
 1.2
+100 bps shift in long-term rates1.1 2.4 
Flatter yield curve:   Flatter yield curve:
+100 bps shift in short-term rates2.0
 (0.9)+100 bps shift in short-term rates5.1 4.5 
The change in the Firm’s U.S. dollar sensitivities as of June 30, 20202021 compared to December 31, 20192020 reflected updates to the Firm’s baseline for lower short-term andhigher long-term rates as well as the impact of changes in the Firm’s balance sheet.
The Firm’s sensitivity to rates is primarily a result of assets repricing at a faster pace than deposits.
Based upon current and implied market rates as of June 30, 2020,2021, scenarios reflecting lower rates could result in negative interest rates. The U.S. has never experienced an interest rate environment where the Federal Reserve has a negative interest rate policy. In a negative interest rate environment, the modeling assumptions used for certain assets and liabilities require additional management judgment.judgment and therefore, the actual outcomes may differ from these assumptions.
The Firm’s non-U.S. dollar sensitivities are presented in the table below.
(in billions)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
(in billions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Parallel shift:   Parallel shift:
+100 bps shift in rates$0.7
 $0.5
+100 bps shift in rates$0.8 $0.9 
Flatter yield curve:   Flatter yield curve:
+100 bps shift in short-term rates0.7
 0.5
+100 bps shift in short-term rates0.8 0.8 
The results of the non-U.S. dollar interest rate scenario involving a steeper yield curve with long-term rates rising by 100 basis points and short-term rates staying at current levels were not material to the Firm’s earnings-at-risk at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020.
79

Other sensitivity-based measures
The Firm quantifies the market risk of certain non-traded debt and equity and funding activities by assessing the potential impact on net revenue, other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and noninterest expense due to changes in relevant market variables. Refer to the table Predominantpredominant business activities that give rise to market risk on page 120136 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on the positions captured in other sensitivity-based measures.
The table below represents the potential impact to net revenue, OCI or noninterest expense for market risk-sensitive instruments that are not included in VaR or earnings-at-risk. Where appropriate, instruments used for hedging purposes are reported net of the positions being hedged. The sensitivities disclosed in the table below may not be representative of the actual gain or loss that would have been realized at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, as the movement in market parameters across maturities may vary and are not intended to imply management’s expectation of future changes in these sensitivities.
Gain/(loss) (in millions)
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
ActivityDescriptionSensitivity measure
Debt and equity(a)
Asset Management activities
Consists of seed capital and related hedges; fund co-investments(b); and certain deferred compensation and related hedges(c)
10% decline in market value$(38)$(48)
Other debt and equity
Consists of certain asset-backed fair value option elected loans, privately held equity and other investments held at fair value(b)
10% decline in market value(953)(919)
Funding activities
Non-USD LTD cross-currency basis
Represents the basis risk on derivatives used to hedge the foreign exchange risk on the non-USD LTD(d)
1 basis point parallel tightening of cross currency basis(18)(16)
Non-USD LTD hedges foreign currency (“FX”) exposure
Primarily represents the foreign exchange revaluation on the fair value of the derivative hedges(d)
10% depreciation of currency20 13 
Derivatives – funding spread risk
Impact of changes in the spread related to derivatives FVA(b)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread(3)(4)
Fair value option elected liabilities – funding spread risk
Impact of changes in the spread related to fair value option elected liabilities DVA(d)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread38 33 
Fair value option elected liabilities – interest rate sensitivity
Interest rate sensitivity on fair value option elected liabilities resulting from a change in the Firm’s own credit spread(d)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread(1)(3)
Interest rate sensitivity related to risk management of changes in the Firm’s own credit spread on the fair value option elected liabilities noted above(b)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread1 3 
(a)Excludes equity securities without readily determinable fair values that are measured under the measurement alternative. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(b)Impact recognized through net revenue.
(c)Impact recognized through noninterest expense.
(d)Impact recognized through OCI.
80
Gain/(loss) (in millions)
     June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
Activity Description Sensitivity measure  
         
Non-traded debt and equity(a)
        
Asset Management activities 
Consists of seed capital and related hedges; fund co-investments(b); and certain deferred compensation and related hedges(c)
 10% decline in market value $(60) $(68)
Other investments 
Consists of privately held equity and other investments held at fair value(b)
 10% decline in market value (181) (192)
         
Funding activities        
Non-USD LTD cross-currency basis 
Represents the basis risk on derivatives used to hedge the foreign exchange risk on the non-USD LTD(d)
 1 basis point parallel tightening of cross currency basis (16) (17)
Non-USD LTD hedges foreign currency (“FX”) exposure 
Primarily represents the foreign exchange revaluation on the fair value of the derivative hedges(d)
 10% depreciation of currency 1
 15
Derivatives – funding spread risk 
Impact of changes in the spread related to derivatives FVA(b)
 1 basis point parallel increase in spread (6) (5)
Fair value option elected liabilities – funding spread risk 
Impact of changes in the spread related to fair value option elected liabilities DVA(d)
 1 basis point parallel increase in spread 32
 29
Fair value option elected liabilities – interest rate sensitivity 
Interest rate sensitivity on fair value option liabilities resulting from a change in the Firm’s own credit spread(d)
 1 basis point parallel increase in spread 2
 (2)
 
Interest rate sensitivity related to risk management of changes in the Firm’s own credit spread on fair value option liabilities(b)

 1 basis point parallel increase in spread (2) 2
(a)Excludes equity securities without readily determinable fair values that are measured under the measurement alternative. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(b)Impact recognized through net revenue.
(c)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm refined the approach for risk management of certain deferred compensation, which is recognized through noninterest expense. As a result, certain deferred compensation and related hedges are now included in other sensitivity-based measures.
(d)Impact recognized through OCI.


COUNTRY RISK MANAGEMENT
The Firm, through its LOBs and Corporate, may be exposed to country risk resulting from financial, economic, political or other significant developments which adversely affect the value of the Firm’s exposures related to a particular country or set of countries. The Country Risk Management group actively monitors the various portfolios which may be impacted by these developments and measures the extent to which the Firm’s exposures are diversified given the Firm’s strategy and risk tolerance relative to a country.
Refer to pages 127–128 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s country risk management.
COVID-19 Pandemic
Country Risk Management continues to monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on countriesindividual countries.
Refer to whichpages 143-144 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm has exposure, leveraging tailored analysis and existing stress testing, exposure reporting and controls.Firm’s country risk management.
Risk Reporting
The following table presents the Firm’s top 20 exposures by country (excluding the U.S.) as of June 30, 20202021 and their comparative exposures as of December 31, 2019.2020. The selection of countries represents the Firm’s largest total exposures by individual country, based on the Firm’s internal country risk management approach, and does not represent the Firm’s view of any actualexisting or potentially adverse credit conditions. Country exposures may fluctuate from period to period due to client activity and market flows.
The overall increase in top 20 exposuresexposure to Australia was predominantlydue to increased cash placements with the central bank of Australia, driven by client activity following policy decisions in the country and demand for liquidity, relativegrowth in client deposits.

















Top 20 country exposures (excluding the U.S.)(a)

(in billions)		June 30, 2021
December 31, 2020(e)
Lending and deposits(b)
Trading and investing(c)
Other(d)
Total exposureTotal exposure
Germany$123.1 $3.1 $0.4 $126.6 $127.2 
United Kingdom55.8 14.7 1.9 72.4 68.4 
Japan35.5 9.3 0.3 45.1 45.6 
Australia23.5 4.7 — 28.2 15.9 
China9.8 7.9 2.1 19.8 21.2 
Switzerland12.6 0.5 5.5 18.6 18.7 
Canada15.8 1.2 0.2 17.2 14.5 
France12.2 1.5 2.6 16.3 18.8 
Brazil4.6 9.7 — 14.3 10.8 
Spain9.7 3.2 — 12.9 5.8 
Netherlands9.3 1.4 1.7 12.4 7.7 
Luxembourg10.9 1.1 — 12.0 12.4 
Italy4.8 6.4 0.2 11.4 9.7 
India5.3 4.4 1.3 11.0 10.5 
South Korea4.3 5.9 0.4 10.6 10.1 
Singapore5.3 2.8 1.0 9.1 8.7 
Hong Kong SAR5.1 1.8 0.4 7.3 6.2 
Saudi Arabia5.3 1.7 — 7.0 5.8 
Belgium2.4 1.5 0.1 4.0 4.0 
Sweden4.0 (0.2)— 3.8 4.3 
(a)Country exposures presented in the table reflect 90% of total Firmwide non-U.S. exposure, where exposure is attributed to the period endingan individual country, at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2019. This resulted2020.
(b)Lending and deposits includes loans and accrued interest receivable, lending related commitments (net of eligible collateral and the allowance for credit losses), deposits with banks (including central banks), acceptances, other monetary assets, and issued letters of credit net of participations. Excludes intra-day and operating exposures, such as those from settlement and clearing activities.
(c)Includes market-making inventory, Investment securities, and counterparty exposure on derivative and securities financings net of eligible collateral and hedging. Includes exposure from single reference entity (“single-name”), index and other multiple reference entity transactions for which one or more of the underlying reference entities is in an increasea country listed in cash placements primarily with the central banksabove table.
(d)Predominantly includes physical commodity inventory.
(e)The country rankings presented in the table as of Germany,December 31, 2020, are based on the United Kingdom and Australia.country rankings of the corresponding exposures at June 30, 2021, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2020.
Top 20 country exposures (excluding the U.S.)(a)

(in billions)		June 30, 2020 
December 31, 2019(e)
 
Lending and deposits(b)
Trading and investing(c)
Other(d)
Total exposure Total exposure
Germany$72.4
$7.5
$0.9
$80.8
 $51.6
United Kingdom46.8
10.3
1.6
58.7
 42.4
Japan34.1
6.6
0.3
41.0
 43.8
France12.0
11.0
3.8
26.8
 18.1
China9.6
10.6
1.0
21.2
 19.2
Australia13.1
6.0
0.6
19.7
 11.7
Switzerland10.0
0.7
3.8
14.5
 18.3
Canada11.7
1.2
0.2
13.1
 13.2
Luxembourg10.3
0.7
—
11.0
 12.9
Netherlands5.2
0.1
4.9
10.2
 9.0
Italy4.8
5.1
0.1
10.0
 6.8
India4.0
5.1
0.9
10.0
 11.3
Brazil4.3
4.7
—
9.0
 7.2
Singapore4.7
2.2
1.8
8.7
 6.8
South Korea3.7
3.5
0.4
7.6
 6.4
Saudi Arabia5.3
0.9
—
6.2
 5.2
Spain3.2
1.5
0.1
4.8
 5.8
Mexico3.7
0.8
—
4.5
 4.7
Hong Kong SAR1.9
1.6
1.0
4.5
 5.1
Malaysia1.7
1.1
1.5
4.3
 3.4
81
(a)Country exposures presented in the table reflect 89% and 88% of total firmwide non-U.S. exposure, where exposure is attributed to a specific country, at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(b)Lending and deposits includes loans and accrued interest receivable (net of eligible collateral and the allowance for loan losses), deposits with banks (including central banks), acceptances, other monetary assets, issued letters of credit net of participations, and unused commitments to extend credit. Excludes intra-day and operating exposures, such as those from settlement and clearing activities.
(c)Includes market-making inventory, AFS securities, and counterparty exposure on derivative and securities financings net of eligible collateral and hedging. Includes exposure from single reference entity (“single-name”), index and other multiple reference entity transactions for which one or more of the underlying reference entities is in a country listed in the above table.
(d)Predominantly includes physical commodity inventory.
(e)The country rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2019, are based on the country rankings of the corresponding exposures at June 30, 2020, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2019.


OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Operational risk is the risk associated withof an adverse outcome resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems; human factors; or external events impacting the Firm’s processes or systems; itOperational Risk includes compliance, conduct, legal, and estimations and model risk. Operational risk is inherent in the Firm’s activities and can manifest itself in various ways, including fraudulent acts, business interruptions, cybersecuritycyber attacks, inappropriate employee behavior, failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or failure of vendors to perform in accordance with their agreements. Operational Risk Management attempts to manage operational risk at appropriate levels in light of the Firm’s financial position, the characteristics of its businesses, and the markets and regulatory environments in which it operates. Refer to Operational Risk Management on pages 129-131145-147 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Operational Risk Management.
Subcategories and examples of operational risks
Operational risk can manifest itself in various ways. Operational risk subcategories such as Compliance risk, Conduct risk, Legal risk, and Estimations and Model risk as well as other operational risks, can lead to losses which are captured through the Firm’s operational risk measurement processes. Refer to Compliance Risk Management on page 132,148, Conduct Risk Management on page 133,149, Legal Risk Management on page 134150 and Estimations and Model Risk Management on page 135151 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for more information. Details on other select examples of operational risks are provided below.
Business and Technology Resiliency Risktechnology resiliency risk
Business disruptions can occur due to forces beyond the Firm’s control such as the spread of infectious diseases or pandemics, severe weather, power or telecommunications loss, accidents, failure of a third party to provide expected services, cyberattack, flooding, transit strikes, terrorism and health emergencies,emergencies. The safety of the spreadFirm’s employees and customers is of infectious diseases or pandemics.the highest priority. The Firmwide resiliency program is intended to enable the Firm to recover its critical business functions and supporting assets (i.e., staff, technology and facilities) in the event of a business interruption, while prioritizing the health and safety
of employees and customers.interruption. The program includes governance, awareness training, and testing of recovery strategies, as well as strategic and tactical initiatives to identify, assess, and manage business interruption and public safety risks. The strength and proficiency of the Firmwide resiliency program has played an integral role in maintaining the Firm’s business operations during and after various events.
Cybersecurity Risk
Due to the ongoing impact of COVID-19, Pandemicthe Firm continues to leverage use of remote access and video conferencing solutions provided by third parties to facilitate remote work. As a result, the Firm has deployed additional precautionary measures to mitigate cybersecurity risks.
Payment Fraud Risk
The Firm’s Technology and Cybersecurity operations continue to monitorrisk of payment fraud remains at a heightened level across the Firm’s systems 24 hours a day, seven days a week including responding to threat activity using COVID-19 themes in phishing and other social engineering campaigns.
The Technology function is actively supporting the Firm’s response to the impacts ofindustry, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic includingdue to the Firm’s expanded use of remote collaboration toolscontingent forms of payment authentication methods and platforms. Technology diligently monitors the operational performanceperpetuation of scams involving the Firm’s infrastructurepandemic, including an increase in the level of fraud attempts against consumers. The complexities of these incidents and the strategies used by perpetrators continue to support increased market volumesevolve. The Firm employs various controls for managing payment fraud risk as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.well as providing employee and client education and awareness trainings.
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ESTIMATIONS AND MODEL RISK MANAGEMENT

Estimations and Model risk, a subcategory of operational risk, is the potential for adverse consequences from decisions based on incorrect or misused estimation outputs.
The Firm uses models and other analytical and judgmentjudgment- based estimations across various businesses and functions. The estimation methods are of varying levels of sophistication and are used for many purposes, such as the valuation of positions and measurement of risk, sizing the allowance for credit losses, assessing regulatory capital requirements, conducting stress testing, and making business decisions.
While models are inherently imprecise, the degree of imprecision or uncertainty can be heightened by the market or economic environment. This is particularly true when the current and forecasted environment is significantly different from the historical macroeconomic environments upon which the models were calibrated,trained, as the Firm has experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. This uncertainty may necessitate a greater degree of judgment and analytics to inform adjustments to model outputs than in typical periods.
Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 88-9084-86 and Note 2 of this Form 10-Q, and Estimations and Model Risk Management section on page 135151 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a summary of model-based valuations and other valuation techniques.

83


CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES USED BY THE FIRM
JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies and use of estimates are integral to understanding its reported results. The Firm’s most complex accounting estimates require management’s judgment to ascertain the appropriate carrying value of assets and liabilities. The Firm has established policies and control procedures intended to ensure that estimation methods, including any judgments made as part of such methods, are well-controlled, independently reviewed and applied consistently from period to period. The methods used and judgments made reflect, among other factors, the nature of the assets or liabilities and the related business and risk management strategies, which may vary across the Firm’s businesses and portfolios. In addition, the policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the process for changing methodologies occurs in an appropriate manner. The Firm believes its estimates for determining the carrying value of its assets and liabilities are appropriate. The following is a brief description of the Firm’s critical accounting estimates involving significant judgments.
Allowance for credit losses
The Firm’s allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm’s financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments and investment securities.commitments. The allowance for credit losses comprises:
•The allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated),
•The allowance for lending-related commitments, and
•The allowance for credit losses on investment securities, which covers the Firm’s HTM and AFS securities.
The allowance for credit losses involves significant judgment on a number of matters including development and weighting of macroeconomic forecasts, incorporation of historical loss experience, assessment of risk characteristics, assignment of risk ratings, valuation of collateral, and the determination of remaining expected life. Refer to Note 10 and Note 13 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on these judgments as well as the Firm’s policies and methodologies used to determine the Firm’s allowance for credit losses.losses; and refer to Allowance for credit losses on pages 73-74 and Note 12 of this Form 10-Q for further information.
One of the most significant judgments involved in estimating the Firm’s allowance for credit losses relates to the macroeconomic forecasts used to estimate credit losses over the eight-quarter forecast period within the Firm’s methodology. The eight-quarter forecast incorporates hundreds of macroeconomic variables (“MEVs”)MEVs that are relevant for exposures across the Firm, with modeled credit losses being driven primarily by a subset of less than twenty variables. The specific variables that have the greatest effect on the modeled losses of each portfolio vary by portfolio and geography.
•Key MEVs for the consumer portfolio include U.S. unemployment, house price index (“HPI”)HPI and U.S. real gross domestic product (“GDP”).GDP.
•Key MEVs for the wholesale portfolio include U.S. real GDP, U.S. unemployment, U.S. equity prices, corporate credit spreads, oil prices, commercial real estate prices and HPI.
Changes in the Firm’s assumptions and forecasts of economic conditions could significantly affect its estimate of expected credit losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date or lead to significant changes in the estimate from one reporting period to the next.
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a weak labor market and weak overall economic conditions that will continue to affectaffected borrowers across the Firm’s consumer and wholesale lending portfolios. SignificantThe U.S. economy has continued to improve with the benefits of vaccination and as more businesses have reopened, thereby reducing certain pandemic-related macroeconomic uncertainties. However, uncertainties remain, including the pace of vaccination progress, the impact of additional waves and new virus strains, the health of underlying labor markets, and the potential for changes in consumer behavior that could have longer term impacts on certain sectors. Further, judgment is still required to estimate the severityspeed and duration of the current economic downturn, as well as its potential impact on borrower defaults and loss severities. In particular, macroeconomic conditions and forecasts regarding the duration and severitytrajectory of the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have been rapidly changing and remain highly uncertain. It is difficult to predict exactly how borrower behavior will be impacted by these changes in economic conditions. The effectiveness of government support, customer assistance and enhanced unemployment benefits should act as mitigants to credit losses, but the extent of the mitigation impact remains uncertain.recovery.
It is difficult to estimate how potential changes in any one factor or input might affect the overall allowance for credit losses because management considers a wide variety of factors and inputs in estimating the allowance for credit losses. Changes in the factors and inputs considered may not occur at the same rate and may not be consistent across all geographies or product types, and changes in factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor or input may offset deterioration in others.
To consider the impact of a hypothetical alternate macroeconomic forecast, the Firm compared the modeled credit losses determined using its central and relative adverse macroeconomic scenarios, which are two of the five scenarios considered in estimating the allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments. The central and relative adverse scenarios each included a full suite of MEVs, but differed in the levels, paths and peaks/troughs of those variables over the eight-quarter forecast period.
For example, compared to the Firm’s central scenario described on page 7773 and in Note 13,12, the Firm’s relative adverse scenario assumes a significantly elevated U.S. unemployment rate through the first half of 2021, averaging 3.6%approximately 2.4% higher over the eight-quarter forecast, with a peak difference of nearly 7%approximately 4.2% in the fourth quarter of 2020;2021; lower U.S. real GDP with a slower recovery, remaining nearly 4%2.5% lower at the end of the eight-quarter

forecast, with a peak difference of nearly 5.5%approximately 6.9% in the firstfourth quarter of 2021; and an 11% further deterioration in the
84

lower national HPI with a peak difference of nearly 11.2% and forecasted trough, both in the firstthird quarter of 2022.
This analysis is not intended to estimate expected future changes in the allowance for credit losses, for a number of reasons, including:
•the Firm has placed significant weightcontinues to place meaningful weighting on its adverse scenarios in estimating its allowance for credit losses as of June 30, 2020,2021, and accordingly, the existing allowance already reflects credit losses beyond those estimated under the central scenario
the changes in the MEVs are not intended to imply management’s expectation of the extent or nature of future deterioration in MEVs
•the impacts of changes in many MEVs are both interrelated and nonlinear, so the results of this analysis cannot be simply extrapolated for more severe changes in macroeconomic variables
•the COVID-19 pandemic has stressed many MEVs at a speed and to degrees not seenused in recent history, adding significantly higher degreesthe Firm's allowance estimate, which has created challenges in the use of uncertainty around modeled credit loss estimations which use scenarios outside of historical experience
•significant changes in the expected severity and duration of the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of government support and customer assistance, and the speed and trajectory of the subsequent recovery could significantly affect the Firm’s estimate of expected credit losses irrespective of the estimated sensitivities described below.
To demonstrate the sensitivity of credit loss estimates to macroeconomic forecasts as of June 30, 2020,2021, the Firm compared the modeled estimates under its relative adverse scenario to its central scenario. Without considering the additional weight the Firm has placed on its adverse scenarios or any other offsetting or correlated effects in other qualitative components of the Firm’s allowance for credit losses for these lending exposures, the differencecomparison between these two scenarios would result inreflects the following:following differences:
•An increase of approximately $2 billion$300 million for residential real estate loans and lending-related commitments
•An increase of approximately $4$2.8 billion for credit card loans
•An increase of approximately $7$1.7 billion for wholesale loans and lending-related commitments
This analysis relates only to the modeled credit loss estimates and is not intended to estimate changes in the overall allowance for credit losses as it does not reflect any potential changes in other adjustments to the quantitative calculation, which would also be influenced by the judgment management applies to the modeled lifetime loss estimates to reflect the uncertainty and imprecision of these modeled lifetime loss estimates based on then-current circumstances
and conditions.
Recognizing that forecasts of macroeconomic conditions are inherently uncertain, particularly in light of the recent economic conditions, the Firm believes that its process to consider the available information and associated risks and uncertainties is appropriately governed and that its
estimates of expected credit losses were reasonable and appropriate for the period ended June 30, 2020.2021.
Fair value
JPMorgan Chase carries a portion of its assets and liabilities at fair value. The majority of such assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including, derivatives, structured note products and certain securities financing agreements. Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including certain mortgage, home equity and other loans, where the carrying value is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.
Assets measured at fair value
The following table includes the Firm’s assets measured at fair value and the portion of such assets that are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Note 2 for further information.
June 30, 2021
(in billions, except ratios)
Total assets at fair valueTotal level 3 assets
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$254.6 $— 
Securities borrowed70.0 — 
Trading assets:
Trading–debt and equity instruments449.8 2.6 
Derivative receivables(a)
70.7 6.5 
Total trading assets520.5 9.1 
AFS securities232.2 — 
Loans61.8 1.7 
MSRs4.5 4.5 
Other51.6 0.6 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis
1,195.2 15.9 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis3.2 1.2 
Total assets measured at fair value
$1,198.4 $17.1 
Total Firm assets$3,684.3 
Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets(a)
0.5 %
Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets at fair value(a)
1.4 %
(a)For purposes of the table above, the derivative receivables total reflects the impact of netting adjustments; however, the $6.5 billion of derivative receivables classified as level 3 does not reflect the netting adjustment as such netting is not relevant to a presentation based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.

June 30, 2020
(in billions, except ratios)
Total assets at fair value Total level 3 assets
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements

$244.0
  $—
Securities borrowed42.5
  —
Trading assets:    
Trading–debt and equity instruments$451.2
  $4.9
Derivative receivables(a)
74.8
  8.6
Total trading assets526.0
  13.5
AFS securities485.9
  —
Loans5.9
  0.3
MSRs3.1
  3.1
Other298.3
  0.5
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis
1,319.2
  17.4
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis3.0
  1.2
Total assets measured at fair value
$1,322.2
  $18.6
Total Firm assets$3,213.1
   
Level 3 assets as a percentage of total Firm assets(a)
   0.6%
Level 3 assets as a percentage of total Firm assets at fair value(a)
   1.4%
85
(a)For purposes of the table above, the derivative receivables total reflects the impact of netting adjustments; however, the $8.6 billion of derivative receivables classified as level 3 does not reflect the netting adjustment as such netting is not relevant to a presentation based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.

Valuation
Estimating fair value requires the application of judgment. The type and level of judgment required is largely dependent on the amount of observable market information available to the Firm. For instruments valued using internally developed valuation models and other valuation techniques that use significant unobservable inputs and are

therefore classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, judgments used to estimate fair value are more significant than those required when estimating the fair value of instruments classified within levels 1 and 2.
In arriving at an estimate of fair value for an instrument within level 3, management must first determine the appropriate valuation model or other valuation technique to use. Second, the lack of observability of certain significant inputs requires management to assess all relevant empirical data in deriving valuation inputs including, for example, transaction details, yield curves, interest rates, prepayment rates,speed, default rates, volatilities, correlations, prices (such as commodity, equity or debt prices,prices), valuations of comparable instruments, foreign exchange rates and credit curves. Refer to Note 2 for a further discussion of the valuation of level 3 instruments, including unobservable inputs used.
For instruments classified in levels 2 and 3, management judgment must be applied to assess the appropriate level of valuation adjustments to reflect counterparty credit quality, the Firm’s creditworthiness, market funding rates, liquidity considerations, unobservable parameters, and for portfolios that meet specified criteria, the size of the net open risk position. The judgments made are typically affected by the type of product and its specific contractual terms, and the level of liquidity for the product or within the market as a whole. In periods of heightened market volatility and uncertainty judgments are further affected by the wider variation of reasonable valuation estimates, particularly for positions that are less liquid. Refer to Note 2 for a further discussion of valuation adjustments applied by the Firm.
Imprecision in estimating unobservable market inputs or other factors can affect the amount of gain or loss recorded for a particular position. Furthermore, while the Firm believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, the methods and assumptions used reflect management judgment and may vary across the Firm’s businesses and portfolios.
The Firm uses various methodologies and assumptions in the determination of fair value. The use of methodologies or assumptions different than those used by the Firm could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Refer to Note 2 for a detailed discussion of the Firm’s valuation process and hierarchy, and its determination of fair value for individual financial instruments.

Goodwill impairment
Management applies significant judgment when testing goodwill for impairment. The goodwill associated with each business combination is allocated to the related reporting units for goodwill impairment testing. Refer to Goodwill impairment on page 137154 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a description of the significant valuation judgments associated with goodwill impairment.
Refer to Note 1514 for additional information on goodwill, including the goodwill impairment assessment as of June 30, 2020.2021.

Credit card rewards liability
The credit card rewards liability was $7.1$8.3 billion and $6.4$7.7 billion at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, and is recorded in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to pages 137-138page 154 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a description of the significant assumptions and judgmentssensitivities, associated with the Firm’s credit card rewards liability.
Income taxes
Refer to Income taxes on page 138pages 154-155 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a description of the significant assumptions, judgments and interpretations associated with the accounting for income taxes.
Litigation reserves
Refer to Note 2524 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 30 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a description of the significant estimates and judgments associated with establishing litigation reserves.
86


ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING DEVELOPMENTS
Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Standards Adopted since January 1, 20202021
StandardSummary of guidanceEffects on financial statements
Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“CECL”)

Issued June 2016
 • Establishes a single allowance framework for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. This framework requires that management’s estimate reflects credit losses over the instrument’s remaining expected life and considers expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions.
 • Eliminates existing guidance for PCI loans, and requires recognition of the nonaccretable difference as an increase to the allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets purchased with more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination, with a corresponding increase in the amortized cost of the related loans.
 • Requires inclusion of expected recoveries, limited to the cumulative amount of prior write-offs, when estimating the allowance for credit losses for in scope financial assets (including collateral-dependent assets).
 • Amends existing impairment guidance for AFS securities to incorporate an allowance, which will allow for reversals of credit impairments in the event that the credit of an issuer improves.
 • Requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption.
•
Adopted January 1, 2020.
•
Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Goodwill
Issued January 2017
 • Requires recognition of an impairment loss when the estimated fair value of a reporting unit falls below its carrying value.
 • Eliminates the requirement that an impairment loss be recognized only if the estimated implied fair value of the goodwill is below its carrying value.
•
Adopted January 1, 2020.
•
No impact upon adoption as the guidance is to be applied prospectively.
•
Refer to Note 15 for further information.
Reference Rate
Reform

Issued March 2020

2020 and updated January 2021
•Provides optional expedients and exceptions to current accounting guidance when financial instruments, hedginghedge accounting relationships, and other transactions are amended due to reference rate reform.
•Provides an election to account for certain contract amendments related to reference rate reform as modifications rather than extinguishments without the requirement to assess the significance of the amendments.
•Allows for changes in critical terms of a hedginghedge accounting relationship without automatic termination of that relationship. Provides various practical expedients and elections designed to allow hedge accounting to continue uninterrupted during the transition period.
•Provides a one-time election to transfer securities out of the held-to-maturity classification if certain criteria are met.
•The January 2021 update provides an election to account for derivatives modified to change the rate used for discounting, margining, or contract price alignment (collectively “discounting transition”) as modifications.
•
Issued and effective March 12, 2020. The January 7, 2021 update was effective when issued.
•
The Firm expectselected to apply certain of the practical expedients related to contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships, and discounting transition beginning in the second halfthird quarter of 2020 and does2020. The discounting transition election was applied retrospectively. The main purpose of the practical expedients is to ease the administrative burden of accounting for contracts impacted by reference rate reform. These elections did not expecthave a material impact toon the Consolidated Financial Statements.




87

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
From time to time, the Firm has made and will make forward-looking statements. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “anticipate,” “target,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “believe,” or other words of similar meaning. Forward-looking statements provide JPMorgan Chase’s current expectations or forecasts of future events, circumstances, results or aspirations. JPMorgan Chase’s disclosures in this Form 10-Q contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Firm also may make forward-looking statements in its other documents filed or furnished with the SEC. In addition, the Firm’s senior management may make forward-looking statements orally to investors, analysts, representatives of the media and others.
All forward-looking statements are, by their nature, subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Firm’s control. JPMorgan Chase’s actual future results may differ materially from those set forth in its forward-looking statements. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, below are certain factors which could cause actual results to differ from those in the forward-looking statements:
•Economic, financial, reputational and other impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic;
•Local, regional and global business, economic and political conditions and geopolitical events;
•Changes in laws and regulatory requirements, including capital and liquidity requirements affecting the Firm’s businesses, and the ability of the Firm to address those requirements;
•Heightened regulatory and governmental oversight and scrutiny of JPMorgan Chase’s business practices, including dealings with retail customers;
•Changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws;
•Changes in the level of inflation;
•Changes in income tax laws and regulations;
•Securities and capital markets behavior, including changes in market liquidity and volatility;
•Changes in investor sentiment or consumer spending or savings behavior;
•Ability of the Firm to manage effectively its capital and liquidity, including approval of its capital plans by banking regulators;liquidity;
•Changes in credit ratings assigned to the Firm or its subsidiaries;
•Damage to the Firm’s reputation;
•Ability of the Firm to appropriately address social, and environmental and sustainability concerns that may arise, including from its business activities;
•Ability of the Firm to deal effectively with an economic slowdown or other economic or market disruption, including, but not limited to, in the interest rate environment;
•Technology changes instituted by the Firm, its counterparties or competitors;
•The effectiveness of the Firm’s control agenda;
•Ability of the Firm to develop or discontinue products and services, and the extent to which products or services previously sold by the Firm (including but not limited to mortgages and asset-backed securities) require the Firm to incur liabilities or absorb losses not contemplated at their initiation or origination;
•Acceptance of the Firm’s new and existing products and services by the marketplace and the ability of the Firm to innovate and to increase market share;
•Ability of the Firm to attract and retain qualified and diverse employees;
•Ability of the Firm to control expenses;
•Competitive pressures;
•Changes in the credit quality of the Firm’s clients, customers and counterparties;
•Adequacy of the Firm’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;
•Adverse judicial or regulatory proceedings;
•Changes in applicable accounting policies, including the introduction of new accounting standards;
•Ability of the Firm to determine accurate values of certain assets and liabilities;
•Occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases, pandemics or outbreaks of hostilities, or the effects of climate change, and the Firm’s ability to deal effectively with disruptions caused by the foregoing;
•Ability of the Firm to maintain the security of its financial, accounting, technology, data processing and other operational systems and facilities;
•Ability of the Firm to withstand disruptions that may be caused by any failure of its operational systems or those of third parties;
•Ability of the Firm to effectively defend itself against cyberattackscyber attacks and other attempts by unauthorized parties to access information of the Firm or its customers or to disrupt the Firm’s systems; and
•The other risks and uncertainties detailed in Part II,
Item 1A: Risk Factors in this form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors in JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K.
Any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Firm speak only as of the date they are made, and JPMorgan Chase does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements. The reader should, however, consult any further disclosures of a forward-looking nature the Firm may make in any subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-Ks,10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Qs,10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K.
88


JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of income (unaudited)
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except per share data)2021202020212020
Revenue
Investment banking fees$3,470 $2,850 $6,440 $4,716 
Principal transactions4,076 7,621 10,576 10,558 
Lending- and deposit-related fees1,760 1,431 3,447 3,137 
Asset management, administration and commissions5,194 4,266 10,223 8,806 
Investment securities gains/(losses)(155)26 (141)259 
Mortgage fees and related income551 917 1,255 1,237 
Card income1,647 974 2,997 1,969 
Other income(a)
1,195 1,137 2,318 2,387 
Noninterest revenue17,738 19,222 37,115 33,069 
Interest income14,094 16,112 28,365 35,273 
Interest expense1,353 2,259 2,735 6,981 
Net interest income12,741 13,853 25,630 28,292 
Total net revenue30,479 33,075 62,745 61,361 
Provision for credit losses(2,285)10,473 (6,441)18,758 
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense9,814 9,509 20,415 18,404 
Occupancy expense1,090 1,080 2,205 2,146 
Technology, communications and equipment expense2,488 2,590 5,007 5,168 
Professional and outside services2,385 1,999 4,588 4,027 
Marketing626 481 1,377 1,281 
Other expense1,264 1,283 2,800 2,707 
Total noninterest expense17,667 16,942 36,392 33,733 
Income before income tax expense15,097 5,660 32,794 8,870 
Income tax expense(a)
3,149 973 6,546 1,318 
Net income$11,948 $4,687 $26,248 $7,552 
Net income applicable to common stockholders$11,496 $4,265 $25,346 $6,698 
Net income per common share data
Basic earnings per share$3.79 $1.39 $8.30 $2.17 
Diluted earnings per share3.78 1.38 8.28 2.17 
Weighted-average basic shares3,036.6 3,076.3 3,054.9 3,086.1 
Weighted-average diluted shares3,041.9 3,081.0 3,060.3 3,090.8 
  Three months ended
June 30,		 Six months ended
June 30,
(in millions, except per share data) 2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Revenue        
Investment banking fees $2,850
 $1,851
 $4,716
 $3,691
Principal transactions 7,621
 3,714
 10,558
 7,790
Lending- and deposit-related fees(a)
 1,431
 1,624
 3,137
 3,183
Asset management, administration and commissions(a)
 4,266
 4,264
 8,806
 8,301
Investment securities gains 26
 44
 259
 57
Mortgage fees and related income 917
 279
 1,237
 675
Card income(b)
 974
 1,281
 1,969
 2,508
Other income 1,042
 1,292
 2,198
 2,767
Noninterest revenue 19,127
 14,349
 32,880
 28,972
Interest income 16,112
 21,603
 35,273
 42,992
Interest expense 2,259
 7,205
 6,981
 14,141
Net interest income 13,853
 14,398
 28,292
 28,851
Total net revenue 32,980
 28,747
 61,172
 57,823
         
Provision for credit losses 10,473
 1,149
 18,758
 2,644
         
Noninterest expense        
Compensation expense 9,509
 8,547
 18,404
 17,484
Occupancy expense 1,080
 1,060
 2,146
 2,128
Technology, communications and equipment expense 2,590
 2,378
 5,168
 4,742
Professional and outside services 1,999
 2,212
 4,027
 4,251
Marketing(b)
 481
 777
 1,281
 1,609
Other expense 1,283
 1,282
 2,707
 2,390
Total noninterest expense 16,942
 16,256
 33,733
 32,604
Income before income tax expense 5,565
 11,342
 8,681
 22,575
Income tax expense 878
 1,690
 1,129
 3,744
Net income $4,687
 $9,652
 $7,552
 $18,831
Net income applicable to common stockholders $4,265
 $9,192
 $6,698
 $17,945
Net income per common share data        
Basic earnings per share $1.39
 $2.83
 $2.17
 $5.48
Diluted earnings per share 1.38
 2.82
 2.17
 5.46
         
Weighted-average basic shares 3,076.3
 3,250.6
 3,086.1
 3,274.3
Weighted-average diluted shares 3,081.0
 3,259.7
 3,090.8
 3,283.9

(a)In the first quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain fees from asset management, administration and commissions to lending- and deposit-related fees. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

(a) Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.






89

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited)
  Three months ended
June 30,		 Six months ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Net income $4,687
 $9,652
 $7,552
 $18,831
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax        
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities 2,744
 1,093
 3,863
 2,507
Translation adjustments, net of hedges 142
 99
 (188) 75
Fair value hedges 16
 86
 104
 88
Cash flow hedges 234
 97
 2,699
 235
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans (7) 41
 26
 77
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities (1,758) 256
 716
 (361)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax 1,371
 1,672
 7,220
 2,621
Comprehensive income $6,058
 $11,324
 $14,772
 $21,452

Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Net income$11,948 $4,687 $26,248 $7,552 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities674 2,744 (3,665)3,863 
Translation adjustments, net of hedges64 142 (186)(188)
Fair value hedges(23)16 (51)104 
Cash flow hedges591 234 (1,658)2,699 
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans9 (7)77 26 
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities214 (1,758)67 716 
Total other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax1,529 1,371 (5,416)7,220 
Comprehensive income$13,477 $6,058 $20,832 $14,772 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.

90

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited)
(in millions, except share data)June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assets   
Cash and due from banks$20,544
 $21,704
Deposits with banks473,185
 241,927
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (included $243,953 and $14,561 at fair value)
256,980
 249,157
Securities borrowed (included $42,525 and $6,237 at fair value)
142,704
 139,758
Trading assets (included assets pledged of $158,131 and $111,522)
526,042
 411,103
Available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $476,383 and $345,306; included assets pledged of $28,475 and $10,325)
485,883
 350,699
Held-to-maturity securities (net of allowance for credit losses of $23)
72,908
 47,540
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses558,791
 398,239
Loans (included $5,923 and $7,104 at fair value)
978,518
 959,769
Allowance for loan losses(32,092) (13,123)
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses946,426
 946,646
Accrued interest and accounts receivable72,260
 72,861
Premises and equipment26,301
 25,813
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets51,669
 53,341
Other assets (included $12,528 and $9,111 at fair value and assets pledged of $3,124 and $3,349)
138,213
 126,830
Total assets(a)
$3,213,115
 $2,687,379
Liabilities   
Deposits (included $21,512 and $28,589 at fair value)
$1,931,029
 $1,562,431
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements (included $189,341 and $549 at fair value)
235,647
 183,675
Short-term borrowings (included $19,934 and $5,920 at fair value)
48,014
 40,920
Trading liabilities165,212
 119,277
Accounts payable and other liabilities (included $3,318 and $3,728 at fair value)
230,916
 210,407
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs (included $40 and $36 at fair value)
20,828
 17,841
Long-term debt (included $74,758 and $75,745 at fair value)
317,003
 291,498
Total liabilities(a)
2,948,649
 2,426,049
Commitments and contingencies (refer to Notes 23, 24 and 25)


 


Stockholders’ equity   
Preferred stock ($1 par value; authorized 200,000,000 shares; issued 3,006,250 and 2,699,250 shares)
30,063
 26,993
Common stock ($1 par value; authorized 9,000,000,000 shares; issued 4,104,933,895 shares)
4,105
 4,105
Additional paid-in capital88,125
 88,522
Retained earnings221,732
 223,211
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)8,789
 1,569
Shares held in restricted stock units (“RSU”) Trust, at cost (236,476 and 472,953 shares)
(11) (21)
Treasury stock, at cost (1,057,329,408 and 1,020,912,567 shares)
(88,337) (83,049)
Total stockholders’ equity264,466
 261,330
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,213,115
 $2,687,379

(in millions, except share data)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets
Cash and due from banks$26,592 $24,874 
Deposits with banks678,829 502,735 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (included $254,574 and $238,015 at fair value)
260,987 296,284 
Securities borrowed (included $69,988 and $52,983 at fair value)
186,376 160,635 
Trading assets (included assets pledged of $133,547 and $130,645)
520,588 503,126 
Available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $230,110 and $381,729, net of allowance for credit losses; included assets pledged of $12,199 and $32,227)
232,161 388,178 
Held-to-maturity securities (net of allowance for credit losses)341,476 201,821 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses573,637 589,999 
Loans (included $61,776 and $44,474 at fair value)
1,040,954 1,012,853 
Allowance for loan losses(19,500)(28,328)
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses1,021,454 984,525 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable125,253 90,503 
Premises and equipment26,631 27,109 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets54,655 53,428 
Other assets(a) (included $52,234 and $13,827 at fair value and assets pledged of $40,319 and $3,739)
209,254 151,539 
Total assets(b)
$3,684,256 $3,384,757 
Liabilities
Deposits (included $14,023 and $14,484 at fair value)
$2,305,217 $2,144,257 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements (included $175,817 and $155,735 at fair value)
245,437 215,209 
Short-term borrowings (included $20,002 and $16,893 at fair value)
51,938 45,208 
Trading liabilities183,867 170,181 
Accounts payable and other liabilities(a) (included $45,571 and $3,476 at fair value)
297,082 231,285 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs (included $84 and $41 at fair value)
14,403 17,578 
Long-term debt (included $75,733 and $76,817 at fair value)
299,926 281,685 
Total liabilities(b)
3,397,870 3,105,403 
Commitments and contingencies (refer to Notes 22, 23 and 24)00
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock ($1 par value; authorized 200,000,000 shares; issued 3,283,750 and 3,006,250 shares)
32,838 30,063 
Common stock ($1 par value; authorized 9,000,000,000 shares; issued 4,104,933,895 shares)
4,105 4,105 
Additional paid-in capital88,194 88,394 
Retained earnings256,983 236,990 
Accumulated other comprehensive income2,570 7,986 
Treasury stock, at cost (1,116,778,540 and 1,055,499,435 shares)
(98,304)(88,184)
Total stockholders’ equity286,386 279,354 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,684,256 $3,384,757 
Effective January 1, 2020,(a) Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance.current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(a)(b) The following table presents information on assets and liabilities related to VIEs that are consolidated by the Firm at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020. The assets of the consolidated VIEs are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The holders of the beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorgan Chase. The assets and liabilities in the table below include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation. Refer to Note 1413 for a further discussion.
(in millions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets
Trading assets$1,995 $1,934 
Loans35,284 37,619 
All other assets609 681 
Total assets$37,888 $40,234 
Liabilities
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs$14,403 $17,578 
All other liabilities233 233 
Total liabilities$14,636 $17,811 
(in millions)June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assets   
Trading assets$2,265
 $2,633
Loans38,384
 42,931
All other assets1,569
 881
Total assets$42,218
 $46,445
Liabilities   
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs$20,828
 $17,841
All other liabilities243
 447
Total liabilities$21,071
 $18,288
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.

91

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited)
  Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except per share data) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Preferred stock        
Balance at the beginning of the period $30,063
 $26,993
 $26,993
 $26,068
Issuance —
 —
 4,500
 1,850
Redemption —
 —
 (1,430) (925)
Balance at June 30 30,063
 26,993
 30,063
 26,993
         
Common stock        
Balance at the beginning and end of the period 4,105
 4,105
 4,105
 4,105
         
Additional paid-in capital        
Balance at the beginning of the period 87,857
 88,170
 88,522
 89,162
Shares issued and commitments to issue common stock for employee shared-based compensation awards, and related tax effects 268
 189
 (392) (760)
Other —
 —
 (5) (43)
Balance at June 30 88,125
 88,359
 88,125
 88,359
         
Retained earnings        
Balance at the beginning of the period 220,226
 205,437
 223,211
 199,202
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle —
 —
 (2,650) 62
Net income 4,687
 9,652
 7,552
 18,831
Dividends declared:        
Preferred stock (401) (404) (822) (778)
Common stock ($0.90 and $0.80 per share and $1.80 and $1.60 per share, respectively)
 (2,780) (2,592) (5,559) (5,224)
Balance at June 30 221,732
 212,093
 221,732
 212,093
         
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)        
Balance at the beginning of the period 7,418
 (558) 1,569
 (1,507)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after-tax 1,371
 1,672
 7,220
 2,621
Balance at June 30 8,789
 1,114
 8,789
 1,114
         
Shares held in RSU Trust, at cost        
Balance at the beginning of the period

 (21) (21) (21) (21)
Liquidation of RSU Trust 10
 —
 10
 —
Balance at June 30 (11) (21) (11) (21)
         
Treasury stock, at cost        
Balance at the beginning of the period (88,386) (64,289) (83,049) (60,494)
Repurchase —
 (5,210) (6,397) (10,301)
Reissuance 49
 71
 1,109
 1,367
Balance at June 30 (88,337) (69,428) (88,337) (69,428)
         
Total stockholders’ equity $264,466
 $263,215
 $264,466
 $263,215

Effective January 1, 2020, the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except per share data)2021202020212020
Preferred stock
Balance at the beginning of the period$31,563 $30,063 $30,063 $26,993 
Issuance3,850 0 5,350 4,500 
Redemption(2,575)0 (2,575)(1,430)
Balance at June 3032,838 30,063 32,838 30,063 
Common stock
Balance at the beginning and end of the period4,105 4,105 4,105 4,105 
Additional paid-in capital
Balance at the beginning of the period88,005 87,857 88,394 88,522 
Shares issued and commitments to issue common stock for employee share-based compensation awards, and related tax effects229 268 (134)(392)
Other(40)0 (66)(5)
Balance at June 3088,194 88,125 88,194 88,125 
Retained earnings
Balance at the beginning of the period248,151 220,226 236,990 223,211 
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principles— — — (2,650)
Net income11,948 4,687 26,248 7,552 
Dividends declared:
Preferred stock(393)(401)(772)(822)
Common stock ($0.90 and $0.90 per share and $1.80 and $1.80 per share, respectively)
(2,723)(2,780)(5,483)(5,559)
Balance at June 30256,983 221,732 256,983 221,732 
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at the beginning of the period1,041 7,418 7,986 1,569 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after-tax1,529 1,371 (5,416)7,220 
Balance at June 302,570 8,789 2,570 8,789 
Shares held in RSU Trust, at cost
Balance at the beginning of the period0 (21)0 (21)
Liquidation of RSU Trust0 10 0 10 
Balance at June 300 (11)0 (11)
Treasury stock, at cost
Balance at the beginning of the period(92,151)(88,386)(88,184)(83,049)
Repurchase(6,201)0 (11,200)(6,397)
Reissuance48 49 1,080 1,109 
Balance at June 30(98,304)(88,337)(98,304)(88,337)
Total stockholders’ equity$286,386 $264,466 $286,386 $264,466 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.

92

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited)
Six months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
(in millions)20212020
Operating activities   Operating activities
Net income$7,552
 $18,831
Net income$26,248 $7,552 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:   Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Provision for credit losses18,758
 2,644
Provision for credit losses(6,441)18,758 
Depreciation and amortization4,346
 4,084
Depreciation and amortization4,073 4,346 
Deferred tax (benefit)/expense(a)(4,846) (42)1,027 (4,657)
Other1,197
 1,164
Other1,788 1,197 
Originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale(29,412) (35,908)Originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale(184,866)(76,335)
Proceeds from sales, securitizations and paydowns of loans held-for-sale27,811
 44,995
Proceeds from sales, securitizations and paydowns of loans held-for-sale161,030 83,745 
Net change in:   Net change in:
Trading assets(126,476) (111,562)Trading assets(2,004)(133,131)
Securities borrowed(2,777) (18,586)Securities borrowed(25,838)(2,777)
Accrued interest and accounts receivable374
 (15,416)Accrued interest and accounts receivable(34,929)374 
Other assets(24,157) (10,146)
Other assets(a)
Other assets(a)
2,709 (24,204)
Trading liabilities69,341
 12,765
Trading liabilities(3,521)69,341 
Accounts payable and other liabilities18,940
 8,790
Accounts payable and other liabilities(a)
Accounts payable and other liabilities(a)
30,772 18,869 
Other operating adjustments2,317
 3,653
Other operating adjustments(390)(248)
Net cash (used in) operating activities(37,032) (94,734)Net cash (used in) operating activities(30,342)(37,170)
Investing activities   Investing activities
Net change in:   Net change in:
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements(7,580) 53,757
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements35,283 (7,580)
Held-to-maturity securities:   Held-to-maturity securities:
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities5,632
 1,315
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities26,224 5,632 
Purchases(5,014) (818)Purchases(63,072)(5,014)
Available-for-sale securities:   Available-for-sale securities:
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities27,070
 30,547
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities28,727 27,070 
Proceeds from sales65,975
 35,983
Proceeds from sales125,192 65,975 
Purchases(242,608) (106,085)Purchases(109,944)(242,608)
Proceeds from sales and securitizations of loans held-for-investment12,185
 31,291
Proceeds from sales and securitizations of loans held-for-investment16,165 12,185 
Other changes in loans, net(33,372) (16,903)Other changes in loans, net(21,980)(33,234)
Net purchases of assets pursuant to nonrecourse advances provided by the FRBB under the MMLF(3,787) —
Net purchases of assets pursuant to nonrecourse advances provided by the FRBB under the MMLF0 (3,787)
All other investing activities, net(2,118) (1,663)All other investing activities, net(3,506)(2,118)
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities(183,617) 27,424
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities33,089 (183,479)
Financing activities   Financing activities
Net change in:   Net change in:
Deposits382,784
 62,795
Deposits138,578 382,784 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements51,894
 19,343
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements30,260 51,894 
Short-term borrowings7,992
 (9,907)Short-term borrowings5,862 7,992 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs3,619
 9,346
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs(674)3,619 
Proceeds from long-term borrowings57,744
 29,159
Proceeds from long-term borrowings55,767 57,744 
Payments of long-term borrowings(42,944) (38,384)Payments of long-term borrowings(33,464)(42,944)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock4,500
 1,850
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock5,350 4,500 
Redemption of preferred stock(1,430) (925)Redemption of preferred stock(2,575)(1,430)
Treasury stock repurchased(6,517) (10,301)Treasury stock repurchased(11,000)(6,517)
Dividends paid(6,342) (6,081)Dividends paid(6,314)(6,342)
All other financing activities, net136
 (426)All other financing activities, net(822)136 
Net cash provided by financing activities451,436
 56,469
Net cash provided by financing activities180,968 451,436 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks and deposits with banks(689) 86
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks and deposits with banks(5,903)(689)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks230,098
 (10,755)
Net increase in cash and due from banks and deposits with banksNet increase in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks177,812 230,098 
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the beginning of the period263,631
 278,793
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the beginning of the period527,609 263,631 
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the end of the period$493,729
 $268,038
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the end of the period$705,421 $493,729 
Cash interest paid$9,239
 $13,794
Cash interest paid$2,461 $9,239 
Cash income taxes paid, net3,844
 2,892
Cash income taxes paid, net(a)
Cash income taxes paid, net(a)
13,716 4,142 

(a) Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information on the revisions to the operating activities.
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
93

Refer to the Glossary of Terms and Acronyms on pages 191-199181–189 for definitions of terms and acronyms used throughout the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)
Note 1 – Basis of presentation
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPMorgan Chase” or “the Firm”the “Firm”), a financial holding company incorporated under Delaware law in 1968, is a leading global financial services firm and one of the largest banking institutions in the U.S., with operations worldwide. The Firm is a leader in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing and asset management. Refer to Note 2625 for a further discussion of the Firm’s business segments.
The accounting and financial reporting policies of JPMorgan Chase and its subsidiaries conform to U.S. GAAP. Additionally, where applicable, the policies conform to the accounting and reporting guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities.
The unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expense, and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could be different from these estimates. In the opinion of management, all normal, recurring adjustments have been included such that this interim financial information is fairly stated.
These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements, and related notes thereto, included in JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K.
Certain amounts reported in prior periods have been reclassified to conform with the current presentation.presentation, including certain deferred investment tax credits. In the first quarter of 2021 the Firm reclassified certain deferred investment tax credits from accounts payable and other liabilities to other assets to be a reduction to the carrying value of the associated tax-oriented investments. The reclassification also resulted in an increase in income tax expense and a corresponding increase in other income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation, including the Firm’s effective income tax rate. The reclassification did not change the Firm’s results of operations on a managed basis.
Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of JPMorgan Chase and other entities in which the Firm has a controlling financial interest. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Assets held for clients in an agency or fiduciary capacity by the Firm are not assets of JPMorgan Chase and are not included on the Consolidated balance sheets.
The Firm determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity.
Refer to Notes 1 and 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form     10-K for a further description of JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies regarding consolidation.
Offsetting assets and liabilities
U.S. GAAP permits entities to present derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related cash collateral receivables and payables on a net basis on the Consolidated balance sheets when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. U.S. GAAP also permits securities financing activities to be presented on a net basis when specified conditions are met, including the existence of a legally enforceable master netting agreement. The Firm has elected to net such balances when the specified conditions are met. Refer to Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information on offsetting assets and liabilities.


Accounting standard adopted January 1, 2020
Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“CECL”)
The adoption of this guidance established a single allowance framework for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. This framework requires that management’s estimate reflects credit losses over the instrument’s remaining expected life and considers expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions. Refer to Note 13 for further information.
The following table presents the impacts to the allowance for credit losses and retained earnings upon adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2020:
(in billions)December 31, 2019CECL adoption impactJanuary 1, 2020
Allowance for credit losses   
Consumer, excluding credit card(a)
$2.6
$0.4
$3.0
Credit card5.7
5.5
11.2
Wholesale(a)
6.0
(1.6)4.4
Firmwide$14.3
$4.3
$18.6
    
Retained earnings   
Firmwide allowance increase $4.3
 
Balance sheet reclassification(b)
 (0.8) 
Total pre-tax impact 3.5
 
Tax effect (0.8) 
Decrease to retained earnings $2.7
 
(a)In conjunction with the adoption of CECL, the Firm reclassified risk-rated business banking and auto dealer loans and lending-related commitments held in CCB from the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment to the wholesale portfolio segment, to align with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Accordingly, $0.6 billion of the allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2019 and $(0.2) billion of the CECL adoption impact were reclassified.
(b)Represents the recognition of the nonaccretable difference on purchased credit deteriorated loans and the Firm's election to recognize the reserve for uncollectible accrued interest on credit card loans in the allowance, both of which resulted in a corresponding increase to loans.
Securities Financing Agreements
As permitted by the guidance, the Firm elected the fair value option for certain securities financing agreements. The difference between their carrying amount and fair value was immaterial and was recorded as part of the Firm’s cumulative-effect adjustment. Refer to Note 11 for further information.
Investment securities
Upon adoption, HTM securities are presented net of an allowance for credit losses. The guidance also amended the previous other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) model for AFS securities to incorporate an allowance. Refer to Note 10 for further information.
Credit quality disclosures
As a result of the adoption of this guidance, the Firm expanded credit quality disclosures for financial assets measured at amortized cost particularly within the retained loan portfolios. Refer to Note 12 for further information.
PCD loans
The adoption resulted in a change in the accounting for PCI loans, which are considered purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans under CECL. Upon adoption, the Firm recognized the nonaccretable difference on PCD loans in the allowance, which resulted in a corresponding increase to loans. PCD loans are subject to the Firm’s nonaccrual and charge-off policies and are now reported in the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio’s residential real estate loan class. Refer to Note 12 for further information.
Changes in credit portfolio segments and classes
In conjunction with the adoption of CECL, the Firm reclassified risk-rated loans and lending-related commitments from the consumer excluding credit card portfolio segment to the wholesale portoflio segment, to align with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. The Firm also revised its loan classes. Prior- period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 12 for further information.
Accrued interest receivables
As permitted by the guidance, the Firm elected to continue classifying accrued interest on loans, including accrued but unbilled interest on credit card loans, and investment securities in accrued interest and accounts receivables on the Consolidated balance sheets. For credit card loans, accrued interest once billed is then recognized in the loan balances, with the related allowance recorded in the allowance for credit losses. Changes in the allowance for credit losses on accrued interest on credit card loans are recognized in the provision for credit losses and charge-offs are recognized by reversing interest income. For other loans and securities, the Firm generally does not recognize an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivables, consistent with its policy to write them off no later than 90 days past due by reversing interest income.
Capital transition provisions
As disclosed in the Firm’s 2019 Form 10-K, the Firm initially elected to phase-in the January 1, 2020 (“day 1”) CECL adoption impact to retained earnings of $2.7 billion to CET1 capital, at 25% per year in each of 2020 to 2023. As part of their response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 31, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule that provided the option to delay the effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year transition period (“CECL capital transition provisions”). Refer to Note 22 for further information.94

Note 2 – Fair value measurement
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s valuation methodologies for assets, liabilities and lending-related commitments measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy.

