~~0000080661us-gaap:AccumulatedGainLossNetCashFlowHedgeParentMember2021-01-012021-06-30~~

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023


☐			Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-09518

THE PROGRESSIVE CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio

34-0963169

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6300 Wilson Mills Road,

Mayfield Village,

Ohio

44143

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(440) 461-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value	PGR	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Shares, $1.00 par value: ~~584,915,205~~585,333,630 outstanding at June 30, ~~2022~~2023

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(unaudited)


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months				Six Months
Periods Ended June 30,	Periods Ended June 30,	2022		2021		2022		2021		Periods Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022
(millions — except per share amounts)	(millions — except per share amounts)									(millions — except per share amounts)
Revenues	Revenues									Revenues
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	12,147.9	$	10,982.3	$	23,950.8	$	21,402.5	Net premiums earned	$	14,464.4	$	12,147.9	$	27,997.5	$	23,950.8
Investment income	Investment income	292.4		210.7		534.6		430.9		Investment income	454.5		292.4		874.1		534.6
Net realized gains (losses) on securities:	Net realized gains (losses) on securities:									Net realized gains (losses) on securities:
Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	546.6		410.1		492.1		553.9		Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	135.1		546.6		104.8		492.1
Net holding period gains (losses) on securities	Net holding period gains (losses) on securities	(1,722.2)		54.2		(2,110.8)		495.7		Net holding period gains (losses) on securities	(6.0)		(1,722.2)		98.4		(2,110.8)
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(2.1)		(2.5)		(4.3)		(2.5)		Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(2.2)		(2.1)		(4.5)		(4.3)
Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	(1,177.7)		461.8		(1,623.0)		1,047.1		Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	126.9		(1,177.7)		198.7		(1,623.0)
Fees and other revenues	Fees and other revenues	176.5		176.2		350.5		341.9		Fees and other revenues	226.7		176.5		432.9		350.5
Service revenues	Service revenues	80.1		74.5		147.8		128.3		Service revenues	81.0		80.1		153.5		147.8
Total revenues	Total revenues	11,519.2		11,905.5		23,360.7		23,350.7		Total revenues	15,353.5		11,519.2		29,656.7		23,360.7
Expenses	Expenses									Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	Losses and loss adjustment expenses	9,421.1		8,406.4		18,279.5		15,516.9		Losses and loss adjustment expenses	12,170.1		9,421.1		22,794.1		18,279.5
Policy acquisition costs	Policy acquisition costs	933.6		928.8		1,897.0		1,803.2		Policy acquisition costs	1,153.6		933.6		2,269.4		1,897.0
Other underwriting expenses	Other underwriting expenses	1,431.2		1,440.5		2,937.5		2,921.6		Other underwriting expenses	1,431.7		1,431.2		3,289.6		2,937.5
Investment expenses	Investment expenses	5.9		6.3		11.6		11.9		Investment expenses	6.1		5.9		11.6		11.6
Service expenses	Service expenses	75.5		67.9		138.7		117.2		Service expenses	90.6		75.5		172.9		138.7
Interest expense	Interest expense	63.0		56.4		117.3		112.8		Interest expense	65.7		63.0		129.0		117.3
Goodwill impairment1		224.8		0		224.8		0
Goodwill impairment										Goodwill impairment	0		224.8		0		224.8
Total expenses	Total expenses	12,155.1		10,906.3		23,606.4		20,483.6		Total expenses	14,917.8		12,155.1		28,666.6		23,606.4
Net Income (Loss)	Net Income (Loss)									Net Income (Loss)
Income (loss) before income taxes	Income (loss) before income taxes	(635.9)		999.2		(245.7)		2,867.1		Income (loss) before income taxes	435.7		(635.9)		990.1		(245.7)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	Provision (benefit) for income taxes	(93.0)		209.1		(16.7)		597.0		Provision (benefit) for income taxes	90.3		(93.0)		196.8		(16.7)
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	(542.9)		790.1		(229.0)		2,270.1		Net income (loss)	345.4		(542.9)		793.3		(229.0)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)									Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in:	Changes in:									Changes in:
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	Total net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	(822.8)		91.1		(2,249.7)		(448.5)		Total net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	(455.6)		(822.8)		147.6		(2,249.7)
Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	0		0.3		0.2		0.5		Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	0.1		0		0.2		0.2
Foreign currency translation adjustment	Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.4)		(0.5)		(0.2)		(0.5)		Foreign currency translation adjustment	0.2		(0.4)		0.2		(0.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	Other comprehensive income (loss)	(823.2)		90.9		(2,249.7)		(448.5)		Other comprehensive income (loss)	(455.3)		(823.2)		148.0		(2,249.7)
Comprehensive income (loss)	Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(1,366.1)	$	881.0	$	(2,478.7)	$	1,821.6	Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(109.9)	$	(1,366.1)	$	941.3	$	(2,478.7)
Computation of Earnings Per Common Share	Computation of Earnings Per Common Share									Computation of Earnings Per Common Share
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	$	(542.9)	$	790.1	$	(229.0)	$	2,270.1	Net income (loss)	$	345.4	$	(542.9)	$	793.3	$	(229.0)
Less: Preferred share dividends		6.7		6.7		13.4		13.4
Less: Preferred share dividends1										Less: Preferred share dividends1	9.5		6.7		16.8		13.4
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders	Net income (loss) available to common shareholders	$	(549.6)	$	783.4	$	(242.4)	$	2,256.7	Net income (loss) available to common shareholders	$	335.9	$	(549.6)	$	776.5	$	(242.4)
Average common shares outstanding - Basic	Average common shares outstanding - Basic	584.3		584.6		584.3		584.7		Average common shares outstanding - Basic	584.9		584.3		584.9		584.3
Net effect of dilutive stock-based compensation	Net effect of dilutive stock-based compensation	2.2		2.2		2.1		2.1		Net effect of dilutive stock-based compensation	2.1		2.2		2.1		2.1
Total average equivalent common shares - Diluted	Total average equivalent common shares - Diluted	586.5		586.8		586.4		586.8		Total average equivalent common shares - Diluted	587.0		586.5		587.0		586.4
Basic: Earnings per common share	Basic: Earnings per common share	$	(0.94)	$	1.34	$	(0.41)	$	3.86	Basic: Earnings per common share	$	0.57	$	(0.94)	$	1.33	$	(0.41)
Diluted: Earnings per common share	Diluted: Earnings per common share	$	(0.94)	$	1.34	$	(0.41)	$	3.85	Diluted: Earnings per common share	$	0.57	$	(0.94)	$	1.32	$	(0.41)

1 Changed to a floating dividend rate in March 2023. See Note 121 – ~~Goodwill~~Basis of Reporting and ~~Intangible Assets~~Accounting for further discussion.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(unaudited)


		June 30,				December 31,			June 30,				December 31,
(millions — except per share amounts)	(millions — except per share amounts)	2022		2021		2021		(millions — except per share amounts)	2023		2022		2022
Assets	Assets							Assets
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:	Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:							Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:
Fixed maturities (amortized cost: $46,028.8, $42,378.0, and $43,794.2)		$	43,172.5	$	43,031.0	$	43,873.1
Short-term investments (amortized cost: $4,611.8, $1,710.6, and $942.6)		4,611.8		1,710.6		942.6
Fixed maturities (amortized cost: $57,484.7, $46,028.8, and $50,264.0)								Fixed maturities (amortized cost: $57,484.7, $46,028.8, and $50,264.0)	$	54,078.1	$	43,172.5	$	46,651.9
Short-term investments (amortized cost: $1,494.3, $4,611.8, and $2,861.7)								Short-term investments (amortized cost: $1,494.3, $4,611.8, and $2,861.7)	1,494.3		4,611.8		2,861.7
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	47,784.3		44,741.6		44,815.7		Total available-for-sale securities	55,572.4		47,784.3		49,513.6
Equity securities, at fair value:	Equity securities, at fair value:							Equity securities, at fair value:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks (cost: $1,522.5, $1,511.2, and $1,571.8)		1,360.5		1,609.8		1,639.9
Common equities (cost: $783.6, $1,238.4, and $1,264.1)		2,784.7		4,591.4		5,058.5
Nonredeemable preferred stocks (cost: $1,107.1, $1,522.5, and $1,364.2)								Nonredeemable preferred stocks (cost: $1,107.1, $1,522.5, and $1,364.2)	985.1		1,360.5		1,213.2
Common equities (cost: $662.0, $783.6, and $826.1)								Common equities (cost: $662.0, $783.6, and $826.1)	2,708.1		2,784.7		2,821.5
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	4,145.2		6,201.2		6,698.4		Total equity securities	3,693.2		4,145.2		4,034.7
Total investments	Total investments	51,929.5		50,942.8		51,514.1		Total investments	59,265.6		51,929.5		53,548.3
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	226.1		99.5		187.1		Cash and cash equivalents	163.9		226.1		203.5
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	Restricted cash and cash equivalents	14.4		15.1		15.0		Restricted cash and cash equivalents	15.6		14.4		17.4
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents	Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents	240.5		114.6		202.1		Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents	179.5		240.5		220.9
Accrued investment income	Accrued investment income	216.7		179.3		181.7		Accrued investment income	354.2		216.7		282.5
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $265.8, $245.2, and $280.4		10,561.8		9,436.2		9,399.5
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $343.9, $265.8, and $343.3								Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $343.9, $265.8, and $343.3	12,273.3		10,561.8		10,416.9
Reinsurance recoverables	Reinsurance recoverables	4,961.2		4,709.1		4,980.5		Reinsurance recoverables	5,516.9		4,961.2		5,832.1
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	Prepaid reinsurance premiums	464.3		620.0		457.6		Prepaid reinsurance premiums	242.9		464.3		295.5
Deferred acquisition costs	Deferred acquisition costs	1,498.4		1,360.6		1,355.6		Deferred acquisition costs	1,685.6		1,498.4		1,544.4
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,512.6, $1,396.5, and $1,407.4		1,124.7		1,086.4		1,137.3
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,580.1, $1,512.6, and $1,551.1								Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,580.1, $1,512.6, and $1,551.1	989.0		1,124.7		1,034.0
Goodwill	Goodwill	227.9		452.7		452.7		Goodwill	227.9		227.9		227.9
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $147.7, $354.6, and $383.8		97.2		146.5		117.3
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $167.1, $147.7, and $158.6								Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $167.1, $147.7, and $158.6	77.8		97.2		86.3
Net federal deferred income taxes	Net federal deferred income taxes	955.6		0		0		Net federal deferred income taxes	1,198.5		955.6		1,131.5
Other assets	Other assets	779.4		776.1		1,333.9		Other assets	934.0		779.4		844.7
Total assets	Total assets	$	73,057.2	$	69,824.3	$	71,132.3	Total assets	$	82,945.2	$	73,057.2	$	75,465.0
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity							Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	$	17,274.8	$	15,555.9	$	15,615.8	Unearned premiums	$	20,070.1	$	17,274.8	$	17,293.6
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	27,812.0		23,895.6		26,164.1		Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	32,753.3		27,812.0		30,359.3
Net federal deferred income taxes		0		219.4		152.9
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	5,931.2		6,080.3		6,069.1		Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	6,524.0		5,931.2		5,532.8
Debt1	Debt1	6,386.5		5,397.5		4,898.8		Debt1	6,886.5		6,386.5		6,388.3
Total liabilities	Total liabilities	57,404.5		51,148.7		52,900.7		Total liabilities	66,233.9		57,404.5		59,574.0
Serial Preferred Shares (authorized 20.0)	Serial Preferred Shares (authorized 20.0)							Serial Preferred Shares (authorized 20.0)
Serial Preferred Shares, Series B, no par value (cumulative, liquidation preference $1,000 per share) (authorized, issued, and outstanding 0.5)	Serial Preferred Shares, Series B, no par value (cumulative, liquidation preference $1,000 per share) (authorized, issued, and outstanding 0.5)	493.9		493.9		493.9		Serial Preferred Shares, Series B, no par value (cumulative, liquidation preference $1,000 per share) (authorized, issued, and outstanding 0.5)	493.9		493.9		493.9
Common shares, $1.00 par value (authorized 900.0; issued 797.6, including treasury shares of 212.7, 212.4, and 213.2)		584.9		585.2		584.4
Common shares, $1.00 par value (authorized 900.0; issued 797.6, including treasury shares of 212.3, 212.7, and 212.7)								Common shares, $1.00 par value (authorized 900.0; issued 797.6, including treasury shares of 212.3, 212.7, and 212.7)	585.3		584.9		584.9
Paid-in capital	Paid-in capital	1,815.2		1,712.3		1,772.9		Paid-in capital	1,935.7		1,815.2		1,893.0
Retained earnings	Retained earnings	14,967.7		15,401.0		15,339.7		Retained earnings	16,350.4		14,967.7		15,721.2
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):							Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	(2,193.5)		498.8		56.2		Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed-maturity securities	(2,638.7)		(2,193.5)		(2,786.3)
Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	(14.7)		(15.1)		(14.9)		Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	(14.3)		(14.7)		(14.5)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.8)		(0.5)		(0.6)		Foreign currency translation adjustment	(1.0)		(0.8)		(1.2)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,209.0)		483.2		40.7		Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,654.0)		(2,209.0)		(2,802.0)
Total shareholders’ equity	Total shareholders’ equity	15,652.7		18,675.6		18,231.6		Total shareholders’ equity	16,711.3		15,652.7		15,891.0
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	73,057.2	$	69,824.3	$	71,132.3	Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	82,945.2	$	73,057.2	$	75,465.0

1 Consists of long-term debt. See Note 4 – Debt for further discussion.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(unaudited)


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months				Six Months
Periods Ended June 30,	Periods Ended June 30,	2022		2021		2022		2021		Periods Ended June 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022
(millions — except per share amounts)	(millions — except per share amounts)									(millions — except per share amounts)
Serial Preferred Shares, No Par Value	Serial Preferred Shares, No Par Value									Serial Preferred Shares, No Par Value
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	$	493.9	$	493.9	$	493.9	$	493.9	Balance, beginning of period	$	493.9	$	493.9	$	493.9	$	493.9
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	493.9		493.9		493.9		493.9		Balance, end of period	493.9		493.9		493.9		493.9
Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value	Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value									Common Shares, $1.00 Par Value
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	584.9		585.2		584.4		585.2		Balance, beginning of period	585.4		584.9		584.9		584.4
Treasury shares purchased	Treasury shares purchased	0		(0.2)		(0.3)		(1.1)		Treasury shares purchased	(0.1)		0		(0.3)		(0.3)
Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	0		0.2		0.8		1.1		Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	0		0		0.7		0.8
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	584.9		585.2		584.9		585.2		Balance, end of period	585.3		584.9		585.3		584.9
Paid-In Capital	Paid-In Capital									Paid-In Capital
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	1,788.6		1,685.5		1,772.9		1,672.9		Balance, beginning of period	1,907.7		1,788.6		1,893.0		1,772.9
Amortization of equity-based compensation	Amortization of equity-based compensation	26.4		26.9		43.7		42.7		Amortization of equity-based compensation	27.9		26.4		43.8		43.7
Treasury shares purchased	Treasury shares purchased	(0.1)		(0.3)		(0.9)		(3.0)		Treasury shares purchased	(0.2)		(0.1)		(1.0)		(0.9)
Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	0		(0.2)		(0.8)		(1.1)		Net restricted equity awards issued/vested	0		0		(0.7)		(0.8)
Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	0.3		0.4		0.3		0.8		Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	0.3		0.3		0.6		0.3
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	1,815.2		1,712.3		1,815.2		1,712.3		Balance, end of period	1,935.7		1,815.2		1,935.7		1,815.2
Retained Earnings	Retained Earnings									Retained Earnings
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	15,569.6		14,679.6		15,339.7		13,354.9		Balance, beginning of period	16,080.1		15,569.6		15,721.2		15,339.7
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	(542.9)		790.1		(229.0)		2,270.1		Net income (loss)	345.4		(542.9)		793.3		(229.0)
Treasury shares purchased	Treasury shares purchased	(0.7)		(10.1)		(28.3)		(91.3)		Treasury shares purchased	(7.1)		(0.7)		(38.8)		(28.3)
Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.10, $0.10, $0.20, and $0.20 per share)	Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.10, $0.10, $0.20, and $0.20 per share)	(58.4)		(58.4)		(116.8)		(116.8)		Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.10, $0.10, $0.20, and $0.20 per share)	(58.4)		(58.4)		(116.9)		(116.8)

Cash dividends declared on Serial Preferred Shares, Series B ($18.92463, $0, $18.92463, and $0 per share)										Cash dividends declared on Serial Preferred Shares, Series B ($18.92463, $0, $18.92463, and $0 per share)	(9.5)		0		(9.5)		0
Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	(0.3)		(0.4)		(0.3)		(0.8)		Reinvested dividends on restricted stock units	(0.3)		(0.3)		(0.6)		(0.3)
Other, net	Other, net	0.4		0.2		2.4		(15.1)		Other, net	0.2		0.4		1.7		2.4
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	14,967.7		15,401.0		14,967.7		15,401.0		Balance, end of period	16,350.4		14,967.7		16,350.4		14,967.7
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)									Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, beginning of period	Balance, beginning of period	(1,385.8)		392.3		40.7		931.7		Balance, beginning of period	(2,198.7)		(1,385.8)		(2,802.0)		40.7
Other comprehensive income (loss)	Other comprehensive income (loss)	(823.2)		90.9		(2,249.7)		(448.5)		Other comprehensive income (loss)	(455.3)		(823.2)		148.0		(2,249.7)
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	(2,209.0)		483.2		(2,209.0)		483.2		Balance, end of period	(2,654.0)		(2,209.0)		(2,654.0)		(2,209.0)
Total shareholders’ equity	Total shareholders’ equity	$	15,652.7	$	18,675.6	$	15,652.7	$	18,675.6	Total shareholders’ equity	$	16,711.3	$	15,652.7	$	16,711.3	$	15,652.7

