~~0000080661us-gaap:AccumulatedGainLossNetCashFlowHedgeParentMember2019-12-31~~

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~June 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022


☐			Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-09518

THE PROGRESSIVE CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio

34-0963169

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

6300 Wilson Mills Road,

Mayfield Village,

Ohio

44143

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(440) 461-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value	PGR	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ~~Yes~~ ☒ NoYes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ~~Yes~~ ☒ NoYes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ~~Yes~~ ☐ NoYes ☒No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Shares, $1.00 par value: ~~585,164,326~~584,877,492 outstanding at ~~June 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(unaudited)


		Three Months				Six Months
Periods Ended June 30,		2021		2020		2021		2020
Three Months Ended March 31,										Three Months Ended March 31,	2022		2021
(millions — except per share amounts)	(millions — except per share amounts)									(millions — except per share amounts)
Revenues	Revenues									Revenues
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	10,982.3	$	9,648.6	$	21,402.5	$	19,079.3	Net premiums earned	$	11,802.9	$	10,420.2
Investment income	Investment income	210.7		243.8		430.9		485.0		Investment income	242.2		220.2
Net realized gains (losses) on securities:	Net realized gains (losses) on securities:									Net realized gains (losses) on securities:
Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	410.1		260.0		553.9		575.2		Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	(54.5)		143.8
Net holding period gains (losses) on securities	Net holding period gains (losses) on securities	54.2		630.8		495.7		(238.0)		Net holding period gains (losses) on securities	(388.6)		441.5
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(2.5)		0		(2.5)		0		Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(2.2)		0
Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	461.8		890.8		1,047.1		337.2		Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	(445.3)		585.3
Fees and other revenues	Fees and other revenues	176.2		129.5		341.9		283.0		Fees and other revenues	174.0		165.7
Service revenues	Service revenues	74.5		59.0		128.3		110.6		Service revenues	67.7		53.8

Total revenues	Total revenues	11,905.5		10,971.7		23,350.7		20,295.1		Total revenues	11,841.5		11,445.2
Expenses	Expenses									Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	Losses and loss adjustment expenses	8,406.4		5,321.4		15,516.9		11,476.6		Losses and loss adjustment expenses	8,858.4		7,110.5
Policy acquisition costs	Policy acquisition costs	928.8		795.5		1,803.2		1,578.3		Policy acquisition costs	963.4		874.4
Other underwriting expenses	Other underwriting expenses	1,440.5		1,438.9		2,921.6		2,848.8		Other underwriting expenses	1,506.3		1,481.1
Policyholder credit expense		0		1,033.4		0		1,033.4
Investment expenses	Investment expenses	6.3		4.5		11.9		9.8		Investment expenses	5.7		5.6
Service expenses	Service expenses	67.9		52.8		117.2		100.3		Service expenses	63.2		49.3
Interest expense	Interest expense	56.4		56.4		112.8		104.4		Interest expense	54.3		56.4

Total expenses	Total expenses	10,906.3		8,702.9		20,483.6		17,151.6		Total expenses	11,451.3		9,577.3
Net Income	Net Income									Net Income
Income before income taxes	Income before income taxes	999.2		2,268.8		2,867.1		3,143.5		Income before income taxes	390.2		1,867.9
Provision for income taxes	Provision for income taxes	209.1		478.4		597.0		654.0		Provision for income taxes	76.3		387.9
Net income	Net income	790.1		1,790.4		2,270.1		2,489.5		Net income	313.9		1,480.0

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)									Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in:	Changes in:									Changes in:

Total net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	Total net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	91.1		567.4		(448.5)		630.2		Total net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	(1,426.9)		(539.6)
Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	0.3		0.2		0.5		0.4		Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	0.2		0.2
Foreign currency translation adjustment	Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.5)		0		(0.5)		0		Foreign currency translation adjustment	0.2		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	Other comprehensive income (loss)	90.9		567.6		(448.5)		630.6		Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,426.5)		(539.4)

Comprehensive income		$	881.0	$	2,358.0	$	1,821.6	$	3,120.1
Comprehensive income (loss)										Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(1,112.6)	$	940.6
Computation of Earnings Per Common Share	Computation of Earnings Per Common Share									Computation of Earnings Per Common Share
Net income	Net income	$	790.1	$	1,790.4	$	2,270.1	$	2,489.5	Net income	$	313.9	$	1,480.0
Less: Preferred share dividends	Less: Preferred share dividends	6.7		6.7		13.4		13.4		Less: Preferred share dividends	6.7		6.7
Net income available to common shareholders	Net income available to common shareholders	$	783.4	$	1,783.7	$	2,256.7	$	2,476.1	Net income available to common shareholders	$	307.2	$	1,473.3
Average common shares outstanding - Basic	Average common shares outstanding - Basic	584.6		584.8		584.7		584.8		Average common shares outstanding - Basic	584.3		584.9
Net effect of dilutive stock-based compensation	Net effect of dilutive stock-based compensation	2.2		2.4		2.1		2.3		Net effect of dilutive stock-based compensation	2.0		2.0
Total average equivalent common shares - Diluted	Total average equivalent common shares - Diluted	586.8		587.2		586.8		587.1		Total average equivalent common shares - Diluted	586.3		586.9
Basic: Earnings per common share	Basic: Earnings per common share	$	1.34	$	3.05	$	3.86	$	4.23	Basic: Earnings per common share	$	0.53	$	2.52
Diluted: Earnings per common share	Diluted: Earnings per common share	$	1.34	$	3.04	$	3.85	$	4.22	Diluted: Earnings per common share	$	0.52	$	2.51

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(unaudited)


		June 30,				December 31,			March 31,				December 31,
(millions — except per share amount)		2021		2020		2020
(millions — except per share amounts)								(millions — except per share amounts)	2022		2021		2021
Assets	Assets							Assets
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:	Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:							Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:
Fixed maturities (amortized cost: $42,378.0, $33,467.9, and $35,589.1)		$	43,031.0	$	34,726.4	$	36,810.9
Short-term investments (amortized cost: $1,710.6, $4,700.5, and $5,218.5)		1,710.6		4,700.5		5,218.5
Fixed maturities (amortized cost: $48,082.7, $38,564.0, and $43,794.2)								Fixed maturities (amortized cost: $48,082.7, $38,564.0, and $43,794.2)	$	46,316.4	$	39,091.8	$	43,873.1
Short-term investments (amortized cost: $529.9, $2,243.1, and $942.6)								Short-term investments (amortized cost: $529.9, $2,243.1, and $942.6)	529.9		2,243.1		942.6
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	44,741.6		39,426.9		42,029.4		Total available-for-sale securities	46,846.3		41,334.9		44,815.7
Equity securities, at fair value:	Equity securities, at fair value:							Equity securities, at fair value:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks (cost: $1,536.2, $1,205.4, and $1,358.7)		1,662.3		1,180.6		1,447.9
Common equities (cost: $1,213.4, $1,128.8, and $1,187.3)		4,538.9		3,170.4		4,053.0
Nonredeemable preferred stocks (cost: $1,545.5, $1,428.9, and $1,571.8)								Nonredeemable preferred stocks (cost: $1,545.5, $1,428.9, and $1,571.8)	1,527.5		1,482.2		1,639.9
Common equities (cost: $1,281.7, $1,229.5, and $1,264.1)								Common equities (cost: $1,281.7, $1,229.5, and $1,264.1)	4,812.6		4,583.5		5,058.5
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	6,201.2		4,351.0		5,500.9		Total equity securities	6,340.1		6,065.7		6,698.4
Total investments	Total investments	50,942.8		43,777.9		47,530.3		Total investments	53,186.4		47,400.6		51,514.1
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	99.5		108.0		76.5		Cash and cash equivalents	272.7		122.9		187.1
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	Restricted cash and cash equivalents	15.1		1.1		0		Restricted cash and cash equivalents	14.6		0.3		15.0
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		114.6		109.1		76.5
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents								Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents	287.3		123.2		202.1
Accrued investment income	Accrued investment income	179.3		190.8		176.4		Accrued investment income	193.4		166.0		181.7
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $245.2, $437.9, and $356.2		9,436.2		7,557.4		8,160.1
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $276.2, $265.3, and $280.4								Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $276.2, $265.3, and $280.4	10,519.0		9,218.8		9,399.5
Reinsurance recoverables	Reinsurance recoverables	4,709.1		3,654.3		4,019.4		Reinsurance recoverables	5,025.0		4,143.2		4,980.5
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	Prepaid reinsurance premiums	620.0		361.3		368.1		Prepaid reinsurance premiums	455.1		667.6		457.6
Deferred acquisition costs	Deferred acquisition costs	1,360.6		1,154.8		1,237.2		Deferred acquisition costs	1,407.7		1,309.1		1,355.6
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,396.5, $1,241.7, and $1,291.4		1,086.4		1,189.8		1,106.0
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,455.7, $1,318.5, and $1,407.4								Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,455.7, $1,318.5, and $1,407.4	1,104.4		1,077.4		1,137.3
Goodwill	Goodwill	452.7		452.7		452.7		Goodwill	452.7		452.7		452.7
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $354.6, $297.8, and $326.1		146.5		199.7		171.4

Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $142.2, $340.3, and $383.8								Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $142.2, $340.3, and $383.8	102.7		157.2		117.3
Net federal deferred income taxes								Net federal deferred income taxes	370.5		0		0
Other assets	Other assets	776.1		773.6		800.2		Other assets	825.4		697.5		1,333.9
Total assets	Total assets	$	69,824.3	$	59,421.4	$	64,098.3	Total assets	$	73,929.6	$	65,413.3	$	71,132.3
Liabilities
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity								Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	$	15,555.9	$	13,055.6	$	13,437.5	Unearned premiums	$	16,991.4	$	15,045.9	$	15,615.8
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	23,895.6		18,512.0		20,265.8		Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	26,754.2		21,063.7		26,164.1
Net federal deferred income taxes	Net federal deferred income taxes	219.4		211.2		310.0		Net federal deferred income taxes	0		241.5		152.9
Dividends payable on common shares	Dividends payable on common shares	58.5		58.5		2,694.5		Dividends payable on common shares	58.5		58.5		58.5
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	6,021.8		5,518.8		4,955.8		Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	6,688.7		5,770.4		6,010.6
Debt1	Debt1	5,397.5		5,394.7		5,396.1		Debt1	6,385.6		5,396.8		4,898.8
Total liabilities	Total liabilities	51,148.7		42,750.8		47,059.7		Total liabilities	56,878.4		47,576.8		52,900.7

Shareholders’ Equity
Serial Preferred Shares (authorized 20.0)	Serial Preferred Shares (authorized 20.0)							Serial Preferred Shares (authorized 20.0)
Serial Preferred Shares, Series B, 0 par value (cumulative, liquidation preference $1,000 per share) (authorized, issued, and outstanding 0.5)		493.9		493.9		493.9
Common shares, $1.00 par value (authorized 900.0; issued 797.6, 797.5, and 797.5, including treasury shares of 212.4, 212.1, and 212.3)		585.2		585.4		585.2
Serial Preferred Shares, Series B, no par value (cumulative, liquidation preference $1,000 per share) (authorized, issued, and outstanding 0.5)								Serial Preferred Shares, Series B, no par value (cumulative, liquidation preference $1,000 per share) (authorized, issued, and outstanding 0.5)	493.9		493.9		493.9
Common shares, $1.00 par value (authorized 900.0; issued 797.6, 797.5, and 797.6, including treasury shares of 212.7, 212.3, and 213.2)								Common shares, $1.00 par value (authorized 900.0; issued 797.6, 797.5, and 797.6, including treasury shares of 212.7, 212.3, and 213.2)	584.9		585.2		584.4
Paid-in capital	Paid-in capital	1,712.3		1,614.5		1,672.9		Paid-in capital	1,788.6		1,685.5		1,772.9
Retained earnings	Retained earnings	15,401.0		13,001.8		13,354.9		Retained earnings	15,569.6		14,679.6		15,339.7
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):							Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	498.8		991.0		947.3		Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	(1,370.7)		407.7		56.2
Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	(15.1)		(16.0)		(15.6)		Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	(14.7)		(15.4)		(14.9)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.5)		0		0		Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.4)		0		(0.6)

Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	483.2		975.0		931.7		Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,385.8)		392.3		40.7
Total shareholders’ equity	Total shareholders’ equity	18,675.6		16,670.6		17,038.6		Total shareholders’ equity	17,051.2		17,836.5		18,231.6
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	69,824.3	$	59,421.4	$	64,098.3	Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	73,929.6	$	65,413.3	$	71,132.3

1 Consists of ~~both short-term and~~ long-term debt. See Note 4 – Debt for further discussion.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(unaudited)


		Three Months				Six Months
Periods Ended June 30,		2021		2020		2021		2020
Three Months Ended March 31,										Three Months Ended March 31,	2022		2021
(millions — except per share amounts)	(millions — except per share amounts)									(millions — except per share amounts)
Serial Preferred Shares, NaN Par Value
Serial Preferred Shares, No Par Value										Serial Preferred Shares, No Par Value
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	$	493.9	$	493.9	$	493.9	$	493.9	Balance, beginning of period	$	493.9	$	493.9

Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	493.9		493.9		493.9		493.9		Balance, end of period	493.9		493.9
Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value	Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value									Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	585.2		585.3		585.2		584.6		Balance, beginning of period	584.4		585.2
Treasury shares purchased	Treasury shares purchased	(0.2)		(0.1)		(1.1)		(0.4)		Treasury shares purchased	(0.3)		(0.9)
Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	0.2		0.2		1.1		1.2		Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	0.8		0.9
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	585.2		585.4		585.2		585.4		Balance, end of period	584.9		585.2
Paid-In Capital	Paid-In Capital									Paid-In Capital
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	1,685.5		1,601.9		1,672.9		1,573.4		Balance, beginning of period	1,772.9		1,672.9
Amortization of equity-based compensation	Amortization of equity-based compensation	26.9		21.9		42.7		45.2		Amortization of equity-based compensation	17.3		15.8
Treasury shares purchased	Treasury shares purchased	(0.3)		0		(3.0)		(1.0)		Treasury shares purchased	(0.8)		(2.7)
Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	(0.2)		(0.2)		(1.1)		(1.2)		Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	(0.8)		(0.9)
Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	0.4		0.4		0.8		0.7		Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	0		0.4
Adjustment to carrying amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest		0		(9.5)		0		(2.6)
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	1,712.3		1,614.5		1,712.3		1,614.5		Balance, end of period	1,788.6		1,685.5
Retained Earnings	Retained Earnings									Retained Earnings
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	14,679.6		11,266.2		13,354.9		10,679.6		Balance, beginning of period	15,339.7		13,354.9
Net income	Net income	790.1		1,790.4		2,270.1		2,489.5		Net income	313.9		1,480.0
Treasury shares purchased	Treasury shares purchased	(10.1)		(2.5)		(91.3)		(27.7)		Treasury shares purchased	(27.6)		(81.2)
Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.10, $0.10, $0.20, and $0.20 per share)		(58.4)		(58.4)		(116.8)		(116.8)
Cash dividends declared on Serial Preferred Shares, Series B ($0, $0, $0, and $26.875 per share)		0		0		0		(13.4)
Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.10 and $0.10 per share)										Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.10 and $0.10 per share)	(58.4)		(58.4)

Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	(0.4)		(0.4)		(0.8)		(0.7)		Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	0		(0.4)
Other, net	Other, net	0.2		6.5		(15.1)		(8.7)		Other, net	2.0		(15.3)
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	15,401.0		13,001.8		15,401.0		13,001.8		Balance, end of period	15,569.6		14,679.6
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)									Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	392.3		404.2		931.7		341.7		Balance, beginning of period	40.7		931.7
Attributable to noncontrolling interest		0		3.2		0		2.7
Other comprehensive income (loss)	Other comprehensive income (loss)	90.9		567.6		(448.5)		630.6		Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,426.5)		(539.4)
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	483.2		975.0		483.2		975.0		Balance, end of period	(1,385.8)		392.3
Total shareholders’ equity	Total shareholders’ equity	$	18,675.6	$	16,670.6	$	18,675.6	$	16,670.6	Total shareholders’ equity	$	17,051.2	$	17,836.5

There are 5.0 million Voting Preference Shares authorized; 0no such shares have been issued.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)


Six Months Ended June 30,		2021		2020
Three Months Ended March 31,						Three Months Ended March 31,	2022		2021
(millions)	(millions)					(millions)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities	Cash Flows From Operating Activities					Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income	Net income	$	2,270.1	$	2,489.5	Net income	$	313.9	$	1,480.0
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:	Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:					Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	Depreciation	129.4		130.3		Depreciation	71.1		62.9
Amortization of intangible assets	Amortization of intangible assets	28.5		28.6		Amortization of intangible assets	14.6		14.2
Net amortization of fixed-income securities	Net amortization of fixed-income securities	62.1		42.5		Net amortization of fixed-income securities	27.0		31.7
Amortization of equity-based compensation	Amortization of equity-based compensation	42.7		45.2		Amortization of equity-based compensation	17.3		15.8
Net realized (gains) losses on securities	Net realized (gains) losses on securities	(1,047.1)		(337.2)		Net realized (gains) losses on securities	445.3		(585.3)
Net (gains) losses on disposition of property and equipment	Net (gains) losses on disposition of property and equipment	0.5		1.8		Net (gains) losses on disposition of property and equipment	3.3		(1.1)

Changes in:	Changes in:					Changes in:
Premiums receivable	Premiums receivable	(1,183.5)		(50.1)		Premiums receivable	(1,119.5)		(1,058.7)
Reinsurance recoverables	Reinsurance recoverables	(237.3)		(275.4)		Reinsurance recoverables	(44.5)		(123.8)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	Prepaid reinsurance premiums	(244.6)		265.2		Prepaid reinsurance premiums	2.5		(299.5)
Deferred acquisition costs	Deferred acquisition costs	(123.4)		(98.3)		Deferred acquisition costs	(52.1)		(71.9)
Income taxes	Income taxes	(81.0)		590.6		Income taxes	76.2		283.8
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	2,051.5		666.8		Unearned premiums	1,375.6		1,608.4
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	2,481.0		406.6		Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	590.1		797.9
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	717.8		(2.0)		Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	545.1		380.1
Other, net	Other, net	71.7		(25.5)		Other, net	236.4		80.0
Net cash provided by operating activities	Net cash provided by operating activities	4,938.4		3,878.6		Net cash provided by operating activities	2,502.3		2,614.5
Cash Flows From Investing Activities	Cash Flows From Investing Activities					Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Purchases:	Purchases:					Purchases:
Fixed maturities	Fixed maturities	(18,364.5)		(18,193.5)		Fixed maturities	(11,453.4)		(10,421.4)
Equity securities	Equity securities	(416.1)		(671.3)		Equity securities	(74.3)		(196.7)

Sales:	Sales:					Sales:
Fixed maturities	Fixed maturities	8,703.2		13,749.2		Fixed maturities	5,889.9		5,590.3
Equity securities	Equity securities	590.2		382.1		Equity securities	59.2		63.0

Maturities, paydowns, calls, and other:	Maturities, paydowns, calls, and other:					Maturities, paydowns, calls, and other:
Fixed maturities	Fixed maturities	3,898.2		4,106.4		Fixed maturities	1,177.6		1,948.6
Equity securities	Equity securities	67.1		79.0		Equity securities	39.3		39.7
Net (purchases) sales of short-term investments	Net (purchases) sales of short-term investments	3,587.0		(2,883.1)		Net (purchases) sales of short-term investments	413.1		2,976.8
Net unsettled security transactions	Net unsettled security transactions	316.6		266.0		Net unsettled security transactions	212.6		267.6

Purchases of property and equipment	Purchases of property and equipment	(98.5)		(110.7)		Purchases of property and equipment	(73.0)		(50.5)
Acquisition of Protective Insurance Corporation, net of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash acquired1		(313.2)		0
Sales of property and equipment	Sales of property and equipment	11.5		4.8		Sales of property and equipment	6.5		7.5
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,018.5)		(3,271.1)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities						Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(3,802.5)		224.9
Cash Flows From Financing Activities	Cash Flows From Financing Activities					Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Dividends paid to common shareholders	Dividends paid to common shareholders	(2,753.0)		(1,433.9)		Dividends paid to common shareholders	(58.5)		(2,694.5)
Dividends paid to preferred shareholders	Dividends paid to preferred shareholders	(13.4)		(13.4)		Dividends paid to preferred shareholders	(13.4)		(13.4)
Acquisition of treasury shares for restricted stock tax liabilities	Acquisition of treasury shares for restricted stock tax liabilities	(30.4)		(29.1)		Acquisition of treasury shares for restricted stock tax liabilities	(28.7)		(30.0)
Acquisition of treasury shares acquired in open market	Acquisition of treasury shares acquired in open market	(65.0)		0		Acquisition of treasury shares acquired in open market	0		(54.8)
Payment of acquired company debt1		(20.0)		0
Acquisition of additional shares of ARX Holding Corp.		0		(243.0)
Net proceeds from debt issuances	Net proceeds from debt issuances	0		986.3		Net proceeds from debt issuances	1,486.0		0

Proceeds from exercise of equity options		0		7.3

Net cash used in financing activities		(2,881.8)		(725.8)

Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		38.1		(118.3)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash – January 1		76.5		227.4
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – June 30		$	114.6	$	109.1
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities						Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,385.4		(2,792.7)
Increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents						Increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents	85.2		46.7
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – January 1						Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – January 1	202.1		76.5
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – March 31						Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – March 31	$	287.3	$	123.2

~~See~~ ~~Note 14 – Acquisition~~ ~~for further discussion.~~

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Note 1 Basis of Presentation — The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of The Progressive Corporation, our wholly owned insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries, and affiliates, in which we have a controlling financial interest (Progressive)~~, including, beginning on June 1, 2021, Protective Insurance Corporation and its subsidiaries (Protective Insurance), which Progressive acquired on that date; See~~ ~~Note 14~~ – ~~Acquisition~~ ~~for further discussion.~~.

The consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of management, were necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the period ended ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year. These consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto should be read in conjunction with Progressive’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes included in Exhibit 13 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2020 (2020~~2021 (2021 Annual Report to Shareholders).

We perform analyses to evaluate our premiums ~~receivables~~receivable for expected credit losses. See the ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders for a discussion on our ~~premium receivables~~premiums receivable allowance for credit loss policy. The following table summarizes changes in our allowance for credit loss exposure on our premiums ~~receivables:~~receivable:

Three Months Six Months
Periods Ended June 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020
(millions)
Allowance for credit loss, beginning of period $ 265.3 $ 344.7 $ 356.2 $ 283.2
       Allowance acquired during period1
3.5 0 3.5 0
       Increase in allowance2
87.4 196.2 148.3 366.5
       Write-offs3
(111.0) (103.0) (262.8) (211.8)
Allowance for credit loss, end of period $ 245.2 $ 437.9 $ 245.2 $ 437.9



	Three Months Ended March 31,
(millions)	2022		2021
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period	$	280.4	$	356.2
Increase in allowance1	93.9		60.9
Write-offs2	(98.1)		(151.8)
Allowance for credit losses, end of period	$	276.2	$	265.3

1~~Represents the amount of the allowance acquired in the Protective Insurance acquisition.~~

2 Represents the incremental increase in other underwriting expenses.

32 Represents portion of allowance that is reversed when premiums ~~receivables~~receivable are written off.

~~For~~Premium receivable balances are written off once we have exhausted our collection efforts. The higher write-offs during the ~~three and six months ended June 30,~~first quarter 2021, ~~the increase in our allowance for credit losses was lower than prior periods reflecting~~along with experiencing greater collections ~~received on outstanding premiums receivable balances, due~~than anticipated, resulting in part tofrom changes in consumer spending habits and government stimulus ~~and tax refund checks distributed~~spending during the ~~periods. In contrast, during~~period, contributed to the ~~three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the~~lower increase in the credit loss allowance taken during the period, compared to the first quarter 2022. During the first quarter 2021, we wrote off premium receivables that were reserved during 2020, when moratoriums and billing leniency efforts were put into place during the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemic. The year-over-year increase in ~~part reflects~~ the ~~greater potential~~balance of the allowance for credit losses at ~~that time due~~March 31, 2022, compared to March 31, 2021, primarily reflects a higher amount of premium receivables determined to be at risk of being uncollectible, driven by the ~~financial hardships of policyholders as a result of the economic impacts related to the spread of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.~~growth in our premiums receivable balance.

Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets include certain long-lived assets that are considered “held for sale.” The fair value of these ~~held for sale~~held-for-sale assets, less the estimated costs to sell, was ~~$57.5~~$20.2 million at ~~June 30, 2021, $31.1~~March 31, 2022, $55.1 million at ~~June 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and ~~$56.6~~$10.8 million at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Note 2 Investments — The following tables present the composition of our investment portfolio by major security ~~type, consistent with our classification of how we manage, monitor, and measure the portfolio.~~type. Our securities are reported in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The changes in fair value for our fixed-maturity securities (other than hybrid securities) are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of deferred income taxes, in our consolidated balance sheets. The net holding period gains (losses) reported below represent the inception-to-date changes in fair value of the securities. The changes in the net holding period gains (losses) between periods for the hybrid securities and equity securities are recorded as a component of net realized gains (losses) on securities in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
June 30, 2021
March 31, 2022														March 31, 2022
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:													Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:													Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	19,339.3	$	171.3	$	(72.9)	$	0	$	19,437.7	38.1	%	U.S. government obligations	$	20,399.6	$	5.9	$	(876.7)	$	0	$	19,528.8	36.7	%
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	2,379.1		64.7		(3.3)		0		2,440.5		4.8		State and local government obligations	2,236.9		4.4		(97.1)		0		2,144.2		4.0
Foreign government obligations														Foreign government obligations	18.3		0		(0.9)		0		17.4		0.1
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,327.5		372.1		(9.9)		1.2		10,690.9		21.0		Corporate debt securities	11,590.2		31.2		(315.5)		(25.9)		11,280.0		21.2
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	666.9		4.6		(1.1)		0.9		671.3		1.3		Residential mortgage-backed securities	962.3		1.1		(5.1)		(7.2)		951.1		1.8
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,628.2		91.4		(11.5)		0		5,708.1		11.2		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	7,296.4		2.2		(380.1)		0		6,918.5		13.0
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	3,865.9		34.6		(1.5)		0		3,899.0		7.7		Other asset-backed securities	5,359.9		1.1		(103.6)		(1.5)		5,255.9		9.9
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	171.1		1.7		(1.4)		12.1		183.5		0.4		Redeemable preferred stocks	219.1		0.1		(1.8)		3.1		220.5		0.4
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	42,378.0		740.4		(101.6)		14.2		43,031.0		84.5		Total fixed maturities	48,082.7		46.0		(1,780.8)		(31.5)		46,316.4		87.1
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	1,710.6		0		0		0		1,710.6		3.3		Short-term investments	529.9		0		0		0		529.9		1.0
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	44,088.6		740.4		(101.6)		14.2		44,741.6		87.8		Total available-for-sale securities	48,612.6		46.0		(1,780.8)		(31.5)		46,846.3		88.1
Equity securities:	Equity securities:													Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,536.2		0		0		126.1		1,662.3		3.3		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,545.5		0		0		(18.0)		1,527.5		2.9
Common equities	Common equities	1,213.4		0		0		3,325.5		4,538.9		8.9		Common equities	1,281.7		0		0		3,530.9		4,812.6		9.0
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	2,749.6		0		0		3,451.6		6,201.2		12.2		Total equity securities	2,827.2		0		0		3,512.9		6,340.1		11.9
Total portfolio1	Total portfolio1	$	46,838.2	$	740.4	$	(101.6)	$	3,465.8	$	50,942.8	100.0	%	Total portfolio1	$	51,439.8	$	46.0	$	(1,780.8)	$	3,481.4	$	53,186.4	100.0	%


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
June 30, 2020
March 31, 2021														March 31, 2021
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:													Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:													Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	8,814.5	$	463.4	$	(0.1)	$	0	$	9,277.8	21.2	%	U.S. government obligations	$	16,002.7	$	181.7	$	(111.0)	$	0	$	16,073.4	33.9	%
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	3,426.0		148.9		(0.6)		0		3,574.3		8.2		State and local government obligations	2,574.8		65.3		(16.0)		0		2,624.1		5.6
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,493.2		571.4		(3.4)		1.3		11,062.5		25.3		Corporate debt securities	10,095.2		368.1		(24.0)		(3.1)		10,436.2		22.0
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	541.0		5.4		(3.4)		0		543.0		1.2		Residential mortgage-backed securities	548.3		5.7		(0.8)		0		553.2		1.2
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,728.5		89.1		(55.8)		0		5,761.8		13.2		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,868.3		68.8		(45.1)		0		5,892.0		12.4
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	4,313.3		45.3		(3.7)		0		4,354.9		9.9		Other asset-backed securities	3,293.5		30.6		(0.7)		0		3,323.4		7.0
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	151.4		2.0		(1.4)		0.1		152.1		0.3		Redeemable preferred stocks	181.2		2.9		(2.0)		7.4		189.5		0.4
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	33,467.9		1,325.5		(68.4)		1.4		34,726.4		79.3		Total fixed maturities	38,564.0		723.1		(199.6)		4.3		39,091.8		82.5
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4,700.5		0		0		0		4,700.5		10.8		Short-term investments	2,243.1		0		0		0		2,243.1		4.7
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	38,168.4		1,325.5		(68.4)		1.4		39,426.9		90.1		Total available-for-sale securities	40,807.1		723.1		(199.6)		4.3		41,334.9		87.2
Equity securities:
Equity securities2:														Equity securities2:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,205.4		0		0		(24.8)		1,180.6		2.7		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,428.9		0		0		53.3		1,482.2		3.1
Common equities	Common equities	1,128.8		0		0		2,041.6		3,170.4		7.2		Common equities	1,229.5		0		0		3,354.0		4,583.5		9.7
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	2,334.2		0		0		2,016.8		4,351.0		9.9		Total equity securities	2,658.4		0		0		3,407.3		6,065.7		12.8
Total portfolio1	Total portfolio1	$	40,502.6	$	1,325.5	$	(68.4)	$	2,018.2	$	43,777.9	100.0	%	Total portfolio1	$	43,465.5	$	723.1	$	(199.6)	$	3,411.6	$	47,400.6	100.0	%

($ in millions) Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Net
Holding
Period
Gains
(Losses) Fair
Value % of
Total
Fair
Value
December 31, 2020
Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations $ 12,437.9 $ 305.8 $ (3.7) $ 0 $ 12,740.0 26.8 %
State and local government obligations 3,099.4 123.1 (0.7) 0 3,221.8 6.8
Corporate debt securities 9,579.7 601.7 (0.1) 3.9 10,185.2 21.4
Residential mortgage-backed securities 503.3 7.1 (0.9) 0 509.5 1.1
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 6,042.6 142.5 (10.0) 0 6,175.1 13.0
Other asset-backed securities 3,745.0 40.1 (0.5) 0 3,784.6 7.9
Redeemable preferred stocks 181.2 3.6 (1.4) 11.3 194.7 0.4
Total fixed maturities 35,589.1 1,223.9 (17.3) 15.2 36,810.9 77.4
Short-term investments 5,218.5 0 0 0 5,218.5 11.0
       Total available-for-sale securities 40,807.6 1,223.9 (17.3) 15.2 42,029.4 88.4
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks 1,358.7 0 0 89.2 1,447.9 3.1
Common equities 1,187.3 0 0 2,865.7 4,053.0 8.5
       Total equity securities 2,546.0 0 0 2,954.9 5,500.9 11.6
  Total portfolio1
$ 43,353.6 $ 1,223.9 $ (17.3) $ 2,970.1 $ 47,530.3 100.0 %


($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
December 31, 2021
Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	$	18,586.1	$	92.9	$	(190.8)	$	0	$	18,488.2	35.9	%
State and local government obligations	2,162.6		36.7		(14.0)		0		2,185.3		4.2
Foreign government obligations	17.9		0		0		0		17.9		0.1
Corporate debt securities	10,526.2		202.6		(33.4)		(3.3)		10,692.1		20.7
Residential mortgage-backed securities	787.7		2.3		(0.6)		0.6		790.0		1.5
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,561.0		38.9		(64.3)		0		6,535.6		12.7
Other asset-backed securities	4,981.8		13.3		(12.4)		(0.4)		4,982.3		9.7
Redeemable preferred stocks	170.9		0.7		(0.5)		10.6		181.7		0.4
Total fixed maturities	43,794.2		387.4		(316.0)		7.5		43,873.1		85.2
Short-term investments	942.6		0		0		0		942.6		1.8
Total available-for-sale securities	44,736.8		387.4		(316.0)		7.5		44,815.7		87.0
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,571.8		0		0		68.1		1,639.9		3.2
Common equities	1,264.1		0		0		3,794.4		5,058.5		9.8
Total equity securities	2,835.9		0		0		3,862.5		6,698.4		13.0
Total portfolio1	$	47,572.7	$	387.4	$	(316.0)	$	3,870.0	$	51,514.1	100.0	%

1~~Our portfolio reflects the effect~~Includes $356.0 million, $363.1 million, and $143.4 million of net unsettled security ~~transactions;~~purchase transactions at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~we had $412.1 million in other liabilities, compared to $277.9 million and $95.5 million at June 30, 2020~~ and December 31, ~~2020, respectively.~~2021, respectively, with the offsetting payable included in other liabilities.