95


The following table presents the assets and liabilities reported at fair value as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019, 2020, by major product category and fair value hierarchyhierarchy.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(f)
June 30, 2021 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total fair value
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$0 $254,574 $0 $— $254,574 
Securities borrowed0 69,988 0 — 69,988 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
0 34,381 329 — 34,710 
Residential – nonagency0 2,178 16 — 2,194 
Commercial – nonagency0 1,654 10 — 1,664 
Total mortgage-backed securities0 38,213 355 — 38,568 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
76,124 8,807 0 — 84,931 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities0 6,871 8 — 6,879 
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper0 2,394 0 — 2,394 
Non-U.S. government debt securities38,206 52,502 183 — 90,891 
Corporate debt securities0 30,653 487 — 31,140 
Loans0 7,540 795 — 8,335 
Asset-backed securities0 2,630 35 — 2,665 
Total debt instruments114,330 149,610 1,863 — 265,803 
Equity securities139,456 1,911 690 — 142,057 
Physical commodities(b)
9,953 10,611 0 — 20,564 
Other0 21,350 47 — 21,397 
Total debt and equity instruments(c)
263,739 183,482 2,600 — 449,821 
Derivative receivables:
Interest rate953 301,447 1,849 (278,203)26,046 
Credit0 9,561 543 (9,156)948 
Foreign exchange130 156,594 693 (142,910)14,507 
Equity0 70,075 3,029 (56,243)16,861 
Commodity0 28,761 369 (16,781)12,349 
Total derivative receivables1,083 566,438 6,483 (503,293)70,711 
Total trading assets(d)
264,822 749,920 9,083 (503,293)520,532 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
0 72,682 0 — 72,682 
Residential – nonagency0 6,970 0 — 6,970 
Commercial – nonagency0 2,471 0 — 2,471 
Total mortgage-backed securities0 82,123 0 — 82,123 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies99,847 0 0 — 99,847 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities0 18,455 0 — 18,455 
Certificates of deposit0 0 0 — 0 
Non-U.S. government debt securities8,898 8,842 0 — 17,740 
Corporate debt securities0 216 0 — 216 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations0 8,816 0 — 8,816 
Other0 4,964 0 — 4,964 
Total available-for-sale securities108,745 123,416 — — 232,161 
Loans (e)
0 60,042 1,734 — 61,776 
Mortgage servicing rights0 0 4,549 — 4,549 
Other assets(d)
45,594 5,490 518 — 51,602 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$419,161 $1,263,430 $15,884 $(503,293)$1,195,182 
Deposits$0 $11,339 $2,684 $— $14,023 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements0 175,817 0 — 175,817 
Short-term borrowings0 16,927 3,075 — 20,002 
Trading liabilities:
Debt and equity instruments(c)
98,290 29,496 36 — 127,822 
Derivative payables:
Interest rate996 267,308 1,871 (260,985)9,190 
Credit0 10,955 560 (10,331)1,184 
Foreign exchange147 155,328 1,276 (143,036)13,715 
Equity0 76,592 7,965 (63,457)21,100 
Commodity0 28,347 1,536 (19,027)10,856 
Total derivative payables1,143 538,530 13,208 (496,836)56,045 
Total trading liabilities99,433 568,026 13,244 (496,836)183,867 
Accounts payable and other liabilities43,774 1,746 51 — 45,571 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs0 84 0 — 84 
Long-term debt0 52,206 23,527 — 75,733 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$143,207 $826,145 $42,581 $(496,836)$515,097 
96

.
Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(f)
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis





Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(f)

     
June 30, 2020 (in millions)Level 1Level 2
Level 3
Total fair value
December 31, 2020 (in millions)December 31, 2020 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Derivative
netting
adjustments(f)
Total fair value
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$—
$243,953

$—

$—
$243,953
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$0 $238,015 $0 $238,015 
Securities borrowed—
42,525

—

—
42,525
Securities borrowed0 52,983 0 52,983 
Trading assets:











Trading assets:
Debt instruments:











Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:











Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
—
68,115

469

—
68,584
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
0 68,395 449 — 68,844 
Residential – nonagency—
2,314

23

—
2,337
Residential – nonagency0 2,138 28 — 2,166 
Commercial – nonagency—
1,477

2

—
1,479
Commercial – nonagency0 1,327 3 — 1,330 
Total mortgage-backed securities—
71,906

494

—
72,400
Total mortgage-backed securities0 71,860 480 — 72,340 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
117,168
11,886

—

—
129,054
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
104,263 10,996 0 — 115,259 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities—
7,484

8

—
7,492
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities0 7,184 8 — 7,192 
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper—
2,058
 —
 —
2,058
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper0 1,230 0 — 1,230 
Non-U.S. government debt securities32,563
34,972
 167
 —
67,702
Non-U.S. government debt securities26,772 40,671 182 — 67,625 
Corporate debt securities—
20,792
 946
 —
21,738
Corporate debt securities0 21,017 507 — 21,524 
Loans(b)
—
38,060
 2,678
 —
40,738
LoansLoans0 6,101 893 — 6,994 
Asset-backed securities—
2,375
 39
 —
2,414
Asset-backed securities0 2,304 28 — 2,332 
Total debt instruments149,731
189,533
 4,332
 —
343,596
Total debt instruments131,035 161,363 2,098 — 294,496 
Equity securities85,042
81
 191
 —
85,314
Equity securities97,035 2,652 476 (g)— 100,163 
Physical commodities(c)
5,094
3,680
 —
 —
8,774
Physical commodities(b)
Physical commodities(b)
6,382 5,189 0 — 11,571 
Other—
13,088
 379
 —
13,467
Other0 17,165 49 (g)— 17,214 
Total debt and equity instruments(d)
239,867
206,382
 4,902
 —
451,151
Total debt and equity instruments(c)
Total debt and equity instruments(c)
234,452 186,369 2,623 — 423,444 
Derivative receivables:     Derivative receivables:
Interest rate2,210
404,569
 2,213
 (371,964)37,028
Credit—
14,153
 780
 (13,762)1,171
Interest rate(g)
Interest rate(g)
2,318 387,023 

2,307 (355,923)35,725 
Credit(g)
Credit(g)
0 12,721 624 (12,665)680 
Foreign exchange158
162,834
 803
 (151,220)12,575
Foreign exchange146 205,127 

987 (190,479)15,781 
Equity—
63,304
 4,628
 (53,075)14,857
Equity0 71,279 

3,519 (54,125)20,673 
Commodity—
25,405
 213
 (16,403)9,215
Commodity0 21,272 231 (14,732)6,771 
Total derivative receivables2,368
670,265
 8,637
 (606,424)74,846
Total derivative receivables2,464 697,422 

7,668 (627,924)79,630 
Total trading assets(e)
242,235
876,647
 13,539
 (606,424)525,997
Total trading assets(d)
Total trading assets(d)
236,916 883,791 

10,291 (627,924)503,074 
Available-for-sale securities:     Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:     Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
5
152,301
 —
 —
152,306
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)(g)
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)(g)
7 113,294 0 — 113,301 
Residential – nonagency—
18,269
 —
 —
18,269
Residential – nonagency0 10,233 0 — 10,233 
Commercial – nonagency—
6,805
 —
 —
6,805
Commercial – nonagency0 2,856 0 — 2,856 
Total mortgage-backed securities5
177,375
 —
 —
177,380
Total mortgage-backed securities7 126,383 0 — 126,390 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies214,462
—
 —
 —
214,462
U.S. Treasury and government agencies201,951 0 0 — 201,951 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities—
30,426
 —
 —
30,426
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities0 20,396 0 — 20,396 
Certificates of deposit—
—
 —
 —
—
Certificates of deposit0 0 0 — 0 
Non-U.S. government debt securities13,743
10,317
 —
 —
24,060
Non-U.S. government debt securities13,135 9,793 0 — 22,928 
Corporate debt securities—
674
 —
 —
674
Corporate debt securities0 216 0 — 216 
Asset-backed securities:     Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations—
30,798
 —
 —
30,798
Collateralized loan obligations0 10,048 0 — 10,048 
Other—
8,083
 —
 —
8,083
Other0 6,249 0 — 6,249 
Total available-for-sale securities228,210
257,673
 —
 —
485,883
Total available-for-sale securities215,093 173,085 0 — 388,178 
Loans—
5,662
 261
 —
5,923
Loans(e)
Loans(e)
0 42,169 2,305 — 44,474 
Mortgage servicing rights—
—
 3,080
 —
3,080
Mortgage servicing rights0 0 3,276 — 3,276 
Other assets(e)
6,969
4,361
 541
 —
11,871
Other assets(d)
Other assets(d)
8,110 4,561 538 — 13,209 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$477,414
$1,430,821
 $17,421
 $(606,424)$1,319,232
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$460,119 $1,394,604 

$16,410 

$(627,924)$1,243,209 
Deposits$—
$18,295
 $3,217
 $—
$21,512
Deposits$0 $11,571 $2,913 $— $14,484 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements—
189,341
 —
 —
189,341
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements0 155,735 0 — 155,735 
Short-term borrowings—
17,629
 2,305
 —
19,934
Short-term borrowings0 14,473 2,420 — 16,893 
Trading liabilities:     

Trading liabilities:
Debt and equity instruments(d)
84,681
22,995
 59
 —
107,735
Debt and equity instruments(c)
Debt and equity instruments(c)
82,669 16,838 51 — 99,558 
Derivative payables:     

Derivative payables:
Interest rate2,052
365,150
 2,317
 (356,749)12,770
Credit—
15,009
 917
 (13,846)2,080
Interest rate(g)
Interest rate(g)
2,496 349,442 

2,049 (340,975)13,012 
Credit(g)
Credit(g)
0 13,984 

848 (12,837)1,995 
Foreign exchange140
175,118
 1,398
 (160,479)16,177
Foreign exchange132 214,373 

1,421 (194,493)21,433 
Equity—
62,046
 6,664
 (52,748)15,962
Equity0 74,032 

7,381 (55,515)25,898 
Commodity—
26,637
 510
 (16,659)10,488
Commodity0 21,767 

962 (14,444)8,285 
Total derivative payables2,192
643,960
 11,806
 (600,481)57,477
Total derivative payables2,628 673,598 

12,661 (618,264)70,623 
Total trading liabilities86,873
666,955
 11,865
 (600,481)165,212
Total trading liabilities85,297 690,436 

12,712 (618,264)170,181 
Accounts payable and other liabilities2,648
579
 91
 —
3,318
Accounts payable and other liabilities2,895 513 

68 — 3,476 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs—
40
 —
 —
40
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs0 41 

0 — 41 
Long-term debt—
52,030
 22,728
 —
74,758
Long-term debt0 53,420 

23,397 — 76,817 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$89,521
$944,869
 $40,206
 $(600,481)$474,115
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$88,192 $926,189 

$41,510 $(618,264)$437,627 

(a)At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, included total U.S. GSE obligations of $68.5 billion and $117.6 billion, respectively, which were mortgage-related.


Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(f)
 
        
December 31, 2019 (in millions)Level 1Level 2
Level 3
 Total fair value
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$—
$14,561

$—

$—
 $14,561
Securities borrowed—
6,237

—

—
 6,237
Trading assets:  
 
   
Debt instruments:  
 
   
Mortgage-backed securities:  
 
   
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
—
44,510

797

—
 45,307
Residential – nonagency—
1,977

23

—
 2,000
Commercial – nonagency—
1,486

4

—
 1,490
Total mortgage-backed securities—
47,973

824

—
 48,797
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
78,289
10,295

—

—
 88,584
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities—
6,468

10

—
 6,478
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper—
252

—

—
 252
Non-U.S. government debt securities26,600
27,169

155

—
 53,924
Corporate debt securities—
17,956

558

—
 18,514
Loans(b)
—
47,047

1,382

—
 48,429
Asset-backed securities—
2,593

37

—
 2,630
Total debt instruments104,889
159,753

2,966

—
 267,608
Equity securities71,890
244

196

—
 72,330
Physical commodities(c)
3,638
3,579

—

—
 7,217
Other—
13,896

232

—
 14,128
Total debt and equity instruments(d)
180,417
177,472

3,394

—
 361,283
Derivative receivables: 







 

Interest rate721
311,173

1,400

(285,873) 27,421
Credit—
14,252

624

(14,175) 701
Foreign exchange117
137,938

432

(129,482) 9,005
Equity—
43,642

2,085

(39,250) 6,477
Commodity—
17,058

184

(11,080) 6,162
Total derivative receivables838
524,063

4,725

(479,860) 49,766
Total trading assets(e)
181,255
701,535

8,119

(479,860) 411,049
Available-for-sale securities: 







 

Mortgage-backed securities: 







 

U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
—
110,117

—

—
 110,117
Residential – nonagency—
12,989

1

—
 12,990
Commercial – nonagency—
5,188

—

—
 5,188
Total mortgage-backed securities—
128,294

1

—
 128,295
U.S. Treasury and government agencies139,436
—

—

—
 139,436
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities—
29,810

—

—
 29,810
Certificates of deposit—
77

—

—
 77
Non-U.S. government debt securities12,966
8,821

—

—
 21,787
Corporate debt securities—
845

—

—
 845
Asset-backed securities: 







 

Collateralized loan obligations—
24,991

—

—
 24,991
Other—
5,458

—

—
 5,458
Total available-for-sale securities152,402
198,296

1

—
 350,699
Loans—
7,104

—

—
 7,104
Mortgage servicing rights—
—

4,699

—
 4,699
Other assets(e)
7,305
452

724

—
 8,481
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$340,962
$928,185

$13,543

$(479,860) $802,830
Deposits$—
$25,229

$3,360

$—
 $28,589
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements—
549

—

—
 549
Short-term borrowings—
4,246

1,674

—
 5,920
Trading liabilities:  
 


 

Debt and equity instruments(d)
59,047
16,481

41

—
 75,569
Derivative payables:  



   
Interest rate795
276,746

1,732

(270,670) 8,603
Credit—
14,358

763

(13,469) 1,652
Foreign exchange109
143,960

1,039

(131,950) 13,158
Equity—
47,261

5,480

(40,204) 12,537
Commodity—
19,685

200

(12,127) 7,758
Total derivative payables904
502,010

9,214

(468,420) 43,708
Total trading liabilities59,951
518,491

9,255

(468,420) 119,277
Accounts payable and other liabilities3,231
452

45

—
 3,728
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs—
36

—

—
 36
Long-term debt—
52,406

23,339

—
 75,745
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$63,182
$601,409

$37,673

$(468,420) $233,844
(a)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, included total U.S. GSE obligations of $153.3 billion and $104.5 billion, respectively, which were mortgage-related.
(b)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, included within trading loans were $14.3 billion and $19.8 billion, respectively, of residential first-lien mortgages, and $2.0 billion and $3.4 billion, respectively, of commercial first-lien mortgages. Residential mortgage loans include conforming mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell to U.S. GSEs and government agencies of $7.1 billion and $13.6 billion, respectively.
(c)(b)Physical commodities inventories are generally accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value. “Net realizable value” is a term defined in U.S. GAAP as not exceeding fair value less costs to sell (“transaction costs”). Transaction costs for the Firm’s physical commodities inventories are either not applicable or immaterial to the value of the inventory. Therefore, net realizable value approximates fair value for the Firm’s physical commodities inventories are either not applicable or immaterial to the value of the inventory. Therefore, net realizable value approximates fair value for the Firm’s physical commodities

inventories. When fair value hedging has been applied (or when net realizable value is below cost), the carrying value of physical commodities approximates fair value, because under fair value hedge accounting, the cost basis is adjusted for changes in fair value. Refer to Note 54 for a further
97

discussion of the Firm’s hedge accounting relationships. To provide consistent fair value disclosure information, all physical commodities inventories have been included in each period presented.
(d)Balances reflect the reduction of securities owned (long positions) by the amount of identical securities sold but not yet purchased (short positions).
(e)Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient are not required to be classified in the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, the fair values of these investments, which include certain hedge funds, private equity funds, real estate and other funds, were $702 million and $684 million, respectively. Included in these balances at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, were trading assets of $45 million and $54 million, respectively, and other assets of $657 million and $630 million, respectively.
(f)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral received and paid when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.
(c)Balances reflect the reduction of securities owned (long positions) by the amount of identical securities sold but not yet purchased (short positions).
(d)Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient are not required to be classified in the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the fair values of these investments, which include certain hedge funds, private equity funds, real estate and other funds, were $688 million and $670 million, respectively. Included in these balances at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, were trading assets of $56 million and $52 million, respectively, and other assets of $632 million and $618 million, respectively.
(e)At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, included $29.8 billion and $15.1 billion, respectively, of residential first-lien mortgages, and $7.9 billion and $6.3 billion, respectively, of commercial first-lien mortgages. Residential mortgage loans include conforming mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell to U.S. GSEs and government agencies of $15.4 billion and $8.4 billion, respectively.
(f)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral received and paid when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.
(g)The prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current period presentation.
Level 3 valuations
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information on the Firm’s valuation process and a detailed discussion of the determination of fair value for individual financial instruments.
The following table presents the Firm’s primary level 3 financial instruments, the valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of those financial instruments, the significant unobservable inputs, the range of values for those inputs and the weighted or arithmetic averages of such inputs. While the determination to classify an instrument within level 3 is based on the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement, level 3 financial instruments typically include observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources) in addition to the unobservable components. The level 1 and/or level 2 inputs are not included in the table. In addition, the Firm manages the risk of the observable components of level 3 financial instruments using securities and derivative positions that are classified within levels 1 or 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The range of values presented in the table is representative of the highest and lowest level input used to value the significant groups of instruments within a product/instrument classification. Where provided, the weighted averages of the input values presented in the table are calculated based on the fair value of the instruments that the input is being used to value.
In the Firm’s view, the input range, weighted and arithmetic average values do not reflect the degree of input uncertainty or an assessment of the reasonableness of the Firm’s estimates and assumptions. Rather, they reflect the characteristics of the various instruments held by the Firm and the relative distribution of instruments within the range of characteristics. For example, two option contracts may have similar levels of market risk exposure and valuation uncertainty, but may have significantly different implied volatility levels because the option contracts have different underlyings, tenors, or strike prices. The input range and weighted average values will therefore vary from period-to-period and parameter-to-parameter based on the characteristics of the instruments held by the Firm at each balance sheet date.



98

Level 3 inputs(a)
June 30, 2021
Product/Instrument
Fair value
(in millions)
Principal valuation technique
Unobservable inputs(g)
Range of input values
Average(i)
Residential mortgage-backed securities and loans(b)
$1,044 Discounted cash flowsYield(3)%–18%5%
Prepayment speed0%–100%11%
Conditional default rate0%–30%8%
Loss severity(11)%–108%5%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and loans(c)
270 Market comparablesPrice$0–$102$86
Corporate debt securities487 Market comparablesPrice$2–$114$92
Loans(d)
1,570 Market comparablesPrice$5–$104$80
Asset-backed securities35 Market comparablesPrice$0–$99$51
Net interest rate derivatives(33)Option pricingInterest rate volatility8 bps–654 bps125 bps
Interest rate spread volatility11 bps–23 bps15 bps
Interest rate correlation(65)%–99%36%
IR-FX correlation(35)%–50%(1)%
11 Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed0%–30%8%
Net credit derivatives(52)Discounted cash flowsCredit correlation35%–62%47%
Credit spread1bps–1,876 bps 405bps
Recovery rate40%–70%54%
Conditional default rate89%–100%94%
Loss severity100%100%
35 Market comparablesPrice$0–$115$81
Net foreign exchange derivatives(469)Option pricingIR-FX correlation(40)%–65%19%
(114)Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed9%30%11%
Net equity derivatives(4,936)Option pricing
Forward equity price(h)
62%–109%99%
Equity volatility3%–146%29%
Equity correlation12%–100%55%
Equity-FX correlation(79)%–60%(27)%
Equity-IR correlation15%–50%27%
Net commodity derivatives(1,167)Option pricingOil Commodity Forward$616 / MT–$670 / MT$643 / MT
Forward power price$15 / MWH–$76 / MWH$46 / MWH
Commodity volatility2%–70%36%
Commodity correlation(50)%–98%24%
MSRs4,549 Discounted cash flowsRefer to Note 14
Long-term debt, short-term borrowings, and deposits(e)
28,306 Option pricingInterest rate volatility8 bps–654 bps125 bps
Interest rate correlation(65)%–99%36%
IR-FX correlation(35)%–50%(1)%
Equity correlation12%–100%55%
Equity-FX correlation(79)%–60%(27)%
Equity-IR correlation15%–50%27%
980 Discounted cash flowsCredit correlation35%–62%47%
Other level 3 assets and liabilities, net(f)
1,359 
(a)The categories presented in the table have been aggregated based upon the product type, which may differ from their classification on the Consolidated balance sheets. Furthermore, the inputs presented for each valuation technique in the table are, in some cases, not applicable to every instrument valued using the technique as the characteristics of the instruments can differ.
(b)Comprises U.S. GSE and government agency securities of $329 million, nonagency securities of $16 million and non-trading loans of $699 million.
(c)Comprises nonagency securities of $10 million, trading loans of $41 million and non-trading loans of $219 million.
(d)Comprises trading loans of $754 million and non-trading loans of $816 million.
(e)Long-term debt, short-term borrowings and deposits include structured notes issued by the Firm that are financial instruments that typically contain embedded derivatives. The estimation of the fair value of structured notes includes the derivative features embedded within the instrument. The significant unobservable inputs are broadly consistent with those presented for derivative receivables.
(f)Includes equity securities of $1.3 billion including $564 million in Other Assets, for which quoted prices are not readily available and the fair value is generally based on internal valuation techniques such as EBITDA multiples and comparable analysis. All other level 3 assets and liabilities are insignificant both individually and in aggregate.
(g)Price is a significant unobservable input for certain instruments. When quoted market prices are not readily available, reliance is generally placed on price-based internal valuation techniques. The price input is expressed assuming a par value of $100.
(h)Forward equity price is expressed as a percentage of the current equity price.
(i)Amounts represent weighted averages except for derivative related inputs where arithmetic averages are used.
Level 3 inputs(a)
      
June 30, 2020      
Product/Instrument
Fair value
(in millions)
 Principal valuation technique
Unobservable inputs(g)
Range of input values
Average(i)
Residential mortgage-backed securities and loans(b)
$1,035
 Discounted cash flowsYield(9)%–25% 5%
   Prepayment speed0%–44% 12%
    Conditional default rate0%–30% 12%
    Loss severity0%–110% 7%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and loans(c)
538
 Market comparablesPrice$0–$101 $85
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities8
 Market comparablesPrice$80–$100 $97
Corporate debt securities946
 Market comparablesPrice$3–$119 $69
Loans(d)
160
 Discounted cash flowsYield5%–30% 8%
 1,700
 Market comparablesPrice$6–$104 $76
Asset-backed securities39
 Market comparablesPrice$1–$79 $49
Net interest rate derivatives(139) Option pricingInterest rate volatility7%–121% 24%
    Interest rate spread volatility20bps–30bps 25bps
    Interest rate correlation(65)%–94% 43%
    IR-FX correlation(50)%–35% 0%
 35
 Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed3%–30% 10%
Net credit derivatives(175) Discounted cash flowsCredit correlation29%–64% 44%
    Credit spread7bps–1,443bps 481bps
    Recovery rate3%–70% 47%
    Conditional default rate2%–66% 24%
    Loss severity100% 100%
 38
 Market comparablesPrice$1–$115 $71
Net foreign exchange derivatives(441) Option pricingIR-FX correlation(58)%–70% 12%
 (154) Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed9% 9%
Net equity derivatives(2,036) Option pricing
Forward equity price(h)
64%–103% 98%
    Equity volatility4%–123% 36%
    Equity correlation25%–100% 79%
    Equity-FX correlation(77)%–55% (17)%
    Equity-IR correlation20%–35% 28%
Net commodity derivatives(297) Option pricingForward industrial metal price$ 1,209 / MT–$ 16,649 / MT $ 6,670 / MT
    Forward power price$ 13 / MWH–$ 80 / MWH $ 25 / MWH
    Commodity volatility4%–112% 27%
    Commodity correlation(45)%–95% 30%
MSRs3,080
 Discounted cash flowsRefer to Note 15  
Other assets412
 Discounted cash flowsCredit spread45bps 45bps
    Yield12% 12%
 508
 Market comparablesPrice$30–$122 $40
Long-term debt, short-term borrowings, and deposits(e)
28,250
 Option pricingInterest rate volatility7%–121% 24%
   Interest rate correlation(65)%–94% 43%
   IR-FX correlation(50)%–35% 0%
   Equity correlation25%–100% 79%
   Equity-FX correlation(77)%–55% (17)%
   Equity-IR correlation20%–35% 28%
Other level 3 assets and liabilities, net(f)
208
        
(a)The categories presented in the table have been aggregated based upon the product type, which may differ from their classification on the Consolidated balance sheets. Furthermore, the inputs presented for each valuation technique in the table are, in some cases, not applicable to every instrument valued using the technique as the characteristics of the instruments can differ.
(b)Comprises U.S. GSEs and government agency securities of $469 million, nonagency securities of $23 million and trading loans of $543 million.
(c)Comprises nonagency securities of $2 million, trading loans of $275 million and non-trading loans of $261 million.
(d)Comprises trading loans.
(e)Long-term debt, short-term borrowings and deposits include structured notes issued by the Firm that are financial instruments that typically contain embedded derivatives. The estimation of the fair value of structured notes includes the derivative features embedded within the instrument. The significant unobservable inputs are broadly consistent with those presented for derivative receivables.
(f)Includes level 3 assets and liabilities that are insignificant both individually and in aggregate.
(g)Price is a significant unobservable input for certain instruments. When quoted market prices are not readily available, reliance is generally placed on price-based internal valuation techniques. The price input is expressed assuming a par value of $100.
(h)Forward equity price is expressed as a percentage of the current equity price.
(i)Amounts represent weighted averages except for derivative related inputs where arithmetic averages are used.

99

Changes in and ranges of unobservable inputs
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the impact on fair value of changes in unobservable inputs and the relationships between unobservable inputs as well as a description of attributes of the underlying instruments and external market factors that affect the range of inputs used in the valuation of the Firm’s positions.
Changes in level 3 recurring fair value measurements
The following tables include a rollforward of the Consolidated balance sheets amounts (including changes in fair value) for financial instruments classified by the Firm within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020. When a determination is made to classify a financial instrument within level 3, the determination is based on the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. However, level 3 financial instruments
typically include, in addition to the unobservable or level 3 components, observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources); accordingly, the gains and losses in the table below include changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology. Also, the Firm risk-manages the observable components of level 3 financial instruments using securities and derivative positions that are classified within level 1 or 2 of the fair value hierarchy; as these level 1 and level 2 risk management instruments are not included below, the gains or losses in the following tables do not reflect the effect of the Firm’s risk management activities related to such level 3 instruments.



 Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs  
Three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
April 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)    
Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2020
Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
Purchases(f)
Sales 
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
               
Trading assets:               
Debt instruments:               
Mortgage-backed securities:               
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$519
 $(10) $5
$(5) $(40)$—
$—
 $469
 $(8) 
Residential – nonagency24
 —
 2
(2) (1)—
—
 23
 —
 
Commercial – nonagency3
 —
 —
—
 —
—
(1) 2
 —
 
Total mortgage-backed securities546
 (10) 7
(7) (41)—
(1) 494
 (8) 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities9
 —
 —
—
 (1)—
—
 8
 —
 
Non-U.S. government debt securities175
 16
 49
(68) (5)—
—
 167
 14
 
Corporate debt securities953
 —
 69
(56) (9)65
(76) 946
 3
 
Loans3,354
 (50) 167
(98) (464)517
(748) 2,678
 (47) 
Asset-backed securities52
 (5) 1
—
 (2)—
(7) 39
 1
 
Total debt instruments5,089
 (49) 293
(229) (522)582
(832) 4,332
 (37) 
Equity securities213
 (65) 14
(1) —
73
(43) 191
 (44) 
Other221
 165
 1
—
 (9)2
(1) 379
 184
 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments5,523
 51
(c) 
308
(230) (531)657
(876) 4,902
 103
(c) 
Net derivative receivables:(b)
               
Interest rate(136) 753
 21
(17) (622)(180)77
 (104) 447
 
Credit(111) (46) 30
(6) 16
11
(31) (137) (41) 
Foreign exchange(927) 182
 1
(5) 123
8
23
 (595) (249) 
Equity(826) (1,036) 530
(541) (54)99
(208) (2,036) (1,215) 
Commodity(425) 140
 7
(13) 9
2
(17) (297) 179
 
Total net derivative receivables(2,425) (7)
(c) 
589
(582) (528)(60)(156) (3,169) (879)
(c) 
Available-for-sale securities:               
Mortgage-backed securities—
 —
 —
—
 —
—
—
 —
 —
 
Total available-for-sale securities—
 —

—
—
 —
—
—
 —
 —

Loans283
 (26)
(c) 
—
—
 —
4
—
 261
 (27)
(c) 
Mortgage servicing rights3,267
 (111)
(d) 
169
2
 (247)—
—
 3,080
 (111)
(d) 
Other assets416
 50
(c) 
35
—
 —
40
—
 541
 50
(c) 
                
 Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs  
Three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
April 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/losses    
Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2020		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
               
Deposits$3,179
 $194
(c)(e) 
$—
$—
$80
$(256)$261
$(241) $3,217
 $160
(c)(e) 
Short-term borrowings2,039
 98
(c)(e) 
—
—
925
(747)12
(22) 2,305
 85
(c)(e) 
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments61
 —

(1)—
—
(5)7
(3) 59
 —

Accounts payable and other liabilities15
 4
(c) 
—
32
—
—
40
—
 91
 3
(c) 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs—
 —

—
—
—
—
—
—
 —
 —

Long-term debt20,141
 2,705
(c)(e) 
—
—
1,600
(1,809)608
(517) 22,728
 2,194
(c)(e) 


Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs

 
Three months ended
June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Fair value at
April 1,
2019		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)

 


Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2019		Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2019
Purchases(f)
Sales 
Settlements(g)
 
Assets:(a)

 



 



 








Trading assets:
 



 



 








Debt instruments:
 



 



 








Mortgage-backed securities:
 



 



 








U.S. GSEs and government agencies$412
 $(25)
$318
$(68) 
$(20)
$—
$—

$617

$(24)
Residential – nonagency85
 1

11
(14) 
(19)
—
(22)
42

—

Commercial – nonagency17
 —

4
—
 
(12)
—
—

9

(1)
Total mortgage-backed securities514
 (24)
333
(82) 
(51)
—
(22)
668

(25)
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities623
 1

57
(1) 
—

—
—

680

—

Non-U.S. government debt securities170
 —

117
(103) 
—

9
(3)
190

—

Corporate debt securities568
 7

61
(62) 
(53)
51
(10)
562

22

Loans1,741
 56

385
(216) 
(156)
139
(171)
1,778

68

Asset-backed securities119
 2

2
(58) 
(30)
—
(2)
33

2

Total debt instruments3,735
 42

955
(522) 
(290)
199
(208)
3,911

67

Equity securities202
 (12)
8
(3) 
—

21
(69)
147

(12)
Other304
 20

3
—
 
(15)
—
(1)
311

35

Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments4,241
 50
(c) 
966
(525) 
(305)
220
(278)
4,369

90
(c) 
Net derivative receivables:(b)


 






 



 








Interest rate(147) (341)
28
(60) 
(57)
(6)39

(544)
(459)
Credit(115) (127)
13
(1) 
4

1
(7)
(232)
(139)
Foreign exchange(356) 58

10
(8) 
114

(17)6

(193)
82

Equity(2,066) (21)
34
(158) 
(284)
(148)83

(2,560)
(91)
Commodity(665) (171)
7
(83) 
21

(17)—

(908)
(151)
Total net derivative receivables(3,349) (602)
(c) 
92
(310) 
(202)
(187)121

(4,437)
(758)
(c) 
Available-for-sale securities:   
   
 
  
 
 
Mortgage-backed securities—
 —

—
—
 
—

—
—

—

—

Total available-for-sale securities—
 —

—
—
 
—

—
—

—

—

Loans123
 1
(c) 
—
—
 
(119)
—
—

5

—

Mortgage servicing rights5,957
 (826)
(d) 
426
(217) 
(247)
—
—

5,093

(826)
(d) 
Other assets841
 (89)
(c) 
142
(8)  (26) 1
—
 861
 (92)
(c) 
                  

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs

Three months ended
June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Fair value at
April 1,
2019		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/losses

 

 
Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2019		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2019
PurchasesSales Issuances
Settlements(g)

Liabilities:(a)

 



 


  







Deposits$4,528
 $89
(c)(e) 
$—
$—
 $92
$(292)
$—
$(351)
$4,066

$104
(c)(e) 
Short-term borrowings1,502
 72
(c)(e) 
—
—
 1,037
(624)
67
(2)
2,052

28
(c)(e) 
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments52
 —

(5)5
 —
—

4
(11)
45

—

Accounts payable and other liabilities15
 (1)
(c) 
(3)80
 —
—

1
—

92

(1)
(c) 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs—
 —

—
—
 —
—

—
—

—

—

Long-term debt21,655
 455
(c)(e) 
—
—
 2,648
(2,729)
200
(366)
21,863

621
(c)(e) 






100

 Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs  
Six months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
Jan 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)    
Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2020
Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
Purchases(f)
Sales 
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
               
Trading assets:               
Debt instruments:               
Mortgage-backed securities:               
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$797
 $(149) $24
$(121) $(82)$—
$—
 $469
 $(139) 
Residential – nonagency23
 (1) 4
(2) (1)—
—
 23
 2
 
Commercial – nonagency4
 —
 1
—
 (1)1
(3) 2
 4
 
Total mortgage-backed securities824
 (150) 29
(123) (84)1
(3) 494
 (133) 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities10
 —
 —
(1) (1)—
—
 8
 —
 
Non-U.S. government debt securities155
 4
 139
(125) (5)—
(1) 167
 (6) 
Corporate debt securities558
 (55) 361
(98) (9)292
(103) 946
 (11) 
Loans1,382
 (211) 866
(260) (517)2,305
(887) 2,678
 (174) 
Asset-backed securities37
 (7) 37
(15) (3)—
(10) 39
 —
 
Total debt instruments2,966
 (419) 1,432
(622) (619)2,598
(1,004) 4,332
 (324) 
Equity securities196
 (103) 24
(5) —
155
(76) 191
 (79) 
Other232
 164
 10
(5) (21)2
(3) 379
 184
 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments3,394
 (358)
(c) 
1,466
(632) (640)2,755
(1,083) 4,902
 (219)
(c) 
Net derivative receivables:(b)
               
Interest rate(332) 1,395
 87
(67) (863)(352)28
 (104) 286
 
Credit(139) 62
 48
(134) (17)71
(28) (137) 28
 
Foreign exchange(607) (157) 39
(9) 109
8
22
 (595) (118) 
Equity(3,395) 2,001
 589
(1,089) 529
(557)(114) (2,036) 2,619
 
Commodity(16) (263) 11
(28) 18
(4)(15) (297) (276) 
Total net derivative receivables(4,489) 3,038
(c) 
774
(1,327) (224)(834)(107) (3,169) 2,539
(c) 
Available-for-sale securities:               
Mortgage-backed securities1
 —
 —
—
 (1)—
—
 —
 —
 
Total available-for-sale securities1
 —
 —
—
 (1)—
—
 —
 —
 
Loans—
 (37)
(c) 
—
—
 —
298
—
 261
 (37)
(c) 
Mortgage servicing rights4,699
 (1,493)
(d) 
442
(73) (495)—
—
 3,080
 (1,493)
(d) 
Other assets724
 (32)
(c) 
37
(28) (200)40
—
 541
 (34)
(c) 
                
 Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs  
Six months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
Jan 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/losses    
Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2020		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
               
Deposits$3,360
 $45
(c)(e) 
$—
$—
$466
$(428)$265
$(491) $3,217
 $58
(c)(e) 
Short-term borrowings1,674
 (247)
(c)(e) 
—
—
2,540
(1,676)52
(38) 2,305
 (37)
(c)(e) 
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments41
 3
(c) 
(76)7
—
(5)93
(4) 59
 2
(c) 
Accounts payable and other liabilities45
 (4)
(c) 
(23)33
—
—
40
—
 91
 (4)
(c) 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs—
 —
 —
—
—
—
—
—
 —
 —
 
Long-term debt23,339
 (1,405)
(c)(e) 
—
—
6,207
(5,358)978
(1,033) 22,728
 (476)
(c)(e) 





Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Fair value at
  April 1,
2021		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2021		Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2021
Purchases(f)
Sales
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$397 $(33)$1 $(8)$(28)$1 $(1)$329 $(34)
Residential – nonagency32 0 6 (21)(1)0 0 16 0 
Commercial – nonagency2 0 11 0 (3)0 0 10 1 
Total mortgage-backed securities431 (33)18 (29)(32)1 (1)355 (33)
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 
Non-U.S. government debt securities177 1 84 (79)0 0 0 183 (1)
Corporate debt securities370 30 228 (154)0 28 (15)487 30 
Loans832 (1)294 (85)(125)85 (205)795 1 
Asset-backed securities54 8 10 (36)(1)0 0 35 1 
Total debt instruments1,872 5 634 (383)(158)114 (221)1,863 (2)
Equity securities688 8 23 (27)0 24 (26)690 15 
Other122 7 36 0 (26)3 (95)47 19 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments2,682 20 (c)693 (410)(184)141 (342)2,600 32 (c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate149 524 18 (9)(657)(2)(45)(22)198 
Credit(4)(34)1 (2)17 (6)11 (17)(13)
Foreign exchange(539)2 37 (48)(12)1 (24)(583)(104)
Equity(3,834)(941)281 (407)600 (91)(544)(4,936)(942)
Commodity(911)(347)6 (81)165 0 1 (1,167)(198)
Total net derivative receivables(5,139)(796)(c)343 (547)113 (98)(601)(6,725)(1,059)(c)
Loans1,823 7 (c)240 (135)(318)445 (328)1,734 (11)(c)
Mortgage servicing rights4,470 (528)(d)814 (25)(182)0 0 4,549 (528)(d)
Other assets511 31 (c)4 0 (27)0 (1)518 35 (c)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Fair value at
  April 1,
2021		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2021		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2021
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$2,652 $47 (c)(e)$0 $0 $150 $(93)$1 $(73)$2,684 $47 (c)(e)
Short-term borrowings3,664 (283)(c)(e)0 0 1,395 (1,706)9 (4)3,075 35 (c)(e)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments60 (1)(c)(27)13 0 0 0 (9)36 0 

Accounts payable and other liabilities61 (9)(c)0 0 0 0 0 (1)51 (8)(c)
Long-term debt22,575 714 (c)(e)0 0 3,469 (3,089)7 (149)23,527 708 (c)(e)
101

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
April 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2020		Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
Purchases(f)
Sales
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
Assets:(a)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs

  
Six months ended
June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Fair value at
Jan 1,
2019		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)    
Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2019
Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2019
Purchases(f)
Sales  
Settlements(g)
 
Assets:(a)
              
Trading assets:              Trading assets:
Debt instruments:              Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:              Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$549
 $(40) $323
$(168)  $(38) $1
$(10) $617
 $(37) U.S. GSEs and government agencies$519 $(10)$5 $(5)$(40)$0 $0 $469 $(8)
Residential – nonagency64
 25
 81
(83)  (20) 15
(40) 42
 —
 Residential – nonagency24 0 2 (2)(1)0 0 23 0 
Commercial – nonagency11
 2
 16
(19)  (14) 15
(2) 9
 —
 Commercial – nonagency3 0 0 0 0 0 (1)2 0 
Total mortgage-backed securities624
 (13) 420
(270)  (72) 31
(52) 668
 (37) Total mortgage-backed securities546 (10)7 (7)(41)0 (1)494 (8)
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities689
 14
 58
(75)  (6) —
—
 680
 15
 Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities9 0 0 0 (1)0 0 8 0 
Non-U.S. government debt securities155
 (1) 188
(157)  —
 11
(6) 190
 2
 Non-U.S. government debt securities175 16 49 (68)(5)0 0 167 14 
Corporate debt securities334
 29
 284
(69)  (53) 79
(42) 562
 35
 Corporate debt securities953 0 69 (56)(9)65 (76)946 3 
Loans1,706
 139
 457
(334)  (276) 298
(212) 1,778
 128
 Loans1,386 4 92 (97)(93)39 (426)905 5 
Asset-backed securities127
 —
 19
(79)  (37) 20
(17) 33
 —
 Asset-backed securities52 (5)1 0 (2)0 (7)39 1 
Total debt instruments3,635
 168
 1,426
(984)  (444) 439
(329) 3,911
 143
 Total debt instruments3,121 5 218 (228)(151)104 (510)2,559 15 
Equity securities232
 (14) 23
(82)  (22) 96
(86) 147
 (11) Equity securities213 (65)14 (1)0 73 (43)191 (44)
Other301
 24
 15
(1)  (26) 1
(3) 311
 45
 Other221 165 1 0 (9)2 (1)379 184 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments4,168
 178
(c) 
1,464
(1,067)  (492) 536
(418) 4,369
 177
(c) 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments3,555 105 (c)233 (229)(160)179 (554)3,129 155 (c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
              
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate(38) (663) 47
(87)
(i) 
 121
(i) 
12
64
 (544) (725) Interest rate(136)753 21 (17)(622)

(180)77 (104)447 
Credit(107) (144) 13
(2)  10
 4
(6) (232) (155) Credit(111)(46)30 (6)16 11 (31)(137)(41)
Foreign exchange(297) (187) 11
(17)  295
 (25)27
 (193) (144) Foreign exchange(927)182 1 (5)123 8 23 (595)(249)
Equity(2,225) 710
 161
(455)  (685) (215)149
 (2,560) (134) Equity(826)(1,036)

530 (541)

(54)

99 (208)

(2,036)(1,215)
Commodity(1,129) 362
 10
(171)  45
 (16)(9) (908) 485
 Commodity(425)140 7 (13)9 2 (17)(297)179 
Total net derivative receivables(3,796) 78
(c) 
242
(732)  (214) (240)225
 (4,437) (673)
(c) 
Total net derivative receivables(2,425)(7)(c)589 (582)

(528)

(60)(156)

(3,169)(879)(c)
Available-for-sale securities:              Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities1
 —
 —
—
  (1) —
—
 —
 —
 Mortgage-backed securities0 0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 

0 0 
Total available-for-sale securities1
 —
 —
—
  (1) —
—
 —
 —
 Total available-for-sale securities0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Loans122
 4
(c) 
—
—
  (121) —
—
 5
 5
(c) 
Loans2,085 (87)(c)62 (1)(345)482 (322)1,874 (86)(c)
Mortgage servicing rights6,130
 (1,125)
(d) 
862
(328)  (446) —
—
 5,093
 (1,125)
(d) 
Mortgage servicing rights3,267 (111)(d)169 2 (247)0 0 3,080 (111)(d)
Other assets927
 (96)
(c) 
151
(88)  (27) 1
(7) 861
 (98)
(c) 
Other assets582 57 (c)48 0 (26)40 0 701 57 (c)
              
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs  
Six months ended
June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Fair value at
Jan 1,
2019		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/losses     
Transfers into
level 3(h)
Transfers (out of) level 3(h)
Fair value at
June 30, 2019		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2019
PurchasesSales Issuances
Settlements(g)
 
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
April 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2020		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
              
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$4,169
 $241
(c)(e) 
$—
$—
 $427
$(316) $—
$(455) $4,066
 $246
(c)(e) 
Deposits$3,179 $194 (c)(e)$0 $0 $80 $(256)$261 $(241)$3,217 $160 (c)(e)
Short-term borrowings1,523
 118
(c)(e) 
—
—
 1,688
(1,225) 68
(120) 2,052
 115
(c)(e) 
Short-term borrowings2,039 98 (c)(e)0 0 925 (747)12 (22)2,305 85 (c)(e)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments50
 —
 (7)16
 —
—
 7
(21) 45
 1
(c) 
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments61 0 

(1)0 0 (5)7 (3)59 0 

Accounts payable and other liabilities10
 (1)
(c) 
(8)90
 —
—
 1
—
 92
 (1)
(c) 
Accounts payable and other liabilities15 4 (c)0 32 0 0 40 0 91 3 (c)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs1
 (1)
(c) 
—
—
 —
—
 —
—
 —
 —
 Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Long-term debt19,418
 1,728
(c)(e) 
—
—
 4,699
(3,917) 473
(538) 21,863
 2,039
(c)(e) 
Long-term debt20,141 2,705 (c)(e)0 0 1,600 (1,809)

608 (517)22,728 

2,194 (c)(e)
(a)
102

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Six months ended
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Fair value at
January 1,
2021		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2021		Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2021
Purchases(f)
Sales
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$449 $(10)$7 $(56)$(61)$1 $(1)$329 $(12)
Residential – nonagency28 1 15 (24)(3)0 (1)16 0 
Commercial – nonagency3 0 11 (1)(3)0 0 10 0 
Total mortgage-backed securities480 (9)33 (81)(67)1 (2)355 (12)
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 
Non-U.S. government debt securities182 (8)202 (186)(7)0 0 183 (7)
Corporate debt securities507 15 319 (300)0 113 (167)487 14 
Loans893 6 566 (237)(126)175 (482)795 3 
Asset-backed securities28 7 38 (39)(1)2 0 35 7 
Total debt instruments2,098 11 1,158 (843)(201)291 (651)1,863 5 
Equity securities476 3 253 (70)0 78 (50)690 13 
Other49 48 101 0 (55)3 (99)47 28 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments2,623 62 (c)1,512 (913)(256)372 (800)2,600 46 (c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate258 969 71 (102)(1,191)

55 (82)(22)233 
Credit(224)149 2 (4)44 (9)25 (17)134 
Foreign exchange(434)(198)39 (54)99 11 (46)(583)32 
Equity(3,862)(918)

475 (1,245)

726 

19 (131)

(4,936)(1,258)
Commodity(731)(593)10 (294)444 (1)(2)(1,167)(554)
Total net derivative receivables(4,993)(591)(c)597 (1,699)

122 

75 (236)

(6,725)(1,413)(c)
Loans2,305 (66)(c)307 (325)(519)600 (568)1,734 (72)(c)
Mortgage servicing rights3,276 269 (d)1,397 (24)(369)0 0 4,549 269 (d)
Other assets538 44 (c)7 (18)(52)0 (1)518 63 (c)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Six months ended
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Fair value at
January 1,
2021		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2021		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2021
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$2,913 $(56)(c)(e)$0 $0 $219 $(188)$2 $(206)$2,684 $(56)(c)(e)
Short-term borrowings2,420 (396)(c)(e)0 0 4,313 (3,212)9 (59)3,075 18 (c)(e)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments51 (4)(c)(92)34 0 0 59 (12)36 10 (c)
Accounts payable and other liabilities68 (10)(c)0 1 0 0 0 (8)51 (10)(c)
Long-term debt23,397 406 (c)(e)0 0 6,934 (6,738)

18 (490)23,527 

305 (c)(e)
103

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Six months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
January 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2020		Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
Purchases(f)
Sales
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$797 $(149)$24 $(121)$(82)$0 $0 $469 $(139)
Residential – nonagency23 (1)4 (2)(1)0 0 23 2 
Commercial – nonagency4 0 1 0 (1)1 (3)2 4 
Total mortgage-backed securities824 (150)29 (123)(84)1 (3)494 (133)
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities10 0 0 (1)(1)0 0 8 0 
Non-U.S. government debt securities155 4 139 (125)(5)0 (1)167 (6)
Corporate debt securities558 (55)361 (98)(9)292 (103)946 (11)
Loans673 (94)589 (227)(109)607 (534)905 (67)
Asset-backed securities37 (7)37 (15)(3)0 (10)39 0 
Total debt instruments2,257 (302)1,155 (589)(211)900 (651)2,559 (217)
Equity securities196 (103)24 (5)0 155 (76)191 (79)
Other232 164 10 (5)(21)2 (3)379 184 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments2,685 (241)(c)1,189 (599)(232)1,057 (730)3,129 (112)(c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate(332)1,395 87 (67)(863)

(352)28 (104)286 
Credit(139)62 48 (134)(17)71 (28)(137)28 
Foreign exchange(607)(157)39 (9)109 8 22 (595)(118)
Equity(3,395)2,001 

589 (1,089)

529 

(557)(114)

(2,036)2,619 
Commodity(16)(263)11 (28)18 (4)(15)(297)(276)
Total net derivative receivables(4,489)3,038 (c)774 (1,327)

(224)

(834)(107)

(3,169)2,539 (c)
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities1 0 

0 0 

(1)

0 0 

0 0 
Total available-for-sale securities1 0 

0 0 (1)0 0 0 0 

Loans516 (151)(c)253 (33)(354)1,996 (353)1,874 (141)(c)
Mortgage servicing rights4,699 (1,493)(d)442 (73)(495)0 0 3,080 (1,493)(d)
Other assets917 (35)(c)61 (28)(254)40 0 701 (37)(c)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Six months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Fair value at
January 1,
2020		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
June 30, 2020		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at June 30, 2020
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$3,360 $45 (c)(e)$0 $0 $466 $(428)$265 $(491)$3,217 $58 (c)(e)
Short-term borrowings1,674 (247)(c)(e)0 0 2,540 (1,676)52 (38)2,305 (37)(c)(e)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments41 3 (c)(76)7 0 (5)93 (4)59 2 (c)
Accounts payable and other liabilities45 (4)(c)(23)33 0 0 40 0 91 (4)(c)
Long-term debt23,339 (1,405)(c)(e)0 0 6,207 (5,358)

978 (1,033)22,728 

(476)(c)(e)
(a)Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets accounted for at fair value (including assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis) were 1% and 2% at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Level 3 liabilities as a percentage of total Firm liabilities accounted for at fair value (including liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis) were 8% and 16%, at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

(b)All level 3 derivatives are presented on a net basis, irrespective of the underlying counterparty.
(c)Predominantly reported in principal transactions revenue, except for changes in fair value for CCB mortgage loans and lending-related commitments originated with the intent to sell, and mortgage loan purchase commitments, which are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d)Changes in fair value for MSRs are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(e)
Realized (gains)/losses due to DVA for fair value option elected liabilities are reported in principal transactions revenue, and were not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Unrealized (gains)/losses are reported in OCI, and they were $940 million and $(5) million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $(199) million and $170 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019
(f)Loan originations are included in purchases.
(g)Includes financial assets and liabilities that have matured, been partially or fully repaid, impacts of modifications, deconsolidations associated with beneficial interests in VIEs and other items.
(h)All transfers into and/or out of level 3 are based on changes in the observability and/or significance of the valuation inputs and are assumed to occur at the beginning of the quarterly reporting period in which they occur.
(i)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Level 3 analysis
Consolidated balance sheets changes
Level 3 assets, including assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis,basis) were 0.6%1% at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Level 3 liabilities at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assetsliabilities at fair value (including liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis) were 8% and 9% at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
(b)All level 3 derivatives are presented on a net basis, irrespective of the underlying counterparty.
(c)Predominantly reported in principal transactions revenue, except for changes in fair value for CCB mortgage loans and lending-related commitments originated with the intent to sell, and mortgage loan purchase commitments, which are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
104

(d)Changes in fair value for MSRs are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(e)Realized (gains)/losses due to DVA for fair value option elected liabilities are reported in principal transactions revenue, and were not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Unrealized (gains)/losses are reported in OCI, and were $5 million and $940 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $(17) million and $(199) million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(f)Loan originations are included in purchases.
(g)Includes financial assets and liabilities that have matured, been partially or fully repaid, impacts of modifications, deconsolidations associated with beneficial interests in VIEs and other items.
Level 3 analysis
Consolidated balance sheets changes
The following describes significant changes to level 3 assets since December 31, 2019,2020, for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Refer to Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis on page 112107 for further information on changes impacting items measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
Three and six months ended June 30, 20202021
Level 3 assets were $17.4$15.9 billion at June 30, 2020,2021, reflecting a decrease of $1.7$1.5 billion from March 31, 20202021 and an increasea decrease of $3.9 billion$526 million from December 31, 2019.2020.
The decrease for the three months ended June 30, 20202021 was largely driven by:
$676by a $979 million decrease in trading loansgross equity derivative receivables due to settlements.settlements and transfers net of gains.
•
$507 million decrease in gross equity derivative receivables due to settlements.
The increasedecrease for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 was driven by:
•$1.3 billion increase in trading loans due to transfers
$813458 million increasedecrease in gross interest rate derivative receivables and $2.5 billion increase$490 million decrease in gross equity derivative receivables due to gainssettlements and transfers net of settlements,gains, and
partially•$571 million decrease in non-trading loans predominantly due to settlements,
predominantly offset by
•$1.61.3 billion decreaseincrease in MSRs dueMSRs. Refer to losses.Note 14 for information on MSRs.
Refer to the sections below for additional information.
Transfers between levels for instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, there were no significant transfers from level 2 into level 3.
For the three months ended June 30, 2021, significant transfers from level 3 into level 2 included the following:
•$1.0 billion of gross equity derivative receivables as a result of an increase in observability and a decrease in the significance of unobservable inputs.
For the six months ended June 30, 2021, significant transfers from level 3 into level 2 included the following:
•$800 million of total debt and equity instruments, largely trading loans, driven by an increase in observability.
•$1.3 billion and $1.1 billion of gross equity derivative receivables and gross equity derivative payables, respectively, as a result of an increase in observability and a decrease in the significance of unobservable inputs.
For the three months ended June 30, 2020, significant transfers from level 2 into level 3 included the following:
•$657 million of total debt and equity instruments, predominantly trading loans, driven by a decrease in observability.
•$802 million of gross equity derivative receivables and $703 million of gross equity derivative payables as a result of a decrease in observability and an increase in the significance of unobservable inputs.
•$608 million of long-term debt driven by a decrease in observability and an increase in the significance of unobservable inputs for certain structured notes.
For the six months ended June 30, 2020, significant transfers from level 2 into level 3 included the following:
•$2.8 billion of total debt and equity instruments, predominantly trading loans, driven by a decrease in observability.
•$1.8 billion of gross equity derivative receivables, $776 million of gross interest rate derivative payables and $2.4 billion of gross equity derivative payables as a result of a decrease in observability and an increase in the significance of unobservable inputs.
•$978 million of long-term debt driven by a decrease in observability and an increase in the significance of unobservable inputs for certain structured notes.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, significant transfers from level 3 into level 2 included the following:
•$876 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, of total debt and equity instruments, predominantly trading loans, driven by an increase in observability.
•$854 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, of gross equity derivative receivables and $646 million and $965 million, respectively, of gross equity derivative payables as a result of an increase in observability and a decrease in the significance of unobservable inputs.
•$517 million and $1.0 billion, respectively, of long-term debt driven by an increase in observability and a decrease in the significance of unobservable inputs for certain structured notes.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, there were no significant transfers from level 2 into level 3 or from level 3 into level 2.
All transfers are based on changes in the observability and/or significance of the valuation inputs and are assumed to occur at the beginning of the quarterly reporting period in which they occur.


105

Gains and losses
The following describes significant components of total realized/unrealized gains/(losses) for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated. These amounts exclude any effects of the Firm’s risk management activities where the financial instruments are classified as level 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Changes in level 3 recurring fair value measurements rollforward tables on pages 105-111100-106 for further information on these instruments.
Three months ended June 30, 2021
•$1.3 billion of net losses on assets, driven by losses in net equity derivative receivables due to market movements and losses in MSRs reflecting faster prepayment speeds on lower rates. Refer to Note 14 for information on MSRs.
•$468 million of net losses on liabilities, driven by losses in long-term debt partially offset by gains in short-term borrowings, due to market movements.
Three months ended June 30, 2020
•$43 million of net losses on assets, primarily driven by market movements in net derivative receivables.
•$3.0 billion of net losses on liabilities, predominantly driven by market movements in long-term debt.
ThreeSix months ended June 30, 20192021
•$282 million of net losses on assets, driven by losses in net derivative receivables due to market movements largely offset by gains in MSRs reflecting lower prepayment speeds on higher rates. Refer to Note 14 for information on MSRs.
•
$1.5 billion of net losses on assets, driven by derivative receivables due to market movements and MSRs reflecting updates to model inputs and faster prepayment speeds on lower rates.
•
$615 million of net losses on liabilities, largely due to market movements in long-term debt.
Six months ended June 30, 2020
•$1.1 billion of net gains on assets, driven by gains in net interest rate derivative receivables and net equity derivative receivables due to market movements largely offset by losses in MSRs reflecting faster prepayment speeds on lower rates. Refer to Note 14 for additional information on MSRs.
•
$1.1 billion of net gains on assets, driven by gains in net interest rate derivative receivables and net equity derivative receivables due to market movements largely offset by losses in MSRs reflecting faster prepayment speeds on lower rates. Refer to Note 15 for additional information on MSRs.
•
$1.6 billion of net gains on liabilities, predominantly driven by market movements in long-term debt.
Six months ended June 30, 2019•$1.6 billion of net gains on liabilities, predominantly driven by market movements in long-term debt.
•
$1.0 billion of net losses on assets, predominantly driven by MSRs reflecting updates to model inputs and faster prepayment speeds on lower rates.
•
$2.1 billion of net losses on liabilities, predominantly driven by market movements in long-term debt.



Credit and funding adjustments — derivatives
The following table provides the impact of credit and funding adjustments on principal transactions revenue in the respective periods, excluding the effect of any associated hedging activities. The FVA presented below includes the impact of the Firm’s own credit quality on the inception value of liabilities as well as the impact of changes in the Firm’s own credit quality over time.
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Credit and funding adjustments:       
Derivatives CVA$207
 $(44) $(718) $16
Derivatives FVA676
 (89) (345) 63

Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Credit and funding adjustments:
Derivatives CVA$43 $207 $283 $(718)
Derivatives FVA(45)676 61 (345)
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information about both credit and funding adjustments, as well as information about valuation adjustments on fair value option elected liabilities.
106

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
The following tables present the assets and liabilities held as of June 30, 20202021 and 20192020, respectively, for which nonrecurring fair value adjustments were recorded during the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 20192020, respectively, by major product category and fair value hierarchy.
Fair value hierarchyTotal fair value
Fair value hierarchy Total fair value
June 30, 2020 (in millions)Level 1
Level 2
 Level 3
 
June 30, 2021 (in millions)June 30, 2021 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total fair value
Loans$—
$1,793
(c) 
$823
(d) 
$2,616
Loans$0 $2,048 

$329 (b)
Other assets(a)
—
4
 392
 396
Other assets(a)
0 11 831 842 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$—
$1,797
 $1,215
 $3,012
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$0 $2,059 $1,160 $3,219 
Accounts payable and other liabilities(b)
—
—
 95
  
95
Accounts payable and other liabilitiesAccounts payable and other liabilities0 0 5  5 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$—
$—
 $95
 $95
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$0 $0 $5 $5 
Fair value hierarchyTotal fair value
June 30, 2020 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Loans$0 $1,793 

$823 $2,616 
Other assets0 4 392 

396 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$0 $1,797 $1,215 $3,012 
Accounts payable and other liabilities0 0 95 

95 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$0 $0 $95 $95 
 Fair value hierarchy Total fair value
June 30, 2019 (in millions)Level 1
Level 2
 Level 3
 
Loans$—
$1,716
(e) 
$141
 $1,857
Other assets—
13
 713
 726
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$—
$1,729
 $854
 $2,583
(a)Primarily includes equity securities without readily determinable fair values that were adjusted based on observable price changes in orderly transactions from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer (measurement alternative). Of the $831 million in level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2021, $754 million related to equity securities adjusted based on the measurement alternative. These equity securities are classified as level 3 due to the infrequency of the observable prices and/or the restrictions on the shares.
(a)Primarily includes equity securities without readily determinable fair values that were adjusted based on observable price changes in orderly transactions from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer (measurement alternative). Of the $392 million in level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2020, $209 million related to equity securities adjusted based on the measurement alternative. These equity securities are classified as level 3 due to the infrequency of the observable prices and/or the restrictions on the shares.
(b)Represents at June 30, 2020 the net markdowns associated with $3.4 billion of held-for-sale positions related to unfunded commitments in the bridge financing portfolio. There were 0 liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at June 30, 2019.
(c)Primarily includes certain mortgage loans that were reclassified to held-for-sale.
(d)Of the $823 million in level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2020, $372 million related to residential real estate loans carried at the net realizable value of the underlying collateral (e.g., collateral-dependent loans). These amounts are classified as level 3 as they are valued using information from broker’s price opinions, appraisals and automated valuation models and discounted based upon the Firm’s experience with actual liquidation values. These discounts ranged from 15% to 46% with a weighted average of 28%.
(e)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Of the $329 million in level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2021, $179 million related to residential real estate loans carried at the net realizable value of the underlying collateral (e.g., collateral-dependent loans). These amounts are classified as level 3 as they are valued using information from broker’s price opinions, appraisals and automated valuation models and discounted based upon the Firm’s experience with actual liquidation values. These discounts ranged from 12% to 45% with a weighted average of 26%.
Nonrecurring fair value changes
The following table presents the total change in value of assets and liabilities for which fair value adjustments have been recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 20192020, related to assets and liabilities held at those dates.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Loans$(11) $(39)

$(32)

$(303)

Other assets(a)
92  (39)

93 (206)
Accounts payable and other liabilities7  465 

6 (95)
Total nonrecurring fair value gains/(losses)$88 $387 $67 $(604)
(a)Included $102 million and $(4) million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $107 million and $(158) million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, of net gains/(losses) as a result of the measurement alternative.
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 
(in millions)2020 2019 2020 2019 
Loans$(39)
(b) 
$(79)
(d) 
$(303)
(b) 
$(100)
(d) 
Other assets(a)
(39)
  
13
 (206) 90
 
Accounts payable and other liabilities465
(c) 
—
 (95)
(c) 
—
 
Total nonrecurring fair value gains/(losses)$387
 $(66) $(604) $(10) 
(a)Included $(4) million and $16 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $(158) million and $95 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, of net (losses)/gains as a result of the measurement alternative.
(b)Includes the impact of certain mortgage loans that were reclassified to held-for-sale.
(c)Represents marks on held-for-sale positions related to unfunded commitments in the bridge financing portfolio.
(d)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Refer to Note 1211 for further information about the measurement of collateral-dependent loans.