There are 5.0 million Voting Preference Shares authorized; no such shares have been issued.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021
(millions)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (loss) $ (229.0) $ 2,270.1
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation 149.6 129.4
Amortization of intangible assets 20.1 28.5
Net amortization of fixed-income securities 29.2 62.1
Amortization of equity-based compensation 43.7 42.7
Net realized (gains) losses on securities 1,623.0 (1,047.1)
Net (gains) losses on disposition of property and equipment 2.0 0.5
Goodwill impairment 224.8 0
Changes in:
Premiums receivable (1,162.3) (1,183.5)
Reinsurance recoverables 19.3 (237.3)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums (6.7) (244.6)
Deferred acquisition costs (142.8) (123.4)
Income taxes (377.2) (81.0)
Unearned premiums 1,659.0 2,051.5
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves 1,647.9 2,481.0
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities 436.5 717.8
Other, net (45.2) 71.7
Net cash provided by operating activities 3,891.9 4,938.4
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Purchases:
Fixed maturities (14,332.3) (18,364.5)
Equity securities (91.1) (416.1)
Sales:
Fixed maturities 9,378.7 8,703.2
Equity securities 1,350.3 590.2
Maturities, paydowns, calls, and other:
Fixed maturities 2,409.1 3,898.2
Equity securities 39.3 67.1
Net (purchases) sales of short-term investments (3,665.1) 3,587.0
Net unsettled security transactions (143.4) 316.6
Acquisition of Protective Insurance Corporation, net of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash acquired 0 (313.2)
Purchases of property and equipment (136.7) (98.5)
Sales of property and equipment 11.6 11.5
Net cash used in investing activities (5,179.6) (2,018.5)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Dividends paid to common shareholders (117.0) (2,753.0)
Dividends paid to preferred shareholders (13.4) (13.4)
Acquisition of treasury shares for restricted stock tax liabilities (29.5) (30.4)
Acquisition of treasury shares acquired in open market 0 (65.0)
Net proceeds from debt issuances 1,486.0 0
Payment of acquired company debt 0 (20.0)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 1,326.1 (2,881.8)
Increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents 38.4 38.1
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – January 1
202.1 76.5
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – June 30 $ 240.5 $ 114.6


Six Months Ended June 30,	2023		2022
(millions)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$	793.3	$	(229.0)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	140.6		149.6
Amortization of intangible assets	8.5		20.1
Net amortization (accretion) of fixed-income securities	(5.5)		29.2
Amortization of equity-based compensation	43.8		43.7
Net realized (gains) losses on securities	(198.7)		1,623.0
Net (gains) losses on disposition of property and equipment	6.2		2.0
Goodwill impairment	0		224.8
Changes in:
Premiums receivable	(1,856.4)		(1,162.3)
Reinsurance recoverables	315.2		19.3
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	52.6		(6.7)
Deferred acquisition costs	(141.2)		(142.8)
Income taxes	(161.1)		(377.2)
Unearned premiums	2,776.5		1,659.0
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	2,394.0		1,647.9
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	760.0		436.5
Other, net	(141.3)		(45.2)
Net cash provided by operating activities	4,786.5		3,891.9
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Purchases:
Fixed maturities	(12,370.9)		(14,332.3)
Equity securities	(21.1)		(91.1)
Sales:
Fixed maturities	2,815.8		9,378.7
Equity securities	661.4		1,350.3
Maturities, paydowns, calls, and other:
Fixed maturities	2,153.9		2,409.1
Equity securities	25.2		39.3
Net (purchases) sales of short-term investments	1,413.9		(3,665.1)
Net change in unsettled security transactions	282.4		(143.4)
Purchases of property and equipment	(133.6)		(136.7)
Sales of property and equipment	28.8		11.6
Net cash used in investing activities	(5,144.2)		(5,179.6)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Dividends paid to common shareholders	(117.0)		(117.0)
Dividends paid to preferred shareholders	(22.9)		(13.4)
Acquisition of treasury shares for restricted stock tax liabilities	(33.0)		(29.5)
Acquisition of treasury shares acquired in open market	(7.1)		0
Net proceeds from debt issuances	496.3		1,486.0
Net cash provided by financing activities	316.3		1,326.1
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents	(41.4)		38.4
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – January 1	220.9		202.1
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents – June 30	$	179.5	$	240.5

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

The Progressive Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

~~Note 1Basis of Presentation~~ — 1. BASIS OF REPORTING AND ACCOUNTING

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of The Progressive Corporation, our wholly owned insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries and affiliates in which we have a controlling financial interest (Progressive).

The consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of management, were necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the period ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year. These consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto should be read in conjunction with Progressive’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes included in Exhibit 13 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021 (2021~~2022 (2022 Annual Report to Shareholders).

Insurance Premiums and Receivables

We perform analyses to evaluate our premiums receivable for expected credit losses. See the ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders for a discussion on our premiums receivable allowance for credit loss policy. The following table summarizes changes in our allowance for credit loss exposure on our premiums receivable:

Three Months Six Months
Periods Ended June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021
(millions)
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period $ 276.2 $ 265.3 $ 280.4 $ 356.2
Allowance acquired during period1
0 3.5 0 3.5
Increase in allowance2
95.8 87.4 189.7 148.3
Write-offs3
(106.2) (111.0) (204.3) (262.8)
Allowance for credit losses, end of period $ 265.8 $ 245.2 $ 265.8 $ 245.2


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period	$	340.9	$	276.2	$	343.3	$	280.4
Increase in allowance1	125.3		95.8		242.2		189.7
Write-offs2	(122.3)		(106.2)		(241.6)		(204.3)
Allowance for credit losses, end of period	$	343.9	$	265.8	$	343.9	$	265.8

1~~Represents the amount of the allowance acquired in the Protective Insurance Corporation and subsidiaries (Protective Insurance) acquisition.~~

2 Represents the incremental increase in other underwriting expenses.

32 Represents the portion of allowance that is reversed when premiums receivable are written off.

The year-over-year increase in the balance of the allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2022, compared to June 30, 2021, primarily reflects a higher amount of premiums receivable determined to be at risk of being uncollectible, driven by the growth in our premiums receivable balance. During the first six months of 2021, we experienced greater collections than anticipated, in part due to changes in consumer spending habits and government stimulus spending during the period, which resulted in a lower “increase in allowance” ~~when compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022.~~

Premiums receivable balances are written off once we have exhausted our collection efforts. We recognized higher write-offs during the six months ended June 30, 2021, reflecting the premiums receivable that were reserved during 2020, when moratoriums and billing leniency efforts were put into place during the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemic, which delayed the write-off of these uncollectible balances into 2021.

Property and Equipment

~~Other~~Included in other assets onin the consolidated balance sheets ~~include certain long-lived assets that~~ are ~~considered~~ ““held for sale” property. When property is transferred to held for ~~sale.~~” ~~The carrying~~sale, the property is written down to its fair value less estimated costs to sell the property. At June 30, 2023 and 2022, and December 31, 2022, we had held for sale property of ~~these held-for-sale assets was~~$59.5 million, $24.9 million, ~~at June 30, 2022, $57.5~~and $48.7 million, ~~at June 30, 2021,~~respectively.

Earnings Per Share

Net income is reduced by preferred share dividends to determine net income available to common shareholders and ~~$10.8 million at December 31, 2021.~~

~~Goodwill and Intangible Assets~~

~~In preparation~~is used in our calculation of the ~~second quarter 2022 financial statements, we evaluated goodwill~~per common share amounts. Beginning March 15, 2023, the annual dividend rate for ~~impairment using~~our Series B Preferred Shares switched to a ~~quantitative approach given changes in circumstances that indicated that~~floating rate. The floating nature of the ~~carrying value~~dividend rate will impact the amount of ~~certain portions of goodwill may not be recoverable.~~the adjustment required to calculate net income available to common shareholders. See Note 129 – ~~Goodwill and Intangible Assets~~Dividends for further discussion.

~~Earnings per Common Share~~

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, earnings per common share were calculated using basic average equivalent shares since diluted earnings per share would be antidilutive given the net loss reported for both periods. Amounts are reported on a diluted basis for the second quarter and first six months of 2021.

New Accounting Standards

During the first quarter 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued an Accounting Standards Update (ASU), which permits an election to amortize the cost of tax equity investments to the provision for income taxes if certain conditions are met. Currently, these investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years (including interim periods within those fiscal years) beginning after December 15, 2023 (2024 for calendar-year companies). If elected, this standard must be applied on either a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis. We intend to adopt the new standard under the modified retrospective basis, however, we do not expect this standard to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

~~Note 2Investments~~ — 2. INVESTMENTS

The following tables present the composition of our investment portfolio by major security type. Our securities are reported in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The changes in fair value for our fixed-maturity securities (other than hybrid securities) are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of deferred income taxes, in our consolidated

balance sheets. The net holding period gains (losses) reported below represent the inception-to-date changes in fair value offor the hybrid and equity securities. The changes in the net holding period gains (losses) between periods ~~for the hybrid securities and equity securities~~ are recorded as a component of net realized gains (losses) on securities in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
June 30, 2022
June 30, 2023														June 30, 2023
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:													Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:													Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	19,832.3	$	3.7	$	(1,116.8)	$	0	$	18,719.2	36.0	%	U.S. government obligations	$	33,277.1	$	0.1	$	(1,676.7)	$	0	$	31,600.5	53.3	%
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	2,281.9		0.6		(147.1)		0		2,135.4		4.1		State and local government obligations	2,336.5		0.1		(181.9)		0		2,154.7		3.6
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	17.7		0		(1.3)		0		16.4		0.1		Foreign government obligations	17.2		0		(1.4)		0		15.8		0.1
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,869.6		1.6		(655.0)		(48.4)		10,167.8		19.6		Corporate debt securities	10,866.4		14.4		(540.3)		(35.9)		10,304.6		17.4
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	826.5		0.5		(10.7)		(17.0)		799.3		1.5		Residential mortgage-backed securities	580.7		0.2		(13.0)		(5.2)		562.7		0.9
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,739.4		1.2		(646.0)		0		6,094.6		11.7		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	4,982.2		2.0		(718.7)		0		4,265.5		7.2
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	5,239.4		0.1		(201.7)		(1.8)		5,036.0		9.7		Other asset-backed securities	5,250.6		0		(232.0)		(1.0)		5,017.6		8.5
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	222.0		0		(5.5)		(12.7)		203.8		0.4		Redeemable preferred stocks	174.0		0		(3.6)		(13.7)		156.7		0.3
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	46,028.8		7.7		(2,784.1)		(79.9)		43,172.5		83.1		Total fixed maturities	57,484.7		16.8		(3,367.6)		(55.8)		54,078.1		91.3
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4,611.8		0		0		0		4,611.8		8.9		Short-term investments	1,494.3		0		0		0		1,494.3		2.5
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	50,640.6		7.7		(2,784.1)		(79.9)		47,784.3		92.0		Total available-for-sale securities	58,979.0		16.8		(3,367.6)		(55.8)		55,572.4		93.8
Equity securities:	Equity securities:													Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,522.5		0		0		(162.0)		1,360.5		2.6		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,107.1		0		0		(122.0)		985.1		1.6
Common equities	Common equities	783.6		0		0		2,001.1		2,784.7		5.4		Common equities	662.0		0		0		2,046.1		2,708.1		4.6
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	2,306.1		0		0		1,839.1		4,145.2		8.0		Total equity securities	1,769.1		0		0		1,924.1		3,693.2		6.2
Total portfolio1	Total portfolio1	$	52,946.7	$	7.7	$	(2,784.1)	$	1,759.2	$	51,929.5	100.0	%	Total portfolio1	$	60,748.1	$	16.8	$	(3,367.6)	$	1,868.3	$	59,265.6	100.0	%


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
June 30, 2021
June 30, 2022														June 30, 2022
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:													Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:													Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	19,339.3	$	171.3	$	(72.9)	$	0	$	19,437.7	38.1	%	U.S. government obligations	$	19,832.3	$	3.7	$	(1,116.8)	$	0	$	18,719.2	36.0	%
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	2,379.1		64.7		(3.3)		0		2,440.5		4.8		State and local government obligations	2,281.9		0.6		(147.1)		0		2,135.4		4.1
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	12.7		0		0		0		12.7		0.1		Foreign government obligations	17.7		0		(1.3)		0		16.4		0.1
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,314.8		372.1		(9.9)		1.2		10,678.2		20.9		Corporate debt securities	10,869.6		1.6		(655.0)		(48.4)		10,167.8		19.6
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	666.9		4.6		(1.1)		0.9		671.3		1.3		Residential mortgage-backed securities	826.5		0.5		(10.7)		(17.0)		799.3		1.5
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,628.2		91.4		(11.5)		0		5,708.1		11.2		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,739.4		1.2		(646.0)		0		6,094.6		11.7
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	3,865.9		34.6		(1.5)		0		3,899.0		7.7		Other asset-backed securities	5,239.4		0.1		(201.7)		(1.8)		5,036.0		9.7
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	171.1		1.7		(1.4)		12.1		183.5		0.4		Redeemable preferred stocks	222.0		0		(5.5)		(12.7)		203.8		0.4
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	42,378.0		740.4		(101.6)		14.2		43,031.0		84.5		Total fixed maturities	46,028.8		7.7		(2,784.1)		(79.9)		43,172.5		83.1
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	1,710.6		0		0		0		1,710.6		3.3		Short-term investments	4,611.8		0		0		0		4,611.8		8.9
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	44,088.6		740.4		(101.6)		14.2		44,741.6		87.8		Total available-for-sale securities	50,640.6		7.7		(2,784.1)		(79.9)		47,784.3		92.0
Equity securities:	Equity securities:													Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,511.2		0		0		98.6		1,609.8		3.2		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,522.5		0		0		(162.0)		1,360.5		2.6
Common equities	Common equities	1,238.4		0		0		3,353.0		4,591.4		9.0		Common equities	783.6		0		0		2,001.1		2,784.7		5.4
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	2,749.6		0		0		3,451.6		6,201.2		12.2		Total equity securities	2,306.1		0		0		1,839.1		4,145.2		8.0
Total portfolio1	Total portfolio1	$	46,838.2	$	740.4	$	(101.6)	$	3,465.8	$	50,942.8	100.0	%	Total portfolio1	$	52,946.7	$	7.7	$	(2,784.1)	$	1,759.2	$	51,929.5	100.0	%

Note: Included in the table above is a $52.5 million fair value ($25.0 million cost) reclassification from nonredeemable preferred stock to common equities to reflect the prior year conversion of a security and to conform to the current year classification.


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		($ in millions)	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
December 31, 2021
December 31, 2022														December 31, 2022
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:													Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:													Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	18,586.1	$	92.9	$	(190.8)	$	0	$	18,488.2	35.9	%	U.S. government obligations	$	26,770.7	$	1.4	$	(1,604.7)	$	0	$	25,167.4	47.0	%
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	2,162.6		36.7		(14.0)		0		2,185.3		4.2		State and local government obligations	2,180.0		0		(202.9)		0		1,977.1		3.7
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	17.9		0		0		0		17.9		0.1		Foreign government obligations	16.8		0		(1.3)		0		15.5		0.1
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,526.2		202.6		(33.4)		(3.3)		10,692.1		20.7		Corporate debt securities	10,125.8		9.8		(676.1)		(46.8)		9,412.7		17.6
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	787.7		2.3		(0.6)		0.6		790.0		1.5		Residential mortgage-backed securities	696.1		0.3		(17.5)		(12.1)		666.8		1.2
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,561.0		38.9		(64.3)		0		6,535.6		12.7		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,446.0		1.5		(784.0)		0		4,663.5		8.7
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	4,981.8		13.3		(12.4)		(0.4)		4,982.3		9.7		Other asset-backed securities	4,826.0		0.9		(260.5)		(1.8)		4,564.6		8.5
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	170.9		0.7		(0.5)		10.6		181.7		0.4		Redeemable preferred stocks	202.6		0		(4.5)		(13.8)		184.3		0.3
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	43,794.2		387.4		(316.0)		7.5		43,873.1		85.2		Total fixed maturities	50,264.0		13.9		(3,551.5)		(74.5)		46,651.9		87.1
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	942.6		0		0		0		942.6		1.8		Short-term investments	2,861.7		0		0		0		2,861.7		5.4
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	44,736.8		387.4		(316.0)		7.5		44,815.7		87.0		Total available-for-sale securities	53,125.7		13.9		(3,551.5)		(74.5)		49,513.6		92.5
Equity securities:	Equity securities:													Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,571.8		0		0		68.1		1,639.9		3.2		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,364.2		0		0		(151.0)		1,213.2		2.3
Common equities	Common equities	1,264.1		0		0		3,794.4		5,058.5		9.8		Common equities	826.1		0		0		1,995.4		2,821.5		5.2
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	2,835.9		0		0		3,862.5		6,698.4		13.0		Total equity securities	2,190.3		0		0		1,844.4		4,034.7		7.5
Total portfolio1	Total portfolio1	$	47,572.7	$	387.4	$	(316.0)	$	3,870.0	$	51,514.1	100.0	%	Total portfolio1	$	55,316.0	$	13.9	$	(3,551.5)	$	1,769.9	$	53,548.3	100.0	%

1 ~~Includes $0, $412.1 million, and $143.4~~At June 30, 2023, we had $248.0 million of net unsettled security purchase transactions included in other liabilities, compared to $34.4 million included in other assets at December 31, 2022. At June 30, 2022, ~~and 2021, and December 31, 2021, respectively, with the offsetting payable included in other liabilities.~~our net unsettled security transactions were $0.

The total fair value of the portfolio at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, included $4.3 billion, $4.9 billion, ~~$3.3 billion,~~ and ~~$4.2~~$4.4 billion, respectively, of securities held in a consolidated, non-insurance subsidiary of the holding company, net of unsettled security transactions.

At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, bonds and certificates of deposit in the principal amount of ~~$468.9~~$616.8 million were on deposit to meet state insurance regulatory requirements. We did not hold any securities of any one issuer, excluding U.S. government obligations, with an aggregate cost or fair value exceeding 10% of total shareholders’ equity at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 or ~~2021,~~2022, or December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, we did not hold any debt securities that were non-income producing during the preceding 12 months.

Short-Term Investments Our short-term investments may include commercial paper and other investments that are expected to mature or are redeemable within one year.

We ~~invested in repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions during 2022 and 2021, but~~ did not have any open repurchase or reverse repurchase transactions positions at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, or December 31, ~~2021.~~2022, and did not enter into any such transactions during the first six months of 2023. During 2022, however, we did invest in repurchase transactions that had an immaterial impact on our results of operations and cash flows. To the extent we enter into repurchase or reverse repurchase transactions, consistent with past practice, we would elect not to offset these transactions and would report them on a gross basis onin our consolidated balance sheets, despite the option to elect to offset these transactions as long as they were with the same

counterparty and subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement.

Hybrid Securities Certain securities in our fixed-maturity portfolio are accounted for as hybrid securities because they contain embedded derivatives that are not deemed to be clearly and closely related to the host investments. These securities are reported at fair value:


	June 30,
(millions)	2023		2022		Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed Maturities:
Corporate debt securities	$	520.1	$	513.8	$	535.4
Residential mortgage-backed securities	448.7		604.3		509.6
Other asset-backed securities	26.1		62.3		42.0
Redeemable preferred stocks	125.4		136.3		134.7
Total hybrid securities	$	1,120.3	$	1,316.7	$	1,221.7

June 30,
(millions) 2022 2021 December 31, 2021
Fixed Maturities:
Corporate debt securities $ 513.8 $ 296.7 $ 479.1
Residential mortgage-backed securities 604.3 163.1 536.2
Other asset-backed securities 62.3 66.9 89.2
Redeemable preferred stocks 136.3 132.2 130.8
Total hybrid securities $ 1,316.7 $ 658.9 $ 1,235.3

Since the embedded derivatives (e.g., change-in-control put option, debt-to-equity conversion, or any other feature unrelated to the credit quality or risk of default of the issuer that could impact the amount or timing of our expected future cash flows) do not have observable intrinsic values,

we ~~have elected~~use the fair value option to record the changes in fair value of these securities through income as a component of net realized gains or losses.