The total fair value of the portfolio at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, included ~~$3.3~~$5.1 billion, ~~$2.3~~$3.7 billion, and ~~$6.2~~$4.2 billion, respectively, of securities held in a consolidated, non-insurance subsidiary of the holding company, net of unsettled security transactions. ~~During~~

2 Includes a $25.0 million reclassification from nonredeemable preferred stock to common equities to reflect the ~~first six months~~prior year conversion of ~~2021, we used~~ a ~~portion of these investments~~security and to ~~pay our common share dividends and repurchase common shares.~~

conform to the current year classification.

At ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, bonds and certificates of deposit in the principal amount of ~~$409.4~~$470.5 million were on deposit to meet state insurance regulatory requirements. We did 0tnot hold any securities of any one issuer, excluding U.S. government obligations, with an aggregate cost or fair value exceeding 10% of total shareholders’ equity at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 or 2021, ~~or 2020,~~ or December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. At ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, we did 0tnot hold any debt securities that were non-income producing during the preceding 12 ~~months and held $12.7 million of foreign government obligations at June 30, 2021, which we classified in our corporate debt portfolio.~~

months.

Short-Term Investments Our short-term investments may include commercial paper and other investments that are expected to mature or are redeemable within one year.

We invested in repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions during ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, but did 0tnot have any open positions at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ or December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. To the extent we enter into repurchase or reverse repurchase transactions, consistent with past practice, we would elect not to offset these transactions and would report them on a gross basis on our consolidated balance sheets, despite the option to elect to offset these transactions as long as they were with the same counterparty and subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement.

Hybrid Securities Certain securities in our fixed-maturity portfolio are accounted for as hybrid securities because they contain embedded derivatives that are not deemed to be clearly and closely related to the host investments. These securities are reported at fair value:

June 30,
(millions) 2021 2020 December 31, 2020
Fixed Maturities:
State and local government obligations $ 0 $ 3.4 $ 0
Corporate debt securities 296.7 84.3 188.4
Residential mortgage-backed securities 163.1 0 0
Other asset-backed securities 66.9 2.2 34.8
Redeemable preferred stocks 132.2 90.2 131.4
Total hybrid securities $ 658.9 $ 180.1 $ 354.6


	March 31,
(millions)	2022		2021		December 31, 2021
Fixed Maturities:
Corporate debt securities	$	535.8	$	295.0	$	479.1
Residential mortgage-backed securities	721.7		35.0		536.2
Other asset-backed securities	75.0		31.9		89.2
Redeemable preferred stocks	152.1		127.5		130.8
Total hybrid securities	$	1,484.6	$	489.4	$	1,235.3

Since the embedded derivatives (e.g., change-in-control put option, debt-to-equity conversion, or any other feature unrelated to the credit quality or risk of default of the issuer that could impact the amount or timing of our expected future cash flows) do not have observable intrinsic values, we have elected to record the changes in fair value of these securities through income as a component of net realized gains or losses.

Fixed Maturities The composition of fixed maturities by maturity at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, was:


(millions)	(millions)	Cost		Fair Value		(millions)	Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	Less than one year	$	4,964.2	$	4,985.6	Less than one year	$	5,702.8	$	5,670.9
One to five years	One to five years	27,027.8		27,458.0		One to five years	29,007.2		28,094.9
Five to ten years	Five to ten years	10,125.0		10,323.1		Five to ten years	13,251.5		12,430.7
Ten years or greater	Ten years or greater	261.0		264.3		Ten years or greater	121.2		119.9
Total	Total	$	42,378.0	$	43,031.0	Total	$	48,082.7	$	46,316.4

Asset-backed securities are classified in the maturity distribution table based upon their projected cash flows. All other securities ~~which~~that do not have a single maturity date are reported based upon expected average maturity. Contractual maturities may differ from expected maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

1011

Gross Unrealized Losses The following tables show the composition of gross unrealized losses ~~for which no credit related impairment has been recognized,~~ by major security type and by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:


		Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater						Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)	($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2021
March 31, 2022																	March 31, 2022
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	59	$	10,629.4	$	(72.9)	55	$	10,162.4	$	(66.8)	4	$	467.0	$	(6.1)	U.S. government obligations	116	$	18,478.0	$	(876.7)	97	$	15,467.4	$	(649.4)	19	$	3,010.6	$	(227.3)
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	81	436.2		(3.3)		72	400.0		(2.6)		9	36.2		(0.7)		State and local government obligations	290	1,767.7		(97.1)		279	1,627.3		(82.1)		11	140.4		(15.0)
Foreign government obligations																	Foreign government obligations	1	17.4		(0.9)		1	17.4		(0.9)		0	0		0
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	292	1,142.5		(9.9)		288	1,065.2		(9.5)		4	77.3		(0.4)		Corporate debt securities	416	7,830.6		(315.5)		407	7,623.8		(294.2)		9	206.8		(21.3)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	77	192.2		(1.1)		64	172.4		(0.7)		13	19.8		(0.4)		Residential mortgage-backed securities	32	201.8		(5.1)		26	189.0		(4.1)		6	12.8		(1.0)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	68	1,272.0		(11.5)		61	1,006.9		(10.5)		7	265.1		(1.0)		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	264	6,584.4		(380.1)		245	6,133.0		(327.9)		19	451.4		(52.2)
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	119	1,073.6		(1.5)		113	1,043.7		(1.3)		6	29.9		(0.2)		Other asset-backed securities	269	4,927.4		(103.6)		263	4,873.8		(102.7)		6	53.6		(0.9)
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	1	11.1		(1.4)		0	0		0		1	11.1		(1.4)		Redeemable preferred stocks	3	37.4		(1.8)		2	26.4		(0.3)		1	11.0		(1.5)
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	697	$	14,757.0	$	(101.6)	653	$	13,850.6	$	(91.4)	44	$	906.4	$	(10.2)	Total fixed maturities	1,391	$	39,844.7	$	(1,780.8)	1,320	$	35,958.1	$	(1,461.6)	71	$	3,886.6	$	(319.2)


		Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater						Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)	($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2020
March 31, 2021																	March 31, 2021
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	4	$	120.6	$	(0.1)	4	$	120.6	$	(0.1)	0	$	0	$	0	U.S. government obligations	36	$	8,612.2	$	(111.0)	35	$	8,598.6	$	(109.7)	1	$	13.6	$	(1.3)
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	17	135.0		(0.6)		16	131.2		(0.6)		1	3.8		0		State and local government obligations	92	816.0		(16.0)		92	816.0		(16.0)		0	0		0
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	21	292.8		(3.4)		21	292.8		(3.4)		0	0		0		Corporate debt securities	79	1,751.4		(24.0)		76	1,698.4		(23.9)		3	53.0		(0.1)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	40	188.2		(3.4)		21	93.7		(1.7)		19	94.5		(1.7)		Residential mortgage-backed securities	21	123.4		(0.8)		6	94.4		(0.2)		15	29.0		(0.6)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	113	2,536.6		(55.8)		91	2,106.6		(48.3)		22	430.0		(7.5)		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	95	2,542.2		(45.1)		77	2,023.9		(41.7)		18	518.3		(3.4)
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	29	331.7		(3.7)		21	299.0		(3.4)		8	32.7		(0.3)		Other asset-backed securities	43	505.8		(0.7)		36	477.6		(0.5)		7	28.2		(0.2)
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	1	11.0		(1.4)		0	0		0		1	11.0		(1.4)		Redeemable preferred stocks	1	10.5		(2.0)		0	0		0		1	10.5		(2.0)
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	225	$	3,615.9	$	(68.4)	174	$	3,043.9	$	(57.5)	51	$	572.0	$	(10.9)	Total fixed maturities	367	$	14,361.5	$	(199.6)	322	$	13,708.9	$	(192.0)	45	$	652.6	$	(7.6)

Total No. of Sec. Total
Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater
($ in millions) No. of Sec. Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses No. of Sec. Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses
December 31, 2020
U.S. government obligations 9 $ 1,511.0 $ (3.7) 9 $ 1,511.0 $ (3.7) 0 $ 0 $ 0
State and local government obligations 30 208.7 (0.7) 30 208.7 (0.7) 0 0 0
Corporate debt securities 7 129.4 (0.1) 7 129.4 (0.1) 0 0 0
Residential mortgage-backed securities 21 44.4 (0.9) 0 0 0 21 44.4 (0.9)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 43 893.3 (10.0) 9 93.6 (0.3) 34 799.7 (9.7)
Other asset-backed securities 22 183.7 (0.5) 9 74.4 (0.1) 13 109.3 (0.4)
Redeemable preferred stocks 1 11.0 (1.4) 0 0 0 1 11.0 (1.4)
Total fixed maturities 133 $ 2,981.5 $ (17.3) 64 $ 2,017.1 $ (4.9) 69 $ 964.4 $ (12.4)


	Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2021
U.S. government obligations	92	$	14,745.8	$	(190.8)	85	$	13,790.8	$	(158.5)	7	$	955.0	$	(32.3)
State and local government obligations	127	954.2		(14.0)		122	927.3		(13.1)		5	26.9		(0.9)
Corporate debt securities	220	3,496.6		(33.4)		219	3,491.7		(33.3)		1	4.9		(0.1)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	20	138.6		(0.6)		14	135.4		(0.5)		6	3.2		(0.1)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	168	4,315.4		(64.3)		165	4,295.0		(63.9)		3	20.4		(0.4)
Other asset-backed securities	178	3,204.7		(12.4)		176	3,200.6		(12.3)		2	4.1		(0.1)
Redeemable preferred stocks	1	12.0		(0.5)		0	0		0		1	12.0		(0.5)
Total fixed maturities	806	$	26,867.3	$	(316.0)	781	$	25,840.8	$	(281.6)	25	$	1,026.5	$	(34.4)

The increase in the number of securities in an unrealized loss position since both ~~June 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, was primarily the result of an increase in interest rates. ~~NaNne~~As of ~~the~~March 31, 2022, we had 2 corporate debt securities ~~in the table above~~and 2 residential mortgage-backed securities that had their credit ratings downgraded during the ~~second~~ quarter, ~~2021.~~

with a combined fair value of $27.9 million and an unrealized loss of $1.0 million.

A review of the securities in an unrealized loss position indicated that the issuers were current with respect to their interest obligations and that there was no evidence of deterioration of the current cash flow projections that would indicate we would not receive the remaining principal at maturity.

1112

Allowance For Credit and Uncollectible Losses We are required to measure the amount of potential credit losses for all fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position. We did 0tnot record any allowances for credit losses or any write-offs for amounts deemed to be uncollectible ~~for~~during the first ~~six~~three months of 2022 or 2021, and did 0tnot have a material credit loss allowance balance as of ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ or December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. We considered several factors and inputs related to the individual securities as part of ~~this analysis, including:~~our analysis. The methodology and significant inputs used to measure the amount of credit losses in our portfolio included:

•current performance indicators on the business model or underlying assets (e.g., delinquency rates, foreclosure rates, and default rates);

•credit support (via current levels of subordination);

•historical credit ratings; and

•updated cash flow expectations based upon these performance indicators.

In order to determine the amount of credit loss, if any, we initially reviewed securities in a loss position to determine whether it was likely that we would be required, or ~~whether we~~ intended, to sell any of the securities prior to the recovery of their respective cost bases (which could be maturity). If we were likely to, or intended to, sell prior to a potential recovery, we would write off the unrealized loss. For those securities that we determined we were not likely to, or did not intend to, sell prior to a potential recovery, we calculated the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows expected (i.e., expected recovery value) using the current book yield for each security. The NPV was then compared to the security’s current amortized value to determine if a credit loss existed. In the event that the NPV was below the amortized value, and the amount was determined to be material individually, or in aggregate, a credit loss would be deemed to exist, and either an allowance for credit losses would be created, or if an allowance ~~already~~currently existed, either a recovery of the previous allowance, or an incremental loss, would be recorded to net realized gains (losses) on securities.

As of ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, and December 31, 2021, we believe none of the unrealized losses relate to material credit losses on any specific securities, or in the aggregate, based on our review. We continue to expect all the securities in our portfolio to pay their principal and interest obligations.

WeIn addition, we reviewed our accrued investment income outstanding on those securities in an unrealized loss position at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, and December 31, 2021, to determine if the accrued interest amounts were ~~deemed~~determined to be uncollectible. Based on our analysis, we believe the issuers have sufficient liquidity and capital reserves to meet their current interest, and future principal, obligations and, therefore, did 0tnot write off any accrued income as uncollectible at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, or December 31, 2021.

1213

Realized Gains (Losses) The components of net realized gains (losses) for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, were:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months
(millions)	(millions)	2021		2020		2021		2020		(millions)		2022		2021
Gross realized gains on security sales	Gross realized gains on security sales									Gross realized gains on security sales
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	11.3	$	224.5	$	77.9	$	475.6	U.S. government obligations		$	3.3	$	66.6
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	14.1		13.0		44.3		15.0		State and local government obligations		0		30.2
Corporate and other debt securities	Corporate and other debt securities	40.1		34.3		60.8		66.7		Corporate and other debt securities		4.5		20.7
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	0.3		0		0.3		0		Residential mortgage-backed securities		0.1		0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	9.5		4.3		39.3		10.4		Commercial mortgage-backed securities		0		29.8
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	0		0		0.7		0		Other asset-backed securities		0.1		0.7
Redeemable preferred stocks		1.5		0		1.5		0

Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	76.8		276.1		224.8		567.7		Total available-for-sale securities		8.0		148.0
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6.4		0.1		23.7		19.7		Nonredeemable preferred stocks		17.3		17.3
Common equities	Common equities	345.0		9.1		346.1		75.1		Common equities		0.5		1.1
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	351.4		9.2		369.8		94.8		Total equity securities		17.8		18.4
Subtotal gross realized gains on security sales	Subtotal gross realized gains on security sales	428.2		285.3		594.6		662.5		Subtotal gross realized gains on security sales		25.8		166.4
Gross realized losses on security sales	Gross realized losses on security sales									Gross realized losses on security sales
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	(6.9)		(0.6)		(26.5)		(3.3)		U.S. government obligations		(69.2)		(19.6)
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	(2.8)		0		(3.0)		0		State and local government obligations		(1.0)		(0.2)
Corporate and other debt securities	Corporate and other debt securities	(3.3)		(5.5)		(5.4)		(6.5)		Corporate and other debt securities		(7.7)		(2.1)

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	(0.5)		(9.8)		(1.1)		(9.8)		Commercial mortgage-backed securities		0		(0.6)
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	(0.3)		0		(0.4)		0		Other asset-backed securities		(0.1)		(0.1)

Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	(13.8)		(15.9)		(36.4)		(19.6)		Total available-for-sale securities		(78.0)		(22.6)
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	(0.4)		(3.0)		(0.4)		(7.4)		Nonredeemable preferred stocks		(1.7)		0
Common equities	Common equities	(3.9)		(6.4)		(3.9)		(60.3)		Common equities		(0.6)		0
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	(4.3)		(9.4)		(4.3)		(67.7)		Total equity securities		(2.3)		0
Subtotal gross realized losses on security sales	Subtotal gross realized losses on security sales	(18.1)		(25.3)		(40.7)		(87.3)		Subtotal gross realized losses on security sales		(80.3)		(22.6)
Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	Net realized gains (losses) on security sales									Net realized gains (losses) on security sales
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	4.4		223.9		51.4		472.3		U.S. government obligations		(65.9)		47.0
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	11.3		13.0		41.3		15.0		State and local government obligations		(1.0)		30.0
Corporate and other debt securities	Corporate and other debt securities	36.8		28.8		55.4		60.2		Corporate and other debt securities		(3.2)		18.6
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	0.3		0		0.3		0		Residential mortgage-backed securities		0.1		0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	9.0		(5.5)		38.2		0.6		Commercial mortgage-backed securities		0		29.2
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	(0.3)		0		0.3		0		Other asset-backed securities		0		0.6
Redeemable preferred stocks		1.5		0		1.5		0

Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	63.0		260.2		188.4		548.1		Total available-for-sale securities		(70.0)		125.4
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6.0		(2.9)		23.3		12.3		Nonredeemable preferred stocks		15.6		17.3
Common equities	Common equities	341.1		2.7		342.2		14.8		Common equities		(0.1)		1.1
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	347.1		(0.2)		365.5		27.1		Total equity securities		15.5		18.4
Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on security sales	Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on security sales	410.1		260.0		553.9		575.2		Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on security sales		(54.5)		143.8
Net holding period gains (losses)	Net holding period gains (losses)									Net holding period gains (losses)
Hybrid securities	Hybrid securities	9.9		24.8		(1.0)		(6.4)		Hybrid securities		(39.0)		(10.9)
Equity securities	Equity securities	44.3		606.0		496.7		(231.6)		Equity securities		(349.6)		452.4

Subtotal net holding period gains (losses)	Subtotal net holding period gains (losses)	54.2		630.8		495.7		(238.0)		Subtotal net holding period gains (losses)		(388.6)		441.5

Other asset impairment	Other asset impairment	(2.5)		0		(2.5)		0		Other asset impairment		(2.2)		0

Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	$	461.8	$	890.8	$	1,047.1	$	337.2	Total net realized gains (losses) on securities		$	(445.3)	$	585.3

1314

Realized gains (losses) on securities sold are computed using the first-in-first-out method. During first quarter 2022, interest rates continued to rise and, as a result, valuations declined for most of our available-for-sale securities, and we recognized net losses on security sales. The majority of the sales activity was in our U.S. government obligations as securities were sold to invest in other portfolio sectors. The net holding period losses during first quarter 2022 were primarily the result of declines in the equity market. The other asset impairment loss was recorded as a result of our investment in a federal new markets tax credit fund, which was entered into during the second quarter 2021, and reported in other assets in the consolidated balance ~~sheet.~~sheets.

The following table reflects our holding period realized gains (losses) ~~on equity securities~~ recognized ~~for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, for~~on equity securities held at the respective first quarter ~~end:~~ends:

Three Months Six Months
(millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Total net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities $ 391.4 $ 605.8 $ 862.2 $ (204.5)
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities sold during the period 347.1 (0.2) 365.5 27.1
Net holding period gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at period end $ 44.3 $ 606.0 $ 496.7 $ (231.6)


	Three Months
(millions)		2022		2021
Total net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities		$	(334.1)	$	470.8
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities sold during the period		15.5		18.4
Net holding period gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at period end		$	(349.6)	$	452.4

Net Investment Income The components of net investment income for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, were:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months
(millions)	(millions)	2021		2020		2021		2020		(millions)		2022		2021
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:									Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	37.4	$	35.7	$	67.8	$	98.3	U.S. government obligations		$	51.4	$	30.4
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	11.5		16.1		24.9		25.7		State and local government obligations		9.2		13.4
Foreign government obligations										Foreign government obligations		0.1		0
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	73.2		76.6		158.4		134.6		Corporate debt securities		68.1		85.2
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	2.8		3.8		6.2		8.0		Residential mortgage-backed securities		4.8		3.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	34.4		42.6		70.2		76.9		Commercial mortgage-backed securities		43.3		35.8
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	15.1		24.8		31.0		54.0		Other asset-backed securities		25.1		15.9
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	2.3		2.1		4.8		10.0		Redeemable preferred stocks		2.5		2.5
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	176.7		201.7		363.3		407.5		Total fixed maturities		204.5		186.6
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	0.7		13.7		2.2		20.7		Short-term investments		0.4		1.5
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	177.4		215.4		365.5		428.2		Total available-for-sale securities		204.9		188.1
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	17.3		14.7		35.2		28.5		Nonredeemable preferred stocks		18.2		17.9
Common equities	Common equities	16.0		13.7		30.2		28.3		Common equities		19.1		14.2
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	33.3		28.4		65.4		56.8		Total equity securities		37.3		32.1
Investment income	Investment income	210.7		243.8		430.9		485.0		Investment income		242.2		220.2
Investment expenses	Investment expenses	(6.3)		(4.5)		(11.9)		(9.8)		Investment expenses		(5.7)		(5.6)
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	204.4	$	239.3	$	419.0	$	475.2	Net investment income		$	236.5	$	214.6

~~The amount of investment income (interest and dividends) we earn varies based on the average assets held during the year and the book yields of the securities in our portfolio.~~ On a year-over-year basis, investment income ~~decreased 11%~~(interest and dividends) increased 10% for the first ~~six~~three months of ~~2021,~~2022, compared to the same period last year, due to an increase in average assets resulting from premium growth, underwriting profitability, and investing the $1.5 billion of proceeds from debt issued in March 2022, in part offset by a decrease in the ~~portfolio~~pretax annualized investment income book yield ~~which was partially offset by an increase in average assets.~~on a year-over-year basis. The recurring investment book yield decreased ~~about 23%~~4.8% for the first ~~six~~three months of ~~2021,~~2022, compared to the same period in ~~2020,~~2021, as a result of ~~investing cash from operations and~~ reinvesting cash from sales, maturities, paydowns, and other redemptions at market yields that were ~~significantly~~slightly lower than the portfolio’s overall yield. The income reduction from the negative yield change was partially offset by an increase in income earned as a result of investing the $1.0 billion of proceeds from the debt issued during March 2020, as well as strong premium growth and underwriting profitability, net of payments of our common and preferred stock dividends.

1415

Note 3 Fair Value — We have categorized our financial instruments, based on the degree of subjectivity inherent in the method by which they are valued, into a fair value hierarchy of three levels, as follows:

•Level 1: Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments at the measurement date (e.g., U.S. government obligations, which are continually priced on a daily basis, active exchange-traded equity securities, and certain short-term securities).

•Level 2: Inputs (other than quoted prices included within Level 1) that are observable for the instrument either directly or indirectly (e.g., certain corporate and municipal bonds and certain preferred stocks). This includes: (i) quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, (ii) quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, (iii) inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the instruments, and (iv) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

•Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable. Unobservable inputs reflect our subjective evaluation about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument (e.g., certain structured securities and privately held investments).

Determining the fair value of the investment portfolio is the responsibility of management. As part of the responsibility, we evaluate whether a market is distressed or inactive in determining the fair value for our portfolio. We review certain market level inputs to evaluate whether sufficient activity, volume, and new issuances exist to create an active market. Based on this evaluation, we concluded that there was sufficient activity related to the sectors and securities for which we obtained valuations.

1516

The composition of the investment portfolio by major security type and our outstanding debt was:

Fair Value
(millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cost
June 30, 2021
Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations $ 19,437.7 $ 0 $ 0 $ 19,437.7 $ 19,339.3
State and local government obligations 0 2,440.5 0 2,440.5 2,379.1
Corporate debt securities 0 10,690.9 0 10,690.9 10,327.5
Subtotal 19,437.7 13,131.4 0 32,569.1 32,045.9
Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed 0 671.3 0 671.3 666.9
Commercial mortgage-backed 0 5,708.1 0 5,708.1 5,628.2
Other asset-backed 0 3,899.0 0 3,899.0 3,865.9
Subtotal asset-backed securities 0 10,278.4 0 10,278.4 10,161.0
Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials 0 51.3 0 51.3 50.9
Utilities 0 0 0 0 0
Industrials 10.8 121.4 0 132.2 120.2
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks 10.8 172.7 0 183.5 171.1
Total fixed maturities 19,448.5 23,582.5 0 43,031.0 42,378.0
Short-term investments 1,679.8 30.8 0 1,710.6 1,710.6
Total available-for-sale securities 21,128.3 23,613.3 0 44,741.6 44,088.6
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials 98.4 1,332.5 128.9 1,559.8 1,456.2
Utilities 0 42.5 0 42.5 39.9
Industrials 0 25.6 34.4 60.0 40.1
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks 98.4 1,400.6 163.3 1,662.3 1,536.2
Common equities:
Common stocks 4,527.3 0 0 4,527.3 1,201.8
Other risk investments 0 0 11.6 11.6 11.6
Subtotal common equities 4,527.3 0 11.6 4,538.9 1,213.4
Total equity securities 4,625.7 1,400.6 174.9 6,201.2 2,749.6
Total portfolio $ 25,754.0 $ 25,013.9 $ 174.9 $ 50,942.8 $ 46,838.2
Debt $ 0 $ 6,446.7 $ 0 $ 6,446.7 $ 5,397.5


		Fair Value											Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost		(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost
June 30, 2020
March 31, 2022												March 31, 2022
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:											Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	9,277.8	$	0	$	0	$	9,277.8	$	8,814.5	U.S. government obligations	$	19,528.8	$	0	$	0	$	19,528.8	$	20,399.6
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	0		3,574.3		0		3,574.3		3,426.0		State and local government obligations	0		2,144.2		0		2,144.2		2,236.9
Foreign government obligations												Foreign government obligations	0		17.4		0		17.4		18.3
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	0		11,062.5		0		11,062.5		10,493.2		Corporate debt securities	0		11,280.0		0		11,280.0		11,590.2
Subtotal	Subtotal	9,277.8		14,636.8		0		23,914.6		22,733.7		Subtotal	19,528.8		13,441.6		0		32,970.4		34,245.0
Asset-backed securities:	Asset-backed securities:											Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed	Residential mortgage-backed	0		543.0		0		543.0		541.0		Residential mortgage-backed	0		951.1		0		951.1		962.3
Commercial mortgage-backed	Commercial mortgage-backed	0		5,761.8		0		5,761.8		5,728.5		Commercial mortgage-backed	0		6,918.5		0		6,918.5		7,296.4
Other asset-backed	Other asset-backed	0		4,354.9		0		4,354.9		4,313.3		Other asset-backed	0		5,255.9		0		5,255.9		5,359.9
Subtotal asset-backed securities	Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		10,659.7		0		10,659.7		10,582.8		Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		13,125.5		0		13,125.5		13,618.6
Redeemable preferred stocks:	Redeemable preferred stocks:											Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	0		51.1		0		51.1		51.3		Financials	0		61.2		0		61.2		62.6
Utilities	Utilities	0		10.8		0		10.8		10.0		Utilities	0		7.2		0		7.2		7.5
Industrials	Industrials	9.7		80.5		0		90.2		90.1		Industrials	10.3		141.8		0		152.1		149.0
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	9.7		142.4		0		152.1		151.4		Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	10.3		210.2		0		220.5		219.1
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	9,287.5		25,438.9		0		34,726.4		33,467.9		Total fixed maturities	19,539.1		26,777.3		0		46,316.4		48,082.7
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4,428.0		272.5		0		4,700.5		4,700.5		Short-term investments	512.9		17.0		0		529.9		529.9
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	13,715.5		25,711.4		0		39,426.9		38,168.4		Total available-for-sale securities	20,052.0		26,794.3		0		46,846.3		48,612.6
Equity securities:	Equity securities:											Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:											Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	108.2		958.3		38.1		1,104.6		1,125.3		Financials	92.2		1,237.3		61.4		1,390.9		1,425.4
Utilities	Utilities	0		38.7		0		38.7		40.0		Utilities	0		78.1		0		78.1		80.0
Industrials	Industrials	0		22.1		15.2		37.3		40.1		Industrials	0		24.6		33.9		58.5		40.1
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	108.2		1,019.1		53.3		1,180.6		1,205.4		Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	92.2		1,340.0		95.3		1,527.5		1,545.5
Common equities:	Common equities:											Common equities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	3,170.1		0		0		3,170.1		1,128.5		Common stocks	4,743.2		49.3		0		4,792.5		1,261.6
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	0		0		0.3		0.3		0.3		Other risk investments	0		0		20.1		20.1		20.1
Subtotal common equities	Subtotal common equities	3,170.1		0		0.3		3,170.4		1,128.8		Subtotal common equities	4,743.2		49.3		20.1		4,812.6		1,281.7
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	3,278.3		1,019.1		53.6		4,351.0		2,334.2		Total equity securities	4,835.4		1,389.3		115.4		6,340.1		2,827.2
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	$	16,993.8	$	26,730.5	$	53.6	$	43,777.9	$	40,502.6	Total portfolio	$	24,887.4	$	28,183.6	$	115.4	$	53,186.4	$	51,439.8
Debt	Debt	$	0	$	6,664.3	$	0	$	6,664.3	$	5,394.7	Debt	$	0	$	6,692.6	$	0	$	6,692.6	$	6,385.6