107

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values
The Firm measures certain equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer, with such changes recognized in other income.
In its determination of the new carrying values upon observable price changes, the Firm may adjust the prices if deemed necessary to arrive at the Firm’s estimated fair values. Such adjustments may include adjustments to reflect the different rights and obligations of similar securities, and other adjustments that are consistent with the Firm’s valuation techniques for private equity direct investments.
The following table presents the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values still held as of June 30, 20202021 and 20192020, that are measured under the measurement alternative and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes. These securities are included in the nonrecurring fair value tables when applicable price changes are observable.
 Three months endedSix months ended
 June 30June 30
As of or for the period ended,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Other assets
Carrying value(a)
$2,798 $2,620 $2,798 $2,620 
Upward carrying value changes(b)
109 4 

116 13

Downward carrying value changes/impairment(c)
(7)(9)(9)(171)
(a)The carrying value as of December 31, 2020 was $2.4 billion. The period-end carrying values reflect cumulative purchases and sales in addition to upward and downward carrying value changes.
(b)The cumulative upward carrying value changes between January 1, 2018 and June 30, 2021 were $727 million.
 Three months ended Six months ended
 June 30 June 30
As of or for the period ended,       
(in millions)2020 2019 2020 2019
Other assets       
Carrying value(a)
$2,620
 $1,704
 $2,620
 $1,704
Upward carrying value changes(b)
4
 52
 13
 136
Downward carrying value changes/impairment(c)
(9) (36) (171) (42)
(c)The cumulative downward carrying value changes/impairment between January 1, 2018 and June 30, 2021 were $(327) million.
(a)The carrying value as of December 31, 2019 was $2.4 billion.
(b)The cumulative upward carrying value changes between January 1, 2018 and June 30, 2020 were $541 million.
(c)The cumulative downward carrying value changes/impairment between January 1, 2018 and June 30, 2020 were $(368) million.
Included in other assets above is the Firm’s interest in approximately 40 million Visa Class B common shares, recorded at a nominal carrying value. These shares are subject to certain transfer restrictions currently and will be convertible into Visa Class A common shares upon final resolution of certain litigation matters involving Visa. The conversion rate of Visa Class B common shares into Visa Class A common shares is 1.6228 at June 30, 2020,2021, and may be adjusted by Visa depending on developments related to the litigation matters.
108


Additional disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments that are not carried on the Consolidated balance sheets at fair value
The following table presents, by fair value hierarchy classification, the carrying values and estimated fair values at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019, 2020, of financial assets and liabilities, excluding financial instruments that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis, and their classification within the fair value hierarchy.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Estimated fair value hierarchyEstimated fair value hierarchy
(in billions)Carrying
value		Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated
fair value		Carrying
value		Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated
fair value
Financial assets
Cash and due from banks$26.6 $26.6 $0 $0 $26.6 $24.9 $24.9 $0 $0 $24.9 
Deposits with banks678.8 678.8 0 0 678.8 502.7 502.7 0 0 502.7 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable124.3 0 124.2 0.1 124.3 89.4 0 89.3 0.1 89.4 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements6.4 0 6.4 0 6.4 58.3 0 58.3 0 58.3 
Securities borrowed116.4 0 116.4 0 116.4 107.7 0 107.7 0 107.7 
Investment securities, held-to-maturity341.5 181.9 161.0 0 342.9 201.8 53.2 152.3 0 205.5 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses(a)
959.7 0 208.9 772.8 981.7 940.1 0 210.9 755.6 966.5 
Other94.6 0 93.1 1.6 94.7 81.8 0 80.0 1.9 81.9 
Financial liabilities
Deposits$2,291.2 $0 $2,291.2 $0 $2,291.2 $2,129.8 $0 $2,128.9 $0 $2,128.9 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements69.6 0 69.6 0 69.6 59.5 0 59.5 0 59.5 
Short-term borrowings31.9 0 31.9 0 31.9 28.3 0 28.3 0 28.3 
Accounts payable and other liabilities214.5 0 210.3 3.9 214.2 186.6 0 181.9 4.3 186.2 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs14.3 0 14.4 0 14.4 17.5 0 17.6 0 17.6 
Long-term debt224.1 0 228.1 3.3 231.4 204.8 0 209.2 3.2 212.4 
(a)Fair value is typically estimated using a discounted cash flow model that incorporates the characteristics of the underlying loans (including principal, contractual interest rate and contractual fees) and other key inputs, including expected lifetime credit losses, interest rates, prepayment rates, and primary origination or secondary market spreads. For certain loans, the fair value is measured based on the value of the underlying collateral. Carrying value of the loan takes into account the loan’s allowance for loan losses, which represents the loan’s expected credit losses over its remaining expected life. The difference between the estimated fair value and carrying value of a loan is generally attributable to changes in market interest rates, including credit spreads, market liquidity premiums and other factors that affect the fair value of a loan but do not affect its carrying value.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Estimated fair value hierarchy   Estimated fair value hierarchy 
(in billions)
Carrying
value
Level 1Level 2Level 3
Total estimated
fair value
 
Carrying
value
Level 1Level 2Level 3
Total estimated
fair value
Financial assets           
Cash and due from banks$20.5
$20.5
$—
$—
$20.5
 $21.7
$21.7
$—
$—
$21.7
Deposits with banks473.2
473.2
—
—
473.2
 241.9
241.9
—
—
241.9
Accrued interest and accounts receivable71.4
—
71.4
—
71.4
 71.3
—
71.2
0.1
71.3
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements13.0
—
13.0
—
13.0
 234.6
—
234.6
—
234.6
Securities borrowed100.2
—
100.2
—
100.2
 133.5
—
133.5
—
133.5
Investment securities, held-to-maturity72.9
—
76.1
—
76.1
 47.5
0.1
48.8
—
48.9
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses(a)
940.5
—
215.9
752.5
968.4
 939.5
—
214.1
734.9
949.0
Other69.5
—
68.3
1.3
69.6
 61.3
—
60.6
0.8
61.4
Financial liabilities           
Deposits$1,909.5
$—
$1,909.7
$—
$1,909.7
 $1,533.8
$—
$1,534.1
$—
$1,534.1
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements46.3
—
46.3
—
46.3
 183.1
—
183.1
—
183.1
Short-term borrowings28.1
—
28.1
—
28.1
 35.0
—
35.0
—
35.0
Accounts payable and other liabilities188.8
—
184.7
3.8
188.5
 164.0
0.1
160.0
3.5
163.6
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs20.8
—
20.9
—
20.9
 17.8
—
17.9
—
17.9
Long-term debt242.2
—
239.8
3.4
243.2
 215.5
—
218.3
3.5
221.8

(a)Fair value is typically estimated using a discounted cash flow model that incorporates the characteristics of the underlying loans (including principal, contractual interest rate and contractual fees) and other key inputs, including expected lifetime credit losses, interest rates, prepayment rates, and primary origination or secondary market spreads. For certain loans, the fair value is measured based on the value of the underlying collateral. Carrying value of the loan takes into account the loan’s allowance for loan losses, which represents the loan’s expected credit losses over its remaining expected life. The difference between the estimated fair value and carrying value of a loan is generally attributable to changes in market interest rates, including credit spreads, market liquidity premiums and other factors that affect the fair value of a loan but do not affect its carrying value.
The majority of the Firm’s lending-related commitments are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis on the Consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value and the estimated fair value of these wholesale lending-related commitments were as follows for the periods indicated.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Estimated fair value hierarchyEstimated fair value hierarchy
(in billions)
Carrying value(a) (b)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value
Carrying value(a) (b)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value
Wholesale lending-related commitments$2.8 $0 $0 $3.1 $3.1 $2.2 $0 $0 $2.1 $2.1 
(a)Excludes the current carrying values of the guarantee liability and the offsetting asset, each of which is recognized at fair value at the inception of the guarantees.
(b)Includes the wholesale allowance for lending-related commitments.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Estimated fair value hierarchy   Estimated fair value hierarchy 
(in billions)
Carrying value(a) (b)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value 
Carrying value(a)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value
Wholesale lending-related commitments$2.1
$—
$—
$2.4
$2.4
 $1.2
$—
$—
$1.9
$1.9
(a)Excludes the current carrying values of the guarantee liability and the offsetting asset, each of which is recognized at fair value at the inception of the guarantees.
(b)Includes the wholesale allowance for lending-related commitments and net markdowns associated with held-for-sale positions related to unfunded commitments in the bridge financing portfolio.
The Firm does not estimate the fair value of consumer off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. In many cases, the Firm can reduce or cancel these commitments by providing the borrower notice or, in some cases as permitted by law, without notice. Refer to page 156173 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the valuation of lending-related commitments.
109


Note 3 – Fair value option
The fair value option provides an option to elect fair value as an alternative measurement for selected financial assets, financial liabilities, unrecognized firm commitments, and written loan commitments.
The Firm has elected to measure certain instruments at fair value for several reasons including to mitigate income statement volatility caused by the differences between the measurement basis of elected instruments (e.g., certain instruments that otherwise would be accounted for on an accrual basis) and the associated risk management arrangements that are accounted for on a fair value basis, as well as to better reflect those instruments that are managed on a fair value basis.
The Firm’s election of fair value includes the following instruments:
•Loans purchased or originated as part of securitization warehousing activity, subject to bifurcation accounting, or managed on a fair value basis, including lending-related commitments
•
Loans purchased or originated
•Certain securities financing agreements
•Owned beneficial interests in securitized financial assets that contain embedded credit derivatives, which would otherwise be required to be separately accounted for as part of securitization warehousing activity, subject to bifurcation accounting, or managed on a derivative instrument
•Structured notes, which are predominantly financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives that are issued as part of client-driven activities
•Certain long-term beneficial interests issued by CIB’s consolidated securitization trusts where the underlying assets are carried at fair value basis, including lending-related commitments
•
Certain securities financing agreements
•
Owned beneficial interests in securitized financial assets that contain embedded credit derivatives, which would otherwise be required to be separately accounted for as a derivative instrument
•
Structured notes, which are predominantly financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives, that are issued as part of client-driven activities
•
Certain long-term beneficial interests issued by CIB’s consolidated securitization trusts where the underlying assets are carried at fair value
Changes in fair value under the fair value option election
The following table presents the changes in fair value included in the Consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, for items for which the fair value option was elected. The profit and loss information presented below only includes the financial instruments that were elected to be measured at fair value; related risk management instruments, which are required to be measured at fair value, are not included in the table.
Three months ended June 30,
20212020
(in millions)Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair
value recorded (e)
Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair value recorded (e)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$(2)$0 $(2)$(299)$0 $(299)
Securities borrowed(27)0 (27)(58)0 (58)
Trading assets:
Debt and equity instruments, excluding loans367 (1)(c)366 1,209 0  1,209 
Loans reported as trading assets:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk72 0  72 401 0  401 
Other changes in fair value(7)0  (7)0 0  0 
Loans:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk184 (3)(c)181 (33)38 (c)5 
Other changes in fair value(a)
143 784 (c)927 (4)754 (c)750 
Other assets9 (4)(d)5 17 25 (d)42 
Deposits(a)
(258)0 (258)(362)0 (362)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements(3)0 (3)181 0 181 
Short-term borrowings(a)
(489)0 (489)(631)0 (631)
Trading liabilities(1)0 (1)0 0 0 
Other liabilities1 0 1 (11)0 (11)
Long-term debt(a)(b)
(2,152)0 

(2,152)(3,581)(2)(c)(3,583)
110

Six months ended June 30,
20212020
(in millions)Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair
value recorded (e)
Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair value recorded (e)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$(14)$0 $(14)$244 $0 $244 
Securities borrowed(97)0 (97)168 0 168 
Trading assets:
Debt and equity instruments, excluding loans988 (1)(c)987 (1,229)(1)(c)(1,230)
Loans reported as trading assets:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk276 0  276 (255)0  (255)
Other changes in fair value(8)0  (8)1 0  1 
Loans:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk421 (2)(c)419 31 15 (c)46 
Other changes in fair value(a)
(107)1,124 (c)1,017 264 1,495 (c)1,759 
Other assets28 (23)(d)5 102 8 (d)110 
Deposits(a)
(91)0 (91)(465)0 (465)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements31 0 31 (78)0 (78)
Short-term borrowings(a)
(611)0 (611)1,089 0 1,089 
Trading liabilities(1)0 (1)0 0 0 
Other liabilities2 0 2 (46)0 (46)
Long-term debt(a)(b)
(905)(5)(c)(d)(910)600 3 (c)603 
(a)Unrealized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk (DVA) for liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected are recorded in OCI, while realized gains/(losses) are recorded in principal transactions revenue. Realized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk recorded in principal transactions revenue were 0t material and $21 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively and $(2) million and $19 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(b)Long-term debt measured at fair value predominantly relates to structured notes. Although the risk associated with the structured notes is actively managed, the gains/(losses) reported in this table do not include the income statement impact of the risk management instruments used to manage such risk.
(c)Reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d)Reported in other income.
(e)Changes in fair value exclude contractual interest, which is included in interest income and interest expense for all instruments other than certain hybrid financial instruments recorded in CIB. Refer to Note 6 for further information regarding interest income and interest expense.
 Three months ended June 30,
 2020 2019
(in millions)Principal transactions All other income
Total changes in fair
value recorded (e)
 Principal transactions All other income
Total changes in fair value recorded (e)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$(299) $—
 $(299)  $22
 $—
 $22
Securities borrowed(58) —
 (58)  43
 —
 43
Trading assets:            
Debt and equity instruments, excluding loans1,209
 —
 1,209
  204
 —
 204
Loans reported as trading assets:            
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk413
 38
(c) 
451
  199
 2
(c) 
201
Other changes in fair value(22) 754
(c) 
732
  120
 328
(c) 
448
Loans:            
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk(42) —
 (42)  (13) —
 (13)
Other changes in fair value4
 —
 4
  1
 —
 1
Other assets28
 25
(d) 
53
  2
 3
(d) 
5
Deposits(a)
(362) —
 (362)  (696) —
 (696)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements181
 —
 181
  (15) —
 (15)
Short-term borrowings(a)
(631) —
 (631)  (70) —
 (70)
Trading liabilities—
 —
 —
  2
 —
 2
Other liabilities(11) —
 (11)  (4) —
 (4)
Long-term debt(a)(b)
(3,581) (2)
(c) 
(3,583)  (1,770) —
 (1,770)
111










 Six months ended June 30,
 2020 2019
(in millions)Principal transactions All other income
Total changes in fair
value recorded (e)
 Principal transactions All other income
Total changes in fair value recorded (e)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$244
 $—
 $244
  $33
 $—
 $33
Securities borrowed168
 —
 168
  80
 —
 80
Trading assets:            
Debt and equity instruments, excluding loans(1,229) (1)
(c) 
(1,230)  1,558
 —
 1,558
Loans reported as trading assets:            
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk(176) 15
(c) 
(161)  447
 5
(c) 
452
Other changes in fair value253
 1,495
(c) 
1,748
  200
 565
(c) 
765
Loans:            
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk(46) —
 (46)  (8) —
 (8)
Other changes in fair value23
 —
 23
  1
 —
 1
Other assets89
 8
(d) 
97
  3
 3
(d) 
6
Deposits(a)
(465) —
 (465)  (1,192) —
 (1,192)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements(78) —
 (78)  (20) —
 (20)
Short-term borrowings(a)
1,089
 —
 1,089
  (774) —
 (774)
Trading liabilities—
 —
 —
  5
 —
 5
Other liabilities(46) —
 (46)  (8) —
 (8)
Long-term debt(a)(b)
600
 3
(c) 
603
  (4,606) —
 (4,606)
(a)Unrealized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk (DVA) for liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected are recorded in OCI, while realized gains/(losses) are recorded in principal transactions revenue. Realized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk recorded in principal transactions revenue were $21 million and $19 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. The amounts were 0t material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.
(b)Long-term debt measured at fair value predominantly relates to structured notes. Although the risk associated with the structured notes is actively managed, the gains/(losses) reported in this table do not include the income statement impact of the risk management instruments used to manage such risk.
(c)Reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d)Reported in other income.
(e)Changes in fair value exclude contractual interest, which is included in interest income and interest expense for all instruments other than hybrid financial instruments. Refer to Note 7 for further information regarding interest income and interest expense.


Difference between aggregate fair value and aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding
The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019, 2020, for loans, long-term debt and long-term beneficial interests for which the fair value option has been elected.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(in millions)Contractual principal outstandingFair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstandingContractual principal outstandingFair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstanding
Loans
Nonaccrual loans
Loans reported as trading assets$3,104 $503 $(2,601)$3,386 $555 $(2,831)
Loans1,246 1,105 (141)1,867 1,507 (360)
Subtotal4,350 1,608 (2,742)5,253 2,062 (3,191)
90 or more days past due and government guaranteed
Loans(a)
329 315 (14)328 317 (11)
All other performing loans(b)
Loans reported as trading assets9,218 7,832 (1,386)7,917 6,439 (1,478)
Loans59,581 60,356 775 42,022 42,650 628 
Subtotal68,799 68,188 (611)49,939 49,089 (850)
Total loans$73,478 $70,111 $(3,367)$55,520 $51,468 $(4,052)
Long-term debt
Principal-protected debt$38,013 (d)$36,318 $(1,695)$40,560 (d)$40,526 $(34)
Nonprincipal-protected debt(c)
NA39,415 NANA36,291 NA
Total long-term debtNA$75,733 NANA$76,817 NA
Long-term beneficial interests
Nonprincipal-protected debt(c)
NA$84 NANA$41 NA
Total long-term beneficial interestsNA$84 NANA$41 NA
(a)These balances are excluded from nonaccrual loans as the loans are insured and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies.
(b)There were 0 performing loans that were ninety days or more past due as of June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
(in millions)Contractual principal outstanding
Fair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstanding Contractual principal outstanding Fair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstanding
Loans(a)







     
Nonaccrual loans






     
Loans reported as trading assets$4,566

$1,931
$(2,635) $3,717
 $1,111
$(2,606)
Loans282

225
(57) 178
 139
(39)
Subtotal4,848

2,156
(2,692) 3,895
 1,250
(2,645)
All other performing loans






     
Loans reported as trading assets40,481

38,807
(1,674) 48,570
 47,318
(1,252)
Loans5,788

5,698
(90) 7,046
 6,965
(81)
Total loans$51,117

$46,661
$(4,456) $59,511
 $55,533
$(3,978)
Long-term debt






     
Principal-protected debt$41,280
(c) 
$40,717
$(563) $40,124
(c) 
$39,246
$(878)
Nonprincipal-protected debt(b)
NA

34,041
NA
 NA
 36,499
NA
Total long-term debtNA

$74,758
NA
 NA
 $75,745
NA
Long-term beneficial interests         
Nonprincipal-protected debt(b)
NA

$40
NA
 NA
 $36
NA
Total long-term beneficial interestsNA

$40
NA
 NA
 $36
NA
(c)Remaining contractual principal is not applicable to nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests. Unlike principal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests, for which the Firm is obligated to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests do not obligate the Firm to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, but for structured notes to return an amount based on the performance of an underlying variable or derivative feature embedded in the note. However, investors are exposed to the credit risk of the Firm as issuer for both nonprincipal-protected and principal-protected notes.
(a)There were 0 performing loans that were ninety days or more past due as of June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(b)Remaining contractual principal is not applicable to nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests. Unlike principal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests, for which the Firm is obligated to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests do not obligate the Firm to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, but for structured notes to return an amount based on the performance of an underlying variable or derivative feature embedded in the note. However, investors are exposed to the credit risk of the Firm as issuer for both nonprincipal-protected and principal-protected notes.
(c)Where the Firm issues principal-protected zero-coupon or discount notes, the balance reflects the contractual principal payment at maturity or, if applicable, the contractual principal payment at the Firm’s next call date.
(d)Where the Firm issues principal-protected zero-coupon or discount notes, the balance reflects the contractual principal payment at maturity or, if applicable, the contractual principal payment at the Firm’s next call date.
At June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019, 2020, the contractual amount of lending-related commitments for which the fair value option was elected was $12.1 $17.1 billion and $8.6$18.1 billion, respectively,with a corresponding fair value of $(121) $(29) million and $(120)$(39) million, respectively. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K, and Note 2322 of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
112

Structured note products by balance sheet classification and risk component
The following table presents the fair value of structured notes, by balance sheet classification and the primary risk type.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
(in millions)Long-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotal Long-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotal
Risk exposure         
Interest rate$37,317
$286
$10,190
$47,793
 $35,470
$34
$16,692
$52,196
Credit5,119
494
—
5,613
 5,715
875
—
6,590
Foreign exchange3,929
121
4
4,054
 3,862
48
5
3,915
Equity27,416
4,984
7,508
39,908
 29,294
4,852
8,177
42,323
Commodity417
24
1,500
1,941
 472
32
1,454
1,958
Total structured notes$74,198
$5,909
$19,202
$99,309
 $74,813
$5,841
$26,328
$106,982




Note 4 – Credit risk concentrations
Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of clients, counterparties or customers are engaged in similar business activities or activities in the same geographic region, or when they have similar economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(in millions)Long-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotalLong-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotal
Risk exposure
Interest rate$34,655 $64 $5,656 $40,375 $38,129 $65 $5,057 $43,251 
Credit6,786 1,662 0 8,448 6,409 1,022 0 7,431 
Foreign exchange3,563 132 25 3,720 3,613 92 0 3,705 
Equity29,182 7,082 6,026 42,290 26,943 5,021 6,893 38,857 
Commodity369 1 14 (a)384 250 13 232 (a)495 
Total structured notes$74,555 $8,941 $11,721 $95,217 $75,344 $6,213 $12,182 $93,739 
JPMorgan Chase (a)regularly monitors various segmentsExcludes deposits linked to precious metals for which the fair value option has not been elected of its credit portfolios to assess potential credit risk concentrations$694 million and to obtain additional collateral when deemed necessary and permitted under$739 million for the Firm’s agreements. Senior management is significantly involved in the credit approval and review process, and risk levels are adjusted as needed to reflect the Firm’s risk appetite.
In theFirm’sconsumer portfolio, concentrations are managed primarily by product and by U.S. geographic region, with a key focus on trends and concentrations at the portfolio level, where potential credit risk concentrations can be remedied through changes in underwriting policies and portfolio guidelines. Refer to Note 12 for additional information on the geographic composition of theFirm’sconsumer loan portfolios. In the wholesale portfolio, credit risk concentrations are evaluated primarily by industry and monitored regularly on both an aggregate portfolio level and on an individual client or counterparty basis.
The Firm’s wholesale exposure is managed through loan syndications and participations, loan sales, securitizations, credit derivatives, master netting agreements, collateral and other risk-reduction techniques. Refer to Note 12 for additional information on loans.
The Firm does not believe that its exposure to any particular loan product or industry segment (e.g., real estate), or its exposure to residential real estate loans with high LTV ratios,results in a significant concentration of credit risk.
Terms of loan products and collateral coverage are included in the Firm’s assessment when extending credit and establishing its allowance for loan losses.

The table below presents both on–balance sheet and off–balance sheet consumer and wholesale-related credit exposure by the Firm’s 3credit portfolio segments as of periods ended June 30, 2020,2021 and December 31, 2019. The wholesale industry of risk category is generally based on the client or counterparty’s primary business activity.
In conjunction with the adoption of CECL, the Firm reclassified risk-rated loans and lending-related commitments from the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment to the wholesale portfolio segment, to align with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.2020, respectively.
113
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 
Credit exposure(h)
On-balance sheet
Off-balance sheet(j)
 
Credit exposure(h)
On-balance sheet
Off-balance sheet(j)
(in millions)Loans Derivatives LoansDerivatives
Consumer, excluding credit card$354,265
$308,917
(i) 
$—
$45,348
 $338,170
$298,001
$—
$40,169
Credit card(a)
815,492
141,656
 —
673,836
 819,644
168,924
—
650,720
Total consumer-related(a)
1,169,757
450,573
 —
719,184
 1,157,814
466,925
—
690,889
Wholesale-related(b)
          
Real Estate148,656
122,202
 1,581
24,873
 150,805
117,709
619
32,477
Consumer & Retail110,160
47,705
 2,532
59,923
 106,986
36,985
1,424
68,577
Individuals and Individual Entities(c)
109,563
96,890
 1,762
10,911
 105,018
94,616
694
9,708
Industrials66,179
26,058
 1,752
38,369
 62,483
22,063
878
39,542
Healthcare60,471
21,028
 3,298
36,145
 50,824
17,607
2,078
31,139
Technology, Media &
Telecommunications		60,461
17,637
 3,791
39,033
 60,033
15,322
2,766
41,945
Asset Managers60,270
26,911
 9,186
24,173
 51,856
24,008
7,160
20,688
Banks & Finance Cos49,970
26,985
 6,870
16,115
 50,786
31,191
5,165
14,430
Oil & Gas43,035
14,141
 996
27,898
 41,641
13,101
852
27,688
Automotive38,294
19,085
 1,691
17,518
 35,118
18,844
368
15,906
State & Municipal Govt(d)
36,824
16,830
 2,597
17,397
 30,095
13,271
2,000
14,824
Utilities32,078
5,858
 3,242
22,978
 34,843
5,157
2,573
27,113
Transportation18,089
8,892
 1,847
7,350
 14,497
5,253
715
8,529
Chemicals & Plastics17,172
5,129
 752
11,291
 17,499
4,864
459
12,176
Central Govt16,385
2,985
 12,233
1,167
 14,865
2,840
10,477
1,548
Metals & Mining15,790
5,874
 757
9,159
 15,586
5,364
402
9,820
Insurance14,804
1,808
 3,193
9,803
 12,348
1,356
2,282
8,710
Securities Firms8,233
531
 4,863
2,839
 7,344
757
4,507
2,080
Financial Markets Infrastructure7,724
110
 5,860
1,754
 4,121
13
2,482
1,626
All other(e)
82,968
50,128
 6,043
26,797
 78,006
51,357
1,865
24,784
Subtotal997,126
516,787
 74,846
405,493
 944,754
481,678
49,766
413,310
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value11,158
11,158
 —
—
 11,166
11,166
—
—
Receivables from customers and other(f)
22,403
—
 —
—
 33,706
—
—
—
Total wholesale-related1,030,687
527,945
 74,846
405,493
 989,626
492,844
49,766
413,310
Total exposure(g)(h)
$2,200,444
$978,518
 $74,846
$1,124,677
 $2,147,440
$959,769
$49,766
$1,104,199
(a)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CB and CIB.
(b)The industry rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2019, are based on the industry rankings of the corresponding exposures at June 30, 2020, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2019.
(c)Individuals and Individual Entities predominantly consists of Wealth Management clients within AWM and includes exposure to personal investment companies and personal and testamentary trusts.
(d)
In addition to the credit risk exposure to states and municipal governments (both U.S. and non-U.S.) at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, noted above, the Firm held: $7.5 billion and $6.5 billion, respectively, of trading assets; $30.4 billion and $29.8 billion, respectively, of AFS securities; and $4.8 billion at both periods of HTM securities, issued by U.S. state and municipal governments. Refer to Note 2 and Note 10 for further information.

(e)
All other includes: SPEs and Private education and civic organizations, representing approximately 90% and 10%, respectively, at both June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019. Refer to Note 14 for more information on exposures to SPEs.
(f)Receivables from customers primarily represent held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB and AWM that are collateralized by assets maintained in the clients’ brokerage accounts (e.g., cash on deposit, liquid and readily marketable debt or equity securities), as such generally no allowance for credit losses is held against these receivables. To manage its credit risk the Firm establishes margin requirements and monitors the required margin levels on an ongoing basis, and requires clients to deposit additional cash or other collateral, or to reduce positions, when appropriate. These receivables are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(g)Excludes cash placed with banks of $484.2 billion and $254.0 billion, at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively, which is predominantly placed with various central banks, primarily Federal Reserve Banks.
(h)Credit exposure is net of risk participations and excludes the benefit of credit derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities held against derivative receivables or loans and liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables.
(i)At June 30, 2020, included $19.9 billion of loans in Business Banking under the PPP. PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs, classify as nonaccrual nor record an allowance for loan losses on government guaranteed loans.
(j)Represents lending-related financial instruments.

Note 54 – Derivative instruments
JPMorgan Chase makes markets in derivatives for clients and also uses derivatives to hedge or manage its own risk exposures. Refer to Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s use of and accounting policies regarding derivative instruments.
The Firm’s disclosures are based on the accounting treatment and purpose of these derivatives. A limited number of the Firm’s derivatives are designated in hedge
accounting relationships and are disclosed according to the type of hedge (fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or net investment hedge). Derivatives not designated in hedge accounting relationships include certain derivatives that are used to manage risks associated with specified assets and liabilities (“specified risk management” positions) as well as derivatives used in the Firm’s market-making businesses or for other purposes.

The following table outlines the Firm’s primary uses of derivatives and the related hedge accounting designation or disclosure category.
Type of DerivativeUse of DerivativeDesignation and disclosure
Affected

segment or unit
10-Q page reference
Manage specifically identified risk exposures in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•
Interest rate
Hedge fixed rate assets and liabilitiesFair value hedgeCorporate126-127120-121
•
Interest rate
Hedge floating-rate assets and liabilitiesCash flow hedgeCorporate128122
•
Foreign exchange
Hedge foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilitiesFair value hedgeCorporate126-127120-121
•
Foreign exchange
Hedge foreign currency-denominated forecasted revenue and expenseCash flow hedgeCorporate128122
•
Foreign exchange
Hedge the value of the Firm’s investments in non-U.S. dollar functional currency entitiesNet investment hedgeCorporate129123
•
Commodity
Hedge commodity inventoryFair value hedgeCIB, AWM126-127120-121
Manage specifically identified risk exposures not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•
Interest rate
Manage the risk associated with mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRsSpecified risk managementCCB129123
•
Credit
Manage the credit risk associated with wholesale lending exposuresSpecified risk managementCIB129123
•
Interest rate and foreign exchange
Manage the risk associated with certain other specified assets and liabilitiesSpecified risk managementCorporate129123
Market-making derivatives and other activities:
•
Various
Market-making and related risk managementMarket-making and otherCIB129123
•
Various
Other derivativesMarket-making and otherCIB, AWM, Corporate129123
114


Notional amount of derivative contracts
The following table summarizes the notional amount of free-standing derivative contracts outstanding as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020.
Notional amounts(b)
(in billions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Interest rate contracts
Swaps$24,414 $20,990 (c)
Futures and forwards5,170 3,057 
Written options3,354 3,375 
Purchased options3,604 3,675 
Total interest rate contracts36,542 31,097 
Credit derivatives(a)
1,143 1,197 (c)
Foreign exchange contracts
Cross-currency swaps4,088 3,924 
Spot, futures and forwards7,465 6,871 
Written options805 830 
Purchased options782 825 
Total foreign exchange contracts13,140 12,450 
Equity contracts
Swaps549 448 
Futures and forwards158 140 
Written options735 676 
Purchased options680 621 
Total equity contracts2,122 1,885 
Commodity contracts
Swaps175 138 
Spot, futures and forwards196 198 
Written options152 124 
Purchased options119 105 
Total commodity contracts642 565 
Total derivative notional amounts$53,589 $47,194 
 
Notional amounts(b)
(in billions)June 30, 2020
December 31, 2019
Interest rate contracts  
Swaps$23,899
$21,228
Futures and forwards5,338
3,152
Written options3,633
3,938
Purchased options4,033
4,361
Total interest rate contracts36,903
32,679
Credit derivatives(a)
1,250
1,242
Foreign exchange contracts  
Cross-currency swaps3,730
3,604
Spot, futures and forwards7,201
5,577
Written options750
700
Purchased options752
718
Total foreign exchange contracts12,433
10,599
Equity contracts  
Swaps349
406
Futures and forwards122
142
Written options675
646
Purchased options633
611
Total equity contracts1,779
1,805
Commodity contracts  
Swaps133
147
Spot, futures and forwards212
211
Written options154
135
Purchased options141
124
Total commodity contracts640
617
Total derivative notional amounts$53,005
$46,942
(a)Refer to the Credit derivatives discussion on page 124 for more information on volumes and types of credit derivative contracts.
(a)Refer to the Credit derivatives discussion on page 130 for more information on volumes and types of credit derivative contracts.
(b)Represents the sum of gross long and gross short third-party notional derivative contracts.
(b)Represents the sum of gross long and gross short third-party notional derivative contracts.
(c)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
While the notional amounts disclosed above give an indication of the volume of the Firm’s derivatives activity, the notional amounts significantly exceed, in the Firm’s view, the possible losses that could arise from such transactions. For most derivative contracts, the notional amount is not exchanged; it is simply a reference amount used to calculate payments.
115

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated balance sheets
The following table summarizes information on derivative receivables and payables (before and after netting adjustments) that are reflected on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019, 2020, by accounting designation (e.g., whether the derivatives were designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships or not) and contract type.
Free-standing derivative receivables and payables(a)
Gross derivative receivablesGross derivative payables
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Not designated as hedgesDesignated as hedgesTotal derivative receivables
Net derivative receivables(b)
Not designated as hedgesDesignated
as hedges		Total derivative payables
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate$303,469 $780 $304,249 $26,046 $270,175 $0 $270,175 $9,190 
Credit10,104 0 10,104 948 11,515 0 11,515 1,184 
Foreign exchange156,349 1,068 157,417 14,507 155,369 1,382 156,751 13,715 
Equity73,104 0 73,104 16,861 84,557 0 84,557 21,100 
Commodity26,017 3,113 29,130 12,349 25,467 4,416 29,883 10,856 
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities$569,043 $4,961 $574,004 $70,711 $547,083 $5,798 $552,881 $56,045 
Gross derivative receivablesGross derivative payables
December 31, 2020
(in millions)		Not designated as hedgesDesignated as hedgesTotal derivative receivables
Net derivative receivables(b)
Not designated as hedgesDesignated
as hedges		Total derivative payables
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate$390,817 (c)$831 $391,648 $35,725 $353,987 (c)$0 $353,987 $13,012 
Credit13,345 (c)0 13,345 680 14,832 (c)0 14,832 1,995 
Foreign exchange205,359 901 206,260 15,781 214,229 1,697 215,926 21,433 
Equity74,798 0 74,798 20,673 81,413 0 81,413 25,898 
Commodity20,579 924 21,503 6,771 20,834 1,895 22,729 8,285 
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities$704,898 $2,656 $707,554 $79,630 $685,295 $3,592 $688,887 $70,623 
(a)Balances exclude structured notes for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.
(b)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral receivables and payables when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists.
(c)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

Free-standing derivative receivables and payables(a)
          
 Gross derivative receivables   Gross derivative payables  
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Not designated as hedges Designated as hedges Total derivative receivables 
Net derivative receivables(b)
 Not designated as hedges 
Designated
as hedges
 Total derivative payables 
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities               
Interest rate$408,225
 $767
 $408,992
 $37,028
 $369,518
 $1
 $369,519
 $12,770
Credit14,933
 —
 14,933
 1,171
 15,926
 —
 15,926
 2,080
Foreign exchange162,460
 1,335
 163,795
 12,575
 176,032
 624
 176,656
 16,177
Equity67,932
 —
 67,932
 14,857
 68,710
 —
 68,710
 15,962
Commodity24,771
 847
 25,618
 9,215
 26,045
 1,102
 27,147
 10,488
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities$678,321
 $2,949
 $681,270
 $74,846
 $656,231
 $1,727
 $657,958
 $57,477
                
 Gross derivative receivables   Gross derivative payables  
December 31, 2019
(in millions)		Not designated as hedges Designated as hedges Total derivative receivables 
Net derivative receivables(b)
 Not designated as hedges Designated
as hedges		 Total derivative payables 
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities               
Interest rate$312,451
 $843
 $313,294
 $27,421
 $279,272
 $1
 $279,273
 $8,603
Credit14,876
 —
 14,876
 701
 15,121
 —
 15,121
 1,652
Foreign exchange138,179
 308
 138,487
 9,005
 144,125
 983
 145,108
 13,158
Equity45,727
 —
 45,727
 6,477
 52,741
 —
 52,741
 12,537
Commodity16,914
 328
 17,242
 6,162
 19,736
 149
 19,885
 7,758
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities$528,147
 $1,479
 $529,626
 $49,766
 $510,995
 $1,133
 $512,128
 $43,708
116

(a)Balances exclude structured notes for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.
(b)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral receivables and payables when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists.


Derivatives netting
The following tables present, as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, gross and net derivative receivables and payables by contract and settlement type. Derivative receivables and payables, as well as the related cash collateral from the same counterparty, have been netted on the Consolidated balance sheets where the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement. Where such a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, amounts are not eligible for netting on the Consolidated balance sheets, and those derivative receivables and payables are shown separately in the tables below.
In addition to the cash collateral received and transferred that is presented on a net basis with derivative receivables and payables, the Firm receives and transfers additional collateral (financial instruments and cash). These amounts mitigate counterparty credit risk associated with the Firm’s derivative instruments, but are not eligible for net presentation:
•collateral that consists of liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians, which are shown separately as “Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets” in the tables below, up to the fair value exposure amount. For the purpose of this disclosure, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule;
•
collateral that consists of non-cash financial instruments (generally U.S. government and agency securities and other G7 government securities) and cash collateral held at third-party custodians, which are shown separately as “Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets” in the tables below, up to the fair value exposure amount;the amount of collateral held or transferred that exceeds the fair value exposure at the individual counterparty level, as of the date presented, which is excluded from the tables below; and
•collateral held or transferred that relates to derivative receivables or payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained with respect to the master netting agreement, which is excluded from the tables below.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(in millions)Gross derivative receivablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative receivablesGross derivative receivablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet
derivative receivables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative receivables
Interest rate contracts:
Over-the-counter (“OTC”)$281,104 $(259,955)$21,149 $367,214 (e)$(337,609)(e)$29,605 
OTC–cleared18,220 (17,997)223 18,340 (17,919)421 
Exchange-traded(a)
275 (251)24 554 (395)159 
Total interest rate contracts299,599 (278,203)21,396 386,108 (355,923)30,185 
Credit contracts:
OTC7,860 (7,134)726 8,894 (e)(8,356)(e)538 
OTC–cleared2,033 (2,022)11 4,326 (4,309)17 
Total credit contracts9,893 (9,156)737 13,220 (12,665)555 
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC153,517 (142,403)11,114 201,349 (189,655)11,694 
OTC–cleared574 (507)67 834 (819)15 
Exchange-traded(a)
23 0 23 35 (5)30 
Total foreign exchange contracts154,114 (142,910)11,204 202,218 (190,479)11,739 
Equity contracts:
OTC29,092 (22,796)6,296 34,030 (27,374)6,656 
Exchange-traded(a)
33,993 (33,447)546 28,294 (26,751)1,543 
Total equity contracts63,085 (56,243)6,842 62,324 (54,125)8,199 
Commodity contracts:
OTC15,720 (6,911)8,809 10,924 (7,901)3,023 
OTC–cleared65 (65)0 20 (20)0 
Exchange-traded(a)
9,970 (9,805)165 6,833 (6,811)22 
Total commodity contracts25,755 (16,781)8,974 17,777 (14,732)3,045 
Derivative receivables with appropriate legal opinion552,446 (503,293)49,153 (d)681,647 (627,924)53,723 (d)
Derivative receivables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained21,558 21,558 25,907 25,907 
Total derivative receivables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets$574,004 $70,711 $707,554 $79,630 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
(11,324)(14,806)
Net amounts$59,387 $64,824 
•
the amount of collateral held or transferred that exceeds the fair value exposure at the individual counterparty level, as of the date presented, which is excluded from the tables below; and
•
collateral held or transferred that relates to derivative receivables or payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained with respect to the master netting agreement, which is excluded from the tables below.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
(in millions)Gross derivative receivablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative receivables Gross derivative receivables Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative receivables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative receivables           
Interest rate contracts:           
Over-the-counter (“OTC”)$387,069
$(356,834) $30,235
 $299,205
 $(276,255) $22,950
 
OTC–cleared14,434
(14,315) 119
 9,442
 (9,360) 82
 
Exchange-traded(a)
875
(815) 60
 347
 (258) 89
 
Total interest rate contracts402,378
(371,964) 30,414
 308,994
 (285,873) 23,121
 
Credit contracts:           
OTC11,598
(10,840) 758
 10,743
 (10,317) 426
 
OTC–cleared2,946
(2,922) 24
 3,864
 (3,858) 6
 
Total credit contracts14,544
(13,762) 782
 14,607
 (14,175) 432
 
Foreign exchange contracts:           
OTC160,126
(150,502) 9,624
 136,252
 (129,324) 6,928
 
OTC–cleared736
(715) 21
 185
 (152) 33
 
Exchange-traded(a)
24
(3) 21
 10
 (6) 4
 
Total foreign exchange contracts160,886
(151,220) 9,666
 136,447
 (129,482) 6,965
 
Equity contracts:           
OTC26,510
(24,792) 1,718
 23,106
 (20,820) 2,286
 
Exchange-traded(a)
31,829
(28,283) 3,546
 19,654
 (18,430) 1,224
 
Total equity contracts58,339
(53,075) 5,264
 42,760
 (39,250) 3,510
 
Commodity contracts:           
OTC12,803
(9,066) 3,737
 7,093
 (5,149) 1,944
 
OTC–cleared35
(35) —
 28
 (28) —
 
Exchange-traded(a)
7,544
(7,302) 242
 6,154
 (5,903) 251
 
Total commodity contracts20,382
(16,403) 3,979
 13,275
 (11,080) 2,195
 
Derivative receivables with appropriate legal opinion656,529
(606,424) 50,105
(d) 
516,083
 (479,860) 36,223
(d) 
Derivative receivables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained24,741
  24,741
 13,543
   13,543
 
Total derivative receivables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets$681,270
  $74,846
 $529,626
   $49,766
 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
   (18,711)     (14,226) 
Net amounts   $56,135
     $35,540
 
117


June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(in millions)Gross derivative payablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative payablesGross derivative payablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet
derivative payables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative payables
Interest rate contracts:
OTC$248,575 $(241,070)$7,505 $332,214 (e)$(321,140)(e)$11,074 
OTC–cleared20,066 (19,739)327 19,710 (19,494)216 
Exchange-traded(a)
202 (176)26 358 (341)17 
Total interest rate contracts268,843 (260,985)7,858 352,282 (340,975)11,307 
Credit contracts:
OTC9,117 (8,516)601 10,311 (e)(8,781)(e)1,530 
OTC–cleared1,834 (1,815)19 4,075 (4,056)19 
Total credit contracts10,951 (10,331)620 14,386 (12,837)1,549 
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC152,578 (142,529)10,049 210,803 (193,672)17,131 
OTC–cleared533 (507)26 836 (819)17 
Exchange-traded(a)
22 0 22 34 (2)32 
Total foreign exchange contracts153,133 (143,036)10,097 211,673 (194,493)17,180 
Equity contracts:
OTC34,459 (30,011)4,448 35,330 (28,763)6,567 
Exchange-traded(a)
40,777 (33,446)7,331 34,491 (26,752)7,739 
Total equity contracts75,236 (63,457)11,779 69,821 (55,515)14,306 
Commodity contracts:
OTC14,621 (9,066)5,555 10,365 (7,544)2,821 
OTC–cleared80 (80)0 32 (32)0 
Exchange-traded(a)
10,521 (9,881)640 7,391 (6,868)523 
Total commodity contracts25,222 (19,027)6,195 17,788 (14,444)3,344 
Derivative payables with appropriate legal opinion533,385 (496,836)36,549 (d)665,950 (618,264)47,686 (d)
Derivative payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained19,496 19,496 22,937 22,937 
Total derivative payables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets$552,881 $56,045 $688,887 $70,623 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
(7,873)(11,964)
Net amounts$48,172 $58,659 
(a)Exchange-traded derivative balances that relate to futures contracts are settled daily.
(b)Includes liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians related to derivative instruments where an appropriate legal opinion has been obtained. For some counterparties, the collateral amounts of financial instruments may exceed the derivative receivables and derivative payables balances. Where this is the case, the total amount reported is limited to the net derivative receivables and net derivative payables balances with that counterparty.
(c)Derivative collateral relates only to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.
(d)Net derivatives receivable included cash collateral netted of $70.0 billion and $88.0 billion at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Net derivatives payable included cash collateral netted of $63.5 billion and $78.4 billion at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Derivative cash collateral relates to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.
(e)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
118
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
(in millions)Gross derivative payablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative payables Gross derivative payables Amounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative payables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative payables           
Interest rate contracts:           
OTC$352,062
$(341,400) $10,662
 $267,311
 $(260,229) $7,082
 
OTC–cleared14,945
(14,645) 300
 10,217
 (10,138) 79
 
Exchange-traded(a)
721
(704) 17
 365
 (303) 62
 
Total interest rate contracts367,728
(356,749) 10,979
 277,893
 (270,670) 7,223
 
Credit contracts:           
OTC12,657
(11,068) 1,589
 11,570
 (10,080) 1,490
 
OTC–cleared2,780
(2,778) 2
 3,390
 (3,389) 1
 
Total credit contracts15,437
(13,846) 1,591
 14,960
 (13,469) 1,491
 
Foreign exchange contracts:           
OTC172,678
(159,750) 12,928
 142,360
 (131,792) 10,568
 
OTC–cleared736
(726) 10
 186
 (152) 34
 
Exchange-traded(a)
22
(3) 19
 12
 (6) 6
 
Total foreign exchange contracts173,436
(160,479) 12,957
 142,558
 (131,950) 10,608
 
Equity contracts:           
OTC30,160
(24,481) 5,679
 27,594
 (21,778) 5,816
 
Exchange-traded(a)
30,605
(28,267) 2,338
 20,216
 (18,426) 1,790
 
Total equity contracts60,765
(52,748) 8,017
 47,810
 (40,204) 7,606
 
Commodity contracts:           
OTC13,899
(9,185) 4,714
 8,714
 (6,235) 2,479
 
OTC–cleared44
(44) —
 30
 (30) —
 
Exchange-traded(a)
7,486
(7,430) 56
 6,012
 (5,862) 150
 
Total commodity contracts21,429
(16,659) 4,770
 14,756
 (12,127) 2,629
 
Derivative payables with appropriate legal opinion638,795
(600,481) 38,314
(d) 
497,977
 (468,420) 29,557
(d) 
Derivative payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained19,163
  19,163
 14,151
   14,151
 
Total derivative payables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets$657,958
  $57,477
 $512,128
   $43,708
 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
   (12,607)     (7,896) 
Net amounts   $44,870
     $35,812
 
(a)Exchange-traded derivative balances that relate to futures contracts are settled daily.
(b)Represents liquid security collateral as well as cash collateral held at third-party custodians related to derivative instruments where an appropriate legal opinion has been obtained. For some counterparties, the collateral amounts of financial instruments may exceed the derivative receivables and derivative payables balances. Where this is the case, the total amount reported is limited to the net derivative receivables and net derivative payables balances with that counterparty.
(c)Derivative collateral relates only to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.
(d)Net derivatives receivable included cash collateral netted of $80.7 billion and $65.9 billion at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively. Net derivatives payable included cash collateral netted of $74.7 billion and $54.4 billion at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively. Derivative cash collateral relates to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.


Liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features
Refer to Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features related to the Firm’s derivative contracts.
The following table shows the aggregate fair value of net derivative payables related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives that contain contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade, and the associated collateral the Firm has posted in the normal course of business, at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020.
OTC and OTC-cleared derivative payables containing downgrade triggers
(in millions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Aggregate fair value of net derivative payables$20,607 $26,945 (a)
Collateral posted19,146 26,289 
(a)
OTC and OTC-cleared derivative payables containing downgrade triggers
(in millions)June 30, 2020  December 31, 2019 
Aggregate fair value of net derivative payables $27,255
  $14,819
Collateral posted 26,527
  13,329

Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.
The following table shows the impact of a single-notch and two-notch downgrade of the long-term issuer ratings of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries,, predominantly JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative contracts with contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade. Derivatives contracts generally require additional collateral to be posted or terminations to be triggered when the predefined threshold rating is breached. A downgrade by a single rating agency that does not result in a rating lower than a preexisting corresponding rating provided by another major rating agency will generally not result in additional collateral (except in certain instances in which additional initial margin may be required upon a ratings downgrade), nor in termination payments requirements. The liquidity impact in the table is calculated based upon a downgrade below the lowest current rating of the rating agencies referred to in the derivative contract.
Liquidity impact of downgrade triggers on OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(in millions)Single-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgradeSingle-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgrade
Amount of additional collateral to be posted upon downgrade(a)
$149 $1,427 $119 $1,243 
Amount required to settle contracts with termination triggers upon downgrade(b)
117 967 153 1,682 (c)
(a)Includes the additional collateral to be posted for initial margin.
(b)Amounts represent fair values of derivative payables, and do not reflect collateral posted.
Liquidity impact of downgrade triggers on OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives    
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
(in millions)Single-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgrade Single-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgrade
Amount of additional collateral to be posted upon downgrade(a)
$191
$1,295
 $189
$1,467
Amount required to settle contracts with termination triggers upon downgrade(b)
182
2,273
 104
1,398
(c)Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(a)Includes the additional collateral to be posted for initial margin.
(b)Amounts represent fair values of derivative payables, and do not reflect collateral posted.
Derivatives executed in contemplation of a sale of the underlying financial asset
In certain instances the Firm enters into transactions in which it transfers financial assets but maintains the economic exposure to the transferred assets by entering into a derivative with the same counterparty in contemplation of the initial transfer. The Firm generally accounts for such transfers as collateralized financing transactions as described in Note 11, 10, but in limited circumstances they may qualify to be accounted for as a sale and a derivative under U.S. GAAP. The amount of such transfers accounted for as a sale where the associated derivative was outstanding was not material at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020.
119


Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated statements of income
The following tables provide information related to gains and losses recorded on derivatives based on their hedge accounting designation or purpose.
Fair value hedge gains and losses
The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in fair value hedge accounting relationships, as well as pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives and the related hedged items for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. The Firm includes gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the related hedged item.
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
OCI impact
Three months ended June 30, 2021
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$2,184 $(1,630)$554 $0 $544 $0 
Foreign exchange(c)
230 (221)9 (72)9 (31)
Commodity(d)
(3,126)3,155 29 0 20 0 
Total$(712)$1,304 $592 $(72)$573 $(31)
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
OCI impact
Three months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$464 $(288)$176 $0 $205 $0 
Foreign exchange(c)
(304)338 34 (121)34 21 
Commodity(d)
(1,730)1,771 41 0 44 0 
Total$(1,570)$1,821 $251 $(121)$283 $21 
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
OCI impact
Six months ended June 30, 2021
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$(2,937)$3,816 $879 $0 $980 $0 
Foreign exchange(c)
(499)526 27 (150)27 (68)
Commodity(d)
(4,387)4,443 56 0 32 0 
Total$(7,823)$8,785 $962 $(150)$1,039 $(68)
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
OCI impact
Six months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$4,551 $(4,076)$475 $0 $419 $0 
Foreign exchange(c)
272 (150)122 (300)122 136 
Commodity(d)
(202)289 87 0 93 0 
Total$4,621 $(3,937)$684 $(300)$634 $136 
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of the benchmark (e.g., London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)) interest rate risk of fixed-rate long-term debt and AFS securities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Excludes the amortization expense associated with the inception hedge accounting adjustment applied to the hedged item. This expense is recorded in net interest income and substantially offsets the income statement impact of the excluded components. Also excludes the accrual of interest on interest rate swaps and the related hedged items.
(c)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of long-term debt and AFS securities for changes in spot foreign currency rates. Gains and losses related to the derivatives and the hedged items due to changes in foreign currency rates and the income statement impact of excluded components were recorded primarily in principal transactions revenue and net interest income.
(d)Consists of overall fair value hedges of physical commodities inventories that are generally carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value (net realizable value approximates fair value). Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(e)The assessment of hedge effectiveness excludes certain components of the changes in fair values of the derivatives and hedged items such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts, time values and cross-currency basis spreads. Excluded components may impact earnings either through amortization of the initial amount over the life of the derivative, or through fair value changes recognized in the current period.
(f)Represents the change in value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness under the amortization approach, predominantly cross-currency basis spreads. The amount excluded at inception of the hedge is recognized in earnings over the life of the derivative.
120

 Gains/(losses) recorded in income 
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
 OCI impact
Three months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impact Amortization approachChanges in fair value 
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type        
Interest rate(a)(b)
$464
$(288)$176
 $—
$205
 $—
Foreign exchange(c)
(304)338
34
 (121)34
 21
Commodity(d)
(1,730)1,771
41
 —
44
 —
Total$(1,570)$1,821
$251
 $(121)$283
 $21
 Gains/(losses) recorded in income 
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)

 OCI impact
Three months ended June 30, 2019
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impact Amortization approachChanges in fair value 
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type        
Interest rate(a)(b)
$1,762
$(1,556)$206
 $—
$196
 $—
Foreign exchange(c)
426
(301)125
 (229)125
 112
Commodity(d)
(154)175
21
 —
17
 —
Total$2,034
$(1,682)$352
 $(229)$338
 $112
 Gains/(losses) recorded in income 
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
 OCI impact
Six months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impact Amortization approachChanges in fair value 
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type        
Interest rate(a)(b)
$4,551
$(4,076)$475
 $—
$419
 $—
Foreign exchange(c)
272
(150)122
 (300)122
 136
Commodity(d)
(202)289
87
 —
93
 —
Total$4,621
$(3,937)$684
 $(300)$634
 $136
 Gains/(losses) recorded in income 
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
 OCI impact
Six months ended June 30, 2019
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impact Amortization approachChanges in fair value 
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type        
Interest rate(a)(b)
$3,226
$(2,849)$377
 $—
$368
 $—
Foreign exchange(c)
136
108
244
 (451)244
 115
Commodity(d)
(442)469
27
 —
18
 —
Total$2,920
$(2,272)$648
 $(451)$630
 $115
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of the benchmark (e.g., London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)) interest rate risk of fixed-rate long-term debt and AFS securities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Excludes the amortization expense associated with the inception hedge accounting adjustment applied to the hedged item. This expense is recorded in net interest income and substantially offsets the income statement impact of the excluded components. Also excludes the accrual of interest on interest rate swaps and the related hedged items.
(c)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of long-term debt and AFS securities for changes in spot foreign currency rates. Gains and losses related to the derivatives and the hedged items due to changes in foreign currency rates and the income statement impact of excluded components were recorded primarily in principal transactions revenue and net interest income.
(d)Consists of overall fair value hedges of physical commodities inventories that are generally carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value (net realizable value approximates fair value). Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(e)The assessment of hedge effectiveness excludes certain components of the changes in fair values of the derivatives and hedged items such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts, time values and cross-currency basis spreads. Excluded components may impact earnings either through amortization of the initial amount over the life of the derivative, or through fair value changes recognized in the current period.
(f)Represents the change in value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness under the amortization approach, predominantly cross-currency basis spreads. The amount excluded at inception of the hedge is recognized in earnings over the life of the derivative.

As of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated balance sheets related to certain cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that are expected to reverse through the income statement in future periods as an adjustment to yield.
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Active hedging relationships
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS$81,335 (c)$1,420 $579 $1,999 
Liabilities
Long-term debt$193,441 $434 $8,916 $9,350 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs747 0 (2)(2)
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:
December 31, 2020
(in millions)		Active hedging relationships
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS$139,684 (c)$3,572 $847 $4,419 
Liabilities
Long-term debt$177,611 $3,194 $11,473 $14,667 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs746 0 (3)(3)
(a)Excludes physical commodities with a carrying value of $20.1 billion and $11.5 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, to which the Firm applies fair value hedge accounting. As a result of the application of hedge accounting, these inventories are carried at fair value, thus recognizing unrealized gains and losses in current periods. Since the Firm exits these positions at fair value, there is no incremental impact to net income in future periods.
(b)Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk, as basis adjustments related to foreign currency hedges will not reverse through the income statement in future periods. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the carrying amount excluded for AFS securities is $12.6 billion and $14.5 billion, respectively, and for long-term debt is $6.4 billion and $6.6 billion, respectively.
(c)Carrying amount represents the amortized cost, net of allowance if applicable. Refer to Note 9for additional information.
(d)Represents basis adjustments existing on the balance sheet date associated with hedged items that have been de-designated from qualifying fair value hedging relationships.
(e)Positive amounts related to assets represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will reduce net interest income in future periods. Positive (negative) amounts related to liabilities represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will increase (reduce) net interest income in future periods.
121
  
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
 
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:

June 30, 2020
(in millions)		  Active hedging relationships
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets      
Investment securities - AFS

 $144,081
(c) 
$7,478
$246
$7,724
Liabilities      
Long-term debt $185,123
 $14,771
$3,809
$18,580
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs 1,595
 —
(4)(4)
       
  
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
 Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:
December 31, 2019
(in millions)		  Active hedging relationships
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets      
Investment securities - AFS
 $125,860
(c) 
$2,110
$278
$2,388
Liabilities      
Long-term debt $157,545
 $6,719
$161
$6,880
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs 2,365
 —
(8)(8)

(a)Excludes physical commodities with a carrying value of $8.2 billion and $6.5 billion at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, to which the Firm applies fair value hedge accounting. As a result of the application of hedge accounting, these inventories are carried at fair value, thus recognizing unrealized gains and losses in current periods. Since the Firm exits these positions at fair value, there is no incremental impact to net income in future periods.
(b)Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk, as basis adjustments related to foreign currency hedges will not reverse through the income statement in future periods. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying amount excluded for AFS securities is $19.2 billion and $14.9 billion, respectively, and for long-term debt is $7.8 billion and $2.8 billion, respectively.
(c)Carrying amount represents the amortized cost.
(d)Represents basis adjustments existing on the balance sheet date associated with hedged items that have been de-designated from qualifying fair value hedging relationships.
(e)Positive amounts related to assets represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will reduce net interest income in future periods. Positive (negative) amounts related to liabilities represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will increase (reduce) net interest income in future periods.

Cash flow hedge gains and losses
The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives, for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. The Firm includes the gain/(loss)gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the change in cash flows on the related hedged item.
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI		Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$262 $1,122 $860 
Foreign exchange(b)
78 (4)(82)
Total$340 $1,118 $778 
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI
Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$127 $412 $285 
Foreign exchange(b)
(34)(10)24 
Total$93 $402 $309 
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Six months ended June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI		Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$499 $(1,639)$(2,138)
Foreign exchange(b)
105 62 (43)
Total$604 $(1,577)$(2,181)
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Six months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI		Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$118 $3,873 $3,755 
Foreign exchange(b)
(17)(220)(203)
Total$101 $3,653 $3,552 
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of LIBOR-indexed floating-rate assets and floating-rate liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenue and expense. The income statement classification of gains and losses follows the hedged item – primarily noninterest revenue and compensation expense.
 Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		 Amounts recorded
in OCI		Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type    
Interest rate(a)
$127
 $412
$285
Foreign exchange(b)
(34) (10)24
Total$93
 $402
$309
     
 Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		 Amounts recorded
in OCI
Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type    
Interest rate(a)
$2
 $155
$153
Foreign exchange(b)
(28) (54)(26)
Total$(26) $101
$127
     
 Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Six months ended June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		 Amounts recorded
in OCI		Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type    
Interest rate(a)
$118
 $3,873
$3,755
Foreign exchange(b)
(17) (220)(203)
Total$101
 $3,653
$3,552
     
 Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Six months ended June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		 
Amounts recorded
in OCI
Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type    
Interest rate(a)
$4
 $211
$207
Foreign exchange(b)
(69) 31
100
Total$(65) $242
$307
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of LIBOR-indexed floating-rate assets and floating-rate liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenue and expense. The income statement classification of gains and losses follows the hedged item – primarily noninterest revenue and compensation expense.
The Firm did not experience any forecasted transactions that failed to occur for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
Over the next 12 months, the Firm expects that approximately $498$885 million (after-tax) of net gains recorded in AOCI at June 30, 2020,2021, related to cash flow hedges will be recognized in income. For cash flow hedges that have been terminated, the maximum length of time over which the derivative results recorded in AOCI will be recognized in earnings is approximately tennine years, corresponding to the timing of the originally hedged forecasted cash flows.
For open cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately seven years. The Firm’s longer-dated forecasted transactions relate to core lending and borrowing activities.
122


Net investment hedge gains and losses
The following table presents hedging instruments, by contract type, that were used in net investment hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such instruments for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
20212020
Three months ended June 30,
(in millions)
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives$(79)$(270)$(81)$(413)
Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
20212020
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives$(107)$930 $(71)$1,176 
(a)Certain components of hedging derivatives are permitted to be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts. The Firm elects to record changes in fair value of these amounts directly in other income.
(b)Excludes amounts reclassified from AOCI to income on the sale or liquidation of hedged entities. The amount reclassified for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was 0t material. The Firm reclassified pre-tax losses of $8 million to other income related to the liquidation of certain legal entities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. Refer to Note 19 for further information.

 Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
 2020 2019
Three months ended June 30,
(in millions)
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI 
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives $(81) $(413)  $27
 $(123)
          
 Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
 2020 2019
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI 
Amounts recorded in
income(a)(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives $(71) $1,176
  $48
 $(161)
(a)
Certain components of hedging derivatives are permitted to be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts. The Firm elects to record changes in fair value of these amounts directly in other income.
(b)Excludes amounts reclassified from AOCI to income on the sale or liquidation of hedged entities. The Firm reclassified pre-tax (losses) of $(8) million and net pre-tax gains of $5 million to other income related to the liquidation of certain legal entities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Refer to Note 20 for further information.

Gains and losses on derivatives used for specified risk management purposes
The following table presents pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on a limited number of derivatives, not designated in hedge accounting relationships, that are used to manage risks associated with certain specified assets and liabilities, including certain risks arising from mortgage commitments, warehouse loans, MSRs, wholesale lending exposures, and foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities.
Derivatives gains/(losses)
recorded in income
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$644 $644 $502 $1,936 
Credit(b)
(27)(100)(67)(39)
Foreign exchange(c)
(30)(28)68 78 
Total$587 $516 $503 $1,975 
 
Derivatives gains/(losses)
recorded in income
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)20202019 20202019
Contract type     
Interest rate(a)
$644
$657
 $1,936
$949
Credit(b)
(100)(2) (39)(12)
Foreign exchange(c)
(28)(75) 78
(25)
Total$516
$580
 $1,975
$912

(a)Primarily represents interest rate derivatives used to hedge the interest rate risk inherent in mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs, as well as written commitments to originate warehouse loans. Gains and losses were recorded predominantly in mortgage fees and related income.
(a)Primarily represents interest rate derivatives used to hedge the interest rate risk inherent in mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs, as well as written commitments to originate warehouse loans. Gains and losses were recorded predominantly in mortgage fees and related income.
(b)Relates to credit derivatives used to mitigate credit risk associated with lending exposures in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. These derivatives do not include credit derivatives used to mitigate counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables, which is included in gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(c)Primarily relates to derivatives used to mitigate foreign exchange risk of specified foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(b)Relates to credit derivatives used to mitigate credit risk associated with lending exposures in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. These derivatives do not include credit derivatives used to mitigate counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables, which is included in gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(c)Primarily relates to derivatives used to mitigate foreign exchange risk of specified foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
Gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives
The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet the needs of customers and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. All derivatives not included in the hedge accounting or specified risk management categories above are included in this category. Gains and losses on these derivatives are primarily recorded in principal transactions revenue. Refer to Note 65 for information on principal transactions revenue.
123

Credit derivatives
Refer to Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of credit derivatives. The following tables present a summary of the notional amounts of credit derivatives and credit-related notes the Firm sold and purchased as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. The Firm does not use notional amounts of credit derivatives as the primary measure of risk management for such derivatives, because the notional amount does not take into account the probability of the occurrence of a credit event, the recovery value of the reference obligation, or related cash instruments and economic hedges, each of which reduces, in the Firm’s view, the risks associated with such derivatives.
Total credit derivatives and credit-related notes
Maximum payout/Notional amount
Maximum payout/Notional amount
June 30, 2020 (in millions)Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(b)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(c)
 
Other protection purchased(d)
June 30, 2021 (in millions)June 30, 2021 (in millions)Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(b)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(c)
Other protection purchased(d)
Credit derivatives     Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps$(576,962) $596,882
$19,920
 $4,515
Credit default swaps$(495,229)$512,123 $16,894 $3,151 
Other credit derivatives(a)
(28,069) 35,496
7,427
 8,522
Other credit derivatives(a)
(44,418)77,035 32,617 11,410 
Total credit derivatives(605,031) 632,378
27,347
 13,037
Total credit derivatives(539,647)589,158 49,511 14,561 
Credit-related notes—
 —
—
 9,228
Credit-related notes0 0 0 11,703 
Total$(605,031) $632,378
$27,347
 $22,265
Total$(539,647)$589,158 $49,511 $26,264 
     
Maximum payout/Notional amountMaximum payout/Notional amount
December 31, 2019 (in millions)Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(b)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(c)
 
Other protection purchased(d)
December 31, 2020 (in millions)December 31, 2020 (in millions)Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(b)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(c)
Other protection purchased(d)
Credit derivatives     Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps$(562,338) $571,892
$9,554
 $3,936
Credit default swaps$(533,900)(e)$552,021 (e)$18,121 $2,786 (e)
Other credit derivatives(a)
(44,929) 52,007
7,078
 7,364
Other credit derivatives(a)
(40,084)57,344 17,260 

10,630 (e)
Total credit derivatives(607,267) 623,899
16,632
 11,300
Total credit derivatives(573,984)609,365 35,381 13,416 
Credit-related notes—
 —
—
 9,606
Credit-related notes0 0 0 10,248 
Total$(607,267) $623,899
$16,632
 $20,906
Total$(573,984)$609,365 $35,381 $23,664 
(a)Other credit derivatives predominantly consist of credit swap options and total return swaps.
(b)Represents the total notional amount of protection purchased where the underlying reference instrument is identical to the reference instrument on protection sold; the notional amount of protection purchased for each individual identical underlying reference instrument may be greater or lower than the notional amount of protection sold.
(c)Does not take into account the fair value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement, which would generally reduce the amount the seller of protection pays to the buyer of protection in determining settlement value.
(d)Represents protection purchased by the Firm on referenced instruments (single-name, portfolio or index) where the Firm has not sold any protection on the identical reference instrument.
(a)Other credit derivatives predominantly consist of credit swap options and total return swaps.
(b)Represents the total notional amount of protection purchased where the underlying reference instrument is identical to the reference instrument on protection sold; the notional amount of protection purchased for each individual identical underlying reference instrument may be greater or lower than the notional amount of protection sold.
(c)Does not take into account the fair value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement, which would generally reduce the amount the seller of protection pays to the buyer of protection in determining settlement value.
(d)Represents protection purchased by the Firm on referenced instruments (single-name, portfolio or index) where the Firm has not sold any protection on the identical reference instrument.
(e)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
The following tables summarize the notional amounts by the ratings, maturity profile, and total fair value, of credit derivatives and credit-related notes as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, where JPMorgan Chase is the seller of protection. The maturity profile is based on the remaining contractual maturity of the credit derivative contracts. The ratings profile is based on the rating of the reference entity on which the credit derivative contract is based. The ratings and maturity profile of credit derivatives and credit-related notes where JPMorgan Chase is the purchaser of protection are comparable to the profile reflected below.
Protection sold — credit derivatives ratings(a)/maturity profile
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		<1 year1–5 years>5 yearsTotal
notional amount
Fair value of receivables(b)
Fair value of payables(b)
Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade$(95,655)$(284,168)$(33,230)$(413,053)$3,842 $(552)$3,290 
Noninvestment-grade(27,656)(90,646)(8,292)(126,594)2,930 (1,978)952 
Total$(123,311)$(374,814)$(41,522)$(539,647)$6,772 $(2,530)$4,242 
December 31, 2020
(in millions)		<1 year1–5 years>5 yearsTotal
notional amount
Fair value of receivables(b)
Fair value of payables(b)
Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade$(93,529)(c)$(306,830)(c)$(35,326)$(435,685)$5,372 (c)$(834)(c)$4,538 
Noninvestment-grade(31,809)(97,337)(9,153)(138,299)3,953 (2,542)1,411 
Total$(125,338)$(404,167)$(44,479)$(573,984)$9,325 $(3,376)$5,949 
(a)The ratings scale is primarily based on external credit ratings defined by S&P and Moody’s.
(b)Amounts are shown on a gross basis, before the benefit of legally enforceable master netting agreements including cash collateral netting.
(c)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
124
Protection sold — credit derivatives and credit-related notes ratings(a)/maturity profile
   
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		<1 year 1–5 years >5 years 
Total
notional amount
 
Fair value of receivables(b)
 
Fair value of payables(b)
 Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity             
Investment-grade$(94,891) $(320,604) $(37,397) $(452,892) $3,970
 $(2,297) $1,673
Noninvestment-grade(37,051) (106,115) (8,973) (152,139) 2,346
 (4,950) (2,604)
Total$(131,942) $(426,719) $(46,370) $(605,031) $6,316
 $(7,247) $(931)
December 31, 2019
(in millions)		<1 year 1–5 years >5 years 
Total
notional amount
 
Fair value of receivables(b)
 
Fair value of payables(b)
 Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity             
Investment-grade$(114,460) $(311,407) $(42,129) $(467,996) $6,153
 $(911) $5,242
Noninvestment-grade(41,661) (87,769) (9,841) (139,271) 4,281
 (2,882) 1,399
Total$(156,121) $(399,176) $(51,970) $(607,267) $10,434
 $(3,793) $6,641

(a)The ratings scale is primarily based on external credit ratings defined by S&P and Moody’s.
(b)Amounts are shown on a gross basis, before the benefit of legally enforceable master netting agreements including cash collateral netting.

Note 65 – Noninterest revenue and noninterest expense
Noninterest revenue
Refer to Note 6 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the components of and accounting policies for the Firm’s noninterest revenue.
Investment banking fees
The following table presents the components of investment banking fees.

Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019

2020
2019
Underwriting






Equity$974

$515

$1,301

$776
Debt1,279

820

2,323

1,765
Total underwriting2,253

1,335

3,624

2,541
Advisory597

516

1,092

1,150
Total investment banking fees$2,850

$1,851

$4,716

$3,691

Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Underwriting
Equity$1,073 $974 $2,135 $1,301 
Debt1,473 1,279 2,694 2,323 
Total underwriting2,546 2,253 4,829 3,624 
Advisory924 597 1,611 1,092 
Total investment banking fees$3,470 $2,850 $6,440 $4,716 
Principal transactions
The following table presents all realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in principal transactions revenue. This table excludes interest income and interest expense on trading assets and liabilities, which are an integral part of the overall performance of the Firm’s client-driven market-making activities in CIB and cashfund deployment activities in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Note 76 for further information on interest income and interest expense.
Trading revenue is presented primarily by instrument type. The Firm’s client-driven market-making businesses generally utilize a variety of instrument types in connection with their market-making and related risk-management activities; accordingly, the trading revenue presented in the table below is not representative of the total revenue of any individual LOB.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Trading revenue by instrument type
Interest rate(a)
$464 $1,519 

$1,387 $1,971 
Credit(b)
759 1,953 (c)2,029 

1,251 (c)
Foreign exchange641 1,425 1,639 2,892 
Equity1,929 2,058 4,586 3,406 
Commodity301 591 850 1,028 
Total trading revenue4,094 7,546 10,491 10,548 
Private equity gains/(losses)(18)75 85 10 
Principal transactions$4,076 $7,621 $10,576 $10,558 
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020 2019 
Trading revenue by instrument type        
Interest rate(a)
$1,519
 $463
(d) 
$1,971
 $1,262
(d) 
Credit(b)
1,953
(c) 
474
(d) 
1,251
(c) 
1,093
(d) 
Foreign exchange1,425
 737
(d) 
2,892
 1,625
(d) 
Equity2,058
 1,914
(d) 
3,406
 3,275
(d) 
Commodity591
 229
(d) 
1,028
 612
(d) 
Total trading
   revenue
7,546
 3,817
 10,548
 7,867
 
Private equity gains/(losses)75
 (103) 10
 (77) 
Principal transactions$7,621
 $3,714
 $10,558
 $7,790
 
(a)Includes the impact of changes in funding valuation adjustments on derivatives.
(b)Includes the impact of changes in credit valuation adjustments on derivatives, net of the associated hedging activities.
(c)Includes marks on held-for-sale positions, including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio.

(a)Includes the impact of changes in funding valuation adjustments on derivatives.
(b)Includes the impact of changes in credit valuation adjustments on derivatives, net of the associated hedging activities.
(c)Includes marks on held-for-sale positions, including unfunded commitments, in the bridge financing portfolio.
(d)Prior-period amounts were revised to conform with the current presentation.



Lending- and deposit-related fees
The following table presents the components of lending- and deposit-related fees.
Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020
 2019(in millions)2021202020212020
Lending-related fees$288
 $285
 $579
 $575
Lending-related fees$370 $288 $728 $579 
Deposit-related fees(a)
1,143
 1,339
 2,558
 2,608
Deposit-related feesDeposit-related fees1,390 1,143 2,719 2,558 
Total lending- and deposit-related fees$1,431
 $1,624
 $3,137
 $3,183
Total lending- and deposit-related fees$1,760 $1,431 $3,447 $3,137 

(a)In the first quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain fees from asset management, administration and commissions to lending- and deposit-related fees. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Asset management, administration and commissions
The following table presents the components of asset management, administration and commissions.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Asset management fees
Investment management fees(a)
$3,421 $2,717 $6,678 $5,502 
All other asset management fees(b)
95 75 189 168 
Total asset management fees3,516 2,792 6,867 5,670 
Total administration fees(c)
650 546 1,283 1,100 
Commissions and other fees
Brokerage commissions(d)
761 715 1,561 1,579 
All other commissions and fees267 213 512 457 
Total commissions and fees1,028 928 2,073 2,036 
Total asset management, administration and commissions$5,194 $4,266 $10,223 $8,806 
(a)Represents fees earned from managing assets on behalf of the Firm’s clients, including investors in Firm-sponsored funds and owners of separately managed investment accounts.
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020 2019
Asset management fees       
Investment management fees(a)
$2,717
 $2,698
 $5,502
 $5,275
All other asset management fees(b)
75
 78
 168
 147
Total asset management fees2,792
 2,776
 5,670
 5,422
        
Total administration fees(c)
546
 544
 1,100
 1,079
        
Commissions and other fees       
Brokerage commissions(d)
715
 641
 1,579
 1,227
All other commissions and fees(e)
213
 303
 457
 573
Total commissions and fees928
 944
 2,036
 1,800
Total asset management, administration and commissions$4,266
 $4,264
 $8,806
 $8,301
(a)Represents fees earned from managing assets on behalf of the Firm’s clients, including investors in Firm-sponsored funds and owners of separately managed investment accounts.
(b)Represents fees for services that are ancillary to investment management services, such as commissions earned on the sales or distribution of mutual funds to clients.
(c)Predominantly includes fees for custody, securities lending, funds services and securities clearance.
(d)Represents commissions earned when the Firm acts as a broker, by facilitating its clients’ purchases and sales of securities and other financial instruments.
(e)In the first quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain fees from asset management, administration and commissions to lending- and deposit-related fees. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

(b)Represents fees for services that are ancillary to investment management services, such as commissions earned on the sales or distribution of mutual funds to clients.

(c)Predominantly includes fees for custody, securities lending, funds services and securities clearance.
(d)Represents commissions earned when the Firm acts as a broker, by facilitating its clients’ purchases and sales of securities and other financial instruments.


125

Card income
The following table presents the components of card income:
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Interchange and merchant processing income$5,974 $3,940 $10,842 $8,722 
Rewards costs and partner payments(4,282)(2,816)(7,816)(6,398)
Other card income(a)
(45)(150)(29)(355)
Total card income$1,647 $974 $2,997 $1,969 
(a)
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Interchange and merchant processing income$3,940
 $5,184
 $8,722
 $9,905
Rewards costs and partner payments(a)
(2,816) (3,695) (6,398) (6,978)
Other card income(b)
(150) (208) (355) (419)
Total card income$974
 $1,281
 $1,969
 $2,508
(a)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(b)Predominantly represents the amortization of account origination costs and annual fees.
Refer to Note 15 Goodwill and MSRs for information on mortgage fees and related income.annual fees.
Refer to Note 1714 for further information on mortgage servicing rights, including risk management activities.
Refer to Note 16 for information on operating lease income included within other income.
Noninterest expense
Other expense
Other expense on the Firm’s Consolidated statements of income included the following:
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Legal expense/(benefit)$118
 $69
 $315

$(12)
FDIC-related expense218
 121
 317

264

Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Legal expense$185 $118 $213 $315 
FDIC-related expense177 218 378 317 

Note 76 – Interest income and Interest expense
Refer to Note 7 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a description of JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies regarding interest income and interest expense.
The following table presents the components of interest income and interest expense.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Interest income
Loans(a)
$10,145 $10,889 $20,332 $23,194 
Taxable securities1,577 2,154 3,182 4,387 
Non-taxable securities(b)
270 307 547 607 
Total investment securities(a)
1,847 2,461 3,729 4,994 
Trading assets - debt instruments1,711 2,066 3,493 4,130 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements175 601 408 1,696 
Securities borrowed(c)
(90)

(175)(167)(23)
Deposits with banks103 70 168 639 
All other interest-earning assets(d)
203 200 402 643 
Total interest income$14,094 $16,112 $28,365 $35,273 
Interest expense
Interest-bearing deposits$132 $349 $278 $1,924 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements60 131 75 918 
Short-term borrowings(e)
33 124 66 275 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities(c)(f)
51 (43)78 329 
Long-term debt1,056 1,639 2,190 3,386 
Beneficial interest issued by consolidated VIEs21 59 48 149 
Total interest expense$1,353 $2,259 $2,735 $6,981 
Net interest income$12,741 $13,853 $25,630 $28,292 
Provision for credit losses(2,285)10,473 (6,441)18,758 
Net interest income after provision for credit losses$15,026 $3,380 $32,071 $9,534 
(a)Includes the amortization/accretion of unearned income (e.g., purchase premiums/discounts and net deferred fees/costs).
(b)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(c)Negative interest income is related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities.
(d)Includes interest earned on brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(e)Includes commercial paper.
(f)All other interest-bearing liabilities includes interest expense on brokerage-related customer payables.

Three months ended
June 30,		 Six months ended
June 30,
(in millions)2020

2019
 2020
 2019
Interest income       
Loans(a)
$10,622

$12,726
 $22,554
 $25,606
Taxable securities2,154

1,875
 4,387
 3,580
Non-taxable securities(b)
307

340
 607
 703
Total investment securities(a)
2,461

2,215
 4,994
 4,283
Trading assets - debt instruments2,355

2,915
 4,816
 5,684
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements601

1,676
 1,696
 3,323
Securities borrowed(c)
(175)
467
 (23) 864
Deposits with banks70

1,132
 639
 2,302
All other interest-earning assets(d)
178

472
 597
 930
Total interest income16,112

21,603
 35,273
 42,992
Interest expense       
Interest-bearing deposits349
 2,413
 1,924
 4,601
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements131
 1,226
 918
 2,336
Short-term borrowings(e)
124
 363
 275
 790
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities(c)(f)
(43) 762
 329
 1,481
Long-term debt1,639
 2,266
 3,386
 4,608
Beneficial interest issued by consolidated VIEs59
 175
 149
 325
Total interest expense2,259
 7,205
 6,981
 14,141
Net interest income13,853
 14,398
 28,292
 28,851
Provision for credit losses10,473
 1,149
 18,758
 2,644
Net interest income after provision for credit losses$3,380
 $13,249
 $9,534
 $26,207
126
(a)Includes the amortization/accretion of unearned income (e.g., purchase premiums/discounts, net deferred fees/costs, etc.).
(b)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(c)
Negative interest income is related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities.
(d)Includes interest earned on prime brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(e)Includes commercial paper.
(f)Other interest-bearing liabilities includes interest expense on prime brokerage-related customer payables.

Note 87 – Pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans
Refer to Note 8 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of JPMorgan Chase’s pension and OPEB plans.
The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit costs reported in the Consolidated statements of income for the Firm’s U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension, defined contribution and OPEB plans.
(in millions)Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,(in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20202019 20202019 20202019 202020192021202020212020
Pension plans OPEB plans Pension plans OPEB plansPension and OPEB plansPension and OPEB plans
Components of net periodic benefit cost       
Components of net periodic benefit cost, U.S. defined benefit pension plansComponents of net periodic benefit cost, U.S. defined benefit pension plans
Benefits earned during the period$8
$89
 $—
$—
 $16
$178
 $—
$—
Benefits earned during the period$1 $1 $1 $1 
Interest cost on benefit obligations121
149
 5
6
 240
299
 10
12
Interest cost on benefit obligations86 106 171 211 
Expected return on plan assets(192)(229) (28)(28) (383)(459) (55)(56)Expected return on plan assets(129)(159)(258)(317)
Amortization:        
Amortization:
Net (gain)/loss3
41
 —
—
 7
83
 —
—
Net (gain)/loss2 1 5 3 
Prior service (credit)/cost1
1
 —
—
 2
2
 —
—
Net periodic defined benefit cost(59)51
 (23)(22) (118)103
 (45)(44)
Other defined benefit pension plans(a)
10
7
 NA
NA
 19
13
 NA
NA
Total defined benefit plans(49)58
 (23)(22) (99)116
 (45)(44)
Net periodic defined benefit plan cost/(credit), U.S. defined benefit pension plansNet periodic defined benefit plan cost/(credit), U.S. defined benefit pension plans(40)(51)(81)(102)
Other defined benefit pension and OPEB plansOther defined benefit pension and OPEB plans(20)(21)(38)(42)
Total net periodic defined benefit plan cost/(credit)Total net periodic defined benefit plan cost/(credit)(60)(72)(119)(144)
Total defined contribution plans321
243
 NA
NA
 620
463
 NA
NA
Total defined contribution plans350 321 671 620 
Total pension and OPEB cost included in noninterest expense$272
$301
 $(23)$(22) $521
$579
 $(45)$(44)Total pension and OPEB cost included in noninterest expense$290 $249 $552 $476 
(a)Includes various defined benefit pension plans which are individually immaterial.
The following table presents the fair values of plan assets for the U.S.Firm's defined benefit pension and OPEB plans and for the material non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans.
(in billions)June 30,
2021		December 31, 2020
Fair value of plan assets
U.S. defined benefit pension plans$17.6 $17.6 
Other defined benefit pension and OPEB plans7.9 7.8 
(in billions)June 30,
2020
 December 31, 2019
Fair value of plan assets   
Defined benefit pension plans$20.6
 $20.4
OPEB plans3.0
 3.0
127

There are 0 expected contributions to the U.S. defined benefit pension plan for 2020.

Note 98 – Employee share-based incentives
Refer to Note 9 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the accounting policies and other information relating to employee share-based incentives.
The Firm recognized the following noncash compensation expense related to its various employee share-based incentive plans in its Consolidated statements of income.
 Three months ended
June 30,		 Six months ended
June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Cost of prior grants of RSUs, performance share units (“PSUs”) and employee stock options that are amortized over their applicable vesting periods$276
 $278
 $610
 $617
Accrual of estimated costs of share-based awards to be granted in future periods including those to full-career eligible employees526
 292
 836
 606
Total noncash compensation expense related to employee share-based incentive plans$802
 $570
 $1,446
 $1,223

Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Cost of prior grants of RSUs, performance share units (“PSUs”) and stock options that are amortized over their applicable vesting periods$280 $276 $636 $610 
Accrual of estimated costs of share-based awards to be granted in future periods, predominantly those to full-career eligible employees463 526 1,011 836 
Total noncash compensation expense related to employee share-based incentive plans$743 $802 $1,647 $1,446 
In the first quarter of 2020,2021, in connection with its annual incentive grant for the 20192020 performance year, the Firm granted 1517 million RSUs and 496678 thousand PSUs with weighted-average grant date fair values of $135.64$137.38 per RSU and $135.30$136.94 per PSU.
128

Note 109 – Investment securities
Investment securities consist of debt securities that are classified as AFS or HTM. Debt securities classified as trading assets are discussed in Note 2. Predominantly all of the Firm’s AFS and HTM securities are held by Treasury and CIO in connection with its asset-liability management activities. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the investment securities portfolio.
Effective January 1, 2020, the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance, which also amended the AFS
securities impairment guidance. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
During the first quarter of 2020, the Firm transferred $26.1 billion of U.S. GSE and government agency MBS from AFS to HTM for capital management purposes. These securities were transferred at fair value in a non-cash transaction. AOCI included pretax unrealized gains of $1.0 billion on the securities at the date of transfer.
The amortized costs and estimated fair values of the investment securities portfolio were as follows for the dates indicated.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
(in millions)
Amortized cost(e)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value 
Amortized cost(e)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
Available-for-sale securities           
Mortgage-backed securities:           
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
$147,398
$5,074
$166
 $152,306
 $107,811
$2,395
$89
 $110,117
Residential:           
U.S.12,721
458
34
 13,145
 10,223
233
6
 10,450
Non-U.S.5,100
55
31
 5,124
 2,477
64
1
 2,540
Commercial6,712
186
93
 6,805
 5,137
64
13
 5,188
Total mortgage-backed securities171,931
5,773
324
 177,380
 125,648
2,756
109
 128,295
U.S. Treasury and government agencies212,345
2,701
584
 214,462
 139,162
449
175
 139,436
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities28,353
2,083
10
 30,426
 27,693
2,118
1
 29,810
Certificates of deposit—
—
—
 —
 77
—
—
 77
Non-U.S. government debt securities23,634
433
7
 24,060
 21,427
377
17
 21,787
Corporate debt securities671
9
6
 674
 823
22
—
 845
Asset-backed securities:           
Collateralized loan obligations31,369
19
590
 30,798
 25,038
9
56
 24,991
Other8,080
67
64
 8,083
 5,438
40
20
 5,458
Total available-for-sale securities(b)
476,383
11,085
1,585
 485,883
 345,306
5,771
378
 350,699
Held-to-maturity securities(c)
           
Mortgage-backed securities:           
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
62,811
2,836
14
 65,633
 36,523
1,165
62
 37,626
Commercial572
25
—
 604
 —
—
—
 —
Total mortgage-backed securities63,383
2,861
14
 66,237
 36,523
1,165
62
 37,626
U.S. Treasury and government agencies

51
2
—
 53
 51
—
1
 50
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities4,839
387
—
 5,241
 4,797
299
—
 5,096
Asset-backed securities:           
Collateralized loan obligations4,635
—
60
 4,576
 6,169
—
—
 6,169
Total held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses(d)
72,908
3,250
74
 76,107
 47,540
1,464
63
 48,941
Total investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses(d)
$549,291
$14,335
$1,659
 $561,990
 $392,846
$7,235
$441
 $399,640
(a)Includes AFS U.S. GSE obligations with fair values of $98.3 billion and $78.5 billion, and HTM U.S. GSE obligations with amortized cost of $53.8 billion and $31.6 billion, at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each exceeded 10% of JPMorgan Chase’s total stockholders’ equity; the amortized cost and fair value of such securities were $97.7 billion and $102.0 billion, and $50.9 billion and $52.7 billion, respectively.
(b)There was 0 allowance for credit losses on AFS securities at June 30, 2020.
(c)The Firm purchased $4.8 billion and $5.0 billion of HTM securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and $818 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.
(d)HTM securities measured at amortized cost are reported net of allowance for credit losses of $23 million at June 30, 2020.
(e)Excludes $2.2 billion and $1.9 billion of accrued interest receivables at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Firm did 0t reverse through interest income any accrued interest receivables for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

At June 30, 2020,2021, the investment securities portfolio consisted of debt securities with an average credit rating of AA+ (based upon external ratings where available, and where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings). Risk ratings are used
During the second quarter of 2021, the Firm transferred $104.5 billion of investment securities from AFS to identifyHTM for capital management purposes. AOCI included pretax unrealized gains of $425 million on the credit qualitysecurities at the date of transfer.
Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the investment securities and differentiate risk within the portfolio. The Firm’s internal risk ratings generally align with the qualitative characteristics (e.g., borrower capacity to meet financial commitments and vulnerability to changes in the
economic environment) defined by S&PThe amortized costs and Moody’s, however the quantitative characteristics (e.g., probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”)) may differ as they reflect internal historical experiences and assumptions.Risk ratings are assigned at acquisition, are reviewed on a regular and ongoing basis by Credit Risk Management and are adjusted as necessary over the lifeestimated fair values of the investment securities portfolio were as follows for updated information affecting the issuer’s ability to fulfill its obligations.dates indicated.
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(in millions)
Amortized cost(c)(d)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
Amortized cost(c)(d)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
$72,088 $1,168 $574 $72,682 $110,979 $2,372 $50 $113,301 
Residential:
U.S.2,526 73 0 2,599 6,246 224 3 6,467 
Non-U.S.4,335 36 0 4,371 3,751 20 5 3,766 
Commercial2,437 44 10 2,471 2,819 71 34 2,856 
Total mortgage-backed securities81,386 1,321 584 82,123 123,795 2,687 92 126,390 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies99,905 713 771 99,847 199,910 2,141 100 201,951 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities17,249 1,208 2 18,455 18,993 1,404 1 20,396 
Non-U.S. government debt securities17,649 128 37 17,740 22,587 354 13 22,928 
Corporate debt securities214 9 7 216 215 4 3 216 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations8,808 12 4 8,816 10,055 24 31 10,048 
Other4,899 67 2 4,964 6,174 91 16 6,249 
Total available-for-sale securities230,110 3,458 1,407 232,161 381,729 6,705 256 388,178 
Held-to-maturity securities(b)
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
105,539 1,855 396 106,998 107,889 2,968 29 110,828 
U.S. Residential6,805 5 35 6,775 4,345 8 30 4,323 
Commercial3,582 28 5 3,605 2,602 77 0 2,679 
Total mortgage-backed securities115,926 1,888 436 117,378 114,836 3,053 59 117,830 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies182,529 338 1,012 181,855 53,184 50 0 53,234 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities13,515 493 0 14,008 12,751 519 0 13,270 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations27,324 110 4 27,430 21,050 90 2 21,138 
Other2,182 0 0 2,182 0 0 0 0 
Total held-to-maturity securities341,476 2,829 1,452 342,853 201,821 3,712 61 205,472 
Total investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses$571,586 $6,287 $2,859 $575,014 $583,550 $10,417 $317 $593,650 
(a)Includes AFS U.S. GSE obligations with fair values of $46.4 billion and $65.8 billion, and HTM U.S. GSE obligations with amortized cost of $72.2 billion and $86.3 billion, at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. As of June 30, 2021, mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each exceeded 10% of JPMorgan Chase’s total stockholders’ equity; the amortized cost and fair value of such securities were $73.8 billion and $75.5 billion, and $44.3 billion and $44.5 billion, respectively.
(b)The Firm purchased $31.8 billion and $63.1 billion of HTM securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $4.8 billion and $5.0 billion for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
(c)The amortized cost of investment securities is reported net of allowance for credit losses of $87 million and $78 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
(d)Excludes $1.8 billion and $2.1 billion of accrued interest receivables at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The Firm did 0t reverse through interest income any accrued interest receivables for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
129

AFS securities impairment
The following tables present the fair value and gross unrealized losses by aging category for AFS securities at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. The tables exclude U.S. Treasury and government agency securities and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS with unrealized losses of $750 million$1.3 billion and $264$150 million, at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively; changes in the value of these securities are generally driven by changes in interest rates rather than changes in their credit profile given the explicit or implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. government.
Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
Less than 12 months12 months or more
June 30, 2021 (in millions)Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential:
U.S.
$81 $0 $22 $0 $103 $0 
Non-U.S.30 0 0 0 30 0 
Commercial186 4 367 6 553 10 
Total mortgage-backed securities297 4 389 6 686 10 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities102 2 0 0 102 2 
Non-U.S. government debt securities6,084 32 388 5 6,472 37 
Corporate debt securities57 7 42 0 99 7 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations3,227 4 354 0 3,581 4 
Other23 0 347 2 370 2 
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses$9,790 $49 $1,520 $13 $11,310 $62 
Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
Less than 12 months12 months or more
December 31, 2020 (in millions)Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential:
U.S.$562 $3 $32 $0 $594 $3 
Non-U.S.2,507 4 235 1 2,742 5 
Commercial699 18 124 16 823 34 
Total mortgage-backed securities3,768 25 391 17 4,159 42 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities49 1 0 0 49 1 
Non-U.S. government debt securities2,709 9 968 4 3,677 13 
Corporate debt securities91 3 5 0 96 3 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations5,248 18 2,645 13 7,893 31 
Other268 1 685 15 953 16 
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses$12,133 $57 $4,694 $49 $16,827 $106 
 Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
 Less than 12 months 12 months or more  
June 30, 2020 (in millions)Fair value
Gross
unrealized losses
 Fair value
Gross
unrealized losses
Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities       
Mortgage-backed securities:       
Residential:       
U.S. 
$2,570
$28
 $259
$6
$2,829
$34
Non-U.S.3,764
28
 261
3
4,025
31
Commercial1,950
61
 177
32
2,127
93
Total mortgage-backed securities8,284
117
 697
41
8,981
158
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities410
10
 —
—
410
10
Certificates of deposit—
—
 —
—
—
—
Non-U.S. government debt securities3,183
4
 808
3
3,991
7
Corporate debt securities390
6
 —
—
390
6
Asset-backed securities:       
Collateralized loan obligations24,866
456
 5,003
134
29,869
590
Other1,471
23
 925
41
2,396
64
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses$38,604
$616
 $7,433
$219
$46,037
$835
 Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
 Less than 12 months 12 months or more  
December 31, 2019 (in millions)Fair value
Gross
unrealized losses
 Fair value
Gross
unrealized losses
Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities       
Mortgage-backed securities:       
Residential:       
U.S.$1,072
$3
 $423
$3
$1,495
$6
Non-U.S.13
—
 420
1
433
1
Commercial1,287
12
 199
1
1,486
13
Total mortgage-backed securities2,372
15
 1,042
5
3,414
20
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities186
1
 —
—
186
1
Certificates of deposit77
—
 —
—
77
—
Non-U.S. government debt securities3,970
13
 1,406
4
5,376
17
Corporate debt securities—
—
 —
—
—
—
Asset-backed securities:       
Collateralized loan obligations10,364
11
 7,756
45
18,120
56
Other1,639
9
 753
11
2,392
20
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses$18,608
$49
 $10,957
$65
$29,565
$114
130


As a result of the adoption of the amended AFS securities impairment guidance, an allowance for credit losses on AFS securities is required for impaired securities if a credit loss exists.
AFS securities are considered impaired if the fair value is less than the amortized cost (excluding accrued interest receivable).
The Firm recognizes impairment losses in earnings if the Firm has the intent to sell the debt security, or if it is more likely than not that the Firm will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost. In these circumstances the impairment loss recognized in earnings is equal to the full difference between the amortized cost (excluding accrued interest receivable and net of allowance if applicable) and the fair value of the securities.
For impaired debt securities that the Firm has the intent and ability to hold, the securities are evaluated to determine if a credit loss exists. If it is determined that a credit loss exists, that loss is recognized as an allowance for credit losses through the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income, limited by the amount of impairment. Any impairment not due to credit losses is recorded in OCI.
Factors considered in evaluating credit losses include adverse conditions specifically related to the industry, geographic area or financial condition of the issuer or underlying collateral of a security; and payment structure of the security.
When assessing securities issued in a securitization for credit losses, the Firm estimates cash flows considering relevant market and economic data, underlying loan-level data, and structural features of the securitization, such as subordination, excess spread, overcollateralization or other forms of credit enhancement, and compares the losses projected for the underlying collateral (“pool losses”) against the level of credit enhancement in the securitization structure to determine whether these features are sufficient to absorb the pool losses, or whether a credit loss exists.
For beneficial interests in securitizations that are rated below “AA” at their acquisition, or that can be contractually prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that the Firm would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment, the Firm evaluates impairment for credit losses when there is an adverse change in expected cash flows.
Unrealized losses on AFS securities increased during the period ended June 30, 2020 as credit spreads widened during the first quarter amid volatile financial markets in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and tightened in the second quarter. The increase was largely related to collateralized loan obligations which had gross unrealized losses of $590 million as of June 30, 2020 compared to $2.0 billion as of March 31, 2020. Approximately 99% of these collateralized loan obligations are rated “AAA”, and the average credit enhancement was 37%. Credit enhancement in collateralized loan obligations is primarily in the form of overcollateralization, which is the excess of the par amount of collateral over the par amount of securities. Management assessed the projected collateral performance and the structural protections of these securities including underlying loan defaults and loss severity to determine if a credit loss exists. Based on this assessment, the Firm believes the unrealized losses on collateralized loan obligations are not due to credit losses.
Allowance for credit losses
Based on its assessment, the Firm did not recognize an allowance for credit losses on impaired AFS securities as of January 1 or June 30, 2020.


HTM securities – credit risk
The adoption of the CECL accounting guidance requires management to estimate expected credit losses on HTM securities over the remaining expected life and recognize this estimate as an allowance for credit losses. As a result of the adoption of this guidance, the Firm recognized an allowance for credit losses on HTM obligations of U.S. states and municipalities of $10 million as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2020.
Credit quality indicator
The primary credit quality indicator for HTM securities is the risk rating assigned to each security. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, all HTM securities were rated investment grade and were current and accruing, with approximately 95%97% and 98% rated AAA.at least AA+, respectively.
Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for credit losses on HTM obligations of U.S. states and municipalities and commercial mortgage-backed securities is calculated by applying statistical credit loss factors (estimated PD and LGD) to the amortized cost (excluding accrued interest receivable). The credit loss factors are derived using a weighted average of five internally developed eight-quarter macroeconomic scenarios, followed by a single year straight-line interpolation to revert to long run historical information for periods beyond the forecast period. Refer to Note 13 for further information on the eight-quarter macroeconomic forecast.
The allowance for credit losses on HTM collateralized loan obligations is calculated as the difference between the amortized cost (excluding accrued interest receivable) and the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the security’s effective interest rate. These cash flow estimates are developed based on expectations of underlying collateral performance derived using the eight-quarter macroeconomic forecast and the single year straight-line interpolation, as well as considering the structural features of the security.
The application of different inputs and assumptions into the calculation of the allowance for credit losses is subject to significant management judgment, and emphasizing one input or assumption over another, or considering other inputs or assumptions, could affect the estimate of the allowance for credit losses on HTM securities.
The allowance for credit losses on HTMinvestment securities was $87 million and $23 million as of June 30, 2020, reflecting $4 million2021 and $13 million recognized in the provision for credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.
Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for further discussion of accounting policies for AFS and HTM securities.

Selected impacts of investment securities on the Consolidated statements of income
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Realized gains$184 $624 $421 $1,719 
Realized losses(339)(598)(562)(1,460)
Investment securities gains/(losses)$(155)$26 $(141)$259 
Provision for credit losses$(7)$4 $9 $13 
 Three months ended June 30,  Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
2019
  2020
2019
Realized gains$624
$115
  $1,719
$376
Realized losses(598)(71)  (1,460)(319)
Net investment securities gains$26
$44
  $259
$57
       
Provision for credit losses$4
NA
  13
NA
131

The Firm did not intend to sell any impaired AFS securities in the periods presented.


Contractual maturities and yields
The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value at June 30, 2020,2021, of JPMorgan Chase’s investment securities portfolio by contractual maturity.
By remaining maturity June 30, 2021 (in millions)Due in one
year or less		Due after one year through five yearsDue after five years through 10 years
Due after
10 years(b)
Total
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost$1 $2,285 $5,712 $73,391 $81,389 
Fair value1 2,315 6,050 73,757 82,123 
Average yield(a)
0 %1.43 %1.77 %2.36 %2.29 %
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Amortized cost$2,168 $60,911 $28,155 $8,671 $99,905 
Fair value2,187 61,190 27,776 8,694 99,847 
Average yield(a)
1.47 %0.49 %0.67 %0.46 %0.56 %
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
Amortized cost$35 $167 $1,217 $15,830 $17,249 
Fair value35 173 1,283 16,964 18,455 
Average yield(a)
3.72 %4.40 %4.88 %5.01 %4.99 %
Non-U.S. government debt securities
Amortized cost$5,894 $4,589 $3,506 $3,660 $17,649 
Fair value5,905 4,668 3,509 3,658 17,740 
Average yield(a)
1.75 %2.15 %0.81 %0.19 %1.34 %
Corporate debt securities
Amortized cost$0 $141 $73 $0 $214 
Fair value0 140 76 0 216 
Average yield(a)
0 %1.16 %2.29 %0 %1.54 %
Asset-backed securities
Amortized cost$1,010 $1,419 $3,813 $7,465 $13,707 
Fair value1,010 1,430 3,820 7,520 13,780 
Average yield(a)
1.20 %1.94 %1.33 %1.24 %1.34 %
Total available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost$9,108 $69,512 $42,476 $109,017 $230,113 
Fair value9,138 69,916 42,514 110,593 232,161 
Average yield(a)
1.63 %0.67 %1.01 %2.44 %1.61 %
Held-to-maturity securities
Mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost$0 $422 $12,046 $103,470 $115,938 
Fair value0 423 12,595 104,360 117,378 
Average yield(a)
0 %1.13 %2.39 %2.90 %2.84 %
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Amortized cost$6,486 $104,920 $71,123 $0 $182,529 
Fair value6,489 104,732 70,634 0 181,855 
Average yield(a)
0.24 %0.62 %1.30 %0 %0.87 %
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
Amortized cost$35 $30 $766 $12,756 $13,587 
Fair value36 30 808 13,134 14,008 
Average yield(a)
4.28 %2.65 %3.81 %3.78 %3.78 %
Asset-backed securities
Amortized cost$0 $0 $14,425 $15,081 $29,506 
Fair value0 0 14,483 15,129 29,612 
Average yield(a)
0 %0 %1.27 %1.30 %1.29 %
Total held-to-maturity securities
Amortized cost$6,521 $105,372 $98,360 $131,307 $341,560 
Fair value6,525 105,185 98,520 132,623 342,853 
Average yield(a)
0.26 %0.63 %1.45 %2.80 %1.69 %
(a)Average yield is computed using the effective yield of each security owned at the end of the period, weighted based on the amortized cost of each security. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon, amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, and the effect of related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable. The effective yield excludes unscheduled principal prepayments; and accordingly, actual maturities of securities may differ from their contractual or expected maturities as certain securities may be prepaid. However, for certain callable debt securities, the average yield is calculated to the earliest call date.
(b)Substantially all of the Firm’s U.S. residential MBS and collateralized mortgage obligations are due in 10 years or more, based on contractual maturity. The estimated weighted-average life, which reflects anticipated future prepayments, is approximately 6 years for agency residential MBS, 4 years for agency residential collateralized mortgage obligations and 3 years for nonagency residential collateralized mortgage obligations.
132
By remaining maturity
June 30, 2020 (in millions)
Due in one
year or less
Due after one year through five yearsDue after five years through 10 years
Due after
10 years(b)
 Total
Available-for-sale securities      
Mortgage-backed securities      
Amortized cost$2
$386
$12,793
$158,750
 $171,931
Fair value2
399
13,130
163,849
 177,380
Average yield(a)
2.16%2.03%1.89%3.06% 2.97%
U.S. Treasury and government agencies







  
Amortized cost$42,482
$112,121
$45,140
$12,602
 $212,345
Fair value42,514
113,598
46,326
12,024
 214,462
Average yield(a)
0.29%0.71%0.96%0.54% 0.67%
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities







  
Amortized cost$74
$231
$1,132
$26,916
 $28,353
Fair value74
241
1,212
28,899
 30,426
Average yield(a)
3.63%4.47%4.84%4.58% 4.59%
Non-U.S. government debt securities







  
Amortized cost$8,268
$10,518
$4,547
$301
 $23,634
Fair value8,293
10,778
4,667
322
 24,060
Average yield(a)
1.48%1.48%1.01%1.67% 1.39%
Corporate debt securities







  
Amortized cost$131
$303
$237
$—
 $671
Fair value131
303
240
—
 674
Average yield(a)
3.85%2.89%3.00%—% 3.11%
Asset-backed securities







  
Amortized cost$146
$3,629
$14,167
$21,507
 $39,449
Fair value146
3,647
13,956
21,132
 38,881
Average yield(a)
1.05%2.23%2.19%1.87% 2.01%
Total available-for-sale securities







  
Amortized cost$51,103
$127,188
$78,016
$220,076
 $476,383
Fair value51,160
128,966
79,531
226,226
 485,883
Average yield(a)
0.50%0.83%1.40%2.99% 1.89%
Held-to-maturity securities







  
Mortgage-backed securities







  
Amortized cost$—
$—
$6,234
$57,157
 $63,391
Fair value—
—
6,931
59,306
 66,237
Average yield(a)
—%—%2.92%2.93% 2.92%
U.S. Treasury and government agencies

      
Amortized cost

$—
$51
$—
$—
 $51
Fair value

—
53
—
—
 53
Average yield(a)

—%1.44%—%—% 1.44%
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities







  
Amortized cost$—
$36
$201
$4,617
 $4,854
Fair value—
37
218
4,986
 5,241
Average yield(a)
—%3.65%3.81%3.94% 3.94%
Asset-backed securities      
Amortized cost$—
$—
$4,635
$—
 $4,635
Fair value—
—
4,576
—
 4,576
Average yield(a)
—%—%2.24%—% 2.24%
Total held-to-maturity securities







  
Amortized cost$—
$87
$11,070
$61,774
 $72,931
Fair value—
90
11,725
64,292
 76,107
Average yield(a)
—%2.35%2.65%3.00% 2.95%
(a)Average yield is computed using the effective yield of each security owned at the end of the period, weighted based on the amortized cost of each security. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon, amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, and the effect of related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable. The effective yield excludes unscheduled principal prepayments; and accordingly, actual maturities of securities may differ from their contractual or expected maturities as certain securities may be prepaid. However, for certain callable debt securities, the average yield is calculated to the earliest call date.
(b)Substantially all of the Firm’s U.S. residential MBS and collateralized mortgage obligations are due in 10 years or more, based on contractual maturity. The estimated weighted-average life, which reflects anticipated future prepayments, is approximately 4 years for agency residential MBS, 3 years for agency residential collateralized mortgage obligations and 3 years for nonagency residential collateralized mortgage obligations.


Note 1110 – Securities financing activities
JPMorgan Chase enters into resale, repurchase, securities borrowed and securities loaned agreements (collectively, “securities financing agreements”) primarily to finance the Firm’s inventory positions, acquire securities to cover short sales, accommodate customers’ financing needs, settle other securities obligations and to deploy the Firm’s excess cash.
Securities financing agreements are treated as collateralized financings on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets. Where appropriate under applicable accounting guidance, securities financing agreements with the same counterparty are reported on a net basis. Refer to Note 111 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for furthera discussion of the offsetting of assets and liabilities. Fees received and paid in connection withaccounting policies relating to securities financing agreements are recorded over the life of the agreement in interest income and interest expense on the Consolidated statements of income.
The Firm has elected the fair value option for certain securities financing agreements.activities. Refer to Note 3 for further information regarding the fair value option. The securities financingborrowed and securities lending agreements for which the fair value option has been elected are reported within securities purchased under resale agreements, securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, and securities borrowed on the Consolidated balance sheets. Generally, for agreements carried at fair value, current-period interest accruals are recorded within interest income and interest expense, with changes in fair value reported in principal transactions revenue. However, for financial instruments containing embedded derivatives that would be separately accounted for in accordance with accounting guidance for hybrid instruments, all changes in fair value, including any interest elements, are reported in principal transactions revenue.
Securities financing agreements not elected under the fair value option are measured at amortized cost. As a result of the Firm’s credit risk mitigation practices described below, the Firm did not hold any allowance for credit losses with respect to resale and securities borrowed arrangements as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Credit risk mitigation practices
Securities financing agreements expose the Firm primarily to credit and liquidity risk. To manage these risks, the Firm monitors the value of the underlying securities (predominantly high-quality securities collateral, including government-issued debt and U.S. GSEs and government agencies MBS) that it has received from or provided to its counterparties compared to the value of cash proceeds and exchanged collateral, and either requests additional collateral or returns securities or collateral when appropriate. Margin levels are initially established based upon the counterparty, the type of underlying securities, and the permissible collateral, and are monitored on an ongoing basis.
In resale and securities borrowed agreements, the Firm is exposed to credit risk to the extent that the value of the securities received is less than initial cash principal advanced and any collateral amounts exchanged. In repurchase and securities loaned agreements, credit risk exposure arises to the extent that the value of underlying securities advanced exceeds the value of the initial cash principal received, and any collateral amounts exchanged.
Additionally, the Firm typically enters into master netting agreements and other similar arrangements with its counterparties, which provide for the right to liquidate the underlying securities and any collateral amounts exchanged in the event of a counterparty default. It is also the Firm’s policy to take possession, where possible, of the securities underlying resale and securities borrowed agreements.elected. Refer to Note 2423 for further information regarding assets pledged and collateral received in securities financing agreements.


The table below summarizes the gross and net amounts of the Firm’s securities financing agreements as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. When the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to a master netting agreement with a counterparty and where other relevant netting criteria under U.S. GAAP are met, the Firm nets, on the Consolidated balance sheets, the balances
outstanding under its securities financing agreements with the same counterparty. In addition, the Firm exchanges securities and/or cash collateral with its counterparty to reduce the economic exposure with the counterparty, but
such collateral is not eligible for net Consolidated balance sheet presentation. Where the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the counterparty master netting agreement, such collateral, along with securities financing balances that do not meet all these relevant netting criteria under U.S. GAAP, is presented in the table below as “Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets,” and reduces the “Net amounts” presented. Where a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, the securities financing balances are presented gross in the “Net amounts” below.
June 30, 2021
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
Assets
Securities purchased under resale agreements$567,378 $(306,391)$260,987 $(248,366)$12,621 
Securities borrowed189,212 (2,836)186,376 (132,533)53,843 
Liabilities
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$543,834 $(306,391)$237,443 $(214,872)$22,571 
Securities loaned and other(a)
54,042 (2,836)51,206 (50,960)246 
June 30, 2020December 31, 2020
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
Assets   Assets
Securities purchased under resale agreements$604,876
$(347,896)$256,980
$(241,154) $15,826
Securities purchased under resale agreements$666,467 $(370,183)$296,284 $(273,206)$23,078 
Securities borrowed165,490
(22,786)142,704
(102,470) 40,234
Securities borrowed193,700 (33,065)160,635 (115,219)45,416 
Liabilities   Liabilities
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$577,216
$(347,896)$229,320
$(214,124) $15,196
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$578,060 $(370,183)$207,877 $(191,980)$15,897 
Securities loaned and other(a)
30,291
(22,786)7,505
(7,003) 502
Securities loaned and other(a)
41,366 (33,065)8,301 (8,257)44 
(a)Includes securities-for-securities lending agreements of $45.5 billion and $3.4 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, accounted for at fair value, where the Firm is acting as lender. In the Consolidated balance sheets, the Firm recognizes the securities received at fair value within other assets and the obligation to return those securities within accounts payable and other liabilities.
(b)In some cases, collateral exchanged with a counterparty exceeds the net asset or liability balance with that counterparty. In such cases, the amounts reported in this column are limited to the related net asset or liability with that counterparty.
(c)Includes securities financing agreements that provide collateral rights, but where an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement has not been either sought or obtained. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, included $9.5 billion and $17.0 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under resale agreements; $49.7 billion and $42.1 billion, respectively, of securities borrowed; $21.2 billion and $14.5 billion, respectively, of securities sold under repurchase agreements; and $56 million and $8 million, respectively, of securities loaned and other.
133
 December 31, 2019
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
Assets      
Securities purchased under resale agreements$628,609
$(379,463)$249,146
$(233,818) $15,328
Securities borrowed166,718
(26,960)139,758
(104,990) 34,768
Liabilities      
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$555,172
$(379,463)$175,709
$(151,566) $24,143
Securities loaned and other(a)
36,649
(26,960)9,689
(9,654) 35

(a)Includes securities-for-securities lending agreements of $3.3 billion and $3.7 billion at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, accounted for at fair value, where the Firm is acting as lender. In the Consolidated balance sheets, the Firm recognizes the securities received at fair value within other assets and the obligation to return those securities within accounts payable and other liabilities.
(b)In some cases, collateral exchanged with a counterparty exceeds the net asset or liability balance with that counterparty. In such cases, the amounts reported in this column are limited to the related net asset or liability with that counterparty.
(c)Includes securities financing agreements that provide collateral rights, but where an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement has not been either sought or obtained. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, included $11.3 billion and $11.0 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under resale agreements; $37.2 billion and $31.9 billion, respectively, of securities borrowed; $13.9 billion and $22.7 billion, respectively, of securities sold under repurchase agreements; and $33 million and $7 million, respectively, of securities loaned and other.

The tables below present as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 20192020 the types of financial assets pledged in securities financing agreements and the remaining contractual maturity of the securities financing agreements.
Gross liability balance
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 (in millions)Securities sold under repurchase agreementsSecurities loaned and otherSecurities sold under repurchase agreementsSecurities loaned and other
Mortgage-backed securities
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$21,735 $0 $56,744 $0 
Residential - nonagency397 0 1,016 0 
Commercial - nonagency1,058 0 855 0 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies267,937 79 315,834 143 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities1,739 1 1,525 2 
Non-U.S. government debt174,777 2,984 157,563 1,730 
Corporate debt securities36,166 1,951 22,849 1,864 
Asset-backed securities550 230 694 0 
Equity securities39,475 48,797 20,980 37,627 
Total$543,834 $54,042 $578,060 $41,366 
 Gross liability balance
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 (in millions)Securities sold under repurchase agreements Securities loaned and other Securities sold under repurchase agreements Securities loaned and other
Mortgage-backed securities       
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$58,171
 $—
 $34,119
 $—
Residential - nonagency588
 —
 1,239
 —
Commercial - nonagency1,273
 —
 1,612
 —
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies320,996
 93
 334,398
 29
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities1,650
 —
 1,181
 —
Non-U.S. government debt156,353
 2,337
 145,548
 1,528
Corporate debt securities21,359
 1,092
 13,826
 1,580
Asset-backed securities981
 —
 1,794
 —
Equity securities15,845
 26,769
 21,455
 33,512
Total$577,216
 $30,291
 $555,172
 $36,649
Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
Overnight and continuousGreater than
90 days
June 30, 2021 (in millions)Up to 30 days30 – 90 daysTotal
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$233,090 $214,617 $38,442 $57,685 $543,834 
Total securities loaned and other52,547 117 1,001 377 54,042 
Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
Overnight and continuousGreater than
90 days
December 31, 2020 (in millions)Up to 30 days30 – 90 daysTotal
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$238,667 $230,980 $70,777 $37,636 $578,060 
Total securities loaned and other37,887 1,647 500 1,332 41,366 
 Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
 Overnight and continuous     
Greater than
90 days
  
June 30, 2020 (in millions) Up to 30 days 30 – 90 days  Total
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$233,743
 $215,316
 $60,712
 $67,445
 $577,216
Total securities loaned and other28,407
 26
 531
 1,327
 30,291
 Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
 Overnight and continuous     
Greater than
90 days
  
December 31, 2019 (in millions) Up to 30 days 30 – 90 days  Total
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$225,134
 $195,816
(a) 
$56,020
(a) 
$78,202
(a) 
$555,172
Total securities loaned and other32,028
 1,706
 937
 1,978
 36,649
(a)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Transfers not qualifying for sale accounting
At June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, the Firm held $662$442 million and $743$598 million, respectively, of financial assets for which the rights have been transferred to third parties; however, the transfers did not qualify as a sale in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These transfers have been recognized as collateralized financing transactions. The transferred assets are recorded in trading assets and loans, and the corresponding liabilities are recorded predominantly in short-term borrowings on the Consolidated balance sheets.
134

Note 1211 – Loans
Loan accounting framework
The accounting for a loan depends on management’s strategy for the loan. The Firm accounts for loans based on the following categories:
•Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment (i.e., “retained”)
•Loans held-for-sale
•Loans at fair value
Effective January 1, 2020, the Firm adopted the CECL accounting guidance. Refer to Note 112 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information.
The following provides a detailed accounting discussion of these loan categories:
Loans held-for-investment
Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment are recorded at the principal amount outstanding, net of the following: charge-offs; interest applied to principal (for loans accounted for on the cost recovery method); unamortized discounts and premiums; and net deferred loan fees or costs. Credit card loans also include billed finance charges and fees.
Interest income
Interest income on performing loans held-for-investment is accrued and recognized as interest income at the contractual rate of interest. Purchase price discounts or premiums, as well as net deferred loan fees or costs, are amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the loan as an adjustment of yield.
The Firm classifies accrued interest on loans, including accrued but unbilled interest on credit card loans, in accrued interest and accounts receivables on the Consolidated balance sheets. For credit card loans, accrued interest once billed is then recognized in the loan balances, with the related allowance recorded in the allowance for credit losses. Changes in the allowance for credit losses on accrued interest on credit card loans are recognized in the provision for credit losses and charge-offs are recognized by reversing interest income. For other loans, the Firm generally does not recognize an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivables, consistent with its policy to write them off no later than 90 days past due by reversing interest income.
Nonaccrual loans
Nonaccrual loans are those on which the accrual of interest has been suspended. Loans (other than credit card loans and certain consumer loans insured by U.S. government agencies) are placed on nonaccrual status and considered nonperforming when full payment of principal and interest is not expected, regardless of delinquency status, or when principal and interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more, unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. A loan is determined to be past due when the minimum payment is not received from the borrower by the contractually specified due date or for
certain loans (e.g., residential real estate loans), when a monthly payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more. Finally, collateral-dependent loans are typically maintained on nonaccrual status.
On the date a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all interest accrued but not collected is reversed against interest income. In addition, the amortization of deferred amounts is suspended. Interest income on nonaccrual loans may be recognized as cash interest payments are received (i.e., on a cash basis) if the recorded loan balance is deemed fully collectible; however, if there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectibility of the recorded loan balance, all interest cash receipts are applied to reduce the carrying value of the loan (the cost recovery method). For consumer loans, application of this policy typically results in the Firm recognizing interest income on nonaccrual consumer loans on a cash basis.
A loan may be returned to accrual status when repayment is reasonably assured and there has been demonstrated performance under the terms of the loan or, if applicable, the terms of the restructured loan.
As permitted by regulatory guidance, credit card loans are generally exempt from being placed on nonaccrual status; accordingly, interest and fees related to credit card loans continue to accrue until the loan is charged off or paid in full.
Allowance for loan losses
The allowance for loan losses represents the estimated expected credit losses in the held-for-investment loan portfolio at the balance sheet date and is recognized on the balance sheet as a contra asset, which brings the amortized cost to the net carrying value. Changes in the allowance for loan losses are recorded in the provision for credit losses on the Firm’s Consolidated statements of income.accounting policies. Refer to Note 133 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the Firm’s accounting policies for the allowance for loan losses.
Charge-offs
Consumer loans are generally charged off or charged down to the net realizable value of the underlying collateral (i.e., fair value less estimated costs to sell), with an offset to the allowance for loan losses, upon reaching specified stages of delinquency in accordance with standards established by the FFIEC. Residential real estate loans, unmodified credit card loans and scored business banking loans are generally charged off no later than 180 days past due. Scored auto and modified credit card loans are charged off no later than 120 days past due.
Certain consumer loans are charged off or charged down to their net realizable value earlier than the FFIEC charge-off standards in certain circumstances as follows:
•
Loans modified in a TDR that are determined to be collateral-dependent.