Fixed Maturities The composition of fixed maturities by maturity at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, was:


(millions)	(millions)	Cost		Fair Value		(millions)	Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	Less than one year	$	5,294.8	$	5,210.9	Less than one year	$	8,927.1	$	8,693.2
One to five years	One to five years	27,925.6		26,532.2		One to five years	35,450.1		33,531.3
Five to ten years	Five to ten years	12,763.0		11,389.5		Five to ten years	13,042.9		11,792.8
Ten years or greater	Ten years or greater	45.4		39.9		Ten years or greater	64.6		60.8
Total	Total	$	46,028.8	$	43,172.5	Total	$	57,484.7	$	54,078.1

Asset-backed securities are classified in the maturity distribution table based upon their projected cash flows. All other securities that do not have a single maturity date are reported based upon expected average maturity. Contractual maturities may differ from expected maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

Gross Unrealized Losses The following tables show the composition of gross unrealized losses by major security type and by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:


	Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2023
U.S. government obligations	171	$	31,496.1	$	(1,676.7)	51	$	17,704.6	$	(427.9)	120	$	13,791.5	$	(1,248.8)
State and local government obligations	346	1,998.2		(181.9)		57	346.8		(5.2)		289	1,651.4		(176.7)
Foreign government obligations	1	15.8		(1.4)		0	0		0		1	15.8		(1.4)
Corporate debt securities	414	8,565.9		(540.3)		109	2,397.4		(56.0)		305	6,168.5		(484.3)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	41	108.5		(13.0)		7	2.4		(0.1)		34	106.1		(12.9)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	211	4,247.9		(718.7)		4	13.6		(0.1)		207	4,234.3		(718.6)
Other asset-backed securities	292	4,900.0		(232.0)		78	1,564.7		(7.6)		214	3,335.3		(224.4)
Redeemable preferred stocks	3	31.3		(3.6)		0	0		0		3	31.3		(3.6)
Total fixed maturities	1,479	$	51,363.7	$	(3,367.6)	306	$	22,029.5	$	(496.9)	1,173	$	29,334.2	$	(2,870.7)


	Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2022
U.S. government obligations	140	$	17,907.2	$	(1,116.8)	114	$	15,254.3	$	(874.0)	26	$	2,652.9	$	(242.8)
State and local government obligations	331	1,954.9		(147.1)		318	1,816.1		(126.1)		13	138.8		(21.0)
Foreign government obligations	1	16.4		(1.3)		1	16.4		(1.3)		0	0		0
Corporate debt securities	466	9,174.2		(655.0)		435	8,843.2		(612.0)		31	331.0		(43.0)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	39	183.7		(10.7)		32	172.1		(8.8)		7	11.6		(1.9)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	254	6,058.4		(646.0)		234	5,624.1		(569.8)		20	434.3		(76.2)
Other asset-backed securities	289	4,915.7		(201.7)		269	4,611.8		(188.9)		20	303.9		(12.8)
Redeemable preferred stocks	5	67.5		(5.5)		4	56.7		(3.8)		1	10.8		(1.7)
Total fixed maturities	1,525	$	40,278.0	$	(2,784.1)	1,407	$	36,394.7	$	(2,384.7)	118	$	3,883.3	$	(399.4)

Total No. of Sec. Total
Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater
($ in millions) No. of Sec. Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses No. of Sec. Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses
June 30, 2021
U.S. government obligations 59 $ 10,629.4 $ (72.9) 55 $ 10,162.4 $ (66.8) 4 $ 467.0 $ (6.1)
State and local government obligations 81 436.2 (3.3) 72 400.0 (2.6) 9 36.2 (0.7)
Corporate debt securities 292 1,142.5 (9.9) 288 1,065.2 (9.5) 4 77.3 (0.4)
Residential mortgage-backed securities 77 192.2 (1.1) 64 172.4 (0.7) 13 19.8 (0.4)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 68 1,272.0 (11.5) 61 1,006.9 (10.5) 7 265.1 (1.0)
Other asset-backed securities 119 1,073.6 (1.5) 113 1,043.7 (1.3) 6 29.9 (0.2)
Redeemable preferred stocks 1 11.1 (1.4) 0 0 0 1 11.1 (1.4)
Total fixed maturities 697 $ 14,757.0 $ (101.6) 653 $ 13,850.6 $ (91.4) 44 $ 906.4 $ (10.2)

Total No. of Sec. Total
Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses Less than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater
($ in millions) No. of Sec. Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses No. of Sec. Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses
December 31, 2021
U.S. government obligations 92 $ 14,745.8 $ (190.8) 85 $ 13,790.8 $ (158.5) 7 $ 955.0 $ (32.3)
State and local government obligations 127 954.2 (14.0) 122 927.3 (13.1) 5 26.9 (0.9)
Corporate debt securities 220 3,496.6 (33.4) 219 3,491.7 (33.3) 1 4.9 (0.1)
Residential mortgage-backed securities 20 138.6 (0.6) 14 135.4 (0.5) 6 3.2 (0.1)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 168 4,315.4 (64.3) 165 4,295.0 (63.9) 3 20.4 (0.4)
Other asset-backed securities 178 3,204.7 (12.4) 176 3,200.6 (12.3) 2 4.1 (0.1)
Redeemable preferred stocks 1 12.0 (0.5) 0 0 0 1 12.0 (0.5)
Total fixed maturities 806 $ 26,867.3 $ (316.0) 781 $ 25,840.8 $ (281.6) 25 $ 1,026.5 $ (34.4)

~~The increase in the number of securities in an unrealized loss position since both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, was primarily the result of an increase in interest rates.~~


	Total No. of Sec.	Total Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)						No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		No. of Sec.	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2022
U.S. government obligations	160	$	24,802.5	$	(1,604.7)	90	$	17,327.2	$	(699.2)	70	$	7,475.3	$	(905.5)
State and local government obligations	348	1,948.8		(202.9)		239	1,124.2		(76.8)		109	824.6		(126.1)
Foreign government obligations	1	15.5		(1.3)		0	0		0		1	15.5		(1.3)
Corporate debt securities	422	8,449.6		(676.1)		285	5,717.6		(426.1)		137	2,732.0		(250.0)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	45	151.0		(17.5)		27	65.1		(6.8)		18	85.9		(10.7)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	226	4,651.1		(784.0)		99	1,702.0		(192.1)		127	2,949.1		(591.9)
Other asset-backed securities	262	4,247.8		(260.5)		130	2,144.8		(100.9)		132	2,103.0		(159.6)
Redeemable preferred stocks	4	49.6		(4.5)		3	38.5		(3.1)		1	11.1		(1.4)
Total fixed maturities	1,468	$	44,315.9	$	(3,551.5)	873	$	28,119.4	$	(1,505.0)	595	$	16,196.5	$	(2,046.5)

As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, we had ~~2 corporate debt~~six securities ~~and 1 residential mortgage-backed security~~ that had their credit ratings downgraded during the quarter, with a combined fair value of ~~$18.3~~$66.5 million and an unrealized loss of ~~$2.1~~$7.1 million.

A review of the securities in an unrealized loss position indicated that the issuers were current with respect to their interest obligations and that there was no evidence of deterioration of the current cash flow projections that would indicate we would not receive the remaining principal at maturity.

Allowance For Credit and Uncollectible Losses We are required to measure the amount of potential credit losses for all fixed-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position. We did not record any allowances for credit losses or any write-offs for amounts deemed to be uncollectible during the first six months of ~~2022~~2023 or ~~2021,~~2022, and did not have a material credit loss allowance balance as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, or December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. We considered several factors and inputs related to the individual securities as part of our analysis. The methodology and significant inputs used to measure the amount of credit losses in our portfolio included:

•current performance indicators on the business model or underlying assets (e.g., delinquency rates, foreclosure rates, and default rates);

•credit support (via current levels of subordination);

•historical credit ratings; and

•updated cash flow expectations based upon these performance indicators.

In order to determine the amount of credit loss, if any, we initially reviewed securities in a loss position to determine whether it was likely that we would be required, or intended, to sell any of the securities prior to the recovery of their respective cost bases (which could be maturity). If we were likely to, or intended to, sell prior to a potential recovery, we would write off the unrealized loss. For those securities that we determined we were not likely to, or did not intend to, sell prior to a potential recovery, we

performed additional analysis to determine if the loss was credit related. For securities subject to credit related loss, we calculated the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows expected (i.e., expected recovery value) using the current book yield for each security. The NPV was then compared to the security’s current amortized value to determine if a credit loss existed. In the event that the NPV was below the amortized value, and the amount was determined to be material individually, or in aggregate, a credit loss would be deemed to exist, and either an allowance for credit losses would be created, or if an allowance currently existed, either a recovery of the previous allowance, or an incremental loss, would be recorded to net realized gains (losses) on securities.

As of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we believe none of the unrealized losses ~~relate~~were related to material credit losses on any specific securities, or in the ~~aggregate, based on our review.~~aggregate. We continue to expect all the securities in our portfolio to pay their principal and interest obligations.

In addition, we reviewed our accrued investment income outstanding on those securities in an unrealized loss position at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, to determine if the accrued interest amounts were determined to be uncollectible. Based on our analysis, we believe the issuers have sufficient liquidity and capital reserves to meet their current interest, and future principal, obligations and, therefore, did not write off any accrued income as uncollectible at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, or December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

1110

Realized Gains (Losses) The components of net realized gains (losses) for the three and six months ended June 30, were:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months				Six Months
(millions)	(millions)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross realized gains on security sales	Gross realized gains on security sales									Gross realized gains on security sales
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	1.3	$	11.3	$	4.6	$	77.9	U.S. government obligations	$	0.2	$	1.3	$	4.0	$	4.6
State and local government obligations		0		14.1		0		44.3
Corporate and other debt securities		2.0		40.1		6.5		60.8

Corporate debt securities										Corporate debt securities	0		2.0		0.1		6.5
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	0.6		0.3		0.7		0.3		Residential mortgage-backed securities	0		0.6		0		0.7
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		0		9.5		0		39.3

Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	0		0		0.1		0.7		Other asset-backed securities	0		0		0		0.1
Redeemable preferred stocks		0		1.5		0		1.5

Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	3.9		76.8		11.9		224.8		Total available-for-sale securities	0.2		3.9		4.1		11.9
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	0.2		6.4		17.5		23.7		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	0.2		0.2		0.3		17.5
Common equities	Common equities	830.6		345.0		831.1		346.1		Common equities	221.9		830.6		353.9		831.1
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	830.8		351.4		848.6		369.8		Total equity securities	222.1		830.8		354.2		848.6

Subtotal gross realized gains on security sales	Subtotal gross realized gains on security sales	834.7		428.2		860.5		594.6		Subtotal gross realized gains on security sales	222.3		834.7		358.3		860.5
Gross realized losses on security sales	Gross realized losses on security sales									Gross realized losses on security sales
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	(164.3)		(6.9)		(233.5)		(26.5)		U.S. government obligations	(1.1)		(164.3)		(12.6)		(233.5)
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	0		(2.8)		(1.0)		(3.0)		State and local government obligations	0		0		0		(1.0)
Corporate and other debt securities		(30.1)		(3.3)		(37.8)		(5.4)
Corporate debt securities										Corporate debt securities	(29.8)		(30.1)		(50.2)		(37.8)

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	(13.8)		(0.5)		(13.8)		(1.1)		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	(45.5)		(13.8)		(80.0)		(13.8)
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	(2.0)		(0.3)		(2.1)		(0.4)		Other asset-backed securities	(0.2)		(2.0)		(0.4)		(2.1)

Short-term investments	Short-term investments	(0.3)		0		(0.3)		0		Short-term investments	(0.3)		(0.3)		(0.4)		(0.3)
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	(210.5)		(13.8)		(288.5)		(36.4)		Total available-for-sale securities	(76.9)		(210.5)		(143.6)		(288.5)
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	(0.2)		(0.4)		(1.9)		(0.4)		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	(9.2)		(0.2)		(110.2)		(1.9)
Common equities	Common equities	(77.4)		(3.9)		(78.0)		(3.9)		Common equities	(1.1)		(77.4)		(12.9)		(78.0)
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	(77.6)		(4.3)		(79.9)		(4.3)		Total equity securities	(10.3)		(77.6)		(123.1)		(79.9)
Subtotal gross realized losses on security sales	Subtotal gross realized losses on security sales	(288.1)		(18.1)		(368.4)		(40.7)		Subtotal gross realized losses on security sales	(87.2)		(288.1)		(266.7)		(368.4)
Net realized gains (losses) on security sales	Net realized gains (losses) on security sales									Net realized gains (losses) on security sales
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	(163.0)		4.4		(228.9)		51.4		U.S. government obligations	(0.9)		(163.0)		(8.6)		(228.9)
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	0		11.3		(1.0)		41.3		State and local government obligations	0		0		0		(1.0)
Corporate and other debt securities		(28.1)		36.8		(31.3)		55.4
Corporate debt securities										Corporate debt securities	(29.8)		(28.1)		(50.1)		(31.3)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	0.6		0.3		0.7		0.3		Residential mortgage-backed securities	0		0.6		0		0.7
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	(13.8)		9.0		(13.8)		38.2		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	(45.5)		(13.8)		(80.0)		(13.8)
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	(2.0)		(0.3)		(2.0)		0.3		Other asset-backed securities	(0.2)		(2.0)		(0.4)		(2.0)
Redeemable preferred stocks		0		1.5		0		1.5

Short-term investments	Short-term investments	(0.3)		0		(0.3)		0		Short-term investments	(0.3)		(0.3)		(0.4)		(0.3)
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	(206.6)		63.0		(276.6)		188.4		Total available-for-sale securities	(76.7)		(206.6)		(139.5)		(276.6)
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	0		6.0		15.6		23.3		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	(9.0)		0		(109.9)		15.6
Common equities	Common equities	753.2		341.1		753.1		342.2		Common equities	220.8		753.2		341.0		753.1
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	753.2		347.1		768.7		365.5		Total equity securities	211.8		753.2		231.1		768.7

Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on security sales	Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on security sales	546.6		410.1		492.1		553.9		Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on security sales	135.1		546.6		91.6		492.1
Other assets										Other assets
Gain										Gain	0		0		13.2		0
Impairment										Impairment	(2.2)		(2.1)		(4.5)		(4.3)
Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on other assets										Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on other assets	(2.2)		(2.1)		8.7		(4.3)
Net holding period gains (losses)	Net holding period gains (losses)									Net holding period gains (losses)
Hybrid securities	Hybrid securities	(48.4)		9.9		(87.4)		(1.0)		Hybrid securities	4.8		(48.4)		18.7		(87.4)
Equity securities	Equity securities	(1,673.8)		44.3		(2,023.4)		496.7		Equity securities	(10.8)		(1,673.8)		79.7		(2,023.4)

Subtotal net holding period gains (losses)	Subtotal net holding period gains (losses)	(1,722.2)		54.2		(2,110.8)		495.7		Subtotal net holding period gains (losses)	(6.0)		(1,722.2)		98.4		(2,110.8)

Other asset impairment		(2.1)		(2.5)		(4.3)		(2.5)

Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	$	(1,177.7)	$	461.8	$	(1,623.0)	$	1,047.1	Total net realized gains (losses) on securities	$	126.9	$	(1,177.7)	$	198.7	$	(1,623.0)

Realized gains (losses) on securities sold are computed using the first-in-first-out method. ~~During~~For the ~~second quarter 2022, we sold~~first six months of 2023, the gross gains in common equities reflected sales of securities, ~~in our common equity portfolio, which were in a realized gain position,~~ as part of our plan to incrementally reduce risk in the portfolio in response to the ~~likelihood~~potential of a more difficult economic environment over the near term. The ~~majority of the sales in the fixed-maturity portfolio were from U.S. Treasuries, which were sold to shorten duration. The~~gross loss from the fixed-maturity sales ~~reflects~~reflected the continued rise in interest rates ~~during the second quarter~~throughout 2022, which resulted in valuation declines for most of our available-for-sale securities. In addition, during 2023, we selectively sold securities, which were primarily corporate debt securities and commercial mortgage-backed securities. The

gross loss incurred in our nonredeemable preferred stocks is primarily related to the sale of certain of our holdings in U.S. bank preferred stocks. The other asset gain for 2023, related to proceeds received as the result of litigation in conjunction with three renewable energy investments we made from 2016 through 2018 (the original investments were previously written down in full). The other asset impairment loss was recorded as a result of our investment in a federal new markets tax credit fund, which was entered into during the second quarter 2021, and is reported in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table reflects our holding period realized gains (losses) recognized on equity securities held at the respective quarter ends:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months				Six Months
(millions)	(millions)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Total net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities	Total net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities	$	(920.6)	$	391.4	$	(1,254.7)	$	862.2	Total net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities	$	201.0	$	(920.6)	$	310.8	$	(1,254.7)
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities sold during the period	Less: Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities sold during the period	753.2		347.1		768.7		365.5		Less: Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities sold during the period	211.8		753.2		231.1		768.7
Net holding period gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at period end	Net holding period gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at period end	$	(1,673.8)	$	44.3	$	(2,023.4)	$	496.7	Net holding period gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at period end	$	(10.8)	$	(1,673.8)	$	79.7	$	(2,023.4)

Net Investment Income The components of net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, were:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months				Six Months
(millions)	(millions)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Available-for-sale securities:	Available-for-sale securities:									Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:									Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	67.9	$	37.4	$	119.3	$	67.8	U.S. government obligations	$	191.5	$	67.9	$	354.7	$	119.3
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	10.3		11.5		19.5		24.9		State and local government obligations	11.6		10.3		22.2		19.5
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	0		0		0.1		0		Foreign government obligations	0		0		0.1		0.1
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	75.5		73.2		143.6		158.4		Corporate debt securities	83.5		75.5		167.1		143.6
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	9.6		2.8		14.4		6.2		Residential mortgage-backed securities	5.8		9.6		15.0		14.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	46.5		34.4		89.8		70.2		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	49.2		46.5		99.2		89.8
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	39.3		15.1		64.4		31.0		Other asset-backed securities	61.6		39.3		110.1		64.4
Redeemable preferred stocks	Redeemable preferred stocks	3.0		2.3		5.5		4.8		Redeemable preferred stocks	2.7		3.0		5.6		5.5
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	252.1		176.7		456.6		363.3		Total fixed maturities	405.9		252.1		774.0		456.6
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4.4		0.7		4.8		2.2		Short-term investments	24.8		4.4		49.5		4.8
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	256.5		177.4		461.4		365.5		Total available-for-sale securities	430.7		256.5		823.5		461.4
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	18.1		17.3		36.3		35.2		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	13.3		18.1		28.4		36.3
Common equities	Common equities	17.8		16.0		36.9		30.2		Common equities	10.5		17.8		22.2		36.9
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	35.9		33.3		73.2		65.4		Total equity securities	23.8		35.9		50.6		73.2
Investment income	Investment income	292.4		210.7		534.6		430.9		Investment income	454.5		292.4		874.1		534.6
Investment expenses	Investment expenses	(5.9)		(6.3)		(11.6)		(11.9)		Investment expenses	(6.1)		(5.9)		(11.6)		(11.6)
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	286.5	$	204.4	$	523.0	$	419.0	Net investment income	$	448.4	$	286.5	$	862.5	$	523.0

On a year-over-year basis, investment income (interest and dividends) increased ~~39%~~64% and ~~24%~~55% for the first three and six months of ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, and the recurring investment book yield increased 36% and 42% for the first three and six months of 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods last ~~year,~~year. The increases are primarily due

to an increase in interest rates on floating-rate securities in our portfolio, an increase in average assets resulting from premium growth, ~~underwriting profitability,~~ and investing the $1.5 billion of proceeds from debt issued in March 2022. The recurring investment book yield increased 19% for the second quarter 2022 and 7% for the first six months of 2022, compared to the same periods in 2021, reflecting investing new cash and cash from maturities in higher interest rate securities given the rising interest rate environment.