		Fair Value											Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost		(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost
December 31, 2020
March 31, 2021												March 31, 2021
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:											Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	12,740.0	$	0	$	0	$	12,740.0	$	12,437.9	U.S. government obligations	$	16,073.4	$	0	$	0	$	16,073.4	$	16,002.7
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	0		3,221.8		0		3,221.8		3,099.4		State and local government obligations	0		2,624.1		0		2,624.1		2,574.8
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	0		10,185.2		0		10,185.2		9,579.7		Corporate debt securities	0		10,436.2		0		10,436.2		10,095.2
Subtotal	Subtotal	12,740.0		13,407.0		0		26,147.0		25,117.0		Subtotal	16,073.4		13,060.3		0		29,133.7		28,672.7
Asset-backed securities:	Asset-backed securities:											Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed	Residential mortgage-backed	0		509.5		0		509.5		503.3		Residential mortgage-backed	0		553.2		0		553.2		548.3
Commercial mortgage-backed	Commercial mortgage-backed	0		6,175.1		0		6,175.1		6,042.6		Commercial mortgage-backed	0		5,892.0		0		5,892.0		5,868.3
Other asset-backed	Other asset-backed	0		3,784.6		0		3,784.6		3,745.0		Other asset-backed	0		3,323.4		0		3,323.4		3,293.5
Subtotal asset-backed securities	Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		10,469.2		0		10,469.2		10,290.9		Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		9,768.6		0		9,768.6		9,710.1
Redeemable preferred stocks:	Redeemable preferred stocks:											Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	0		51.6		0		51.6		51.1		Financials	0		50.6		0		50.6		51.0
Utilities	Utilities	0		11.7		0		11.7		10.0		Utilities	0		11.4		0		11.4		10.0
Industrials	Industrials	10.8		120.6		0		131.4		120.1		Industrials	10.6		116.9		0		127.5		120.2
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	10.8		183.9		0		194.7		181.2		Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	10.6		178.9		0		189.5		181.2
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	12,750.8		24,060.1		0		36,810.9		35,589.1		Total fixed maturities	16,084.0		23,007.8		0		39,091.8		38,564.0
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4,704.9		513.6		0		5,218.5		5,218.5		Short-term investments	2,227.8		15.3		0		2,243.1		2,243.1
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	17,455.7		24,573.7		0		42,029.4		40,807.6		Total available-for-sale securities	18,311.8		23,023.1		0		41,334.9		40,807.1
Equity securities:	Equity securities:											Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:											Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	117.7		1,212.3		35.0		1,365.0		1,278.6		Financials	113.8		1,274.7		10.0		1,398.5		1,348.9
Utilities	Utilities	0		41.9		0		41.9		40.0		Utilities	0		41.9		0		41.9		39.9
Industrials	Industrials	0		24.3		16.7		41.0		40.1		Industrials	0		25.2		16.6		41.8		40.1
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	117.7		1,278.5		51.7		1,447.9		1,358.7		Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	113.8		1,341.8		26.6		1,482.2		1,428.9
Common equities:	Common equities:											Common equities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	4,049.9		0		0		4,049.9		1,184.2		Common stocks	4,555.3		0		25.0		4,580.3		1,226.3
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	0		0		3.1		3.1		3.1		Other risk investments	0		0		3.2		3.2		3.2
Subtotal common equities	Subtotal common equities	4,049.9		0		3.1		4,053.0		1,187.3		Subtotal common equities	4,555.3		0		28.2		4,583.5		1,229.5
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	4,167.6		1,278.5		54.8		5,500.9		2,546.0		Total equity securities	4,669.1		1,341.8		54.8		6,065.7		2,658.4
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	$	21,623.3	$	25,852.2	$	54.8	$	47,530.3	$	43,353.6	Total portfolio	$	22,980.9	$	24,364.9	$	54.8	$	47,400.6	$	43,465.5
Debt	Debt	$	0	$	6,793.5	$	0	$	6,793.5	$	5,396.1	Debt	$	0	$	6,195.2	$	0	$	6,195.2	$	5,396.8


	Fair Value
(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost
December 31, 2021
Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	$	18,488.2	$	0	$	0	$	18,488.2	$	18,586.1
State and local government obligations	0		2,185.3		0		2,185.3		2,162.6
Foreign government obligations	0		17.9		0		17.9		17.9
Corporate debt securities	0		10,692.1		0		10,692.1		10,526.2
Subtotal	18,488.2		12,895.3		0		31,383.5		31,292.8
Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed	0		790.0		0		790.0		787.7
Commercial mortgage-backed	0		6,535.6		0		6,535.6		6,561.0
Other asset-backed	0		4,982.3		0		4,982.3		4,981.8
Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		12,307.9		0		12,307.9		12,330.5
Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	0		50.9		0		50.9		50.7
Utilities	0		0		0		0		0
Industrials	10.7		120.1		0		130.8		120.2
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	10.7		171.0		0		181.7		170.9
Total fixed maturities	18,498.9		25,374.2		0		43,873.1		43,794.2
Short-term investments	942.4		0.2		0		942.6		942.6
Total available-for-sale securities	19,441.3		25,374.4		0		44,815.7		44,736.8
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	115.3		1,305.7		76.4		1,497.4		1,451.7
Utilities	0		82.9		0		82.9		80.0
Industrials	0		25.2		34.4		59.6		40.1
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	115.3		1,413.8		110.8		1,639.9		1,571.8
Common equities:
Common stocks	4,991.6		50.0		0		5,041.6		1,247.2
Other risk investments	0		0		16.9		16.9		16.9
Subtotal common equities	4,991.6		50.0		16.9		5,058.5		1,264.1
Total equity securities	5,106.9		1,463.8		127.7		6,698.4		2,835.9
Total portfolio	$	24,548.2	$	26,838.2	$	127.7	$	51,514.1	$	47,572.7
Debt	$	0	$	5,857.4	$	0	$	5,857.4	$	4,898.8

Our portfolio valuations, excluding short-term investments, classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 in the above tables are priced exclusively by external sources, ~~including:~~including pricing vendors, dealers/market makers, and exchange-quoted prices.

Our short-term investments classified as Level 1 are highly liquid, actively marketed, and have a very short duration, primarily 90 days or less to redemption. These securities are held at their original cost, adjusted for any accretion of discount, since that value very closely approximates what an active market participant would be willing to pay for such securities. The remainder of our short-term investments are classified as Level 2 and are not priced externally since these securities continually trade at par value. These securities are classified as Level 2 since they are primarily longer-dated securities issued by municipalities that contain either liquidity facilities or mandatory put features within one year.

At ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, vendor-quoted prices represented 81% of our Level 1 classifications (excluding short-term investments), compared to ~~75%~~78% and ~~76%~~79% at ~~June 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. The securities quoted by vendors in Level 1 primarily represent our holdings in U.S. Treasury Notes, which are frequently traded, and the quotes are considered similar to exchange-traded quotes. The balance of our Level 1 pricing comes from quotes obtained directly from trades made on active exchanges.

1819

At ~~both June 30, 2021 and December~~March 31, ~~2020,~~2022, vendor-quoted prices comprised ~~99%~~97% of our Level 2 classifications (excluding short-term ~~investments)~~investments and common stock), while dealer-quoted prices represented the remaining 1%3%, compared to ~~97%~~99% and 3%1%, and 98% and 2%, respectively, at ~~June 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2021. In our process for selecting a source (e.g., dealer or pricing service) to provide pricing for securities in our portfolio, we reviewed documentation from the sources that detailed the pricing techniques and methodologies used by these sources and determined if their policies adequately considered market activity, either based on specific transactions for the particular security type or based on modeling of securities with similar credit quality, duration, yield, and structure that were recently transacted. Once a source is chosen, we continue to monitor any changes or modifications to their processes by reviewing their documentation on internal controls for pricing and market reviews. We review quality control measures of our sources as they become available to determine if any significant changes have occurred from period to period that might indicate issues or concerns regarding their evaluation or market coverage.

As part of our pricing procedures, we obtain quotes from more than one source to help us fully evaluate the market price of securities. However, our internal pricing policy is to use a consistent source for individual securities in order to maintain the integrity of our valuation process. Quotes obtained from the sources are not considered binding offers to transact. Under our policy, when a review of the valuation received from our selected source appears to be outside of what is considered market level activity (which is defined as trading at spreads or yields significantly different than those of comparable securities or outside the general sector level movement without a reasonable explanation), we may use an alternate source’s price. To the extent we determine that it may be prudent to substitute one source’s price for another, we will contact the initial source to obtain an understanding of the factors that may be contributing to the significant price variance.

To allow us to determine if our initial source is providing a price that is outside of a reasonable range, we review our portfolio pricing on ~~at least~~ a weekly basis. When necessary, we challenge prices from our sources when a price provided does not match our expectations based on our evaluation of market trends and activity. Initially, we perform a review of our portfolio by sector to identify securities whose prices appear outside of a reasonable range. We then perform a more detailed review of fair values for securities disclosed as Level 2. We review dealer bids and quotes for these and/or similar securities to determine the market level context for our valuations. We then evaluate inputs relevant for each class of securities disclosed in the preceding hierarchy tables.

For our structured debt securities, including commercial, residential, and other asset-backed securities, we evaluate available market-related data for these and similar securities related to collateral, delinquencies, and defaults for historical trends and reasonably estimable projections, as well as historical prepayment rates and current prepayment assumptions and cash flow estimates. We further stratify each class of our structured debt securities into more finite sectors (e.g., planned amortization class, first pay, second pay, senior, subordinated, etc.) and use duration, credit quality, and coupon to determine if the fair value is appropriate.

For our corporate debt and preferred stock (redeemable and nonredeemable) portfolios, as well as the notes issued by The Progressive Corporation (see Note 4 – Debt), we review securities by duration, coupon, and credit quality, as well as changes in interest rate and credit spread movements within that stratification. The review also includes recent trades, including: volume traded at various levels that establish a ~~market,~~market; issuer specific ~~fundamentals,~~fundamentals; and industry specific economic news as it comes to light.

For our municipal securities (e.g., general obligations, revenue, and housing), we stratify the portfolio to evaluate securities by type, coupon, credit quality, and duration to review price changes relative to credit spread and interest rate changes. Additionally, we look to economic data as it relates to geographic location as an indication of price-to-call or maturity predictors. For municipal housing securities, we look to changes in cash flow projections, both historical and reasonably estimable projections, to understand yield changes and their effect on valuation.

Lastly, for our short-term securities, we look at acquisition price relative to the coupon or yield. Since our short-term securities are typically 90 days or less to maturity, with the majority listed in Level 2 being 30 days or less to redemption, we believe that acquisition price is the best estimate of fair value.

We also review data assumptions as supplied by our sources to determine if that data is relevant to current market conditions. In addition, we independently review each sector for transaction volumes, new issuances, and changes in spreads, as well as the overall movement of interest rates along the yield curve to determine if sufficient activity and liquidity exists to provide a credible source for our market valuations.

During each valuation period, we create internal estimations of portfolio valuation (performance returns), based on current market-related activity (i.e., interest rate and credit spread movements and other credit-related factors) within each major sector of our portfolio. We compare our internally generated portfolio results with those generated based on quotes we receive externally and research material valuation differences. We compare our results to index returns for each major sector adjusting for duration and credit quality differences to better understand our portfolio’s results. Additionally, we review on a monthly basis our external sales transactions and compare the actual final market sales prices to previous market valuation prices. This review provides us further validation that our pricing sources are providing market level prices, since we are able to explain significant price changes (i.e., greater than 2%) as known events occur in the marketplace and affect a particular security’s price at sale.

This analysis provides us with additional comfort regarding the source’s process, the quality of its review, and its willingness to improve its analysis based on feedback from clients. We believe this effort helps ensure that we are reporting the most representative fair values for our securities.

After all the valuations are received and our review of Level 2 securities is complete, if the inputs used by vendors are determined to not contain sufficient observable market information, we will reclassify the affected securities to Level 3.

Except as described below, our Level 3 securities are ~~also~~ priced externally; however, due to several factors (e.g., nature of the securities, level of activity, and lack of similar securities trading to obtain observable market level inputs), these valuations are more subjective in nature. ~~Certain private equity investments included in the Level 3 category are valued using external pricing supplemented by internal review and analysis.~~

After all the valuations are received and our review is complete, if the inputs used by vendors are determined to not contain sufficient observable market information, we will reclassify the affected security valuations to Level 3. At June 30, 2021 and 2020, and December 31, 2020, we did 0t have any securities in our fixed-maturity portfolio listed as Level 3.

At June 30, 2021, we held 8 private nonredeemable preferred securities that were priced internally or by a pricing firm and we held 4 private nonredeemable preferred securities at both June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020. At June 30, 2021, we held 3 Level 3 other risk investments that were priced using the cost method, compared to 1 Level 3 other risk investment at June 30, 2020 and 2 Level 3 other risk investments at December 31, 2020.

To the extent we receive prices from external sources (e.g., broker, valuation firm) for the Level 3 securities, we ~~would~~ review those prices for reasonableness using internally developed assumptions and then compare our derived prices to the prices received from the external sources. Based on our review, all prices received from external sources remained unadjusted.

If we ~~received.~~ do not receive prices from an external source, we perform an internal fair value comparison, which includes a review and analysis of market-comparable securities, to determine if fair value changes are needed. Based on this analysis, certain private equity investments included in the Level 3 category remain valued at cost or were priced using a recent transaction as the basis for fair value. At least annually, these private equity investments are priced by an external source.

Our Level 3 other risk investments include securities accounted for under the equity method of accounting and, therefore, are not subject to fair value reporting. Since these securities represent less than 0.1% of our total portfolio, we will continue to include them in our Level 3 disclosures and report the activity from these investments as “other” changes in the summary of changes in fair value table and categorize these securities as “pricing exemption securities” in the quantitative information table.

During 2021, we reclassified a Level 3 nonredeemable preferred stock held at December 31, 2020 to a Level 3 common stock to reflect that the security had converted during 2020. The security was transferred to Level 2 at December 31, 2021. At March 31, 2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, and December 31, 2021, we did not have any securities in our fixed-maturity portfolio listed as Level 3.

During 2022 and 2021, there were no material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

~~Based on our review, all prices received from external sources for 2021 remained unadjusted.~~ Due to the relative size of the Level 3 securities’ fair values compared to the total portfolio’s fair value, any changes in pricing methodology would not have a significant change in valuation that would materially impact net or comprehensive income.

The following tables provide a summary of changes in fair value associated with Level 3 assets for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:

Level 3 Fair Value
(millions) Fair Value at March 31, 2021 Calls/
Maturities/
Paydowns Purchases Sales Net Realized
(Gain)/Loss
on Sales Change in
Valuation Net
Transfers
In (Out) Fair Value at June 30, 2021
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials $ 35.0 $ 0 $ 60.2 $ 0 $ 0 $ 33.7 $ 0 $ 128.9
Industrials 16.6 0 5.0 (5.0) (4.5) 22.3 0 34.4
Common equities:
Other risk investments 3.2 0 8.4 0 0 0 0 11.6
Total Level 3 securities $ 54.8 $ 0 $ 73.6 $ (5.0) $ (4.5) $ 56.0 $ 0 $ 174.9


		Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)		Fair Value at March 31, 2020		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2020

																			Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)																		(millions)	Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2021		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at March 31, 2022
Equity securities:	Equity securities:																	Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:																	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	$	13.1	$	0	$	25.0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	38.1	Financials	$	76.4	$	0	$	0	$	(15.0)	$	(17.2)	$	17.2	$	0	$	61.4
Industrials	Industrials	15.2		0		0		0		0		0		0		15.2		Industrials	34.4		(0.5)		0		0		0		0		0		33.9
Common equities:	Common equities:																	Common equities:

Other risk investments	Other risk investments	0.3		0		0		0		0		0		0		0.3		Other risk investments	16.9		3.2		0		0		0		0		0		20.1
Total Level 3 securities	Total Level 3 securities	$	28.6	$	0	$	25.0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	53.6	Total Level 3 securities	$	127.7	$	2.7	$	0	$	(15.0)	$	(17.2)	$	17.2	$	0	$	115.4

																			Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)																		(millions)	Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2020		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at March 31, 2021
Equity securities:																		Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:																		Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials																		Financials	$	10.0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	10.0
Industrials																		Industrials	16.7		0		0		0		0		(0.1)		0		16.6
Common equities:																		Common equities:
Common stocks																		Common stocks	25.0		0		0		0		0		0		0		25.0
Other risk investments																		Other risk investments	3.1		0.1		0		0		0		0		0		3.2
Total Level 3 securities																		Total Level 3 securities	$	54.8	$	0.1	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(0.1)	$	0	$	54.8

Level 3 Fair Value
(millions) Fair Value at December 31, 2020 Calls/
Maturities/
Paydowns Purchases Sales Net Realized
(Gain)/Loss
on Sales Change in
Valuation Net
Transfers
In (Out) Fair Value at June 30, 2021
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials $ 35.0 $ 0 $ 60.2 $ 0 $ 0 $ 33.7 $ 0 $ 128.9
Industrials 16.7 0 5.0 (5.0) (4.5) 22.2 0 34.4
Common equities:
Other risk investments 3.1 0 8.5 0 0 0 0 11.6
Total Level 3 securities $ 54.8 $ 0 $ 73.7 $ (5.0) $ (4.5) $ 55.9 $ 0 $ 174.9

Level 3 Fair Value
(millions) Fair Value at December 31, 2019 Calls/
Maturities/
Paydowns Purchases Sales Net Realized
(Gain)/Loss
on Sales Change in
Valuation Net
Transfers
In (Out) Fair Value at June 30, 2020
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials $ 27.1 $ 0 $ 25.0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (14.0) $ 0 $ 38.1
Industrials 16.0 0 0 0 0 (0.8) 0 15.2
Common equities:
Other risk investments 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3
Total Level 3 securities $ 43.4 $ 0 $ 25.0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (14.8) $ 0 $ 53.6

2122

The following tables provide a summary of the quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for our applicable securities at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ and December 31, ~~2020:~~2021:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
($ in millions) Fair Value at June 30, 2021 Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Unobservable Input Assumption
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials $ 52.5 Pricing firm Market approach (guideline public company method) price per share 7.7
Financials 16.2 Internal price Recent transaction price per share 27.5
Financials1
22.5 Internal price Unadjusted purchase price per share 20.1
Financials1
12.5 Internal price Unadjusted purchase price per share 11.8
Financials1
10.2 Internal price Unadjusted purchase price per share 32.1
Financials1
15.0 Internal price Unadjusted purchase price per share 6.8
Industrials 10.7 Internal price Recent transaction price per share 5.2
Industrials 23.7 Internal price Recent transaction price per share 9.6
Subtotal Level 3 securities 163.3
Pricing exemption securities 11.6
Total Level 3 securities $ 174.9

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

($ in millions)

Fair Value at March 31, 2022

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

Equity securities:

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

95.3

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(27.9)% to (12.7)%

(20.1)

Subtotal Level 3 securities

95.3

Pricing exemption securities

20.1

Total Level 3 securities

115.4

1 ~~These securities were purchased during second quarter 2021.~~

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

($ in millions)

Fair Value at June 30, 2020

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Unobservable Input Assumption

($ in millions)

Fair Value at March 31, 2021

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

Equity securities:

Nonredeemable preferred stocks:

Financials

13.1

Internal price

Market approach (guideline public company method) price per share

4.4

Financials1

25.0

Internal price

Unadjusted purchase price per share

3.7

Industrials2

7.1

Internal price

Market approach (guideline public company method) price per share

5.6

Industrials2

8.1

Internal price

Market approach (guideline public company method) price per share

4.0

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

26.6

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

6.1% to 9.4%

8.2

Common stocks

25.0

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

2.7% to 56.4%

9.0

Subtotal Level 3 securities

53.3

Subtotal Level 3 securities

51.6

Pricing exemption securities

0.3

Pricing exemption securities

3.2

Total Level 3 securities

53.6

Total Level 3 securities

54.8

1~~This security~~Note: The table was ~~purchased in second quarter 2020.~~

2~~Modified prior year disclosure~~updated to ~~present securities individually to conform to~~agree with the current year ~~presentation.~~

presentation and to reflect the purchase of a nonredeemable preferred stock security in the second quarter 2020 that was subject to an automatic conversion to common stock during third quarter 2020.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

($ in millions)

Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2021

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

Equity securities:

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

110.8

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(20.2)% to (2.3)%

(7.7)%

Subtotal Level 3 securities

110.8

Pricing exemption securities

16.9

Total Level 3 securities

127.7

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
($ in millions) Fair Value at December 31, 2020 Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Unobservable Input Assumption
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials1
$ 25.0 Internal price Unadjusted purchase price per share 3.7
Financials2
10.0 Internal price Unadjusted purchase price per share 16.9
Industrials 6.9 Pricing firm Market approach (guideline public company method) price per share 5.4
Industrials 9.8 Pricing firm Market approach (guideline public company method) price per share 4.8
Subtotal Level 3 securities 51.7
Pricing exemption securities 3.1
Total Level 3 securities $ 54.8

1 ~~This security was purchased in second quarter 2020.~~

2 ~~This security was purchased in fourth quarter 2020.~~

Note 4 Debt — Debt at each of the balance sheet periods consisted of:


		June 30, 2021				June 30, 2020				December 31, 2020					March 31, 2022				March 31, 2021				December 31, 2021
(millions)	(millions)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		(millions)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
3.75% Senior Notes due 2021 (issued: $500.0, August 2011)	3.75% Senior Notes due 2021 (issued: $500.0, August 2011)	$	499.9	$	502.5	$	499.6	$	519.0	$	499.8	$	510.9	3.75% Senior Notes due 2021 (issued: $500.0, August 2011)	$	0	$	0	$	499.9	$	506.7	$	0	$	0
2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, August 2016)	2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, August 2016)	497.5		529.9		497.1		533.7		497.3		541.1		2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, August 2016)	497.8		487.9		497.4		526.8		497.7		517.9
2.50% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)														2.50% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	497.1		489.4		0		0		0		0
6 5/8% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $300.0, March 1999)	6 5/8% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $300.0, March 1999)	297.0		396.1		296.8		420.7		296.9		409.4		6 5/8% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $300.0, March 1999)	297.3		358.8		297.0		386.1		297.2		388.2
4.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $550.0, October 2018)	4.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $550.0, October 2018)	545.7		631.5		545.2		654.2		545.5		660.4		4.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $550.0, October 2018)	546.1		573.5		545.6		623.7		545.9		621.0
3.20% Senior Notes due 2030 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	3.20% Senior Notes due 2030 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	496.3		549.0		496.0		567.6		496.1		575.5		3.20% Senior Notes due 2030 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	496.6		496.2		496.2		536.7		496.5		536.3
3.00% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)														3.00% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	495.6		487.0		0		0		0		0
6.25% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $400.0, November 2002)	6.25% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $400.0, November 2002)	396.1		553.7		395.8		569.6		396.0		582.0		6.25% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $400.0, November 2002)	396.2		494.8		396.0		531.4		396.2		547.9
4.35% Senior Notes due 2044 (issued: $350.0, April 2014)	4.35% Senior Notes due 2044 (issued: $350.0, April 2014)	346.8		434.8		346.7		444.9		346.7		459.7		4.35% Senior Notes due 2044 (issued: $350.0, April 2014)	346.8		368.7		346.8		413.9		346.8		428.4
3.70% Senior Notes due 2045 (issued: $400.0, January 2015)	3.70% Senior Notes due 2045 (issued: $400.0, January 2015)	395.6		458.1		395.5		471.4		395.5		481.0		3.70% Senior Notes due 2045 (issued: $400.0, January 2015)	395.7		386.0		395.6		430.2		395.6		447.1
4.125% Senior Notes due 2047 (issued: $850.0, April 2017)	4.125% Senior Notes due 2047 (issued: $850.0, April 2017)	841.8		1,041.4		841.6		1,080.8		841.7		1,113.1		4.125% Senior Notes due 2047 (issued: $850.0, April 2017)	841.9		894.5		841.7		977.1		841.9		1,029.3
4.20% Senior Notes due 2048 (issued: $600.0, March 2018)	4.20% Senior Notes due 2048 (issued: $600.0, March 2018)	590.1		747.0		589.9		773.8		590.0		806.7		4.20% Senior Notes due 2048 (issued: $600.0, March 2018)	590.3		637.4		590.0		698.7		590.2		741.3
3.95% Senior Notes due 2050 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	3.95% Senior Notes due 2050 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	490.7		602.7		490.5		628.6		490.6		653.7		3.95% Senior Notes due 2050 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	490.8		514.9		490.6		563.9		490.8		600.0

3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)														3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	493.4		503.5		0		0		0		0
Total	Total	$	5,397.5	$	6,446.7	$	5,394.7	$	6,664.3	$	5,396.1	$	6,793.5	Total	$	6,385.6	$	6,692.6	$	5,396.8	$	6,195.2	$	4,898.8	$	5,857.4

The Progressive Corporation issued $500 million of 2.50% Senior Notes due 2027, $500 million of 3.00% Senior Notes due 2032, and $500 million of 3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 in March 2022, in an underwritten public offering. The net proceeds from the issuances, after deducting underwriters’ discounts, commissions, and other issuance costs, were approximately $1,486.0 million in aggregate. Consistent with the other senior notes issued by Progressive, interest on these notes is payable semiannually, principal is due at maturity, and the notes are redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time, subject to a treasury “make whole” provision.

~~At June 30, 2021~~There was no short-term debt outstanding at March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2020, short-term~~2021. Short-term debt outstanding at March 31, 2021 consisted of the $500 million 3.75% Senior Notes that ~~mature~~matured in August ~~2021; there was 0 short-term debt outstanding at June 30, 2020.~~2021.

The Progressive Corporation has a line of credit with PNC Bank, National Association (PNC), in the maximum principal amount of $250 ~~million, which has the same terms as the line of credit with PNC that expired in April 2021.~~million. See the ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders for terms of this line of credit. We had 0no borrowings under the line of credit during the periods presented.

Note 5 Income Taxes — Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates. We review our deferred tax assets regularly for recoverability. At ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we determined that we did 0tnot need a valuation allowance on our gross deferred tax assets. Although realization of the deferred tax assets is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized based on our expectation that we will be able to fully utilize the deductions that are ultimately recognized for tax purposes.

For the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, there have been no material changes in our reserve for uncertain tax positions.

The effective tax rate for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, was ~~20.9% and 20.8%~~19.6%, ~~respectively,~~ compared to ~~21.1% and~~ 20.8% for the same ~~periods~~period last year, in part due to our permanent tax differences having a greater impact on the effective rate given our lower pre-tax income in the first quarter 2022, compared to the same period last year.

Net state deferred income tax asset and liability amounts as of June 30, 2020, were reclassified on the consolidated balance sheets into other assets and accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities, respectively, from net federal deferred income taxes to conform to the current year presentation.

Note 6 Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves — Activity in the loss and loss adjustment expense reserves is summarized as follows:

June 30,
(millions) 2021 2020
Balance at January 1 $ 20,265.8 $ 18,105.4
Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 3,798.2 3,212.2
Net balance at January 1 16,467.6 14,893.2
Net loss and loss adjustment reserve acquired1
732.5 0
Total beginning reserves 17,200.1 14,893.2
Incurred related to:
Current year 15,319.9 11,360.5
Prior years 197.0 116.1
Total incurred 15,516.9 11,476.6
Paid related to:
Current year 7,849.6 6,180.4
Prior years 5,436.7 5,180.1
Total paid 13,286.3 11,360.5
Net balance at June 30 19,430.7 15,009.3
Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 4,464.9 3,502.7
Balance at June 30 $ 23,895.6 $ 18,512.0

1 ~~Net reserves acquired in Protective Insurance acquisition.~~


	March 31,
(millions)	2022		2021
Balance at January 1	$	26,164.1	$	20,265.8
Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	4,733.6		3,798.2
Net balance at January 1	21,430.5		16,467.6
Incurred related to:
Current year	8,667.6		6,986.1
Prior years	190.8		124.4
Total incurred	8,858.4		7,110.5
Paid related to:
Current year	3,601.4		3,029.3
Prior years	4,691.7		3,453.7
Total paid	8,293.1		6,483.0
Net balance at March 31	21,995.8		17,095.1
Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	4,758.4		3,968.6
Balance at March 31	$	26,754.2	$	21,063.7

We experienced unfavorable reserve development of ~~$197.0~~$190.8 million and ~~$116.1~~$124.4 million during the first ~~six~~three months of ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively, which is reflected as ~~“Incurred~~“incurred related to prior years” in the table above.

~~Year-to-date June 30, 2021~~First Quarter 2022

•Approximately ~~$100~~$146 million of the unfavorable prior year reserve development was attributable to accident year ~~2019 and $114~~2021, $23 million ~~to 2018 and prior accident years, partially offset by favorable development attributable~~ to accident year ~~2020.~~2020, and the remainder to accident years 2019 and prior.

•Our personal auto products incurred about ~~$111~~$106 million of unfavorable loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserve development, with the Agency and Direct auto businesses each contributing about ~~60%~~half. The unfavorable development was primarily attributable to higher than anticipated severity of auto property damage payments on previously closed claims.

•Our Commercial Lines business experienced about $99 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to injury claims settling at costs higher than originally anticipated.

•Our Property business experienced about $16 million of favorable development, primarily attributable to lower losses than anticipated on 2021 catastrophe events.

•Our special lines business experienced about $2 million of unfavorable development.

First Quarter 2021

•Approximately $42 million of the unfavorable prior year reserve development was attributable to each accident year 2020 and 2019, and the remainder to accident years 2018 and prior.

•Our personal auto products incurred about $92 million of unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development, with about $57 million attributable to the Agency business. The unfavorable development was primarily attributable to a higher than anticipated frequency of reopened personal injury protection (PIP) claims, primarily in Florida, and higher than anticipated ~~bodily injury severity, partially offset by less~~ late reported ~~claims than anticipated for accident year 2020.~~losses occurring toward the end of 2020 but not reported until 2021.