•
Loans to borrowers who have experienced an event that suggests a loss is either known or highly certain are subject to accelerated charge-off standards (e.g., residential real estate and auto loans are charged off within 60 days of receiving notification of a bankruptcy filing).
•
Auto loans upon repossession of the automobile.
Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs on the government-guaranteed portion of loans.
Wholesale loans are charged off when it is highly certain that a loss has been realized. The determination of whether to recognize a charge-off includes many factors, including the prioritization of the Firm’s claim in bankruptcy, expectations of the workout/restructuring of the loan and valuation of the borrower’s equity or the loan collateral.
When a loan is charged down to the estimated net realizable value, the determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on the type of collateral (e.g., securities, real estate). In cases where the collateral is in the form of liquid securities, the fair value is based on quoted market prices or broker quotes. For illiquid securities or other financial assets, the fair value of the collateral is generally estimated using a discounted cash flow model.
For residential real estate loans, collateral values are based upon external valuation sources. When it becomes likely that a borrower is either unable or unwilling to pay, the Firm utilizes a broker’s price opinion, appraisal and/or an automated valuation model of the home based on an exterior-only valuation (“exterior opinions”), which is then updated at least every twelve months, or more frequently depending on various market factors. As soon as practicable after the Firm receives the property in satisfaction of a debt (e.g., by taking legal title or physical possession), the Firm generally obtains an appraisal based on an inspection that includes the interior of the home (“interior appraisals”). Exterior opinions and interior appraisals are discounted based upon the Firm’s experience with actual liquidation values as compared with the estimated values provided by exterior opinions and interior appraisals, considering state-specific factors.
For commercial real estate loans, collateral values are generally based on appraisals from internal and external valuation sources. Collateral values are typically updated every six to twelve months, either by obtaining a new appraisal or by performing an internal analysis, in accordance with the Firm’s policies. The Firm also considers both borrower- and market-specific factors, which may result in obtaining appraisal updates or broker price opinions at more frequent intervals.
Loans held-for-sale
Loans held-for-sale are measured at the lower of cost or fair value, with valuation changes recorded in noninterest revenue. For consumer loans, the valuation is performed on a portfolio basis. For wholesale loans, the valuation is performed on an individual loan basis.
Interest income on loans held-for-sale is accrued and recognized based on the contractual rate of interest.
Loan origination fees or costs and purchase price discounts or premiums are deferred in a contra loan account until the related loan is sold. The deferred fees or costs and discounts or premiums are an adjustment to the basis of the loan and therefore are included in the periodic determination of the lower of cost or fair value adjustments and/or the gain or loss recognized at the time of sale.
Because these loans are recognized at the lower of cost or fair value, the Firm’s allowance for loan losses and charge-off policies do not apply to these loans. However, loans held-for-sale are subject to the nonaccrual policies described above.
Loans at fair value
Loans used in a market-making strategy or risk managed on a fair value basis are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in noninterest revenue.
Interest income on these loans is accrued and recognized based on the contractual rate of interest. Changes in fair value are recognized in noninterest revenue. Loan origination fees are recognized upfront in noninterest revenue. Loan origination costs are recognized in the associated expense category as incurred.
Because these loans are recognized at fair value, the Firm’s allowance for loan losses and charge-off policies do not apply to these loans. However, loans at fair value are subject to the nonaccrual policies described above.
Refer to Note 3 for further information on the Firm’sFirm's elections of fair value accounting under the fair value option. Refer to Note 2 and Note 3of this Form 10-Q for further information on loans carried at fair value and classified as trading assets.

Loan classification changes
Loans in the held-for-investment portfolio that management decides to sell are transferred to the held-for-sale portfolio at the lower of cost or fair value on the date of transfer. Credit-related losses are charged against the allowance for loan losses; non-credit related losses such as those due to changes in interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates are recognized in noninterest revenue.
In the event that management decides to retain a loan in the held-for-sale portfolio, the loan is transferred to the held-for-investment portfolio at amortized cost on the date of transfer. These loans are subsequently assessed for impairment based on the Firm’s allowance methodology. Refer to Note 13 for a further discussion of the methodologies used in establishing the Firm’s allowance for loan losses.
Loan modifications
The Firm seeks to modify certain loans in conjunction with its loss mitigation activities. Through the modification, JPMorgan Chase grants one or more concessions to a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty in order to minimize the Firm’s economic loss and avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral, and to ultimately maximize payments received by the Firm from the borrower. The concessions granted vary by program and by borrower-specific characteristics, and may include interest rate reductions, term extensions, payment delays, principal forgiveness, or the acceptance of equity or other assets in lieu of payments. Such modifications are accounted for and reported as TDRs. Loans with short-term and other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.
Loans, except for credit card loans, modified in a TDR are generally placed on nonaccrual status, although in many cases such loans were already on nonaccrual status prior to modification. These loans may be returned to performing status (the accrual of interest is resumed) if the following criteria are met: (i) the borrower has performed under the modified terms for a minimum of six months and/or 6 payments, and (ii) the Firm has an expectation that repayment of the modified loan is reasonably assured based on, for example, the borrower’s debt capacity and level of future earnings, collateral values, LTV ratios, and other current market considerations. In certain limited and well-defined circumstances in which the loan is current at the modification date, such loans are not placed on nonaccrual status at the time of modification.
Loans modified in TDRs are generally measured for impairment using the Firm’s established asset-specific allowance methodology, which considers the expected re-default rates for the modified loans. A loan modified in a TDR generally remains subject tothe asset-specific component of the allowance throughout its remaining life, regardless of whether the loan is performing and has been returned to accrual status. Refer to Note 13 for further
discussion of the methodology used to estimate the Firm’s asset-specific allowance.
The Firm has granted various forms of assistance to customers and clients impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, including payment deferrals and covenant modifications. The majority of the Firm’s COVID-19 related loan modifications have not been considered TDRs as:
•
they represent short-term or other insignificant modifications, whether under the Firm’s regular loan modification assessments or as permitted by regulatory guidance, or
•
the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided under section 4013 of the CARES Act.
To the extent that certain modifications do not meet any of the above criteria, the Firm accounts for them as TDRs.
As permitted by regulatory guidance, the Firm does not place loans with deferrals granted due to COVID-19 on nonaccrual status where such loans are not otherwise reportable as nonaccrual. The Firm considers expected losses of principal and accrued interest associated with all COVID-19 related loan modifications in its allowance for credit losses.
Assistance provided in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could delay the recognition of delinquencies, nonaccrual status, and net charge-offs for those customers who would have otherwise moved into past due or nonaccrual status.
Foreclosed property
The Firm acquires property from borrowers through loan restructurings, workouts, and foreclosures. Property acquired may include real property (e.g., residential real estate, land, and buildings) and commercial and personal property (e.g., automobiles, aircraft, railcars, and ships).
The Firm recognizes foreclosed property upon receiving assets in satisfaction of a loan (e.g., by taking legal title or physical possession). For loans collateralized by real property, the Firm generally recognizes the asset received at foreclosure sale or upon the execution of a deed in lieu of foreclosure transaction with the borrower. Foreclosed assets are reported in other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets and initially recognized at fair value less estimated costs to sell. Each quarter the fair value of the acquired property is reviewed and adjusted, if necessary, to the lower of cost or fair value. Subsequent adjustments to fair value are charged/credited to noninterest revenue. Operating expense, such as real estate taxes and maintenance, are charged to other expense.

Loan portfolio
The Firm’s loan portfolio is divided into 3 portfolio segments, which are the same segments used by the Firm to determine the allowance for loan losses: Consumer, excluding credit card; Credit card; and Wholesale. Within each portfolio segment the Firm monitors and assesses the credit risk in the following classes of loans, based on the risk characteristics of each loan class.
In conjunction with the adoption of CECL, the Firm revised its classes of loans. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation:
•
The consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment’s residential mortgage and home equity loans and lending-related commitments have been combined into a residential real estate class.
•
Upon adoption of CECL, the Firm elected to discontinue the pool-level accounting for PCI loans and to account for these loans on an individual loan basis. PCI loans are considered PCD loans under CECL and are subject to the Firm’s nonaccrual and charge-off policies. PCD loans are now reported in the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment’s residential real estate class.
•
Risk-rated business banking and auto dealer loans and lending-related commitments held in CCB were reclassified from the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment, to the wholesale portfolio segment, to align with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. The remaining scored auto and business banking loans and lending-related commitments have been combined into an auto and other class.
•
The wholesale portfolio segment’s classes, previously based on the borrower’s primary business activity, have been revised to align with the loan classifications as defined by the bank regulatory agencies, based on the loan’s collateral, purpose, and type of borrower.
Consumer, excluding

credit card
Credit card
Wholesale(c)(d)
• Residential real estate(a)
• Auto and other(b)
• Credit card loans
• Secured by real estate
• Commercial and industrial
• Other(d)(e)
(a)
(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM,and scored mortgage loans held in CIB and Corporate.
(b)Includes scored auto and business banking loans and overdrafts.
(c)Includes loans held in CIB, CB, AWM, Corporate as well as risk-rated loans held in CCB, including business banking and auto dealer loans for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for loan losses.
(d)The wholesale portfolio segment's classes align with loan classifications as defined by the bank regulatory agencies, based on the loan's collateral, purpose, and type of borrower.
(e)Includes loans to financial institutions, states and political subdivisions, SPEs, nonprofits, personal investment companies and trusts, as well as loans to individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM). Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.and scored mortgage loans held in Corporate.
(b)Includes scored auto and business banking loans and overdrafts.
(c)Includes loans held in CIB, CB, AWM, Corporate as well as risk-rated business banking and auto dealer loans held in CCB for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for loan losses.
(d)Includes loans to financial institutions, states and political subdivisions, SPEs, nonprofits, personal investment companies and trusts, as well as loans to individuals and individual entities (predominantly Wealth Management clients within AWM). Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.

The following tables summarize the Firm’s loan balances by portfolio segment.
June 30, 2021Consumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesale
Total(a)(b)
(in millions)
Retained$297,731 $141,079 $524,855 $963,665 
Held-for-sale1,075 723 13,715 15,513 
At fair value30,879 0 30,897 61,776 
Total$329,685 $141,802 $569,467 $1,040,954 
December 31, 2020Consumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesale
Total(a)(b)
(in millions)
Retained$302,127 $143,432 $514,947 $960,506 
Held-for-sale1,305 784 5,784 7,873 
At fair value15,147 0 29,327 44,474 
Total$318,579 $144,216 $550,058 $1,012,853 
(a)Excludes $2.8 billion and $2.9 billion of accrued interest receivables at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. The Firm wrote off accrued interest receivables of $19 million and $34 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $32 million and $48 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(b)Loans (other than those for which the fair value option has been elected) are presented net of unamortized discounts and premiums and net deferred loan fees or costs. These amounts were not material as of June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020.


135

June 30, 2020Consumer, excluding credit card Credit card Wholesale 
Total(a)
 
(in millions) 
Retained$307,005
 $141,656
 $516,787
 $965,448
(b) 
Held-for-sale1,912
 —
 5,235
 7,147
 
At fair value—
 —
 5,923
 5,923
 
Total$308,917
 $141,656
 $527,945
 $978,518
 
         
December 31, 2019Consumer, excluding credit card Credit card Wholesale 
Total(a)
 
(in millions) 
Retained$294,999
 $168,924
 $481,678
 $945,601
(b) 
Held-for-sale3,002
 —
 4,062
 7,064
 
At fair value—
 —
 7,104
 7,104
 
Total$298,001
 $168,924
 $492,844
 $959,769
 
(a)Excludes $2.9 billion of accrued interest receivables at both June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019. The Firm wrote off accrued interest receivables of $34 million and $11 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $48 million and $23 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(b)Loans (other than those for which the fair value option has been elected) are presented net of unamortized discounts and premiums and net deferred loan fees or costs. These amounts were not material as of June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019.
The following table providestables provide information about the carrying value of retained loans purchased, sold and reclassified to held-for-sale during the periods indicated. Loans that were reclassified to held-for-sale and sold in a subsequent period are excluded from the sales line of this table.
20212020
Three months ended June 30,
(in millions)		Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotal
Purchases$111 (b)(c)$0 $301 $412 $228 (b)(c)$0 $242 $470 
Sales0 0 8,751 8,751 24 0 3,549 3,573 
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)
87 0 892 979 679 

0 282 961 
20212020
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotal
Purchases$302 (b)(c)$0 $527 $829 $1,400 (b)(c)$0 $628 $2,028 
Sales181 0 14,481 14,662 348 0 9,001 9,349 
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)
249 0 1,664 1,913 827 

0 751 1,578 
(a)Reclassifications of loans to held-for-sale are non-cash transactions.
(b)Predominantly includes purchases of residential real estate loans, including the Firm’s voluntary repurchases of certain delinquent loans from loan pools as permitted by Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) guidelines for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. The Firm typically elects to repurchase these delinquent loans as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with applicable requirements of Ginnie Mae, FHA, RHS, and/or VA.
(c)Excludes purchases of retained loans of $5.0 billion and $3.8 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $12.0 billion and $7.4 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are predominantly sourced through the correspondent origination channel and underwritten in accordance with the Firm’s standards.

2020 2019
Three months ended June 30,
(in millions)
Consumer, excluding
credit card
Credit cardWholesaleTotal 
Consumer, excluding
credit card
Credit cardWholesaleTotal
Purchases$228
(b)(c) 
$—
$242
$470
 $234
(b)(c) 
$—
$359
$593
Sales24

—
3,549
3,573
 6,851
 —
5,405
12,256
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)
679
 —
282
961
 948

—
924
1,872
            
 2020 2019
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)
Consumer, excluding
credit card
Credit cardWholesaleTotal 
Consumer, excluding
credit card
Credit cardWholesaleTotal
Purchases$1,400
(b)(c) 
$—
$628
$2,028
 $785
(b)(c) 
$—
$588
$1,373
Sales348
 —
9,001
9,349
 15,509
 —
10,850
26,359
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)
827
 —
751
1,578
 5,061
 —
1,425
6,486

(a)Reclassifications of loans to held-for-sale are non-cash transactions.
(b)Predominantly includes purchases of residential real estate loans, including the Firm’s voluntary repurchases of certain delinquent loans from loan pools as permitted by Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) guidelines for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. The Firm typically elects to repurchase these delinquent loans as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with applicable requirements of Ginnie Mae, FHA, RHS, and/or VA.
(c)Excludes purchases of retained loans sourced through the correspondent origination channel and underwritten in accordance with the Firm’s standards. Such purchases were $3.8 billion and $4.3 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $7.4 billion and $7.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Gains and losses on sales of loans
Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments (including adjustments to record loans and lending-related commitments held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value) recognized in noninterest revenue were $725for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was $62 million and ($188)$194 million, respectively, of which $47 million and $182 million, respectively, related to loans. Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $725 million and $(188) million, respectively, of which $42 million and ($100)$(100) million, respectively, were related to loans. Gains and losses on sales of loans were 0t material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. In addition, the sale of loans may also result in write downs, recoveries or changes in the allowance recognized in the provision for credit losses.
Loan modifications
The Firm has granted various forms of assistance to customers and clients impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, including payment deferrals and covenant modifications. The majority of the Firm’s COVID-19 related loan modifications have not been considered TDRs because:
•they represent short-term or other insignificant modifications, whether under the Firm’s regular loan modification assessments or as permitted by regulatory guidance, or
•the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided by the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act.
To the extent that certain modifications do not meet any of the above criteria, the Firm accounts for them as TDRs.
As permitted by regulatory guidance, the Firm does not place loans with deferrals granted due to COVID-19 on nonaccrual status where such loans are not otherwise reportable as nonaccrual. The Firm considers expected losses of principal and accrued interest associated with all COVID-19 related loan modifications in its allowance for credit losses.
Assistance provided in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could delay the recognition of delinquencies, nonaccrual status, and net charge-offs for those customers who would have otherwise moved into past due or nonaccrual status.
136

Consumer, excluding credit card loan portfolio
Consumer loans, excluding credit card loans, consist primarily of scored residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, auto and business banking loans, with a focus on serving the prime consumer credit market. The portfolio also includes home equity loans secured by junior liens, prime mortgage loans with an interest-only payment period and certain payment-option loans that may result in negative amortization.
The following table provides information about retained consumer loans, excluding credit card, by class.
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Residential real estate$218,031 $225,302 
Auto and other(a)
79,700 76,825 
Total retained loans$297,731 $302,127 
(a)
(in millions)June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Residential real estate$235,381
$243,317
Auto and other(a)
71,624
51,682
Total retained loans$307,005
$294,999

At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, included $16.7 billion and $19.2 billion of loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP.
(a)At June 30, 2020, included $19.9 billion of loans in Business Banking under the PPP.
Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for consumer loans. Loans that are more than 30 days past due provide an early warningRefer to Note 12 of borrowers who may be experiencing financial difficulties and/or who may be unable or unwilling to repay the loan. As the loan continues to age, it becomes more clear whether the borrower is likely either unable or unwilling to pay. In the case of residential real estate loans, late-stage delinquencies (greater than 150 days past due) are a strong indicator of loans that will ultimately result in a foreclosure or similar liquidation transaction. In addition to delinquency rates, otherJPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on consumer credit quality indicators for consumer loans vary based on the class of loan, as follows:indicators.

•
For residential real estate loans, the current estimated LTV ratio, or the combined LTV ratio in the case of junior lien loans, is an indicator of the potential loss severity in the event of default. Additionally, LTV or combined LTV ratios can provide insight into a borrower’s continued willingness to pay, as the delinquency rate of high-LTV loans tends to be greater than that for loans where the borrower has equity in the collateral. The geographic distribution of the loan collateral also provides insight as to the credit quality of the portfolio, as factors such as the regional economy, home price changes and specific events such as natural disasters, will affect credit quality. The borrower’s current or “refreshed” FICO score is a secondary credit quality indicator for certain loans, as FICO scores are an indication of the borrower’s credit payment history. Thus, a loan to a borrower with a low FICO score (less than 660 ) is considered to be of higher risk than a loan to a borrower with a higher FICO score. Further, a loan to a borrower with a high LTV ratio and a low FICO score is at greater risk of default than a loan to a borrower that has both a high LTV ratio and a high FICO score.

•
For scored auto and business banking loans, geographic distribution is an indicator of the credit performance of the portfolio. Similar to residential real estate loans, geographic distribution provides insights into the portfolio performance based on regional economic activity and events.



137

Residential real estate
The following table providestables provide information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained residential real estate loans.
(in millions, except ratios)June 30, 2021
Term loans by origination year(d)
Revolving loansTotal
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)(b)
Current$31,258$54,745$23,873$10,122$14,996$60,605$5,723$14,726$216,048
30–149 days past due1141613135399185790
150 or more days past due02451889132701,193
Total retained loans$31,269$54,751$23,893$10,140$15,027$62,035$5,735$15,181$218,031
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(c)
0.04 %0.01 %0.08 %0.18 %0.21 %2.25 %0.21 %3.00 %0.89 %
(in millions, except ratios)December 31, 2020
Term loans by origination year(d)
Revolving loansTotal
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)(b)
Current$56,576(e)$31,820$13,900$20,410$27,978$49,218(e)$7,370$15,792$223,064
30–149 days past due925202229674212451,045
150 or more days past due314101818844222641,193
Total retained loans$56,588$31,859$13,930$20,450$28,025$50,736$7,413$16,301$225,302
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(c)
0.02 %0.12 %0.22 %0.20 %0.17 %2.91 %(e)0.58 %3.12 %0.98 %
(a)Individual delinquency classifications include mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies as follows: current included $40 million and $36 million; 30–149 days past due included $11 million and $16 million; and 150 or more days past due included $21 million and $24 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
(b)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(in millions, except ratios)June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans Total Total
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016 Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans  
Loan delinquency(a)(b)
             
Current$23,657
$39,483
$18,433
$27,209
$36,404
$61,747
 $7,870
$17,919
 $232,722
 $239,979
30–149 days past due9
17
25
37
46
996
 11
390
 1,531
 1,910
150 or more days past due—
1
9
12
6
836
 12
252
 1,128
 1,428
Total retained loans$23,666
$39,501
$18,467
$27,258
$36,456
$63,579
 $7,893
$18,561
 $235,381
 $243,317
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(c)
0.04%0.05%0.18%0.18%0.14%2.82% 0.29%3.46% 1.11% 1.35%
(c)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, residential real estate loans excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $32 million and $40 million, respectively, that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(a)Individual delinquency classifications include mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies as follows: current included $9 million and $17 million; 30–149 days past due included $15 million and $20 million; and 150 or more days past due included $24 million and $26 million at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(b)At June 30, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(c)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, residential real estate loans excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $39 million and $46 million, respectively, that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(d)Includes loans purchased based on the year in which they were originated.
(e)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Approximately 34%36% of the total revolving loans are senior lien loans; the remaining balance are junior lien loans. The lien position the Firm holds is considered in the Firm’s allowance for credit losses. Revolving loans that have been converted to term loans have higher delinquency rates than those that are still within the revolving period. That is primarily because the fully-amortizing payment that is generally required for those products is higher than the minimum payment options available for revolving loans within the revolving period.
138



Nonaccrual loans and other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators for retained residential real estate loans.
(in millions, except weighted-average data)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)(d)
$5,060 $5,313 
90 or more days past due and government guaranteed(e)
49 33 
Current estimated LTV ratios(f)(g)(h)
Greater than 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660$4 $6 
Less than 6607 12 
101% to 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 66024 38 
Less than 66026 44 
80% to 100% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 6601,793 2,177 
Less than 660132 239 
Less than 80% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660200,924 208,238 
Less than 66010,416 11,980 
No FICO/LTV available4,633 2,492 
U.S. government-guaranteed72 76 
Total retained loans$218,031 $225,302 
Weighted average LTV ratio(f)(i)
53 %54 %
Weighted average FICO(g)(i)
764 763 
Geographic region(j)
California$69,856 $73,444 
New York31,921 32,287 
Florida14,655 13,981 
Texas13,284 13,773 
Illinois12,036 13,130 
Colorado8,113 8,235 
Washington7,788 7,917 
New Jersey6,864 7,227 
Massachusetts5,829 5,784 
Connecticut5,010 5,024 
All other(k)
42,675 44,500 
Total retained loans$218,031 $225,302 
(a)Includes collateral-dependent residential real estate loans that are charged down to the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. The Firm reports, in accordance with regulatory guidance, residential real estate loans that have been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower (“Chapter 7 loans”) as collateral-dependent nonaccrual TDRs, regardless of their delinquency status. At June 30, 2021, approximately 7% of Chapter 7 residential real estate loans were 30 days or more past due.
(b)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral has subsequently improved, the related allowance may be negative.
(c)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was $41 million and $37 million and $86 million and $80 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(d)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Includes loans to customers that have exited COVID-19 payment deferral programs and are 90 or more days past due, predominantly all of which were considered collateral-dependent at time of exit from COVID-19 payment deferral programs and charged down to the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell.
(e)These balances are excluded from nonaccrual loans as the loans are guaranteed by U.S government agencies. Typically the principal balance of the loans is insured and interest is guaranteed at a specified reimbursement rate subject to meeting agreed-upon servicing guidelines. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, these balances were no longer accruing interest based on the agreed-upon servicing guidelines. There were 0 loans that were not guaranteed by U.S. government agencies that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
(f)Represents the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans divided by the estimated current property value. Current property values are estimated, at a minimum, quarterly, based on home valuation models using nationally recognized home price index valuation estimates incorporating actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. Current estimated combined LTV for junior lien home equity loans considers all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property.
(g)Refreshed FICO scores represent each borrower’s most recent credit score, which is obtained by the Firm on at least a quarterly basis.
(h)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(i)Excludes loans with no FICO and/or LTV data available.
(j)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at June 30, 2021.
(k)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, included mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $72 million and $76 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded from the geographic regions presented based upon the government guarantee.
(in millions, except weighted-average data)June 30, 2020
December 31, 2019
 
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)(d)
$4,106
$2,780
 
90 or more days past due and government guaranteed(e)
32
38
 

   
Current estimated LTV ratios(f)(g)
   
Greater than 125% and refreshed FICO scores:   
Equal to or greater than 660$19
$31
 
Less than 66026
38
 
101% to 125% and refreshed FICO scores:   
Equal to or greater than 660134
134
 
Less than 660115
132
 
80% to 100% and refreshed FICO scores:   
Equal to or greater than 6605,175
5,953
 
Less than 660698
764
 
Less than 80% and refreshed FICO scores:   
Equal to or greater than 660213,412
219,469
 
Less than 66013,869
14,681
 
No FICO/LTV available1,885
2,052
 
U.S. government-guaranteed48
63
 
Total retained loans$235,381
$243,317
 
    
Weighted average LTV ratio(f)(h)
55%55% 
Weighted average FICO(g)(h)
761
758
 
    
Geographic region(i)
   
California$78,422
$82,147
 
New York31,944
31,996
 
Illinois14,473
15,587
 
Texas14,289
14,474
 
Florida13,788
13,668
 
Washington8,592
8,990
 
Colorado8,307
8,447
 
New Jersey7,547
7,752
 
Massachusetts5,942
6,210
 
Arizona5,037
5,171
 
All other(j)
47,040
48,875
 
Total retained loans$235,381
$243,317
 
(a)Includes collateral-dependent residential real estate loans that are charged off to the fair value of the underlying collateral less cost to sell. The Firm reports, in accordance with regulatory guidance, residential real estate loans that have been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower (“Chapter 7 loans”) as collateral-dependent nonaccrual TDRs, regardless of their delinquency status. At June 30, 2020, approximately 7% of Chapter 7 residential real estate loans were 30 days or more past due, respectively.
(b)At June 30, 2020, nonaccrual loans included $1.3 billion of PCD loans. Prior to the adoption of CECL, nonaccrual loans excluded PCI loans as the Firm recognized interest income on each pool of PCI loans as each of the pools was performing.
(c)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged off to the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral has subsequently improved, the related allowance may be negative.
(d)The related interest income on nonaccrual loans recorded on a cash basis was $37 million and $42 million and $80 million and $84 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(e)These balances are excluded from nonaccrual loans as the loans are guaranteed by U.S government agencies. Typically the principal balance of the loans is insured and interest is guaranteed at a specified reimbursement rate subject to meeting agreed-upon servicing guidelines. At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, these balances included $32 million and $34 million, respectively, of loans that are no longer accruing interest based on the agreed-upon servicing guidelines. For the remaining balance, interest is being accrued at the guaranteed reimbursement rate. There were 0 loans that were not guaranteed by U.S. government agencies that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019.
(f)Represents the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans divided by the estimated current property value. Current property values are estimated, at a minimum, quarterly, based on home valuation models using nationally recognized home price index valuation estimates incorporating actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. Current estimated combined LTV for junior lien home equity loans considers all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property.
(g)Refreshed FICO scores represent each borrower’s most recent credit score, which is obtained by the Firm on at least a quarterly basis.
(h)Excludes loans with no FICO and/or LTV data available.
(i)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at June 30, 2020.
(j)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, included mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $48 million and $63 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded from the geographic regions presented based upon the government guarantee.

139

Loan modifications
Modifications of residential real estate loans where the Firm grants concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty are generally accounted for and reported as TDRs. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.TDRs nor are loans for which the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided by the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act. The carrying value of new TDRs was $196$307 million and $124$196 million for the three months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively, and $338$558 million and $274$338 million for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. There were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers whose residential real estate loans have been modified in TDRs.
Nature and extent of modifications
The Firm’s proprietary modification programs as well as government programs, including U.S. GSE programs, generally provide various concessions to financially troubled borrowers including, but not limited to, interest rate reductions, term or payment extensions and delays of principal and/or interest payments that would otherwise have been required under the terms of the original agreement.
The following table provides information about how residential real estate loans were modified in TDRs under the Firm’s loss mitigation programs described above during the periods presented. This table excludes Chapter 7 loans where the sole concession granted is the discharge of debt, and loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions.

concessions, and loans for which the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided by the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Number of loans approved for a trial modification1,165 849 2,566 2,845 
Number of loans permanently modified1,186 2,104 2,900 3,585 
Concession granted:(a)
Interest rate reduction78 %41 %74 %56 %
Term or payment extension51 45 45 60 
Principal and/or interest deferred18 6 26 8 
Principal forgiveness0 2 2 3 
Other(b)
34 72 44 65 
(a)Represents concessions granted in permanent modifications as a percentage of the number of loans permanently modified. The sum of the percentages exceeds 100% because predominantly all of the modifications include more than one type of concession. Concessions offered on trial modifications are generally consistent with those granted on permanent modifications.
(b)Includes variable interest rate to fixed interest rate modifications and payment delays that meet the definition of a TDR.














140
 Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020
2019
2020
2019
Number of loans approved for a trial modification849
1,283
2,845
3,225
Number of loans permanently modified2,104
1,244
3,585
2,794
Concession granted:(a)
  



Interest rate reduction41%68%56%73%
Term or payment extension45
80
60
74
Principal and/or interest deferred6
16
8
14
Principal forgiveness2
4
3
5
Other(b)
72
54
65
57

(a)Represents concessions granted in permanent modifications as a percentage of the number of loans permanently modified. The sum of the percentages exceeds 100% because predominantly all of the modifications include more than one type of concession. Concessions offered on trial modifications are generally consistent with those granted on permanent modifications.
(b)Includes variable interest rate to fixed interest rate modifications and payment delays that meet the definition of a TDR for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.
Financial effects of modifications and redefaults
The following table provides information about the financial effects of the various concessions granted in modifications of residential real estate loans under the loss mitigation programs described above and about redefaults of certain loans modified in TDRs for the periods presented. The following table presents only the financial effects of permanent modifications and do not include temporary concessions offered through trial modifications. This table also excludes Chapter 7 loans where the sole concession granted is the discharge of debt.debt, loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions, and loans for which the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided by the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act.
(in millions, except weighted-average data)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – before TDR4.39 %5.00 %4.51 %5.13 %
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – after TDR2.85 3.36 2.90 3.42 
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – before TDR22212421
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – after TDR36393839
Charge-offs recognized upon permanent modification$0 $2 $0 $2 
Principal deferred6 4 18 9 
Principal forgiven0 1 1 3 
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of permanent modification(a)
$21 $38 $45 $108 
(a)Represents loans permanently modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The dollar amounts presented represent the balance of such loans at the end of the reporting period in which such loans defaulted. For residential real estate loans modified in TDRs, payment default is deemed to occur when the loan becomes 2 contractual payments past due. In the event that a modified loan redefaults, it will generally be liquidated through foreclosure or another similar type of liquidation transaction. Redefaults of loans modified within the last twelve months may not be representative of ultimate redefault levels.
(in millions, except weighted-average data)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020
2019
2020
2019
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – before TDR5.00%5.76%5.13%5.86%
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – after TDR3.36
4.14
3.42
4.06
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – before TDR21
19
21
20
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – after TDR39
39
39
39
Charge-offs recognized upon permanent modification$2
$1
$2
$1
Principal deferred4
7
9
11
Principal forgiven1
2
3
4
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of permanent modification(a)
$38
$39
$108
$87
(a)Represents loans permanently modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The dollar amounts presented represent the balance of such loans at the end of the reporting period in which such loans defaulted. For residential real estate loans modified in TDRs, payment default is deemed to occur when the loan becomes 2 contractual payments past due. In the event that a modified loan redefaults, it will generally be liquidated through foreclosure or another similar type of liquidation transaction. Redefaults of loans modified within the last twelve months may not be representative of ultimate redefault levels.

At June 30, 2020,2021, the weighted-average estimated remaining lives of residential real estate loans permanently modified in TDRs were 65 years. The estimated remaining lives of these loans reflect estimated prepayments, both voluntary and involuntary (i.e., foreclosures and other forced liquidations).

Active and suspended foreclosure
At June 30, 2020,2021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the Firm hadresidential real estate loans, excluding those insured by U.S. government agencies, with a carrying value of $987 $743 million and $1.2 billion,$846 million, respectively, that were not included in REO, but were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Firm has temporarily suspended certain foreclosure activities. This could delay recognition of foreclosed properties until the foreclosure moratoriums are lifted.


141

Auto and other
The following table providestables provide information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained auto and other consumer loans.
June 30, 2021

(in millions, except ratios)		Term Loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency(a)
Current$28,153 (b)$29,038 (b)$9,968$5,361$2,972$1,444$2,300$134$79,370
30–119 days past due56 59 694429291412312
120 or more days past due0 0 01116918
Total retained loans$28,209 $29,097 $10,037$5,406$3,002$1,474$2,320$155$79,700
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans0.20%0.20%0.69 %0.83 %1.00 %2.04 %0.86 %13.55 %0.41 %
December 31, 2020

(in millions, except ratios)		Term Loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency(a)
Current$46,169(c)$12,829$7,367$4,521$2,058$742$2,517$158$76,361
30–119 days past due97107775342233017446
120 or more days past due0001018818
Total retained loans$46,266$12,936$7,444$4,575$2,100$766$2,555$183$76,825
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans0.21%0.83 %1.03 %1.18 %2.00 %3.13 %1.49 %13.66 %0.60 %
(a)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(b)At June 30, 2021, included $9.9 billion of loans originated in 2021 and $6.8 billion of loans originated in 2020 in Business Banking under the PPP. PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs, classify as nonaccrual nor record an allowance for loan losses on these loans.
(c)At December 31, 2020, included $19.2 billion of loans in Business Banking under the PPP.
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019

(in millions, except ratios)
Term Loans by origination year Revolving loans   
2020 2019201820172016Prior to 2016 Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal Total
Loan delinquency(a)
             
Current$31,068
(b) 
$16,012
$9,744
$6,516
$3,438
$1,540
 $2,776
$186
$71,280
 $51,005
30–119 days past due46
 84
64
41
37
26
 16
7
321
 667
120 or more days past due—
 1
2
1
1
1
 10
7
23
 10
Total retained loans$31,114
 $16,097
$9,810
$6,558
$3,476
$1,567
 $2,802
$200
$71,624
 $51,682
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans0.15% 0.53%0.67%0.64%1.09%1.72% 0.93%7.00%0.48% 1.31%
142
(a)At June 30, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(b)At June 30, 2020, included $19.9 billion of loans in Business Banking under the PPP. PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs, classify as nonaccrual nor record an allowance for loan losses on government guaranteed loans.

Nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators for retained auto and other consumer loans.
(in millions, except ratios)Total Auto and other
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)
123 151 
Geographic region(d)
California$12,728 $12,302 
New York9,027 8,824 
Texas8,491 8,235 
Florida5,064 4,668 
Illinois3,611 3,768 
New Jersey2,735 2,646 
Arizona2,332 2,465 
Ohio2,118 2,163 
Pennsylvania2,073 1,924 
Colorado1,935 1,910 
All other29,586 27,920 
Total retained loans$79,700 $76,825 
(a)There were 0 loans that were 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
(b)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral has subsequently improved, the related allowance may be negative.
(c)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the three and six months ended months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
(d)The geographic regions presented in this table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at June 30, 2021.
(in millions, except ratios)Total Auto and other
Jun 30, 2020
Dec 31, 2019
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)
140
146
   
Geographic region(d)
  
California$11,563
$7,795
New York8,658
3,706
Texas7,639
5,457
Florida4,295
3,025
Illinois3,711
2,443
New Jersey2,529
1,798
Arizona2,312
1,347
Ohio2,094
1,490
Colorado1,750
1,247
Michigan1,728
892
All other25,345
22,482
Total retained loans$71,624
$51,682
(a)There were 0 loans that were 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019.
(b)All nonaccrual auto and other consumer loans generally have an allowance.
(c)
Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.
(d)The geographic regions presented in this table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at June 30, 2020.
Loan modifications
Certain auto and other consumer loan modifications are considered to be TDRs as they provide various concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.
The impact of these modifications, as well as new TDRs, were not material to the Firm for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020. Additional commitments to lend to borrowers whose loans have been modified in TDRs as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020 were not material.



143

Credit card loan portfolio
The credit card portfolio segment includes credit card loans originated and purchased by the Firm. Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for credit card loans as they provide an early warning that borrowers may be experiencing difficulties (30 days past due);loans.
Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information on those borrowers that have been delinquent for a longer period of time (90 days past due) is also considered. In addition to delinquency rates, the geographic distribution of the loans provides insight as to the credit quality of the portfolio based on the regional economy.
While the borrower’s credit score is another general indicator of credit quality, the Firm does not view credit scores as a primary indicator of credit quality because the borrower’s credit score tends to be a lagging indicator. The
distribution of such scores provides a general indicator of credit quality trends within the portfolio; however, the score does not capture all factors that would be predictive of future credit performance. Refreshed FICO score information, which is obtained at least quarterly, for a statistically significant random sample of the credit card loan portfolio, is indicated in the following table. FICO is considered to be the industry benchmark forincluding credit scores.
The Firm generally originates new card accounts to prime consumer borrowers. However, certain cardholders’ FICO scores may decrease over time, depending on the performance of the cardholder and changes in the credit score calculation.quality indicators.
The following table providestables provide information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained credit card loans.

(in millions, except ratios)
June 30, 2021
Within the revolving period
Converted to term loans(b)
Total
Loan delinquency(a)
Current and less than 30 days past due
and still accruing		$138,551 $1,100 $139,651 
30–89 days past due and still accruing615 53 668 
90 or more days past due and still accruing733 27 760 
Total retained loans$139,899 $1,180 $141,079 
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans0.96 %6.78 %1.01 %
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans0.52 2.29 0.54 

(in millions, except ratios)
December 31, 2020
Within the revolving period
Converted to term loans(b)
Total
Loan delinquency(a)
Current and less than 30 days past due
and still accruing		$139,783 $1,239 $141,022 
30–89 days past due and still accruing997 94 1,091 
90 or more days past due and still accruing1,277 42 1,319 
Total retained loans$142,057 $1,375 $143,432 
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans1.60 %9.89 %1.68 %
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans0.90 3.05 0.92 
(a)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(b)Represents TDRs.

(in millions, except ratios)
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Within the revolving period
Converted to term loans(b)
Total Total
Loan delinquency(a)
     
Current and less than 30 days past due
and still accruing		$137,953
$1,285
$139,238
 $165,767
30–89 days past due and still accruing1,004
91
1,095
 1,550
90 or more days past due and still accruing1,277
46
1,323
 1,607
Total retained loans$140,234
$1,422
$141,656
 $168,924
Loan delinquency ratios     
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans1.63%9.63%1.71% 1.87%
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans0.91
3.23
0.93
 0.95
(a)At June 30, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(b)Represents TDRs.
Other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on other credit quality indicators for retained credit card loans.
(in millions, except ratios)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Geographic region(a)
California$20,857 $20,921 
Texas14,535 14,544 
New York11,692 11,919 
Florida9,299 9,562 
Illinois7,910 8,006 
New Jersey5,860 5,927 
Ohio4,541 4,673 
Pennsylvania4,306 4,476 
Colorado4,272 4,092 
Michigan3,426 3,553 
All other54,381 55,759 
Total retained loans$141,079 $143,432 
Percentage of portfolio based on carrying value with estimated refreshed FICO scores
Equal to or greater than 66088.4 %85.9 %
Less than 66011.4 13.9 
No FICO available0.2 0.2 
(a)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at June 30, 2021.
(in millions, except ratios)June 30, 2020
December 31, 2019
Geographic region(a)
  
California$20,756
$25,783
Texas14,280
16,728
New York11,907
14,544
Florida9,389
10,830
Illinois7,954
9,579
New Jersey5,835
7,165
Ohio4,615
5,406
Pennsylvania4,420
5,245
Colorado4,015
4,763
Michigan3,546
4,164
All other54,939
64,717
Total retained loans$141,656
$168,924
Percentage of portfolio based on carrying value with estimated refreshed FICO scores  
Equal to or greater than 66083.3%84.0%
Less than 66016.0
15.4
No FICO available0.7
0.6
144

(a)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at June 30, 2020.

Loan modifications
The Firm may offer one of a number of loan modification programs granting concessions to credit card borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. The Firm grants concessions for most of the credit card loans under long-term programs. These modifications involve placing the customer on a fixed payment plan, generally for 60 months, and typically include reducing the interest rate on the credit card. Substantially all modifications under the Firm’s long-term programs are considered to be TDRs. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.
If the cardholder does not comply with the modified payment terms, then the credit card loan continues to age and will ultimately be charged-off in accordance with the Firm’s standard charge-off policy. In most cases, the Firm does not reinstate the borrower’s line of credit.
Financial effects of modifications and redefaults
The following table provides information about the financial effects of the concessions granted on credit card loans modified in TDRs and redefaults for the periods presented. For all periods disclosed, new enrollments were less than 1% of total retained credit card loans.
(in millions, except
weighted-average data)		Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Balance of new TDRs(a)
$90$151$233$428
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – before TDR17.92 %17.93 %17.81 %18.50 %
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – after TDR5.15 5.16 5.20 4.42 
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of modification(b)
$13$25$32$61
(a)Represents the outstanding balance prior to modification.
(b)Represents loans modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The amounts presented represent the balance of such loans as of the end of the quarter in which they defaulted.
(in millions, except
weighted-average data)
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020
2019
2020
2019
Balance of new TDRs(a)
$151
$226
$428
$475
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – before TDR17.93%19.38%18.50%19.25%
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – after TDR5.16
4.71
4.42
4.88
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of modification(b)
$25
$32
$61
$66
(a)Represents the outstanding balance prior to modification.
(b)Represents loans modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The amounts presented represent the balance of such loans as of the end of the quarter in which they defaulted.
For credit card loans modified in TDRs, payment default is deemed to have occurred when the borrower misses 2 consecutive contractual payments. Defaulted modified credit card loans remain in the modification program and continue to be charged off in accordance with the Firm’s standard charge-off policy.
145

Wholesale loan portfolio
Wholesale loans include loans made to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients, to small businesses and high-net-worth individuals.
The primary credit quality indicator for wholesale loans is the
internal risk rating assigned to each loan. Risk ratings are used to identify the credit quality of loans and differentiate risk within the portfolio. Risk ratings on loans consider the PD and the LGD. The PD is the likelihood that a loan will default. The LGD is the estimated loss on the loan that would be realized upon the default of the borrower and takes into consideration collateral and structural support for each credit facility.
Management considers several factors to determine an appropriate internal risk rating, including the obligor’s debt capacity and financial flexibility, the level of the obligor’s earnings, the amount and sources for repayment, the level and nature of contingencies, management strength, and the industry and geography in which the obligor operates. The Firm’s internal risk ratings generally align with the qualitative characteristics (e.g., borrower capacity to meet financial commitments and vulnerability to changes in the economic environment) defined by S&P and Moody’s, however the quantitative characteristics (e.g., PD and LGD) may differ as they reflect internal historical experiences and assumptions. The Firm considers internal ratings equivalent to BBB-/Baa3 or higher as investment grade, and these ratings have a lower PD and/or lower LGD than non-investment grade ratings.
Noninvestment-grade ratings are further classified as noncriticized and criticized, and the criticized portion is further subdivided into performing and nonaccrual loans, representing management’s assessment of the collectibility of principal and interest. Criticized loans have a higher PD than noncriticized loans. The Firm’s definition of criticized aligns with the U.S. banking regulatory definition of criticized exposures, which consist of special mention, substandard and doubtful categories.
Risk ratings are reviewed on a regular and ongoing basis by Credit Risk Management and are adjusted as necessary for updated information affecting the obligor’s ability to fulfill its obligations.
As noted above, the risk rating of a loan considers the industry in which the obligor conducts its operations. As part of the overall credit risk management framework, the Firm focuses on the management and diversification of its industry and client exposures, with particular attention paid to industries with actual or potential credit concern. Refer to Note 412 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for further detailinformation on industry concentrations.these risk ratings.


The following tables provide information on internal risk rating, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained wholesale loans.
Secured by real estateCommercial and industrial
Other(a)
Total retained loans
(in millions, except ratios)Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$88,617 $90,147 $71,509 $71,917 $226,874 $217,209 $387,000 $379,273 
Noninvestment-grade:
Noncriticized24,840 26,129 53,017 57,870 43,896 33,053 121,753 117,052 
Criticized performing4,077 3,234 8,273 10,991 1,054 1,079 13,404 15,304 
Criticized nonaccrual489 483 1,413 1,931 796 904 2,698 3,318 
Total noninvestment- grade29,406 29,846 62,703 70,792 45,746 35,036 137,855 135,674 
Total retained loans$118,023 $119,993 $134,212 $142,709 $272,620 $252,245 $524,855 $514,947 
% of investment-grade to total retained loans75.08 %75.13 %53.28 %50.39 %83.22 %86.11 %73.73 %73.65 %
% of total criticized to total retained loans3.87 3.10 7.22 9.05 0.68 0.79 3.07 3.62 
% of criticized nonaccrual to total retained loans0.41 0.40 1.05 1.35 0.29 0.36 0.51 0.64 
Secured by real estate

(in millions)		June 30, 2021
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$9,394 $15,951 $18,482 $10,350 $8,962 $24,226 $1,244 $8 $88,617 
Noninvestment-grade1,222 3,342 4,142 3,655 2,559 14,047 438 1 29,406 
Total retained loans$10,616 $19,293 $22,624 $14,005 $11,521 $38,273 $1,682 $9 $118,023 
Secured by real estate

(in millions)		December 31, 2020
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$16,560 $19,575 $12,192 $11,017 $13,439 $16,266 $1,098 $0 $90,147 
Noninvestment-grade3,327 4,339 4,205 2,916 2,575 11,994 489 1 29,846 
Total retained loans$19,887 $23,914 $16,397 $13,933 $16,014 $28,260 $1,587 $1 $119,993 
Commercial and industrial

(in millions)		June 30, 2021
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$15,656 $10,269 $4,965 $2,266 $1,669 $1,413 $35,270 $1 $71,509 (b)
Noninvestment-grade7,170 9,503 6,126 3,537 1,440 2,355 32,493 79 62,703 
Total retained loans$22,826 $19,772 $11,091 $5,803 $3,109 $3,768 $67,763 $80 $134,212 
146

Commercial and industrial

(in millions)		December 31, 2020
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$21,211 $7,304 $2,934 $1,748 $1,032 $1,263 $36,424 $1 $71,917 (c)
Noninvestment-grade15,060 8,636 5,131 2,104 497 2,439 36,852 73 70,792 
Total retained loans$36,271 $15,940 $8,065 $3,852 $1,529 $3,702 $73,276 $74 $142,709 
Other(a)

(in millions)		June 30, 2021
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$16,199 $20,538 $7,530 $3,913 $5,159 $13,750 $159,224 $561 $226,874 
Noninvestment-grade9,844 3,369 1,991 1,340 441 891 27,845 25 45,746 
Total retained loans$26,043 $23,907 $9,521 $5,253 $5,600 $14,641 $187,069 $586 $272,620 
Other(a)

(in millions)		December 31, 2020
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$31,389 $10,169 $6,994 $6,206 $3,553 $12,595 $145,524 $779 $217,209 
Noninvestment-grade5,009 2,220 1,641 550 146 636 24,710 124 35,036 
Total retained loans$36,398 $12,389 $8,635 $6,756 $3,699 $13,231 $170,234 $903 $252,245 
(a)Includes loans to financial institutions, states and political subdivisions, SPEs, nonprofits, personal investment companies and trusts, as well as loans to individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM). Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.
 Secured by real estate Commercial and industrial 
Other(b)
 Total retained loans
(in millions, except ratios)Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		 Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		 Dec 31,
2019
Loans by risk ratings             
Investment-grade$94,986
$96,611
 $81,008
(a) 
$80,489
 $195,825
$186,344
 $371,819
(a) 
$363,444
Noninvestment-grade:   

 

       
Noncriticized25,451
22,493
 70,827
 60,437
 29,019
27,591
 125,297
 110,521
Criticized performing1,763
1,131
 13,274
 4,399
 1,211
1,126
 16,248
 6,656
Criticized nonaccrual436
183
 2,016
 844
 971
30
 3,423
 1,057
Total noninvestment- grade27,650
23,807
 86,117
 65,680
 $31,201
28,747
 144,968
 118,234
Total retained loans$122,636
$120,418
 $167,125
 $146,169
 $227,026
$215,091
 $516,787
 $481,678
% of investment-grade to total retained loans

77.45%80.23% 48.47% 55.07% 86.26%86.63% 71.95% 75.45%
% of total criticized to total retained loans1.79
1.09
 9.15
 3.59
 0.96
0.54
 3.81
 1.60
% of criticized nonaccrual to total retained loans0.36
0.15
 1.21
 0.58
 0.43
0.01
 0.66
 0.22
 Secured by real estate  

(in millions)
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans    
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016 Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans Total Total
Loans by risk ratings             
Investment-grade$10,876
$20,927
$13,665
$13,091
$15,492
$19,724
 $1,211
$—
 $94,986
 $96,611
Noninvestment-grade1,155
3,539
4,096
2,971
2,859
12,349
 680
1
 27,650
 23,807
Total retained loans$12,031
$24,466
$17,761
$16,062
$18,351
$32,073
 $1,891
$1
 $122,636
 $120,418
 Commercial and industrial  

(in millions)
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans    
2020 2019201820172016Prior to 2016 Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans Total Total
Loans by risk ratings              
Investment-grade$19,971
(a) 
$8,997
$4,152
$2,993
$1,216
$1,376
 $42,302
$1
 $81,008
 $80,489
Noninvestment-grade8,837
 11,245
6,978
3,277
965
3,081
 51,620
114
 86,117
 65,680
Total retained loans$28,808
 $20,242
$11,130
$6,270
$2,181
$4,457
 $93,922
$115
 $167,125
 $146,169
 
Other(b)
  

(in millions)
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans    
20202019201820172016Prior to 2016 Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans Total Total
Loans by risk ratings             
Investment-grade$20,953
$13,365
$9,021
$6,928
$4,239
$15,143
 $125,880
$296
 $195,825
 $186,344
Noninvestment-grade5,462
2,848
2,455
475
194
893
 18,626
248
 31,201
 28,747
Total retained loans$26,415
$16,213
$11,476
$7,403
$4,433
$16,036
 $144,506
$544
 $227,026
 $215,091
(a)At June 30, 2020, included $8.0 billion of loans under the PPP, of which $7.4 billion is included in commercial and industrial. PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs, classify as nonaccrual nor record an allowance for loan losses on government guaranteed loans.
(b)Includes loans to financial institutions, states and political subdivisions, SPEs, nonprofits, personal investment companies and trusts, as well as loans to individuals and individual entities (predominantly Wealth Management clients within AWM). Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.

(b)At June 30, 2021, $5.3 billion of the $5.8 billion total PPP loans in the wholesale portfolio were commercial and industrial. Of the $5.3 billion, $1.4 billion were originated in 2021 and $3.9 billion were originated in 2020. PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and considered investment-grade. Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs, classify as nonaccrual nor record an allowance for loan losses on these loans.
(c)At December 31, 2020, $7.4 billion of the $8.0 billion total PPP loans in the wholesale portfolio were commercial and industrial.

The following table presents additional information on retained loans secured by real estate, which consists of loans secured wholly or substantially by a lien or liens on real property at origination.

(in millions, except ratios)		MultifamilyOther commercialTotal retained loans secured by real estate
Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Retained loans secured by real estate$72,341 $73,078 $45,682 $46,915 $118,023 $119,993 
Criticized1,594 1,144 2,972 2,573 4,566 3,717 
% of total criticized to total retained loans secured by real estate2.20 %1.57 %6.51 %5.48 %3.87 %3.10 %
Criticized nonaccrual$84 $56 $405 $427 $489 $483 
% of criticized nonaccrual loans to total retained loans secured by real estate0.12 %0.08 %0.89 %0.91 %0.41 %0.40 %

147

(in millions, except ratios)
Multifamily Other commercial Total retained loans secured by real estate
Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
Retained loans secured by real estate$75,074
$73,840
 $47,562
$46,578
 $122,636
$120,418
Criticized570
340
 1,629
974
 2,199
1,314
% of total criticized to total retained loans secured by real estate0.76%0.46% 3.43%2.09% 1.79%1.09%
Criticized nonaccrual$52
$28
 $384
$155
 $436
$183
% of criticized nonaccrual loans to total retained loans secured by real estate0.07%0.04% 0.81%0.33% 0.36%0.15%

Geographic distribution and delinquency
The following table provides information on the geographic distribution and delinquency for retained wholesale loans.
Secured by real estateCommercial
 and industrial		OtherTotal
 retained loans
(in millions,
 except ratios)		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Loans by geographic distribution(a)
Total U.S.$115,043 $116,990 $98,570 $109,273 $192,922 $180,583 $406,535 $406,846 
Total non-U.S.2,980 3,003 35,642 33,436 79,698 71,662 118,320 108,101 
Total retained loans$118,023 $119,993 $134,212 $142,709 $272,620 $252,245 

$524,855 $514,947 
Loan delinquency(b)
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing$117,315 $118,894 $131,948 $140,100 $270,458 $249,713 

$519,721 $508,707 
30–89 days past due and still accruing200 601 822 658 1,308 1,606 2,330 2,865 
90 or more days past due and still accruing(c)
19 15 29 20 58 22 106 57 
Criticized nonaccrual489 483 1,413 1,931 796 904 2,698 3,318 
Total retained loans$118,023 $119,993 $134,212 $142,709 $272,620 $252,245 

$524,855 $514,947 
(a)The U.S. and non-U.S. distribution is determined based predominantly on the domicile of the borrower.
(b)At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent. The credit quality of wholesale loans is assessed primarily through ongoing review and monitoring of an obligor’s ability to meet contractual obligations rather than relying on the past due status, which is generally a lagging indicator of credit quality.
 Secured by real estate 
Commercial
 and industrial
 Other Total
retained loans
(in millions,
 except ratios)
Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019
Loans by geographic distribution(a)
           
Total U.S.$120,016
$117,836
 $127,251
$111,954
 $164,931
$150,512
 $412,198
$380,302
Total non-U.S.2,620
2,582
 39,874
34,215
 62,095
64,579
 104,589
101,376
Total retained loans$122,636
$120,418

$167,125
$146,169

$227,026
$215,091

$516,787
$481,678
Loan delinquency(b)



















Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing$122,038
$120,119

$164,503
$144,839

$225,181
$214,641

$511,722
$479,599
30–89 days past due and still accruing140
115

559
449

807
415

1,506
979
90 or more days past due and still accruing(c)
22
1

47
37

67
5

136
43
Criticized nonaccrual436
183

2,016
844

971
30

3,423
1,057
Total retained loans$122,636
$120,418

$167,125
$146,169

$227,026
$215,091

$516,787
$481,678
(c)Represents loans that are considered well-collateralized and therefore still accruing interest.
(a)The U.S. and non-U.S. distribution is determined based predominantly on the domicile of the borrower.
(b)The credit quality of wholesale loans is assessed primarily through ongoing review and monitoring of an obligor’s ability to meet contractual obligations rather than relying on the past due status, which is generally a lagging indicator of credit quality. Generally excludes loans that were under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. 
(c)Represents loans that are considered well-collateralized and therefore still accruing interest.
The following tables provide information about net charge-offs on retained wholesale loans.
Wholesale net charge-offs/(recoveries)Secured by real estateCommercial
 and industrial		OtherTotal
 retained loans
Three months ended June 30,
(in millions)		20212020202120202021202020212020
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$1 $12 $2 $268 $7 $19 $10 $299 
Secured by real estateCommercial
 and industrial		OtherTotal
 retained loans
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		20212020202120202021202020212020
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$1 $12 $52 $436 $10 $13 $63 $461 
Nonaccrual loans
The following table provides information on retained wholesale nonaccrual loans.
 
(in millions)		Secured by real estateCommercial
and industrial		OtherTotal
retained loans
Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Nonaccrual loans(a)
With an allowance$419 $351 $986 $1,667 $586 $800 $1,991 $2,818 
Without an allowance(b)
70 132 427 264 210 104 707 500 
Total nonaccrual loans(c)
$489 $483 $1,413 $1,931 $796 $904 $2,698 $3,318 
(a)Loans that were modified in response to the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be risk-rated in accordance with the Firm’s overall credit risk management framework. As of June 30, 2021, predominantly all of these loans were considered performing.
(b)When the discounted cash flows or collateral value equals or exceeds the amortized cost of the loan, the loan does not require an allowance. This typically occurs when the loans have been partially charged off and/or there have been interest payments received and applied to the loan balance.
 