1312

~~Note 3Fair Value~~ — 3. FAIR VALUE

We have categorized our financial instruments, based on the degree of subjectivity inherent in the method by which they are valued, into a fair value hierarchy of three levels, as follows:

•Level 1: Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments at the measurement date (e.g., U.S. government obligations, which are continually priced on a daily basis, active exchange-traded equity securities, and certain short-term securities).

•Level 2: Inputs (other than quoted prices included within Level 1) that are observable for the instrument either directly or indirectly (e.g., certain corporate and municipal bonds and certain preferred stocks). This includes: (i) quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, (ii) quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, (iii) inputs other than quoted prices that are

observable for the instruments, and (iv) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

•Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable. Unobservable inputs reflect our subjective evaluation about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument (e.g., certain structured securities and privately held investments).

Determining the fair value of the investment portfolio is the responsibility of management. As part of ~~the~~that responsibility, we evaluate whether a market is distressed or inactive in determining the fair value for our portfolio. We review certain market level inputs to evaluate whether sufficient activity, volume, and new issuances exist to create an active market. Based on this evaluation, we concluded that there was sufficient activity related to the sectors and securities for which we obtained valuations.

1413

The composition of the investment portfolio by major security type and our outstanding debt was:


		Fair Value											Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost		(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost
June 30, 2022
June 30, 2023												June 30, 2023
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:											Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	18,719.2	$	0	$	0	$	18,719.2	$	19,832.3	U.S. government obligations	$	31,600.5	$	0	$	0	$	31,600.5	$	33,277.1
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	0		2,135.4		0		2,135.4		2,281.9		State and local government obligations	0		2,154.7		0		2,154.7		2,336.5
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	0		16.4		0		16.4		17.7		Foreign government obligations	0		15.8		0		15.8		17.2
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	0		10,167.8		0		10,167.8		10,869.6		Corporate debt securities	0		10,304.6		0		10,304.6		10,866.4
Subtotal	Subtotal	18,719.2		12,319.6		0		31,038.8		33,001.5		Subtotal	31,600.5		12,475.1		0		44,075.6		46,497.2
Asset-backed securities:	Asset-backed securities:											Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed	Residential mortgage-backed	0		799.3		0		799.3		826.5		Residential mortgage-backed	0		562.7		0		562.7		580.7
Commercial mortgage-backed	Commercial mortgage-backed	0		6,094.6		0		6,094.6		6,739.4		Commercial mortgage-backed	0		4,265.5		0		4,265.5		4,982.2
Other asset-backed	Other asset-backed	0		5,036.0		0		5,036.0		5,239.4		Other asset-backed	0		5,017.6		0		5,017.6		5,250.6
Subtotal asset-backed securities	Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		11,929.9		0		11,929.9		12,805.3		Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		9,845.8		0		9,845.8		10,813.5
Redeemable preferred stocks:	Redeemable preferred stocks:											Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	0		58.7		0		58.7		62.5		Financials	0		22.0		0		22.0		24.5
Utilities	Utilities	0		8.8		0		8.8		10.5		Utilities	0		9.3		0		9.3		10.4
Industrials	Industrials	9.9		126.4		0		136.3		149.0		Industrials	0		125.4		0		125.4		139.1
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	9.9		193.9		0		203.8		222.0		Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	0		156.7		0		156.7		174.0
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	18,729.1		24,443.4		0		43,172.5		46,028.8		Total fixed maturities	31,600.5		22,477.6		0		54,078.1		57,484.7
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4,549.8		62.0		0		4,611.8		4,611.8		Short-term investments	1,462.2		32.1		0		1,494.3		1,494.3
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	23,278.9		24,505.4		0		47,784.3		50,640.6		Total available-for-sale securities	33,062.7		22,509.7		0		55,572.4		58,979.0
Equity securities:	Equity securities:											Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:											Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	87.8		1,099.7		64.9		1,252.4		1,402.5		Financials	15.8		824.8		56.0		896.6		1,012.1
Utilities	Utilities	0		67.3		0		67.3		79.9		Utilities	0		72.7		0		72.7		80.0
Industrials	Industrials	0		23.8		17.0		40.8		40.1		Industrials	0		0		15.8		15.8		15.0
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	87.8		1,190.8		81.9		1,360.5		1,522.5		Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	15.8		897.5		71.8		985.1		1,107.1
Common equities:	Common equities:											Common equities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	2,716.8		49.4		0		2,766.2		765.1		Common stocks	2,667.9		0		18.3		2,686.2		640.1
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	0		0		18.5		18.5		18.5		Other risk investments	0		0		21.9		21.9		21.9
Subtotal common equities	Subtotal common equities	2,716.8		49.4		18.5		2,784.7		783.6		Subtotal common equities	2,667.9		0		40.2		2,708.1		662.0
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	2,804.6		1,240.2		100.4		4,145.2		2,306.1		Total equity securities	2,683.7		897.5		112.0		3,693.2		1,769.1
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	$	26,083.5	$	25,745.6	$	100.4	$	51,929.5	$	52,946.7	Total portfolio	$	35,746.4	$	23,407.2	$	112.0	$	59,265.6	$	60,748.1
Debt	Debt	$	0	$	6,028.9	$	0	$	6,028.9	$	6,386.5	Debt	$	0	$	6,224.0	$	0	$	6,224.0	$	6,886.5


	Fair Value
(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost
June 30, 2022
Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	$	18,719.2	$	0	$	0	$	18,719.2	$	19,832.3
State and local government obligations	0		2,135.4		0		2,135.4		2,281.9
Foreign government obligations	0		16.4		0		16.4		17.7
Corporate debt securities	0		10,167.8		0		10,167.8		10,869.6
Subtotal	18,719.2		12,319.6		0		31,038.8		33,001.5
Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed	0		799.3		0		799.3		826.5
Commercial mortgage-backed	0		6,094.6		0		6,094.6		6,739.4
Other asset-backed	0		5,036.0		0		5,036.0		5,239.4
Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		11,929.9		0		11,929.9		12,805.3
Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	0		58.7		0		58.7		62.5
Utilities	0		8.8		0		8.8		10.5
Industrials	9.9		126.4		0		136.3		149.0
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	9.9		193.9		0		203.8		222.0
Total fixed maturities	18,729.1		24,443.4		0		43,172.5		46,028.8
Short-term investments	4,549.8		62.0		0		4,611.8		4,611.8
Total available-for-sale securities	23,278.9		24,505.4		0		47,784.3		50,640.6
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	87.8		1,099.7		64.9		1,252.4		1,402.5
Utilities	0		67.3		0		67.3		79.9
Industrials	0		23.8		17.0		40.8		40.1
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	87.8		1,190.8		81.9		1,360.5		1,522.5
Common equities:
Common stocks	2,716.8		49.4		0		2,766.2		765.1
Other risk investments	0		0		18.5		18.5		18.5
Subtotal common equities	2,716.8		49.4		18.5		2,784.7		783.6
Total equity securities	2,804.6		1,240.2		100.4		4,145.2		2,306.1
Total portfolio	$	26,083.5	$	25,745.6	$	100.4	$	51,929.5	$	52,946.7
Debt	$	0	$	6,028.9	$	0	$	6,028.9	$	6,386.5


		Fair Value											Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost		(millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Cost
June 30, 2021
December 31, 2022												December 31, 2022
Fixed maturities:	Fixed maturities:											Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	19,437.7	$	0	$	0	$	19,437.7	$	19,339.3	U.S. government obligations	$	25,167.4	$	0	$	0	$	25,167.4	$	26,770.7
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	0		2,440.5		0		2,440.5		2,379.1		State and local government obligations	0		1,977.1		0		1,977.1		2,180.0
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	0		12.7		0		12.7		12.7		Foreign government obligations	0		15.5		0		15.5		16.8
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	0		10,678.2		0		10,678.2		10,314.8		Corporate debt securities	0		9,412.7		0		9,412.7		10,125.8
Subtotal	Subtotal	19,437.7		13,131.4		0		32,569.1		32,045.9		Subtotal	25,167.4		11,405.3		0		36,572.7		39,093.3
Asset-backed securities:	Asset-backed securities:											Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed	Residential mortgage-backed	0		671.3		0		671.3		666.9		Residential mortgage-backed	0		666.8		0		666.8		696.1
Commercial mortgage-backed	Commercial mortgage-backed	0		5,708.1		0		5,708.1		5,628.2		Commercial mortgage-backed	0		4,663.5		0		4,663.5		5,446.0
Other asset-backed	Other asset-backed	0		3,899.0		0		3,899.0		3,865.9		Other asset-backed	0		4,564.6		0		4,564.6		4,826.0
Subtotal asset-backed securities	Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		10,278.4		0		10,278.4		10,161.0		Subtotal asset-backed securities	0		9,894.9		0		9,894.9		10,968.1
Redeemable preferred stocks:	Redeemable preferred stocks:											Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	0		51.3		0		51.3		50.9		Financials	0		40.5		0		40.5		43.6
Utilities	Utilities	0		0		0		0		0		Utilities	0		9.1		0		9.1		10.5
Industrials	Industrials	10.8		121.4		0		132.2		120.2		Industrials	9.2		125.5		0		134.7		148.5
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	10.8		172.7		0		183.5		171.1		Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks	9.2		175.1		0		184.3		202.6
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	19,448.5		23,582.5		0		43,031.0		42,378.0		Total fixed maturities	25,176.6		21,475.3		0		46,651.9		50,264.0
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	1,679.8		30.8		0		1,710.6		1,710.6		Short-term investments	2,800.7		61.0		0		2,861.7		2,861.7
Total available-for-sale securities	Total available-for-sale securities	21,128.3		23,613.3		0		44,741.6		44,088.6		Total available-for-sale securities	27,977.3		21,536.3		0		49,513.6		53,125.7
Equity securities:	Equity securities:											Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:											Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	98.4		1,332.5		76.4		1,507.3		1,431.2		Financials	39.0		994.4		67.4		1,100.8		1,244.2
Utilities	Utilities	0		42.5		0		42.5		39.9		Utilities	0		71.2		0		71.2		79.9
Industrials	Industrials	0		25.6		34.4		60.0		40.1		Industrials	0		24.8		16.4		41.2		40.1
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	98.4		1,400.6		110.8		1,609.8		1,511.2		Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks	39.0		1,090.4		83.8		1,213.2		1,364.2
Common equities:	Common equities:											Common equities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	4,527.3		0		52.5		4,579.8		1,226.8		Common stocks	2,783.4		0		18.3		2,801.7		806.3
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	0		0		11.6		11.6		11.6		Other risk investments	0		0		19.8		19.8		19.8
Subtotal common equities	Subtotal common equities	4,527.3		0		64.1		4,591.4		1,238.4		Subtotal common equities	2,783.4		0		38.1		2,821.5		826.1
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	4,625.7		1,400.6		174.9		6,201.2		2,749.6		Total equity securities	2,822.4		1,090.4		121.9		4,034.7		2,190.3
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	$	25,754.0	$	25,013.9	$	174.9	$	50,942.8	$	46,838.2	Total portfolio	$	30,799.7	$	22,626.7	$	121.9	$	53,548.3	$	55,316.0
Debt	Debt	$	0	$	6,446.7	$	0	$	6,446.7	$	5,397.5	Debt	$	0	$	5,717.9	$	0	$	5,717.9	$	6,388.3

Fair Value
(millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cost
December 31, 2021
Fixed maturities:
U.S. government obligations $ 18,488.2 $ 0 $ 0 $ 18,488.2 $ 18,586.1
State and local government obligations 0 2,185.3 0 2,185.3 2,162.6
Foreign government obligations 0 17.9 0 17.9 17.9
Corporate debt securities 0 10,692.1 0 10,692.1 10,526.2
Subtotal 18,488.2 12,895.3 0 31,383.5 31,292.8
Asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed 0 790.0 0 790.0 787.7
Commercial mortgage-backed 0 6,535.6 0 6,535.6 6,561.0
Other asset-backed 0 4,982.3 0 4,982.3 4,981.8
Subtotal asset-backed securities 0 12,307.9 0 12,307.9 12,330.5
Redeemable preferred stocks:
Financials 0 50.9 0 50.9 50.7
Utilities 0 0 0 0 0
Industrials 10.7 120.1 0 130.8 120.2
Subtotal redeemable preferred stocks 10.7 171.0 0 181.7 170.9
Total fixed maturities 18,498.9 25,374.2 0 43,873.1 43,794.2
Short-term investments 942.4 0.2 0 942.6 942.6
Total available-for-sale securities 19,441.3 25,374.4 0 44,815.7 44,736.8
Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials 115.3 1,305.7 76.4 1,497.4 1,451.7
Utilities 0 82.9 0 82.9 80.0
Industrials 0 25.2 34.4 59.6 40.1
Subtotal nonredeemable preferred stocks 115.3 1,413.8 110.8 1,639.9 1,571.8
Common equities:
Common stocks 4,991.6 50.0 0 5,041.6 1,247.2
Other risk investments 0 0 16.9 16.9 16.9
Subtotal common equities 4,991.6 50.0 16.9 5,058.5 1,264.1
Total equity securities 5,106.9 1,463.8 127.7 6,698.4 2,835.9
Total portfolio $ 24,548.2 $ 26,838.2 $ 127.7 $ 51,514.1 $ 47,572.7
Debt $ 0 $ 5,857.4 $ 0 $ 5,857.4 $ 4,898.8

Our portfolio valuations, excluding short-term investments, classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 in the above tables are priced exclusively by external sources, including pricing vendors, dealers/market makers, and exchange-quoted prices.

Our short-term investments classified as Level 1 are highly liquid, actively marketed, and have a very short duration, primarily 90 days or less to redemption. These securities are held at their original cost, adjusted for any accretion of discount, since that value very closely approximates what an active market participant would be willing to pay for such securities. The remainder of our short-term investments are classified as Level 2 and are not priced

externally since these securities continually trade at par value. These securities are classified as Level 2 since they are primarily longer-dated securities issued by municipalities that contain either liquidity facilities or mandatory put features within one year.

At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, vendor-quoted prices represented ~~87%~~92% of our Level 1 classifications (excluding short-term investments), compared to ~~81%~~87% and ~~79%~~90% at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. The securities quoted by vendors in Level 1 primarily represent our holdings in U.S. Treasury Notes, which are frequently traded, and the quotes are considered similar to exchange-traded quotes. The balance of our Level 1 pricing comes

from quotes obtained directly from trades made on active exchanges.

At ~~both~~ June 30, 2023 and 2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, vendor-quoted prices comprised 98% of our Level 2 classifications (excluding short-term investments and common stock), while dealer-quoted prices represented the remaining 2%~~, compared to 99% and 1% at June 30, 2021.~~. In our process for selecting a source (e.g., dealer or pricing service) to provide pricing for securities in our portfolio, we reviewed documentation from the sources that detailed the pricing techniques and methodologies used by these sources and determined if their policies adequately considered market activity, either based on specific transactions for the particular security type or based on modeling of securities with similar credit quality, duration, yield, and structure that were recently transacted. Once a source is chosen, we continue to monitor any changes or modifications to their processes by reviewing their documentation on internal controls for pricing and market reviews. We review quality control measures of our sources as they become available to determine if any significant changes have occurred from period to period that might indicate issues or concerns regarding their evaluation or market coverage.

As part of our pricing procedures, we obtain quotes from more than one source to help us fully evaluate the market price of securities. However, our internal pricing policy is to use a consistent source for individual securities in order to maintain the integrity of our valuation process. Quotes obtained from the sources are not considered binding offers to transact. Under our policy, when a review of the valuation received from our selected source appears to be outside of what is considered market level activity (which is defined as trading at spreads or yields significantly different than those of comparable securities or outside the general sector level movement without a reasonable explanation), we may use an alternate source’s price. To the extent we determine that it may be prudent to substitute one source’s price for another, we will contact the initial source to obtain an understanding of the factors that may be contributing to the significant price variance.

To allow us to determine if our initial source is providing a price that is outside of a reasonable range, we review our portfolio pricing on a weekly basis. When necessary, we challenge prices from our sources when a price provided does not match our expectations based on our evaluation of market trends and activity. Initially, we perform a review of our portfolio by sector to identify securities whose prices appear outside of a reasonable range. We then perform a more detailed review of fair values for securities disclosed as Level 2. We review dealer bids and quotes for these and/or similar securities to determine the market level context for our valuations. We then evaluate inputs relevant for each class of securities disclosed in the preceding hierarchy tables.

For ~~our~~ structured debt securities, including commercial, residential, and other asset-backed securities, we evaluate

available market-related data for these and similar securities related to collateral, delinquencies, and defaults for historical trends and reasonably estimable projections, as well as historical prepayment rates and current prepayment assumptions and cash flow estimates. We further stratify each class of our structured debt securities into more finite sectors (e.g., planned amortization class, first pay, second pay, senior, subordinated, etc.) and use duration, credit quality, and coupon to determine if the fair value is appropriate.

For ~~our~~ corporate debt and preferred stock (redeemable and nonredeemable) portfolios, as well as the notes issued by The Progressive Corporation (see Note 4 – Debt), we review securities by duration, coupon, and credit quality, as well as changes in interest rate and credit spread movements within that stratification. The review also includes recent trades, including: volume traded at various levels that establish a market; issuer specific fundamentals; and industry specific economic news as it comes to light.

For ~~our~~ municipal securities (e.g., general obligations, revenue, and housing), we stratify the portfolio to evaluate securities by type, coupon, credit quality, and duration to review price changes relative to credit spread and interest rate changes. Additionally, we look to economic data as it relates to geographic location as an indication of price-to-call or maturity predictors. For municipal housing securities, we look to changes in cash flow projections, both historical and reasonably estimable projections, to understand yield changes and their effect on valuation.