•Our Commercial Lines business experienced about ~~$73~~$29 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to ~~increased injury severity, and the emergence of large injury claims at rates higher than originally anticipated primarily in Texas and Florida.~~

•Our Property business experienced about $20 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to higher than anticipated severity, reopen activity in Florida, and loss adjustment expense for prior loss years.

•~~Our special lines business experienced about $7 million of favorable development.~~

~~Year-to-date June 30, 2020~~

•Approximately 68% of the unfavorable prior year reserve development was attributable to accident year 2018, while only 1% was attributable to accident year 2019, with the remainder related to 2017 and prior accident years. During the second quarter 2020, we experienced favorable development on accident year 2019, primarily due to higher than anticipated salvage and subrogation recoveries, which almost fully offset the unfavorable development from accident year 2019 we experienced during the first quarter 2020.

•Our personal auto products incurred about $37 million of unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development, with about two thirds attributable to the Agency business. The unfavorable LAE development was primarily attributable to revised estimates of our per claim settlement costs taken during the first quarter. We also experienced higher than anticipated frequency of reopened PIP claims, primarily in Florida, and late reported losses occurring toward the end 2019 but not reported until 2020, which was significantly offset by higher than anticipated salvage and subrogation recoveries.

•~~Our Commercial Lines business experienced about $98 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to increased injury severity and~~ the emergence of large injury claims at rates higher than originally anticipated.

•Our special lines ~~and Property businesses~~business experienced about ~~$15~~$5 million ~~and $4 million, respectively,~~ of favorable ~~development.~~development and our Property business experienced about $8 million of unfavorable development during the first quarter.

Note 7 Supplemental Cash Flow Information — Cash and cash equivalents include bank demand deposits and daily overnight reverse repurchase commitments of funds held in bank demand deposit accounts by certain subsidiaries, and are not considered part of the investment portfolio. The amount of reverse repurchase commitments held by these subsidiaries at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, were ~~$90.5~~$152.2 million, ~~$96.4~~$154.0 million, and ~~$93.5~~$137.1 million, respectively. At ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, ~~$14.8 million of~~ the restricted cash and cash equivalents of $14.6 million and $15.0 million, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets ~~represents~~primarily included collateral held against unpaid ~~premiums~~premiums.

Non-cash activity included the following in the form of certificates of deposit, with the remainder representing cash restricted to pay flood claims under the National Flood Insurance Program’s “Write Your Own” program, for which certain subsidiaries are administrators.respective periods:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(millions)	2022		2021
Common share dividends1	$	58.5	$	58.5
Operating lease liabilities2	10.8		6.2

~~During the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, non-cash activity included declared~~1 Declared but ~~unpaid common share dividends of $58.5 million (see~~unpaid. See Note 9 – Dividends for further ~~discussion) for both periods, and operating lease liabilities arising from~~discussion.

2 From obtaining right-of-use ~~assets of $55.9 million and $23.9 million, respectively.~~assets.

We paid the following in the respective periods:

Six Months Ended June 30,
(millions) 2021 2020
Income taxes $ 574.1 $ 18.0
Interest 112.0 94.1
Operating lease liabilities 44.8 44.7

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we did not make any estimated federal tax payments as the Internal Revenue Service, in response to the impact of COVID-19 restrictions, postponed the due date of these estimated payments until July 15, 2020.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(millions)	2022		2021
Income taxes	$	0	$	0.8
Interest	64.9		74.3
Operating lease liabilities	22.0		24.5

Note 8 Segment Information — Our Personal Lines segment writes insurance for personal autos and recreational vehicles (our special lines products). Our Commercial Lines segment writes auto-related liability and physical damage insurance, ~~workers'~~workers’ compensation ~~coverage~~insurance primarily for the transportation industry, and business-related general liability and property insurance, predominately for small businesses. Our Property segment writes residential property insurance for homeowners, other property owners, and renters. Our service businesses provide insurance-related services, including processing Commercial Automobile Insurance Procedures/Plans (CAIP) business and serving as an agent for homeowners, general liability, and workers’ compensation insurance, among other products, through programs in our direct Personal Lines and Commercial Lines businesses. All segment revenues are generated from external customers; all intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Following are the operating results for the respective periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,									Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021				2020				2021				2020						2022	2021
(millions)	(millions)	Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		(millions)			Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)
Personal Lines	Personal Lines																	Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	4,220.3	$	207.5	$	3,919.0	$	550.6	$	8,318.5	$	755.0	$	7,747.7	$	1,152.2	Agency			$	4,323.3	$	288.6	$	4,098.2	$	547.5
Direct	Direct	4,633.9		128.4		4,167.9		647.2		9,065.6		543.0		8,160.3		1,120.2		Direct			4,793.6		150.4		4,431.7		414.6
Total Personal Lines1	Total Personal Lines1	8,854.2		335.9		8,086.9		1,197.8		17,384.1		1,298.0		15,908.0		2,272.4		Total Personal Lines1			9,116.9		439.0		8,529.9		962.1
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	1,621.8		130.1		1,129.0		179.8		3,039.6		358.6		2,318.0		292.3		Commercial Lines			2,127.2		202.4		1,417.8		228.5
Property2	Property2	502.3		(83.3)		432.7		(188.7)		974.8		(154.0)		853.3		(139.5)		Property2			558.1		8.3		472.5		(70.7)
Other indemnity3	Other indemnity3	4.0		0.1		0		0		4.0		0.1		0		0		Other indemnity3			0.7		(0.9)		0		0
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	10,982.3		382.8		9,648.6		1,188.9		21,402.5		1,502.7		19,079.3		2,425.2		Total underwriting operations			11,802.9		648.8		10,420.2		1,119.9
Fees and other revenues4	Fees and other revenues4	176.2		NA		129.5		NA		341.9		NA		283.0		NA		Fees and other revenues4			174.0		NA		165.7		NA
Service businesses	Service businesses	74.5		6.6		59.0		6.2		128.3		11.1		110.6		10.3		Service businesses			67.7		4.5		53.8		4.5
Investments5	Investments5	672.5		666.2		1,134.6		1,130.1		1,478.0		1,466.1		822.2		812.4		Investments5			(203.1)		(208.8)		805.5		799.9

Interest expense	Interest expense	NA		(56.4)		NA		(56.4)		NA		(112.8)		NA		(104.4)		Interest expense			NA		(54.3)		NA		(56.4)
Consolidated total	Consolidated total	$	11,905.5	$	999.2	$	10,971.7	$	2,268.8	$	23,350.7	$	2,867.1	$	20,295.1	$	3,143.5	Consolidated total			$	11,841.5	$	390.2	$	11,445.2	$	1,867.9

NA = Not applicable

1 Personal auto ~~insurance~~products accounted for 94% of the total Personal Lines segment net premiums earned during the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2020; insurance for~~2021; our special lines products (e.g., motorcycles, ATVs, RVs, watercraft, and snowmobiles) accounted for the balance of the Personal Lines net premiums earned.

2 For the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, pretax profit (loss) ~~includes~~included $14.1 million and ~~$28.3~~$14.2 million, respectively, of amortization expense associated with acquisition-related intangible assets attributable to our Property ~~segment, and $14.1 million and $28.6 million for the same periods in 2020.~~segment. See Note 12 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further discussion.

3 Primarily includes ~~Protective Insurance's~~ run-off business operations.

4 Pretax profit (loss) for fees and other revenues is allocated to operating segments.

5 Revenues represent recurring investment income and total net realized gains (losses) on securities; pretax profit is net of investment expense.

Our management uses underwriting margin and combined ratio as primary measures of underwriting profitability. The underwriting margin is the pretax underwriting profit (loss) expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned (i.e., revenues from underwriting operations). Pretax underwriting profit (loss) is calculated as net premiums earned plus fees and other revenues, less: (i) losses and loss adjustment expenses; (ii) policy acquisition costs; and (iii) other underwriting ~~expenses; and (iv) policyholder credits.~~expenses. Combined ratio is the complement of the underwriting margin. Following are the underwriting margins and combined ratios for our underwriting operations for the respective periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021			2020			2021			2020					2022	2021
		Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio				Underwriting Margin		Combined Ratio	Underwriting Margin		Combined Ratio
Personal Lines	Personal Lines													Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	4.9	%	95.1	14.0	%	86.0	9.1	%	90.9	14.9	%	85.1	Agency			6.7	%	93.3	13.4	%	86.6
Direct	Direct	2.8		97.2	15.5		84.5	6.0		94.0	13.7		86.3	Direct			3.1		96.9	9.4		90.6
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	3.8		96.2	14.8		85.2	7.5		92.5	14.3		85.7	Total Personal Lines			4.8		95.2	11.3		88.7
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	8.0		92.0	15.9		84.1	11.8		88.2	12.6		87.4	Commercial Lines			9.5		90.5	16.1		83.9
Property1	Property1	(16.6)		116.6	(43.6)		143.6	(15.8)		115.8	(16.3)		116.3	Property1			1.5		98.5	(15.0)		115.0

Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	3.5		96.5	12.3		87.7	7.0		93.0	12.7		87.3	Total underwriting operations			5.5		94.5	10.7		89.3

1 Included in the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, is ~~2.8 points and~~ ~~2.9~~2.5 points and 3.0 points, respectively, of amortization expense ~~predominately~~ associated with intangible ~~assets and 3.3 points and 3.4 points, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.~~assets.

2627

Note 9 Dividends — Following is a summary of our common and preferred share dividends that were declared and/or paid during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2021~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:

(millions, except per share amounts)

Amount

(millions, except per share amounts)

Amount

Declared

Payable

Per Share

Accrued1

Declared

Payable

Per Share

Accrued/Paid1

Common - Quarterly Dividends:

May 2021

July 2021

0.10

58.5

March 2022

April 2022

0.10

58.5

December 2021

January 2022

0.10

58.5

March 2021

April 2021

0.10

58.5

March 2021

April 2021

0.10

58.5

December 2020

January 2021

0.10

58.6

December 2020

January 2021

0.10

58.6

May 2020

July 2020

0.10

58.5

February 2020

April 2020

0.10

58.5

December 2019

January 2020

0.10

58.5

Common - Annual Variable Dividends:

December 2020

January 2021

4.50

2,635.9

Preferred Dividends:

December 2021

March 2022

26.875

13.4

December 2020

March 2021

26.875

13.4

Common - Annual Variable Dividends:

December 2020

January 2021

4.50

2,635.9

December 2019

January 2020

2.25

1,316.9

Preferred Dividends:

December 2020

March 2021

26.875

13.4

February 2020

March 2020

26.875

13.4

1 The accrual is based on an estimate of common shares outstanding as of the record ~~date. The dividends accrued at June 30, 2020, were reclassified from accounts payable, accrued expenses,~~date and ~~other liabilities into~~the common share accrual is recorded as dividends payable on common shares on the consolidated balance ~~sheets, to conform to the current year presentation.~~sheets.

See Note 14 – Dividends in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders for a discussion of our quarterly and annual common share dividends and our preferred share dividend ~~policies.~~policies, including a discussion of the $1.50 per common share, or $876.5 million in the aggregate, 2021 annual variable common share dividend that was declared and paid in the fourth quarter 2021.

Note 10 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) — The components of other comprehensive income (loss), including reclassification adjustments by income statement line item, were as follows:

Components of Changes in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (after��tax)
(millions) Pretax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total tax
(provision)
benefit After tax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions Foreign
currency
translation
adjustment (Income)
loss
attributable
to NCI
Balance at March 31, 2021 $ 504.6 $ (112.3) $ 392.3 $ 407.7 $ (15.4) $ 0 $ 0
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities 174.7 (36.7) 138.0 138.0 0 0 0
Foreign currency translation adjustment (0.6) 0.1 (0.5) 0 0 (0.5) 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 174.1 (36.6) 137.5 138.0 0 (0.5) 0
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:
Net realized gains (losses) on securities 59.4 (12.5) 46.9 46.9 0 0 0
Interest expense (0.3) 0 (0.3) 0 (0.3) 0 0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income 59.1 (12.5) 46.6 46.9 (0.3) 0 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 115.0 (24.1) 90.9 91.1 0.3 (0.5) 0
Balance at June 30, 2021 $ 619.6 $ (136.4) $ 483.2 $ 498.8 $ (15.1) $ (0.5) $ 0

Components of Changes in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions) Pretax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total tax
(provision)
benefit After tax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions Foreign
currency
translation
adjustment (Income)
loss
attributable
to NCI
Balance at March 31, 2020 $ 514.9 $ (110.7) $ 404.2 $ 423.6 $ (16.2) $ 0 $ (3.2)
Reclassification of disproportionate amounts1
4.0 (0.8) 3.2 0 0 0 3.2
Adjusted balance at March 31, 2020 518.9 (111.5) 407.4 423.6 (16.2) 0 0
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities 966.2 (202.9) 763.3 763.3 0 0 0
Foreign currency translation adjustment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 966.2 (202.9) 763.3 763.3 0 0 0
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:
Net realized gains (losses) on securities 248.0 (52.1) 195.9 195.9 0 0 0
Interest expense (0.2) 0 (0.2) 0 (0.2) 0 0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income 247.8 (52.1) 195.7 195.9 (0.2) 0 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 718.4 (150.8) 567.6 567.4 0.2 0 0
Balance at June 30, 2020 $ 1,237.3 $ (262.3) $ 975.0 $ 991.0 $ (16.0) $ 0 $ 0

Components of Changes in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions) Pretax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total tax
(provision)
benefit After tax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions Foreign
currency
translation
adjustment (Income)
loss
attributable
to NCI
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 1,187.4 $ (255.7) $ 931.7 $ 947.3 $ (15.6) $ 0 $ 0
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities (376.7) 79.1 (297.6) (297.6) 0 0 0
Foreign currency translation adjustment (0.6) 0.1 (0.5) 0 0 (0.5) 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (377.3) 79.2 (298.1) (297.6) 0 (0.5) 0
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:
Net realized gains (losses) on securities 191.1 (40.2) 150.9 150.9 0 0 0
Interest expense (0.6) 0.1 (0.5) 0 (0.5) 0 0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income 190.5 (40.1) 150.4 150.9 (0.5) 0 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) (567.8) 119.3 (448.5) (448.5) 0.5 (0.5) 0
Balance at June 30, 2021 $ 619.6 $ (136.4) $ 483.2 $ 498.8 $ (15.1) $ (0.5) $ 0

Components of Changes in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions) Pretax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total tax
(provision)
benefit After tax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total net
unrealized
gains
(losses)
on securities Net
unrealized
gains
(losses) on
forecasted
transactions Foreign
currency
translation
adjustment (Income)
loss
attributable
to NCI
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 435.7 $ (94.0) $ 341.7 $ 360.8 $ (16.4) $ 0 $ (2.7)
Reclassification of disproportionate amounts1
3.4 (0.7) 2.7 0 0 0 2.7
Adjusted balance at December 31, 2019 439.1 (94.7) 344.4 360.8 (16.4) 0 0
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities 1,284.4 (269.7) 1,014.7 1,014.7 0 0 0
Foreign currency translation adjustment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 1,284.4 (269.7) 1,014.7 1,014.7 0 0 0
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:
Net realized gains (losses) on securities 486.7 (102.2) 384.5 384.5 0 0 0
Interest expense (0.5) 0.1 (0.4) 0 (0.4) 0 0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income 486.2 (102.1) 384.1 384.5 (0.4) 0 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 798.2 (167.6) 630.6 630.2 0.4 0 0
Balance at June 30, 2020 $ 1,237.3 $ (262.3) $ 975.0 $ 991.0 $ (16.0) $ 0 $ 0

1~~Adjustment to reflect the change in value on (income) loss attributable to NCI in conjunction with the purchase transaction.~~


							Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total tax (provision) benefit		After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities		Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions		Foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	52.3	$	(11.6)	$	40.7	$	56.2	$	(14.9)	$	(0.6)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities	(1,851.7)		388.9		(1,462.8)		(1,462.8)		0		0


Foreign currency translation adjustment	0.3		(0.1)		0.2		0		0		0.2

Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(1,851.4)		388.8		(1,462.6)		(1,462.8)		0		0.2
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:

Net realized gains (losses) on securities	(45.5)		9.6		(35.9)		(35.9)		0		0
Interest expense	(0.2)		0		(0.2)		0		(0.2)		0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	(45.7)		9.6		(36.1)		(35.9)		(0.2)		0
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,805.7)		379.2		(1,426.5)		(1,426.9)		0.2		0.2
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	(1,753.4)	$	367.6	$	(1,385.8)	$	(1,370.7)	$	(14.7)	$	(0.4)
















































							Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total tax (provision) benefit		After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities		Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions		Foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	1,187.4	$	(255.7)	$	931.7	$	947.3	$	(15.6)	$	0


Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities	(551.4)		115.8		(435.6)		(435.6)		0		0




Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(551.4)		115.8		(435.6)		(435.6)		0		0
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:

Net realized gains (losses) on securities	131.7		(27.7)		104.0		104.0		0		0
Interest expense	(0.3)		0.1		(0.2)		0		(0.2)		0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	131.4		(27.6)		103.8		104.0		(0.2)		0
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(682.8)		143.4		(539.4)		(539.6)		0.2		0
Balance at March 31, 2021	$	504.6	$	(112.3)	$	392.3	$	407.7	$	(15.4)	$	0

In an effort to manage interest rate risk, we ~~may enter~~entered into forecasted transactions on certain of Progressive’s debt issuances. We expect to reclassify ~~$0.6~~$0.5 million (pretax) into interest expense during the next 12 months, related to net unrealized losses on these forecasted transactions (see Note 4 – Debt in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders for further discussion).

Note 11 Litigation — The Progressive Corporation and/or its insurance subsidiaries are named as defendants in various lawsuits arising out of claims made under insurance policies written by our insurance subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business. We consider all legal actions relating to such claims in establishing our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves.

In addition, The Progressive Corporation and/or its subsidiaries are named as defendants in a number of class action or individual lawsuits that challenge certain of the operations of the subsidiaries. ~~Other insurance companies face many of these same issues.~~

These cases include and/or typically have included those alleging damages as a result of, among other things, our subsidiaries’ ~~practices in~~methods used for evaluating orand paying medical or injury claims or benefits, including, but not limited to, certain bodily injury, personal injury protection, ~~medical payments,~~ uninsured motorist/underinsured motorist ~~bodily injury benefits,~~(UM/UIM), and ~~workers' compensation,~~medical payment claims and for reimbursing medical costs incurred by Medicare/Medicaid beneficiaries; ~~our practices in evaluating or paying physical damage~~other claims handling procedures, including, but not limited to, challenges relating to our network of repair facilities, our methods used for estimating physical damage to vehicles for repair purposes and for evaluating the actual cash value of total loss vehicles, our payment of ~~total loss~~fees and taxes, our subrogation practices, our salvage practices, and our handling of diminution of value claims; homeowner claims handling practices and ~~labor rates paid~~procedures; our assessment of fees related to ~~auto body repair shops;~~insufficient funds or reversed payments; interpretations of the provisions of our insurance policies; our insurance product design; our premium actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; rating practices; certain marketing, sales, services, implementation and renewal practices and procedures, including with respect to accessibility; our usage-based insurance program; certain relationships with independent insurance agents; patent matters; alleged violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act; commercial disputes, including breach of contract; and certain employment ~~matters;~~practices, including claims relating to pay practices and ~~cases challenging~~fair employment practices, among other ~~aspects of our claims, marketing, pricing, or sales practices or other business operations.~~matters. Other insurance companies face many of these same issues.

The nature and volume of litigation ~~to which~~pending against The Progressive Corporation ~~is subject~~and/or its insurance subsidiaries is similar to that which was disclosed in Note 12 – Litigation in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders.

We plan to contest the pending lawsuits vigorously, but may pursue settlement negotiations in some cases, as we deem appropriate. ~~The~~Although outcomes of pending cases are uncertain ~~at this time. We~~until final disposition, we establish accruals for these lawsuits when it is probable that a loss has been or will be incurred and we can reasonably estimate potential loss exposure, which may include a range of loss. As to lawsuits for which the loss is considered neither probable or estimable, or is considered probable but not estimable, we do not establish an accrual. Nevertheless, we continue to evaluate ~~this~~ pending litigation to determine if any losses not deemed probable and estimable become so, at which point we would establish an accrual at our best estimate of the loss or range of loss.

With respect to our pending lawsuits that are not related to claims under insurance policies, the accruals that we have established, if any, were not material at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, or ~~2020,~~December 31, 2021, and there were no material settlements during ~~2020~~2021 or the first ~~six~~three months of ~~2021.~~2022. For most of these lawsuits, we do not consider any losses to be both probable and estimable, and we are unable to estimate a meaningful range of loss, if any, at this time, due to the factors discussed in Note 12 – Litigation in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders. In the event that any one or more of these lawsuits results in a substantial judgment against us, or settlement by us, or if our accruals (if any) prove to be inadequate by a significant amount, the resulting liability could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, and/or results of operations. For a further discussion on our pending litigation and related reserving policies, see Note 12 – Litigation in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders.

Note 12 Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

During the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, there were 0no changes to the carrying amount of goodwill. ~~NaN~~We annually assess goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter or when circumstances warrant a review. No accumulated goodwill impairment losses ~~exist.~~have been recorded on any of the outstanding goodwill.

Intangible Assets

The following table is a summary of the net carrying amount of other intangible assets:


(millions)	(millions)	June 30, 2021		June 30, 2020		December 31, 2020		(millions)	March 31, 2022		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2021
Intangible assets subject to amortization	Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	134.1	$	187.3	$	159.0	Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	90.3	$	144.8	$	104.9
Indefinite-lived intangible assets1	Indefinite-lived intangible assets1	12.4		12.4		12.4		Indefinite-lived intangible assets1	12.4		12.4		12.4
Total	Total	$	146.5	$	199.7	$	171.4	Total	$	102.7	$	157.2	$	117.3

1 Indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of state insurance and agent licenses. State insurance licenses were previously subject to amortization under superseded accounting guidance and have $0.6 million of accumulated amortization for all periods presented.

Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following:

June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2020
(millions) Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Net
Carrying
Amount Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Net
Carrying
Amount Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Net
Carrying
Amount
Category:
Policies in force $ 256.2 $ 228.7 $ 27.5 $ 256.2 $ 192.2 $ 64.0 $ 256.2 $ 210.4 $ 45.8
Agency relationships 159.2 71.1 88.1 159.2 59.7 99.5 159.2 65.4 93.8
Software rights 69.1 54.0 15.1 69.1 45.3 23.8 69.1 49.7 19.4
Trade name 3.6 0.2 3.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ 488.1 $ 354.0 $ 134.1 $ 484.5 $ 297.2 $ 187.3 $ 484.5 $ 325.5 $ 159.0

~~During the second quarter 2021, we recognized a $3.6 million trade name intangible asset, with an estimated two-year life, in connection with the Protective Insurance acquisition.~~


(millions)	March 31, 2022						March 31, 2021						December 31, 2021
Category	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Policies in force	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	256.2	$	219.6	$	36.6	$	256.2	$	247.1	$	9.1
Agency relationships	159.2		79.6		79.6		159.2		68.3		90.9		159.2		76.8		82.4
Software rights	69.1		60.5		8.6		69.1		51.8		17.3		69.1		58.3		10.8
Trade name	3.6		1.5		2.1		0		0		0		3.6		1.0		2.6
Total	$	231.9	$	141.6	$	90.3	$	484.5	$	339.7	$	144.8	$	488.1	$	383.2	$	104.9

Amortization expense was ~~$14.3~~$14.6 million, ~~and $28.5~~compared to $14.2 million for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~respectively, compared to $14.1~~respectively. During the first quarter 2022, the policies in force intangible asset, with a gross carrying value of $256.2 million, ~~and $28.6 million during the same periods last year.~~was fully amortized.

Note 13 New Accounting Standards — We did not adopt any new accounting standards during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2021.~~March 31, 2022. We assessed the adoption impacts of recently issued accounting standards by the Financial Accounting Standards Board on our consolidated financial statements as well as material updates to previous assessments, if any, from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. There were no new material accounting standards issued in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, that ~~impacted The Progressive Corporation.~~

~~Note 14~~ ~~Acquisition~~ ~~— On June 1, 2021,~~are expected to impact The Progressive Corporation ~~through an indirect subsidiary, acquired all of the outstanding Class A and Class B common shares of Protective Insurance for $23.30 per common share in cash,~~ or ~~approximately $338 million in aggregate. Through~~ its subsidiaries, Protective Insurance provides liability and workers’ compensation coverage for trucking and public transportation fleets, along with trucking industry independent contractors. As a result of the Protective Insurance acquisition, we will be able to expand our capabilities with the expertise Protective Insurance offers in larger fleet and affinity programs, by providing additional product lines for us to add to our portfolio. Protective Insurance and its subsidiaries would represent about 1% of companywide net premiums written.

All assets and liabilities were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. If new information is obtained within 12 months from the date of acquisition about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date, we will adjust the amounts previously recorded. We did record a $3.6 million intangible asset related to the Protective Insurance trade name, which will be amortized over 2 years; no other intangible assets were identified. For income tax purposes, the historical tax bases of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities carried over and were not recorded at fair value; therefore, 0 tax-basis goodwill was created.

At the date of acquisition, Protective Insurance had total assets of $1.7 billion, including investment securities of $1.1 billion; cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and equivalents of $24.3 million; reinsurance recoverables of $452.4 million, and liabilities of $1.4 billion, consisting of unearned premiums of $66.9 million and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves of $1.1 billion. In addition, Protective Insurance had outstanding borrowings of $20.0 million under a revolving credit facility agreement that was repaid subsequent to acquisition. All of Protective Insurance's contingencies were recognized as of the acquisition date.

Acquisition-related costs recognized in 2021 were not material to our results of operations. The pro forma financial information assuming the acquisition had occurred as of the beginning of the calendar year prior to the year of acquisition, as well as the revenues and earnings generated during the year of acquisition, were not material for disclosure purposes. The results of operations and financial condition of Protective Insurance have been included in our consolidated statements of income and consolidated balance sheets from the acquisition date. For the second quarter 2021, our consolidated results included total revenue and net income from Protective Insurance of $46.5 million and $2.3 million, respectively.

subsidiaries.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

I. OVERVIEW

The Progressive Corporation’s insurance subsidiaries recognized growth in both premiums and policies in force in the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, compared to the same period last year. During the first quarter 2022, we generated an underwriting profit margin of 5.5%, which exceeded our target profit margin of 4% but was 5.2 points lower than the same period last year. Profitability is our most important financial goal and will take precedence over growth in times when we have to choose.

During the quarter, we generated ~~$11.5~~$13.2 billion of net premiums written, which is an increase of ~~$1.3~~$1.5 billion, or ~~13%~~12%, compared to ~~the second~~first quarter ~~2020.~~2021. We ended the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021~~2022 with 26.4 million companywide policies in force, which is ~~2.6~~0.8 million more policies than were in force at ~~June 30, 2020. Our underwriting profit margin of 3.5% for~~March 31, 2021. Personal Lines policies in force grew 2% year over year, while our Commercial Lines and Property businesses grew policies 16% and 9%, respectively. The lower growth in Personal Lines reflects the ~~second~~significant decrease in new personal auto applications in the first quarter ~~2021 was 8.8 points lower than the same period last year. Certain growth and profitability comparisons~~2022, compared to the same period last year, ~~were,~~reflecting the personal auto rate increases taken during the last 12 months and decreased advertising spend on a year-over-year basis, in ~~part, impacted by~~each of the ~~effects COVID-19 restrictions had on our comparable prior year results.~~last 9 months.

The lower underwriting profit margin for the first quarter 2022, compared to the first quarter 2021, resulted in a 42% decrease in underwriting profit. During the ~~second~~first quarter last year, we were still experiencing the benefits of lower loss costs as driving patterns had not yet returned to the level we were experiencing prior to the restrictions that were put into place during 2020 ~~shelter-in-place restrictions were in place~~ to ~~help~~ stop or slow the spread of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ~~We saw a significant reduction in auto accident~~In addition, as states started to lift restrictions and miles driven started to return to pre-pandemic levels after the first quarter 2021, we began to see loss costs rise as frequency ~~resulting from changes in driving~~and severity patterns ~~in 2020. The impact from the pandemic should be considered when comparing year-over-year changes.~~began to shift, and inflation began to rise.

On a year-over-year basis, for the first quarter 2022, net income and comprehensive income decreased ~~56%~~79% and ~~63%~~218%, ~~respectively, for~~respectively. The decrease in net income was primarily driven by the ~~second quarter 2021~~42% reduction in underwriting income and ~~9% and 42% for~~a 176% reduction in net realized gains/losses during the period, due to the change in equity market valuations. The decrease in comprehensive income was also driven by changes in the value of our portfolio as we recognized unrealized losses on our fixed-maturity securities of $1.4 billion in the first ~~six months~~quarter of ~~2021. The largest contributor~~2022, compared to unrealized losses of $539.6 million in the ~~year-over-year decreases was the reduction of underwriting income, which decreased 68% for the quarter and 38% for the first six months of 2021, partially offset by~~prior year, primarily reflecting an increase in ~~net holding period gains~~interest rates throughout 2021 and into the first quarter 2022. We ended the quarter with $23.4 billion of total capital (debt plus shareholders’ equity), an increase of $0.3 billion from year-end 2021. During the quarter, we issued $1.5 billion of senior notes, split evenly between 5-year, 10-year, and 30-year maturities, to be used for general corporate purposes.

A. Insurance Operations

For the ~~six months ended June 30, 2021,~~first quarter 2022, we experienced a companywide underwriting profit margin of 5.5%, compared to our target profit margin of 4% and an underwriting profit margin of 10.7% for the same period last year. Net premiums written grew 12% over the first quarter last year and policies in force grew 3% on a companywide basis. The ~~decreased~~distribution of profitability and growth varied by segment during the first quarter 2022 as discussed below.