(in millions)
Secured by real estate 
Commercial
and industrial
 Other 
Total
retained loans
Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019		 Jun 30,
2020		Dec 31,
2019
Nonaccrual loans(a)
           
With an allowance$348
$169
 $1,842
$688
 $871
$28
 $3,061
$885
Without an allowance(b)
88
14
 174
156
 100
2
 362
172
Total nonaccrual loans(c)
$436
$183
 $2,016
$844
 $971
$30
 $3,423
$1,057
(c)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
(a)Loans that were modified in response to the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be risk-rated in accordance with the Firm’s overall credit risk management framework. As of June 30, 2020, predominantly all of these loans were considered performing.
(b)When the discounted cash flows, collateral value or market price equals or exceeds the amortized cost of the loan, the loan does not require an allowance. This typically occurs when the loans have been partially charged off and/or there have been interest payments received and applied to the loan balance.
(c)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis were not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.
Loan modifications
Certain loan modifications are considered to be TDRs as they provide various concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.TDRs nor are loans for which the Firm has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided by the CARES Act and extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act. The carrying value of TDRs was $1.1 billion and $954 million as of June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. The carrying value of new TDRs was $224 million and $88 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and
2020, respectively, and $652 million and $164 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The new TDRs for the three months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily from Commercial and Industrial and Other loan modifications that generally included extending maturity dates. The new TDRs for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily from Commercial and Industrial loan modifications that included extending maturity dates and the receipt of assets in partial satisfaction of the loan. The impact of these modifications as well asresulting in new TDRs werewas not material to the Firm for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
148


Note 1312 – Allowance for credit losses
Effective January 1, 2020,The Firm's allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the Firm adoptedremaining expected life of the CECL accounting guidance. The adoption of this guidance established a single allowance framework for allFirm's financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. This framework requires that management’s estimate reflects credit losses over the instrument’s remaining expected life and considers expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions. lending-related commitments.
Refer to Note 113 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information.
JPMorgan Chase’s allowance for credit losses comprises:
•
the allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated) and is presented separately on the balance sheet,
•
the allowance for lending-related commitments, which is presented on the balance sheet in accounts payable and other liabilities, and
•
the allowance for credit losses on investment securities, which covers the Firm’s HTM and AFS securities and is recognized within Investment Securities on the balance sheet.
The income statement effect of all changes in the allowance for credit losses is recognized in the provision for credit losses.
Determining the appropriatenessa detailed discussion of the allowance for credit losses is complex and requires significant judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. At least quarterly, the allowance for credit losses is reviewed by the CRO, the CFO and the Controller of the Firm. Subsequent evaluations of credit exposures, considering the macroeconomic conditions, forecasts and other factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance for credit losses in future periods.related accounting policies.
The Firm’s policies used to determine its allowance for loan losses and its allowance for lending-related commitments are described in the following paragraphs. Refer to Note 10 for a description of the policies used to determine the allowance for credit losses on investment securities.
Methodology for allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments
The allowance for loan losses and allowance for lending-related commitments represents expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of retained loans and lending-related commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. The Firm does not record an allowance for future draws on unconditionally cancellable lending-related commitments (e.g., credit cards). Expected losses related to accrued interest on credit card loans and certain performing, modified loans to borrowers impacted by COVID-19 are included in the Firm’s allowance for loan losses. However, the Firm does not record an allowance on other accrued interest receivables, due to its policy to write them off no later than 90 days past due by reversing interest income.
The expected life of each instrument is determined by considering its contractual term, expected prepayments, cancellation features, and certain extension and call options. The expected life of funded credit card loans is generally estimated by considering expected future payments on the credit card account, and determining how much of those amounts should be allocated to repayments of the funded loan
balance (as of the balance sheet date) versus other account activity. This allocation is made using an approach that incorporates the payment application requirements of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009, generally paying down the highest interest rate balances first.
The estimate of expected credit losses includes expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off, even if such recoveries result in a negative allowance.
Collective and Individual Assessments
When calculating the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for lending-related commitments, the Firm assesses whether exposures share similar risk characteristics. If similar risk characteristics exist, the Firm estimates expected credit losses collectively, considering the risk associated with a particular pool and the probability that the exposures within the pool will deteriorate or default. The assessment of risk characteristics is subject to significant management judgement. Emphasizing one characteristic over another or considering additional characteristics could affect the allowance.
•
Relevant risk characteristics for the consumer portfolio include product type, delinquency status, current FICO scores, geographic distribution, and, for collateralized loans, current LTV ratios.
•
Relevant risk characteristics for the wholesale portfolio include LOB, geography, risk rating, delinquency status, level and type of collateral, industry, credit enhancement, product type, facility purpose, tenor, and payment terms.
The majority of the Firm’s credit exposures share risk characteristics with other similar exposures, and as a result are collectively assessed for impairment (“portfolio-based component”). The portfolio-based component covers consumer loans, performing risk-rated loans and certain lending-related commitments.
If an exposure does not share risk characteristics with other exposures, the Firm generally estimates expected credit losses on an individual basis, considering expected repayment and conditions impacting that individual exposure (“asset-specific component”). The asset-specific component covers modified PCD loans, loans modified or reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR, collateral-dependent loans, as well as, risk-rated loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status.
Portfolio-based component
The portfolio-based component begins with a quantitative calculation that considers the likelihood of the borrower changing delinquency status or moving from one risk rating to another. The quantitative calculation covers expected credit losses over an instrument’s expected life and is estimated by applying credit loss factors to the Firm’s estimated exposure at default. The credit loss factors incorporate the probability of borrower default as well as loss severity in the event of default. They are derived using a weighted average of five internally developed macroeconomic scenarios over an eight-quarter forecast period, followed by a single year straight-line interpolation to revert to long run historical information for periods beyond the eight-quarter forecast period. The five

macroeconomic scenarios consist of a central, relative adverse, extreme adverse, relative upside and extreme upside scenario, and are updated by the Firm’s central forecasting team. The scenarios take into consideration the Firm’s overarching economic outlook, internal perspectives from subject matter experts across the Firm, and market consensus and involve a governed process that incorporates feedback from senior management across LOBs, Corporate Finance and Risk Management.
The COVID-19 pandemic has stressed many MEVs to degrees not experienced in recent history, which creates additional challenges in the use of modeled credit loss estimates and increases the reliance on management judgment. During the second quarter, certain MEVs were well outside the range of historical experience on which the Firm’s models had been calibrated and therefore adjustments were required to appropriately address these economic circumstances. For example, while forecasted U.S. employment rates in certain of the Firm’s scenarios are higher than historical experience, such rates are developed on a reported basis and do not reflect the significant mitigating impact of current government unemployment benefits and other stimulus programs. Consequently, management considered such mitigating impact to arrive at an effective unemployment rate, which informed modeled credit loss estimates, particularly in the consumer portfolio. In addition, for the wholesale portfolio, management used the historical relationship between credit spreads and portfolio default rates to inform the adjustment of the Firm’s modeled loss estimates. 
The quantitative calculation is further adjusted to take into consideration model imprecision, emerging risk assessments, trends and other subjective factors that are not yet reflected in the calculation. These adjustments are accomplished in part by analyzing the historical loss experience, including during stressed periods, for each major product or model. Management applies judgement in making this adjustment, including taking into account uncertainties associated with the economic and political conditions, quality of underwriting standards, borrower behavior, credit concentrations or deterioration within an industry, product or portfolio, as well as other relevant internal and external factors affecting the credit quality of the portfolio. In certain instances, the interrelationships between these factors create further uncertainties.
In the second quarter of 2020, these qualitative adjustments also consider additional weight placed on the relative and extreme adverse scenarios, as a result of increased uncertainty related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The application of different inputs into the quantitative calculation, and the assumptions used by management to adjust the quantitative calculation, are subject to significant management judgment, and emphasizing one input or assumption over another, or considering other inputs or assumptions, could affect the estimate of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for lending-related commitments.
Asset-specific component
To determine the asset-specific component of the allowance, collateral-dependent loans (including those loans for which foreclosure is probable) and larger, nonaccrual risk-rated loans in the wholesale portfolio segment are generally evaluated individually, while smaller loans (both scored and risk-rated) are aggregated for evaluation using factors relevant for the respective class of assets.
The Firm generally measures the asset-specific allowance as the difference between the amortized cost of the loan and the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Subsequent changes in impairment are generally recognized as an adjustment to the allowance for loan losses. For collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of collateral less estimated costs to sell is used to determine the charge-off amount for declines in value (to reduce the amortized cost of the loan to the fair value of collateral) or the amount of negative allowance that should be recognized (for recoveries of prior charge-offs associated with improvements in the fair value of collateral).
The asset-specific component of the allowance for loan losses that have been or are expected to be modified in TDRs incorporates the effect of the modification on the loan’s expected cash flows (including forgone interest, principal forgiveness, as well as other concessions), and also the potential for redefault. For residential real estate loans modified in or expected to be modified in TDRs, the Firm develops product-specific probability of default estimates, which are applied at a loan level to compute expected losses. In developing these probabilities of default, the Firm considers the relationship between the credit quality characteristics of the underlying loans and certain assumptions about housing prices and unemployment, based upon industry-wide data. The Firm also considers its own historical loss experience to-date based on actual redefaulted modified loans. For credit card loans modified in or expected to be modified in TDRs, expected losses incorporate projected delinquencies and charge-offs based on the Firm’s historical experience by type of modification program. For wholesale loans modified or expected to be modified in TDRs, expected losses incorporate management’s expectation of the borrower’s ability to repay under the modified terms.
Estimating the timing and amounts of future cash flows is highly judgmental as these cash flow projections rely upon estimates such as loss severities, asset valuations, default rates (including redefault rates on modified loans), the amounts and timing of interest or principal payments (including any expected prepayments) or other factors that are reflective of current and expected market conditions. These estimates are, in turn, dependent on factors such as the duration of current overall economic conditions, industry-, portfolio-, or borrower-specific factors, the expected outcome of insolvency proceedings as well as, in certain circumstances, other economic factors. All of these estimates and assumptions require significant management judgment and certain assumptions are highly subjective.149


Allowance for credit losses and related information
The table below summarizes information about the allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments, and includes a breakdown of loans and lending-related commitments by impairment methodology. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for further information on the allowance for credit losses on investment securities.
20212020
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesaleTotal
Allowance for loan losses
Beginning balance at January 1,$3,636 $17,800 $6,892 $28,328 $2,538 $5,683 $4,902 $13,123 
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principleNANANANA297 5,517 (1,642)4,172 
Gross charge-offs308 2,213 135 2,656 425 2,863 491 3,779 
Gross recoveries collected(318)(475)(72)(865)(348)(372)(30)(750)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)(10)1,738 63 1,791 77 2,491 461 3,029 
Provision for loan losses(1,746)(3,562)(1,730)(7,038)2,115 9,091 6,118 (e)17,324 
Other(2)0 3 1 (1)0 2 1 
Ending balance at June 30,$1,898 $12,500 $5,102 $19,500 $4,872 $17,800 $8,919 $31,591 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
Beginning balance at January 1,$187 $0 $2,222 $2,409 $12 $0 $1,179 $1,191 
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principleNANANANA133 0 (35)98 
Provision for lending-related commitments(46)0 634 588 95 0 1,326 (e)1,421 
Other1 0 0 1 1 0 (1)0 
Ending balance at June 30,$142 $0 $2,856 $2,998 $241 $0 $2,469 $2,710 
Total allowance for credit losses(a)
$2,040 $12,500 $7,958 $22,498 $5,113 $17,800 $11,388 $34,301 
Allowance for loan losses by impairment methodology
Asset-specific(b)
$(557)$443 $488 $374 $263 $642 $757 $1,662 
Portfolio-based2,455 12,057 4,614 19,126 4,609 17,158 8,162 (e)29,929 
Total allowance for loan losses$1,898 $12,500 $5,102 $19,500 $4,872 $17,800 $8,919 $31,591 
Loans by impairment methodology
Asset-specific(b)
$15,187 $1,180 $3,010 $19,377 $16,749 $1,422 $3,849 $22,020 
Portfolio-based282,544 139,899 521,845 944,288 290,256 140,234 512,938 943,428 
Total retained loans$297,731 $141,079 $524,855 $963,665 $307,005 $141,656 $516,787 $965,448 
Collateral-dependent loans
Net charge-offs$23 $0 $6 $29 $56 $0 $22 $78 
Loans measured at fair value of collateral less cost to sell4,689 0 341 5,030 3,505 0 166 3,671 
Allowance for lending-related commitments by impairment methodology
Asset-specific$0 $0 $150 $150 $0 $0 $115 $115 
Portfolio-based142 0 2,706 2,848 241 0 2,354 (e)2,595 
Total allowance for lending-related commitments(c)
$142 $0 $2,856 $2,998 $241 $0 $2,469 $2,710 
Lending-related commitments by impairment methodology
Asset-specific$0 $0 $851 $851 $0 $0 $762 $762 
Portfolio-based(d)
36,092 0 459,078 495,170 35,417 0 391,121 426,538 
Total lending-related commitments$36,092 $0 $459,929 $496,021 $35,417 $0 $391,883 $427,300 
(a)Excludes the allowance for credit losses on investment securities of $87 million and $23 million as of June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The adoption of the CECL accounting guidance resulted(b)Includes collateral dependent loans, including those considered TDRs and those for which foreclosure is deemed probable, modified PCD loans and non-collateral dependent loans that have been modified or are reasonably expected to be modified in a change in the accounting for PCI loans, which are considered PCD loans. In conjunction with the adoption of CECL, the Firm reclassifiedTDR. Also includes risk-rated loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status for the wholesale portfolio segment. The asset-specific credit card allowance for loans modified, or reasonably expected to be modified, in a TDR is calculated based on the loans’ original contractual interest rates and does not consider any incremental penalty rates.
(c)The allowance for lending-related commitments fromis reported in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)At June 30, 2021 and 2020, lending-related commitments excluded $20.8 billion and $9.9 billion, respectively, for the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment tosegment; $682.5 billion and $673.8 billion, respectively, for the credit card portfolio segment; and $42.7 billion and $21.5 billion, respectively, for the wholesale portfolio segment, which were not subject to align with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. allowance for lending-related commitments.
(e)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
 
2020(e)
 2019
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)
Consumer, excluding
credit card
Credit cardWholesaleTotal Consumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesaleTotal
Allowance for loan losses         
Beginning balance at January 1,$2,538
$5,683
$4,902
$13,123
 $3,434
$5,184
$4,827
$13,445
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle297
5,517
(1,642)4,172
 NA
NA
NA
NA
Gross charge-offs425
2,863
491
3,779
 445
2,725
176
3,346
Gross recoveries collected(348)(372)(30)(750) (270)(283)(29)(582)
Net charge-offs77
2,491
461
3,029
 175
2,442
147
2,764
Write-offs of PCI loans(a)
NA
NA
NA
NA
 89
—
—
89
Provision for loan losses2,115
9,091
6,619
17,825
 (246)2,642
173
2,569
Other(1)—
2
1
 —
(1)6
5
Ending balance at June 30,$4,872
$17,800
$9,420
$32,092
 $2,924
$5,383
$4,859
$13,166
          
Allowance for lending-related commitments         
Beginning balance at January 1,$12
$—
$1,179
$1,191
 $12
$—
$1,043
$1,055
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle133
—
(35)98
 NA
NA
NA
NA
Provision for lending-related commitments95
—
825
920
 —
—
75
75
Other1
—
(1)—
 —
—
(1)(1)
Ending balance at June 30,$241
$—
$1,968
$2,209
 $12
$—
$1,117
$1,129
          
Total allowance for credit losses$5,113
$17,800
$11,388
$34,301
 $2,936
$5,383
$5,976
$14,295
          
Allowance for loan losses by impairment methodology         
Asset-specific(b)
$263
$642
$757
$1,662
 $87
$472
$346
$905
Portfolio-based4,609
17,158
8,663
30,430
 1,538
4,911
4,513
10,962
PCINA
NA
NA
NA
 1,299
—
—
1,299
Total allowance for loan losses$4,872
$17,800
$9,420
$32,092
 $2,924
$5,383
$4,859
$13,166
          
Loans by impairment methodology         
Asset-specific(b)
$16,749
$1,422
$3,849
$22,020
 $6,374
$1,388
$1,483
$9,245
Portfolio-based290,256
140,234
512,938
943,428
 286,059
156,180
474,002
916,241
PCINA
NA
NA
NA
 22,242
—
—
22,242
Total retained loans$307,005
$141,656
$516,787
$965,448
 $314,675
$157,568
$475,485
$947,728
          
Collateral-dependent loans         
Net charge-offs$56
$—
$22
$78
 $14
$—
$13
$27
Loans measured at fair value of collateral less cost to sell3,505
—
166
3,671
 2,093
—
88
2,181
          
Allowance for lending-related commitments by impairment methodology         
Asset-specific$—
$—
$115
$115
 $—
$—
$136
$136
Portfolio-based241
—
1,853
2,094
 12
—
981
993
Total allowance for lending-related commitments(c)
$241
$—
$1,968
$2,209
 $12
$—
$1,117
$1,129
          
Lending-related commitments by impairment methodology         
Asset-specific$—
$—
$762
$762
 $—
$—
$465
$465
Portfolio-based(d)
35,417
—
404,731
440,148
 30,827
—
403,302
434,129
Total lending-related commitments$35,417
$—
$405,493
$440,910
 $30,827
$—
$403,767
$434,594



(a)Prior to the adoption of CECL, write-offs of PCI loans were recorded against the allowance for loan losses when actual losses for a pool exceeded estimated losses that were recorded as purchase accounting adjustments at the time of acquisition. A write-off of a PCI loan was recognized when the underlying loan was removed from a pool.
(b)Includes modified PCD loans and loans that have been modified or are reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR. Also includes risk-rated loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status for the wholesale portfolio segment. The asset-specific credit card allowance for loans modified, or reasonably expected to be modified, in a TDR is calculated based on the loans’ original contractual interest rates and does not consider any incremental penalty rates.
(c)The allowance for lending-related commitments is reported in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)At June 30, 2020 and 2019, lending-related commitments excluded $9.9 billion and $9.3 billion, respectively, for the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment; and $673.8 billion and $634.0 billion, respectively, for the credit card portfolio segment, which were not subject to the allowance for lending-related commitments.
(e)Excludes HTM securities, which had an allowance for credit losses of $23 million and a provision for credit losses of $13 million as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
150

Discussion of current period changes
The increase in the allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitments was primarily driven by an increase in the provision
The allowance for credit losses reflecting the deteriorationas of June 30, 2021 decreased when compared to December 31, 2020, consisting of:
•a $7.1 billion reduction in and uncertainty around the future macroeconomic environment as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first quarter of 2020, management’s macroeconomic forecast included a declineconsumer, predominantly in the U.S. real GDP of approximately 25% and an increasecredit card portfolio, reflecting improvements in the U.S. unemployment rate to above 10%, bothFirm's economic outlook; and in the second quarter, followed by residential real estate portfolio, primarily due to continued improvements in HPI expectations, and    
•a solid recovery$1.1 billion net reduction in wholesale, across the LOBs, reflecting improvements in the second halfFirm's economic outlook.
The COVID-19 pandemic has stressed many MEVs used in the Firm's allowance estimate which has created challenges in the use of 2020. Inmodeled credit loss estimates, increased the reliance on management judgment, and resulted in adjustments to appropriately address the economic circumstances. These adjustments continued through the second quarter of 2020, based on2021, although to a lesser extent than experienced during 2020.
The U.S. economy has continued to improve with the increased uncertainty aroundbenefits of vaccination and as more businesses have reopened, thereby reducing certain pandemic-related macroeconomic uncertainties. However, uncertainties remain, including the durationpace of vaccination progress, the impact of additional waves and depthnew virus strains, the health of underlying labor markets, and the downturn and speed of economic recovery, the Firm’s central case reflected a more protracted downturn with a slower recovery of U.S. real GDP.
In the first and second quarters of 2020, the Firm’s central case assumptions reflected forecasted U.S. unemployment rates and cumulativepotential for changes in U.S. real GDP as follows:
 2020 2021
 4Q 2Q4Q
Central case assumptions    
     
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
    
1Q 20206.6 % 5.5 %4.6 %
2Q 202010.9
 9.0
7.7
     
U.S. real GDP - cumulative change from December 31, 2019    
1Q 2020(5.4) (2.3)0.3
2Q 2020(6.2) (4.0)(3.0)
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted reported U.S. unemployment rate.
In the second quarterconsumer behavior that could have longer term impacts on certain sectors. As a result of 2020,these uncertainties, the Firm placed significantretained meaningful weighting on its adverse scenarios, whichalbeit to a lesser extent than the first quarter of 2021 and fourth quarter of 2020. The adverse scenarios incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions above,outlined below, resulting in weighted average U.S. unemployment rates remainingrising above seven percent in double digits through2021 and falling just below six percent throughout the first halfsecond quarter of 2021.2022 with U.S. GDP returning to pre-pandemic levels in 4Q21.
The Firm’s central case assumptions reflected U.S. unemployment rates and U.S. real GDP as follows:
Assumptions at June 30, 2021
4Q212Q224Q22
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.7 %4.0 %3.8 %
Cumulative change in U.S. real GDP from 12/31/20194.3 %6.0 %7.3 %
Assumptions at December 31, 2020
2Q214Q212Q22
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
6.8 %5.7 %5.1 %
Cumulative change in U.S. real GDP from 12/31/2019(1.9)%0.6 %2.0 %
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted U.S. unemployment rate.
Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.

151

Note 1413 – Variable interest entities
Refer to Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further description of JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies regarding consolidation of VIEs. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of VIEs, including Firm’s accounting policies regarding securitizations.
The following table summarizes the most significant types of Firm-sponsored VIEs by business segment. The Firm considers a “Firm-sponsored” VIE to include any entity where: (1) JPMorgan Chase is the primary beneficiary of the structure; (2) the VIE is used by JPMorgan Chase to securitize Firm assets; (3) the VIE issues financial instruments with the JPMorgan Chase name; or (4) the entity is a JPMorgan Chase–administered asset-backed commercial paper conduit.
Line of BusinessTransaction TypeActivityForm 10-Q page referencereferences
CCBCredit card securitization trustsSecuritization of originated credit card receivables162152
Mortgage securitization trustsServicing and securitization of both originated and purchased residential mortgages162-164152-154
CIBMortgage and other securitization trustsSecuritization of both originated and purchased residential and commercial mortgages, and other consumer loans162-164152-154
Multi-seller conduitsAssist clients in accessing the financial markets in a cost-efficient manner and structures transactions to meet investor needs164154
Municipal bond vehiclesFinancing of municipal bond investments164154

The Firm also invests in and provides financing and other services to VIEs sponsored by third parties. Refer to pages 165–166155–156 of this Note for more information on consolidated VIE assets and liabilities as well as the VIEs sponsored by third parties.
Significant Firm-sponsored VIEs
Credit card securitizations
Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of JPMorgan Chase’s involvement with credit card securitizations.
As a result of the Firm’s continuing involvement, the Firm is considered to be the primary beneficiary of its Firm-sponsored credit card securitization trust, the Chase Issuance Trust. Refer to the table on page 165 of this Note for further information on consolidated VIE assets and liabilities.
Firm-sponsored mortgage and other securitization trusts
The Firm securitizes (or has securitized) originated and purchased residential mortgages, commercial mortgages and other consumer loans primarily in its CCB and CIB businesses. Depending on the particular transaction, as well as the respective business involved, the Firm may act as the servicer of the loans and/or retain certain beneficial interests in the securitization trusts.
152
Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of the Firm’s involvement with Firm-sponsored mortgage and other securitization trusts, as well as the accounting treatment relating to such trusts.

The following table presentstables present the total unpaid principal amount of assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, including those in which the Firm has continuing involvement, and those that are consolidated by the Firm. Continuing involvement includes servicing the loans, holding senior interests or subordinated interests (including amounts required to be held pursuant to credit
risk retention rules), recourse or guarantee arrangements, and derivative contracts. In certain instances, the Firm’s only continuing involvement is servicing the loans. The Firm’s maximum loss exposure from retained and purchased interests is the carrying value of these interests. Refer to Securitization activity on page 166
Principal amount outstanding
JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
June 30, 2021 (in millions)Total assets held by securitization VIEsAssets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvementTrading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assetsTotal interests held by JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$48,866 $1,356 $40,906 $511 $449 $19 $979 
Subprime11,923 30 10,982 1 0 0 1 
Commercial and other(b)
128,614 0 91,039 867 1,901 294 3,062 
Total$189,403 $1,386 $142,927 $1,379 $2,350 $313 $4,042 
Principal amount outstanding
JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
December 31, 2020 (in millions)Total assets held by securitization VIEsAssets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvementTrading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assetsTotal interests held by
JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$49,644 $1,693 $41,265 $574 $724 $0 $1,298 
Subprime12,896 46 12,154 9 0 0 9 
Commercial and other(b)
119,732 0 92,351 955 1,549 262 2,766 
Total$182,272 $1,739 $145,770 $1,538 $2,273 $262 $4,073 
(a)Excludes U.S. GSEs and government agency securitizations and re-securitizations, which are not Firm-sponsored.
(b)Consists of this Note for further information regardingsecurities backed by commercial real estate loans and non-mortgage-related consumer receivables purchased from third parties.
(c)Excludes the Firm’s cash flows associated with and interestsfollowing: retained in nonconsolidated VIEs, and pages 166-167 of this Note for information on the Firm’sservicing; securities retained from loan sales and securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies.agencies; interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives primarily used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks of securitization entities; senior and subordinated securities of $149 million and $81 million, respectively, at June 30, 2021, and $105 million and $40 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020, which the Firm purchased in connection with CIB’s secondary market-making activities.
(d)Includes interests held in re-securitization transactions.
(e)As of June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, 71% and 73%, respectively, of the Firm’s retained securitization interests, which are predominantly carried at fair value and include amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, were risk-rated “A” or better, on an S&P-equivalent basis. The retained interests in prime residential mortgages consisted of $933 million and $1.3 billion of investment-grade retained interests, and $46 million and $41 million of noninvestment-grade retained interests at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. The retained interests in commercial and other securitization trusts consisted of $2.2 billion and $2.0 billion of investment-grade retained interests, and $824 million and $753 million of noninvestment-grade retained interests at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
 Principal amount outstanding 
JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
June 30, 2020 (in millions)Total assets held by securitization VIEsAssets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvement Trading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assetsTotal interests held by JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
        
Residential mortgage:        
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$55,813
$2,359
$44,492
 $597
$1,031
$—
$1,628
Subprime13,817
49
12,859
 9
—
—
9
Commercial and other(b)
114,006
—
94,321
 918
1,952
279
3,149
Total$183,636
$2,408
$151,672
 $1,524
$2,983
$279
$4,786
 Principal amount outstanding 
JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
December 31, 2019 (in millions)Total assets held by securitization VIEs
Assets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs
Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvement Trading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assets
Total interests held by
JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
        
Residential mortgage:        
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$60,348
$2,796
$48,734
 $535
$625
$—
$1,160
Subprime14,661
—
13,490
 7
—
—
7
Commercial and other(b)
111,903
—
80,878
 785
773
241
1,799
Total$186,912
$2,796
$143,102
 $1,327
$1,398
$241
$2,966
153
(a)Excludes U.S. GSEs and government agency securitizations and re-securitizations, which are not Firm-sponsored. Refer to pages 166-167 of this Note for information on the Firm’s loan sales and securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(b)Consists of securities backed by commercial real estate loans and non-mortgage-related consumer receivables purchased from third parties.
(c)Excludes the following: retained servicing (refer to Note 15 for a discussion of MSRs); securities retained from loan sales and securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies; interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives primarily used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks of securitization entities (refer to Note 5 for further information on derivatives); senior and subordinated securities of $201 million and $16 million, respectively, at June 30, 2020, and $106 million and $94 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019, which the Firm purchased in connection with CIB’s secondary market-making activities.
(d)Includes interests held in re-securitization transactions.
(e)As of June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, 76% and 63%, respectively, of the Firm’s retained securitization interests, which are predominantly carried at fair value and include amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, were risk-rated “A” or better, on an S&P-equivalent basis. The retained interests in prime residential mortgages consisted of $1.6 billion and $1.1 billion of investment-grade retained interests, and $62 million and $72 million of noninvestment-grade retained interests at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively. The retained interests in commercial and other securitization trusts consisted of $2.5 billion and $1.2 billion of investment-grade retained interests, and $650 million and $575 million of noninvestment-grade retained interests at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.


Residential mortgage
The Firm securitizes residential mortgage loans originated by CCB, as well as residential mortgage loans purchased from third parties by either CCB or CIB. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a more detailed description of the Firm’s involvement with residential mortgage securitizations. Refer to the table on page 165 of this Note for more information on the consolidated residential mortgage securitizations, and the table on the previous page of this Note for further information on interests held in nonconsolidated residential mortgage securitizations.
Commercial mortgages and other consumer securitizations
CIB originates and securitizes commercial mortgage loans, and engages in underwriting and trading activities involving the securities issued by securitization trusts. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a more detailed description of the Firm’s involvement with commercial mortgage and other consumer securitizations. Refer to the table on page 165 of this Note for more information on the consolidated commercial mortgage securitizations, and the table on the previous page of this Note for further information on interests held in nonconsolidated securitizations.
Re-securitizations
Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a more detailed description of JPMorgan Chase’s participation in certain re-securitization transactions.
The following table presents the principal amount of securities transferred to re-securitization VIEs.
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Transfers of securities to VIEs       
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$12,505
 $2,564
 $15,222
 $7,067

Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Transfers of securities to VIEs
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$18,794 $12,505 $31,899 $15,222 
The Firm did not transfer any private label securities to re-securitization VIEs during the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively, and retained interests in any such Firm-sponsored VIEs as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020 were immaterial.
The following table presents information on the Firm's interests in nonconsolidated re-securitization VIEs.
 
Nonconsolidated
re-securitization VIEs
(in millions)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
U.S. GSEs and government agencies   
Interest in VIEs$4,189
 $2,928

Nonconsolidated
re-securitization VIEs
(in millions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
Interest in VIEs$3,068 $2,631 
As of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, the Firm did not consolidate any U.S. GSE and government agency re-securitization VIEs or any Firm-sponsored private-label re-securitization VIEs.
Multi-seller conduits
Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a more detailed description of JPMorgan Chase’s principal involvement with Firm-administered multi-seller conduits.
In the normal course of business, JPMorgan Chase makes markets in and invests in commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The Firm held $11.5$10.5 billion and $16.3$13.5 billion of the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, which have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm’s investments reflect the Firm’s funding needs and capacity and were not driven by market illiquidity. Other than the amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, the Firm is not obligated under any agreement to purchase the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits.
Deal-specific liquidity facilities, program-wide liquidity and credit enhancement provided by the Firm have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm or the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits provide lending-related commitments to certain clients of the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The unfunded commitments were $8.6$13.6 billion and $8.9$12.2 billion at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively, and are reported as off-balance sheet lending-related commitments in other unfunded commitments to extend credit. Refer to Note 2322 for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.
Municipal bond vehicles
Municipal bond vehicles or tender option bond (“TOB”) trusts allow institutions to finance their municipal bond investments at short-term rates. TOB transactions are known as customer TOB trusts and non-customer TOB trusts. Customer TOB trusts are sponsored by a third party, refer to pages 165-166 of this Note for further information.party.
The Firm serves as sponsor for all non-customer TOB transactions. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a more detailed description of JPMorgan Chase’s Municipal bond vehicles.



154

Consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
The following table presents information on assets and liabilities related to VIEs consolidated by the Firm as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020.
AssetsLiabilities
June 30, 2021 (in millions)Trading assetsLoans
Other(c)
 Total
assets(d)
Beneficial interests in
VIE assets(e)
Other(f)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$0$11,094$100$11,194$2,395$1$2,396
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits420,00518120,1909,794419,835
Municipal bond vehicles1,989021,9911,95701,957
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
01,219551,27419996295
Other22,966(b)2713,2395895153
Total$1,995$35,284$609$37,888$14,403$233$14,636
AssetsLiabilities
December 31, 2020 (in millions)Trading assetsLoans
Other(c)
 Total
assets(d)
Beneficial interests in
VIE assets(e)
Other(f)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$0$11,962$148$12,110$4,943$3$4,946
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits223,78718823,97710,5233310,556
Municipal bond vehicles1,930021,9321,90201,902
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
01,694941,788210108318
Other217624942708989
Total$1,934$37,619$681$40,234$17,578$233$17,811
 Assets Liabilities
June 30, 2020 (in millions)Trading assetsLoans
Other(b) 
 Total
assets(c)
 
Beneficial interests in
VIE assets(d)
Other(e)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type        
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$—
$12,208
$859
$13,067
 $5,790
$3
$5,793
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits—
23,868
331
24,199
 12,666
30
12,696
Municipal bond vehicles2,206
—
3
2,209
 2,126
1
2,127
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
57
2,308
97
2,462
 245
118
363
Other2
—
279
281
 1
91
92
Total$2,265
$38,384
$1,569
$42,218
 $20,828
$243
$21,071
         
 Assets Liabilities
December 31, 2019 (in millions)Trading assetsLoans
Other(b) 
 Total
assets(c)
 
Beneficial interests in
VIE assets(d)
Other(e)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type        
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$—
$14,986
$266
$15,252
 $6,461
$6
$6,467
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits1
25,183
355
25,539
 9,223
36
9,259
Municipal bond vehicles1,903
—
4
1,907
 1,881
3
1,884
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
66
2,762
64
2,892
 276
130
406
Other663
—
192
855
 —
272
272
Total$2,633
$42,931
$881
$46,445
 $17,841
$447
$18,288
(a)Includes residential and commercial mortgage securitizations.
(a)Includes residential and commercial mortgage securitizations.
(b)Includes assets classified as cash and other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(c)The assets of the consolidated VIEs included in the program types above are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The assets and liabilities include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation.
(d)The interest-bearing beneficial interest liabilities issued by consolidated VIEs are classified in the line item on the Consolidated balance sheets titled, “Beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities.” The holders of these beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorgan Chase. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for conduits program-wide credit enhancements. Included in beneficial interests in VIE assets are long-term beneficial interests of $6.0 billion and $6.7 billion at June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(e)Includes liabilities classified as accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(b)Predominantly includes purchased supply chain finance receivables and purchased auto loan securitizations in CIB.
(c)Includes assets classified as cash and other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)The assets of the consolidated VIEs included in the program types above are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The assets and liabilities include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation.
(e)The interest-bearing beneficial interest liabilities issued by consolidated VIEs are classified in the line item on the Consolidated balance sheets titled, “Beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities.” The holders of these beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorgan Chase. Included in beneficial interests in VIE assets are long-term beneficial interests of $2.7 billion and $5.2 billion at June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively.
(f)Includes liabilities classified as accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
VIEs sponsored by third parties
The Firm enters into transactions with VIEs structured by other parties. These include, for example, acting as a derivative counterparty, liquidity provider, investor, underwriter, placement agent, remarketing agent, trustee or custodian. These transactions are conducted at arm’s-length, and individual credit decisions are based on the analysis of the specific VIE, taking into consideration the quality of the underlying assets. Where the Firm does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, or a variable interest that could potentially be significant, the Firm generally does not consolidate the VIE, but it records and reports these positions on its Consolidated balance sheets in the same manner it would record and report positions in respect of any other third-party transaction.
Tax credit vehicles
The Firm holds investments in unconsolidated tax credit vehicles, which are limited partnerships and similar entities that own and operate affordable housing, energy, and other projects. These entities are primarily considered VIEs. A third party is typically the general partner or managing
member and has control over the significant activities of the tax credit vehicles, and accordingly the Firm does not consolidate tax credit vehicles. The Firm generally invests in these partnerships as a limited partner and earns a return primarily through the receipt of tax credits allocated to the projects. The maximum loss exposure, represented by equity investments and funding commitments, was $21.0$23.2 billion and $19.1$23.6 billion, of which $6.1$7.5 billion and $5.5$8.7 billion was unfunded at June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively. In orderThe prior-period maximum loss exposure amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation. The Firm assesses each project and to reduce the risk of loss, the Firm assesses each project and withholdsmay withhold varying amounts of its capital investment until the project qualifies for tax credits. Refer to Note 25 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information on affordable housing tax credits. Refer tocredits and Note 2322 of this Form 10-Q for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.

155

Customer municipal bond vehicles (TOB trusts)
The Firm may provide various services to customer TOB trusts, including remarketing agent, liquidity or tender option provider. In certain customer TOB transactions, the Firm, as liquidity provider, has entered into a reimbursement agreement with the Residual holder.
In those transactions, upon the termination of the vehicle, the Firm has recourse to the third-party Residual holders for any shortfall. The Firm does not have any intent to protect Residual holders from potential losses on any of the underlying municipal bonds. The Firm does not consolidate customer TOB trusts, since the Firm does not have the
power to make decisions that significantly impact the economic performance of the municipal bond vehicle.
The Firm’s maximum exposure as a liquidity provider to customer TOB trusts at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020 was $6.1 billion and $5.5 billion, respectively.$6.7 billion. The fair value of assets held by such VIEs at both June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020 was $9.7 billion and $8.6 billion, respectively. Refer to Note 23 for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.$10.5 billion.
Loan securitizations
The Firm has securitized and sold a variety of loans, including residential mortgage,mortgages, credit card receivables, and commercial mortgage. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a further description of the Firm’s accounting policies regarding securitizations.mortgages.
Securitization activity
The following table provides information related to the Firm’s securitization activities for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, related to assets held in Firm-sponsored securitization entities that were not consolidated by the Firm, and where sale accounting was achieved at the time of the securitization.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
(in millions)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Principal securitized$4,115 $2,876 $534 $861 $8,192 $4,788 $3,598 $4,049 
All cash flows during the period:(a)
Proceeds received from loan sales as financial instruments(b)(c)
$4,218 $2,909 $554 $912 $8,452 $4,879 $3,690 $4,185 
Servicing fees collected41 0 49 0 82 0 111 0 
Cash flows received on interests173 71 214 31 356 123 331 60 
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
 2020 2019 2020 2019
(in millions)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
 
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
 
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
 
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Principal securitized$534
$861
 $2,125
$1,974
 $3,598
$4,049
 $3,907
$2,738
All cash flows during the period:(a)
           
Proceeds received from loan sales as financial instruments(b)(c)
$554
$912
 $2,188
$2,041
 $3,690
$4,185
 $4,010
$2,823
Servicing fees collected49
—
 73
1
 111
—
 150
1
Cash flows received on interests214
31
 114
98
 331
60
 199
149
(a)Excludes re-securitization transactions.
(a)Excludes re-securitization transactions.
(b)Predominantly includes Level 2 assets.
(c)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
(d)Includes prime mortgages only. Excludes loan securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(e)Includes commercial mortgage and other consumer loans.
(b)Predominantly includes Level 2 assets.
(c)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
(d)Represents prime mortgages. Excludes loan securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(e)Includes commercial mortgage and other consumer loans.
Loans and excess MSRs sold to U.S. government-sponsored
enterprises and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to
Ginnie Mae guidelines
In addition to the amounts reported in the securitization activity tables above, the Firm, in the normal course of business, sells originated and purchased mortgage loans and certain originated excess MSRs on a nonrecourse basis, predominantly to U.S. GSEs. These loans and excess MSRs are sold primarily for the purpose of securitization by the U.S. GSEs, who provide certain guarantee provisions (e.g., credit enhancement of the loans). The Firm also sells loans into securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines; these loans are typically insured or guaranteed by another U.S. government agency. The Firm does not consolidate the securitization vehicles underlying these transactions as it is not the primary beneficiary. For a limited number of loan sales, the Firm is obligated to share
a portion of the credit risk associated with the sold loans with the purchaser. Refer to Note 2322 of this Form 10-Q and Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information about the Firm’s loan sales- and securitization-related indemnifications. Refer toindemnifications and Note 1514 for additional information about the impact of the Firm’s sale of certain excess MSRs.

156

The following table summarizes the activities related to loans sold to the U.S. GSEs, and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Carrying value of loans sold$24,459 $17,447 $47,606 $42,382 
Proceeds received from loan sales as cash24 13 40 22 
Proceeds from loan sales as securities(a)(b)
24,033 17,274 46,782 41,937 
Total proceeds received from loan sales(c)
$24,057 $17,287 $46,822 $41,959 
Gains/(losses) on loan sales(d)(e)
$0 $2 $4 $6 
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
2019
 20202019
Carrying value of loans sold$17,447
$23,138
 $42,382
$38,317
Proceeds received from loan sales as cash13
2
 22
70
Proceeds from loan sales as securities(a)(b)
17,274
22,823
 41,937
37,660
Total proceeds received from loan sales(c)
$17,287
$22,825
 $41,959
$37,730
Gains/(losses) on loan sales(d)(e)
$2
$104
 $6
$153
(a)Includes securities from U.S. GSEs and Ginnie Mae that are generally sold shortly after receipt or retained as part of the Firm’s investment securities portfolio.
(a)Includes securities from U.S. GSEs and Ginnie Mae that are generally sold shortly after receipt or retained as part of the Firm’s investment securities portfolio.
(b)Included in level 2 assets.
(c)Excludes the value of MSRs retained upon the sale of loans.
(d)Gains/(losses) on loan sales include the value of MSRs.
(e)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
(b)Included in level 2 assets.
(c)Excludes the value of MSRs retained upon the sale of loans.
(d)Gains/(losses) on loan sales include the value of MSRs.
(e)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
Options to repurchase delinquent loans
In addition to the Firm’s obligation to repurchase certain loans due to material breaches of representations and warranties as discussed in Note 23,22, the Firm also has the option to repurchase delinquent loans that it services for
Ginnie Mae loan pools, as well as for other U.S. government agencies under certain arrangements. The Firm typically elects to repurchase delinquent loans from Ginnie Mae loan pools as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with the applicable requirements, and such loans continue to be insured or guaranteed. When the Firm’s repurchase option becomes exercisable, such loans must be reported on the Consolidated balance sheets as a loan with a corresponding liability. Refer to Note 1211 for additional information.
The following table presents loans the Firm repurchased or had an option to repurchase, real estate owned, and foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans recognized on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020. Substantially all of these loans and real estate are insured or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies.
(in millions)Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Loans repurchased or option to repurchase(a)
$1,209 $1,413 
Real estate owned7 9 
Foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans(b)
52 64 
(a)Predominantly all of these amounts relate to loans that have been repurchased from Ginnie Mae loan pools.
(b)Relates to voluntary repurchases of loans, which are included in accrued interest and accounts receivable.
(in millions)Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
Loans repurchased or option to repurchase(a)
$1,523
$2,941
Real estate owned13
41
Foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans(b)
92
198
(a)Predominantly all of these amounts relate to loans that have been repurchased from Ginnie Mae loan pools.
(b)Relates to voluntary repurchases of loans, which are included in accrued interest and accounts receivable.

Loan delinquencies and liquidation losses
The table below includes information about components of and delinquencies related to nonconsolidated securitized financial assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, in which the Firm has continuing involvement as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020.
Net liquidation losses
Securitized assets90 days past dueThree months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020		2021202020212020
Securitized loans
Residential mortgage:
Prime / Alt-A & option ARMs$40,906 $41,265 $3,748 $4,988 $2 $76 $14 $175 
Subprime10,982 12,154 1,994 2,406 0 49 18 135 
Commercial and other91,039 92,351 3,596 5,958 0 1 21 11 
Total loans securitized$142,927 $145,770 $9,338 $13,352 $2 $126 $53 $321 
     Net liquidation losses
 Securitized assets 90 days past due Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
Securitized loans           
Residential mortgage:           
Prime / Alt-A & option ARMs$44,492
$48,734
 $2,725
$2,449
 $76
$171
 $175
$328
Subprime12,859
13,490
 1,766
1,813
 49
167
 135
311
Commercial and other94,321
80,878
 401
187
 1
24
 11
165
Total loans securitized$151,672
$143,102
 $4,892
$4,449
 $126
$362
 $321
$804
157


Note 1514 – Goodwill and Mortgage servicing rights
Refer to Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the accounting policies related to goodwill and mortgage servicing rights.
Goodwill
The following table presents goodwill attributed to the business segments.
(in millions)June 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Consumer & Community Banking(a)
$30,082
$30,082
Corporate & Investment Bank(a)
7,889
7,901
Consumer & Community BankingConsumer & Community Banking$31,335 $31,311 
Corporate & Investment BankCorporate & Investment Bank7,915 7,913 
Commercial Banking2,985
2,982
Commercial Banking2,985 2,985 
Asset & Wealth Management6,855
6,858
Asset & Wealth Management7,021 7,039 
Total goodwill$47,811
$47,823
Total goodwill$49,256 $49,248 

(a)In the first quarter of 2020, the Merchant Services business was realigned from CCB to CIB, including the associated Goodwill of $959 million. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
The following table presents changes in the carrying amount of goodwill.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
Balance at beginning
of period
$49,243 $47,800 $49,248 $47,823 
Changes during the period from:
Other(a)
13 11 8 (12)
Balance at June 30,$49,256 $47,811 $49,256 $47,811 
(a)Primarily foreign currency adjustments and adjustments to goodwill related to prior period acquisitions.

 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
 2019
 2020
 2019
Balance at beginning
of period
$47,800
 $47,474
 $47,823
 $47,471
Changes during the period from:       
Other(a)
11
 3
 (12) 6
Balance at June 30,$47,811
 $47,477
 $47,811
 $47,477
(a)Primarily relates to foreign currency adjustments.
Goodwill impairment testing
Effective January 1, 2020, the Firm adopted new accounting guidance related to goodwill impairment testing. The adoption of the guidance requires recognition of an impairment loss when the estimated fair value of a reporting unit falls below its carrying value. It eliminated the requirement that an impairment loss be recognized only if the estimated implied fair value of the goodwill is below its carrying value. Refer to Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the primary method used to estimate the fair value of the reporting units and the assumptions used in the goodwill impairment test.
Goodwill is tested for impairment during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more often if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate that there may be an impairment. Refer to Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s goodwill impairment testing, including the primary method used to estimate the fair value of the reporting units and the assumptions used in the goodwill impairment test.  
Unanticipated declines in business performance, increases in credit losses, increases in capital requirements, as well as deterioration in economic or market conditions, adverse regulatory or legislative changes or increases in the estimated market cost of equity, could cause the estimated fair values of the Firm’s reporting units to decline in the future, which could result in a material impairment charge to earnings in a future period related to some portion of the associated goodwill.
As of June 30, 2020,2021, the Firm reviewed current economic conditions, including the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on business performance, estimated market cost of equity, and also reviewed actualsas well as actual business results and projections of business performance for all its reporting units. The Firm has concluded that the goodwill allocated to its reporting units was 0t impaired as of June 30, 2020,2021, or December 31, 2019,2020, nor was goodwill written off due to impairment during the six months ended June 30, 20202021 or 2019.2020.

158

Mortgage servicing rights
MSRs represent the fair value of expected future cash flows for performing servicing activities for others. The fair value considers estimated future servicing fees and ancillary revenue, offset by estimated costs to service the loans, and generally declines over time as net servicing cash flows are received, effectively amortizing the MSR asset against contractual servicing and ancillary fee income. MSRs are either purchased from third parties or recognized upon sale or securitization of mortgage loans if servicing is retained. Refer to Notes 2 and 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further description of the MSR asset, interest rate risk management, and the valuation of MSRs.
The following table summarizes MSR activity for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)2021202020212020
Fair value at beginning of period$4,470 $3,267 $3,276 $4,699 
MSR activity:
Originations of MSRs419 164 823 435 
Purchase of MSRs395 5 574 7 
Disposition of MSRs(a)
(25)2 (24)(73)
Net additions/(dispositions)789 171 1,373 369 
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows(182)(247)(369)(495)
Changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions:
Changes due to market interest rates and other(b)
(500)(144)336 (1,514)
Changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions:
Projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service)1 3 (23)2 
Discount rates0 0 0 0 
Prepayment model changes and other(c)
(29)30 (44)19 
Total changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions(28)33 (67)21 
Total changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions(528)(111)269 (1,493)
Fair value at June 30,$4,549 $3,080 $4,549 $3,080 
Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) included in income related to MSRs held at June 30,$(528)$(111)$269 $(1,493)
Contractual service fees, late fees and other ancillary fees included in income307 329 598 693 
Third-party mortgage loans serviced at June 30, (in billions)465 483 465 483 
Servicer advances, net of an allowance for uncollectible amounts, at June 30, (in billions)(d)
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 
(a)Includes excess MSRs transferred to agency-sponsored trusts in exchange for stripped mortgage backed securities (“SMBS”). In each transaction, a portion of the SMBS was acquired by third parties at the transaction date; the Firm acquired the remaining balance of those SMBS as trading securities.
(b)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(c)Represents changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates.
(d)Represents amounts the Firm pays as the servicer (e.g., scheduled principal and interest, taxes and insurance), which will generally be reimbursed within a short period of time after the advance from future cash flows from the trust or the underlying loans. The Firm’s credit risk associated with these servicer advances is minimal because reimbursement of the advances is typically senior to all cash payments to investors. In addition, the Firm maintains the right to stop payment to investors if the collateral is insufficient to cover the advance. However, certain of these servicer advances may not be recoverable if they were not made in accordance with applicable rules and agreements.
159
 As of or for the three months
ended June 30,		 As of or for the six months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)2020
2019
  2020
2019
 
Fair value at beginning of period$3,267
$5,957
  $4,699
$6,130
 
MSR activity:       
Originations of MSRs164
424
  435
756
 
Purchase of MSRs5
2
  7
106
 
Disposition of MSRs(a)
2
(217)  (73)(328) 
Net additions/(dispositions)171
209
  369
534
 
        
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows(247)(247)  (495)(446) 
        
Changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions:       
Changes due to market interest rates and other(b)
(144)(540)  (1,514)(841) 
Changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions:       
Projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service)3
(350)
(e) 
 2
(350)
(e) 
Discount rates—
153
  —
153
 
Prepayment model changes and other(c)
30
(89)  19
(87) 
Total changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions33
(286)  21
(284) 
Total changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions(111)(826)  (1,493)(1,125) 
Fair value at June 30$3,080
$5,093
  $3,080
$5,093
 
        
Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) included in income related to MSRs held at June 30$(111)$(826)  $(1,493)$(1,125) 
Contractual service fees, late fees and other ancillary fees included in income329
437
  693
857
 
Third-party mortgage loans serviced at June 30 (in billions)483
527
  483
527
 
Servicer advances, net of an allowance for uncollectible amounts, at June 30 (in billions)(d)
1.7
2.2
  1.7
2.2
 

(a)Includes excess MSRs transferred to agency-sponsored trusts in exchange for stripped mortgage backed securities (“SMBS”). In each transaction, a portion of the SMBS was acquired by third parties at the transaction date; the Firm acquired the remaining balance of those SMBS as trading securities.
(b)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(c)Represents changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates.
(d)Represents amounts the Firm pays as the servicer (e.g., scheduled principal and interest, taxes and insurance), which will generally be reimbursed within a short period of time after the advance from future cash flows from the trust or the underlying loans. The Firm’s credit risk associated with these servicer advances is minimal because reimbursement of the advances is typically senior to all cash payments to investors. In addition, the Firm maintains the right to stop payment to investors if the collateral is insufficient to cover the advance. However, certain of these servicer advances may not be recoverable if they were not made in accordance with applicable rules and agreements.
(e)The decrease in projected cash flows was largely related to default servicing assumption updates.

The following table presents the components of mortgage fees and related income (including the impact of MSR risk management activities) for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2021202020212020
CCB mortgage fees and related income
Production revenue$517 $742 $1,274 $1,061 
Net mortgage servicing revenue:
Operating revenue:
Loan servicing revenue316 343 564 682 
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to collection/realization of expected cash flows(182)(247)(369)(495)
Total operating revenue134 96 195 187 
Risk management:
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to market interest rates and other(a)
(500)(144)336 (1,514)
Other changes in MSR asset fair value due to other inputs and assumptions in model(b)
(28)33 (67)21 
Changes in derivative fair value and other425 190 (487)1,482 
Total risk management(103)79 (218)(11)
Total net mortgage servicing revenue31 175 (23)176 
Total CCB mortgage fees and related income548 917 1,251 1,237 
All other3 0 4 0 
Mortgage fees and related income$551 $917 $1,255 $1,237 
(a)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(b)Represents the aggregate impact of changes in model inputs and assumptions such as projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service), discount rates and changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates (e.g., changes in prepayments due to changes in home prices).
 Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)2020
2019
 2020
2019
Net production revenue$742
$353
 $1,061
$553
      
Net mortgage servicing revenue:     
Operating revenue:     
Loan servicing revenue343
417
 682
821
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to collection/realization of expected cash flows(247)(247) (495)(446)
Total operating revenue96
170
 187
375
Risk management:     
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to market interest rates and other(a)
(144)(540) (1,514)(841)
Other changes in MSR asset fair value due to other inputs and assumptions in model(b)
33
(286) 21
(284)
Changes in derivative fair value and other190
582
 1,482
872
Total risk management79
(244) (11)(253)
Total net mortgage servicing revenue175
(74) 176
122
Mortgage fees and related income$917
$279
 $1,237
$675
(a)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(b)Represents the aggregate impact of changes in model inputs and assumptions such as projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service), discount rates and changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates (e.g., changes in prepayments due to changes in home prices).
The table below outlines the key economic assumptions used to determine the fair value of the Firm’s MSRs at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019, 2020, and outlines hypothetical sensitivities of those fair values to immediate adverse changes in those assumptions, as defined below.
(in millions, except rates)Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
Weighted-average prepayment speed assumption (constant prepayment rate)10.72 %14.90 %
Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change$(195)$(206)
Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change(376)(392)
Weighted-average option adjusted spread(a)
6.70 %7.19 %
Impact on fair value of a 100 basis point adverse change$(191)$(134)
Impact on fair value of a 200 basis point adverse change(368)(258)
(a)Includes the impact of operational risk and regulatory capital.
(in millions, except rates)Jun 30,
2020
 Dec 31,
2019
Weighted-average prepayment speed assumption (constant prepayment rate)19.08% 11.67%
Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change$(207) $(200)
Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change(391) (384)
Weighted-average option adjusted spread(a)
9.10% 7.93%
Impact on fair value of a 100 basis point adverse change$(100) $(169)
Impact on fair value of a 200 basis point adverse change(193) (326)

(a)Includes the impact of operational risk and regulatory capital.
Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be easily extrapolated, because the relationship of the change in the assumptions to the change in fair value are often highly interrelated and may not be linear. In this table, the effect that a change in a particular assumption may have on the fair value is calculated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another, which would either magnify or counteract the impact of the initial change.

160

Note 1615 – Deposits
Refer to Note 17 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information on deposits.
At June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019,2020, noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing deposits were as follows.
(in millions)June 30,
2021		December 31, 2020
U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing (included $9,565 and $9,873 at fair value)(a)
$639,114 $572,711 
Interest-bearing (included $2,627 and $2,567 at fair value)(a)
1,281,432 1,197,032 
Total deposits in U.S. offices1,920,546 1,769,743 
Non-U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing (included $1,467 and $1,486 at fair value)(a)
24,723 23,435 
Interest-bearing (included $364 and $558 at fair value)(a)
359,948 351,079 
Total deposits in non-U.S. offices384,671 374,514 
Total deposits$2,305,217 $2,144,257 
(a)Includes structured notes classified as deposits for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.


(in millions)June 30,
2020
 December 31, 2019
U.S. offices   
Noninterest-bearing (included $15,512 and $22,637 at fair value)(a)
$529,729
 $395,667
Interest-bearing (included $2,808 and $2,534 at fair value)(a)
1,061,093
 876,156
Total deposits in U.S. offices1,590,822
 1,271,823
Non-U.S. offices   
Noninterest-bearing (included $1,673 and $1,980 at fair value)(a)
22,752
 20,087
Interest-bearing (included $1,519 and $1,438 at fair value)(a)
317,455
 270,521
Total deposits in non-U.S. offices340,207
 290,608
Total deposits$1,931,029
 $1,562,431
(a)Includes structured notes classified as deposits for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.


Note 1716 – Leases
Refer to Note 18 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion on leases.
Firm as lessee
At June 30, 2020,2021, JPMorgan Chase and its subsidiaries were obligated under a number of noncancellable leases, predominantly operating leases for premises and equipment used primarily for business purposes.
Operating lease liabilities and ROUright-of-use ("ROU") assets are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term.
The following table provides information related to the Firm’s operating leases:
(in millions)June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Right-of-use assets$8,166
$8,190
Lease liabilities8,426
8,505

(in millions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Right-of-use assets$7,825 $8,006 
Lease liabilities8,286 8,508 
The Firm’s net rental expense was $475$483 million and $464$475 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and 2019,$974 million and $949 million and $932 million for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
Firm as lessor
The Firm’s lease financings are generally operating leases and are included in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the Firm’s operating lease income, included within other income, and the related depreciation expense, included within technology, communications and equipment expense, on the Consolidated statements of income:
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,

(in millions)		2021202020212020
Operating lease income$1,277 $1,413 $2,602 $2,810 
Depreciation expense876 1,084 1,809 2,224 
  Three months ended June 30,Six months
ended June 30,

(in millions)
 2020
2019
2020
2019
Operating lease income $1,413
$1,327
$2,810
$2,643
Depreciation expense 1,084
988
2,224
1,985



161

Note 1817 - Preferred stock
Refer to Note 21 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion on preferred stock.
The following is a summary of JPMorgan Chase’s non-cumulative preferred stock outstanding as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, and the quarterly dividend declarations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
Shares
Carrying value
 (in millions)
Contractual rate in effect at June 30, 2021Earliest redemption date
Floating annualized rate(a)
Dividend declared
per share
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020June 30, 2021December 31, 2020Issue dateThree months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Fixed-rate:
Series Y0 0 $0 $0 2/12/20150 %3/1/2020NA$0$0$0$153.13
Series AA0 142,500 0 1,425 6/4/20156.100 9/1/2020NA152.50152.50305.00305.00
Series BB0 115,000 0 1,150 7/29/20156.150 9/1/2020NA153.75153.75307.50307.50
Series DD169,625 169,625 1,696 1,696 9/21/20185.750 12/1/2023NA143.75143.75287.50287.50
Series EE185,000 185,000 1,850 1,850 1/24/20196.000 3/1/2024NA150.00150.00300.00300.00
Series GG90,000 90,000 900 900 11/7/20194.750 12/1/2024NA118.75118.75237.50269.17(b)
Series JJ150,000 0 1,500 0 3/17/20214.550 6/1/2026NA93.53NA93.53NA(c)
Series LL185,000 0 1,850 0 5/20/20214.625 6/1/2026NA0NA0NA(d)
Fixed-to-floating-rate:
Series I293,375 293,375 $2,934 $2,934 4/23/2008LIBOR + 3.47%4/30/2018LIBOR + 3.47%$92.40$106.93$185.46$239.37
Series Q150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 4/23/20135.150 5/1/2023LIBOR + 3.25128.75128.75257.50257.50
Series R150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 7/29/20136.000 8/1/2023LIBOR + 3.30150.00150.00300.00300.00
Series S200,000 200,000 2,000 2,000 1/22/20146.750 2/1/2024LIBOR + 3.78168.75168.75337.50337.50
Series U100,000 100,000 1,000 1,000 3/10/20146.125 4/30/2024LIBOR + 3.33153.13153.13306.25306.25
Series V250,000 250,000 2,500 2,500 6/9/2014LIBOR + 3.32%7/1/2019LIBOR + 3.3289.02120.16174.99250.89
Series X160,000 160,000 1,600 1,600 9/23/20146.100 10/1/2024LIBOR + 3.33152.50152.50305.00305.00
Series Z200,000 200,000 2,000 2,000 4/21/2015LIBOR + 3.80%5/1/2020LIBOR + 3.80100.50117.15201.74249.65(e)
Series CC125,750 125,750 1,258 1,258 10/20/20174.625 11/1/2022LIBOR + 2.58115.63115.63231.25231.25
Series FF225,000 225,000 2,250 2,250 7/31/20195.000 8/1/2024SOFR + 3.38125.00125.00250.00250.00
Series HH300,000 300,000 3,000 3,000 1/23/20204.600 2/1/2025SOFR + 3.125115.00115.00230.00240.22(f)
Series II150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 2/24/20204.000 4/1/2025SOFR + 2.745100.00$141.11200.00141.11(g)
Series KK200,000 0 2,000 0 5/12/20213.650 6/1/2026CMT + 2.850NA0NA(h)
Total preferred stock3,283,750 3,006,250 $32,838 $30,063 
(a)Floating annualized rate includes three-month LIBOR, three-month term SOFR or five-year Constant Maturity Treasury ("CMT") rate, as applicable, plus the spreads noted above.
(b)Dividends in the amount of $150.42 per share were declared on January 8, 2020 and 2019.include dividends from the original issue date of November 7, 2019 through February 29, 2020. Dividends in the amount of $118.75 per share were declared thereafter on April 13, 2020.
(c)Dividends in the amount of $93.53 per share were declared on April 9, 2021 and include dividends from the original issue date of March 17, 2021 though May 31, 2021.
(d)NaN dividends were declared for Series LL from the original issue date of May 20, 2021 though June 30, 2021.
(e)The dividend rate for Series Z preferred stock became floating and payable quarterly starting on May 1, 2020; prior to which the dividend rate was fixed at 5.3% or $265.00 per share payable semi annually.
(f)Dividends in the amount of $125.22 per share were declared on March 13, 2020 and include dividends from the original issue date of January 23, 2020 through April 30, 2020. Dividends in the amount of $115.00 per share were declared thereafter on June 9, 2020.
(g)Dividends in the amount of $141.11 per share were declared on May 15, 2020 and include dividends from the original issue date of February 24, 2020 through
 Shares
Carrying value
 (in millions)
 Contractual rate in effect at June 30, 2020Earliest redemption dateFloating annualized rate of three-month LIBOR/Term SOFR plus:
Dividend declared
per share
 
 June 30, 2020December 31, 2019June 30, 2020December 31, 2019Issue dateThree months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30, 
 2020201920202019 
Fixed-rate:             
Series P—
—
$—
$—
2/5/2013—%3/1/2018NA$—$136.25$—$272.50 
Series T—
—
—
—
1/30/2014—
3/1/2019NA———167.50 
Series W—
—
—
—
6/23/2014—
9/1/2019NA—157.50—315.00 
Series Y—
143,000
—
1,430
2/12/2015—
3/1/2020NA—153.13153.13306.26 
Series AA142,500
142,500
1,425
1,425
6/4/20156.100
9/1/2020NA152.50152.50305.00305.00 
Series BB115,000
115,000
1,150
1,150
7/29/20156.150
9/1/2020NA153.75153.75307.50307.50 
Series DD169,625
169,625
1,696
1,696
9/21/20185.750
12/1/2023NA143.75143.75287.50287.50 
Series EE185,000
185,000
1,850
1,850
1/24/20196.000
3/1/2024NA150.00211.67300.00211.67 
Series GG90,000
90,000
900
900
11/7/20194.750
12/1/2024NA118.75NA269.17NA 
Fixed-to-floating-rate:             
Series I293,375
293,375
$2,934
$2,934
4/23/2008LIBOR + 3.47%
4/30/2018LIBOR + 3.47%$106.93$153.00$239.37$308.51 
Series Q150,000
150,000
1,500
1,500
4/23/20135.150
5/1/2023LIBOR + 3.25128.75128.75257.50257.50 
Series R150,000
150,000
1,500
1,500
7/29/20136.000
8/1/2023LIBOR + 3.30150.00150.00300.00300.00 
Series S200,000
200,000
2,000
2,000
1/22/20146.750
2/1/2024LIBOR + 3.78168.75168.75337.50337.50 
Series U100,000
100,000
1,000
1,000
3/10/20146.125
4/30/2024LIBOR + 3.33153.13153.13306.25306.25 
Series V250,000
250,000
2,500
2,500
6/9/2014LIBOR + 3.32
7/1/2019LIBOR + 3.32120.16125.00250.89250.00
(a) 
Series X160,000
160,000
1,600
1,600
9/23/20146.100
10/1/2024LIBOR + 3.33152.50152.50305.00305.00 
Series Z200,000
200,000
2,000
2,000
4/21/2015LIBOR + 3.80
5/1/2020LIBOR + 3.80117.15132.50249.65265.00
(b) 
Series CC125,750
125,750
1,258
1,258
10/20/20174.625
11/1/2022LIBOR + 2.58115.63115.63231.25231.25 
Series FF225,000
225,000
2,250
2,250
7/31/20195.000
8/1/2024SOFR + 3.38125.00NA250.00NA 
Series HH300,000
—
3,000
—
1/23/20204.600
2/1/2025SOFR + 3.125115.00NA240.22NA 
Series II150,000
—
1,500
—
2/24/20204.000
4/1/2025SOFR + 2.745141.11NA141.11NA
(c) 
Total preferred stock3,006,250
2,699,250
$30,063
$26,993
         
June 30, 2020.