~~Lastly, for our~~For short-term securities, we look at acquisition price relative to the coupon or yield. Since our short-term securities are typically 90 days or less to maturity, with the majority listed in Level 2 being 30 days or less to redemption, we believe that acquisition price is the best estimate of fair value.

We also review data assumptions as supplied by our sources to determine if that data is relevant to current market conditions. In addition, we independently review each sector for transaction volumes, new issuances, and changes in spreads, as well as the overall movement of interest rates along the yield curve to determine if sufficient activity and liquidity exists to provide a credible source for our market valuations.

During each valuation period, we create internal estimations of portfolio valuation (performance returns), based on current market-related activity (i.e., interest rate and credit spread movements and other credit-related factors) within each major sector of our portfolio. We compare our internally generated portfolio results with those generated based on quotes we receive externally and research material valuation differences. We compare our results to index returns for each major sector adjusting for duration and credit quality differences to better understand our portfolio’s results. Additionally, we review on a monthly basis our external sales transactions and compare

the actual final market sales prices to previous market valuation prices. This review provides us further validation that our pricing sources are providing market level prices, since we are able to explain significant price changes (i.e., greater than 2%) as known events occur in the marketplace and affect a particular security’s price at sale.

This analysis provides us with additional comfort regarding the source’s process, the quality of its review, and its willingness to improve its analysis based on feedback from clients. We believe this effort helps ensure that we are reporting the most representative fair values for our securities.

After all the valuations are received and our review of Level 2 securities is complete, if the inputs used by vendors are determined to not contain sufficient observable market information, we will reclassify the affected securities to Level 3.

Except as described below, our Level 3 securities are priced externally; however, due to several factors (e.g., nature of the securities, level of activity, and lack of similar securities trading to obtain observable market level inputs), these valuations are more subjective in nature.

To the extent we receive prices from external sources (e.g., broker, valuation firm) for the Level 3 securities, we review those prices for reasonableness using internally developed assumptions and then compare our derived prices to the prices received from the external sources. Based on our review, all prices received from external sources remained unadjusted.

If we do not receive prices from an external source, we perform an internal fair value comparison, which includes a review and analysis of market-comparable securities, to determine if fair value changes are needed. Based on this analysis, certain private equity investments included in the Level 3 category remain valued at cost or were priced using a recent transaction as the basis for fair value. At least annually, these private equity investments are priced by an external source.

Our Level 3 other risk investments include securities accounted for under the equity method of accounting and, therefore, are not subject to fair value reporting. Since these securities represent less than 0.1% of our total portfolio, we will continue to include them in our Level 3 disclosures and report the activity from these investments as “other” changes in the summary of changes in fair value table and categorize these securities as “pricing exemption securities” in the quantitative information table.

~~During 2021, we reclassified a~~The Level ~~3 nonredeemable preferred~~2 common stock held at ~~December 31, 2020 to a Level 3 common stock to reflect that the security had converted during 2020. The security~~June 30, 2022, was transferred to Level 23 at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. At June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we did not have any securities in our fixed-maturity portfolio listed as Level 3.

~~Other than goodwill, during~~During the ~~second quarter and~~ first six months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, there were no material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring ~~basis.~~ ~~During the second quarter 2022, we determined that the fair value of the goodwill related to our~~ ~~ARX Holding Corp. (ARX) reporting unit was less~~basis, other than ~~the carrying value and we wrote down $224.8 million of our total goodwill asset.~~goodwill. See Note 12 – Goodwill and Intangible Assetsfor further discussion.

Due to the relative size of the Level 3 securities’ fair values compared to the total portfolio’s fair value, any changes in pricing methodology would not have a significant change in valuation that would materially impact net or comprehensive income.

1918

The following tables provide a summary of changes in fair value associated with Level 3 assets for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:


		Level 3 Fair Value																	Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Fair Value at March 31, 2022		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2022		(millions)	Fair Value at March 31, 2023		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2023

Equity securities:	Equity securities:																	Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:																	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	$	61.4	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	3.5	$	0	$	64.9	Financials	$	67.4	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(11.4)	$	0	$	56.0
Industrials	Industrials	33.9		0		0		0		0		(16.9)		0		17.0		Industrials	16.4		0		0		0		0		(0.6)		0		15.8
Common equities:	Common equities:																	Common equities:

Common stocks																		Common stocks	18.3		0		0		0		0		0		0		18.3
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	20.1		(1.6)		0		0		0		0		0		18.5		Other risk investments	20.3		1.6		0		0		0		0		0		21.9
Total Level 3 securities	Total Level 3 securities	$	115.4	$	(1.6)	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(13.4)	$	0	$	100.4	Total Level 3 securities	$	122.4	$	1.6	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(12.0)	$	0	$	112.0

		Level 3 Fair Value																	Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Fair Value at March 31, 2021		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2021		(millions)	Fair Value at March 31, 2022		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2022
Equity securities:	Equity securities:																	Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:																	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	$	10.0	$	0	$	60.2	$	0	$	0	$	6.2	$	0	$	76.4	Financials	$	61.4	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	3.5	$	0	$	64.9
Industrials	Industrials	16.6		0		5.0		(5.0)		(4.5)		22.3		0		34.4		Industrials	33.9		0		0		0		0		(16.9)		0		17.0
Common equities:	Common equities:																	Common equities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	25.0		0		0		0		0		27.5		0		52.5		Common stocks	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	3.2		8.4		0		0		0		0		0		11.6		Other risk investments	20.1		(1.6)		0		0		0		0		0		18.5
Total Level 3 securities	Total Level 3 securities	$	54.8	$	8.4	$	65.2	$	(5.0)	$	(4.5)	$	56.0	$	0	$	174.9	Total Level 3 securities	$	115.4	$	(1.6)	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(13.4)	$	0	$	100.4

		Level 3 Fair Value																	Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2021		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2022		(millions)	Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2022		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2023
Equity securities:	Equity securities:																	Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:																	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	$	76.4	$	0	$	0	$	(15.0)	$	(17.2)	$	20.7	$	0	$	64.9	Financials	$	67.4	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(11.4)	$	0	$	56.0
Industrials	Industrials	34.4		(0.5)		0		0		0		(16.9)		0		17.0		Industrials	16.4		0		0		0		0		(0.6)		0		15.8
Common equities:	Common equities:																	Common equities:

Common stocks																		Common stocks	18.3		0		0		0		0		0		0		18.3
Other risk investments	Other risk investments	16.9		1.6		0		0		0		0		0		18.5		Other risk investments	19.8		2.1		0		0		0		0		0		21.9
Total Level 3 securities	Total Level 3 securities	$	127.7	$	1.1	$	0	$	(15.0)	$	(17.2)	$	3.8	$	0	$	100.4	Total Level 3 securities	$	121.9	$	2.1	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(12.0)	$	0	$	112.0

2019


		Level 3 Fair Value																	Level 3 Fair Value
(millions)	(millions)	Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2020		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2021		(millions)	Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2021		Calls/ Maturities/ Paydowns/Other		Purchases		Sales		Net Realized (Gain)/Loss on Sales		Change in Valuation		Net Transfers In (Out)		Fair Value at June 30, 2022
Equity securities:	Equity securities:																	Equity securities:
Nonredeemable preferred stocks:	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:																	Nonredeemable preferred stocks:
Financials	Financials	$	10.0	$	0	$	60.2	$	0	$	0	$	6.2	$	0	$	76.4	Financials	$	76.4	$	0	$	0	$	(15.0)	$	(17.2)	$	20.7	$	0	$	64.9
Industrials	Industrials	16.7		0		5.0		(5.0)		(4.5)		22.2		0		34.4		Industrials	34.4		(0.5)		0		0		0		(16.9)		0		17.0
Common equities:	Common equities:																	Common equities:
Common stocks		25.0		0		0		0		0		27.5		0		52.5

Other risk investments	Other risk investments	3.1		8.5		0		0		0		0		0		11.6		Other risk investments	16.9		1.6		0		0		0		0		0		18.5
Total Level 3 securities	Total Level 3 securities	$	54.8	$	8.5	$	65.2	$	(5.0)	$	(4.5)	$	55.9	$	0	$	174.9	Total Level 3 securities	$	127.7	$	1.1	$	0	$	(15.0)	$	(17.2)	$	3.8	$	0	$	100.4

The following tables provide a summary of the quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for our applicable securities at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021:~~2022:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

($ in millions)

Fair Value at June 30, 2022

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

($ in millions)

Fair Value at June 30, 2023

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

Equity securities:

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

81.9

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(47.3)% to (2.2)%

(13.3)

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

71.8

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(6.1)% to 27.6%

4.4

Common stocks

18.3

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(22.0)% to 125.4%

18.0

Subtotal Level 3 securities

81.9

Subtotal Level 3 securities

90.1

Pricing exemption securities

18.5

Pricing exemption securities

21.9

Total Level 3 securities

100.4

Total Level 3 securities

112.0

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

($ in millions)

Fair Value at June 30, 2021

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

($ in millions)

Fair Value at June 30, 2022

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

Equity securities:

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

110.8

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(8.0)% to 9.9%

4.2

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

81.9

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(47.3)% to (2.2)%

(13.3)

Common stocks

52.5

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(12.1)% to 24.5%

12.1

Subtotal Level 3 securities

163.3

Subtotal Level 3 securities

81.9

Pricing exemption securities

11.6

Pricing exemption securities

18.5

Total Level 3 securities

174.9

Total Level 3 securities

100.4

Note: The table was updated to agree with the current year presentation and to reflect the purchase of a nonredeemable preferred stock security in the second quarter 2020 that was subject to an automatic conversion to common stock during third quarter 2020.

2120

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

($ in millions)

Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2021

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

($ in millions)

Fair Value at Dec. 31, 2022

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range of Input Values Increase (Decrease)

Weighted Average Increase (Decrease)

Equity securities:

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

110.8

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(20.2)% to (2.3)%

(7.7)%

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

83.8

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(0.6)% to 19.9%

10.5%

Common stocks

18.3

Market comparables

Weighted average market capitalization price change %

(42.5)% to 59.1%

0.3%

Subtotal Level 3 securities

110.8

Subtotal Level 3 securities

102.1

Pricing exemption securities

16.9

Pricing exemption securities

19.8

Total Level 3 securities

127.7

Total Level 3 securities

121.9

~~Note 4Debt~~ — 4. DEBT

Debt at each of the balance sheet periods consisted of:


		June 30, 2022				June 30, 2021				December 31, 2021					June 30, 2023				June 30, 2022			December 31, 2022
(millions)	(millions)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		(millions)	Carrying Value		Fair Value			Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
3.75% Senior Notes due 2021 (issued: $500.0, August 2011)		$	0	$	0	$	499.9	$	502.5	$	0	$	0
2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, August 2016)	2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, August 2016)	497.9		471.3		497.5		529.9		497.7		517.9		2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, August 2016)	$	498.4	$	459.4		$	497.9	$	471.3	$	498.2	$	457.7
2.50% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	2.50% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	497.2		472.6		0		0		0		0		2.50% Senior Notes due 2027 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	497.8		458.4			497.2		472.6		497.5		460.3
6 5/8% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $300.0, March 1999)	6 5/8% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $300.0, March 1999)	297.3		340.6		297.0		396.1		297.2		388.2		6 5/8% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $300.0, March 1999)	297.6		324.2			297.3		340.6		297.5		326.8
4.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $550.0, October 2018)	4.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $550.0, October 2018)	546.2		543.3		545.7		631.5		545.9		621.0		4.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $550.0, October 2018)	546.7		526.4			546.2		543.3		546.4		527.8
3.20% Senior Notes due 2030 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	3.20% Senior Notes due 2030 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	496.7		463.0		496.3		549.0		496.5		536.3		3.20% Senior Notes due 2030 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	497.1		449.2			496.7		463.0		496.9		448.6
3.00% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	3.00% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	495.7		448.3		0		0		0		0		3.00% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	496.1		434.5			495.7		448.3		495.9		438.1
6.25% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $400.0, November 2002)	6.25% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $400.0, November 2002)	396.3		459.2		396.1		553.7		396.2		547.9		6.25% Senior Notes due 2032 (issued: $400.0, November 2002)	396.6		432.0			396.3		459.2		396.4		435.4
4.95% Senior Notes due 2033 (issued: $500.0, May 2023)														4.95% Senior Notes due 2033 (issued: $500.0, May 2023)	496.3		489.9			0		0		0		0
4.35% Senior Notes due 2044 (issued: $350.0, April 2014)	4.35% Senior Notes due 2044 (issued: $350.0, April 2014)	346.9		324.6		346.8		434.8		346.8		428.4		4.35% Senior Notes due 2044 (issued: $350.0, April 2014)	346.9		304.0			346.9		324.6		346.9		298.4
3.70% Senior Notes due 2045 (issued: $400.0, January 2015)	3.70% Senior Notes due 2045 (issued: $400.0, January 2015)	395.7		332.4		395.6		458.1		395.6		447.1		3.70% Senior Notes due 2045 (issued: $400.0, January 2015)	395.8		313.6			395.7		332.4		395.7		310.2
4.125% Senior Notes due 2047 (issued: $850.0, April 2017)	4.125% Senior Notes due 2047 (issued: $850.0, April 2017)	842.0		769.3		841.8		1,041.4		841.9		1,029.3		4.125% Senior Notes due 2047 (issued: $850.0, April 2017)	842.2		727.0			842.0		769.3		842.1		716.2
4.20% Senior Notes due 2048 (issued: $600.0, March 2018)	4.20% Senior Notes due 2048 (issued: $600.0, March 2018)	590.3		550.5		590.1		747.0		590.2		741.3		4.20% Senior Notes due 2048 (issued: $600.0, March 2018)	590.5		510.3			590.3		550.5		590.4		507.0
3.95% Senior Notes due 2050 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	3.95% Senior Notes due 2050 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	490.9		437.8		490.7		602.7		490.8		600.0		3.95% Senior Notes due 2050 (issued: $500.0, March 2020)	491.0		408.4			490.9		437.8		490.9		404.9
3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	493.4		416.0		0		0		0		0		3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 (issued: $500.0, March 2022)	493.5		386.7			493.4		416.0		493.5		386.5
Total	Total	$	6,386.5	$	6,028.9	$	5,397.5	$	6,446.7	$	4,898.8	$	5,857.4	Total	$	6,886.5	$	6,224.0		$	6,386.5	$	6,028.9	$	6,388.3	$	5,717.9

The Progressive Corporation issued ~~$500~~$500.0 million of ~~2.50%~~4.95% Senior Notes due ~~2027, $500 million of 3.00% Senior Notes due 2032, and $500 million of 3.70% Senior Notes due 2052~~2033 in ~~March 2022,~~May 2023 in an underwritten public offering. The net proceeds from the ~~issuances,~~issuance, after deducting underwriters’ discounts, commissions, and other issuance costs, ~~were~~was approximately ~~$1,486.0 million in aggregate.~~$496.3 million. Consistent with the other senior notes issued by Progressive, interest on ~~these notes~~this note is payable semiannually, principal is due at maturity, and the ~~notes are~~note is redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time, subject to a treasury “make whole” provision.

There was no short-term debt outstanding at June 30, 2023 and 2022, and December 31, ~~2021. Short-term debt outstanding at June 30, 2021 consisted of~~2022.

During the ~~$500 million 3.75% Senior Notes that matured in August 2021.~~

second quarter 2023, The Progressive Corporation ~~has a~~amended its line of credit with PNC Bank, National Association (PNC), into increase the maximum principal amount to $300 million from the previous amount of $250 million ~~which has~~and extend the ~~same~~expiration date to April 30, 2024. Subject to the terms asand conditions of the line of credit ~~with PNC that expired in April 2022. See~~documents, advances under the ~~2021 Annual Report to Shareholders for terms of this~~ line of credit (if any) will bear interest at a variable rate equal to 1-month term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus 1.10%. Each advance must be repaid on the 30th day after the date of the advance or, if earlier, April 30, 2024, the expiration date of

the line of credit. Prepayments are permitted without penalty. The line of credit is uncommitted and, as such, all advances are subject to PNC’s discretion. We had no borrowings under the line of credit during the periods presented.

5. INCOME TAXES

~~Note 5Income Taxes~~ — Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates. We review our deferred tax assets regularly for recoverability. At June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we determined that we did not need a valuation allowance on our gross deferred tax assets. Although realization of the deferred tax assets is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized based on our expectation that we will be able to fully utilize the deductions that are ultimately recognized for tax purposes.

~~For the six months ended~~ At June 30, 2023 and 2022, ~~there have been no material changes~~and December 31, 2022, the net deferred tax asset includes a gross deferred tax asset of $703.7 million, $583.0 million, and $742.9 million, respectively, related to unrealized losses on fixed-maturity

securities. We believe this deferred tax asset will be realized based on the existence of prior year capital gains, current temporary differences related to unrealized gains in our ~~reserve~~equity portfolio, and other tax planning strategies.

At June 30, 2023 and 2022, and December 31, 2022, we had no reserves for uncertain tax positions.

The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, was ~~14.6%~~20.7% and ~~6.8%~~19.9%, respectively, compared to ~~20.9%~~14.6% and ~~20.8%~~6.8% for the same periods last year. ~~Excluding the effect of the goodwill impairment, which was a one-time charge, the~~The lower effective tax ~~rate~~rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, were ~~22.6% and 79.9%, respectively. The higher effective rates for the current quarter and year, excluding~~in part due to the goodwill impairment charge, ~~are in part due to~~partially offset by our permanent tax differences having a greater impact on the effective rate given our pretax loss ~~compared to pretax income in~~for the ~~same periods last year.~~periods.

~~Note 6Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves~~ — 6. LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES

Activity in the loss and loss adjustment expense reserves is summarized as follows:

June 30,
(millions) 2022 2021
Balance at January 1 $ 26,164.1 $ 20,265.8
Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 4,733.6 3,798.2
Net balance at January 1 21,430.5 16,467.6
Net loss and loss adjustment expense reserves acquired1
0 732.5
Total beginning reserves 21,430.5 17,200.1
Incurred related to:
Current year 18,134.6 15,319.9
Prior years 144.9 197.0
Total incurred 18,279.5 15,516.9
Paid related to:
Current year 9,298.3 7,849.6
Prior years 7,284.3 5,436.7
Total paid 16,582.6 13,286.3
Net balance at June 30 23,127.4 19,430.7
Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 4,684.6 4,464.9
Balance at June 30 $ 27,812.0 $ 23,895.6

1 ~~Net reserves acquired in the Protective Insurance acquisition.~~


	June 30,
(millions)	2023		2022
Balance at January 1	$	30,359.3	$	26,164.1
Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	5,559.2		4,733.6
Net balance at January 1	24,800.1		21,430.5
Incurred related to:
Current year	21,683.6		18,134.6
Prior years	1,110.5		144.9
Total incurred	22,794.1		18,279.5
Paid related to:
Current year	10,789.5		9,298.3
Prior years	9,115.8		7,284.3
Total paid	19,905.3		16,582.6
Net balance at June 30	27,688.9		23,127.4
Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	5,064.4		4,684.6
Balance at June 30	$	32,753.3	$	27,812.0

We experienced unfavorable reserve development of ~~$144.9~~$1,110.5 million and ~~$197.0~~$144.9 million during the first six months of ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, which is reflected as “incurred related to prior years” in the table above.