Our Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property businesses generated an underwriting ~~profitability primarily reflected a significant increase in loss~~profit of 4.8%, 9.5%, and ~~loss adjustment expenses (LAE)~~1.5%, ~~which~~respectively, during the quarter. Our personal auto incurred accident frequency was ~~in part offset by lower underwriting expenses in~~up about 2% for the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, compared to the ~~second quarter 2020. For the second quarter 2021, losses and LAE reflect higher auto accident frequency and~~prior year, while severity was up about 16%. The severity in ~~both our personal and commercial auto products, coupled with lower average premiums per policy for our personal auto products. As pandemic-related restrictions were significantly reduced during~~vehicle accidents was higher than the ~~second quarter 2021, both frequency and vehicle miles traveled experienced increases, especially later in~~prior year primarily attributable to the second quarter. The increase in personal auto severity reflects higher costs to both repair cars and for medical expenses. The year-over-year increase in collision coverage severity, in part, reflects an increase in the valuation of used vehicles, ~~in 2021, which increases~~increasing our total loss ~~costs that are partly offset by higher salvage returns. We also had lower collision severity~~and repair costs. On a year-over-year basis, the average wholesale price for used cars increased about 35%. During the quarter, catastrophe losses and actuarial development were fairly consistent on a year-over-year basis in our Personal Lines business. Our Property business recognized 17.8 points of catastrophe losses during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~of 2020,~~2022, primarily due to March storms across the United States, compared to 30.6 points during the prior year period.

During the quarter, we continued to take actions to address profitability, in response to the continuing rising loss costs and other factors, and to strive to achieve our target goal of a ~~higher volume~~96 combined ratio on a calendar year basis. During the first quarter 2022, we implemented personal auto rate increases in 36 states, which represented about 75% of ~~subrogation collections relative to new claims made, as a result of~~our trailing 12-month written premium. In the ~~COVID-19 restrictions. Our bodily injury coverage also saw an increase~~aggregate, rate changes for personal auto during the quarter ~~due to~~increased rates on a ~~higher mix~~countrywide basis about 7%, which follows a full year increase of ~~more severe accidents.~~

~~Our underwriting expense ratios were 12.5 points and 6.6 points lower for~~about 8% in 2021. Of the rate increases that we elevated in both the second ~~quarter and first six months~~half of 2021 ~~respectively,~~and the first quarter of 2022, we estimate that we have nearly 7 points still to earn in during the remainder of 2022. We currently believe that, with the exception of a few key states, the major personal auto rate increases are behind us. However, management continues to assess used car prices, miles driven, driving patterns, loss severity, weather events, inflation, and other components of expected loss costs on a state-by-state basis for our personal auto business and will file for rate adjustments where deemed necessary.

In addition to rate actions, we also continued to tighten underwriting criteria, limit bill plan payment options, and reduce advertising spend during the period where losses indicated rate inadequacy in our personal auto business. We reduced total advertising spend 8%, or 1.1 points, compared to the same ~~periods~~period last ~~year. In April~~year, based on performance against our media and ~~May 2020, we issued credits~~underwriting targets in certain types of advertising. Consistent with rate actions, management will continue to assess where additional non-rate actions may be needed. These rate and non-rate measures resulted in fewer new business auto applications during the year and could impact personal auto ~~policyholders~~growth in net premiums written and ~~recognized additional bad debt expense related~~policies in force in future periods.

In our Property business, the targeted rate increases taken during the last 12 months, which averaged about 7%, are continuing to be earned into the book of business. We are continuing to take non-rate actions to reduce volatility in our results, which are primarily attributable to the ~~billing leniencies~~impact from weather-related catastrophe losses. We plan to focus our growth efforts in states with traditionally less catastrophe exposure and ~~moratoriums that were~~limit growth in ~~place through~~ the ~~middle of May 2020, which contributed to the year-over-year variances.~~

~~During~~coastal and hail prone states. In the second quarter 2022, we will start non-renewing about 60,000 policies in Florida and expect that it will take about one year to complete the process.

The rate and non-rate actions that began in 2021, ~~our total capital (debt plus shareholders’ equity) increased $839.8 million, to $24.1 billion, primarily reflecting comprehensive income earned during~~and continued into the first quarter ~~partially offset by common share repurchases~~2022, impacted both premium and ~~dividends declared during the period.~~

~~A. Insurance Operations~~

volume growth on a year-over-year basis. We evaluate growth in terms of both net premiums written and policies in force growth. ~~All three of our operating segments contributed to our solid premium and policies in force growth during the second quarter on a year-over-year basis.~~ Our companywide net premiums written grew ~~13%~~12%, with Personal Lines growing 6%3%, Commercial Lines ~~66%~~63%, and Property ~~15%~~13%, primarily reflecting an increase in volume from all of our segments. Our year-over-year Personal Lines growth for the second quarter 2021 was in part impacted by the solid growth experienced in the second quarter 2020 from our special lines business and renewal activity in our personal auto business as the moratoriums and billing leniencies that were in place were lifted. For our Commercial Lines business, in addition to an increase in policies in force, written premium growth also reflected a 20% increase inhigher average written premium per policy onand policy in force growth. On a ~~quarter-over-prior-year quarter basis.~~

In addition to the increase in our traditional business market targets year-over-year, Commercial Lines premiums growth during the second quarter 2021 reflected an increase in premiums in the transportation network company (TNC) business related to the expansion of our footprint in rideshare coverage and an increase in the estimated number of miles driven during the remainder of the policy terms. Our Property business continued to recognize solid growth for both the second quarter and year-to-date periods. At June 30, 2021, on a year-over-yearcompanywide basis, policies in force grew ~~11% companywide,~~3%, with Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property growing ~~10%~~2%, ~~18%~~16%, and ~~14%~~9%, respectively. Within Personal Lines, our Agency auto policies in force decreased 1% year over year, while the Direct auto and special lines policies increased 2% and 6%, respectively. The decrease in our auto policy in force growth is primarily attributable to the decrease in the growth of new applications compared to the first quarter last year as discussed below.

The significant increase in our Commercial Lines business in net premiums written primarily reflected growth in our transportation network company (TNC) business and the acquisition of Protective Insurance Corporation and subsidiaries (Protective Insurance) in June 2021. Our TNC business contributed nearly half of the growth in Commercial Lines, while Protective Insurance contributed about 7 points. Of the TNC growth, the increase is attributable to the renewal of certain policies for 12-month terms, compared to 6-month terms last year, an increase in projected mileage, which is the basis for computing premiums, rate increases taken to address profitability challenges, and a reduction in the amount of premiums ceded to external reinsurers. In addition, all of our business market targets had strong premium growth, although we experienced higher growth in our for-hire transportation business, driven by continued heightened demand for shipping services. See Item 1A – Risk Factors Section III. Operating Risks - We compete in property and casualty insurance markets that are highly competitive, in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, for a further discussion of some of the factors that might impact our Commercial Lines business and results.

At March 31, 2022, on a year-over-year basis, average written premiums grew 6% in personal auto, 19% in commercial auto (excluding TNC, business owners policy (BOP), and Protective Insurance products), and 5% in Property, reflecting rate increases taken beginning in 2021 in response to rising loss costs. Growth in our personal auto business continued to be impacted by the actions we are taking to address profitability in response to rising loss costs and increasing frequency and severity trends. Given that our Property policies are 12-month terms, compared to primarily 6-month policies in our personal auto business, these rate actions will take longer to earn in.

The rate and non-rate measures we started taking during 2021, and that continued into the first quarter 2022, resulted in fewer new business personal auto applications. During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, new applications (i.e., issued policies) ~~increased 7%, 52%, and 29%~~decreased 24% in our Personal Lines ~~Commercial Lines (excluding TNC and our business owners policy product), and Property segments, respectively. During the quarter,~~segment, with total new personal auto applications ~~increased 9% on a year-over-year basis, with~~decreasing 26%. Agency auto new applications ~~increasing~~

9%decreased 28% and Direct ~~increasing 10%~~auto decreased 25%. While year-over-year new applications were strong at the beginning of the second quarter 2021, by the end of the quarter growth in new applications was lower than the prior year as we started taking actions to address profitability, as discussed below. New applications for our special lines products were ~~up 1%~~down 9% during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, primarily reflecting the significant new application growth during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2020, as people were purchasing more special lines products as~~last year, due to growth in RV, boat, and motorcycle demand. On a ~~way to practice social distancing.~~year-over-year basis for the first quarter 2022, renewal applications increased 5% in Personal Lines, with total personal auto renewal applications up 4% over the first quarter last year.

On a year-over-year basis for the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021, our Personal Lines~~2022, new and renewal applications increased ~~9%,~~8% and ~~both~~13% in our Commercial Lines business (excluding our TNC, BOP, and Protective Insurance products). In our Property ~~increased 8%. Total personal auto~~business, new applications decreased 6% and renewal applications increased 9%12% on a year-over-year basis.

While the rate and non-rate actions resulted in fewer new business personal auto applications during the quarter, we strongly believe that achieving our target profit margin takes precedence over growing premiums and the ~~second quarter last year.~~

Toactions discussed above are necessary to position us well for the future. Nevertheless, we remain focused on growth and realize that to grow policies in force, it is critical that we retain our customers for longer periods. Consequently, increasing retention continues to be one of our most important priorities. Our efforts to increase our share of multi-product households remains a key initiative and we will continue to make investments to improve the customer experience ~~to continue~~in order to support that goal. Policy life expectancy, which is

our actuarial estimate of the average length of time that a policy will remain in force before cancellation or lapse in coverage, is our primary measure of customer retention in our Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property businesses.

~~Due to insurance market volatility brought on by the COVID-19 virus, it may be difficult to assess the progress we are making against our retention goals.~~ We evaluate total auto retention using a trailing 12-month ~~total auto policy life expectancy~~ and a trailing 3-month policy life expectancy. The latter does not address seasonality and can reflect more volatility. Due to suspending cancellations of policies for nonpayment during the second quarter 2020, which impacted renewal activity, the growth in our auto trailing 3-month policy life expectancy was artificially high during the second quarter 2020. Due to these unusual circumstances, consistent with the second quarter 2020, we have chosen not to disclose the year-over-year decrease in the trailing 3-month measure, as we do not believe the measure is meaningful. As of the end of the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, our trailing 12-month total personal auto policy life expectancy ~~increased 3%~~decreased 5%, compared to last ~~year. While this measure was also positively impacted during~~year, with both the ~~second quarter 2020 by the inclusion of the items discussed above, it was impacted to a much lesser extent. Our~~ Agency ~~auto~~ and Direct ~~auto~~channels down 6% and 4%, respectively. Our trailing ~~12-month~~3-month policy life expectancy ~~were both up 3%.~~for personal auto was down 15% compared to last year. The decreases in policy life expectancy reflect the impact of the rate actions we have taken over the last year. Our Commercial Lines and special lines trailing 12-month policy life expectancy increased 5%7% and 4%, respectively, year over year, ~~special lines was flat,~~ and Property decreased 6%7%.

Our companywide underwriting margin for the second quarter 2021 was 3.5%, compared to 12.3% for the same period last year. Our personal auto incurred accident frequency was up 47% for the second quarter 2021, as compared to the prior year, and severity was up 8%. With more people driving and vehicle miles traveled increasing, loss frequency is more in line with what we were experiencing prior to the onset of the pandemic. Collision is a significant driver of the increased severity we experienced during the current quarter as the increase in the valuation of used vehicles is increasing our total loss and repair costs.

Throughout the second quarter, based on our usage-based insurance data, we observed the number of vehicle miles traveled continue to climb towards pre-pandemic levels. Claims frequency has also been moving towards pre-pandemic levels. Towards the end of the second quarter, the pace at which frequency was returning to pre-pandemic levels accelerated relative to vehicle miles traveled. This, in concert with lower personal auto average premiums and increased claims severity has eroded our underwriting margin. While it is difficult to accurately assess these trends moving forward, we expect continuing pressure on our underwriting margins from these, and potentially other trends, and are taking actions detailed below to strive to meet our stated objective of underwriting margins of at least four points on a calendar year basis.

During the second quarter 2021, rate increases were effective in 11 states, which had an average increase of about 5%. In the aggregate, rate changes for personal auto for the quarter were about 2%. Management continues to assess miles driven, driving patterns, loss severity, weather events, and other components of expected loss costs on a state-by-state basis and, where appropriate, adjust rates accordingly. We are also looking to identify where we may need to tighten underwriting criteria further where losses indicate rate inadequacy. In addition to rate actions, at the beginning of the third quarter 2021, we started reducing advertising spend in certain areas based on performance against our media and underwriting targets. We will continue to look at key performance indicators to assess where additional action is needed and will react swiftly to address those needs. These actions could result in fewer new business applications.

Our Personal and Commercial Lines operating segments were profitable during the second quarter 2021, while our Property business generated an underwriting loss, due to significant catastrophe losses incurred during the quarter. Our Personal Lines segment generated an underwriting profit margin of 3.8% for the second quarter 2021, which was aided minimally by our special lines business, which contributed a favorable 0.2 point impact on our Personal Lines combined ratio for the quarter. Our Commercial Lines underwriting profit margin for the second quarter was 8.0%. Our Property segment had an underwriting loss margin of 16.6% for the quarter. On a net basis (i.e., after reinsurance), our Property business incurred catastrophe losses, during the second quarter, of $128.0 million, or 25.5 points on their combined ratio.

B. Investments

The fair value of our investment portfolio was ~~$50.9~~$53.2 billion at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, compared to ~~$47.5~~$51.5 billion at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The ~~$3.4~~$1.7 billion increase from year-end ~~2020 is~~2021 reflects the ~~result~~proceeds of the $1.5 billion debt offering in March and solid cash flows from operations, ~~net of shareholder dividends, strong~~partially offset by negative investment ~~results, as well as from the acquisition of Protective Insurance Corporation and its subsidiaries (Protective Insurance) (see~~ ~~Note 14~~ – ~~Acquisition~~ ~~for further discussion).~~results.

Our asset allocation strategy is to maintain 0%-25% of our portfolio in Group I securities, with the balance (75%-100%) of our portfolio in Group II securities (the securities allocated to Group I and II are defined below under Results of Operations – ~~Investments~~) Investments). At ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, 16% of our portfolio was allocated to Group I securities and 84% to Group II securities, compared to ~~14%~~17% and ~~86%~~83%, respectively, at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Our recurring investment income generated a pretax book yield of ~~1.9%~~2.0% for the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, compared to ~~2.5%~~2.1% for the same period in ~~2020, primarily due to investing new cash at lower interest rates.~~2021. Our investment portfolio produced a fully taxable equivalent (FTE) total return of ~~1.7%~~(3.8)% and ~~4.5%~~0.3% for the ~~second~~first quarter 2022 and 2021, respectively, due to valuation declines in both our fixed-income and ~~2020, respectively.~~equity portfolios on a year-over-year basis. Our fixed-income and common stock portfolios had FTE total returns of ~~1.1%~~(3.6)% and ~~7.3%~~(4.9)%, respectively, for the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, compared to ~~3.4%~~(0.9)% and ~~21.5%~~12.5%, respectively, last year. The ~~year-over-year decrease in our~~ fixed-income ~~FTE total~~ return variance was the result of an increase in interest rates. The common stock portfolio's FTE total return reflects that during the second quarter last year, our common stock portfolio’s FTE total return improved significantly as investors moved back into risk assets, following a decline at the end of the first quarter 2020, which reflected investors' response to the economic uncertainty due to the ~~COVID-19 restrictions.~~upward shift in interest rates that we have seen throughout the past twelve months. The equity valuation changes reflect general market conditions.

At ~~June 30,~~both March 31, 2022 and 2021, the fixed-income portfolio had a weighted average credit quality of AA- and a duration of 3.1 years, compared to AA- and 3.0 years ~~and AA- and 2.9 years~~ at ~~June 30, 2020 and~~ December 31, ~~2020, respectively. While we have slightly lengthened our~~2021. Our portfolio duration has remained relatively consistent over the previous twelve months and it remains below the midpoint of our 1.5-year to 5-year ~~range, which we believe provides some protection against a further increase in interest rates.~~range.

II. FINANCIAL CONDITION

A. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Progressive’s insurance operations create liquidity by collecting and investing premiums from new and renewal business in advance of paying claims. As primarily an auto insurer, our claims liabilities generally have a short-term duration. Operations generated positive cash flows of ~~$4.9~~$2.5 billion and ~~$3.9~~$2.6 billion for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We believe cash flows are expected to remain positive in the reasonably foreseeable future and ~~2020, respectively,~~do not expect we will have a need to raise capital to support our operations in ~~part due to collecting premiums at a faster rate than losses are being paid.~~that time, although changes in market or regulatory conditions affecting the insurance industry, or other unforeseen events, may necessitate otherwise.

Our total capital (debt plus shareholders’ equity) was ~~$24.1~~$23.4 billion, at book value, at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, compared to ~~$22.1~~$23.2 billion at ~~June 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and ~~$22.4~~$23.1 billion at December 31, ~~2020. The increase since year end primarily reflected net income, in part offset by common share repurchases, dividends declared, and other comprehensive loss during the period.~~

2021. Our debt-to-total capital ratio, which reflects debt as a percent of debt plus shareholders’ equity, remained below 30% during all reported periods, consistent with our financial policy. ~~This~~Our debt-to-total capital ratio ~~which reflects debt as a percent of debt plus shareholders’ equity,~~ was ~~22.4%~~27.2% at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022, 23.2% at March 31, 2021, ~~24.4% at June 30, 2020,~~ and ~~24.1%~~21.2% at December 31, ~~2020.~~ 2021. The increase from the prior periods reflects the issuance in March 2022 of $500 million of 2.50% Senior Notes due 2027, $500 million of 3.00% Senior Notes due 2032, and $500 million of 3.70% Senior Notes due 2052, in part offset by the maturity of our 3.75% Senior Notes during the third quarter 2021.

None of the covenants on our outstanding ~~senior notes have restrictive financial covenants~~debt securities include rating or credit ~~rating triggers.~~

~~We seek to deploy capital in a prudent manner and use multiple data sources and modeling tools to estimate the frequency, severity, and correlation~~triggers that would require an adjustment of ~~identified exposures, including, but not limited to, catastrophic and other insured losses, natural disasters, and other significant business interruptions, to estimate our potential capital needs.~~

~~During the first six months~~interest rates or an acceleration of 2021, we returned capital to shareholders primarily through dividends and common share repurchases. Our Board of Directors declared a $0.10 per common share dividend in both the first and second quarters 2021. These dividends, which were each $58.5 millionprincipal payments in the aggregate, were paid in April 2021 and July 2021, respectively. In addition to the common share dividends, in March 2021, we paid Series B Preferred Share dividends in the aggregate amount of $13.4 million. In January 2021, we also paid common share dividends in the aggregate amount of $2.7 billion, or $4.60 per share (see ~~Note 9 – Dividends~~ ~~for further discussion). In accordance with~~event that our ~~financial policies, during 2021, we repurchased 1.1 million common shares, at~~debt securities are downgraded by a total cost of $95.4 million, either in the open market or to satisfy tax withholding obligations as permitted under our equity compensation plans. We will continue to make decisions on returning capital to shareholders based on the strength of our capital position and the potential capital needs to expand our business operations.

rating agency. In April ~~2021,~~2022, we renewed the unsecured discretionary line of credit (the “Line of Credit”) with PNC Bank, National Association, in the maximum principal amount of $250 million. We did not engage in short-term borrowings, including any borrowings under our Line of Credit, to fund our operations or for liquidity purposes during the reported periods.

~~On June 1, 2021, Progressive acquired all~~During the first three months of 2022, we returned capital to shareholders primarily through common share dividends. In March 2022, our Board of Directors declared a $0.10 per common share dividend, or $58.5 million in the ~~outstanding Class A and Class B~~aggregate, which was paid in April 2022. In January 2022, we also paid common ~~shares~~share dividends in the aggregate amount of ~~Protective Insurance for $23.30~~$58.5 million, or $0.10 per share ~~or approximately $338 million in aggregate. The acquisition was funded with cash held by Progressive. See~~(see Note 14 9 – ~~Acquisition~~ Dividends for further ~~discussion.~~discussion). In addition to the common share dividends, in March 2022, we paid Series B Preferred Share dividends in the aggregate amount of $13.4 million.

Consistent with our financial policies, we will repurchase common shares to neutralize dilution from equity-based compensation granted during the year and opportunistically when we believe our shares are trading below our determination of long-term fair value. During the first quarter 2022, we repurchased 0.3 million common shares, at a total cost of $28.7 million, to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of equity awards under our equity compensation plans. We will continue to make decisions on returning capital to shareholders based on the strength of our capital position and the potential capital needs to expand our business operations.

We seek to deploy capital in a prudent manner and use multiple data sources and modeling tools to estimate the frequency, severity, and correlation of identified exposures, including, but not limited to, catastrophic and other insured losses, natural disasters, and other significant business interruptions, to estimate our potential capital needs.

Based upon our capital planning and forecasting efforts, we believe we have sufficient capital resources and cash flows from operations to support our current business, scheduled principal and interest payments on our debt, anticipated quarterly dividends on our common shares and Series B Preferred Shares, our contractual obligations, and other expected capital requirements for the foreseeable ~~future, including the $500 million of 3.75% Senior Notes maturing in August of 2021.~~future. We did not experience a significant change in our liquidity needs during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021. During~~2022. At all times measured during the first ~~six~~three months of 2022 and during 2021, ~~and~~which at ~~all times during 2020,~~a minimum occurs at the end of each month, our total capital exceeded the sum of our regulatory capital layer plus our self-constructed extreme contingency layer, as described in Exhibit 13 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2020 (2020~~2021 (2021 Annual Report to Shareholders).

~~B. Commitments and Contingencies~~

~~Contractual Obligations~~ As of March 31, 2022, our estimated consolidated statutory surplus was $16.8 billion.

During the first ~~six~~three months of ~~2021,~~2022, our contractual obligations and critical accounting policies have not changed materially from those discussed in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders.

~~Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements~~

~~Our~~ There have not been any material changes in off-balance-sheet leverage, which includes purchase obligations and catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance ~~contracts. There have not been any material changes in off-balance-sheet items~~contracts, from those discussed in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders.

III. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – UNDERWRITING

A. Segment Overview

We report our underwriting operations in three segments: Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property. As a component of our Personal Lines segment, we report our Agency and Direct business results to provide further understanding of our products by distribution channel.

The following table shows the composition of our companywide net premiums written, by segment, for the respective periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021		2020		2021		2020				2022		2021
Personal Lines	Personal Lines									Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	38	%	40	%	38	%	41	%	Agency		34	%	38	%
Direct	Direct	40		43		41		43		Direct		40		43
Total Personal Lines1	Total Personal Lines1	78		83		79		84		Total Personal Lines1		74		81
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	17		12		16		12		Commercial Lines		22		15
Property	Property	5		5		5		4		Property		4		4
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	Total underwriting operations		100	%	100	%

1 Personal auto ~~insurance~~products accounted for ~~91%~~95% of the total Personal Lines segment net premiums written during the three months ~~and 93% during the six months~~ ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, and ~~2020; insurance for~~ our special lines products accounted for the balance.

The shift between our Personal Lines and Commercial Lines segments during the first quarter 2022, compared to the same period last year, reflects Commercial Lines growing at a faster rate than Personal Lines.

Our Personal Lines business writes insurance for personal autos and special lines products (e.g., motorcycles, watercraft, and RVs). ~~We currently write our Personal Lines products in all 50 states. We also offer our personal auto product (not special lines products) in the District of Columbia.~~ Within Personal Lines we often refer to our four consumer segments, which include:

•~~Sams~~Sam - inconsistently insured;

•~~Dianes~~Diane - consistently insured and maybe a renter;

•Wrights - homeowners who do not bundle auto and home; and

•Robinsons - homeowners who bundle auto and home.

While our personal auto policies are primarily written for 6-month terms, we write 12-month auto policies in our Platinum agencies to promote bundled auto and home growth. At ~~June 30, 2021, 13%~~March 31, 2022, 14% of our Agency auto policies in force were 12-month policies, compared to ~~11%~~12% a year earlier. While the shift to 12-month policies is slow, to the extent our Agency application mix of annual policies grows, that shift in policy term could increase our written premium mix by channel as 12-month policies have about twice the amount of net premiums written compared to 6-month policies. Our special lines products are written for 12-month terms.

Our Commercial Lines business writes auto-related liability and physical damage insurance, workers’ compensation ~~coverage~~insurance primarily for the transportation industry, and business-related general liability and property insurance, predominately for small businesses. The majority of our Commercial Lines business is written through the independent agency channel, although our direct business is growing. The amount of commercial auto business written through the direct channel, excluding our TNC business, grew ~~93%~~31% on a ~~quarter-over-prior-year~~quarter-over-prior-year-quarter basis. For both the first quarter 2022 and ~~represented~~2021, we wrote 10% of our commercial auto premiums ~~written for~~through the ~~second quarter 2021, compared to 8% for the same period last year. We write Commercial Lines business in all 50 states and about 90% of these policies are written for 12-month terms.~~direct channel. To serve our direct channel customers, we continued to expand our product offerings, including adding states where we offer BOP and include the ~~addition of our business owners policy~~ product ~~in 22 states by the end of the second quarter, through our in-house agency and BusinessQuote Explorer®,~~on our digital platform ~~for~~serving direct small business ~~consumers.~~consumers (BusinessQuote Explorer®). We write about 90% of Commercial Lines policies for 12-month terms.

Our Property business writes residential property insurance for ~~single family homes, condominium unit~~homeowners, other property owners, ~~renters, etc.~~and renters. We write the majority of our Property business through the independent agency channel; however, we continue to expand the distribution of our Property product offerings in the direct channel, which represented about ~~22%~~24% of premiums written for the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, compared to ~~17%~~21% for the same period last year. Property policies are written for 12-month terms. We write residential property in 47 states, renters in 48 states, and flood insurance in 46 states; we also write all of these products in the District of Columbia. Our flood insurance is written primarily through the National Flood Insurance Program and is 100% reinsured.

B. Profitability

Profitability for our underwriting operations is defined by pretax underwriting profit, which is calculated as net premiums earned plus fees and other revenues less losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting expenses. We also use underwriting margin, which is underwriting profit or loss expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned, to analyze our results. For the respective periods, our underwriting profitability results were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,									Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021				2020				2021				2020						2022	2021
		Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)						Underwriting Profit (Loss)	Underwriting Profit (Loss)
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	$		Margin		$		Margin		$		Margin		$		Margin		($ in millions)			$		Margin		$		Margin
Personal Lines	Personal Lines																	Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	207.5	4.9	%	$	550.6	14.0	%	$	755.0	9.1	%	$	1,152.2	14.9	%	Agency			$	288.6	6.7	%	$	547.5	13.4	%
Direct	Direct	128.4		2.8		647.2		15.5		543.0		6.0		1,120.2		13.7		Direct			150.4		3.1		414.6		9.4
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	335.9		3.8		1,197.8		14.8		1,298.0		7.5		2,272.4		14.3		Total Personal Lines			439.0		4.8		962.1		11.3
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	130.1		8.0		179.8		15.9		358.6		11.8		292.3		12.6		Commercial Lines			202.4		9.5		228.5		16.1
Property1	Property1	(83.3)		(16.6)		(188.7)		(43.6)		(154.0)		(15.8)		(139.5)		(16.3)		Property1			8.3		1.5		(70.7)		(15.0)
Other indemnity2	Other indemnity2	0.1		NM		0		NM		0.1		NM		0		NM		Other indemnity2			(0.9)		NM		0		NM
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	$	382.8	3.5	%	$	1,188.9	12.3	%	$	1,502.7	7.0	%	$	2,425.2	12.7	%	Total underwriting operations			$	648.8	5.5	%	$	1,119.9	10.7	%

1 For the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ pretax profit (loss) includes $14.1 million and ~~$28.3~~$14.2 million, respectively, of amortization expense associated with acquisition-related intangible assets attributable to our Property ~~segment, and $14.1 million and $28.6 million for the respective periods last year.~~segment.

2 ~~Primarily includes Protective Insurance's run-off business operations.~~ Underwriting margins for our other indemnity business are not meaningful (NM) due to the low level of premiums earned by, and the variability of loss costs in, such business.

The ~~decreases~~decrease in the companywide underwriting profit ~~margins~~margin during the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, compared to the same ~~periods~~period last year, were primarily driven by higher accident ~~frequency and~~ severity. See the Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (LAE) section below for further discussion of our frequency and severity ~~trends.~~trends and catastrophe losses incurred during the period.

The pandemic has shifted consumer behavior and impacted general economic conditions. We have seen volatility in our severity trends as inflation continued to influence higher vehicle prices and costs to repair vehicles. We have responded, and will continue to respond, to these market changes through rate increases, underwriting restrictions, and other non-rate actions.

Further underwriting results for our Personal Lines business, including results by distribution channel, the Commercial Lines business, the Property business, and our underwriting operations in total, were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
Underwriting Performance1	Underwriting Performance1	2021	2020	Change	2021	2020	Change	Underwriting Performance1		2022	2021	Change
Personal Lines – Agency	Personal Lines – Agency							Personal Lines – Agency
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	76.5	53.2	23.3	72.2	58.8	13.4	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio		75.1	67.8	7.3
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	18.6	32.8	(14.2)	18.7	26.3	(7.6)	Underwriting expense ratio		18.2	18.8	(0.6)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	95.1	86.0	9.1	90.9	85.1	5.8	Combined ratio		93.3	86.6	6.7
Personal Lines – Direct	Personal Lines – Direct							Personal Lines – Direct
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	77.0	50.3	26.7	72.8	57.9	14.9	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio		77.2	68.4	8.8
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	20.2	34.2	(14.0)	21.2	28.4	(7.2)	Underwriting expense ratio		19.7	22.2	(2.5)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	97.2	84.5	12.7	94.0	86.3	7.7	Combined ratio		96.9	90.6	6.3
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines							Total Personal Lines
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	76.8	51.7	25.1	72.5	58.3	14.2	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio		76.2	68.1	8.1
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	19.4	33.5	(14.1)	20.0	27.4	(7.4)	Underwriting expense ratio		19.0	20.6	(1.6)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	96.2	85.2	11.0	92.5	85.7	6.8	Combined ratio		95.2	88.7	6.5
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines							Commercial Lines
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	71.8	57.3	14.5	67.9	62.9	5.0	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio		71.0	63.5	7.5
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	20.2	26.8	(6.6)	20.3	24.5	(4.2)	Underwriting expense ratio		19.5	20.4	(0.9)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	92.0	84.1	7.9	88.2	87.4	0.8	Combined ratio		90.5	83.9	6.6
Property	Property							Property
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	87.5	114.0	(26.5)	86.2	86.5	(0.3)	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio		70.6	84.9	(14.3)
Underwriting expense ratio2	Underwriting expense ratio2	29.1	29.6	(0.5)	29.6	29.8	(0.2)	Underwriting expense ratio2		27.9	30.1	(2.2)
Combined ratio2	Combined ratio2	116.6	143.6	(27.0)	115.8	116.3	(0.5)	Combined ratio2		98.5	115.0	(16.5)
Total Underwriting Operations	Total Underwriting Operations							Total Underwriting Operations
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	76.5	55.2	21.3	72.5	60.2	12.3	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio		75.0	68.3	6.7
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	20.0	32.5	(12.5)	20.5	27.1	(6.6)	Underwriting expense ratio		19.5	21.0	(1.5)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	96.5	87.7	8.8	93.0	87.3	5.7	Combined ratio		94.5	89.3	5.2
Accident year – Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio3	Accident year – Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio3	75.8	55.5	20.3	71.6	59.6	12.0	Accident year – Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio3		73.4	67.1	6.3

1 Ratios are expressed as a percentage of net premiums ~~earned;~~earned. The portion of fees and other revenues related to our loss adjustment activities are netted ~~with~~against loss adjustment expenses and the portion of fees and other revenues related to our underwriting operations are netted against underwriting expenses in the ratio calculations.