(h)NaN dividends were declared for Series KK from the original issue date of May 12, 2021 through June 30, 2021.
(a)Prior to July 1, 2019, the dividend rate was fixed at 5%.
(b)Prior to May 1, 2020, the dividend rate was fixed at 5.3%.
(c)Dividends in the amount of $141.11 per share were declared on May 15, 2020 and include dividends from the original issue date of February 24, 2020 through June 30, 2020.
Each series of preferred stock has a liquidation value and redemption price per share of $10,000, plus accrued but unpaid dividends. The aggregate liquidation value was $30.5$33.2 billion at June 30, 2020.2021.
On July 29, 2021, the Firm issued $2.0 billion of 4.20% non-cumulative preferred stock, Series MM.
Redemptions
On June 1, 2021, the Firm redeemed all $1.4 billion of its 6.10% non-cumulative preferred stock, Series AA and all $1.2 billion of its 6.15% non-cumulative preferred stock, Series BB.
On March 1, 2020, the Firm redeemed all $1.43 billion of its 6.125% non-cumulative preferred stock, Series Y.
On December 1, 2019, the Firm redeemed all $900 million of its 5.45% preferred stock, Series P.
On October 30, 2019, the Firm redeemed $1.37 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate perpetual preferred stock, Series I.
162
On September 1, 2019, the Firm redeemed all $880 million of its 6.30% preferred stock, Series W.
On March 1, 2019, the Firm redeemed all $925 million of its 6.70% preferred stock, Series T.


Note 1918 – Earnings per share
Refer to Note 23 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”). The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020.
(in millions, except per share amounts)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2021202020212020
Basic earnings per share
Net income$11,948 $4,687 $26,248 $7,552 
Less: Preferred stock dividends393 401 772 822 
Net income applicable to common equity11,555 4,286 25,476 6,730 
Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities59 21 130 32 
Net income applicable to common stockholders$11,496 $4,265 $25,346 $6,698 
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
3,036.6 3,076.3 3,054.9 3,086.1 
Net income per share$3.79 $1.39 $8.30 $2.17 
Diluted earnings per share
Net income applicable to common stockholders$11,496 $4,265 $25,346 $6,698 
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
3,036.6 3,076.3 3,054.9 3,086.1 
Add: Dilutive impact of SARs and employee stock options, unvested PSUs and nondividend-earning RSUs5.3 4.7 5.4 4.7 
Total weighted-average diluted shares outstanding3,041.9 3,081.0 3,060.3 3,090.8 
Net income per share$3.78 $1.38 $8.28 $2.17 
(in millions, except per share amounts)Three months ended
June 30,		 Six months ended
June 30,
2020
2019
 2020
2019
Basic earnings per share     
Net income$4,687
$9,652
 $7,552
$18,831
Less: Preferred stock dividends401
404
 822
778
Net income applicable to common equity4,286
9,248
 6,730
18,053
Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities21
56
 32
108
Net income applicable to common stockholders$4,265
$9,192
 $6,698
$17,945
      
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
3,076.3
3,250.6
 3,086.1
3,274.3
Net income per share$1.39
$2.83
 $2.17
$5.48
      
Diluted earnings per share     
Net income applicable to common stockholders$4,265
$9,192
 $6,698
$17,945
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
3,076.3
3,250.6
 3,086.1
3,274.3
Add: Dilutive impact of SARs and employee stock options, unvested PSUs and nondividend-earning RSUs4.7
9.1
 4.7
9.6
Total weighted-average diluted shares outstanding3,081.0
3,259.7
 3,090.8
3,283.9
Net income per share$1.38
$2.82
 $2.17
$5.46


163

Note 2019 – Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
AOCI includes the after-tax change in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities, foreign currency translation adjustments (including the impact of related derivatives), fair value changes of excluded components on fair value hedges, cash flow hedging activities, net loss and prior service costs/(credit) related to the Firm’s defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, and fair value option-elected liabilities arising from changes in the Firm’s own credit risk (DVA).
As of or for the three months ended
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit
pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at April 1, 2021$3,841 $(723)$(140)$134 $(1,064)$(1,007)$1,041 
Net change674 64 (23)591 9 214 1,529 
Balance at June 30, 2021$4,515 (a)$(659)$(163)$725 $(1,055)$(793)$2,570 
As of or for the three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at April 1, 2020$5,176 $(1,037)$(43)$2,528 $(1,311)$2,105 $7,418 
Net change2,744 142 16 234 (7)(1,758)1,371 
Balance at June 30, 2020$7,920 (a)$(895)$(27)$2,762 $(1,318)$347 $8,789 
As of or for the six months ended
June 30, 2021
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit
pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at January 1, 2021$8,180 $(473)$(112)$2,383 $(1,132)$(860)$7,986 
Net change(3,665)(186)(51)(1,658)77 67 (5,416)
Balance at June 30, 2021$4,515 (a)$(659)$(163)$725 $(1,055)$(793)$2,570 
As of or for the six months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at January 1, 2020$4,057 $(707)$(131)$63 $(1,344)$(369)$1,569 
Net change3,863 (188)104 2,699 26 716 7,220 
Balance at June 30, 2020$7,920 (a)$(895)$(27)$2,762 $(1,318)$347 $8,789 
(a)As of June 30, 2021 and 2020, includes after-tax net unamortized unrealized gains of $3.0 billion and $703 million related to AFS securities that have been transferred to HTM, respectively. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase's 2020 Form 10-K for further information.





















 As of or for the three months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		 Translation adjustments, net of hedges Fair value hedgesCash flow hedges Defined benefit
pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
 
 Balance at April 1, 2020 $5,176
   $(1,037)  $(43) $2,528
   $(1,311)  $2,105
  $7,418
 
 Net change 2,744
   142
  16
 234
   (7)  (1,758)  1,371
 
 Balance at June 30, 2020 $7,920
(a) 

  $(895)  $(27) $2,762
   $(1,318)  $347
  $8,789
 
                        
 As of or for the three months ended
June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		 Translation adjustments, net of hedges Fair value hedgesCash flow hedges Defined benefit pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
 
 Balance at April 1, 2019 $2,616
   $(751)  (159) $29
   $(2,272)  $(21)  $(558) 
 Net change 1,093
   99
  86
 97
   41
  256
  1,672
 
 Balance at June 30, 2019 $3,709
   $(652)  $(73) $126
   $(2,231)  $235
  $1,114
 
                        
 As of or for the six months ended
June 30, 2020
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		 Translation adjustments, net of hedges Fair value hedgesCash flow hedges Defined benefit
pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
 
 Balance at January 1, 2020 $4,057
   $(707)  $(131) $63
   $(1,344)  $(369)  $1,569
 
 Net change 3,863
   (188)  104
 2,699
   26
  716
  7,220
 
 Balance at June 30, 2020 $7,920
(a) 

  $(895)  $(27) $2,762
   $(1,318)  $347
  $8,789
 
                        
 As of or for the six months ended
June 30, 2019
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		 Translation adjustments, net of hedges Fair value hedgesCash flow hedges Defined benefit pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
 
 Balance at January 1, 2019 $1,202
   $(727)  $(161) $(109)   $(2,308)  $596
  $(1,507) 
 Net change 2,507
   75
  88
 235
   77
  (361)  2,621
 
 Balance at June 30, 2019 $3,709
   $(652)  $(73) $126
   $(2,231)  $235
  $1,114
 
164

(a)Includes after-tax net unamortized unrealized gains of $703 million related to AFS securities that have been transferred to HTM.





The following table presents the pre-tax and after-tax changes in the components of OCI.
20212020
Three months ended June 30,
(in millions)		Pre-taxTax effectAfter-taxPre-taxTax effectAfter-tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$727 $(171)$556 $3,642 $(878)$2,764 
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(a)
155 (37)118 (26)6 (20)
Net change882 (208)674 3,616 (872)2,744 
Translation adjustments(b):
Translation280 (10)270 405 46 451 
Hedges(270)64 (206)(405)96 (309)
Net change10 54 64 0 142 142 
Fair value hedges, net change(c):
(31)8 (23)21 (5)16 
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period1,118 (269)849 402 (97)305 
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(d)
(340)82 (258)(93)22 (71)
Net change778 (187)591 309 (75)234 
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, net change:2 7 9 (4)(3)(7)
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities, net change:276 (62)214 (2,314)556 (1,758)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)$1,917 $(388)$1,529 $1,628 $(257)$1,371 
20212020
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		Pre-taxTax effectAfter-taxPre-taxTax effectAfter-tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$(4,966)$1,194 $(3,772)$5,351 $(1,291)$4,060 
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(a)
141 (34)107 (259)62 (197)
Net change(4,825)1,160 (3,665)5,092 (1,229)3,863 
Translation adjustments(b):
Translation(920)29 (891)(1,187)101 (1,086)
Hedges930 (225)705 1,184 (286)898 
Net change10 (196)(186)(3)(185)(188)
Fair value hedges, net change(c):
(68)17 (51)136 (32)104 
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period(1,577)378 (1,199)3,653 (877)2,776 
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(d)
(604)145 (459)(101)24 (77)
Net change(2,181)523 (1,658)3,552 (853)2,699 
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, net change:93 (16)77 41 (15)26 
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities, net change:87 (20)67 941 (225)716 
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)$(6,884)$1,468 $(5,416)$9,759 $(2,539)$7,220 
(a)The pre-tax amount is reported in Investment securities gains/(losses) in the Consolidated statements of income.
(b)Reclassifications of pre-tax realized gains/(losses) on translation adjustments and related hedges are reported in other income/expense in the Consolidated statements of income. The amounts were not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
(c)Represents changes in fair value of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads, which are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded in other comprehensive income. The initial cost of cross-currency basis spreads is recognized in earnings as part of the accrual of interest on the cross currency swaps.
(d)The pre-tax amounts are primarily recorded in noninterest revenue, net interest income and compensation expense in the Consolidated statements of income.

165
 2020 2019
Three months ended June 30,
(in millions)		Pre-tax Tax effect After-tax Pre-tax Tax effect After-tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities:           
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$3,642
 $(878) $2,764
 $1,491
 $(365) $1,126
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(a)
(26) 6
 (20) (44) 11
 (33)
Net change3,616
 (872) 2,744
 1,447
 (354) 1,093
Translation adjustments(b):
           
Translation405
 46
 451
 123
 72
 195
Hedges(405) 96
 (309) (128) 32
 (96)
Net change—
 142
 142
 (5) 104
 99
Fair value hedges, net change(c):
21
 (5) 16
 112
 (26) 86
Cash flow hedges:           
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period402
 (97) 305
 101
 (24) 77
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(d)
(93) 22
 (71) 26
 (6) 20
Net change309
 (75) 234
 127
 (30) 97
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans:           
Net gain/(loss) arising during the period—
 —
 —
 (1) —
 (1)
Reclassification adjustments included in net income(e):
           
Amortization of net loss3
 (1) 2
 41
 (7) 34
Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)1
 (2) (1) 1
 (1) —
Foreign exchange and other(8) —
 (8) 9
 (1) 8
Net change(4) (3) (7) 50
 (9) 41
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities, net change:(2,314) 556
 (1,758) 338
 (82) 256
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)$1,628
 $(257) $1,371
 $2,069
 $(397) $1,672
            
 2020 2019
Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)		Pre-tax Tax effect After-tax Pre-tax Tax effect After-tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities:           
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$5,351
 $(1,291) $4,060
 $3,366
 $(816) $2,550
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(a)
(259) 62
 (197) (57) 14
 (43)
Net change5,092
 (1,229) 3,863
 3,309
 (802) 2,507
Translation adjustments(b):
           
Translation(1,187) 101
 (1,086) 164
 36
 200
Hedges1,184
 (286) 898
 (166) 41
 (125)
Net change(3) (185) (188) (2) 77
 75
Fair value hedges, net change(c):
136
 (32) 104
 115
 (27) 88
Cash flow hedges:           
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period3,653
 (877) 2,776
 242
 (57) 185
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(d)
(101) 24
 (77) 65
 (15) 50
Net change3,552
 (853) 2,699
 307
 (72) 235
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans:           
Net gain/(loss) arising during the period9
 (2) 7
 2
 (2) —
Reclassification adjustments included in net income(e):
           
Amortization of net loss7
 (2) 5
 83
 (16) 67
Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)2
 (2) —
 2
 (1) 1
Foreign exchange and other23
 (9) 14
 1
 8
 9
Net change41
 (15) 26
 88
 (11) 77
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities, net change:$941
 $(225) $716
 $(469) $108
 $(361)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)$9,759
 $(2,539) $7,220
 $3,348
 $(727) $2,621
(a)The pre-tax amount is reported in Investment securities gains in the Consolidated statements of income.
(b)Reclassifications of pre-tax realized gains/(losses) on translation adjustments and related hedges are reported in other income/expense in the Consolidated statements of income. The amounts were 0t material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Firm reclassified net pre-tax gains of $6 million to other income and $1 million to other expense, respectively. These amounts, which related to the liquidation of certain legal entities, are comprised of $5 million related to net investment hedge gains and $2 million related to cumulative translation adjustments.
(c)Represents changes in fair value of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads, which are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded in other comprehensive income. The initial cost of cross-currency basis spreads is recognized in earnings as part of the accrual of interest on the cross currency swap.
(d)The pre-tax amounts are primarily recorded in noninterest revenue, net interest income and compensation expense in the Consolidated statements of income.
(e)The pre-tax amount is reported in other expense in the Consolidated statements of income.


Note 2120 – Restricted cash and other restricted
assets
Refer to Note 26 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of the Firm’s restricted cash and other restricted assets.
Certain of the Firm’s cash and other assets are restricted as to withdrawal or usage. These restrictions are imposed by various regulatory authorities based on the particular activities of the Firm’s subsidiaries.
The Firm is also subject to rules and regulations established by other U.S. and non U.S. regulators. As part of its compliance with the respective regulatory requirements, the Firm’s broker-dealer activities are subject to certain restrictions on cash and other assets.
The following table presents the components of the Firm’s restricted cash:
(in billions)June 30,
2020
December 31, 2019
(in billions)June 30,
2021		December 31, 2020
Cash reserves – Federal Reserve Banks(a)
$—
$26.6
Segregated for the benefit of securities and cleared derivative customers20.5
16.0
Segregated for the benefit of securities and cleared derivative customers13.6 19.3 
Cash reserves at non-U.S. central banks and held for other general purposes4.7
3.9
Cash reserves at non-U.S. central banks and held for other general purposes5.4 5.1 
Total restricted cash(b)
$25.2
$46.5
Total restricted cash(a)
Total restricted cash(a)
$19.0 $24.4 
(a)Effective March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve temporarily eliminated reserve requirements for depository institutions.
(b)Comprises $23.9 billion and $45.3 billion in deposits with banks, and $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion in cash and due from banks on the Consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(a)Comprises $17.4 billion and $22.7 billion in deposits with banks, and $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion in cash and due from banks on the Consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Also, as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the Firm had the following other restricted assets:
•Cash and securities pledged with clearing organizations for the benefit of customers of $35.7$42.9 billion and $24.7$37.2 billion, respectively.
•Securities with a fair value of $5.7$19.9 billion and $8.8$1.3 billion, respectively, were also restricted in relation to customer activity.




Note 2221 – Regulatory capital
Refer to Note 27 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion on regulatory capital.
The Federal Reserve establishes capital requirements, including well-capitalized standards,requirements, for the consolidated financial holding company. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”)OCC establishes similar minimum capital requirements and standards for the Firm’s principal IDI subsidiary, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Under the risk-based capital and leverage-based guidelines of the Federal Reserve, JPMorgan Chase is required to maintain minimum ratios for CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital, Total capital, Tier 1 leverage and the SLR. Failure to meet these minimum requirements could cause the Federal Reserve to take action. IDI subsidiaries are also subject to these capital requirements established by their respective primary regulators.
The following table presents the minimum and well-capitalized ratios to which the Firm and its IDI subsidiaries were subject as of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020.
Standardized Minimum capital ratiosAdvanced Minimum capital ratiosWell-capitalized ratios
BHC(a)
IDI(c)
BHC(a)(b)
IDI(b)(c)
BHC(d)
IDI(e)
Capital ratios
CET1 capital11.3 %7.0 %10.5 %7.0 %NA6.5 %
Tier 1 capital12.8 8.5 12.0 8.5 6.0 %8.0 
Total capital14.8 10.5 14.0 10.5 10.0 10.0 
Tier 1 leverage4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 NA5.0 
SLRNANA5.0 6.0 NA6.0 
 Minimum capital ratios Well-capitalized ratios
 
BHC(a)(e)
IDI(b)(e)
 
BHC(c) 
IDI(d)

Capital ratios     
CET1 capital10.57.0 N/A6.5%
Tier 1 capital12.08.5 6.08.0
Total capital14.010.5 10.010.0
Tier 1 leverage4.04.0 N/A5.0
SLR5.06.0 N/A6.0
Note: The table above is as defined by the regulations issued by the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC and to which the Firm and its IDI subsidiaries are subject.
(a)Represents the minimum capital ratios applicable to the Firm. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital minimum capital ratios each include a respective minimum requirement plus a GSIB surcharge of 3.5% as calculated under Method 2; plus a 3.3% SCB for Basel III Standardized ratios and a fixed 2.5% capital conservation buffer for Basel III Advanced ratios. The countercyclical buffer is currently set to 0% by the federal banking agencies.
(a)
Represents the minimum capital ratios applicable to the Firm under Basel III. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital minimum capital ratios include a capital conservation buffer requirement of 2.5% and GSIB surcharge of 3.5% as calculated under Method 2.
(b)
(b)
Represents requirements for JPMorgan Chase’s IDI subsidiaries. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital minimum capital ratios include a capital conservation buffer requirement of 2.5% that is applicable to the IDI subsidiaries. The IDI subsidiaries are not subject to the GSIB surcharge.
(c)
Represents requirements for bank holding companies pursuant to regulations issued by the Federal Reserve.
(d)
Represents requirements for IDI subsidiaries pursuant to regulations issued under the FDIC Improvement Act.
(e)
Represents minimum SLR requirement of 3.0%, as well as supplementary leverage buffer requirements of 2.0% and 3.0% for BHC and IDI subsidiaries, respectively.
Current Expected Credit Losses
As disclosed in(c)Represents requirements for JPMorgan Chase’s IDI subsidiaries. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital minimum capital ratios include a fixed capital conservation buffer requirement of 2.5% that is applicable to the Firm’s 2019 Form 10-K,IDI subsidiaries. The IDI subsidiaries are not subject to the Firm initially electedGSIB surcharge.
(d)Represents requirements for bank holding companies pursuant to phase-inregulations issued by the January 1, 2020 (“day 1”) Federal Reserve.
(e)Represents requirements for IDI subsidiaries pursuant to regulations issued under the FDIC Improvement Act.



166

CECL adoption impact to retained earnings of $2.7 billion to CET1regulatory capital at 25% per year in each of 2020 to 2023. transition delay
As part of their response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 31, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interima final rule that provided the option beginning January 1, 2020 to delay the effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year transition period.
The interim final rule provides a uniform approach for estimating the effects of CECL compared to the legacy

incurred loss model during the first two years of the transition period (the “day 2” transition amount), whereby the Firm may exclude from CET1 capital 25% of the change in the allowance for credit losses (excluding allowances on PCD loans). The cumulative day 2 transition amount as at December 31, 2021 that is not recognized in CET1 capital as well as the $2.7 billion day 1 impact, will be phased into CET1 capital at 25% per year beginning January 1, 2022.
The Firm has elected to apply the CECL capital transition provisions, and accordingly, for the period ended June 30, 2020,2021, the capital metrics of the Firm exclude $3.8 billion,
exclude $6.5 billion, which is the $2.7 billion day 1 impact to retained earnings and 25% of the $15.7$4.0 billion increase in the allowance for credit losses from January 1, 2020 (excluding allowances on PCD loans).
The impacts of the CECL capital transition provisions onhave also been incorporated into Tier 2 capital, adjusted average assets, and total leverage exposure have also been incorporated into the Firm’s capital metrics.exposure. Refer to Note 127 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2020 Form 10-K for further information on the CECL accounting guidance.capital transition provisions.
The following tables present risk-based capital metrics under both the risk-basedBasel III Standardized and Basel III Advanced Approaches and leverage-based capital metrics for JPMorgan Chase and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. under both the Basel III Standardized and Basel III Advanced Approaches. As of June 30, 2020, the capital metrics are presented applying the CECL capital transition provisions. As of June 30, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, JPMorgan Chase and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were well-capitalized and met all capital requirements to which each was subject.
June 30, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III StandardizedBasel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(a)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(a)
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(a)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(a)
Risk-based capital metrics:
CET1 capital$209,010 $251,948 $209,010 $251,948 
Tier 1 capital241,356 251,951 241,356 251,951 
Total capital274,443 269,803 262,364 257,331 
Risk-weighted assets1,601,631 1,524,072 1,514,386 1,368,435 
CET1 capital ratio13.0 %16.5 %13.8 %18.4 %
Tier 1 capital ratio15.1 16.5 15.9 18.4 
Total capital ratio17.1 17.7 17.3 18.8 
December 31, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III StandardizedBasel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(a)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(a)
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(a)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(a)
Risk-based capital metrics:
CET1 capital$205,078 $234,235 $205,078 $234,235 
Tier 1 capital234,844 234,237 234,844 234,237 
Total capital269,923 252,045 257,228 239,673 
Risk-weighted assets1,560,609 1,492,138 1,484,431 1,343,185 
CET1 capital ratio13.1 %15.7 %13.8 %17.4 %
Tier 1 capital ratio15.0 15.7 15.8 17.4 
Total capital ratio17.3 16.9 17.3 17.8 
(a)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions. Additionally, loans originated under the PPP receive a zero percent risk weight.


(in millions, except ratios)		June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(b)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(b)
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(b)(c)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(b)(c)
Leverage-based capital metrics:
Adjusted average assets(a)
$3,680,830 $3,198,287 $3,353,319 $2,970,285 
Tier 1 leverage ratio6.6 %7.9 %7.0 %7.9 %
Total leverage exposure$4,456,557 $3,969,718 $3,401,542 $3,688,797 
SLR5.4 %6.3 %6.9 %6.3 %
(a)Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratio, includes total quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill and other intangible assets.
(b)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions.
(c)JPMorgan Chase’s total leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR, excludes on-balance sheet amounts of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks, as provided by the interim final rule issued by the Federal Reserve which became effective April 1, 2020 and remained in effect through March 31, 2021. On June 1, 2020, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC issued an interim final rule which became effective April 1, 2020 and remained in effect through March 31, 2021 that provides IDI subsidiaries with an option to apply this temporary exclusion subject to certain restrictions. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. did not elect to apply this exclusion.

167
June 30, 2020
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III Standardized Basel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(d)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(d)
 
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.(d)
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.(d)
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
     
CET1 capital$190,867
$217,100
 $190,867
$217,100
Tier 1 capital220,674
217,107
 220,674
217,107
Total capital256,667
234,631
 244,112
222,473
Risk-weighted assets1,541,365
1,458,534
 1,450,587
1,310,057
CET1 capital ratio12.4%14.9% 13.2%16.6%
Tier 1 capital ratio14.3
14.9
 15.2
16.6
Total capital ratio16.7
16.1
 16.8
17.0
Leverage-based capital metrics:     
Adjusted average assets(b)
$3,176,729
$2,757,510
 $3,176,729
$2,757,510
Tier 1 leverage ratio6.9%7.9% 6.9%7.9%
Total leverage exposure(c)
NA
NA
 $3,228,424
$3,418,625
SLR(c)
NA
NA
 6.8%6.4%
December 31, 2019
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III Standardized Basel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
 
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
     
CET1 capital$187,753
$206,848
 $187,753
$206,848
Tier 1 capital214,432
206,851
 214,432
206,851
Total capital242,589
224,390
 232,112
214,091
Risk-weighted assets1,515,869
1,457,689
 1,397,878
1,269,991
CET1 capital ratio12.4%14.2% 13.4%16.3%
Tier 1 capital ratio14.1
14.2
 15.3
16.3
Total capital ratio16.0
15.4
 16.6
16.9
Leverage-based capital metrics:     
Adjusted average assets(b)
$2,730,239
$2,353,432
 $2,730,239
$2,353,432
Tier 1 leverage ratio7.9%8.8% 7.9%8.8%
Total leverage exposureNA
NA
 $3,423,431
$3,044,509
SLRNA
NA
 6.3%6.8%
(a)The capital adequacy of the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is evaluated against the lower of the two ratios as calculated under Basel III approaches (Standardized or Advanced).
(b)
Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratio, includes total quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill and other intangible assets.
(c)
As of June 30, 2020, JPMorgan Chase’s total leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR, excludes on-balance sheet amounts of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks, as provided by the interim final rule issued by the Federal Reserve on April 1, 2020. On June 1, 2020, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC issued an interim final rule that provides IDI subsidiaries with an option to apply this temporary exclusion subject to certain restrictions. As of June 30, 2020, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. has not elected to apply this exclusion.
(d)
As of June 30, 2020, the capital metrics for the Firm reflect the exclusion of assets purchased from money market mutual fund clients pursuant to nonrecourse advances provided under the MMLF. Additionally, loans originated under the PPP, in the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. receive a zero percent risk weight.

Note 2322 – Off–balance sheet lending-related
financial instruments, guarantees, and other
commitments
JPMorgan Chase provides lending-related financial instruments (e.g., commitments and guarantees) to address the financing needs of its customers and clients. The contractual amount of these financial instruments represents the maximum possible credit risk to the Firm should the customer or client draw upon the commitment or the Firm be required to fulfill its obligation under the guarantee, and should the customer or client subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of the contract. Most of these commitments and guarantees have historically been refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expired without being drawn or a default occurring. As a result, the total contractual amount of these instruments is not, in the Firm’s view, representative of its expected future credit exposure or funding requirements. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion of lending-related commitments and guarantees, and the Firm’s related accounting policies.
To provide for expected credit losses in wholesale and certain consumer lending-related commitments, an allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments is maintained. Refer to Note 13 12 for further information regarding the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments, including the impact of the Firm’s adoption of the CECL accounting guidance on January 1, 2020.commitments.
The following table summarizes the contractual amounts and carrying values of off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees and other commitments at June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020. The amounts in the table below for credit card, home equity and certain scored business banking lending-related commitments represent the total available credit for these products. The Firm has not experienced, and does not anticipate, that all available lines of credit for these products will be utilized at the same time. The Firm can reduce or cancel credit card and certain scored business banking lines of credit by providing the borrower notice or, in some cases as permitted by law, without notice. In addition, the Firm typically closes credit card lines when the borrower is 60 days or more past due. The Firm may reduce or close HELOCs when there are significant decreases in the value of the underlying property, or when there has been a demonstrable decline in the creditworthiness of the borrower.

168

Off–balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees and other commitments
Contractual amount
Carrying value(i)
June 30, 2021Dec 31,
2020		Jun 30,
2021		Dec 31,
2020
By remaining maturity
(in millions)		Expires in 1 year or lessExpires after
1 year through
3 years		Expires after
3 years through
5 years		Expires after 5 yearsTotalTotal
Lending-related
Consumer, excluding credit card:
Residential real estate(a)
$26,071 $1,900 $4,789 $11,633 $44,393 $46,047 $103 $148 
Auto and other11,660 0 0 822 12,482 11,272 0 0 
Total consumer, excluding credit card37,731 1,900 4,789 12,455 56,875 57,319 103 148 
Credit card(b)
682,531 0 0 0 682,531 658,506 0 0 
Total consumer(b)(c)
720,262 1,900 4,789 12,455 739,406 715,825 103 148 
Wholesale:
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit(d)
116,310 186,067 138,839 22,357 463,573 415,828 2,796 2,148 
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees(d)
17,489 7,622 8,471 1,294 34,876 30,982 663 443 
Other letters of credit(d)
3,753 164 249 1 4,167 3,053 8 14 
Total wholesale(c)
137,552 193,853 147,559 23,652 502,616 449,863 3,467 2,605 
Total lending-related$857,814 $195,753 $152,348 $36,107 $1,242,022 $1,165,688 $3,570 $2,753 
Other guarantees and commitments
Securities lending indemnification agreements and guarantees(e)
$303,869 $0 $0 $0 $303,869 $250,418 $0 $0 
Derivatives qualifying as guarantees5,509 130 11,603 39,859 57,101 54,415 308 322 
Unsettled resale and securities borrowed agreements173,862 2,129 0 0 175,991 102,355 (h)0 2 
Unsettled repurchase and securities loaned agreements109,014 596 0 0 109,610 104,901 0 (1)
Loan sale and securitization-related indemnifications:
Mortgage repurchase liabilityNANANANANANA72 84 
Loans sold with recourseNANANANA822 889 21 23 
Exchange & clearing house guarantees and commitments(f)
109,977 0 0 0 109,977 142,003 0 0 
Other guarantees and commitments(g)
6,506 2,945 328 1,727 11,506 9,639 (h)51 52 
(a)Includes certain commitments to purchase loans from correspondents.
(b)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CB and CIB.
(c)Predominantly all consumer and wholesale lending-related commitments are in the U.S.
(d)At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, reflected the contractual amount net of risk participations totaling $70 million and $72 million, respectively, for other unfunded commitments to extend credit; $8.1 billion and $8.5 billion, respectively, for standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees; and $808 million and $357 million, respectively, for other letters of credit. In conjunctionregulatory filings with the adoptionFederal Reserve these commitments are shown gross of CECL,risk participations.
(e)At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, collateral held by the Firm reclassified risk-rated loansin support of securities lending indemnification agreements was $320.6 billion and lending-related commitments from the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment$264.3 billion, respectively. Securities lending collateral primarily consists of cash, G7 government securities, and securities issued by U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(f)At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, includes guarantees to the wholesale portfolio segment, to alignFixed Income Clearing Corporation under the sponsored member repo program and commitments and guarantees associated with the methodology applied when determining the allowance. Firm’s membership in certain clearing houses.
(g)At June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, primarily includes unfunded commitments to purchase secondary market loans, unfunded commitments related to certain tax-oriented equity investments, and other equity investment commitments,
(h)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1
(i)For lending-related products, the carrying value represents the allowance for further information.lending-related commitments and the guarantee liability; for derivative-related products, and lending-related commitments for which the fair value option was elected, the carrying value represents the fair value.

Off–balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees and other commitments

Contractual amount
Carrying value(i)

June 30, 2020Dec 31,
2019

Jun 30,
2020
Dec 31,
2019
By remaining maturity
(in millions)		Expires in 1 year or lessExpires after
1 year through
3 years		Expires after
3 years through
5 years		Expires after 5 yearsTotalTotal


Lending-related         
Consumer, excluding credit card:         
Residential real estate(a)
$15,055
$1,310
$3,173
$15,864
$35,402
$30,217
 $241
$12
Auto and other9,146
1
27
772
9,946
9,952
 —
—
Total consumer, excluding credit card24,201
1,311
3,200
16,636
45,348
40,169
 241
12
Credit card(b)
673,836
—
—
—
673,836
650,720
 —
—
Total consumer(b)(c)
698,037
1,311
3,200
16,636
719,184
690,889
 241
12
Wholesale:         
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit(d)
88,390
138,354
132,361
11,879
370,984
376,107
 1,920
959
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees(d)
16,116
10,173
4,028
1,625
31,942
34,242
 482
618
Other letters of credit(d)
2,466
82
19
—
2,567
2,961
 17
4
Total wholesale(c)
106,972
148,609
136,408
13,504
405,493
413,310
 2,419
1,581
Total lending-related$805,009
$149,920
$139,608
$30,140
$1,124,677
$1,104,199
 $2,660
$1,593
Other guarantees and commitments         
Securities lending indemnification agreements and guarantees(e)
$218,273
$—
$—
$—
$218,273
$204,827
 $—
$—
Derivatives qualifying as guarantees859
62
11,469
40,354
52,744
53,089
 388
159
Unsettled resale and securities borrowed agreements148,288
1,234
—
—
149,522
117,951
 4
—
Unsettled repurchase and securities loaned agreements112,424
562
—
—
112,986
73,351
 (1)—
Loan sale and securitization-related indemnifications:         
Mortgage repurchase liabilityNA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
 85
59
Loans sold with recourseNA
NA
NA
NA
904
944
 24
27
Exchange & clearing house guarantees and commitments(f)
97,750
—
—
—
97,750
206,432
 —
—
Other guarantees and commitments(g)
5,640
3,716
286
3,201
12,843
10,534
(h) 
(81)(73)
(a)Includes certain commitments to purchase loans from correspondents.
(b)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CB and CIB.
(c)Predominantly all consumer and wholesale lending-related commitments are in the U.S.
(d)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, reflected the contractual amount net of risk participations totaling $66 million and $76 million, respectively, for other unfunded commitments to extend credit; $9.0 billion and $9.8 billion, respectively, for standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees; and $290 million and $546 million, respectively, for other letters of credit. In regulatory filings with the Federal Reserve these commitments are shown gross of risk participations.
(e)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, collateral held by the Firm in support of securities lending indemnification agreements was $229.6 billion and $216.2 billion, respectively. Securities lending collateral primarily consists of cash, G7 government securities, and securities issued by U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(f)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, includes guarantees to the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation under the sponsored member repo program and commitments and guarantees associated with the Firm’s membership in certain clearing houses.
(g)At June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, primarily includes letters of credit hedged by derivative transactions and managed on a market risk basis, and unfunded commitments related to institutional lending. Additionally, includes unfunded commitments predominantly related to certain tax-oriented equity investments.
(h)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(i)For lending-related products, the carrying value represents the allowance for lending-related commitments and the guarantee liability; for derivative-related products, and lending-related commitments for which the fair value option was elected, the carrying value represents the fair value. At June 30, 2020, includes net markdowns on held-for-sale positions related to unfunded commitments in the bridge financing portfolio.

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Other unfunded commitments to extend credit
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit generally consist of commitments for working capital and general corporate purposes, extensions of credit to support commercial paper facilities and bond financings in the event that those obligations cannot be remarketed to new investors, as well as committed liquidity facilities to clearing organizations. The Firm also issues commitments under multipurpose facilities which could be drawn upon in several forms, including the issuance of a standby letter of credit.
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees are conditional lending commitments issued by the Firm to guarantee the performance of a client or customer to a third party under certain arrangements, such as commercial paper facilities, bond financings, acquisition financings, trade financings and similar transactions.
The following table summarizes the contractual amount and carrying value of standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees and other letters of credit arrangements as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020.
Standby letters of credit, other financial guarantees and other letters of credit
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(in millions)Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		Other letters
of credit		Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		Other letters
of credit
Investment-grade(a)
$26,955 $3,072 $22,850 $2,263 
Noninvestment-grade(a)
7,921 1,095 8,132 790 
Total contractual amount$34,876 $4,167 $30,982 $3,053 
Allowance for lending-related commitments$67 $8 $80 $14 
Guarantee liability596 0 363 0 
Total carrying value$663 $8 $443 $14 
Commitments with collateral$21,401 $886 $17,238 $498 
 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
(in millions)Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		 
Other letters
of credit
 Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		 
Other letters
of credit
Investment-grade(a)
$23,952
 $1,837
 $26,880
 $2,137
Noninvestment-grade(a)
7,990
 730
 7,362
 824
Total contractual amount$31,942
 $2,567
 $34,242
 $2,961
        
Allowance for lending-related commitments$126
 $17
 $216
 $4
Guarantee liability356
 —
 402
 —
Total carrying value$482
 $17
 $618
 $4
        
Commitments with collateral$17,194
 $411
 $17,853
 $728
(a)The ratings scale is based on the Firm’s internal risk ratings. Refer to Note 11 for further information on internal risk ratings.
(a)The ratings scale is based on the Firm’s internal risk ratings. Refer to Note 12 for further information on internal risk ratings.
Derivatives qualifying as guarantees
The Firm transacts in certain derivative contracts that have the characteristics of a guarantee under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information on these derivatives.
The following table summarizes the derivatives qualifying as guarantees as of June 30, 2020,2021, and December 31, 2019.2020.
(in millions)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
Notional amounts   
Derivative guarantees$52,744
 $53,089
Stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure28,874
 28,877
Maximum exposure of stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure2,970
 2,967
    
Fair value   
Derivative payables388
 159

(in millions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Notional amounts
Derivative guarantees$57,101 $54,415 
Stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure29,410 27,752 
Maximum exposure of stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure2,813 2,803 
Fair value
Derivative payables308 322 
In addition to derivative contracts that meet the characteristics of a guarantee, the Firm is both a purchaser and seller of credit protection in the credit derivatives market. Refer to Note 54 for a further discussion of credit derivatives.
Merchant charge-backs
Under the rules of payment networks, the Firm, in its role as a merchant acquirer, retains a contingent liability for disputed processed credit and debit card transactions that result in a charge-back to the merchant. If a dispute is resolved in the cardholder’s favor, Merchant Services will (through the cardholder’s issuing bank) credit or refund the amount to the cardholder and will charge back the transaction to the merchant. If Merchant Services is unable to collect the amount from the merchant, Merchant Services will bear the loss for the amount credited or refunded to the cardholder. Merchant Services mitigates this risk by withholding future settlements, retaining cash reserve accounts or obtaining other collateral. In addition, Merchant Services recognizes a valuation allowance that covers the payment or performance risk to the Firm related to charge-backs. The carrying value of the valuation allowance was $20 million and $11 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

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Loan sales- and securitization-related indemnifications
In connection with the Firm’s mortgage loan sale and securitization activities with GSEs the Firm has made representations and warranties that the loans sold meet certain requirements, and that may require the Firm to repurchase mortgage loans and/or indemnify the loan purchaser if such representations and warranties are breached by the Firm. Further, although the Firm’s securitizations are predominantly nonrecourse, the Firm does provide recourse servicing in certain limited cases where it agrees to share credit risk with the owner of the mortgage loans. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2019 Form 10-K for additional information.
The liability related to repurchase demands associated with private label securitizations is separately evaluated by the Firm in establishing its litigation reserves. Refer to Note 2524 of this Form 10-Q and Note 30 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information regarding litigation.
Sponsored member repo program
The Firm acts as a sponsoring member to clear eligible overnight resale and repurchase agreements through the Government Securities Division of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”) on behalf of clients that become sponsored members under the FICC’s rules. The Firm also guarantees to the FICC the prompt and full payment and performance of its sponsored member clients’ respective obligations under the FICC’s rules. The Firm minimizes its liability under these overnight guarantees by obtaining a security interest in the cash or high-quality securities collateral that the clients place with the clearing house therefore the Firm expects the risk of loss to be remote. The Firm’s maximum possible exposure, without taking into consideration the associated collateral, is included in the Exchange & clearing house guarantees and commitments line on page 179.169. Refer to Note 11 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on credit risk mitigation practices on resale agreements and the types of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements.
Guarantees of subsidiaries
The Parent Company has guaranteed certain long-term debt and structured notes of its subsidiaries, including JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC (“JPMFC”), a 100%-owned finance subsidiary. All securities issued by JPMFC are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company.Company and no other subsidiary of the Parent Company guarantees these securities. These guarantees, which rank on a parity with the Firm’s unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, are not included in the table on page 179169 of this Note. Refer to Note 20 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information.

Note 2423 – Pledged assets and collateral
Refer to Note 29 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s pledged assets and collateral.
Pledged assets
The Firm pledges financial assets that it owns to maintain potential borrowing capacity at discount windows with Federal Reserve banks, various other central banks and FHLBs. Additionally, the Firm pledges assets for other purposes, including to collateralize repurchase and other securities financing agreements, to cover short sales and to collateralize derivative contracts and deposits. Certain of these pledged assets may be sold or repledged or otherwise used by the secured parties and are parenthetically identified on the Consolidated balance sheets as assets pledged.
The following table presents the Firm’s pledged assets.
(in billions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets that may be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties$186.1 $166.6 
Assets that may not be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties121.7 113.9 
Assets pledged at Federal Reserve banks and FHLBs447.5 455.3 
Total pledged assets$755.3 $735.8 
(in billions)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
Assets that may be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties$189.7
 $125.2
Assets that may not be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties108.6
 80.2
Assets pledged at Federal Reserve banks and FHLBs(a)
479.6
 478.9
Total pledged assets$777.9
 $684.3
(a)Includes assets pledged to the Federal Reserve under the MMLF and the Federal Reserve’s open market operations.
Total pledged assets do not include assets of consolidated VIEs; these assets are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. Refer to Note 1413 for additional information on assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs. Refer to Note 1110 for additional information on the Firm’s securities financing activities. Refer to Note 20 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s long-term debt.
Collateral
The Firm accepts financial assets as collateral that it is permitted to sell or repledge, deliver or otherwise use. This collateral is generally obtained under resale and other securities financing agreements, prime brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables and derivative contracts. Collateral is generally used under repurchase and other securities financing agreements, to cover short sales and to collateralize derivative contracts and deposits.
The following table presents the fair value of collateral accepted.
(in billions)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Collateral permitted to be sold or repledged, delivered, or otherwise used$1,368.8 $1,451.7 
Collateral sold, repledged, delivered or otherwise used1,065.9 1,038.9 
171
(in billions)June 30, 2020
 December 31, 2019
Collateral permitted to be sold or repledged, delivered, or otherwise used$1,282.3
 $1,282.5
Collateral sold, repledged, delivered or otherwise used(a)
985.3
 1,000.5
(a)Includes collateral repledged to the Federal Reserve under the Federal Reserve’s open market operations.


Note 2524 – Litigation
Contingencies
As of June 30, 2020,2021, the Firm and its subsidiaries and affiliates are defendants, putative defendants or respondents in numerous legal proceedings, including private, civil litigations, and regulatory/government investigations.investigations or regulatory enforcement matters. The litigations range from individual actions involving a single plaintiff to class action lawsuits with potentially millions of class members. Investigations and regulatory enforcement matters involve both formal and informal proceedings, by both governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations. These legal proceedings are at varying stages of adjudication, arbitration or investigation, and involve each of the Firm’s lines of business and several geographies and a wide variety of claims (including common law tort and contract claims and statutory antitrust, securities and consumer protection claims), some of which present novel legal theories.
The Firm believes the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of reserves established, for its legal proceedings is from $0 to approximately $1.7$1.5 billion at June 30, 2020.2021. This estimated aggregate range of reasonably possible losses was based upon information available as of that date for those proceedings in which the Firm believes that an estimate of reasonably possible loss can be made. For certain matters, the Firm does not believe that such an estimate can be made, as of that date. The Firm’s estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses involves significant judgment, given:
•the number, variety and varying stages of the proceedings, including the fact that many are in preliminary stages,
•the existence in many such proceedings of multiple defendants, including the Firm, whose share of liability (if any) has yet to be determined,
•the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings, including issues regarding class certification and the scope of many of the claims, and
•the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings, including where the Firm has made assumptions concerning future rulings by the court or other adjudicator, or about the behavior or incentives of adverse parties or regulatory authorities, and those assumptions prove to be incorrect.
In addition, the outcome of a particular proceeding may be a result which the Firm did not take into account in its estimate because the Firm had deemed the likelihood of that outcome to be remote. Accordingly, the Firm’s estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses will change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly.
Set forth below are descriptions of the Firm’s material legal proceedings.
Amrapali. India’s Enforcement Directorate (“ED”) is investigating JPMorgan India Private Limited in connection with investments made in 2010 and 2012 by 2 offshore funds formerly managed by JPMorgan Chase entities into residential housing projects developed by the Amrapali Group (“Amrapali”). In 2017, numerous creditors filed civil claims against Amrapali including petitions brought by home buyers relating to delays in delivering or failure to deliver residential units. The home buyers’ petitions have been overseen by the Supreme Court of India since 2017 pursuant to its jurisdiction over public interest litigation. In July 2019, the Supreme Court of India issued an order making preliminary findings that Amrapali and other parties, including unspecified JPMorgan Chase entities and the offshore funds that had invested in the projects, violated certain currency control and money laundering provisions, and ordering the ED to conduct a further inquiry under India’s Prevention of Money Laundering Act (“PMLA”) and Foreign Exchange Management Act (“FEMA”). InApproximately $25 million from JPMorgan India Private Limited was attached by the ED in May 2020 the Enforcement Directorate issued a provisional attachment order as part ofin connection with the criminal PMLA proceedings freezing approximately $25 million held by JPMorgan India Private Limited. In June 2020, theinvestigation. These funds were transferredsubsequently disbursed pursuant to an account heldorder by the Supreme Court of India.India for completing outstanding construction of the projects. A separate civil proceeding relating to alleged FEMA violations is ongoing. The Firm is responding to and cooperating with the investigation.
Federal Republic of Nigeria Litigation. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. operated an escrow and depository account for the Federal Government of Nigeria (“FGN”) and two major international oil companies. The account held approximately $1.1 billion in connection with a dispute among the clients over rights to an oil field. Following the settlement of the dispute, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. paid out the monies in the account in 2011 and 2013 in accordance with directions received from its clients. In November 2017, the Federal Republic of Nigeria (“FRN”) commenced a claim in the English High Court for approximately $875 million in payments made out of the accounts. The FRN, claiming to be the same entity as the FGN, alleges that the payments were instructed as part of a complex fraud not involving JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., but that JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. was or should have been on notice that the payments may be fraudulent. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. applied for summary judgment and was unsuccessful. The claim is ongoing and noa trial date has been set.scheduled to commence in February 2022.
Foreign Exchange Investigations and Litigation. The Firm previously reported settlements with certain government authorities relating to its foreign exchange (“FX”) sales and trading activities and controls related to those activities. Among those resolutions, in May 2015, the Firm pleaded

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guilty to a single violation of federal antitrust law. In January 2017, the Firm was sentenced, with judgment entered thereafter and a term of probation ending in January 2020. The term of probation has concluded, with the Firm remaining in good standing throughout the probation period. The Department of Labor granted the Firm a five-year exemption of disqualification that allows the Firm and its affiliates to continue to rely on the Qualified Professional Asset Manager exemption under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) until January 2023. The Firm will need to reapply in due course for a further exemption to cover the remainder of the ten-year disqualification period. A South Africa Competition Commission matter is the remaining FX-related governmental inquiry, and is currently pending before the South Africa Competition Tribunal.
In August 2018, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted final approval to the Firm’s settlement of a consolidated class action brought by U.S.-based plaintiffs, which principally alleged violations of federal antitrust laws based on an alleged conspiracy to manipulate foreign exchange rates and also sought damages on behalf of persons who transacted in FX futures and options on futures. Certain members of the settlement class filed requests to the Court to be excluded from the class, and certain of them filed a complaint against the Firm and a number of other foreign exchange dealers in November 2018. A number of these actions remain pending. Further, a putative class actions haveaction has been filed against the Firm and a number of other foreign exchange dealers on behalf of certain consumers who purchased foreign currencies at allegedly inflated ratesrates. Another putative class action was brought against the Firm and other foreign exchange dealers on behalf of purported indirect purchasers of FX instruments; these actions also remain pending ininstruments. In 2020, the District Court. In 2020,Court approved a settlement by the Firm and 11 other defendants agreed to settle theof that class action filed by purported indirect purchasers for a total of $10 million. That settlement remains subject to court approval. In addition, some FX-related individual and putative class actions based on similar alleged underlying conduct have been filed outside the U.S., including in the U.K., Israel and Australia.
Inquiries Concerning Preservation Requirements. The Firm has been responding to requests for information and other material from certain of its regulators concerning its compliance with records preservation requirements in connection with business communications sent over electronic messaging channels that have not been approved by the Firm. The Firm is cooperating with these inquiries and is currently engaged in certain resolution discussions. There is no assurance that the discussions will result in a resolution.
Interchange Litigation. GroupsGroups of merchants and retail associations filed a series of class action complaints alleging that Visa and Mastercard, as well as certain banks, conspired to set the price of credit and debit card interchange fees and enacted related rules in violation of antitrust laws. In 2012, the parties initially settled the cases for a cash payment, a temporary reduction of credit card
interchange, and modifications to certain credit card network rules. In 2017, after the approval of that settlement was reversed on appeal, the case was remanded to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York for further proceedings consistent with the appellate decision.
The original class action was divided into 2 separate actions, one seeking primarily monetary relief and the other seeking primarily injunctive relief. In September 2018, the
parties to the class action seeking monetary relief finalized an agreement which amends and supersedes the prior settlement agreement. Pursuant to this settlement, the defendants collectively contributed an additional $900 million to the approximately $5.3 billion previously held in escrow from the original settlement. In December 2019, the amended agreement was approved by the District Court. Certain merchants appealed the District Court’s approval order, and those appeals are pending. Based on the percentage of merchants that opted out of the amended class settlement, $700 million has been returned to the defendants from the settlementescrow in accordance with the settlement agreement. The class action seeking primarily injunctive relief continues separately.
In addition, certain merchants have filed individual actions raising similar allegations against Visa and Mastercard, as well as against the Firm and other banks, and some of those actions remain pending.
LIBOR and Other Benchmark Rate Investigations and Litigation.Litigation. JPMorgan Chase has responded to inquiries from various governmental agencies and entities around the world relating primarily to the British Bankers Association’s ("BBA") London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) for various currencies and the European Banking Federation’s Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”). The Swiss Competition Commission’s investigation relating to EURIBOR, to which the Firm and other banks are subject, continues. In December 2016, the European Commission issued a decision against the Firm and other banks finding an infringement of European antitrust rules relating to EURIBOR. The Firm has filed an appeal of that decision with the European General Court, and that appeal is pending.
In addition, the Firm has been named as a defendant along with other banks in a series ofvarious individual and putative class actions related to benchmarks,benchmark rates, including U.S. dollar LIBOR during the period that it was administered by the BBA and, in a separate consolidated putative class action, during the period that it was administered by ICE Benchmark Administration. These actions have been filed, or consolidated for pre-trial purposes, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In these actions, plaintiffs make varying allegations that in various periods, starting in 2000 or later, defendants either individually or collectively manipulated various benchmark rates by submitting rates that were artificially low or high. Plaintiffs allege that they transacted in loans, derivatives or other financial instruments whose values are affected by changes in these rates and assert a variety of claims including antitrust claims seeking treble damages.
LIBOR. In actions related to U.S. dollar LIBOR during the period that it was administered by the BBA, the Firm has obtained dismissal of certain actions and resolved certain of theseother actions, and others are in various stages of litigation. The United States District Court dismissed certain claims, including antitrust claims brought by some plaintiffs whomfor the Southern District Court found did not have standing to assert such claims, and permitted certain claims to proceed, including

antitrust, Commodity Exchange Act, Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and common law claims. The plaintiffs whose antitrust claims were dismissed for lack of standing have filed an appeal. The District CourtNew York has granted class certification of antitrust claims related to bonds and interest rate swaps sold directly by the defendants, and denied class certification motions filed by other plaintiffs.including the Firm. In thea consolidated putative class action related to the time period that U.S. dollar LIBOR was administered by ICE Benchmark Administration, the District Court granted defendants’the motion by defendants, including the Firm, to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint, and the plaintiffs have
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appealed. In addition, in August 2020, a group of individual plaintiffs filed a lawsuit asserting antitrust claims, alleging that the Firm and other defendants were engaged in an unlawful agreement to set U.S. dollar LIBOR and conspired to monopolize the market for LIBOR-based consumer loans and credit cards. In November 2020 and May 2021, plaintiffs filed motions for a preliminary injunction each seeking to enjoin defendants from setting U.S. dollar LIBOR and to prohibit defendants from enforcing any financial instruments that rely on U.S. dollar LIBOR. The court has scheduled a hearing to address these motions in September 2021. The Firm’s settlements of putative class actions related to Swiss franc LIBOR, the Singapore Interbank Offered Rate and the Singapore Swap Offer Rate, (“SIBOR”),and the Australian Bank Bill Swap Reference Rate and certain of the putative class actions related to U.S. dollar LIBOR remain subject to court approval. In the class actions related to SIBOR and Swiss franc LIBOR, the District Court concluded that the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, and plaintiffs’ appeals of those decisions are pending.
Metals and U.S. Treasuries Investigations and Litigation and Related Inquiries. Various authorities, includingThe Firm previously reported that it and/or certain of its subsidiaries had entered into resolutions with the U.S. Department of Justice’s Criminal Division, are conductingJustice (“DOJ”), the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which, collectively, resolved those agencies’ respective investigations relating to historical trading practices by former employees in the precious metals and U.S. treasuries markets and related conduct. conduct from 2008 to 2016.
The Firm also is respondingentered into a Deferred Prosecution Agreement (“DPA”) with the DOJ in which it agreed to related requests concerning similar trading-practices issues in markets for other financial instruments, suchthe filing of a criminal information charging JPMorgan Chase & Co. with 2 counts of wire fraud and agreed, along with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, to certain terms and obligations as U.S. Treasuries. The Firm continuesset forth therein. Under the terms of the DPA, the criminal information will be dismissed after three years, provided that JPMorgan Chase & Co., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC fully comply with all of their obligations.
Across the 3 resolutions with the DOJ, CFTC and SEC, JPMorgan Chase & Co., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC agreed to cooperate with these investigations and is currently engaged in discussions with various regulators about resolving their respective investigations. There is no assurance that such discussions will result in settlements. pay a total monetary amount of approximately $920 million. A portion of the total monetary amount includes victim compensation payments.
Several putative class action complaints have been filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Firm and certain former employees, alleging a precious metals futures and options price manipulation scheme in violation of the Commodity Exchange Act. Some of the complaints also allege unjust enrichment and deceptive acts or practices under the General Business Law of the State of New York. The Court consolidated these putative class actions in February 2019, and the consolidated action is stayed through MayDecember 2021. In July 2021, the parties informed the Court that they have entered into a settlement to resolve the action. In Canada, plaintiffs have moved to commence putative class
action proceedings based on similar alleged underlying conduct for precious metals. In addition, several putative class actions have beenwere filed in the United States District Courts for the Northern District of Illinois and Southern District of New York against the Firm, alleging manipulation of U.S. TreasuriesTreasury futures and options, and bringing claims under the Commodity Exchange Act. Some of the complaints also allege unjust enrichment. A motion is pending beforeThe actions in the Northern District of Illinois have been transferred to the Southern District of New York. The Court consolidated these putative class actions in October 2020 and plaintiffs filed their consolidated amended complaint in April 2021. In May 2021, the parties informed the Court that they have entered into a settlement to resolve the action.
In October 2020, 2 putative class action complaints were filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in the United States Judicial PanelDistrict Court for the Eastern District of New York against the Firm and certain individual defendants on Multidistrictbehalf of shareholders who acquired shares during the putative class period alleging that certain SEC filings of the Firm were materially false or misleading in that they did not disclose certain information relating to the above-referenced investigations. The Court consolidated these putative class actions in January 2021. Plaintiffs filed their second amended complaint in May 2021, which additionally alleged that certain orders in precious metals futures contracts placed by precious metals futures traders during the putative class period were materially false and misleading. Defendants have moved to dismiss.
Securities Lending Antitrust Litigation to transfer. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, J.P. Morgan Prime, Inc., and consolidate or coordinate the actions. The Firm is also a defendantJ.P. Morgan Strategic Securities Lending Corp. are named as defendants in a consolidatedputative class action filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint asserts violations of federal antitrust law and New York alleging monopolizationState common law in connection with an alleged conspiracy to prevent the emergence of silver futuresanonymous exchange trading for securities lending transactions. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint was denied. Plaintiffs have moved to certify a class in violation of the Sherman Act.this action, which defendants are opposing.
Wendel. Since 2012, the French criminal authorities have been investigating a series of transactions entered into by senior managers of Wendel Investissement (“Wendel”) during the period from 2004 through 2007 to restructure their shareholdings in Wendel. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Paris branch provided financing for the transactions to a number of managers of Wendel in 2007. JPMorgan Chase hasBank, N.A. cooperated with the investigation. The investigating judges issued an ordonnance de renvoi in November 2016, referring JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. to the French tribunal correctionnel for alleged complicity in tax fraud. In January 2018, the Paris Court of Appeal issued a decision cancelling the mise en examen of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The Court of Cassation, France’s highest court, ruled in September 2018 that a mise en examen is a
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prerequisite for an ordonnance de renvoi and in January 2020 ordered the annulment of the ordonnance de renvoi referring JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. to the French tribunal correctionnel.correctionnel. The Court of Appeal found in January 2021 that it had no power to take further action against JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. following the Court of Cassation’s ruling. At the opening of a trial of the managers of Wendel in January 2021, the tribunal correctionnel directed the criminal authorities to clarify whether a further investigation should be opened against JPMorgan Chase, pending which the trial was postponed. In April 2021, the Court of Cassation declined to hear JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s appeal of the January 2021 decision of the tribunal correctionnel at this stage of the proceedings. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. continues to cooperate in this matter and is engaged with the French criminal authorities.In addition, a number of the managers have commenced civil proceedings against JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The claims are separate, involve different allegations and are at various stages of proceedings.
* * *
In addition to the various legal proceedings discussed above, JPMorgan Chase and its subsidiaries are named as defendants or are otherwise involved in a substantial number of other legal proceedings. The Firm believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding legal proceedings and it intends to defend itself vigorously. Additional legal proceedings may be initiated from time to time in the future.
The Firm has established reserves for several hundred of its currently outstanding legal proceedings. In accordance with the provisions of U.S. GAAP for contingencies, the Firm accrues for a litigation-related liability when it is probable that such a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Firm evaluates its outstanding legal proceedings each quarter to assess its litigation reserves, and makes adjustments in such reserves, upward or downward, as appropriate, based on management’s best judgment after consultation with counsel. The Firm’s legal expense/(benefit)expense was $185 million and $118 million and $69 million for the three months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively, and $315$213 million and $(12)$315 million for the six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019.2020. There is no assurance that the Firm’s litigation reserves will not need to be adjusted in the future.
In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of legal proceedings, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages, or where the matters present novel legal theories, involve a large number of parties or are in early stages of discovery, the Firm cannot state with confidence what will be the eventual outcomes of the currently pending matters, the timing of their ultimate resolution or the eventual losses, fines, penalties or consequences related to those matters. JPMorgan Chase

believes, based upon its current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, consideration of the material legal proceedings described above and after taking into
account its current litigation reserves and its estimated aggregate range of possible losses, that the other legal proceedings currently pending against it should not have a material adverse effect on the Firm’s consolidated financial condition. The Firm notes, however, that in light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves it has currently accrued or that a matter will not have material reputational consequences. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to JPMorgan Chase’s operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of JPMorgan Chase’s income for that period.