Year-to-date June 30, 2023

•The unfavorable prior year reserve development included approximately $910 million attributable to accident year 2022, $81 million to accident year 2021, and the remainder to accident years 2020 and prior.

•Our personal auto products incurred about $870 million of unfavorable loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserve development, with the Agency and Direct auto businesses each contributing about half. About half of the unfavorable development was attributable to higher than anticipated severity in auto property and physical damage coverages, while the remaining unfavorable development was primarily due to increased loss costs in Florida injury and medical coverages and, to a lesser extent, higher than anticipated late reported injury claims.

•Our Commercial Lines business experienced about $224 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to higher than anticipated severity and frequency of late reported injury claims.

Year-to-date June 30, 2022

•Approximately $97 million of the unfavorable prior year reserve development was attributable to accident year 2021, $16 million to accident year 2020, and the remainder to accident years 2019 and prior.

•Our personal auto products incurred about $45 million of unfavorable loss and ~~loss adjustment expense (LAE)~~LAE reserve development, with the Agency and Direct auto businesses each contributing about half. The unfavorable development was primarily attributable to higher than anticipated severity and frequency of auto property damage payments on previously closed claims and late reported injury claims, partially offset by more subrogation and salvage recoveries and lower ~~loss adjustment expenses~~LAE than originally anticipated.

•Our Commercial Lines business experienced about $98 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to higher than anticipated severity and frequency of late reported claims.

7. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

~~Year-to-date June 30, 2021~~

•Approximately $100 million of the unfavorable prior year reserve development was attributable to accident year 2019 and $114 million to 2018 and prior accident years, partially offset by favorable development attributable to accident year 2020.

•Our personal auto products incurred about $111 million of unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development, with about $67 million attributable to the Agency business. The unfavorable development was primarily attributable to a higher than anticipated frequency of reopened personal injury protection (PIP) claims, primarily in Florida, and higher than anticipated bodily injury severity, partially offset by less late reported claims than anticipated for accident year 2020.

•Our Commercial Lines business experienced about $73 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to increased injury severity, and the emergence of large injury claims at rates higher than originally anticipated primarily in Texas and Florida.

•Our Property business experienced about $20 million of unfavorable development, primarily due to higher than anticipated severity, reopen activity in Florida, and loss adjustment expense for prior loss years.

•~~Our special lines business experienced about $7 million of favorable development.~~

~~Note 7Supplemental Cash Flow Information~~ — Cash and cash equivalents include bank demand deposits and daily overnight reverse repurchase commitments of funds held in bank demand deposit accounts by certain subsidiaries. The amount of reverse repurchase commitments, which are not considered part of the investment portfolio, held by these subsidiaries at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, were $68.0 million, $140.6 million, ~~$90.5~~and $125.9 million, ~~and $137.1 million,~~ respectively.

Restricted cash and cash equivalents include collateral held against unpaid deductibles and cash that is restricted to pay flood claims under the National Flood Insurance Program’s “Write Your Own” program, for which certain subsidiaries are ~~administrators.~~participants.

Non-cash activity included the following in the respective periods:


		Six Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
(millions)	(millions)	2022		2021		(millions)	2023		2022
Common share dividends1	Common share dividends1	$	58.5	$	58.5	Common share dividends1	$	58.5	$	58.5
Operating lease liabilities2	Operating lease liabilities2	22.5		55.9		Operating lease liabilities2	30.4		22.5

1 Declared but unpaid. See Note 9 – Dividends for further discussion.

2 From obtaining right-of-use assets.

WeIn the respective periods, we paid the ~~following in the respective periods:~~following:


		Six Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
(millions)	(millions)	2022		2021		(millions)	2023		2022
Income taxes	Income taxes	$	363.2	$	574.1	Income taxes	$	183.8	$	363.2
Interest	Interest	102.6		112.0		Interest	125.6		102.6
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	41.8		44.8		Operating lease liabilities	42.5		41.8

~~Note 8Segment Information~~ — 8. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Our Personal Lines segment writes insurance for personal autos and recreational vehicles (our special lines products). Our Commercial Lines segment writes auto-related liability and physical damage insurance, ~~workers’ compensation insurance primarily for the transportation industry, and~~ business-related general liability and property insurance predominately for small ~~businesses.~~businesses, and workers’ compensation insurance primarily for the transportation industry. Our Property segment writes residential property insurance for homeowners, other property owners, and renters. Our service businesses provide insurance-related services, including ~~processing Commercial Automobile Insurance Procedures/Plans (CAIP) business and~~ serving as an agent for homeowners, general liability, and workers’ compensation insurance, among

other products, through programs in our direct Personal Lines and Commercial Lines businesses. As previously disclosed in our 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders, during 2022, our contract to act as a servicing agent for processing Commercial Automobile Insurance Procedures/Plans (CAIP) business expired during the third quarter 2022 and we did not renew the contract. This non-renewal did not materially affect our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. All segment revenues are generated from external customers; all intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

2423

Following are the operating results for the respective periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,									Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
		2022				2021				2022				2021					2023				2022				2023				2022
(millions)	(millions)	Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		(millions)	Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)		Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)			Revenues		Pretax Profit (Loss)
Personal Lines	Personal Lines																	Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	4,366.5	$	260.3	$	4,220.3	$	207.5	$	8,689.8	$	548.9	$	8,318.5	$	755.0	Agency	$	5,207.2	$	(71.2)	$	4,366.5	$	260.3	$	10,067.4	$	91.4		$	8,689.8	$	548.9
Direct	Direct	4,905.9		198.4		4,633.9		128.4		9,699.5		348.8		9,065.6		543.0		Direct	6,180.7		126.5		4,905.9		198.4		11,898.1		104.4			9,699.5		348.8
Total Personal Lines1	Total Personal Lines1	9,272.4		458.7		8,854.2		335.9		18,389.3		897.7		17,384.1		1,298.0		Total Personal Lines1	11,387.9		55.3		9,272.4		458.7		21,965.5		195.8			18,389.3		897.7
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	2,304.4		243.0		1,621.8		130.1		4,431.6		445.4		3,039.6		358.6		Commercial Lines	2,454.1		87.2		2,304.4		243.0		4,810.2		124.4			4,431.6		445.4
Property2	Property2	570.5		(156.9)		502.3		(83.3)		1,128.6		(148.6)		974.8		(154.0)		Property2	622.3		(206.8)		570.5		(156.9)		1,221.0		(239.5)			1,128.6		(148.6)
Other indemnity3	Other indemnity3	0.6		(6.3)		4.0		0.1		1.3		(7.2)		4.0		0.1		Other indemnity3	0.1		0		0.6		(6.3)		0.8		(3.4)			1.3		(7.2)
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	12,147.9		538.5		10,982.3		382.8		23,950.8		1,187.3		21,402.5		1,502.7		Total underwriting operations	14,464.4		(64.3)		12,147.9		538.5		27,997.5		77.3			23,950.8		1,187.3
Fees and other revenues4	Fees and other revenues4	176.5		NA		176.2		NA		350.5		NA		341.9		NA		Fees and other revenues4	226.7		NA		176.5		NA		432.9		NA			350.5		NA
Service businesses	Service businesses	80.1		4.6		74.5		6.6		147.8		9.1		128.3		11.1		Service businesses	81.0		(9.6)		80.1		4.6		153.5		(19.4)			147.8		9.1
Investments5	Investments5	(885.3)		(891.2)		672.5		666.2		(1,088.4)		(1,100.0)		1,478.0		1,466.1		Investments5	581.4		575.3		(885.3)		(891.2)		1,072.8		1,061.2			(1,088.4)		(1,100.0)
Interest expense	Interest expense	NA		(63.0)		NA		(56.4)		NA		(117.3)		NA		(112.8)		Interest expense	NA		(65.7)		NA		(63.0)		NA		(129.0)			NA		(117.3)
Property - Goodwill impairment2	Property - Goodwill impairment2	NA		(224.8)		NA		0		NA		(224.8)		NA		0		Property - Goodwill impairment2	NA		0		NA		(224.8)		NA		0			NA		(224.8)
Consolidated total	Consolidated total	$	11,519.2	$	(635.9)	$	11,905.5	$	999.2	$	23,360.7	$	(245.7)	$	23,350.7	$	2,867.1	Consolidated total	$	15,353.5	$	435.7	$	11,519.2	$	(635.9)	$	29,656.7	$	990.1		$	23,360.7	$	(245.7)

NA = Not applicable

1 Personal auto ~~products~~insurance accounted for 94% of the total Personal Lines segment net premiums earned during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021;~~2022; insurance for our special lines products (e.g., motorcycles, ~~ATVs,~~ RVs, watercraft, and snowmobiles) accounted for the balance of the Personal Lines net premiums earned.

2 ~~The~~For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, pretax profit (loss) included $2.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively, of amortization expense associated with intangible assets attributable to our Property segment, and $5.0 million and $19.1 million for the same periods in 2022. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the total pretax loss, including goodwill impairment, for the Property segment was $381.7 million and $373.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, pretax profit (loss) also included $5.0 million and $19.1 million, respectively, of amortization expense associated with acquisition-related intangible assets attributable to our Property segment, and $14.1 million and $28.3 million for the same periods in 2021.

million. See Note 12 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further discussion.

3 ~~Primarily includes~~Includes other underwriting business and run-off ~~business~~ operations.

4 Pretax profit (loss) for fees and other revenues is allocated to operating ~~segments.~~segments based on revenue.

5 Revenues represent recurring investment income and total net realized gains (losses) on securities; pretax profit (loss) is net of investment ~~expense.~~expenses.

Our management uses underwriting margin and combined ratio as primary measures of underwriting profitability. The underwriting margin is the pretax underwriting profit (loss) expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned (i.e., revenues from underwriting operations). Pretax underwriting profit (loss) is calculated as net premiums earned plus fees and other revenues, less: (i) losses and loss adjustment expenses; (ii) policy acquisition costs; and (iii) other underwriting expenses. Combined ratio is the complement of the underwriting margin. Following are the underwriting margins and combined ratios for our underwriting operations for the respective periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
		2022			2021			2022			2021				2023			2022			2023			2022
		Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio		Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio	Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio		Under-writing Margin		Combined Ratio
Personal Lines	Personal Lines													Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	6.0	%	94.0	4.9	%	95.1	6.3	%	93.7	9.1	%	90.9	Agency	(1.4)	%	101.4	6.0	%	94.0	0.9	%	99.1		6.3	%	93.7
Direct	Direct	4.0		96.0	2.8		97.2	3.6		96.4	6.0		94.0	Direct	2.0		98.0	4.0		96.0	0.9		99.1		3.6		96.4
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	4.9		95.1	3.8		96.2	4.9		95.1	7.5		92.5	Total Personal Lines	0.5		99.5	4.9		95.1	0.9		99.1		4.9		95.1
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	10.5		89.5	8.0		92.0	10.1		89.9	11.8		88.2	Commercial Lines	3.6		96.4	10.5		89.5	2.6		97.4		10.1		89.9
Property1	Property1	(27.5)		127.5	(16.6)		116.6	(13.2)		113.2	(15.8)		115.8	Property1	(33.2)		133.2	(27.5)		127.5	(19.6)		119.6		(13.2)		113.2
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	4.4		95.6	3.5		96.5	5.0		95.0	7.0		93.0	Total underwriting operations	(0.4)		100.4	4.4		95.6	0.3		99.7		5.0		95.0

1 Included in the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, is~~0.9~~ 0.4 points and ~~1.7~~0.6 points, respectively, of amortization expense associated with intangible assets and ~~2.8~~0.9 points and ~~2.9~~1.7 points, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2021.~~2022.

~~Note 9Dividends~~ —

9. DIVIDENDS

Following is a summary of our common and preferred share dividends that were declared and/or paid during the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:

(millions, except per share amounts)

Amount

(millions, except per share amounts)

Amount

Declared

Payable

Per Share

Accrued/Paid1

Declared

Payable

Per Share

Accrued/Paid1

Common - Quarterly Dividends:

Common – Quarterly Dividends:

May 2023

July 2023

0.10

58.5

March 2023

April 2023

0.10

58.5

December 2022

January 2023

0.10

58.5

May 2022

July 2022

0.10

58.5

May 2022

July 2022

0.10

58.5

March 2022

April 2022

0.10

58.5

March 2022

April 2022

0.10

58.5

December 2021

January 2022

0.10

58.5

December 2021

January 2022

0.10

58.5

May 2021

July 2021

0.10

58.5

March 2021

April 2021

0.10

58.5

December 2020

January 2021

0.10

58.6

Common - Annual Variable Dividends:

December 2020

January 2021

4.50

2,635.9

Preferred Dividends:

May 2023

June 2023

18.92463

9.5

December 2022

March 2023

26.875

13.4

December 2021

March 2022

26.875

13.4

December 2021

March 2022

26.875

13.4

December 2020

March 2021

26.875

13.4

1 The accrual is based on an estimate of ~~common~~ shares outstanding as of the record date and ~~the common share accrual is~~ recorded as a ~~part~~component of accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the consolidated balance ~~sheets.~~sheets until paid.

Beginning March 15, 2023, the annual dividend rate for our Series B Preferred Shares switched to a floating rate equal to the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), or a comparable successor base rate, plus a spread of 2.539% applied to the stated amount per share. During the floating rate period, dividends on the Series B Preferred Shares will be payable quarterly, if and when declared by the Board of Directors.

See Note 14 – Dividends in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders for a discussion of our quarterly and annual common share dividends and our preferred share dividend ~~policies, including a discussion of the $1.50 per common share, or $876.5 million in the aggregate, 2021 annual variable common share dividend that was declared and paid in the fourth quarter 2021.~~policies.

10. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

~~Note 10Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)~~ — The components of other comprehensive income (loss), including reclassification adjustments by income statement line item, were as follows:


																								Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions)														(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total tax (provision) benefit		After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)					Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities				Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions				Foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance at March 31, 2023														Balance at March 31, 2023	$	(2,793.3)	$	594.6	$	(2,198.7)				$	(2,183.1)			$	(14.4)			$	(1.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:														Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities														Investment securities	(651.5)		136.8		(514.7)					(514.7)				0				0

Foreign currency translation adjustment														Foreign currency translation adjustment	0.3		(0.1)		0.2					0				0				0.2

Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications														Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(651.2)		136.7		(514.5)					(514.7)				0				0.2
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:														Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:

Net realized gains (losses) on securities														Net realized gains (losses) on securities	(74.8)		15.7		(59.1)					(59.1)				0				0
Interest expense														Interest expense	(0.1)		0		(0.1)					0				(0.1)				0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income														Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	(74.9)		15.7		(59.2)					(59.1)				(0.1)				0
Total other comprehensive income (loss)														Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(576.3)		121.0		(455.3)					(455.6)				0.1				0.2
Balance at June 30, 2023														Balance at June 30, 2023	$	(3,369.6)	$	715.6	$	(2,654.0)				$	(2,638.7)			$	(14.3)			$	(1.0)

								Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)																		Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions)	(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total tax (provision) benefit		After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities		Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions		Foreign currency translation adjustment									(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)				Total tax (provision) benefit				After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)				Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities		Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions		Foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance at March 31, 2022	Balance at March 31, 2022	$	(1,753.4)	$	367.6	$	(1,385.8)	$	(1,370.7)	$	(14.7)	$	(0.4)								Balance at March 31, 2022	$	(1,753.4)			$	367.6			$	(1,385.8)			$	(1,370.7)	$	(14.7)	$	(0.4)

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:	Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:																				Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities	Investment securities	(1,246.7)		261.8		(984.9)		(984.9)		0		0									Investment securities	(1,246.7)				261.8				(984.9)				(984.9)		0		0

Foreign currency translation adjustment	Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.5)		0.1		(0.4)		0		0		(0.4)									Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.5)				0.1				(0.4)				0		0		(0.4)

Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(1,247.2)		261.9		(985.3)		(984.9)		0		(0.4)									Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(1,247.2)				261.9				(985.3)				(984.9)		0		(0.4)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:	Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:																				Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:

Net realized gains (losses) on securities	Net realized gains (losses) on securities	(205.1)		43.0		(162.1)		(162.1)		0		0									Net realized gains (losses) on securities	(205.1)				43.0				(162.1)				(162.1)		0		0
Interest expense	Interest expense	0		0		0		0		0		0									Interest expense	0				0				0				0		0		0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	(205.1)		43.0		(162.1)		(162.1)		0		0									Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	(205.1)				43.0				(162.1)				(162.1)		0		0
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,042.1)		218.9		(823.2)		(822.8)		0		(0.4)									Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,042.1)				218.9				(823.2)				(822.8)		0		(0.4)
Balance at June 30, 2022	Balance at June 30, 2022	$	(2,795.5)	$	586.5	$	(2,209.0)	$	(2,193.5)	$	(14.7)	$	(0.8)								Balance at June 30, 2022	$	(2,795.5)			$	586.5			$	(2,209.0)			$	(2,193.5)	$	(14.7)	$	(0.8)

Components of Changes in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions) Pretax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total tax
(provision)
benefit After tax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions Foreign
currency
translation
adjustment
Balance at March 31, 2021 $ 504.6 $ (112.3) $ 392.3 $ 407.7 $ (15.4) $ 0
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities 174.7 (36.7) 138.0 138.0 0 0
Foreign currency translation adjustment (0.6) 0.1 (0.5) 0 0 (0.5)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 174.1 (36.6) 137.5 138.0 0 (0.5)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:
Net realized gains (losses) on securities 59.4 (12.5) 46.9 46.9 0 0
Interest expense (0.3) 0 (0.3) 0 (0.3) 0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income 59.1 (12.5) 46.6 46.9 (0.3) 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 115.0 (24.1) 90.9 91.1 0.3 (0.5)
Balance at June 30, 2021 $ 619.6 $ (136.4) $ 483.2 $ 498.8 $ (15.1) $ (0.5)
Components of Changes in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions) Pretax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total tax
(provision)
benefit After tax total
accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Total net
unrealized
gains
(losses)
on securities Net
unrealized
gains
(losses) on
forecasted
transactions Foreign
currency
translation
adjustment
Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 52.3 $ (11.6) $ 40.7 $ 56.2 $ (14.9) $ (0.6)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities (3,098.4) 650.7 (2,447.7) (2,447.7) 0 0
Foreign currency translation adjustment (0.2) 0 (0.2) 0 0 (0.2)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (3,098.6) 650.7 (2,447.9) (2,447.7) 0 (0.2)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:
Net realized gains (losses) on securities (250.6) 52.6 (198.0) (198.0) 0 0
Interest expense (0.2) 0 (0.2) 0 (0.2) 0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income (250.8) 52.6 (198.2) (198.0) (0.2) 0
Total other comprehensive income (loss) (2,847.8) 598.1 (2,249.7) (2,249.7) 0.2 (0.2)
Balance at June 30, 2022 $ (2,795.5) $ 586.5 $ (2,209.0) $ (2,193.5) $ (14.7) $ (0.8)


								Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)																	Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions)	(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total tax (provision) benefit		After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities		Net unrealized gains (losses) on forecasted transactions		Foreign currency translation adjustment									(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Total tax (provision) benefit			After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities	Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions	Foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance at December 31, 2020		$	1,187.4	$	(255.7)	$	931.7	$	947.3	$	(15.6)	$	0
Balance at December 31, 2022														Balance at December 31, 2022	$	(3,556.9)	$	754.9	$	(2,802.0)			$	(2,786.3)		$	(14.5)		$	(1.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:														Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities														Investment securities	54.1		(11.4)		42.7				42.7			0			0

Foreign currency translation adjustment														Foreign currency translation adjustment	0.3		(0.1)		0.2				0			0			0.2

Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications														Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	54.4		(11.5)		42.9				42.7			0			0.2
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:														Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:

Net realized gains (losses) on securities														Net realized gains (losses) on securities	(132.7)		27.8		(104.9)				(104.9)			0			0
Interest expense														Interest expense	(0.2)		0		(0.2)				0			(0.2)			0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income														Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	(132.9)		27.8		(105.1)				(104.9)			(0.2)			0
Total other comprehensive income (loss)														Total other comprehensive income (loss)	187.3		(39.3)		148.0				147.6			0.2			0.2
Balance at June 30, 2023														Balance at June 30, 2023	$	(3,369.6)	$	715.6	$	(2,654.0)			$	(2,638.7)		$	(14.3)		$	(1.0)

																							Components of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (after tax)
(millions)														(millions)	Pretax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Total tax (provision) benefit		After tax total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)				Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities			Net unrealized losses on forecasted transactions			Foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance at December 31, 2021														Balance at December 31, 2021	$	52.3	$	(11.6)	$	40.7			$	56.2		$	(14.9)		$	(0.6)

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:	Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:																				Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Investment securities	Investment securities	(376.7)		79.1		(297.6)		(297.6)		0		0									Investment securities	(3,098.4)			650.7			(2,447.7)			(2,447.7)	0	0

Foreign currency translation adjustment	Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.6)		0.1		(0.5)		0		0		(0.5)									Foreign currency translation adjustment	(0.2)			0			(0.2)			0	0	(0.2)

Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(377.3)		79.2		(298.1)		(297.6)		0		(0.5)									Total other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(3,098.6)			650.7			(2,447.9)			(2,447.7)	0	(0.2)
Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:	Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:																				Less: Reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income by income statement line item:

Net realized gains (losses) on securities	Net realized gains (losses) on securities	191.1		(40.2)		150.9		150.9		0		0									Net realized gains (losses) on securities	(250.6)			52.6			(198.0)			(198.0)	0	0
Interest expense	Interest expense	(0.6)		0.1		(0.5)		0		(0.5)		0									Interest expense	(0.2)			0			(0.2)			0	(0.2)	0
Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	190.5		(40.1)		150.4		150.9		(0.5)		0									Total reclassification adjustment for amounts realized in net income	(250.8)			52.6			(198.2)			(198.0)	(0.2)	0
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(567.8)		119.3		(448.5)		(448.5)		0.5		(0.5)									Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,847.8)			598.1			(2,249.7)			(2,249.7)	0.2	(0.2)
Balance at June 30, 2021		$	619.6	$	(136.4)	$	483.2	$	498.8	$	(15.1)	$	(0.5)
Balance at June 30, 2022														Balance at June 30, 2022	$	(2,795.5)	$	586.5	$	(2,209.0)			$	(2,193.5)		$	(14.7)		$	(0.8)

In an effort to manage interest rate risk, we entered into forecasted transactions on certain of Progressive’s debt issuances. We expect to reclassify ~~$0.5~~$0.6 million (pretax) into interest expense during the next 12 months, related to net unrealized losses on these forecasted transactions (see Note 4 – Debt in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders for further discussion).

~~Note 11~~
~~Litigation~~ —

11. LITIGATION

The Progressive Corporation and/or its insurance subsidiaries are named as defendants in various lawsuits arising out of claims made under insurance policies written by our insurance subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business. We consider all legal actions relating to such claims in establishing our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves.

In addition, The Progressive Corporation and/or its subsidiaries are named as defendants in a number of class action or individual lawsuits that challenge certain of the operations of the subsidiaries. These cases include and/or typically have included those alleging damages as a result of, among other ~~things,~~things: our subsidiaries’ methods used for evaluating and paying medical or injury claims or benefits, including, but not limited to, certain bodily injury, personal injury protection (PIP), uninsured motorist/underinsured motorist (UM/UIM), and medical payment claims and for reimbursing medical costs incurred by Medicare/Medicaid beneficiaries; other claims handling procedures, including, but not limited to, challenges relating to our network of repair facilities, our methods used for estimating physical damage to vehicles for repair purposes and for evaluating the actual cash value of total loss vehicles, the application of a negotiation adjustment in calculating total loss valuations, our payment of fees and taxes, our subrogation practices, our salvage practices, and our handling of diminution of value claims; homeowner claims handling practices and procedures; our assessment of fees related to insufficient funds or reversed payments; interpretations of the provisions of our insurance policies; our insurance product design; certain of our premium actions, including those in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; rating practices; certain marketing, sales, services, implementation and renewal practices and procedures, including with respect to ~~accessibility;~~accessibility and privacy; our usage-based insurance program; certain relationships with independent insurance agents; patent matters; alleged violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act; commercial disputes, including breach of contract; and certain employment practices, including claims relating to pay practices and fair employment practices, among other matters. As of June 30, 2023, lawsuits have been certified or conditionally certified as class/collective actions in cases alleging: we improperly reduce or deny UIM benefits in New Mexico; we improperly value total loss claims in Florida, New York, and Washington; we improperly fail to pay fees and taxes associated with total losses in Florida,

Michigan, and New York; we improperly adjust medical bills in Washington; we improperly calculate basic economic loss as it relates to wage loss coverage in New York; we improperly fail to timely process and pay PIP claims in Texas; and that certain of our compensation practices and overtime payment practices are improper, including our classification of certain employees as exempt from overtime pay requirements. Other insurance companies face many of these same issues.

The nature and volume of litigation pending against The Progressive Corporation and/or its insurance subsidiaries is similar to that which was disclosed in Note 12 – Litigation in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders.

We plan to contest the pending lawsuits vigorously, but may pursue settlement negotiations in some cases, as we deem appropriate. Although outcomes of pending cases are uncertain until final disposition, we establish accruals for these lawsuits when it is probable that a loss has been or will be incurred and we can reasonably estimate potential loss exposure, which may include a range of loss. As to lawsuits for which the loss is considered neither probable ornor estimable, or is considered probable but not estimable, we do not establish an accrual. Nevertheless, we continue to evaluate pending litigation to determine if any losses not deemed probable and estimable become so, at which point we would establish an accrual at our best estimate of the loss or range of loss.

With respect to our pending lawsuits that are not related to claims under insurance policies, the accruals that we have established, if any, were not material at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, or December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, and there were no material settlements during ~~2021~~2022 or the first six months of ~~2022.~~2023. For most of these lawsuits, we do not consider any losses to be both probable and estimable, and we are unable to estimate a meaningful range of loss, if any, at this time, due to the factors discussed in Note 12 – Litigation in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders. In the event that any one or more of these lawsuits results in a substantial judgment against us, or settlement by us, or if our accruals (if any) prove to be inadequate by a significant amount, the resulting liability could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, and/or results of operations. For a further discussion on our pending litigation and related reserving policies, see Note 12 – Litigation in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders.

~~Note 12~~12. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS ~~Goodwill and Intangible Assets~~

Goodwill

The majority of the goodwill recorded as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, related to the April 1, 2015, acquisition of a controlling interest in ~~ARX.~~ ARX Holding Corp. (ARX). During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no changes to the carrying amount of goodwill.

In ~~connection with~~ the ~~preparation of our~~ second quarter 2022, ~~financial results,~~ we performed an interim impairment test of our goodwill allocated to the ARX

reporting unit and recorded an impairment loss of $224.8 million ~~which is disclosed as a separate line item in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.~~. The impairment loss was fully allocated to our Property operating segment. There were no previously recorded ~~accumulated impairment losses and there are no other accumulated~~ goodwill impairment losses on any of the outstanding goodwill.

~~We performed the interim test~~ See Note 15 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets in our 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders for a discussion of our goodwill ~~for~~ impairment for the ARX reporting unit. The indicators of impairment primarily related to the magnitude of recent weather events relative to forecasted expectations, as well as other factors impacting our plans to restore our Property business to target profitability in a timely fashion and the subsequent reduced forecasted profitability of ARX. As a result, we determined it was more likely than not that the fair value of the ARX reporting unit was less than its carrying value.evaluation.

The quantitative goodwill impairment assessment consisted of comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. To determine the fair value of a reporting unit, we use a discounted cash flow model. The model uses assumptions including, but not limited to, discount rate, and forecasted growth, profitability, investment return, and capital requirements. The assumptions and estimates are consistent with those we believe other non-related marketplace participants would use and are based on management’s best estimates at the time of the analysis. The calculated fair value of the ARX reporting unit was below its carrying value at June 30, 2022, which resulted in recording a goodwill impairment. There was no indication of impairment on the remaining $227.9 million goodwill, of which 98% was attributable to our Personal Lines Agency business and related to the ARX acquisition.

Intangible Assets

The following table is a summary of the net carrying amount of other intangible assets:


(millions)	(millions)	June 30, 2022		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2021		(millions)	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2022
Intangible assets subject to amortization	Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	84.8	$	134.1	$	104.9	Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	65.4	$	84.8	$	73.9
Indefinite-lived intangible assets1	Indefinite-lived intangible assets1	12.4		12.4		12.4		Indefinite-lived intangible assets1	12.4		12.4		12.4
Total	Total	$	97.2	$	146.5	$	117.3	Total	$	77.8	$	97.2	$	86.3

1 Indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of state insurance and agent licenses. State insurance licenses were previously subject to amortization under superseded accounting guidance and have $0.6 million of accumulated amortization for all periods presented.

Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following:


(millions)	(millions)	June 30, 2022						June 30, 2021						December 31, 2021						(millions)	June 30, 2023						June 30, 2022						December 31, 2022
Category	Category	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Category	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Policies in force		$	0	$	0	$	0	$	256.2	$	228.7	$	27.5	$	256.2	$	247.1	$	9.1
Agency relationships	Agency relationships	159.2		82.5		76.7		159.2		71.1		88.1		159.2		76.8		82.4		Agency relationships	$	159.2	$	93.8	$	65.4	$	159.2	$	82.5	$	76.7	$	159.2	$	88.1	$	71.1
Software rights	Software rights	69.1		62.6		6.5		69.1		54.0		15.1		69.1		58.3		10.8		Software rights	69.1		69.1		0		69.1		62.6		6.5		69.1		67.0		2.1
Trade name	Trade name	3.6		2.0		1.6		3.6		0.2		3.4		3.6		1.0		2.6		Trade name	3.6		3.6		0		3.6		2.0		1.6		3.6		2.9		0.7
Total	Total	$	231.9	$	147.1	$	84.8	$	488.1	$	354.0	$	134.1	$	488.1	$	383.2	$	104.9	Total	$	231.9	$	166.5	$	65.4	$	231.9	$	147.1	$	84.8	$	231.9	$	158.0	$	73.9

Amortization expense was ~~$5.5~~$3.1 million and $~~20.1~~8.5 millionfor the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, compared to ~~$14.3~~$5.5 million and ~~$28.5~~$20.1 million during the same periods last year. ~~During the first quarter 2022, the policies in~~

~~force intangible asset, with a gross carrying value of $256.2 million, was fully amortized.~~

~~Note 13~~ ~~New Accounting Standards~~— We did not adopt any new accounting standards during the six months ended June 30, 2022. We assessed the adoption impacts of recently issued accounting standards by the Financial Accounting Standards Board on our consolidated financial statements as well as material updates to previous assessments, if any, from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. There were no new material accounting standards issued in the six months ended June 30, 2022, that are expected to impact The Progressive Corporation or its subsidiaries.

~~Item~~ITEM 2. ~~Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.~~

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

I. OVERVIEW

During the second quarter 2023, The Progressive Corporation’s insurance subsidiaries recognized strong growth in both premiums ~~during the second quarter 2022,~~written and policies in force, compared to the same period last year, ~~driven~~but the underwriting margin fell short of our goal to earn 4% on an aggregate calendar-year basis.

Our combined ratio of 100.4 for the second quarter 2023 was 4.8 points higher than the same period last year. The variance from the prior year was primarily due to unfavorable prior accident years reserve development and higher catastrophe losses, which were, in part, offset by ~~rate increases taken~~a reduction in expenses, mainly due to a decrease in advertising spend during ~~2021~~the quarter, as discussed below.

During the second quarter 2023, we experienced unfavorable prior accident years reserve development of 3.4 points, compared to favorable development of 0.4 points during the second quarter last year. As discussed in more detail below, about 90% of the second quarter and 80% of the year-to-date unfavorable prior year development was in our personal auto products. In addition to prior accident years development, we implemented current accident year actuarial adjustments that added 2.0 points to the second quarter combined ratio, also predominately in our personal auto products.

During the second quarter 2023, we experienced 19 catastrophic weather events that contributed 7.1 points to the underwriting loss, compared to 4.3 points of catastrophe losses for the second quarter last year. These storms were broad-based and impacted 35 states during the quarter. Nearly 60% of the catastrophe losses were in our vehicle businesses while the remaining was in our Property segment. During the first half of ~~2022. On~~2023, only six states were not affected by catastrophic events.

First quarter 2023 profitability failed to meet our stated calendar-year goal of a ~~companywide basis, policies~~96 combined ratio, so we entered the second quarter focused on expense management. Our expense ratio was 1.7 points lower in ~~force were relatively flat year over~~the second quarter 2023, compared to the same period last year. During the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, we ~~generated an underwriting profit margin~~decreased our advertising spend 34%. The reduction in advertising spend in concert with premium growth reduced the contribution of ~~4.4%, which was above~~advertising to our ~~4.0% underwriting profit~~combined ratio by 2.0 points. We currently plan to continue to manage our expenses and discretionary spend to further our goal ~~and 0.9 points better than the same period last year.~~of achieving our target profitability.

During the second quarter we2023, companywide net premiums written grew 18% over the second quarter last year, with all operating segments contributing to the growth. We generated ~~$12.4~~$14.7 billion of net premiums written, which iswas an increase of ~~$0.9~~$2.3 billion, ~~or 8%,~~ compared to second quarter ~~2021.~~2022. We ended the ~~second~~ quarter ~~2022~~ with ~~26.5~~ 29.6

million ~~companywide~~ policies in force, which ~~is 130 thousand~~was an increase of 3.1 million policies, or 12%, over June 30, 2022, and nearly 790,000 more policies than were in force at ~~June 30, 2021. Personal auto~~the end of the first quarter 2023, and 2.2 million more than year-end 2022. The increase in policies in force ~~decreased 2% year over year, while our Commercial Lines, Property,~~reflected both strong new application growth and ~~special lines products grew policies 12%, 6%, and 5%, respectively. The decrease~~improved retention in our personal auto ~~policies reflects~~products as competitors also continued to raise rates.

In addition to policy growth, the ~~significant decrease experienced in new personal auto applications during~~year-over-year growth for the ~~first half of 2022, compared to the same period last year, reflecting the personal auto~~quarter reflected rate increases ~~taken since~~that continue to earn in across all of our operating segments. While growth is an important objective, achieving our target profit margin takes precedence over growing premiums. During the ~~first~~second quarter 2023, we continued to take rate and non-rate actions that we believe are necessary to allow us to achieve our calendar-year underwriting profitability goal of ~~2021~~4%. As discussed below, we plan to continue to take actions, which could result in less premium and ~~decreased advertising spend, on a year-over-year basis, during the last 12 months.~~policy growth.

On a year-over-year basis, for the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, net income increased 164% and comprehensive ~~income~~loss decreased ~~169% and 255%, respectively.~~92%. The ~~decrease~~year-over-year increase in net income ~~was~~ primarily ~~driven by a $1,722.2 million~~reflected net ~~holding period loss~~realized gains on securities during the second quarter 2023, compared to net realized losses for the same period ~~due~~last year. We recognized less holding period losses on securities in the second quarter 2023, compared to ~~the change~~last year, reflecting less volatility in equity market ~~valuations, compared~~valuations. In addition, the increase in net income benefited from a 55% increase in recurring investment income, primarily due to ~~a net holding period gain of $54.2 million~~an increase in interest rates on floating-rate securities in our portfolio, an increase in average assets resulting from premium growth, and investing new cash and cash from maturities in higher interest rate securities given the rising interest rate environment. In addition, in the second quarter of ~~2021. In addition, while preparing our financial statements for the second quarter~~ 2022, we analyzed our goodwill for impairment given our revised forecasted profitability in our Property segment in light of the magnitude of recent weather events and the slower projected pace to restore profitability to this segment. Based on this analysis, we determined the carrying value of the ARX Holding Corp. (ARX) reporting unit exceeded its fair value and, therefore, recorded a $224.8 million one-time, non-cash, goodwill impairment ~~charge during~~charge. See Note 12 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further discussion.

The quarter-over-prior-year quarter decrease in comprehensive loss reflected both the ~~second quarter.~~

~~Similar to the decrease~~increase in net income ~~the decrease in comprehensive income was also primarily driven by changes in the value~~and a lower amount of ~~our investment portfolio, as we recognized~~ net unrealized losses on our fixed-maturity securities, which experienced a loss of $455.6 million in the second quarter 2023, compared to a loss of $822.8 million in the ~~second quarter of 2022, compared to net unrealized gains of $91.1 million in the~~ prior year, with both periods being primarily ~~reflecting an increase~~driven by the then-current interest rate environment, with a significant rise in interest rates ~~throughout 2021 and into~~during the ~~second quarter 2022.~~first half of last year.

~~We ended the quarter with $22.0 billion of total~~Total capital (debt plus shareholders’ equity)~~, a decrease of $1.1~~ at June 30, 2023, was $23.6 billion, which was up $1.3 billion from year-end ~~2021. The decrease is~~2022, primarily due to our comprehensive income earned in the ~~comprehensive loss for~~first half of 2023 and the ~~six months ended June~~ May 2023 issuance

30 ~~2022, partially offset by the issuance~~

of ~~$1.5 billion~~$500 million of 4.95% senior notes, ~~during~~for which the ~~first quarter 2022.~~funds are intended to be used for general corporate purposes.