2 Included in the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, are ~~2.8~~2.5 points and ~~2.9~~3.0 points, respectively, of amortization expense ~~associated with~~on acquisition-related intangible assets attributable to our Property ~~segment, and 3.3 points and 3.4 points for the respective periods last year.~~segment. Excluding ~~these additional expenses, for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020,~~this expense, the Property business would have reported expense ratios of ~~26.3 for both periods,~~25.4 and 27.1 and combined ratios of ~~113.8~~96.0 and ~~140.3,~~112.0, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, excluding these additional expenses, the Property business would have reported expense ratios of 26.7 and 26.4, respectively, and combined ratios of 112.9 for both periods.

3 The accident year ratios include only the losses that occurred during the period noted. As a result, accident period results will change over time, either favorably or unfavorably, as we revise our estimates of loss costs when payments are made or reserves for that accident period are reviewed.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (LAE)


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended March 31,
(millions)	(millions)	2021		2020		2021		2020		(millions)		2022		2021
Increase (decrease) in net loss and LAE reserves		$	1,603.1	$	146.5	$	2,230.6	$	116.1
Change in net loss and LAE reserves										Change in net loss and LAE reserves		$	565.3	$	627.5
Paid losses and LAE	Paid losses and LAE	6,803.3		5,174.9		13,286.3		11,360.5		Paid losses and LAE		8,293.1		6,483.0
Total incurred losses and LAE	Total incurred losses and LAE	$	8,406.4	$	5,321.4	$	15,516.9	$	11,476.6	Total incurred losses and LAE		$	8,858.4	$	7,110.5

Claims costs, our most significant expense, represent payments made and estimated future payments to be made, to or on behalf of our policyholders, including expenses needed to adjust or settle claims. Claims costs are a function of loss severity and frequency and, for our vehicle businesses, are influenced by inflation and driving patterns, among other factors, some of which are discussed below. In our Property business, severity is primarily a function of construction costs and the age of the structure. Accordingly, anticipated changes in these factors are taken into account when we establish premium rates and loss reserves. Loss reserves are estimates of future costs and our reserves are adjusted as underlying assumptions change and information develops.

Our total loss and LAE ratio increased ~~21.3~~6.7 points for the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, compared to the same period last year, ~~and 12.3 points on a year-to-date basis,~~ primarily due to higher accident severity, ~~and frequency.~~partially offset by lower catastrophe losses.

The following table shows our consolidated catastrophe losses, excluding loss adjustment expenses, incurred during the periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	2021			2020			2021			2020			($ in millions)		2022			2021
Personal Lines	Personal Lines	$	211.8		$	164.7		$	276.9		$	201.9		Personal Lines		$	44.5		$	65.1
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	6.6			6.3			8.4			7.6			Commercial Lines		2.8			1.8
Property	Property	128.0			234.8			272.6			276.7			Property		99.3			144.6
Total net catastrophe losses incurred	Total net catastrophe losses incurred	$	346.4		$	405.8		$	557.9		$	486.2		Total net catastrophe losses incurred		$	146.6		$	211.5
Combined ratio effect	Combined ratio effect	3.2		pts.	4.2		pts.	2.6		pts.	2.5		pts.	Combined ratio effect		1.2		pts.	2.0		pts.

During the ~~second quarter 2021,~~three months ended March 31, 2022, the majority of catastrophe losses were due to ~~wind~~thunderstorms, hail, tornadoes, and ~~hail~~winter storms throughout the United States. We have responded, and plan to continue to respond, promptly to catastrophic events when they occur in order to provide exemplary claims service to our customers.

Future catastrophes could have a material impact on our financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. As a result, we reinsure various risks including, but not limited to, catastrophic losses. We do not have catastrophe-specific reinsurance for our Personal Lines or Commercial Lines businesses, but we reinsure portions of our Property ~~business against various risks.~~business. The Property business reinsurance programs ~~include:~~include multi-year catastrophe excess of loss and aggregate excess of loss ~~and catastrophe bonds. During~~contracts.

We evaluate our reinsurance programs during the ~~second quarter 2021,~~renewal process, if not more frequently, to ensure our programs continue to effectively respond to the company’s risk tolerance. As a result, during 2022, we entered into a new ~~reinsurance contracts under our per occurrence~~aggregate excess of loss program ~~for~~that increased our ~~Property business. The new reinsurance policies carry~~ retention ~~thresholds for losses~~from $475 million to $575 million and ~~allocated loss adjustment expenses (ALAE) from~~reduced aggregate potential coverage by $50 million, to a ~~single catastrophic event~~total of ~~$200~~$175 million, ~~an increase from the retention threshold on the prior contracts of $80 million. The increase in the threshold from the prior contract primarily reflects~~compared to our ~~ability~~2021 program. In our view, our capital position and growing balance sheet enabled us to assume more ~~direct risk on~~of these risks via higher retention levels. We did not experience a ~~companywide basis, while balancing this risk against~~significant lack of availability of any of the ~~rising costs for these~~ types of ~~contracts.~~reinsurance that we typically purchase. While the costs of reinsurance has increased in the marketplace, raising our retention levels resulted in slightly lower aggregate premiums ceded for this coverage upon renewal. See Item 1 – Description of Business-Reinsurance in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, for a discussion of our various reinsurance programs. AsDuring the first quarter 2022, we did not experience significant excess of ~~June 30, 2021, on a year-to-date basis,~~loss reinsurance activity and we have ~~incurred $276.3 million of losses and ALAE subject to~~not exceeded the annual retention thresholds under our ~~2021~~2022 catastrophe aggregate excess of loss ~~program and have not exceeded the $475 million annual retention threshold.~~

~~Under our various Property catastrophe-specific reinsurance, we ceded the following losses and ALAE, including development on prior year storms, during the periods:~~

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Aggregate excess of loss:
Current accident year $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Prior accident years 12.7 NA 13.5 NA
Per occurrence excess of loss:
Current accident year (12.5) 0 7.5 0
Prior accident years1
15.0 40.0 134.6 80.0
Total $ 15.2 $ 40.0 $ 155.6 $ 80.0

~~NA = Not applicable; this reinsurance coverage was entered into on January 1, 2020.~~

1 Increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily represents prior year development on Hurricane Irma. In 2017, we reached our excess of loss retention threshold for Irma and, as a result, all prior year development is fully ceded.program.

The following discussion of our severity and frequency trends in our personal auto ~~businesses~~business excludes comprehensive coverage because of its inherent volatility, as it is typically linked to catastrophic losses generally resulting from adverse weather. For our commercial auto products, the reported frequency and severity trends include comprehensive coverage. Comprehensive coverage insures against damage to a customer’s vehicle due to various causes other than collision, such as windstorm, hail, theft, falling objects, and glass breakage.

Due to the impacts of shelter-in-place requirements that occurred throughout much of 2020, we believe that comparing current year frequency and severity to the prior year are not meaningful for our personal auto businesses. For reference, on a year-over-year basis for the second quarter and the first six months of 2021, frequency increased 47% and 19%, respectively, for all coverages, excluding comprehensive coverage, and severity increased 8% and 6%. The trend comparisons below compare a two-year annualized change between 2021 and 2019 for personal auto frequency and severity, which we feel are more insightful when trying to understand our current year profitability given the impact that COVID-19 restrictions had on our 2020 trends.

We saw the number of vehicle miles driven decrease dramatically when the COVID-19 restrictions were first put in place, especially during the early months of the pandemic. Now that the shelter-in-place restrictions have been eliminated, our usage-based insurance data has shown that the variance between vehicle miles traveled and claims volume decreased as the number of claims grew at a faster pace during the second quarter 2021.

Total personal auto incurred severity (i.e., average cost per claim, including both paid losses and the change in case reserves) on a calendar-year basis increased about ~~8% during the second quarter and~~16% for the first ~~six months of 2021,~~quarter, compared to the same period last year. These increases reflect the increase in ~~2019.~~the valuation of used vehicles, increasing our total loss and repair costs.

Following are the changes we experienced in severity in our auto coverages on a ~~2021 year-over-2019 year annualized~~year-over-year basis:

•Collision increased 28% for the first quarter 2022 and auto property damage increased about 21%, in part due to increased used car prices.

•Bodily injury increased about ~~10%~~7% for the ~~second~~first quarter ~~and the first six months of 2021,~~2022, due in part to ~~a shift in the mix to more severe accidents compared to 2019.~~increasing nonmedical losses.

•Personal injury protection (PIP) ~~increased~~decreased about ~~10% during the second quarter 2021 and 7%~~6% during the first ~~six months of 2021,~~quarter 2022, due in part to ~~reopened claims, primarily~~coverage reform in ~~Florida.~~Michigan.

•~~Auto property damage~~To address inherent seasonality trends and ~~collision increased about 6% and 9%, respectively, for~~lessen the ~~second quarter 2021 and 6% and 7% for~~effects of month-to-month variability, in the commercial auto products we use a trailing 12-month period in assessing severity. In the first ~~six months of 2021,~~quarter 2022, our commercial auto products’ incurred severity, excluding our TNC business, increased 17% compared to the same period last year. In addition to general trends in ~~part due to~~the marketplace, the increase in our commercial auto products’ severity primarily reflects shifts in the ~~type~~mix of business to for-hire transportation, which has higher average severity than the business auto and contractor business market targets. Since the loss ~~experienced,~~patterns in the TNC business are not indicative of our other commercial auto products, disclosing severity and frequency trends excluding that business is more ~~total losses, and increased used car prices.~~representative of our overall experience for the majority of our commercial auto products.

It is a challenge to estimate future severity, but we continue to monitor changes in the underlying costs, such as general inflation, used car prices, vehicle repair costs, medical costs, health care reform, court decisions, and jury verdicts, along with regulatory changes and other factors that may affect severity.

Our personal auto incurred frequency, on a ~~calendar-year annualized~~year-over-year basis, ~~decreased~~increased about ~~6% and 8% for the second quarter and~~2% for the first ~~six months of 2021,~~quarter 2022, compared to the same ~~periods in 2019.~~period last year. Following are the frequency changes we experienced by ~~coverage, and primarily resulted from changes in driving patterns from those historically experienced:~~coverage:

•Auto property damage ~~bodily injury,~~ and PIP ~~each decreased~~increased about ~~9% to 10% for the second quarter of 2021~~3% and ~~11% to 12%~~2%, respectively, for the first ~~six months of 2021, compared to 2019.~~quarter 2022.

•~~Collision~~Bodily injury decreased about ~~2% for the quarter~~1% and 5%collision was flat for the first ~~six months~~quarter 2022.

On a trailing 12-month basis, our commercial auto products’ incurred frequency, excluding our TNC business, increased 10% during the first quarter 2022, compared to the same period last year. The frequency increase was in part due to miles driven not yet returning to pre-pandemic levels during the first quarter 2021, on a trailing 12-month basis.

We closely monitor the changes in frequency, but the degree or direction of ~~2021.~~

near-term frequency change is not something that we are able to predict with any degree of confidence, and this challenge is exacerbated by the uncertainty of the current environment. We will continue to analyze trends to distinguish changes in our experience from other external factors, such as changes in the number of vehicles per household, miles driven, vehicle usage, gasoline prices, advances in vehicle safety, and unemployment rates, versus those resulting from shifts in the mix of our business or changes in driving patterns, to allow us to react quickly to price for these trends and to reserve more accurately for our loss exposures.

The changes we are disclosing in the paragraph below for our commercial auto products severity and frequency use a trailing 12-month period and exclude our TNC business. Using a trailing 12-month period addresses inherent seasonality trends in the commercial auto products and lessens the effects of month-to-month variability, including the impact of COVID-19 restrictions. Since the loss patterns in the TNC business are not indicative of our other commercial auto products, disclosing severity and frequency trends excluding that business is more indicative of our overall experience for the majority of our commercial auto products.

For the trailing 12-month period ending June 30, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020, incurred severity in our commercial auto products increased 6% and frequency was flat. The increase in severity is in part due to increased medical costs and actuarially determined reserves due to accelerating paid loss trends and shifts in the mix of business to for-hire transportation, which has higher average severity than the business auto and contractor business market targets. Information from our usage-based insurance data shows commercial auto driving miles and congestion levels are back to pre-pandemic levels, which we believe will result in more claims activity. As a result, we will continue to adjust our pricing and increase our claims staff to prepare for the expected year-over-year increase in our commercial auto claims volume.

~~The~~ table below presents the actuarial adjustments implemented and the loss reserve development experienced on a companywide basis in the following ~~periods on a companywide basis:~~periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	2021			2020			2021			2020			($ in millions)		2022			2021
ACTUARIAL ADJUSTMENTS	ACTUARIAL ADJUSTMENTS													ACTUARIAL ADJUSTMENTS
Reserve decrease (increase)	Reserve decrease (increase)													Reserve decrease (increase)
Prior accident years	Prior accident years	$	(22.1)		$	(2.7)		$	(44.2)		$	(12.2)		Prior accident years		$	15.1		$	(22.1)
Current accident year	Current accident year	15.5			28.6			18.4			30.2			Current accident year		(38.8)			2.9
Calendar year actuarial adjustment		$	(6.6)		$	25.9		$	(25.8)		$	18.0
Calendar year actuarial adjustments														Calendar year actuarial adjustments		$	(23.7)		$	(19.2)
PRIOR ACCIDENT YEARS DEVELOPMENT	PRIOR ACCIDENT YEARS DEVELOPMENT													PRIOR ACCIDENT YEARS DEVELOPMENT
Favorable (unfavorable)	Favorable (unfavorable)													Favorable (unfavorable)
Actuarial adjustment		$	(22.1)		$	(2.7)		$	(44.2)		$	(12.2)
Actuarial adjustments														Actuarial adjustments		$	15.1		$	(22.1)
All other development	All other development	(50.5)			30.7			(152.8)			(103.9)			All other development		(205.9)			(102.3)
Total development	Total development	$	(72.6)		$	28.0		$	(197.0)		$	(116.1)		Total development		$	(190.8)		$	(124.4)
(Increase) decrease to calendar year combined ratio	(Increase) decrease to calendar year combined ratio	(0.7)		pts.	0.3		pts.	(0.9)		pts.	(0.6)		pts.	(Increase) decrease to calendar year combined ratio		(1.6)		pts.	(1.2)		pts.

Total development consists of both actuarial adjustments and “all other development” on prior accident years. The actuarial adjustments represent the net changes made by our actuarial staff to both current and prior accident year reserves based on regularly scheduled reviews. Through these reviews, our actuaries identify and measure variances in the projected frequency and severity trends, which allow them to adjust the reserves to reflect the current cost trends. For our Property business, 100% of catastrophe losses are reviewed monthly, and any development on catastrophe reserves are included as part of the actuarial adjustments. For the Personal Lines and Commercial Lines businesses, development for catastrophe losses for the vehicle businesses would be reflected in “all other development,” discussed below, to the extent they relate to prior year reserves. We report these actuarial adjustments separately for the current and prior accident years to reflect these adjustments as part of the total prior accident years development.

“All other development” represents claims settling for more or less than reserved, emergence of unrecorded claims at rates different than anticipated in our incurred but not recorded (IBNR) reserves, and changes in reserve estimates on specific claims. Although we believe the development from both the actuarial adjustments and “all other development” generally results from the same factors, we are unable to quantify the portion of the reserve development that might be applicable to any one or more of those underlying factors.

Our objective is to establish case and IBNR reserves that are adequate to cover all loss costs, while incurring minimal variation from the date the reserves are initially established until losses are fully developed. Our ability to meet this objective is impacted by many factors. Changes in case law, particularly inrelated to PIP, ~~environments,~~ can make it difficult to estimate reserves timely and with minimal variation. See Note 6 – Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves, for a more detailed discussion of our prior

accident years development. ~~We continue to focus on our loss reserve analysis, attempting to enhance accuracy and to further our understanding of our loss costs.~~

Underwriting Expenses

The companywide underwriting expense ratio (i.e., policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses, ~~and policyholder credits,~~ net of certain fees and other revenues, expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) decreased ~~12.5 points for the second quarter and 6.6~~1.5 points for the first six months of 2021, compared to the same period in 2020, primarily reflecting 10.7 points and 5.4 points of policyholder credits issued to personal auto customers for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. Our Commercial Lines business also saw a significant decrease in expenses on a year-over-year basis reflecting the work that we did with our Commercial Lines policyholders and agents to provide premium credits and billing allowances during the second quarter ~~2020, which, along with bad debt exposure, contributed to a 4.0 point and 2.1 point increase in the Commercial Lines expense ratio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.~~

Progressive’s other underwriting expenses, net of fees and other revenues, decreased 3% and increased 1% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the same periods last year. In 2020, we recorded $120.0 million and $191.0 million for the second quarter and year-to-date periods, respectively, to increase our allowance for uncollectable accounts, which reflected our expectation of the additional uncertainty regarding our policyholders' ability to pay as a result of the economic impacts related to COVID-19 restrictions. During the second quarter and the first six months of 2021, our advertising expenditures increased 15% and 20%,2022, compared to the same period last ~~year. We reevaluated~~year, primarily reflecting a decrease in our ~~media budget as part of~~advertising spend in an effort to improve profitability to reach our ~~actions~~96 combined ratio goal. In total, our advertising spend decreased 8% and had a 1.1 point impact on our companywide expense ratio.

To analyze underwriting expenses, we also review our non-acquisition expense ratio (NAER), which excludes costs related to ~~respond~~policy acquisition, including advertising and agency commissions, from our underwriting expense ratio. By excluding acquisition costs from our underwriting expense ratio, we are able to understand costs other than those necessary to acquire new policies and grow the business. During the first quarter 2022, our NAER decreased 0.1 points, 0.2 points, and 0.6 points in our Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property businesses, respectively, compared to the ~~compression we are seeing in our underwriting profitability and, as a result, will be reducing our planned spend in certain areas based on performance against our media and underwriting targets.~~same period last year.

4241

C. Growth

For our underwriting operations, we analyze growth in terms of both premiums and policies. Net premiums written represent the premiums from policies written during the period, less any premiums ceded to reinsurers. Net premiums earned, which are a function of the premiums written in the current and prior periods, are earned as revenue over the life of the policy using a daily earnings convention. Policies in force, our preferred measure of growth since it removes the variability due to rate changes or mix shifts, represents all policies under which coverage was in effect as of the end of the period specified.


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	2021		2020		% Growth		2021		2020		% Growth		($ in millions)		2022		2021		% Growth
NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN	NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN													NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN
Personal Lines	Personal Lines													Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	4,326.1	$	4,104.7	5	%	$	8,784.8	$	8,131.2	8	%	Agency		$	4,516.4	$	4,458.7	1	%
Direct	Direct	4,574.1		4,326.8		6		9,576.8		8,624.2		11		Direct		5,202.5		5,002.7		4
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	8,900.2		8,431.5		6		18,361.6		16,755.4		10		Total Personal Lines		9,718.9		9,461.4		3
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	1,986.3		1,195.1		66		3,780.4		2,339.2		62		Commercial Lines		2,925.7		1,794.1		63
Property	Property	590.9		513.4		15		1,064.5		916.7		16		Property		536.1		473.6		13
Other indemnity		2.9		0		NM		2.9		0		NM
Other indemnity1														Other indemnity1		0.3		0		NM
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	$	11,480.3	$	10,140.0	13	%	$	23,209.4	$	20,011.3	16	%	Total underwriting operations		$	13,181.0	$	11,729.1	12	%
NET PREMIUMS EARNED	NET PREMIUMS EARNED													NET PREMIUMS EARNED
Personal Lines	Personal Lines													Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	4,220.3	$	3,919.0	8	%	$	8,318.5	$	7,747.7	7	%	Agency		$	4,323.3	$	4,098.2	5	%
Direct	Direct	4,633.9		4,167.9		11		9,065.6		8,160.3		11		Direct		4,793.6		4,431.7		8
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	8,854.2		8,086.9		9		17,384.1		15,908.0		9		Total Personal Lines		9,116.9		8,529.9		7
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	1,621.8		1,129.0		44		3,039.6		2,318.0		31		Commercial Lines		2,127.2		1,417.8		50
Property	Property	502.3		432.7		16		974.8		853.3		14		Property		558.1		472.5		18
Other indemnity1	Other indemnity1	4.0		0		NM		4.0		0		NM		Other indemnity1		0.7		0		NM
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	$	10,982.3	$	9,648.6	14	%	$	21,402.5	$	19,079.3	12	%	Total underwriting operations		$	11,802.9	$	10,420.2	13	%
NM = Not meaningful	NM = Not meaningful													NM = Not meaningful
1 Represents Protective Insurance's run-off business.								June 30,
1 Represents Protective Insurance’s run-off business.														1 Represents Protective Insurance’s run-off business.
																March 31,
(thousands)	(thousands)							2021		2020		% Growth		(thousands)		2022		2021		% Growth
POLICIES IN FORCE	POLICIES IN FORCE													POLICIES IN FORCE
Personal Lines														Personal Lines
Agency auto	Agency auto							8,014.2		7,362.5		9	%	Agency auto		7,758.4		7,863.5		(1)	%
Direct auto	Direct auto							9,581.3		8,507.6		13		Direct auto		9,541.3		9,338.8		2
Total auto	Total auto							17,595.5		15,870.1		11		Total auto		17,299.7		17,202.3		1
Special lines1	Special lines1							5,211.7		4,790.5		9		Special lines1		5,345.9		5,026.7		6
Personal Lines — total	Personal Lines — total							22,807.2		20,660.6		10		Personal Lines — total		22,645.6		22,229.0		2
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines							916.6		775.8		18		Commercial Lines		999.8		858.9		16
Property	Property							2,655.5		2,336.1		14		Property		2,802.2		2,566.3		9
Companywide total	Companywide total							26,379.3		23,772.5		11	%	Companywide total		26,447.6		25,654.2		3	%

1 Includes insurance for motorcycles, watercraft, RVs, and similar items.

At March 31, 2022, we had about 0.8 million more policies in force compared to the same period last year. To analyze growth, we review new policies, rate levels, and the retention characteristics of our segments. Although new policies are necessary to maintain a growing book of business, we recognize the importance of retaining our current customers as a critical component of our continued growth.

As shown in the tables below, we measure retention by policy life expectancy. We review our customer retention for our personal auto products using both a trailing 3-month and a trailing 12-month period. We believe changes in policy life expectancy using a trailing 12-month period measure is indicative of recent experience, mitigates the effects of month-to-month variability, and addresses seasonality. Although using a trailing 3-month measure does not address seasonality and can reflect more volatility, this measure is more responsive to current experience and generally can be an indicator of how our retention rates are moving. Due to the significant renewal activity during the second quarter 2020, as a result of suspending cancellations of policies for non-payment, we believe the year-over-year change in the trailing 3-month policy life expectancy is not representative of true retention activity and, therefore, we have chosen not to disclose this measure in the tables below as we do not believe the change is meaningful.

We continue to disclose our changes in policy life expectancy using a trailing 12-month period. We believe the measure is indicative of recent experience, mitigates the effect of month-to-month variability, and addresses seasonality. While this measure was also impacted by suspension of policy cancellations last year, it was to a much lesser extent.

~~To analyze growth, we review new policies, rate levels, and the retention characteristics of our segments.~~

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D. Personal Lines

The following table shows our year-over-year changes for our Personal Lines business:


		Growth Over Prior Year									Growth Over Prior Year Quarter
		Quarter				Year-to-date
		2021		2020		2021		2020			2022		2021
Applications	Applications									Applications
New	New	7	%	2	%	11	%	2	%	New	(24)	%	14	%
Renewal	Renewal	9		12		11		11		Renewal	5		14
Written premium per policy - Auto	Written premium per policy - Auto	(2)		0		(3)		0		Written premium per policy - Auto	6		(3)
Policy life expectancy - Auto	Policy life expectancy - Auto									Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3-months		NM
Trailing 12-months		3		7
Trailing 3 months										Trailing 3 months	(15)		12
Trailing 12 months										Trailing 12 months	(5)		13

~~NM = Not meaningful~~

InNew application growth in our Personal Lines ~~business,~~products was down 24% during the ~~increase~~first quarter 2022, with our personal auto new application growth down 26% and our special lines new application growth down 9% during the first quarter. The decrease in ~~both~~personal auto new applications is primarily attributable to the rate actions and ~~renewal~~underwriting restrictions that began in the second quarter of 2021 and continued through the first quarter 2022. The decrease in special lines new applications ~~during~~primarily reflects a decrease in demand for RV, boat, and motorcycle products, as compared to the first quarter 2021 ~~resulted from increases in both our~~when sales of these products was strong. We continued to see personal auto and special lines ~~products. The year-to-date comparisons are impacted~~renewal application growth.

Results varied by ~~the depressed growth resulting from the impact of COVID-19 restrictions that were put in place toward~~consumer segment. At the end of the first quarter ~~2020.~~2022, Robinsons saw low double-digit personal auto policy in force growth, compared to the first quarter last year, while Sams saw a nearly double-digit decline in policy in force growth. New auto applications experienced a double-digit decrease across all four consumer segments year over year. Quote volume in our Robinsons and Dianes consumer segments increased on a year-over-year basis, while quote volume in Sams and Wrights decreased, with all consumer segments seeing a decreased rate of conversion.

During the ~~three and six months ended June 30, 2021, our~~first quarter 2022, we implemented rate increases in 36 states. In the aggregate, on a countrywide basis, personal auto new application growth was 9% and 10%, respectively, compared to the same periods last year. During the second quarter 2021, we continued to see strong renewal personal auto application growth, in part aided by rate decreases taken throughout 2020, in addition to the impact from the moratoriums and billing leniency efforts throughout 2020. During the second quarter 2021,net rate increases were ~~effective in 11 states, which had an average increase of~~ about ~~5%. In the aggregate, rate changes for personal auto~~7% for the quarter. During the first quarter ~~were about 2%. These rate changes, coupled with tightening~~2022, we also reduced advertising spend and tightened underwriting criteria in consumer segments where losses ~~indicate~~indicated rate ~~inadequacy,~~inadequacy. These actions had and may continue to have a negative impact on our policy life expectancy in the near term, as indicated by the decline in the trailing 3-month and trailing 12-month policy life expectancy.

Overall, our written premium per policy increased 6% during the first quarter 2022, compared to the same period last year. The rate increases, which started in the second quarter 2021 and continued throughout the first quarter 2022, are ~~part of~~reflected in our year-over-year comparisons for the ~~actions that we are taking to address the rising trends we are experiencing with auto accident frequency and severity increasing as people are driving more.~~first quarter 2022.

Our focus on achieving our target underwriting profitability takes precedence over growth. We will continue to manage growth and profitability in accordance with our long-standing goal of growing as fast as we can as long as we can provide good customer service at or below a companywide 96 combined ratio on a calendar-year basis.

Our special lines products saw new applications increase 1% and 12% during the quarter and year-to-date period. Year-over-year growth in the second quarter 2021 was less than the first six months due to the significant application growth we recorded last year. During the second quarter 2020, we recorded a 22% increase in new applications due to high demand in our special lines products reflecting the overall growth in the RV, boat, and motorcycle industries as consumers focused on activities that promoted social distancing.

At the end of the second quarter 2021, we saw our Robinsons continue to enjoy year-over-year growth in personal auto policies in force that outpaced our other consumer segments (Sams, Dianes, and Wrights). New application growth across all four consumer segments was positive for the quarter. Quote volume increased on a year-over-year basis for the second quarter in all consumer segments, except the Wrights, which decreased slightly. During the second quarter 2021, compared to the same period last year, all consumer segments saw a flat-to-slightly-increased rate of conversion.

We report our Agency and Direct business results separately as components of our Personal Lines segment to provide further understanding of our products by distribution channel. The channel discussions below are focused on personal auto insurance since this product accounted for ~~91% and 93%~~95% of the Personal Lines segment net premiums written during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~and the first six months of 2021, respectively.~~2022.

4443

The Agency Business

Growth Over Prior Year
Quarter Year-to-date
2021 2020 2021 2020
Applications - Auto
New 9 % (13) % 7 % (8) %
Renewal 6 11 9 10
Written premium per policy - Auto (1) 1 (1) 1
Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3-months NM NM
Trailing 12-months 3 9

~~NM = Not meaningful~~


	Growth Over Prior Year Quarter

	2022		2021
Applications - Auto
New	(28)	%	5	%
Renewal	1		12
Written premium per policy - Auto	8		(2)
Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3 months	(17)		12
Trailing 12 months	(6)		13

The Agency business includes business written by more than 40,000 independent insurance agencies that represent Progressive, as well as brokerages in New York and California. During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~and first six months of 2021, the Agency auto business experienced an increase in new application growth. During the quarter, we~~2022, only two states generated new Agency auto application growth, ~~in 39 states and the District of Columbia,~~ including ~~seven~~only one of our top 10 largest Agency states. Each of our consumer segments experienced ~~positive~~a reduction in new ~~application and policy~~applications, however, policies in force ~~growth,~~grew in all segments except ~~for our Robinson consumer segment where new applications decreased 2% during the second quarter 2021,~~Sams and Dianes, compared to the same period last year. ~~Robinsons new applications were relatively less affected by the pandemic than the other consumer segments in 2020.~~

During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~and first six months of 2021,~~2022, we experienced an increase in Agency auto quote volume of 6%5% and ~~5%, respectively, with~~ a 31% decrease in the rate of conversion (i.e., converting a quote to a sale) ~~increase~~. For the first quarter, each consumer segment, other than Sams, saw increases in quote volume, compared to last year. The rate of ~~3% and 2%,~~conversion was down significantly in the first quarter 2022, compared to the same period last ~~year. For the quarter~~year, reflecting rate increases and year-to-date periods, each consumer segment saw increases in quote volume, except for the Wrights, where growth decreased slightly in both periods, compared to last year. The current year increase in part reflected lower quotes and conversion in 2020 due to shelter-in-place restrictions, which required agents to work from home. Given the impact of the COVID-19 restrictions on the prior year activity, we felt it may be helpful to compare the current year to the second quarter and first six months of 2019. Comparing 2021 to 2019, Agency auto quotes increased 1% and 3%, for the second quarter and first six months, respectively, and conversion decreased 6% and 5%.