175

Note 2625 – Business segments
The Firm is managed on an LOB basis. There are 4 major reportable business segments - Consumer & Community Banking, Corporate & Investment Bank, Commercial Banking and Asset & Wealth Management. In addition, there is a Corporate segment. The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Firm’s Operating Committee. Segment results are presented on a managed basis. Refer to Segment results below, and Note 32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a further discussion concerningof JPMorgan Chase’s business segments.
Segment results
The following tables providetable provides a summary of the Firm’s segment results as of or for the three and six months ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, on a managed basis. The Firm’s definition of managed basis starts with the reported U.S. GAAP results and includes certain reclassifications to present total net revenue for the Firm (and each of the
reportable business segments) on an FTE basis. Accordingly, revenue from investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities is presented in the managed results on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities. Refer to Note 32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s managed basis.
Business segment capitalCapital allocation
The amount of capital assigned to each businesssegment is referred to as equity. Periodically, the assumptions and methodologies used to allocate capital are assessedreassessed and as a result, the capital allocated to the LOBs may change. Refer to Line of business equity on page 9098 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for additional information on business segment capital allocation.
Business segment changes
In
Segment results and reconciliation(a)
As of or for the three months
ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)		Consumer &
Community Banking		Corporate &
Investment Bank		Commercial BankingAsset & Wealth Management
20212020202120202021202020212020
Noninterest revenue$4,726$4,222$9,912$12,304$950$823$3,165$2,575
Net interest income8,0348,1363,3024,0791,5331,577942855
Total net revenue12,76012,35813,21416,3832,4832,4004,1073,430
Provision for credit losses(1,868)5,828(79)1,987(377)2,431(10)223
Noninterest expense7,0626,7676,5236,8129818932,5862,323
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)7,566(237)6,7707,5841,879(924)1,531884
Income tax expense/(benefit)1,932(61)1,7852,133459(243)378223
Net income/(loss)$5,634$(176)$4,985$5,451$1,420$(681)$1,153$661
Average equity$50,000$52,000$83,000$80,000$24,000$22,000$14,000$10,500
Total assets494,305498,6581,363,9921,080,189(b)226,022235,034217,284176,782
ROE44 %(2)%23 %27 %23 %(13)%32 %24 %
Overhead ratio5555 49 42 40 37 63 68 
As of or for the three months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)		Corporate
Reconciling Items(a)
Total
202120202021202020212020
Noninterest revenue$(208)$(67)$(807)$(635)(b)$17,738$19,222(b)
Net interest income(961)(687)(109)(107)12,74113,853
Total net revenue(1,169)(754)(916)(742)30,47933,075
Provision for credit losses49400(2,285)10,473
Noninterest expense5151470017,66716,942
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(1,733)(905)(916)(742)15,0975,660
Income tax expense/(benefit)(489)(337)(916)(742)(b)3,149973(b)
Net income/(loss)$(1,244)$(568)$0$0$11,948$4,687
Average equity$79,849$69,908$0$0$250,849$234,408
Total assets1,382,6531,221,980NANA3,684,2563,212,643(b)
ROENMNMNMNM18 %7 %
Overhead ratioNMNMNMNM58 51 (b)
(a)Segment managed results reflect revenue on an FTE basis with the first quarter of 2020, the Firm began reporting a Wholesale Payments business unitcorresponding income tax impact recorded within CIB following a realignment ofincome tax expense/(benefit). These adjustments are eliminated in reconciling items to arrive at the Firm’s wholesale payments businesses. The Wholesale Payments business comprises:reported U.S. GAAP results.
Merchant Services, which was realigned from CCB to CIB
Treasury Services and Trade Finance in CIB. Trade Finance was previously reported in Lending in CIB.
In connection with the alignment of Wholesale Payments, the assets, liabilities and headcount associated with the Merchant Services business were realigned to CIB from CCB, and the revenue and expenses of the Merchant Services business is reported across CCB, CIB and CB based primarily on client relationships. Prior periods(b) Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
176

Segment results and reconciliation(a)
As of or for the six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)		Consumer &
Community Banking		Corporate &
Investment Bank		Commercial BankingAsset & Wealth Management
20212020202120202021202020212020
Noninterest revenue$9,314$8,319$21,000$19,200$1,867$1,431$6,311$5,104
Net interest income15,96317,3266,8197,1863,0093,1341,8731,715
Total net revenue25,27725,64527,81926,3864,8764,5658,1846,819
Provision for credit losses(5,470)11,600(410)3,388(495)3,441(131)317
Noninterest expense14,26414,03613,62712,7671,9501,8795,1604,758
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)16,483914,60210,2313,421(755)3,1551,744
Income tax expense/(benefit)4,121(12)3,8772,795833(213)758414
Net income/(loss)$12,362$21$10,725$7,436$2,588$(542)$2,397$1,330
Average equity$50,000$52,000$83,000$80,000$24,000$22,000$14,000$10,500
Total assets494,305498,6581,363,9921,080,189(b)226,022235,034217,284176,782
ROE49 %(1)%25 %18 %21 %(6)%34 %25 %
Overhead ratio56 55 49 48 40 41 63 70 
As of or for the six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)		Corporate
Reconciling Items(a)
Total
202120202021202020212020
Noninterest revenue$174$264$(1,551)$(1,249)(b)$37,115$33,069(b)
Net interest income(1,816)(852)(218)(217)25,63028,292
Total net revenue(1,642)(588)(1,769)(1,466)62,74561,361
Provision for credit losses651200(6,441)18,758
Noninterest expense1,3912930036,39233,733
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(3,098)(893)(1,769)(1,466)32,7948,870
Income tax expense/(benefit)(1,274)(200)(1,769)(1,466)(b)6,5461,318(b)
Net income/(loss)$(1,824)$(693)$0$0$26,248$7,552
Average equity$77,209$69,969$0$0$248,209$234,469
Total assets1,382,6531,221,980NANA3,684,2563,212,643(b)
ROENMNMNMNM21 %6 %
Overhead ratioNMNMNMNM58 55 (b)
(a)Segment managed results reflect this realignment andrevenue on an FTE basis with the corresponding income tax impact recorded within income tax expense/(benefit). These adjustments are eliminated in reconciling items to arrive at the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results.
(b) Prior-period amounts have been revised allocation methodology.to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
177
Segment results and reconciliation(a)
As of or for the three months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)
Consumer &
Community Banking(b)
 Corporate &
Investment Bank		 Commercial Banking Asset & Wealth Management
2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
Noninterest revenue$4,116
$4,104
 $12,273
$7,660
 $815
$623
 $2,720
$2,683
Net interest income8,101
9,380
 4,079
2,171
 1,577
1,662
 890
876
Total net revenue12,217
13,484
 16,352
9,831
 2,392
2,285
 3,610
3,559
Provision for credit losses5,828
1,120
 1,987
—
 2,431
29
 223
2
Noninterest expense6,626
6,836
 6,764
5,661
 899
931
 2,506
2,596
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(237)5,528
 7,601
4,170
 (938)1,325
 881
961
Income tax expense/(benefit)(61)1,371
 2,137
1,224
 (247)323
 223
242
Net income/(loss)$(176)$4,157
 $5,464
$2,946
 $(691)$1,002
 $658
$719
Average equity$52,000
$52,000
 $80,000
$80,000
 $22,000
$22,000
 $10,500
$10,500
Total assets492,251
536,758
 1,080,761
976,430
 234,934
220,712
 183,189
172,149
ROE(2)%31% 27%14% (14)%17% 24%27%
Overhead ratio54
51
 41
58
 38
41
 69
73
As of or for the three months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)		Corporate 
Reconciling Items(a)
 
Total(b)
2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
Noninterest revenue$(67)$(125) $(730)$(596) $19,127
$14,349
Net interest income(687)447
 (107)(138) 13,853
14,398
Total net revenue(754)322
 (837)(734) 32,980
28,747
Provision for credit losses4
(2) —
—
 10,473
1,149
Noninterest expense147
232
 —
—
 16,942
16,256
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(905)92
 (837)(734) 5,565
11,342
Income tax expense/(benefit)(337)(736) (837)(734) 878
1,690
Net income/(loss)$(568)$828
 $—
$—
 $4,687
$9,652
Average equity$69,908
$68,526
 $—
$—
 $234,408
$233,026
Total assets1,221,980
821,330
 NA
NA
 3,213,115
2,727,379
ROENM
NM
 NM
NM
 7%16%
Overhead ratioNM
NM
 NM
NM
 51
57

(a)Segment managed results reflect revenue on an FTE basis with the corresponding income tax impact recorded within income tax expense/(benefit). These adjustments are eliminated in reconciling items to arrive at the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results.
(b)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

Segment results and reconciliation(a)
As of or for the six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)
Consumer &
Community Banking(b)
 Corporate &
Investment Bank		 Commercial Banking Asset & Wealth Management
2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
Noninterest revenue$8,075
$8,142
 $19,114
$15,496
 $1,436
$1,356
 $5,429
$5,276
Net interest income17,254
18,785
 7,186
4,369
 3,134
3,342
 1,787
1,772
Total net revenue25,329
26,927
 26,300
19,865
 4,570
4,698
 7,216
7,048
Provision for credit losses11,600
2,434
 3,388
87
 3,441
119
 317
4
Noninterest expense13,728
13,759
 12,660
11,290
 1,887
1,869
 5,165
5,243
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)1
10,734
 10,252
8,488
 (758)2,710
 1,734
1,801
Income tax expense/(benefit)(14)2,630
 2,800
2,282
 (214)648
 412
421
Net income/(loss)$15
$8,104
 $7,452
$6,206
 $(544)$2,062
 $1,322
$1,380
Average equity$52,000
$52,000
 $80,000
$80,000
 $22,000
$22,000
 $10,500
$10,500
Total assets492,251
536,758
 1,080,761
976,430
 234,934
220,712
 183,189
172,149
Return on equity(1)%31% 18%15% (6)%18% 24%26%
Overhead ratio54
51
 48
57
 41
40
 72
74
As of or for the six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except ratios)		Corporate 
Reconciling Items(a)
 
Total(b)
2020
2019
 2020
2019
 2020
2019
Noninterest revenue$264
$(117) $(1,438)$(1,181) $32,880
$28,972
Net interest income(852)864
 (217)(281) 28,292
28,851
Total net revenue(588)747
 (1,655)(1,462) 61,172
57,823
Provision for credit losses12
—
 —
—
 18,758
2,644
Noninterest expense293
443
 —
—
 33,733
32,604
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(893)304
 (1,655)(1,462) 8,681
22,575
Income tax expense/(benefit)(200)(775) (1,655)(1,462) 1,129
3,744
Net income/(loss)$(693)$1,079
 $—
$—
 $7,552
$18,831
Average equity$69,969
$67,047
 $—
$—
 $234,469
$231,547
Total assets1,221,980
821,330
 NA
NA
 3,213,115
2,727,379
Return on equityNM
NM
 NM
NM
 6%16%
Overhead ratioNM
NM
 NM
NM
 55
56
(a)Segment managed results reflect revenue on an FTE basis with the corresponding income tax impact recorded within income tax expense/(benefit). These adjustments are eliminated in reconciling items to arrive at the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results.
(b)In the second quarter of 2020, the Firm reclassified certain spend-based credit card reward costs from marketing expense to be a reduction of card income, with no effect on net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.






jpm-20210630_g4.jpg
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of JPMorgan Chase & Co.:
Results of Review of Interim Financial Statements
We have reviewed the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries (the “Firm”) as of June 30, 2020,2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, and changes in stockholders’ equity for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 and 2019 and the
consolidated statements of cash flows for the six-month
periods ended June 30, 20202021 and 2019,2020, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “interim financial statements”). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying interim financial statements for them to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of the Firm as of December 31, 2019,2020, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein), and in our report dated February 25,23, 2021, which included a paragraph describing a change in the manner of accounting for credit losses on certain financial instruments in the 2020 financial statements, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet information as of December 31, 2019,2020, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.

Basis for Review Results
These interim financial statements are the responsibility of the Firm’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)(PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Firm in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our review in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

pwcsig2020.jpg
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August 3, 20202, 2021

























PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 300 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017
178

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates (unaudited)
(Taxable-equivalent interest and rates; in millions, except rates)
Three months ended June 30, 2021Three months ended June 30, 2020
Average
balance
Interest(g)
Rate
(annualized)		Average
balance
Interest(g)
Rate
(annualized)
Assets
Deposits with banks$721,214 $103 0.06 %$477,895 $70 0.06 %
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements255,831 175 0.27 244,306 601 0.99 
Securities borrowed190,785 (90)(0.19)(h)141,328 (175)

(0.50)(h)
Trading assets – debt instruments277,024 1,719 2.49 345,073 2,074 2.42 
Taxable securities553,603 1,577 1.14 466,324 2,154 1.86 
Nontaxable securities(a)
31,481 339 4.32 33,930 373 4.42 
Total investment securities585,084 1,916 1.31 (i)500,254 2,527 2.03 (i)
Loans1,024,633 10,177 3.98 1,029,513 10,922 4.27 
All other interest-earning assets(b)
122,624 203 0.66 81,320 200 0.99 
Total interest-earning assets3,177,195 14,203 1.79 2,819,689 16,219 2.31 
Allowance for loan losses(22,965)(23,287)
Cash and due from banks26,758 22,169 
Trading assets – equity and other instruments195,038 99,115 
Trading assets – derivative receivables74,462 79,298 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible Assets54,512 51,785 
All other noninterest-earning assets(c)
223,687 179,560 
Total assets$3,728,687 $3,228,329 
Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits$1,669,376 $132 0.03 %$1,375,213 $349 0.10 %
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements261,343 60 0.09 276,815 131 0.19 
Short-term borrowings(d)
46,185 33 0.30 45,297 124 1.11 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing
liabilities(e)(f)
246,666 51 0.08 (h)207,322 (43)(0.08)(h)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs15,117 21 0.55 20,331 59 1.15 
Long-term debt248,552 1,056 1.70 269,336 1,639 2.45 
Total interest-bearing liabilities2,487,239 1,353 0.22 2,194,314 2,259 0.41 
Noninterest-bearing deposits654,419 515,304 
Trading liabilities – equity and other instruments(f)
35,397 33,797 
Trading liabilities – derivative payables62,533 63,178 
All other liabilities, including the allowance for lending-related commitments(c)
205,584 157,265 
Total liabilities3,445,172 2,963,858 
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock32,666 30,063 
Common stockholders’ equity250,849 234,408 
Total stockholders’ equity283,515 264,471 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,728,687 $3,228,329 
Interest rate spread1.57 %1.90 %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets$12,850 1.62 $13,960 1.99 
(a)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(b)Includes brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets, which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(c)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(d)Includes commercial paper.
(e)All other interest-bearing liabilities include brokerage-related customer payables.
(f)The combined balance of trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments was $135.6 billion and $108.9 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(g)Interest includes the effect of certain related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(h)Negative interest income and yield are related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities.
(i)The annualized rate for securities based on amortized cost was 1.33% and 2.07% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in AOCI.
179

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates (unaudited)Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates (unaudited)Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates (unaudited)
(Taxable-equivalent interest and rates; in millions, except rates)(Taxable-equivalent interest and rates; in millions, except rates)(Taxable-equivalent interest and rates; in millions, except rates)
   
Three months ended June 30, 2020 Three months ended June 30, 2019 Six months ended June 30, 2021Six months ended June 30, 2020
Average
balance
Interest(f)
 Rate
(annualized)		 Average
balance
Interest(f)
 Rate
(annualized)		Average
balance
Interest(g)
Rate
(annualized)		Average
balance
Interest(g)
Rate
(annualized)
Assets      Assets
Deposits with banks$477,895
$70
 0.06 % $289,838
$1,132
 1.57 Deposits with banks$676,658 $168 0.05 %$378,821 $639 0.34 %
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements244,306
601
 0.99
 288,781
1,676
 2.33 Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements272,704 408 0.30 248,855 1,696 1.37 
Securities borrowed141,328
(175) (0.50)
(g) 
 126,157
467

1.48 Securities borrowed182,945 (167)(0.18)(h)138,728 (23)(0.03)(h)
Trading assets – debt instruments380,442
2,363
 2.50
 351,716
2,927
 3.34 Trading assets – debt instruments299,710 3,509 2.36 324,940 4,149 2.57 
Taxable securities466,324
2,154
 1.86
 244,814
1,875
 3.07 Taxable securities552,097 3,182 1.16 427,270 4,387 2.06 
Nontaxable securities(a)
33,930
373
 4.42
 36,418
422
 4.65 
Nontaxable securities(a)
31,682 687 4.37 33,621 738 4.41 
Total investment securities500,254
2,527
 2.03
(h) 
 281,232
2,297
 3.28
(h) 
Total investment securities583,779 3,869 1.34 (i)460,891 5,125 2.24 (i)
Loans997,558
10,655
 4.30
 954,854
12,770
 5.36 Loans1,019,109 20,394 4.04 1,015,509 23,261 4.61 
All other interest-earning assets(b)
78,072
178
 0.92
 46,516
472
 4.07 
All other interest-earning assets(b)
117,117 402 0.69 74,875 643 1.73 
Total interest-earning assets2,819,855
16,219
 2.31
 2,339,094
21,741
 3.73 Total interest-earning assets3,152,022 28,583 1.83 2,642,619 35,490 2.70 
Allowance for loan losses(23,287)    (13,428)  Allowance for loan losses(25,602)(20,322)
Cash and due from banks22,169
    20,651
  Cash and due from banks25,968 21,918 
Trading assets – equity and other instruments99,115
    120,545
  Trading assets – equity and other instruments177,480 106,797 
Trading assets – derivative receivables79,298
    52,659
  Trading assets – derivative receivables76,725 72,803 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets
51,785
    54,144
  
All other noninterest-earning assets180,333
    165,390
  
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible AssetsGoodwill, MSRs and other intangible Assets54,223 52,238 
All other noninterest-earning assets(c)
All other noninterest-earning assets(c)
210,268 182,773 
Total assets$3,229,268
    $2,739,055
  Total assets$3,671,084 $3,058,826 
Liabilities      Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits$1,375,213
$349
 0.10 % $1,104,051
$2,413
 0.88 Interest-bearing deposits$1,640,085 $278 0.03 %$1,295,884 $1,924 0.30 %
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements276,815
131
 0.19
 227,313
1,226
 2.16 Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements281,254 75 0.05 260,368 918 0.71 
Short-term borrowings(c)
45,297
124
 1.11
 58,262
363
 2.49 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing
liabilities(d)(e)
207,322
(43) (0.08)
(g) 
 191,655
762
 1.60 
Short-term borrowings(d)
Short-term borrowings(d)
44,120 66 0.31 41,292 275 1.34 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing
liabilities(e)(f)
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing
liabilities(e)(f)
238,836 78 0.07 (h)200,138 329 0.33 (h)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs20,331
59
 1.15
 26,713
175
 2.63 Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs16,145 48 0.60 19,189 149 1.56 
Long-term debt269,336
1,639
 2.45
 246,053
2,266
 3.69 Long-term debt244,000 2,190 1.81 256,666 3,386 2.65 
Total interest-bearing liabilities2,194,314
2,259
 0.41
 1,854,047
7,205
 1.56 Total interest-bearing liabilities2,464,440 2,735 0.22 2,073,537 6,981 0.68 
Noninterest-bearing deposits515,304
    408,243
  Noninterest-bearing deposits634,403 467,467 
Trading liabilities – equity and other instruments(e)
33,797
    30,170
  
Trading liabilities – equity and other instruments(f)
Trading liabilities – equity and other instruments(f)
35,214 32,259 
Trading liabilities – derivative payables63,178
    40,233
  Trading liabilities – derivative payables65,231 59,084 
All other liabilities, including the allowance for lending-related commitments158,204
    146,343
  
All other liabilities, including the allowance for lending-related commitments(c)
All other liabilities, including the allowance for lending-related commitments(c)
192,091 162,276 
Total liabilities2,964,797
    2,479,036
  Total liabilities3,391,379 2,794,623 
Stockholders’ equity      Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock30,063
    26,993
  Preferred stock31,496 29,734 
Common stockholders’ equity234,408
    233,026
  Common stockholders’ equity248,209 234,469 
Total stockholders’ equity264,471
    260,019
  Total stockholders’ equity279,705 264,203 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,229,268
    $2,739,055
  Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,671,084 $3,058,826 
Interest rate spread  1.90 %   2.17 Interest rate spread1.61 %2.02 %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets $13,960
 1.99
  $14,536
 2.49 Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets$25,848 1.65 $28,509 2.17 
(a)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(b)Includes prime brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets, which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(c)Includes commercial paper.
(d)All other interest-bearing liabilities include prime brokerage-related customer payables.
(e)The combined balance of trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments was $108.9 billion and $111.0 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(f)Interest includes the effect of certain related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(g)Negative interest income and yield are related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities.
(h)The annualized rate for securities based on amortized cost was 2.07% and 3.32% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in AOCI.

(a)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(b)Includes brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets, which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(c)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Note 1 for further information.
(d)Includes commercial paper.
(e)All other interest-bearing liabilities include brokerage-related customer payables.
(f)The combined balance of trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments was $131.0 billion and $105.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(g)Interest includes the effect of certain related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(h)Negative interest income and yield are related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities.
(i)The annualized rate for securities based on amortized cost was 1.35% and 2.27% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in AOCI.
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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates (unaudited)
(Taxable-equivalent interest and rates; in millions, except rates)
    
  Six months ended June 30, 2020 Six months ended June 30, 2019
 Average
balance
Interest(f)
 Rate
(annualized)		 Average
balance
Interest(f)
 Rate
(annualized)
Assets           
Deposits with banks$378,821
$639
 0.34 %  $290,058
$2,302
 1.60% 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements248,856
1,696
 1.37
  288,631
3,323
 2.32
 
Securities borrowed138,728
(23) (0.03)
(g) 
 124,820
864
 1.40
 
Trading assets – debt instruments363,676
4,835
 2.67
  337,209
5,709
 3.41
 
Taxable securities427,270
4,387
 2.06
  232,880
3,580
 3.10
 
Nontaxable securities(a)
33,621
738
 4.41
  37,496
875
 4.71
 
Total investment securities460,891
5,125
 2.24
(h) 
 270,376
4,455
 3.32
(h) 
Loans980,189
22,621
 4.64
  961,400
25,690
 5.39
 
All other interest-earning assets(b)
71,633
597
 1.68
  46,611
930
 4.03
 
Total interest-earning assets2,642,794
35,490
 2.70
  2,319,105
43,273
 3.76
 
Allowance for loan losses(20,322)     (13,480)    
Cash and due from banks21,918
     21,052
    
Trading assets – equity and other instruments106,797
     114,605
    
Trading assets – derivative receivables72,803
     52,591
    
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets
52,238
     54,222
    
All other noninterest-earning assets183,522
     163,940
    
Total assets$3,059,750
     $2,712,035
    
Liabilities           
Interest-bearing deposits$1,295,884
$1,924
 0.30 %  $1,092,228
$4,601
 0.85% 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements260,368
918
 0.71
  218,240
2,336
 2.16
 
Short-term borrowings(c)
41,292
275
 1.34
  62,643
790
 2.54
 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities(d)(e)
200,138
329
 0.33
(g) 
 187,590
1,481
 1.59
 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs19,189
149
 1.56
  24,782
325
 2.64
 
Long-term debt256,666
3,386
 2.65
  247,171
4,608
 3.76
 
Total interest-bearing liabilities2,073,537
6,981
 0.68
  1,832,654
14,141
 1.56
 
Noninterest-bearing deposits467,467
     403,880
    
Trading liabilities – equity and other instruments(e)
32,259
     32,440
    
Trading liabilities – derivative payables59,084
     39,902
    
All other liabilities, including the allowance for lending-related commitments163,200
     144,553
    
Total liabilities2,795,547
     2,453,429
    
Stockholders’ equity           
Preferred stock29,734
     27,059
    
Common stockholders’ equity234,469
     231,547
    
Total stockholders’ equity264,203
     258,606
    
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,059,750
     $2,712,035
    
Interest rate spread   2.02 %     2.20% 
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets $28,509
 2.17
   $29,132
 2.53
 
(a)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(b)Includes prime brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets, which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(c)Includes commercial paper.
(d)Other interest-bearing liabilities include prime brokerage-related customer payables.
(e)The combined balance of trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments were $105.0 billion and $109.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(f)Interest includes the effect of certain related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(g)Negative interest income and yield are related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other liabilities.
(h)The annualized rate for securities based on amortized cost was 2.27% and 3.36% and for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in AOCI.


GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS
20192020 Form 10-K: Annual report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2019,2020, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
ABS: Asset-backed securities
Active foreclosures: Loans referred to foreclosure where formal foreclosure proceedings are ongoing. Includes both judicial and non-judicial states.
AFS: Available-for-sale
Allowance for loan losses to total retained loans: represents period-end allowance for loan losses divided by retained loans.
Amortized cost: Amount at which a financing receivable or investment is originated or acquired, adjusted for accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, charge-offs, foreign exchange, and fair value hedge accounting adjustments. For AFS securities, amortized cost is also reduced by any impairment losses recognized in earnings. Amortized cost is not reduced by the allowance for credit losses, except where explicitly presented net.
AOCI: Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
ARM(s): Adjustable rate mortgage(s)
AUC: “Assets under custody”: Represents assets held directly or indirectly on behalf of clients under safekeeping, custody and servicing arrangements.
Auto loan and lease origination volume: Dollar amount of auto loans and leases originated.
AWM: Asset & Wealth Management
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs: represents the interest of third-party holders of debt, equity securities, or other obligations, issued by VIEs that JPMorgan Chase consolidates.
Benefit obligation: refers to the projected benefit obligation for pension plans and the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for OPEB plans.
BHC: Bank holding company
Bridge Financing Portfolio: A portfolio of held-for-sale unfunded loan commitments and funded loans. The unfunded commitments include both short-term bridge loan commitments that will ultimately be replaced by longer term financing as well as term loan commitments. The funded loans include term loans and funded revolver facilities.
CB: Commercial Banking
CBB: Consumer & Business Banking
CCAR: Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
CCB: Consumer & Community Banking
CDS: Credit default swaps
CECL: Current Expected Credit Losses
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CET1 capital: Common equity Tier 1 capital
CFTC: Commodity Futures Trading Commission
CFO: Chief Financial Officer
CIB: Corporate & Investment Bank
CIO: Chief Investment Office
Client assets: Represent assets under management as well as custody, brokerage, administration and deposit accounts.
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities: Deposits, as well as deposits that are swept to on-balance sheet liabilities (e.g., commercial paper, federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements) as part of client cash management programs.
CLTV: Combined loan-to-value
CMT: Constant Maturity Treasury
Collateral-dependent: A loan is considered to be collateral-dependent when repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is deemed probable based on borrower delinquency.
Commercial Card: provides a wide range of payment services to corporate and public sector clients worldwide through the commercial card products. Services include procurement, corporate travel and entertainment, expense management services, and business-to-business payment solutions.
CPFF: Commercial Paper Funding Facility
Credit derivatives: Financial instruments whose value is derived from the credit risk associated with the debt of a third-party issuer (the reference entity) which allow one party (the protection purchaser) to transfer that risk to another party (the protection seller). Upon the occurrence of a credit event by the reference entity, which may include, among other events, the bankruptcy or failure to pay its obligations, or certain restructurings of the debt of the reference entity, neither party has recourse to the reference entity. The protection purchaser has recourse to the protection seller for the difference between the face value of the CDS contract and the fair value at the time of settling the credit derivative contract. The determination as to whether a credit event has occurred is generally made by the relevant International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Determinations Committee.
Criticized: Criticized loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables that are classified as special mention, substandard and doubtful categories for regulatory purposes and are generally consistent with a rating of CCC+/Caa1 and below, as defined by S&P and Moody’s.
CRO: Chief Risk Officer
CVA: Credit valuation adjustment
DVA: Debit valuation adjustment
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EC: European Commission
Eligible HQLA: Eligible high-quality liquid assets, for purposes of calculating the LCR, is the amount of unencumbered HQLA that satisfy certain operational considerations as defined in the LCR rule.
Eligible LTD: Long-term debt satisfying certain eligibility criteria

Embedded derivatives: are implicit or explicit terms or features of a financial instrument that affect some or all of the cash flows or the value of the instrument in a manner similar to a derivative. An instrument containing such terms or features is referred to as a “hybrid.” The component of the hybrid that is the non-derivative instrument is referred to as the “host.” For example, callable debt is a hybrid instrument that contains a plain vanilla debt instrument (i.e., the host) and an embedded option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt issue at a specified date for a specified amount (i.e., the embedded derivative). However, a floating rate instrument is not a hybrid composed of a fixed-rate instrument and an interest rate swap.
ERISA: Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
EPS: Earnings per share
ESG: Environmental, Social and Governance
Exchange-traded derivatives: Derivative contracts that are executed on an exchange and settled via a central clearing house.
Expense categories:
•Volume- andand/or revenue-related expenses generally correlate with changes in the related business/transaction volume or revenue. Examples of volume- and revenue-related expenses include commissions and incentive compensation, depreciation expense related to operating lease assets, and brokerage expense related to equities trading transaction volume.
•Investments include expenses associated with supporting medium- to longer-term strategic plans of the Firm. Examples of investments include initiatives in technology (including related compensation), marketing, and compensation for new bankers and client advisors.
•Structural expenses are those associated with the day-to-day cost of running the bank and are expenses not covered by the above two categories. Examples of structural expenses include employee salaries and benefits, as well as noncompensation costs such as real estate and all other expenses.
EU: European Union
Fannie Mae: Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA: Financial Conduct Authority
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Reserve: The Board of the Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FFIEC: Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
FHA: Federal Housing Administration
FHLB: Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO score: A measure of consumer credit risk based on information in consumer credit reports produced by Fair Isaac Corporation. Because certain aged data is excluded from credit reports based on rules in the Fair Credit Reporting Act, FICO scores may not reflect all historical information about a consumer.
FINRA: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
Firm: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Follow-on offering: An issuance of shares following a company's IPO.
Forward points: represents the interest rate differential between two currencies, which is either added to or subtracted from the current exchange rate (i.e., “spot rate”) to determine the forward exchange rate.
FRBB: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
FRBNY: Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Freddie Mac: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
Free-standing derivatives: is a derivative contract entered into either separate and apart from any of the Firm’s other financial instruments or equity transactions. Or, in conjunction with some other transaction and is legally detachable and separately exercisable.
FTE: Fully taxable-equivalent
FVA: Funding valuation adjustment
FX: Foreign exchange
G7: “Group of Seven nations”: Countries in the G7 are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S.
G7 government securities: Securities issued by the government of one of the G7 nations.
Ginnie Mae: Government National Mortgage Association
GSIB: Global systemically important banks
HELOC: Home equity line of credit
Home equity – senior lien: represents loans and commitments where JPMorgan Chase holds the first security interest on the property.
Home equity – junior lien: represents loans and commitments where JPMorgan Chase holds a security interest that is subordinate in rank to other liens.
HQLA: High-quality liquid assets
HTM: Held-to-maturity
IBOR: Interbank Offered Rate
IDI: Insured depository institutions
IHC: JPMorgan Chase Holdings LLC, an intermediate holding company
IPO: Initial public offering
Investment-grade: An indication of credit quality based on JPMorgan Chase’s internal risk assessment system. “Investment grade” generally represents a risk profile
182

similar to a rating of a “BBB-”/“Baa3” or better, as defined by independent rating agencies.
IR: Interest rate
ISDA: International Swaps and Derivatives Association
JPMorgan Chase: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.: JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association
JPMorgan Chase Foundation or Foundation: a not-for-profit organization that makes contributions for charitable and educational purposes.
J.P. Morgan Securities: J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
LCR: Liquidity coverage ratio
LGD: Loss given default
LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate

LLC: Limited Liability Company
LOB: Line of business
LTV: “Loan-to-value ratio”: For residential real estate loans, the relationship, expressed as a percentage, between the principal amount of a loan and the appraised value of the collateral (i.e., residential real estate) securing the loan.
Origination date LTV ratio
The LTV ratio at the origination date of the loan. Origination date LTV ratios are calculated based on the actual appraised values of collateral (i.e., loan-level data) at the origination date.
Current estimated LTV ratio
An estimate of the LTV as of a certain date. The current estimated LTV ratios are calculated using estimated collateral values derived from a nationally recognized home price index measured at the metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”) level. These MSA-level home price indices consist of actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. As a result, the estimated collateral values used to calculate these ratios do not represent actual appraised loan-level collateral values; as such, the resulting LTV ratios are necessarily imprecise and should therefore be viewed as estimates.
Combined LTV ratio
The LTV ratio considering all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property. Combined LTV ratios are used for junior lien home equity products.
Managed basis: A non-GAAP presentation of Firmwide financial results that includes reclassifications to present revenue on a fully taxable-equivalent basis. Management also uses this financial measure at the segment level, because it believes this provides information to enable investors to understand the underlying operational performance and trends of the particular business segment and facilitates a comparison of the business segment with the performance of competitors.

Master netting agreement: A single agreement with a counterparty that permits multiple transactions governed by that agreement to be terminated or accelerated and settled through a single payment in a single currency in the event of a default (e.g., bankruptcy, failure to make a required payment or securities transfer or deliver collateral or margin when due).
Measurement alternative: Measures equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.
Merchant Services: offers merchants payment processing capabilities, fraud and risk management, data and analytics, and other payments services. Through Merchant Services, merchants of all sizes can accept payments via credit and debit cards and payments in multiple currencies.
MEV: Macroeconomic variable
MBS: Mortgage-backed securities
MD&A: Management’s discussion and analysis
MMLF: Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility
MMMF: Money market mutual funds
Moody’s: Moody’s Investor Services
Mortgage product types:
Alt-A
Alt-A loans are generally higher in credit quality than subprime loans but have characteristics that would disqualify the borrower from a traditional prime loan. Alt-A lending characteristics may include one or more of the following: (i) limited documentation; (ii) a high CLTV ratio; (iii) loans secured by non-owner occupied properties; or (iv) a debt-to-income ratio above normal limits. A substantial proportion of the Firm’s Alt-A loans are those where a borrower does not provide complete documentation of his or her assets or the amount or source of his or her income.
Option ARMs
The option ARM real estate loan product is an adjustable-rate mortgage loan that provides the borrower with the option each month to make a fully amortizing, interest-only or minimum payment. The minimum payment on an option ARM loan is based on the interest rate charged during the introductory period. This introductory rate is usually significantly below the fully indexed rate. The fully indexed rate is calculated using an index rate plus a margin. Once the introductory period ends, the contractual interest rate charged on the loan increases to the fully indexed rate and adjusts monthly to reflect movements in the index. The minimum payment is typically insufficient to cover interest accrued in the prior month, and any unpaid interest is deferred and added to the principal balance of the loan. Option ARM loans are subject to payment recast, which converts the loan to a variable-rate fully amortizing loan upon meeting specified loan balance and anniversary date triggers.

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Prime
Prime mortgage loans are made to borrowers with good credit records who meet specific underwriting requirements, including prescriptive requirements related to income and overall debt levels. New prime mortgage borrowers provide full documentation and generally have reliable payment histories.
Subprime
Subprime loans are loans that, prior to mid-2008, were offered to certain customers with one or more high risk characteristics, including but not limited to: (i) unreliable or poor payment histories; (ii) a high LTV ratio of greater than 80% (without borrower-paid mortgage insurance); (iii) a high debt-to-income ratio; (iv) an occupancy type for the loan is other than the borrower’s primary residence; or (v) a history of delinquencies or late payments on the loan.
MSA: Metropolitan statistical areas
MSR: Mortgage servicing rights
NA: Data is not applicable or available for the period presented.
NAV: Net Asset Value
Net Capital Rule: Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Net charge-off/(recovery) rate: represents net charge-offs/(recoveries) (annualized) divided by average retained loans for the reporting period.
Net interchange income includes the following components:
•Interchange income: Fees earned by credit and debit card issuers on sales transactions.
•
Interchange income: Fees
•Rewards costs: The cost to the Firm for points earned by cardholders enrolled in credit card rewards programs generally tied to sales transactions.
•Partner payments: Payments to co-brand credit card partners based on the cost of loyalty program rewards earned by cardholders on credit and debit card issuers on sales transactions.
•
Rewards costs: The cost to the Firm for points earned by cardholders enrolled in credit card rewards programs generally tied to sales transactions.
•
Partner payments: Payments to co-brand credit card partners based on the cost of loyalty program rewards earned by cardholders on credit card transactions.
Net yield on interest-earning assets: The average rate for interest-earning assets less the average rate paid for all sources of funds.
NFA: National Futures Association
NM: Not meaningful
Nonaccrual loans: Loans for which interest income is not recognized on an accrual basis. Loans (other than credit card loans and certain consumer loans insured by U.S. government agencies) are placed on nonaccrual status when full payment of principal and interest is not expected, regardless of delinquency status, or when principal and interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. Collateral-dependent loans are typically maintained on nonaccrual status.

Nonperforming assets: Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, nonperforming derivatives and certain assets acquired in loan satisfactions, predominantly real estate owned and other commercial and personal property.
NSFR: Net Stable Funding Ratio
OCC: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI: Other comprehensive income/(loss)
OPEB: Other postretirement employee benefit
OTC: “Over-the-counter derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are negotiated, executed and settled bilaterally between two derivative counterparties, where one or both counterparties is a derivatives dealer.
OTC cleared: “Over-the-counter cleared derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are negotiated and executed bilaterally, but subsequently settled via a central clearing house, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of that clearing house.
OTTI: Other-than-temporary impairment
Overhead ratio: Noninterest expense as a percentage of total net revenue.
Parent Company: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Participating securities: represents unvested share-based compensation awards containing nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (collectively, “dividends”), which are included in the earnings per share calculation using the two-class method. JPMorgan Chase grants restricted stock and RSUs to certain employees under its share-based compensation programs, which entitle the recipients to receive nonforfeitable dividends during the vesting period on a basis equivalent to the dividends paid to
holders of common stock. These unvested awards meet the definition of participating securities. Under the two-class method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to each class of common stock and participating securities, based on their respective rights to receive dividends.
PCD: “Purchased credit deteriorated” assets represent acquired financial assets that as of the date of acquisition have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, as determined by the Firm.
PCI: “Purchased credit-impaired” loansrepresented certain loans that were acquired and deemed to be credit-impaired on the acquisition date. The superseded FASB guidance allowed purchasers to aggregate credit-impaired loans acquired in the same fiscal quarter into one or more pools, provided that the loans had common risk characteristics (e.g., product type, LTV ratios, FICO scores, past due status, geographic location). A pool was then accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows.
PD: Probability of default
PDCF: Primary Dealer Credit Facility
Phishing: a type of social engineering cyberattack received through email or online messages.
PPP: Paycheck Protection Program under the Small Business Association ("SBA")
PRA: Prudential Regulation Authority
Pre-provision profit/(loss): represents total net revenue less noninterest expense. The Firm believes that this financial measure is useful in assessing the ability of a lending institution to generate income in excess of its provision for credit losses.

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Principal transactions revenue: Principal transactions revenue is driven by many factors, including the bid-offer spread, which is the difference between the price at which the Firm is willing to buy a financial or other instrument and the price at which the Firm is willing to sell that instrument. It also consists of realized (as a result of closing out or termination of transactions, or interim cash payments) and unrealized (as a result of changes in valuation) gains and losses on financial and other instruments (including those accounted for under the fair value option) primarily used in client-driven market-making activities and on private equity investments. In connection with its client-driven market-making activities, the Firm transacts in debt and equity instruments, derivatives and commodities (including physical commodities inventories and financial instruments that reference commodities). Principal transactions revenue also includes certain realized and unrealized gains and losses related to hedge accounting and specified risk-management activities, including: (a) certain derivatives designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships (primarily fair value hedges of commodity and foreign exchange risk), (b) certain derivatives used for specific risk management purposes, primarily to mitigate credit risk and foreign exchange risk, and (c) other derivatives.
PSU(s): Performance share units
Regulatory VaR: Daily aggregated VaR calculated in accordance with regulatory rules.

REO: Real estate owned
Reported basis: Financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP, which excludes the impact of taxable-equivalent adjustments.
Retained loans: Loans that are held-for-investment (i.e. excludes loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value).
Revenue wallet: Total fee revenue based on estimates of investment banking fees generated across the industry (i.e., the revenue wallet) from investment banking transactions in M&A, equity and debt underwriting, and loan syndications. Source: Dealogic, a third-party provider of investment banking competitive analysis and volume based league tables for the above noted industry products.
RHS: Rural Housing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
ROE: Return on equity
ROTCE: Return on tangible common equity
ROU assets: Right-of-use assets
RSU(s): Restricted stock units
RWA: “Risk-weighted assets”: Basel III establishes two comprehensive approaches for calculating RWA (a Standardized approach and an Advanced approach) which include capital requirements for credit risk, market risk, and in the case of Basel III Advanced, also operational risk. Key differences in the calculation of credit risk RWA between the Standardized and Advanced approaches are that for Basel III Advanced, credit risk RWA is based on risk-sensitive
approaches which largely rely on the use of internal credit models and parameters, whereas for Basel III Standardized, credit risk RWA is generally based on supervisory risk-weightings which vary primarily by counterparty type and asset class. Market risk RWA is calculated on a generally consistent basis between Basel III Standardized and Basel III Advanced.
Scored portfolios: Consumer loan portfolios that predominantly include residential real estate loans, credit card loans, auto loans to individuals and certain small business loans.
S&P: Standard and Poors
SAR(s): Stock appreciation rights
SCB: Stress capital buffer
SEC: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Seed capital: Initial JPMorgan capital invested in products, such as mutual funds, with the intention of ensuring the fund is of sufficient size to represent a viable offering to clients, enabling pricing of its shares, and allowing the manager to develop a track record. After these goals are achieved, the intent is to remove the Firm’s capital from the investment.
Shelf Deals:securities: Shelf offerings are SEC provisions that allow issuers to register for new securities without selling the entire issuance at once. Since these issuances are filedSecurities registered with the SEC but areunder a
shelf registration statement that have not yet priced in the market, theybeen issued,
offered or sold. These securities are not included in the league
tables until the actual securities are issued.they have actually been issued.
Single-name: Single reference-entities
SLR: Supplementary leverage ratio
SMBS: Stripped mortgage-backed securities
SMCCF: Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility
SOFR: Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SPEs: Special purpose entities
SPV: Special purpose vehicle
Structural interest rate risk: represents interest rate risk of the non-trading assets and liabilities of the Firm.
Structured notes: Structured notes are financial instruments whose cash flows are linked to the movement in one or more indexes, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodities prices, prepayment rates, underlying reference pool of loans or other market variables. The notes typically contain embedded (but not separable or detachable) derivatives. Contractual cash flows for principal, interest, or both can vary in amount and timing throughout the life of the note based on non-traditional indexes or non-traditional uses of traditional interest rates or indexes.
Suspended foreclosures: Loans referred to foreclosure where formal foreclosure proceedings have started but are currently on hold, which could be due to bankruptcy or loss mitigation. Includes both judicial and non-judicial states.
TALF: Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
Taxable-equivalent basis: In presenting managed results, the total net revenue for each of the business segments and the Firm is presented on a tax-equivalent basis. Accordingly, revenue from investments that receive tax
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credits and tax-exempt securities is presented in the managed results on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities; the corresponding income tax impact related to tax-exempt items is recorded within income tax expense.
TBVPS: Tangible book value per share
TCE: Tangible common equity
TDR: “Troubled debt restructuring” is deemed to occur when the Firm modifies the original terms of a loan agreement by granting a concession to a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term and other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.
TLAC: Total Loss Absorbing Capacity
U.K.: United Kingdom
Unaudited: Financial statements and information that have not been subjected to auditing procedures sufficient to permit an independent certified public accountant to express an opinion.
U.S.: United States of America
U.S. government agencies: U.S. government agencies include, but are not limited to, agencies such as Ginnie Mae and FHA, and do not include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which are U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (“U.S. GSEs”). In general, obligations of U.S. government agencies are fully and explicitly guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government in the event of a default.

U.S. GAAP: Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
U.S. GSE(s): “U.S.“U.S. government-sponsored enterprises” are quasi-governmental, privately-held entities established or chartered by the U.S. government to serve public purposes as specified by the U.S. Congress to improve the flow of credit to specific sectors of the economy and provide certain essential services to the public. U.S. GSEs include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, but do not include Ginnie Mae or FHA. U.S. GSE obligations are not explicitly guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
U.S. Treasury: U.S. Department of the Treasury
VA: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
VaR: “Value-at-risk” is a measure of the dollar amount of potential loss from adverse market moves in an ordinary market environment.
VIEs: Variable interest entities
Warehouse loans: consist of prime mortgages originated with the intent to sell that are accounted for at fair value and classified as trading assets.loans.
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LINE OF BUSINESS METRICS
CONSUMER & COMMUNITY BANKING (“CCB”)
Debit and credit card sales volume: Dollar amount of cardmembercard member purchases, net of returns.
Deposit margin/deposit spread: Represents net interest income expressed as a percentage of average deposits.
Home Lending Production and Home Lending Servicing revenue comprises the following:
Net mortgage servicing revenue: Includes operating revenue earned from servicing third-party mortgage loans, which is recognized over the period in which the service is provided; changes in the fair value of MSRs; the impact of risk management activities associated with MSRs; and gains and losses on securitization of excess mortgage servicing. Net mortgage servicing revenue also includes gains and losses on sales and lower of cost or fair value adjustments of certain repurchased loans insured by U.S. government agencies.
Net productionProduction revenue: Includes fees and income recognized as earned on mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell, and the impact of risk management activities associated with the mortgage pipeline and warehouse loans. Net productionProduction revenue also includes gains and losses on sales and lower of cost or fair value adjustments on mortgage loans held-for-sale (excluding certain repurchased loans insured by U.S. government agencies), and changes in the fair value of financial instruments measured under the fair value option.
Mortgage origination channels comprise the following:
Retail: Borrowers who buy or refinance a home through direct contact with a mortgage banker employed by the Firm using a branch office, the Internet or by phone. Borrowers are frequently referred to a mortgage banker by a banker in a Chase branch, real estate brokers, home builders or other third parties.
Correspondent: Banks, thrifts, other mortgage banks and other financial institutions that sell closed loans to the Firm.
Credit Card: is a business that primarily issues credit cards to consumers and small businesses.
Net revenue rate: represents Credit Card net revenue (annualized) expressed as a percentage of average loans for the period.
Auto loan and lease origination volume: Dollar amount of auto loans and leases originated.
CORPORATE & INVESTMENT BANK (“CIB”)
Definition of selected CIB revenue:
Investment Banking: incorporates all revenue associated with investment banking activities, and is reported net of investment banking revenue shared with other LOBs.
Wholesale Payments includes the following:
•
•Treasury Services: offers a broad range of products and services that enable clients to manage payments and receipts, as well as invest and manage funds. Products include U.S. dollar and multi-currency clearing, automated clearing house, lockbox, disbursement and reconciliation services, check deposits, and currency-related services;
•Merchant Services: primarily processes transactions for merchants; and
•offers a broad range of products and services that enable clients to manage payments and receipts, as well as invest and manage funds. Products include U.S. dollar and multi-currency clearing, automated clearing house, lockbox, disbursement and reconciliation services, check deposits, and currency-related services;
•
Merchant Services: primarily processes transactions for merchants; and
•
Trade Finance: which includes loans tied directly to goods crossing borders, export/import loans, commercial letters of credit, standby letters of credit, and supply chain finance.
Lending: includes net interest income, fees, gains or losses on loan sale activity, gains or losses on securities received as part of a loan restructuring, and the risk management results related to the credit portfolio.
Fixed Income Markets: primarily includes revenue related to market-making across global fixed income markets, including foreign exchange, interest rate, credit and commodities markets.
Equity Markets: primarily includes revenue related to market-making across global equity products, including cash instruments, derivatives, convertibles and prime brokerage.
Securities Services: primarily includes custody, fund accounting and administration, and securities lending products sold principally to asset managers, insurance companies and public and private investment funds. Also includes collateral management and depositary receipts businesses which provide collateral management products, and depositary bank services for American and global depositary receipt programs.
Description of certain business metrics:
Assets under custody (“AUC”): represents activities associated with the safekeeping and servicing of assets on which Securities Services earns fees.
Investment banking fees: represents advisory, equity underwriting, bond underwriting and loan syndication fees.

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COMMERCIAL BANKING (“CB”)
Commercial Banking provides comprehensive financial solutions, including lending, wholesale payments, investment banking and asset management products across three primary client segments: Middle Market Banking, Corporate Client Banking and Commercial Real Estate Banking. Other includes amounts not aligned with a primary client segment.
Middle Market Banking: covers small and midsized companies, local governments and nonprofit clients.
Corporate Client Banking: covers large corporations.
Commercial Real Estate Banking: covers investors, developers, and owners of multifamily, office, retail, industrial and affordable housing properties.
CB product revenue comprises the following:
Lending: includes a variety of financing alternatives, which are primarily provided on a secured basis; collateral includes receivables, inventory, equipment, real estate or other assets. Products include term loans, revolving lines of credit, bridge financing, asset-based structures, leases, and standby letters of credit.
Wholesale payments: includes revenue from a broad range of products and services that enable CB clients to manage payments and receipts, as well as invest and manage funds.
Investment banking: includes revenue from a range of products providing CB clients with sophisticated capital-raising alternatives, as well as balance sheet and risk management tools through advisory, equity underwriting, and loan syndications. Revenue from fixed income and equity market products used by CB clients is also included.
Other: product revenue primarily includes tax-equivalent adjustments generated from Community Development Banking activity and certain income derived from principal transactions.
ASSET & WEALTH MANAGEMENT (“AWM”)
Assets under management (“AUM”): represent assets managed by AWM on behalf of its Private Banking, Global Institutional and RetailGlobal Funds clients. Includes "Committed capital not Called."
Client assets: represent assets under management, as well as custody, brokerage, administration and deposit accounts.
Multi-asset: Any fund or account that allocates assets under management to more than one asset class.
Alternative assets: The following types of assets constitute alternative investments – hedge funds, currency, real estate, private equity and other investment funds designed to focus on nontraditional strategies.
AWM’s lines of business consist of the following:
Asset Management: provides comprehensive globaloffers multi-asset investment services - including asset management pension analytics, asset-liability managementsolutions across equities, fixed income, alternatives and active risk-budgeting strategies.money market funds to institutional and retail investors providing for a broad range of clients’ investment needs.
Wealth Management:Global Private Bank: offers investment adviceprovides retirement products and wealth management, includingservices, brokerage, custody, trusts and estates, loans, mortgages, deposits and investment management capital markets and risk management, tax and estate planning, banking, lending and specialty-wealth advisory services.to high net worth clients.
AWM’s client segments consist of the following:
Private Banking: clients include high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals, families, money managers and business owners and small corporations worldwide.owners.
Global Institutional: clients include both corporate and public institutions, endowments, foundations, nonprofit organizations and governments worldwide.
Retail:Global Funds: clients include financial intermediaries and individual investors.
Asset Management has two high-level measures of its overall fund performance:
Percentage of mutual fund assets under management in funds rated 4- or 5-star: Mutual fund rating services rank funds based on their risk-adjusted performance over various periods. A 5-star rating is the best rating and represents the top 10% of industry-wide ranked funds.
A 4-star rating represents the next 22.5% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 3-star rating represents the next 35% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 2-star rating represents the next 22.5% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 1-star rating is the worst rating and represents the bottom 10% of industry-wide ranked funds. The “overall Morningstar rating” is derived from a weighted average of the performance associated with a fund’s three-, five- and ten-year (if applicable) Morningstar Rating metrics. For U.S. domiciled funds, separate star ratings are given at the individual share class level. The Nomura “star rating” is based on three-year risk-adjusted performance only. Funds with fewer than three years of history are not rated and

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hence excluded from this analysis. All ratings, the assigned peer categories and the asset values used to derive this analysis are sourced from these fund rating providers. The data providers re-denominate the asset values into U.S. dollars. This % of AUM is based on star ratings at the share class level for U.S. domiciled funds, and at a “primary share class” level to represent the star rating of all other funds except for Japan where Nomura provides ratings at the fund level. The “primary share class”, as defined by Morningstar, denotes the share class recommended as being the best proxy for the portfolio and in most cases will be the most retail version (based upon annual management charge, minimum investment, currency and other factors). The performance data could have been different if all funds/accounts would have been included. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
Percentage of mutual fund assets under management in funds ranked in the 1st or 2nd quartile (one, three, and five years): All quartile rankings, the assigned peer categories and the asset values used to derive this analysis are sourced from the fund ranking providers. Quartile rankings are done on the net-of-fee absolute return of each fund. The data providers re-denominate the asset values into U.S. dollars. This % of AUM is based on fund performance and associated peer rankings at the share class level for U.S. domiciled funds, at a “primary share class” level to represent the quartile ranking of the U.K., Luxembourg and Hong Kong funds and at the fund level for all other funds. The “primary share class”, as defined by Morningstar, denotes the share class recommended as being the best proxy for the portfolio and in most cases will be the most retail version (based upon annual management charge, minimum investment, currency and other factors). Where peer group rankings given for a fund are in more than one “primary share class” territory both rankings are included to reflect local market competitiveness (applies to “Offshore Territories” and “HK SFC Authorized” funds only). The performance data could have been different if all funds/accounts would have been included. Past performance is not indicative of future results.

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Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Refer to the Market Risk Management section of Management’s discussion and analysis and pages 119–126135–142 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for a discussion of the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Firm’s management, including its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Refer to Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 for the Certifications furnished by the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively.
The Firm is committed to maintaining high standards of internal control over financial reporting. Nevertheless, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. In addition, in a firm as large and complex as JPMorgan Chase,Deficiencies or lapses or deficiencies in internal controls may occur from time to time, and there can be no assurance that any such deficiencies will not result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in internal control in the future and collateral consequences therefrom. Refer to “Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting” on page 142158 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for further information. There was no change in the Firm’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2020,2021, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Firm’s internal control over financial reporting.


Part II – Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Refer to the discussion of the Firm’s material legal proceedings in Note 2524 of this Form 10-Q for information that updates the disclosures set forth under Part I, Item 3: Legal Proceedings, in JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
The following discussion supplements the discussion of risk
factors affecting the Firm as set forth in Part I, Item 1A:
Risk Factors on pages 6–288-32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K. The discussion of risk factors, as so supplemented, sets forth the material risk factors that could affect JPMorgan Chase’s financial condition and operations. Readers should not consider any descriptions of such factors to be a complete set of all potential risks that could affect the Firm.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused and is causing significant harm to the global economy and ourcould further negatively affect certain of JPMorgan Chase’s businesses.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a strain of novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and governmental responses to the pandemic have had,led to the institution of social distancing and continue to have, ashelter-in-place requirements in certain areas of the U.S. and other countries resulting in ongoing severe impactimpacts on global economic conditions, including:
•significant disruption and volatility in the financial markets
•significant disruption of global supply chains, and
•closures of many businesses, leading to loss of revenues and increased unemployment, andunemployment.
the institutionA prolongation or worsening of social distancing and sheltering-in-place requirements in the U.S. and other countries.
If the pandemic, is prolonged, or the emergence of other diseases emerge that give rise to similar effects, could deepen the adverse impact on the global economy could deepen.economy.
The continuation of the adverse economic conditions caused by the pandemic can be expected to have had a significant adverse effectnegative impact on certain of JPMorgan Chase’s businesses and results of operations, including:
significantly reduced•reduction in demand for certain products and services from JPMorgan Chase’s clients and customers, resulting in lower revenue, and
possible •increases in the allowance for credit losses.
Certain models used by JPMorgan Chase in connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses have heightened performance risk in the economic environment precipitated by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and government stimulus. There can be no assurance that, even after adjustments have been made to model outputs, JPMorgan Chase will not recognize unexpected losses arising from the model uncertainty that has resulted from these developments.
190

A prolongation or worsening of the COVID-19 pandemic and the negative economic impacts of the pandemic could have other significant adverse effects on JPMorgan Chase’s businesses, results of operations and financial condition, including:
•recognition of credit losses and further increases in the allowance for credit losses, especially ifto the extent that businesses remain closed, unemployment continues to rise andat elevated levels, clients and customers draw on their lines of credit or seek additional loans to help finance their businessessignificant numbers of people relocate from metropolitan areas
possible •material impacts on the value of securities, derivatives and other financial instruments which JPMorgan Chase owns or in which it makes markets due to market fluctuations
possible •downgrades in JPMorgan Chase’s credit ratings

possible •constraints on liquidity andor capital whether due to elevated levels of deposits, increases in risk-weighted assets (“RWA”) related to supporting client activities, or todowngrades in client credit ratings, regulatory actions or other factors, any or all of which could require JPMorgan Chase to take or refrain from taking actions that it otherwise would under its liquidity and capital management strategies, and
•the possibility that significant portions of JPMorgan Chase’s workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness, quarantines, sheltering-in-placeshelter-in-place arrangements, government actions or other restrictions in connection with the pandemic.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects JPMorgan Chase’s businesses, results of operations and financial condition, as well as its regulatory capital and liquidity ratios, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the ultimate scope and duration of the pandemic, the effectiveness of vaccination programs and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic. Those negative effects, including the possible recognition of charge-offs, may be delayed
because of the impact of prior and potential future government stimulus actions or payment assistance provided to clients and customers.
In addition, JPMorgan Chase’s participation directly or indirectly, including on behalf of customers and clients or by affiliated entities, in U.S. government programs designed to support individuals, households and businesses impacted by the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic could be criticized and subject JPMorgan Chase to to:
•increased governmental and regulatory scrutiny
•negative publicity, or
and
•increased exposure to litigation,
any or all of which could increase itsJPMorgan Chase’s operational, legal and compliance costs and damage its reputation. To the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects JPMorgan Chase’s business, results of operations and financial condition, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in Risk Factors in the 20192020 Form 10-K.
Supervision and regulation
Refer to the Supervision and regulation section on pages 1–63–7 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for information on Supervision and Regulation.
Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The Firm did not have any unregistered sale of equity securities during the three months ended June 30, 2020.2021.
Repurchases under the common equityshare repurchase program
Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 49-5445-50 of this Form 10-Q and pages 85-9291-101 of JPMorgan Chase’s 20192020 Form 10-K for information regarding repurchases under the Firm’s common equityshare repurchase program.

On December 18, 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that all large banks, including the Firm, could resume share repurchases commencing in the first quarter of 2021. Subsequently, the Firm announced that its Board of Directors authorized a new common share repurchase program for up to $30 billion. As directed by the Federal Reserve, total net repurchases and common stock dividends in the first and second quarters of 2021 were restricted and could not exceed the average of the Firm’s net income for the four preceding calendar quarters. On March 15, 2020, in response to25, 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic, the Firm temporarily suspendedFederal Reserve extended these restrictions through at least the second quarter of 2020 repurchases2021.
On June 24, 2021, the Federal Reserve announced that the temporary restrictions on capital distributions would expire on June 30, 2021 as a result of the Firm remaining above its minimum risk-based capital requirements under the 2021 CCAR stress test. Effective July 1, 2021, the Firm is subject to the normal capital distribution restrictions provided under the regulatory capital framework. The Firm continues to be authorized to repurchase common equity, and as such, there were no shares under its existing common share repurchase program previously approved by the Board of Directors.

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Shares repurchased pursuant to the common equityshare repurchase program during the threesix months ended June 30, 2020. In June 2020,2021, were as follows.
 Six months ended June 30, 2021Total number of shares of common stock repurchased
Average price paid per share of common stock(a)
Aggregate purchase price of common stock repurchases
 (in millions)(a)
Dollar value of remaining authorized repurchase
(in millions)(a)(b)
First quarter34,652,594 $144.25 $4,999 $25,001 
April12,599,276 $152.39 $1,920 $23,081 
May12,428,090 160.91 1,999 21,082 
June14,517,574 157.20 2,282 18,800 
Second quarter39,544,940 $156.83 $6,201 $18,800 
Year-to-date74,197,534 $150.95 $11,200 $18,800 
(a)Excludes commissions cost.
(b)Represents the Federal Reserve directed all large bank holding companies, includingamount remaining under the Firm, to discontinue net share repurchases, at least through the end of the third quarter of 2020.$30 billion repurchase program.
Three months ended June 30, 2020Total shares of common stock repurchased 
Average price paid per share of common stock(a)
 
Aggregate repurchases
of common equity
 (in millions)(a)
 
Dollar value of remaining authorized repurchase
(in millions)(a)(b)
 
April—
 —
 —
 9,183
 
May—
 —
 —
 9,183
 
June—
 —
 —
 9,183
(c) 
Second quarter—
 —
 —
 9,183
(c) 
Year-to-date50,003,062
 127.92
 6,397
 9,183
(c) 
(a)Excludes commissions cost.
(b)Represents the amount remaining under the $29.4 billion repurchase program.
(c)The $9.2 billion unused portion under the prior Board authorization expired on June 30, 2020.
Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5.    Other Information.
None.



Item 6.    Exhibits.
Exhibit No.Description of Exhibit
Exhibit No.15Description of Exhibit
15
31.122
31.231.1
3231.2
32
101.INS
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.(c)
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.(a)
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.(a)
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.(a)
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.(a)
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.(a)
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).
(a)Filed herewith.
(b)Furnished herewith. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
(c)Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, includes the following financial information included in the Firm’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) interactive data files: (i) the Consolidated statements of income (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, (ii) the Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, (iii) the Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited) as of June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, (iv) the Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, (v) the Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).
(a)Filed herewith.
(b)Furnished herewith. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
(c)Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, includes the following financial information included in the Firm’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) interactive data files: (i) the Consolidated statements of income (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (ii) the Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (iii) the Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited) as of June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, (iv) the Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (v) the Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).
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SIGNATURE



Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
(Registrant)


By:/s/ Nicole Giles
Nicole Giles
Managing Director and Firmwide Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)


Date:August 3, 2020






INDEX TO EXHIBITS



Exhibit No.Description of ExhibitJPMorgan Chase & Co.
15
Letter re: Unaudited Interim Financial Information.(Registrant)
31.1
Certification.
31.2
Certification.
32
Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.†
101.INSThe instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).
†This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

By:/s/ Elena Korablina
Elena Korablina
Managing Director and Firmwide Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)

Date:August 2, 2021





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193