We experienced an increase in the percentage of bundled Agency auto policies written for 12-month terms, which have about twice the amount of net premiums written compared to 6-month policies. At the end of the second quarter 2021, 13% of our Agency auto policies in force were 12-month policies, compared to about 11% a year earlier.from tightening underwriting criteria. Written premium per policy onfor new and renewal Agency auto business ~~was up 1%~~increased 5% and ~~renewal was down 1%~~9%, respectively, compared to the ~~second~~first quarter ~~last year. In response to increased frequency and severity resulting from changes~~2021. The decreases in ~~driving patterns during 2021, we are taking~~policy life expectancy were expected given the rate actions taken over the last year, and policy life expectancy may continue to ~~address~~be negatively impacted by our ~~underwriting profitability. During the second quarter 2021, our auto~~current rate ~~changes averaged an increase of 2% countrywide in our Agency auto business.~~actions.

The Direct Business


		Growth Over Prior Year									Growth Over Prior Year Quarter
		Quarter				Year-to-date
		2021		2020		2021		2020			2022		2021
Applications - Auto	Applications - Auto									Applications - Auto
New	New	10	%	4	%	13	%	5	%	New	(25)	%	17	%
Renewal	Renewal	12		15		15		13		Renewal	7		18
Written premium per policy - Auto	Written premium per policy - Auto	(4)		0		(4)		0		Written premium per policy - Auto	5		(4)
Policy life expectancy - Auto	Policy life expectancy - Auto									Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3-months		NM
Trailing 12-months		3		5
Trailing 3 months										Trailing 3 months	(12)		13
Trailing 12 months										Trailing 12 months	(4)		14

~~NM = Not meaningful~~

The Direct business includes business written directly by Progressive ~~on the Internet,~~online, through mobile devices, and over the phone. ~~The Direct business experienced solid new and renewal application growth during the second quarter 2021, in part reflecting our increase in advertising spend.~~ During the quarter, weonly four states generated new auto application growth, with no growth in ~~41 states and the District of Columbia, including nine~~any of our top 10 largest Direct states. During the first quarter ~~we grew~~2022, total applications were flat due to growth in policy renewals. During the first quarter, although new applications decreased in our ~~new~~ Direct auto ~~applications and~~business, policies in force grew across all consumer segments except ~~for our Sam consumer segment, where new applications decreased 1% during the second quarter 2021,~~Sams, compared to last year.

During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~and first six months of 2021,~~2022, we experienced a decrease in Direct auto quote volume of 4%14% and ~~an increase of 2%, respectively, while our~~a rate of conversion ~~increased~~decrease of 13% ~~and 11%~~, compared to the same period last year. The decrease we experienced in our quote volume primarily reflected the decrease in advertising spending during the first quarter 2022. All consumer segments saw a decrease in quotes during the quarter, with ~~the Robinsons~~Sams showing the largest decrease ~~of 9%. On~~on a year-over-year basis, all consumer segments saw flat-to-increased quote growth. Unlike our Agency auto business, by the end of the second quarter 2020, our Direct auto business was returning to more normal activity, as evidenced by overall shopping volume returning to pre-COVID levels. Although the Direct auto business was not impacted to the same extent as our Agency auto business from the COVID-19 restrictions, comparing the second quarter and first six months of 2021 to the comparable periods in 2019, Direct auto quotes increased 3% and 7%, respectively, and conversion increased 11% and 10%.basis.

During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, written premium per policy for new and renewal Direct auto business ~~decreased 4%~~increased 3% and ~~renewal~~5%, respectively, compared to the same period last year, primarily driven by rate increases. Consistent with our Agency business, ~~decreased 3%, reflecting~~the Direct business decrease in policy life expectancy reflects the rate ~~decreases~~actions taken ~~during~~over the last 12 months. Consistent with the Agency auto business, in response to increased frequency and severity during 2021, we are taking rate actions to support our underwriting profitability in our Direct auto business. During the second quarter 2021, our auto rate changes averaged an increase of 2% countrywide in our Direct auto business.year.

E. Commercial Lines

Growth Over Prior Year
Quarter Year-to-date
2021 2020 2021 2020
Applications - Auto
New 52 % (10) % 40 % (3) %
Renewal 8 7 10 8
Written premium per policy 20 (1) 16 2
Policy life expectancy - Trailing 12-months 5 6
Note: Table excludes our TNC, BOP, and Protective Insurance products.
The following table shows our year-over-year changes for our Commercial Lines business, excluding our TNC, BOP, and Protective Insurance products:


	Growth Over Prior Year Quarter

	2022		2021
Applications
New	8	%	28	%
Renewal	13		13
Written premium per policy	19		12
Policy life expectancy - Trailing 12 months	7		7

Our Commercial Lines business operates in five traditional business markets, which include business auto, for-hire transportation, contractor, for-hire specialty, and tow markets, primarily written through the agency channel. We also write ~~transportation network company (TNC)~~TNC business and ~~business owners policy (BOP)~~BOP insurance. ~~With~~In the ~~acquisition of~~second quarter 2021, we acquired Protective Insurance, ~~and its subsidiaries during the quarter, we~~which expanded our portfolio of offerings to larger fleet, workers’ compensation ~~coverage~~insurance for ~~the~~trucking and public transportation fleets, along with trucking industry independent contractors, and affinity ~~programs.~~programs; these products are excluded from the table above.

~~Similar to our experience in our personal auto businesses, our~~During the first quarter 2022, Commercial Lines business results for the first half of 2020 were negatively impacted by COVID-19 restrictions, which influenced the demands and general consumer habits for goods and services provided by our Commercial Lines customers and required that certain businesses undergo temporary closure.

~~Commercial Lines experienced very~~continued to experience strong new application growth, ~~in the second quarter 2021,~~ reflecting continued improvement in the economy and our competitiveness in the marketplace. The new application growth during the ~~second~~first quarter was primarily driven by continued growth in our for-hire transportation business market target.

During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, demand in ~~our~~the for-hire transportation ~~product~~market drove new ~~consumer~~customer shopping, which resulted in a ~~41%~~10% increase in quote volume and ~~an 8% increase~~a 2% decrease in the rate of conversion, compared to the same period last year.

During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021, volume in our TNC~~2022, written premium per policy for new commercial auto business increased ~~significantly,~~18% and renewal business increased 20%, compared to the ~~second quarter~~same period last ~~year when COVID-19 restrictions~~year. The increases were ~~in place. During the quarter, our net premiums written continued~~due to ~~reflect the increase in rideshare usage we started to experience during the second half of 2020. In addition, we began writing business in an additional state for one of our TNC customers~~more vehicles per policy and a shift in the ~~second quarter 2021.~~mix of business toward higher premium coverages. Our policy life expectancy increased compared to 2021, primarily due to shifts in the mix of business and product model enhancements.

F. Property

Growth Over Prior Year
Quarter Year-to-date
2021 2020 2021 2020
Applications
New 29 % 4 % 28 % 5 %
Renewal 8 15 10 16
Written premium per policy 0 0 0 0
Policy life expectancy - Trailing 12-months (6) (3)
The following table shows our year-over-year changes for our Property business:


	Growth Over Prior Year Quarter

	2022		2021
Applications
New	(6)	%	26	%
Renewal	12		12
Written premium per policy	5		1
Policy life expectancy - Trailing 12 months	(7)		(3)

Our Property business writes residential property insurance for homeowners, other property owners, and renters, in the agency and direct channels. During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, our Property business experienced a ~~solid increase~~decrease in new applications, primarily ~~driven~~due to the rate and other actions taken to address the profitability concerns and to reduce our geographic concentration.

During 2022, we continued to make underwriting changes to reduce our concentration risks by focusing our growth efforts in states with traditionally less catastrophe exposure and limit growth in ~~our direct channel~~the coastal and ~~our Robinsons consumer segment,~~hail prone states. In the second quarter of 2022, we will start non-renewing about 60,000 policies in Florida and ~~a continued rebound in~~expect that it will take about one year to complete the ~~housing market for new home sales. Our Property segment was not significantly impacted by COVID-19 restrictions during 2020.~~process.

~~Despite~~The targeted rate increases taken during the last 12 months, which were taken to align this business more closely with our profitability targets in hail prone and more volatile weather states, are beginning to be earned into the book of business. In addition to rate increases, as part of the underwriting changes discussed above, during the first quarter 2022 our ~~home product, there was no change in~~ written premium per policy ~~on a year-over-year basis~~was higher due to providing higher premium coverages, compared to the same period last year. The written premium per policy impact from rate increases and underwriting changes were partially offset by a shift in the mix of business to a larger share of renters policies, which have lower written premiums per policy. Our policy life expectancy decreased from the same period last ~~last~~ year, primarily due to the targeted ~~rate increases~~underwriting changes being made in ~~hail prone~~ states ~~in 2020.~~where losses indicated rate inadequacy.

G. Income Taxes

A deferred tax asset or liability is a tax benefit or expense that is expected to be realized in a future period. At ~~June 30, 2021 and 2020, and December~~March 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we reported a net federal deferred tax ~~liabilities. At June 30,~~asset, compared to net federal deferred tax liabilities at March 31, 2021 ~~and 2020,~~ and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021. The change to a deferred asset from a deferred liability was primarily due to unrealized losses on securities in the fixed-income portfolio. At March 31, 2022 and 2021, we had net current income taxes payable of ~~$37.2 million, $889.0~~$201.1 million and ~~$163.5~~$372.4 million, respectively, which were reported as part of accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other ~~liabilities. During~~liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, partially due to the ~~six months ended June 30, 2020, we deferred $700.0 million of~~fact that estimated ~~federal~~ tax payments ~~under guidance from~~are not due until the ~~Internal Revenue Service (IRS). In response to~~second quarter of the ~~impact on businesses caused by COVID-19 restrictions, the IRS postponed the due date~~year. At December 31, 2021, we reported recoverable income taxes of ~~federal income tax payments that would have otherwise been due between April 1, 2020 and July 15, 2020.~~$19.2 million, which was reflected as part of other assets.

~~Our~~The effective tax rate for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2021, were 20.9% and 20.8%~~March 31, 2022, was 19.6%, ~~respectively,~~ compared to ~~21.1% and~~ 20.8% for the same ~~periods~~period last year, in part due to our permanent tax differences having a greater impact on the effective rate given our lower pre-tax income in the first quarter 2022, compared to the same period last year.

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IV. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – INVESTMENTS

A. Investment Results

Our management philosophy governing the portfolio is to evaluate investment results on a total return basis. The fully taxable equivalent (FTE) total return includes recurring investment income, adjusted to a fully taxable amount for certain securities that receive preferential tax treatment (e.g., municipal securities), and total net realized, and changes in total net unrealized, gains (losses) on securities.

The following table summarizes investment results for the periods ended ~~June 30:~~March 31:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months
		2021		2020		2021		2020			2022		2021
Pretax recurring investment book yield (annualized)	Pretax recurring investment book yield (annualized)	1.9	%	2.5	%	2.0	%	2.6	%	Pretax recurring investment book yield (annualized)	2.0	%	2.1	%
Weighted average FTE book yield (annualized)		1.9		2.6		2.0		2.6

FTE total return:	FTE total return:									FTE total return:
Fixed-income securities	Fixed-income securities	1.1		3.4		0.2		4.6		Fixed-income securities	(3.6)		(0.9)
Common stocks	Common stocks	7.3		21.5		20.7		(3.4)		Common stocks	(4.9)		12.5
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	1.7		4.5		1.9		3.9		Total portfolio	(3.8)		0.3

The decrease in the fixed-income total return, compared to last year, reflects the impact of rising interest rates during the last twelve months. The decrease in the book yield, compared to last year, reflects investing new cash from operations and portfolio turnover during ~~the past twelve months~~last year in securities with relatively lower interest ~~rate securities.~~rates than the securities that matured or were sold. The ~~decrease in our fixed-income~~ total return ~~reflects~~on the ~~increase in interest rates during 2021. In our common stock portfolio, the significant variances year over year, for both quarter and year to date, were the result of the initial~~equity securities reflect general market ~~decline due to COVID concerns in early 2020 and the subsequent market rebound. In addition, during 2021, we held common stocks, outside our indexed fund that had significant return volatility.~~

conditions.

A further break-down of our FTE total returns for our fixed-income portfolio for the periods ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, follows:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months
		2021		2020		2021		2020				2022		2021
Fixed-income securities:	Fixed-income securities:									Fixed-income securities:
U.S. Treasury Notes	U.S. Treasury Notes	0.4	%	0.7	%	(0.7)	%	7.0	%	U.S. Treasury Notes		(4.1)	%	(1.1)	%
Municipal bonds	Municipal bonds	1.4		3.8		0.4		6.6		Municipal bonds		(4.9)		(1.1)
Corporate bonds	Corporate bonds	1.3		6.3		(0.3)		5.5		Corporate bonds		(3.6)		(1.5)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	0.5		4.3		0.9		1.4		Residential mortgage-backed securities		(0.9)		0.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1.8		4.0		1.0		1.0		Commercial mortgage-backed securities		(4.3)		(0.8)
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	0.5		2.3		0.7		1.8		Other asset-backed securities		(1.5)		0.2
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	6.2		9.2		6.1		(4.1)		Preferred stocks		(3.1)		(0.1)
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	0		0.4		0.1		0.8		Short-term investments		< 0.1		< 0.1

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B. Portfolio Allocation

The composition of the investment portfolio was:


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Duration (years)	Rating1	($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Duration (years)	Rating1
June 30, 2021
March 31, 2022								March 31, 2022
U.S. government obligations								U.S. government obligations	$	19,528.8	36.7	%	3.9	AAA
State and local government obligations								State and local government obligations	2,144.2		4.0		3.4	AA+
Foreign government obligations								Foreign government obligations	17.4		0.1		4.3	AAA
Corporate debt securities								Corporate debt securities	11,280.0		21.2		3.1	BBB
Residential mortgage-backed securities								Residential mortgage-backed securities	951.1		1.8		0.3	A-
Commercial mortgage-backed securities								Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,918.5		13.0		2.7	A+
Other asset-backed securities								Other asset-backed securities	5,255.9		9.9		1.2	AA
Preferred stocks								Preferred stocks	1,748.0		3.3		3.5	BBB-
Short-term investments								Short-term investments	529.9		1.0		0.2	A-
Total fixed-income securities								Total fixed-income securities	48,373.8		91.0		3.1	AA-
Common equities								Common equities	4,812.6		9.0		na	na
Total portfolio2								Total portfolio2	$	53,186.4	100.0	%	3.1	AA-
March 31, 2021								March 31, 2021
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	19,437.7	38.1	%	3.4	AAA	U.S. government obligations	$	16,073.4	33.9	%	3.3	AAA
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	2,440.5		4.8		3.8	AA	State and local government obligations	2,624.1		5.6		4.2	AA
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,690.9		21.0		3.3	BBB	Corporate debt securities	10,436.2		22.0		3.7	BBB
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	671.3		1.3		1.2	AA-	Residential mortgage-backed securities	553.2		1.2		1.0	AA
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,708.1		11.2		3.6	A+	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,892.0		12.4		3.2	AA-
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	3,899.0		7.7		1.3	AA	Other asset-backed securities	3,323.4		7.0		1.0	AA+
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	1,845.8		3.7		3.6	BBB-	Preferred stocks	1,671.7		3.5		3.7	BBB-
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	1,710.6		3.3		0.1	A+	Short-term investments	2,243.1		4.7		0.1	A
Total fixed-income securities	Total fixed-income securities	46,403.9		91.1		3.1	AA-	Total fixed-income securities	42,817.1		90.3		3.1	AA-
Common equities	Common equities	4,538.9		8.9		na	na	Common equities	4,583.5		9.7		na	na
Total portfolio2	Total portfolio2	$	50,942.8	100.0	%	3.1	AA-	Total portfolio2	$	47,400.6	100.0	%	3.1	AA-
June 30, 2020
December 31, 2021								December 31, 2021
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	9,277.8	21.2	%	3.8	AAA	U.S. government obligations	$	18,488.2	35.9	%	3.6	AAA
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	3,574.3		8.2		4.5	AA+	State and local government obligations	2,185.3		4.2		3.6	AA+
Corporate debt securities		11,062.5		25.3		4.0	BBB+
Residential mortgage-backed securities		543.0		1.2		0.8	AA
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		5,761.8		13.2		2.7	AA
Other asset-backed securities		4,354.9		9.9		1.0	AAA-
Preferred stocks		1,332.7		3.0		3.2	BBB-
Short-term investments		4,700.5		10.8		0.1	BBB+
Total fixed-income securities		40,607.5		92.8		3.0	AA-
Common equities		3,170.4		7.2		na	na
Total portfolio2		$	43,777.9	100.0	%	3.0	AA-
December 31, 2020
U.S. government obligations		$	12,740.0	26.8	%	3.3	AAA
State and local government obligations		3,221.8		6.8		4.4	AA
Foreign government obligations								Foreign government obligations	17.9		0.1		4.5	AAA
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,185.2		21.4		3.8	BBB	Corporate debt securities	10,692.1		20.7		2.9	BBB
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	509.5		1.1		1.0	AA	Residential mortgage-backed securities	790.0		1.5		0.4	A-
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,175.1		13.0		3.2	AA-	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,535.6		12.7		3.2	A+
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	3,784.6		7.9		1.0	AA+	Other asset-backed securities	4,982.3		9.7		1.2	AA
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	1,642.6		3.5		3.6	BBB-	Preferred stocks	1,821.6		3.6		3.6	BBB-
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	5,218.5		11.0		<0.1	AA	Short-term investments	942.6		1.8		0.2	AA
Total fixed-income securities	Total fixed-income securities	43,477.3		91.5		2.9	AA-	Total fixed-income securities	46,455.6		90.2		3.0	AA-
Common equities	Common equities	4,053.0		8.5		na	na	Common equities	5,058.5		9.8		na	na
Total portfolio2	Total portfolio2	$	47,530.3	100.0	%	2.9	AA-	Total portfolio2	$	51,514.1	100.0	%	3.0	AA-
na = not applicable	na = not applicable							na = not applicable

1Represents ratings at period end. Credit quality ratings are assigned by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. To calculate the weighted average credit quality ratings, we weight individual securities based on fair value and assign a numeric score of 0-5, with non-investment-grade and non-rated securities assigned a score of 0-1. To the extent the weighted average of the ratings falls between AAA and AA+, we assign an internal rating of AAA-.

2~~Our portfolio reflects the effect~~Includes $356.0 million, $363.1 million, and $143.4 million of net unsettled security ~~transactions;~~purchase transactions at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~we had $412.1 million in other liabilities, compared to $277.9 million and $95.5 million at June 30, 2020~~ and December 31, ~~2020, respectively.~~2021, respectively, with the offsetting payable included in other liabilities.

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Our asset allocation strategy is to maintain 0%-25% of our portfolio in Group I securities, with the balance (75%-100%) of our portfolio in Group II securities.

We define Group I securities to include:

•common equities,

•nonredeemable preferred stocks,

•redeemable preferred stocks, except for 50% of investment-grade redeemable preferred stocks with cumulative dividends, which are included in Group II, and

•all other non-investment-grade fixed-maturity securities.

Group II securities include:

•short-term securities, and

•all other fixed-maturity securities, including 50% of the investment-grade redeemable preferred stocks with cumulative dividends.

We believe this asset allocation strategy allows us to appropriately assess the risks associated with these securities for capital purposes and is in line with the treatment by our regulators.

The following table shows the composition of our Group I and Group II securities:


		June 30, 2021				June 30, 2020				December 31, 2020					March 31, 2022				March 31, 2021				December 31, 2021
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio
Group I securities:	Group I securities:													Group I securities:
Non-investment-grade fixed maturities	Non-investment-grade fixed maturities	$	1,834.2	3.6	%	$	368.6	0.8	%	$	1,006.4	2.1	%	Non-investment-grade fixed maturities	$	2,265.0	4.3	%	$	1,254.6	2.6	%	$	2,032.4	3.9	%
Redeemable preferred stocks1	Redeemable preferred stocks1	91.7		0.2		76.0		0.2		97.3		0.2		Redeemable preferred stocks1	110.2		0.2		94.8		0.2		90.9		0.2
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,662.3		3.3		1,180.6		2.7		1,447.9		3.1		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,527.5		2.9		1,482.2		3.1		1,639.9		3.2
Common equities	Common equities	4,538.9		8.9		3,170.4		7.2		4,053.0		8.5		Common equities	4,812.6		9.0		4,583.5		9.7		5,058.5		9.8
Total Group I securities	Total Group I securities	8,127.1		16.0		4,795.6		10.9		6,604.6		13.9		Total Group I securities	8,715.3		16.4		7,415.1		15.6		8,821.7		17.1
Group II securities:	Group II securities:													Group II securities:
Other fixed maturities	Other fixed maturities	41,105.1		80.7		34,281.8		78.3		35,707.2		75.1		Other fixed maturities	43,941.2		82.6		37,742.4		79.7		41,749.8		81.1
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	1,710.6		3.3		4,700.5		10.8		5,218.5		11.0		Short-term investments	529.9		1.0		2,243.1		4.7		942.6		1.8
Total Group II securities	Total Group II securities	42,815.7		84.0		38,982.3		89.1		40,925.7		86.1		Total Group II securities	44,471.1		83.6		39,985.5		84.4		42,692.4		82.9
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	$	50,942.8	100.0	%	$	43,777.9	100.0	%	$	47,530.3	100.0	%	Total portfolio	$	53,186.4	100.0	%	$	47,400.6	100.0	%	$	51,514.1	100.0	%

1We did not hold any non-investment-grade redeemable preferred stocks at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 2020,~~ or December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

To determine the allocation between Group I and Group II, we use the credit ratings from models provided by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) for classifying our residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, excluding interest-only securities, and the credit ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSRO) for all other debt securities. NAIC ratings are based on a model that considers the book price of our securities when assessing the probability of future losses in assigning a credit rating. As a result, NAIC ratings can vary from credit ratings issued by NRSROs. Management believes NAIC ratings more accurately reflect our risk profile when determining the asset allocation between Group I and Group II securities.

Unrealized Gains and Losses

As of ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, our fixed-maturity portfolio had pretax net unrealized ~~gains,~~losses, recorded as part of accumulated other comprehensive income, of ~~$638.8~~$1,734.8 million, compared to ~~$1,257.1~~net unrealized gains of $523.5 million and ~~$1,206.6~~$71.4 million at ~~June 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. The ~~decrease~~decreases from ~~June 30, 2020, reflects sales of securities with unrealized gains~~both periods in ~~2020 as well as increasing interest rates during the first six months of 2021. The decrease from December 31, 2020, was primarily~~2021 were mainly due to increasing interest rates, which resulted in valuation ~~decreases~~declines in all fixed-maturity sectors, ~~most prominently~~primarily in the U.S. government, corporate debt, and ~~corporate~~commercial mortgage-backed portfolios.

See Note 2 – Investments for a further break-out of our gross unrealized gains ~~and losses.~~(losses).

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Holding Period Gains and Losses

The following table provides the balance and activity for both the gross and net holding period ~~gain (loss) balance and activity during~~gains (losses) for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2021:~~March 31, 2022:

(millions) Gross Holding
Period Gains Gross Holding
Period Losses Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)
Balance at December 31, 2020
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities $ 15.2 $ 0 $ 15.2
Equity securities 2,961.5 (6.6) 2,954.9
Total holding period securities 2,976.7 (6.6) 2,970.1
Current year change in holding period securities
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities 0.7 (1.7) (1.0)
Equity securities 493.5 3.2 496.7
Total changes in holding period securities 494.2 1.5 495.7
Balance at June 30, 2021
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities 15.9 (1.7) 14.2
Equity securities 3,455.0 (3.4) 3,451.6
Total holding period securities $ 3,470.9 $ (5.1) $ 3,465.8


(millions)	Gross Holding Period Gains		Gross Holding Period Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)
Balance at December 31, 2021
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	$	13.0	$	(5.5)	$	7.5
Equity securities	3,877.2		(14.7)		3,862.5
Total holding period securities	3,890.2		(20.2)		3,870.0
Current year change in holding period securities
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	(9.4)		(29.6)		(39.0)
Equity securities	(284.2)		(65.4)		(349.6)
Total changes in holding period securities	(293.6)		(95.0)		(388.6)
Balance at March 31, 2022
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	3.6		(35.1)		(31.5)
Equity securities	3,593.0		(80.1)		3,512.9
Total holding period securities	$	3,596.6	$	(115.2)	$	3,481.4

Changes in holding period gains (losses), similar to unrealized gains (losses) in our fixed-maturity portfolio, are the result of changes in market performance as well as sales of securities based on various portfolio management decisions.

Fixed-Income Securities

The fixed-income portfolio is managed internally and includes fixed-maturity securities, short-term investments, and nonredeemable preferred stocks.

Following are the primary exposures for our fixed-income portfolio. Details of our policies related to these exposures can be found in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in our ~~2020~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders.

•Interest rate risk - our duration of 3.1 years at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, fell within our acceptable range of 1.5 to 5 years. The duration distribution of our fixed-income portfolio, excluding short-term investments, represented by the interest rate sensitivity of the comparable benchmark U.S. Treasury Notes, was:

Duration Distribution June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2020
1 year 21.9 % 25.5 % 19.5 %
2 years 18.5 14.1 18.7
3 years 24.4 21.3 24.9
5 years 17.1 20.1 18.5
7 years 12.2 10.4 10.9
10 years 5.9 8.6 7.5
Total fixed-income portfolio 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %


Duration Distribution	March 31, 2022		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2021
1 year	16.2	%	20.2	%	22.0	%
2 years	18.5		17.9		18.8
3 years	24.9		25.7		23.5
5 years	20.0		18.1		17.6
7 years	14.8		11.7		13.1
10 years	5.6		6.4		5.0


Total fixed-income portfolio	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

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•Credit risk - our credit quality rating of AA- was above our minimum threshold during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021.~~2022. The credit quality distribution of the fixed-income portfolio was:


Rating	Rating	June 30, 2021		June 30, 2020		December 31, 2020		Rating	March 31, 2022		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2021
AAA	AAA	55.8	%	45.6	%	53.3	%	AAA	54.2	%	52.6	%	54.7	%
AA	AA	7.5		8.9		9.8		AA	8.8		8.1		8.7
A	A	9.3		14.5		11.1		A	8.8		10.6		8.6
BBB	BBB	22.1		29.4		22.9		BBB	22.2		24.7		21.7
Non-investment grade/non-rated1	Non-investment grade/non-rated1							Non-investment grade/non-rated1
BB	BB	4.3		1.2		2.4		BB	4.7		3.4		4.8
B	B	0.5		0.2		0.2		B	1.0		0.3		1.1
CCC and lower	CCC and lower	0.1		0		0.1		CCC and lower	0.1		0.1		0.1
Non-rated	Non-rated	0.4		0.2		0.2		Non-rated	0.2		0.2		0.3
Total fixed-income portfolio	Total fixed-income portfolio	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	Total fixed-income portfolio	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

1The ratings in the table above are assigned by NRSROs. The non-investment-grade fixed-income securities based upon our Group I classification represented 5.1% of the total fixed-income portfolio at June 30, 2021, compared to 1.5% at June 30, 2020 and 2.9% at December 31, 2020.

•Concentration risk - we did not have any investments in a single issuer, either overall or in the context of individual ~~assets~~asset classes and sectors, that exceeded our thresholds during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021.~~2022.

•Prepayment and extension risk - we did not experience significant adverse prepayment or extension of principal relative to our cash flow expectations in the portfolio during the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021.~~2022.

•Liquidity risk - our overall portfolio remains very liquid and we believe that it is sufficient to meet expected near-term liquidity requirements.

◦The short-to-intermediate duration of our portfolio provides a source of liquidity, as we expect approximately ~~$2.0~~$3.7 billion, or ~~7.8%~~13.1%, of principal repayment from our fixed-income portfolio, excluding U.S. Treasury Notes and short-term investments, during ~~the remainder of 2021.~~2022. Cash from interest and dividend payments provides an additional source of recurring liquidity.

◦The duration of our U.S. government obligations, which are included in the fixed-income portfolio, was comprised of the following at ~~June 30, 2021:~~March 31, 2022:


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		Duration (years)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		Duration (years)
U.S. Treasury Notes	U.S. Treasury Notes				U.S. Treasury Notes
Less than one year	Less than one year	$	1,426.1	0.6	Less than one year	$	434.4	0.6
One to two years	One to two years	4,882.0		1.6	One to two years	3,797.1		1.8
Two to three years	Two to three years	5,489.7		2.6	Two to three years	4,514.1		2.5
Three to five years	Three to five years	4,308.4		4.3	Three to five years	5,425.2		4.1
Five to seven years	Five to seven years	2,376.2		6.6	Five to seven years	4,119.9		6.1
Seven to ten years	Seven to ten years	955.3		8.9	Seven to ten years	1,238.1		8.6
Total U.S. Treasury Notes	Total U.S. Treasury Notes	$	19,437.7	3.4	Total U.S. Treasury Notes	$	19,528.8	3.9

5251

ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES

Included in the fixed-income portfolio are asset-backed securities, ~~(ABS),~~ which were comprised of the following at the balance sheet dates listed:


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		% of Asset- Backed Securities		Duration (years)	Rating (at period end)1	($ in millions)	Fair Value		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		% of Asset- Backed Securities		Duration (years)	Rating (at period end)1
June 30, 2021
March 31, 2022										March 31, 2022
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	671.3	$	3.5	6.5	%	1.2	AA-	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	951.1	$	(4.0)	7.3	%	0.3	A-
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,708.1		79.9		55.6		3.6	A+	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,918.5		(377.9)		52.7		2.7	A+
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	3,899.0		33.1		37.9		1.3	AA	Other asset-backed securities	5,255.9		(102.5)		40.0		1.2	AA
Total asset-backed securities	Total asset-backed securities	$	10,278.4	$	116.5	100.0	%	2.6	AA-	Total asset-backed securities	$	13,125.5	$	(484.4)	100.0	%	1.9	AA-
June 30, 2020
March 31, 2021										March 31, 2021
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	543.0	$	2.0	5.1	%	0.8	AA	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	553.2	$	4.9	5.7	%	1.0	AA
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,761.8		33.3		54.0		2.7	AA	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,892.0		23.7		60.3		3.2	AA-
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	4,354.9		41.6		40.9		1.0	AAA-	Other asset-backed securities	3,323.4		29.9		34.0		1.0	AA+
Total asset-backed securities	Total asset-backed securities	$	10,659.7	$	76.9	100.0	%	1.9	AA+	Total asset-backed securities	$	9,768.6	$	58.5	100.0	%	2.4	AA-
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2021										December 31, 2021
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	509.5	$	6.2	4.9	%	1.0	AA	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	790.0	$	1.7	6.4	%	0.4	A-
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,175.1		132.5		59.0		3.2	AA-	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,535.6		(25.4)		53.1		3.2	A+
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	3,784.6		39.6		36.1		1.0	AA+	Other asset-backed securities	4,982.3		0.9		40.5		1.2	AA
Total asset-backed securities	Total asset-backed securities	$	10,469.2	$	178.3	100.0	%	2.3	AA	Total asset-backed securities	$	12,307.9	$	(22.8)	100.0	%	2.2	AA-

1 The credit quality ratings in the table above are assigned by NRSROs.

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) The following table details the credit quality rating and fair value of our RMBS, along with the loan classification and a comparison of the fair value at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, to our original investment value (adjusted for returns of principal, amortization, and write-downs):


Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2021)
Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (at March 31, 2022)																Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (at March 31, 2022)
($ in millions) Rating1	($ in millions) Rating1	Non-Agency			Agency			Government/GSE2			Total			% of Total		($ in millions) Rating1	Non-Agency			Agency			Government/GSE2			Total			% of Total
AAA	AAA	$	268.5		$	95.5		$	3.7		$	367.7		54.8	%	AAA	$	166.8		$	0.1		$	1.4		$	168.3		17.7	%
AA	AA	86.8			0			0.6			87.4			13.1		AA	36.2			0			0.5			36.7			3.8
A	A	44.6			0			0			44.6			6.6		A	374.6			0			0			374.6			39.4
BBB	BBB	51.9			0			0			51.9			7.7		BBB	337.3			0			0			337.3			35.5
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:															Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	90.9			0			0			90.9			13.5		BB	8.3			0			0			8.3			0.9
B	B	4.0			0			0			4.0			0.6		B	12.4			0			0			12.4			1.3
CCC and lower	CCC and lower	7.8			0			0			7.8			1.2		CCC and lower	4.3			0			0			4.3			0.4
Non-rated	Non-rated	17.0			0			0			17.0			2.5		Non-rated	9.2			0			0			9.2			1.0
Total fair value	Total fair value	$	571.5		$	95.5		$	4.3		$	671.3		100.0	%	Total fair value	$	949.1		$	0.1		$	1.9		$	951.1		100.0	%
Increase (decrease) in value	Increase (decrease) in value	0.8		%	(0.3)		%	6.0		%	0.7		%			Increase (decrease) in value	(1.2)		%	(2.4)		%	2.4		%	(1.2)		%

1The credit quality ratings ~~in the table above~~ are assigned by NRSROs; when we ~~assign~~assigned the NAIC ratings for our RMBS, ~~$48.3 million~~60% of our non-investment-grade securities ~~are~~were rated ~~investment-grade~~investment grade and ~~classified~~reported as Group II ~~and $71.4 million, or 10.6% of our total RMBS, are not rated by~~securities, with the ~~NAIC and are~~remainder classified as Group I.

2The securities in this category are insured by a Government Sponsored Entity (GSE) and/or collateralized by mortgage loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or the ~~U.S. Department~~U.S.Department of Veteran Affairs (VA). .

In the residential mortgage-backed sector, our portfolio consists of deals that are backed by high-credit quality borrowers or have strong structural protections through underlying loan collateralization. During the first ~~six~~three months of ~~2021,~~2022, we selectively added to this sector.

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS) The following table details the credit quality rating and fair value of our CMBS, along with a comparison of the fair value at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, to our original investment value (adjusted for returns of principal, amortization, and write-downs):


Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2021)
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (at March 31, 2022)													Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (at March 31, 2022)
($ in millions) Rating1	($ in millions) Rating1	Multi-Borrower			Single-Borrower			Total			% of Total		($ in millions) Rating1	Multi-Borrower			Single-Borrower			Total			% of Total
AAA	AAA	$	330.3		$	1,510.2		$	1,840.5		32.2	%	AAA	$	261.2		$	1,787.1		$	2,048.3		29.6	%
AA	AA	3.1			1,325.8			1,328.9			23.3		AA	0			1,820.5			1,820.5			26.3
A	A	0			1,131.0			1,131.0			19.8		A	0			1,170.5			1,170.5			16.9
BBB	BBB	0			1,026.6			1,026.6			18.0		BBB	0			1,216.6			1,216.6			17.6
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:												Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	0			380.7			380.7			6.7		BB	0			613.3			613.3			8.9
B	B	0.4			0			0.4			0		B	0.2			49.1			49.3			0.7

Total fair value	Total fair value	$	333.8		$	5,374.3		$	5,708.1		100.0	%	Total fair value	$	261.4		$	6,657.1		$	6,918.5		100.0	%
Increase (decrease) in value	Increase (decrease) in value	4.2		%	1.2		%	1.4		%			Increase (decrease) in value	(2.0)		%	(5.3)		%	(5.2)		%

1The credit quality ratings ~~in the table above~~ are assigned by NRSROs; when we ~~assign~~assigned the NAIC ratings for our CMBS, ~~$34.3 million~~38% of our non-investment-grade securities ~~are~~were rated ~~investment-grade~~investment grade and ~~classified~~reported as Group II ~~and $346.8 million, or 6.1% of our total CMBS, are not rated by~~securities, with the ~~NAIC and are~~remainder classified as Group I.

~~During the second quarter 2021, we were active in purchasing single-asset/single-borrower securities in both new issue~~The CMBS portfolio experienced wider spreads and ~~secondary markets, in addition to focusing on adding to some of our existing positions~~higher volatility in the ~~high-credit quality office~~first quarter 2022. New issuance in the single-asset single-borrower (SASB) market was robust and ~~life sciences sectors. The strong market indicators~~was the primary source of additions to our portfolio, most of which took place early in the quarter. Credit spreads moved significantly wider from the middle through the end of the ~~year continued during~~quarter. As a result, our net purchases slowed as we assessed the ~~second quarter,~~more volatile spread environment, the outlook for the real estate market, and the outlook for the economy. Our focus continues to be on SASB with ~~new issues~~high-quality collateral in ~~high demand by investors~~the office, self-storage, multi-family, and ~~credit spreads narrowing.~~

industrial sectors
.

During the second quarter 2021, we sold some of our AAA-rated securities, in both the fixed-rate and floating-rate sectors and continued scaling back on positions that met or exceeded our performance objectives, or were no longer core to our strategy.

Other Asset-Backed Securities (OABS) The following table details the credit quality rating and fair value of our OABS, along with a comparison of the fair value at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, to our original investment value (adjusted for returns of principal, amortization, and write-downs):


Other Asset-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2021)
Other Asset-Backed Securities (at March 31, 2022)																									Other Asset-Backed Securities (at March 31, 2022)
($ in millions) Rating	($ in millions) Rating	Automobile			Collateralized Loan Obligations			Student Loan			Whole Business Securitizations			Equipment			Other			Total			% of Total		($ in millions) Rating	Automobile			Collateralized Loan Obligations			Student Loan			Whole Business Securitizations			Equipment			Other			Total			% of Total
AAA	AAA	$	813.2		$	647.5		$	113.8		$	0		$	465.6		$	244.2		$	2,284.3		58.6	%	AAA	$	1,043.8		$	1,322.5		$	56.6		$	0		$	593.2		$	204.2		$	3,220.3		61.3	%
AA	AA	219.4			271.2			16.2			0			132.2			19.1			658.1			16.9		AA	268.9			587.9			6.3			0			147.6			11.9			1,022.6			19.4
A	A	38.4			1.0			9.5			0			134.1			100.4			283.4			7.2		A	20.3			0			8.0			0			109.2			151.6			289.1			5.5
BBB	BBB	7.2			30.6			0			594.7			0			22.3			654.8			16.8		BBB	6.8			0			0			642.5			0			39.0			688.3			13.1
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:																								Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	0			3.0			0			0			0			15.4			18.4			0.5		BB	0			0			0			0			0			35.6			35.6			0.7

Total fair value	Total fair value	$	1,078.2		$	953.3		$	139.5		$	594.7		$	731.9		$	401.4		$	3,899.0		100.0	%	Total fair value	$	1,339.8		$	1,910.4		$	70.9		$	642.5		$	850.0		$	442.3		$	5,255.9		100.0	%
Increase (decrease) in value	Increase (decrease) in value	0.4		%	0.1		%	1.6		%	2.4		%	1.2		%	1.0		%	0.9		%			Increase (decrease) in value	(1.1)		%	(0.8)		%	(2.8)		%	(6.0)		%	(1.1)		%	(4.4)		%	(1.9)		%

During the second quarter 2021, we selectively added to our automobile, equipment, whole business securitization, and other OABS sectors mostly through new issuances as we viewed spreads, and potential returns, across this sector to be less attractive compared to previous quarters. Our allocation to ~~collateralized loan obligation securities increased during~~OABS remained fairly consistent over the ~~quarter, as we perceived the sector provided better return potential than the~~last 12 months. As valuations across other asset classes were more attractive, our OABS ~~sectors, primarily focusing on higher credit tranched securities in the capital structure.~~ portfolio offered less relative value.

5453

MUNICIPAL SECURITIES

The following table details the credit quality rating of our municipal securities at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, without the benefit of credit or bond insurance:

Municipal Securities (at June 30, 2021)
(millions)
Rating General
Obligations Revenue
Bonds Total
AAA $ 690.0 $ 243.6 $ 933.6
AA 494.8 733.0 1,227.8
A 0 277.8 277.8
BBB 0 1.0 1.0
Non-rated 0 0.3 0.3
Total $ 1,184.8 $ 1,255.7 $ 2,440.5


Municipal Securities (at March 31, 2022)
(millions) Rating	General Obligations		Revenue Bonds		Total
AAA	$	624.0	$	256.1	$	880.1
AA	488.9		728.0		1,216.9
A	0		46.3		46.3
BBB	0		0.6		0.6
Non-rated	0		0.3		0.3
Total	$	1,112.9	$	1,031.3	$	2,144.2

Included in revenue bonds were ~~$493.0~~$508.6 million of single-family housing revenue bonds issued by state housing finance agencies, of which ~~$347.5~~$358.3 million were supported by individual mortgages held by the state housing finance agencies and ~~$145.5~~$150.3 million were supported by mortgage-backed securities.

Of the programs supported by mortgage-backed securities, ~~approximately 25% were collateralized by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgages; the remaining 75%~~81% were collateralized by Ginnie Mae mortgages, which are fully guaranteed by the U.S. ~~government.~~government; the remaining 19% were collateralized by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgages. Of the programs supported by individual mortgages held by the state housing finance agencies, the overall credit quality rating was AA+. Most of these mortgages were supported by the Federal Housing Administration, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, or private mortgage insurance providers.

AsMunicipal spreads ~~tightened~~widened during the first quarter ~~we continued to reduce our allocation to the municipal sector. Our sales were primarily in revenue bonds, purchased in 2020, when~~2022. Despite wider spreads, ~~were wider and offered attractive performance opportunities. As mutual funds continued receiving strong inflows from investors, the municipal sector has performed well. At current valuations,~~ municipal bonds ~~are~~were less attractive to us on a relative ~~value basis.~~basis compared to other spread sectors. Our allocation to the sector declined modestly during the quarter.

CORPORATE DEBT SECURITIES

The following table details the credit quality rating of our corporate debt securities at ~~June 30, 2021:~~March 31, 2022:


Corporate Securities (at June 30, 2021)
Corporate Securities (at March 31, 2022)																				Corporate Securities (at March 31, 2022)
(millions) Rating	(millions) Rating	Consumer		Industrial		Communication		Financial Services		Agency		Technology		Basic Materials		Energy		Total		(millions) Rating	Consumer		Industrial		Communication		Financial Services		Technology		Basic Materials		Energy		Total
AAA		$	0	$	0	$	0	$	40.8	$	7.0	$	1.7	$	0	$	0	$	49.5

AA	AA	97.9		1.8		0.5		119.7		0		18.5		0		16.5		254.9		AA	$	22.6	$	0	$	0	$	219.6	$	13.8	$	0	$	45.7	$	301.7
A	A	438.3		216.1		244.9		1,101.5		0		157.6		132.6		99.4		2,390.4		A	418.8		234.4		209.7		1,038.1		133.1		117.3		186.3		2,337.7
BBB	BBB	2,228.7		1,583.2		205.3		1,234.4		0		637.0		37.2		672.9		6,598.7		BBB	2,559.5		1,417.4		147.9		1,089.9		655.7		14.2		948.7		6,833.3
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:																			Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	497.2		153.7		127.4		142.0		0		132.5		37.0		43.5		1,133.3		BB	526.4		243.2		213.0		162.8		67.9		33.5		107.5		1,354.3
B	B	179.1		20.3		4.3		4.0		0		4.3		0		0		212.0		B	347.1		28.2		0		29.0		0		0		0		404.3
CCC and lower	CCC and lower	50.6		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		50.6		CCC and lower	48.7		0		0		0		0		0		0		48.7
Non-rated		1.5		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		1.5

Total fair value	Total fair value	$	3,493.3	$	1,975.1	$	582.4	$	2,642.4	$	7.0	$	951.6	$	206.8	$	832.3	$	10,690.9	Total fair value	$	3,923.1	$	1,923.2	$	570.6	$	2,539.4	$	870.5	$	165.0	$	1,288.2	$	11,280.0

During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~of 2022, the size of our corporate debt portfolio saw a modest ~~increase as~~increase. As credit spreads ~~continued~~experienced significant volatility we were able to ~~tighten; however,~~sell bonds with less attractive risk reward profiles when the spread environment was tight and purchase bonds with better risk reward profiles when spreads significantly widened. In addition, we ~~saw fewer opportunities~~have entered into agreements to ~~add to the portfolio.~~ purchase bank loan investments and have an associated open funding commitment of $16.0 million at March 31, 2022.

We ~~also shortened~~slightly lengthened the maturity profile of the corporate portfolio ~~to 3.3 years at June 30, 2021, compared to 3.7~~during the first quarter of 2022. The duration of the corporate portfolio was 3.1 years at March 31, 2022, compared to 2.9 years at December 31, 2021. Activity during the quarter was primarily a combination of selling some of our longer maturity holdings we believed either met or exceeded our performance objective, or no longer met our future investment strategy and selectively increased our allocation to high-yield securities that we believed would benefit from the continuation of the economic recovery.

Overall, our corporate securities, as a percentage of the fixed-income portfolio, has remained consistent since the end of ~~the first quarter 2021. At June 30,~~ 2021 ~~the portfolio was~~at approximately 23% ~~of our fixed-income portfolio, compared to 24% at March 31, 2021.~~.

PREFERRED STOCKS – REDEEMABLE AND NONREDEEMABLE

The table below shows the exposure break-down by sector and rating at ~~June 30, 2021:~~March 31, 2022:


Preferred Stocks (at June 30, 2021)
Preferred Stocks (at March 31, 2022)																Preferred Stocks (at March 31, 2022)
		Financial Services															Financial Services
(millions) Rating	(millions) Rating	U.S. Banks		Foreign Banks		Insurance		Other		Industrials		Utilities		Total		(millions) Rating	U.S. Banks		Foreign Banks		Insurance		Other Financial		Industrials		Utilities		Total
A		$	50.8	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	50.8

BBB	BBB	939.1		0		130.1		46.9		132.2		0		1,248.3		BBB	$	953.2	$	43.9	$	135.1	$	42.0	$	152.1	$	45.9	$	1,372.2
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:															Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	235.0		80.3		0		0		25.6		42.5		383.4		BB	174.8		41.7		0		0		24.6		39.4		280.5

Non-rated	Non-rated	0		0		35.0		93.9		34.4		0		163.3		Non-rated	0		0		35.0		26.4		33.9		0		95.3
Total fair value	Total fair value	$	1,224.9	$	80.3	$	165.1	$	140.8	$	192.2	$	42.5	$	1,845.8	Total fair value	$	1,128.0	$	85.6	$	170.1	$	68.4	$	210.6	$	85.3	$	1,748.0

The majority of our preferred securities have fixed-rate dividends until a call date and then, if not called, generally convert to floating-rate dividends. The interest rate duration of our preferred securities is calculated to reflect the call, floor, and floating-rate features. Although a preferred security will remain outstanding if not called, its interest rate duration will reflect the variable nature of the dividend. Our non-investment-grade preferred stocks were all with issuers that maintain investment-grade senior debt ratings.

We also face the risk that dividend payments on our preferred stock holdings could be deferred for one or more periods or skipped entirely. As of ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, all of our preferred securities continued to pay their dividends in full and on time. Approximately ~~84%~~81% of our preferred stock securities pay dividends that have tax preferential characteristics, while the balance pay dividends that are fully taxable.

During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, we had a small net increase to our preferred stock portfolio. We primarily purchased redeemable preferred securities that we believe had attractive risk/reward profiles. Certain holdings were called and redeemed at par value during the quarter. The portfolio ~~produced a positive return~~valuation decreased throughout the quarter as ~~equities continued to rally~~credit spreads widened and ~~treasury yields moved lower.~~interest rates increased.

Common Equities

Common equities, as reported on the balance sheets, were comprised of the following:


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	June 30, 2021				June 30, 2020				December 31, 2020				($ in millions)	March 31, 2022				March 31, 2021				December 31, 2021
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	4,527.3	99.7	%	$	3,170.1	100.0	%	$	4,049.9	99.9	%	Common stocks	$	4,792.5	99.6	%	$	4,580.3	99.9	%	$	5,041.6	99.7	%
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	11.6		0.3		0.3		0		3.1		0.1		Other risk investments	20.1		0.4		3.2		0.1		16.9		0.3
Total common equities	Total common equities	$	4,538.9	100.0	%	$	3,170.4	100.0	%	$	4,053.0	100.0	%	Total common equities	$	4,812.6	100.0	%	$	4,583.5	100.0	%	$	5,058.5	100.0	%

The majority of our common stock portfolio ~~is an indexed portfolio, which~~ consists of individual holdings selected based on their contribution to the correlation with the Russell 1000 Index. We held ~~837~~846 out of ~~1,024,~~1,023, or ~~82%~~83%, of the common stocks comprising the index at ~~June 30, 2021,~~March 31, 2022, which made up 96% of the total market capitalization of the index. At ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the year-to-date total return, based on GAAP income, was within our targeted tracking error, which is +/- 50 basis ~~points, while at June 30, 2020, the year-to-date total return, based on GAAP income, was outside the targeted tracking error.~~points.

The other risk investments consist of limited partnership interests. During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, we funded ~~$1.0~~$1.5 million on a partnership ~~investment~~investments and have an open funding commitment of ~~$6.1~~$7.3 million at ~~June 30, 2021 on this investment. In addition, $7.4 million in partnership investments were assumed as part of our acquisition of Protective Insurance.~~March 31, 2022.

5655

Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: Investors are cautioned that certain statements in this report not based upon historical fact are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements often use words such as “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” and other words and terms of similar meaning, or are tied to future periods, in connection with a discussion of future operating or financial performance. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events, and are subject to certain risks, assumptions and uncertainties that could cause actual events and results to differ materially from those discussed herein. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, uncertainties related to:

•our ability to underwrite and price risks accurately and to charge adequate rates to policyholders;

•our ability to establish accurate loss reserves;

•the impact of severe weather, other catastrophe events and climate change;

•the effectiveness of our reinsurance ~~programs;~~programs and the continued availability of reinsurance and performance by reinsurers;

•the highly competitive nature of property-casualty insurance markets;

•whether we innovate effectively and respond to our competitors’ initiatives;

•whether we effectively manage complexity as we develop and deliver products and customer experiences;

•how intellectual property rights ~~could~~ affect our competitiveness and our business operations;

•whether we adjust claims accurately;

•our ability to maintain a recognized and trusted brand;

•our ability to attract, develop and retain talent and maintain appropriate staffing levels;

•compliance with complex and changing laws and regulations;

•litigation challenging our business practices, and those of our competitors and other companies;

•the impacts of a security breach or other attack involving our computer systems or the systems of one or more of our vendors;

•the secure and uninterrupted operation of the facilities, systems, and business functions that are critical to our business;

•the success of our efforts to acquire or develop new products or enter into new areas of business and navigate related risks;

•our continued ability to send and accept electronic payments;

•the possible impairment of our goodwill or intangible assets;

•the performance of our fixed-income and equity investment portfolios;

•the ~~potential~~impact on our investment returns and strategies from regulations and societal pressures relating to environmental, social, and other public policy matters;

•the elimination of ~~or change in,~~ the London Interbank Offered Rate;

•our continued ability to access our cash accounts and/or convert securities into cash on favorable terms;

•the impact if one or more parties with which we enter into significant contracts or transact business fail to perform;

•legal restrictions on our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to The Progressive Corporation;

•limitations on our ability to pay dividends on our common shares under the terms of our outstanding preferred shares;

•our ability to obtain capital when necessary to support our business and potential growth;

•evaluations by credit rating and other rating agencies;

•the variable nature of our common share dividend policy;

•whether our investments in certain tax-advantaged projects generate the anticipated returns;

•the impact from not managing to short-term earnings expectations in light of our goal to maximize the long-term value of the enterprise;

•~~impacts from~~ the ~~outbreak~~impacts of the ~~novel coronavirus, or~~ COVID-19 pandemic and ~~the restrictions put~~measures taken in ~~place to help slow and/or stop the spread of the virus;~~response; and

•other matters described from time to time in our releases and publications, and in our periodic reports and other documents filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, including, without limitation, the Risk Factors section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

In addition, investors should be aware that generally accepted accounting principles prescribe when a company may reserve for particular risks, including litigation exposures. Accordingly, results for a given reporting period could be significantly affected if and when we establish reserves for one or more contingencies. Also, our regular reserve reviews may result in adjustments of varying magnitude as additional information regarding claims activity becomes known. Reported results, therefore, may be volatile in certain accounting periods.

5756

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The duration of the financial instruments held in our portfolio that are subject to interest rate risk was 3.1 years at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2022 and 2021, ~~3.0 years at June 30, 2020,~~ and ~~2.9~~3.0 years at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The weighted average beta of the equity portfolio was 1.04 at ~~June 30, 2021, 1.02 at June 30, 2020,~~both March 31, 2022 and ~~1.09 at~~ December 31, ~~2020.~~2021, and was 1.12 at March 31, 2021. We have not experienced a material impact when compared to the tabular presentations of our interest rate and market risk sensitive instruments in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

We, under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. The disclosure controls and procedures are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer reviewed and evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that review and evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effectively serving the stated purposes as of the end of the period covered by this report.

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

5857

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes in the risk factors from those discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
2021
Calendar
Month
Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased Average
Price
Paid
Per Share Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs Maximum Number of
Shares That May Yet be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs
April 12,180 $ 99.56 3,036,194 21,963,806
May - prior authorization 981 101.99 3,037,175 —
May - current authorization 293 98.97 293 24,999,707
June 100,758 91.50 101,051 24,898,949
Total 114,212 $ 92.46


ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
2022 Calendar Month	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January	257,520	$	102.29	1,744,396	23,255,604
February	20,318	105.48		1,764,714	23,235,286
March	2,372	107.62		1,767,086	23,232,914
Total	280,210	$	102.56

In May 2021, the Board of Directors approved an authorization for the Company to repurchase up to 25 million of its common shares. This authorization ~~which~~ does not have an expiration ~~date, terminated the 21,962,825 shares that remained under the Board's May 2019 authorization to repurchase 25 million shares.~~

date. Share repurchases under this authorization may be accomplished through open market purchases, ~~through privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to our equity incentive awards, or otherwise, and may include~~including trading plans entered into with one or more brokerage firms in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of ~~1934.~~1934, through privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to our equity incentive awards, or otherwise. During the ~~second~~first quarter ~~2021,~~2022, all repurchases were accomplished in conjunction with our equity incentive awards ~~or through the open market~~ at the then-current market ~~prices.~~prices; there were no open market purchases during the quarter. Progressive’s financial policies state that we will repurchase shares to neutralize dilution from equity-based compensation in the year of issuance and as an option to effectively use under leveraged capital.

Item 5. Other Information.

President and CEO Susan Patricia Griffith’s quarterly letter to shareholders is included as Exhibit 99 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. ~~The letter is also posted on Progressive’s website at progressive.com/annualreport.~~

Item 6. Exhibits.

See exhibit index beginning on page ~~61.~~60.

5958

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

THE PROGRESSIVE CORPORATION

(Registrant)

Date:

~~August 3, 2021~~May 2, 2022

By: /s/ John P. Sauerland

John P. Sauerland

Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

6059


EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit No. Under Reg. S-K, Item 601	Form 10-Q Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit	If Incorporated by Reference, Documents with Which Exhibit was Previously Filed with SEC
1	1.1	Underwriting Agreement, dated as of March 2, 2022, between The Progressive Corporation, on the one hand, and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, and Siebert Williams Shank & Co., LLC, as Representatives of the several Underwriters, on the other hand	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed March 9, 2022; Exhibit 1.1 therein)
4	4.1	Third Supplemental Indenture between The Progressive Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed March 9, 2022; Exhibit 4.1 therein)
4	4.2	Form of 2.50% Senior Note due 2027	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed March 9, 2022; Exhibit 4.2 therein)
4	4.3	Form of 3.00% Senior Note due 2032	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed March 9, 2022; Exhibit 4.3 therein)
4	4.4	Form of 3.70% Senior Note due 2052	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed March 9, 2022; Exhibit 4.4 therein)
10	10.1	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-Based Awards under The Progressive Corporation 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (for 2022)	Filed herewith
10	10.2	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Performance-Based Awards (Performance Versus Market) under The Progressive Corporation 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (for 2022)	Filed herewith
10	10.3	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Performance-Based Awards (Investment Results) under The Progressive Corporation 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (for 2022)	Filed herewith
10	10.4	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Special Time/Performance-Based Award under The Progressive Corporation 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (for 2022)	Filed herewith
10	10.5	Second Amendment to The Progressive Corporation Executive Separation Allowance Plan (2021 Amendment and Restatement)	Filed herewith
31	31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith	Filed herewith
31	31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland	Filed herewith
32	32.1	Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith	Furnished herewith
32	32.2	Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland	Furnished herewith
99	99	Letter to Shareholders from Susan Patricia Griffith, President and Chief Executive Officer (Regulation FD Disclosure)	Furnished herewith
101	101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document	Filed herewith
101	101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith
101	101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101	101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101	101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101	101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

~~EXHIBIT INDEX~~

Exhibit No.
Under
Reg. S-K,
Item 601 Form 10-Q
Exhibit
Number Description of Exhibit If Incorporated by Reference,
Documents with Which Exhibit was
Previously Filed with SEC
3(ii) 3.1
Code of Regulations of The Progressive Corporation (as amended May 7, 2021)
Filed herewith
4 4.1
Amendment to Discretionary Line Documents - Discretionary Line of Credit from PNC Bank, National Association, to The Progressive Corporation
Filed herewith
10 10.1
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under The Progressive Corporation 2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (for 2021)
Filed herewith
10 10.2
First Amendment to The Progressive Corporation 2021 Gainshare Plan
Filed herewith
10 10.3
First Amendment to The Progressive Corporation Executive Separation Allowance Plan (2021 Amendment and Restatement)
Filed herewith
31 31.1
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith
Filed herewith
31 31.2
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland
Filed herewith
32 32.1
Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith
Furnished herewith
32 32.2
Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland
Furnished herewith
99 99
Letter to Shareholders from Susan Patricia Griffith, President and Chief Executive Officer (Regulation FD Disclosure)
Furnished herewith
101 101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document Filed herewith
101 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document Filed herewith
101 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document Filed herewith
101 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document Filed herewith
101 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document Filed herewith
101 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Filed herewith
104 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document) Filed herewith

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.
Under
Reg. S-K,
Item 601

Form 10-Q
Exhibit
Number

Description of Exhibit

If Incorporated by Reference,
Documents with Which Exhibit was
Previously Filed with SEC

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

Filed herewith


	Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)	Fair Value at December 31, 2020		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2021




Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	$	35.0	$	0	$	60.2	$	0	$	0	$	33.7	$	0	$	128.9
Industrials	16.7		0		5.0		(5.0)		(4.5)		22.2		0		34.4
Common equities:
Other risk investments	3.1		0		8.5		0		0		0		0		11.6
Total Level 3 securities	$	54.8	$	0	$	73.7	$	(5.0)	$	(4.5)	$	55.9	$	0	$	174.9


	Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)	Fair Value at December 31, 2019		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2020




Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	$	27.1	$	0	$	25.0	$	0	$	0	$	(14.0)	$	0	$	38.1
Industrials	16.0		0		0		0		0		(0.8)		0		15.2
Common equities:
Other risk investments	0.3		0		0		0		0		0		0		0.3
Total Level 3 securities	$	43.4	$	0	$	25.0	$	0	$	0	$	(14.8)	$	0	$	53.6


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Aggregate excess of loss:
Current accident year	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0
Prior accident years	12.7		NA		13.5		NA
Per occurrence excess of loss:
Current accident year	(12.5)		0		7.5		0
Prior accident years1	15.0		40.0		134.6		80.0

Total	$	15.2	$	40.0	$	155.6	$	80.0


Municipal Securities (at June 30, 2021)
(millions) Rating	General Obligations		Revenue Bonds		Total
AAA	$	690.0	$	243.6	$	933.6
AA	494.8		733.0		1,227.8
A	0		277.8		277.8
BBB	0		1.0		1.0
Non-rated	0		0.3		0.3
Total	$	1,184.8	$	1,255.7	$	2,440.5


ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
2021 Calendar Month	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April	12,180	$	99.56	3,036,194	21,963,806
May - prior authorization	981	101.99		3,037,175	—
May - current authorization	293	98.97		293	24,999,707
June	100,758	91.50		101,051	24,898,949
Total	114,212	$	92.46