A. Insurance Operations

For the second quarter 2022, we experienced a companywide underwriting profit margin of 4.4%, compared to our target profit margin of 4% and an underwriting profit margin of 3.5% for the same period last year. Net premiums written grew 8% over the second quarter last year, reflecting rate increases taken since the first quarter of 2021, while policies in force growth was flat on a companywide basis. The distribution of profitability and growth varied by segment during the second quarter 2022 as discussed below.

~~During the second quarter 2022, our~~Our Personal Lines and Commercial Lines ~~operating segments~~businesses generated an underwriting profit margin of ~~4.9%~~0.5% and ~~10.5%~~3.6%, respectively, ~~while our~~during the second quarter 2023. Our Property ~~business~~operating segment recognized a 33.2% underwriting loss margin during the quarter, which included 66.7 points due to the significant losses incurred from catastrophic weather events. The special lines products generated an underwriting ~~loss margin of 27.5%, due to significant catastrophe losses incurred~~profit during the second quarter 2023, which had a minimal impact on the Personal Lines underwriting margin for the quarter. ~~Our personal auto incurred~~

We experienced companywide unfavorable prior accident ~~frequency was down about 8%~~year reserve development of $489.3 million and $1,110.5 million, or 3.4 and 4.0 points, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Approximately 90% of the development for the second quarter ~~2022, compared~~and 80% year to date was in our personal auto products. Approximately half of the personal auto product development for both periods related to property and physical damage claims, reflecting unprecedented increases in severity trends on previously closed claims, relative to comparable periods last year. The contributors to the increased trends came from a variety of sources, including longer vehicle repair times, longer periods for providing rental vehicles, and increases in the price for parts and labor rates. Florida injury and medical claims also contributed significantly to prior accident year development, as did late reported injury claims countrywide, but to a lesser extent.

These factors impacted the second quarter prior accident year development in ~~part reflecting~~ a ~~modest tailwind from reduced driving resulting from record high fuel costs. We~~similar manner. Throughout the quarter, we continued to see ~~inflationary pressure in~~elevating severity trends as the average costs to settle a claim ~~which, along with~~increased over the same period last year. For the second quarter 2023, our personal auto incurred severity was up about 12% and accident frequency was up about 1% on a year-over-year basis.

While it is difficult to quantify the direct impact of recent insurance legislation in Florida, for all coverages Florida contributed approximately 40% to the prior accident year reserve development year to date across all personal auto product lines. We continue to believe that the Florida tort reform will likely have a positive impact on the insurance industry in Florida over the long term. We will continue to monitor the ever-changing legislative and regulatory environment and will respond as necessary.

In addition to prior accident year development, we made actuarial adjustments to expected loss costs for current year claims, primarily due to higher physical damage severity. Florida litigation is a relatively small part of the current year actuarial adjustments since the increase in attorney represented claims largely affected claims that occurred prior to March 2023.

Our Commercial Lines business represented about 15% of the ~~valuation of used vehicles on a year-over-year basis, contributed to an increase in severity of about 16% over~~aggregate unfavorable development for the second quarter ~~last year. During~~and about 20% for the ~~quarter, catastrophe losses were fairly consistent on a year-over-year basis~~first half of 2023, and was mainly due to late reported claims from prior accident periods and changes in ~~our~~reserve estimates (e.g., aging of the reserves, changes to estimates by adjusters, and inflation factors). The Personal Lines and Commercial Lines ~~businesses but were up substantially~~unfavorable development was partially offset by favorable development in our Property business. ~~For~~

We employ a team of highly experienced individuals to support our goal of establishing loss and loss adjustment expense reserves as accurately as possible, with minimal variation after the reserves are established. The recent environment has presented challenges to our reserving practices. While we believe our reserves are adequate at the end of the second quarter ~~2022, our Property business recognized 40.9 points of weather-related catastrophe losses, primarily due~~2023, we will continue to ~~thunderstorms, hail,~~monitor loss trends across all states and ~~tornadoes throughout the United States, compared to 25.5 points during same period in the prior year.~~coverages.

During the quarter, we continued to take actions to address profitability, in response to the continued rising loss costs and other factors, and to strive to achieve our target goal of a 96 combined ratio on a calendar-year basis. During the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, we ~~implemented~~increased personal auto ~~rate increases~~rates in 1727 states, ~~that represented nearly 40%~~with an aggregate countrywide net increase of ~~our trailing 12-month written premium. In the aggregate, rate changes for personal auto during the second quarter increased rates on a countrywide basis~~ about 2%7%, which follows an increase of about 7%4% in the first quarter ~~2022~~2023 and ~~a full year~~an aggregate countrywide net increase of ~~about 8%~~13% in ~~2021. Of~~2022. We also increased rates in our commercial auto products 7% through the ~~rate~~first half of 2023 (excluding our transportation network company (TNC) business).

~~increases~~As stated above, we strongly believe that ~~we elevated in prior periods, we estimate~~achieving our target profit margin takes precedence over growing premiums. With focus on achieving our calendar-year underwriting profitability goal of 4% and the fact that we have ~~nearly 5 points still~~continued to ~~earn into~~see volatility in our ~~underwriting results. We currently believe that, with the exception of a few key states, the major personal auto~~severity trends as inflation continued to influence higher vehicle prices and costs to repair vehicles, we are re-evaluating our rate ~~increases are behind us for~~plans and intend to continue to raise rates over the remainder of ~~2022. However, management continues~~the year, with planned increases of about 6% in our personal auto products and about 9% in our commercial auto products. Some of these rate increases will be subject to ~~assess~~regulatory approval. We will also continue to monitor the factors that could impact our loss costs for both our vehicle and Property businesses, which may include new and used car prices, miles driven, driving patterns, loss severity, weather events, building materials, construction costs, inflation, and other components, ~~of expected loss costs~~ on a state-by-state basis, and these factors could change our current plans for rate increases.

In addition to rate action, we routinely monitor our advertising spend and, during the second quarter 2023, reduced these costs 34%, compared to the same period last year. In addition to these steps, during the second quarter 2023, we started to take additional measures to support our goal of achieving our target profit margin that included slowing new business growth through verification activities, bill plan offerings, and through continued general operational expense discipline. In addition to potentially slowing growth in premiums and new business applications, some of these actions could reduce our retention.

Returning to profitability in our Property business continues to remain a priority for us. In addition to our focus on shifting our concentration mix between states, we continued to adjust rates to address profitability concerns. In the second quarter 2023, in our Property product lines, we increased rates by about 4% on average, following a rate increase of about 3% in the first quarter 2023 and an increase of about 19% during 2022. Similar to our personal and commercial auto products, we intend to continue to raise rates in our Property products in an effort to achieve our calendar-year underwriting profitability goal, with a planned aggregate countrywide increase of about 7% over the remainder of the year. Some of these rate increases will be subject to regulatory approval.

For the second quarter 2023, net premiums written grew 18% on a companywide basis over the same period last year, primarily driven by policy growth and rate increases that continued through the second quarter 2023. Personal Lines grew 22%, Commercial Lines 2%, and Property 17%. Changes in net premiums written are a function of new business applications (i.e., policies sold), premium per policy, and ~~will file~~retention. While we had significant new business application growth at the beginning of the second quarter, we experienced a decline in the rate of growth by the end of the quarter, which we believe, in part, resulted from actions taken to address profitability as discussed above.

The Personal Lines increase reflected growth in both our Agency and Direct businesses. On a year-over-year basis, new personal auto applications grew 37% for the second quarter 2023, compared to the same period last year. Despite the rate increases that we are taking, we believe that we are continuing to benefit from competitor rate increases.

The increase in net premiums written in our Commercial Lines business reflected growth in all of our business market targets (BMTs), except our for-hire transportation BMT, which continued to be impacted by a slowdown in the rate of economic activity and deteriorating freight market conditions. The most significant growth was in our business auto and contractor BMTs. We believe the increase in our contractor BMT is influenced by construction employment and spending trends.

During the second quarter 2023, we also experienced a net premiums written decrease in our TNC business, primarily due to a decrease in projected mileage (which is the basis for determining premiums written for this business), compared to the estimated mileage adjustments during the same period last year. Excluding the decrease from the TNC business, our Commercial Lines net premiums written growth was 6% for the second quarter 2023, compared to the second quarter 2022.

For our Property business, we have continued to manage our overall exposure through measures that helped accelerate growth in markets that are less susceptible to catastrophic weather events and lower our exposure to

coastal and hail-prone states for all products excluding renters and umbrella. New applications in the states where ~~deemed necessary.~~ we are focused on growth were up about 50% over the second quarter last year. In regions where our appetite to write new business is limited, we are prioritizing Progressive auto bundles, as well as lower risk properties, such as new construction or homes with newer roofs. New applications were down about 30% in these more volatile weather states. In addition, the Property business benefited from growth in Robinsons, our bundled auto and home policies. In total, Property new applications were up 12% over the second quarter 2022.

During the quarter, the number of quotes increased in the Agency auto channel and decreased in the Direct auto channel, with an increase in the rate of conversion in both channels, which contributed to the 37% increase in total personal auto new business applications on a year-over-year basis. We believe that the growth in the conversion rates reflects that our competitors also continued to raise rates to address their underwriting profitability issues. During the second quarter 2023, we reduced advertising spend, resulting in the decrease in quotes in our Direct auto channel.

We believe a key element in improving the accuracy of our rating is Snapshot®, our usage-based insurance offering. During the ~~first six months of 2022,~~second quarter 2023, the adoption rates for consumers enrolling in the program ~~when given the option,~~ increased ~~nearly 20%~~about 40% in Agency auto and nearly 10% in Direct auto, compared to the ~~same period last year. Our~~second quarter 2022. Snapshot is available in all states, other than California, and our latest segmentation model iswas available in states that represented about ~~70%~~45% of our countrywide personal auto ~~premium.~~premium at June 30, 2023. We continue to invest in our mobile application, with mobile devices being chosen for Snapshot monitoring for the majority of new enrollments.

In addition to rate actions, during the second quarter 2022, we also continued to tighten underwriting criteria, limit bill plan payment options, and reduce advertising spend during the period in states where losses indicated rates are not meeting our profitability goals in our personal auto business. We reduced total advertising spend 7%, or 0.9 combined ratio points, compared to the second quarter last year, based on performance against our media and underwriting targets in certain types of advertising. Consistent with rate actions, management will continue to assess where additional non-rate actions may be needed. These rate and non-rate measures resulted in fewer new business auto applications during the year and could continue to impact personal auto growth in net premiums written and policies in force in future periods.

During the second quarter 2022, our Property business continued to experience high volatility in underwriting profitability, primarily attributable to the impact from weather-related catastrophe losses. We remain focused on taking rate and non-rate actions in our Property business to reduce volatility in our underwriting results. We increased rates in our Property businesses 7% and 8% during the second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively, and 10% during the last 12 months. These targeted rate increases are continuing to be earned into the book of business.

We continue to focus our Property growth efforts in states with traditionally less catastrophe exposure and limit growth in the coastal and hail prone states. In response to this effort, in 2021, we announced plans to non-renew about 60,000 policies in Florida, which we started doing in the second quarter 2022. This effort to non-renew Florida policies was curtailed, in part, as new legislation was introduced in Florida potentially prohibiting the non-renewal of certain policies based on the age of the roof of the insured structure. While the outcome is still pending, we believe we will non-renew significantly less of the policies previously intended for non-renewal, which will slow our efforts to reduce the volatility in Property underwriting results.

We realized that our current pricing actions and underwriting activities to reduce our exposure in states with traditionally less catastrophe exposure and limit growth in the coastal and hail prone states will require more time than originally anticipated for our efforts to take effect to achieve our target combined ratio for the Property business. This information, combined with the continued extent of the weather-related losses, prompted us to reevaluate the forecasted combined ratio assumptions used in our 2021 annual goodwill impairment model for the ARX reporting unit as we were preparing our financial results for the second quarter 2022. In performing an interim goodwill impairment quantitative assessment, we determined the carrying value of ARX exceeded its currently forecasted fair value and recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $224.8 million during the quarter, which represented the entire amount of goodwill assigned to the ARX reporting unit. The write down is a nonrecurring item and did not impact underwriting profitability for the second quarter 2022. There are no indications of impairment on the remaining $227.9 million of goodwill, which is predominantly related to the ARX acquisition and assigned to our Personal Lines Agency auto business, since the primary intent of the acquisition was to give us the ability to better penetrate the Robinsons segment (i.e., bundled auto and home) within our independent agency distribution channel.

We evaluate growth in terms of both net premiums written and policies in force growth. The rate and non-rate actions that began in 2021, and continued into the second quarter 2022, impacted premium and volume growth on a year-over-year basis. For the second quarter 2022, our companywide net premiums written grew 8%, with Personal Lines growing 6%, Commercial Lines 16%, and Property 8%, primarily reflecting higher average written premium per policy. On a companywide basis, policies in force growth was flat, with Personal Lines decreasing 1%, and Commercial Lines and Property growing 12% and 6%, respectively. Within Personal Lines, policies in force in Agency auto decreased 5% and were flat in Direct auto year over year, while the special lines policies increased 5%. The decrease in our personal auto policy in force growth is attributable to the decrease in the growth of ~~new applications~~ ~~during the six months ended June 30, 2022, as discussed below, as well as a decrease in the rate of growth in our renewal applications.~~

~~During the second quarter 2022,~~2023, on a year-over-year basis, average written premiums per policy grew ~~11%~~7% in personal auto ~~14%~~and 12% in Property, while average written premiums per policy were flat in commercial auto. The personal auto ~~(excluding our transportation network company (TNC), business owners policy (BOP),~~ and ~~Protective Insurance Corporation and subsidiaries (Protective Insurance) products), and 4% in~~ Property ~~reflecting~~growth primarily reflected rate increases taken ~~beginning in 2021~~throughout 2022 that continued into the first half 2023, in response to rising loss costs. ~~Growth may continue to be impacted~~The rate increases taken in commercial auto were, in part, offset by a shift in the ~~actions we are taking to address~~

~~profitability~~mix of business, primarily driven by a decreased demand in ~~response to rising loss costs and increasing severity trends.~~our for-hire transportation product. Given that our commercial auto and Property policies are predominately written for 12-month terms, compared to primarily 6-month policies in our personal auto business, ~~these~~ rate actions ~~will~~ take longer to earn ~~in.~~in for these products.

The rate and non-rate measures we started taking during 2021, which continued into the second quarter 2022, resulted in fewer new business personal auto applications. During the second quarter 2022, new applications (i.e., issued policies) decreased 13% in our Personal Lines segment, with total new personal auto applications decreasing 15%. Agency auto new applications decreased 20% and Direct auto decreased 11%. We began to see slight improvement in new business auto applications toward the end of the second quarter as our competitors have more recently begun to increase rates. New applications for our special lines products were down 7% during the second quarter 2022, primarily reflecting the significant new application growth experienced during 2021, due to growth in RV, boat, and motorcycle demand. On a year-over-year basis for the second quarter 2022, renewal applications increased 2% in Personal Lines, with total personal auto renewal applications up 1% over the second quarter last year.

On a year-over-year basis for the second quarter 2022, in our Commercial Lines business (excluding our TNC, BOP, and Protective Insurance products) new applications decreased 6%, primarily reflecting the significant new application growth experienced during 2021, while renewal applications increased 15%. In addition, we have begun to see growth headwinds in our for-hire transportation product as the transportation freight market softens. In our Property business, new applications decreased 5% and renewal applications increased 8% on a year-over-year basis for the second quarter.

While the rate and non-rate actions resulted in fewer new business personal auto applications during the quarter, we strongly believe that achieving our target profit margin takes precedence over growing premiums and that the actions discussed above are necessary to position us well for the future. Nevertheless, we remain focused on growth and realize that to grow policies in force, it is critical that we retain our customers for longer periods. Consequently, increasing retention continues to be one of our most important priorities. Our efforts to increase our share of multi-product households remains a key initiative and we will continue to make investments to improve the customer experience in order to support that goal. Policy life expectancy, which is our actuarial estimate of the average

length of time that a policy will remain in force before cancellation or lapse in coverage, is our primary measure of customer retention in our Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property businesses.

We evaluate total auto retention using a trailing 12-month and a trailing 3-month policy life expectancy. The latter ~~does not address seasonality and~~ can reflect more ~~volatility.~~volatility and is more sensitive to seasonality. As of the end of the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, our trailing 12-month total personal auto policy life expectancy ~~decreased 11%~~increased 1%, compared to last year, ~~with~~which marks the first time the trailing 12-month measure has been positive since the beginning of 2022. The Direct channel trailing 12-month measure was up 2% and the Agency channel ~~down 13% and~~was flat. We have seen improvement in our trailing 12-month policy life expectancy on a month-over-prior month basis for the ~~Direct channel down 9%, respectively.~~last several months, although future rate increases could also adversely impact our retention. Our trailing 3-month policy life expectancy for total personal auto was ~~down 32%~~up 40%, compared to the same period last year. We believe that the improved retention on a trailing 3-month basis reflects our continued competitiveness in the marketplace despite our rate increases.

At the end of the second quarter 2023, trailing 12-month policy life expectancy increased 4% in special lines, 7% in Property, and decreased 11% in Commercial Lines, compared to the same period last year. The ~~decreases~~decrease in ~~policy life expectancy reflect~~Commercial Lines was across all BMTs, except for our business auto market, with the ~~impact~~decrease in for-hire transportation BMT demand providing the largest contribution to the overall decrease. Commercial auto retention is being negatively impacted by our rate and underwriting actions, unfavorable trucking market conditions, and the general weakening of the ~~rate actions~~economy, which we ~~have taken, beginning in~~believe are driving increased shopping and causing motor carriers to exit the ~~second quarter 2021. Our Commercial Lines and special lines trailing 12-month policy life expectancy increased 1% and 6%, respectively, year over year, and Property decreased 8%.~~industry.

B. Investments

The fair value of our investment portfolio was ~~$51.9~~$59.3 billion at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$51.5~~$53.5 billion at December 31, ~~2021. Declines in valuations of our portfolio nearly offset the~~2022. The increase ~~in invested assets generated~~ from ~~the~~year-end 2022 primarily reflected solid cash flows from ~~our underwriting~~ operations and the $0.5 billion of proceeds ~~of the $1.5 billion~~from debt ~~offering~~issued in ~~March.~~May 2023, as discussed further below, as well as valuation increases in nearly all portfolio sectors.

Our asset allocation strategy is to maintain 0%-25% of our portfolio in Group I securities, with the balance

(75%-100%) of our portfolio in Group II securities (the securities allocated to Group I and II are defined below under Results of Operations – ~~Investments)~~Investments). At June 30, ~~2022, 11%~~2023, 8% of our portfolio was allocated to Group I securities and ~~89%~~92% to Group II securities, compared to ~~17%~~10% and ~~83%~~90%, respectively, at December 31, ~~2021. The decrease in the percentage of Group I securities since year end was primarily driven by sales in our common equity portfolio with proceeds reinvested in Group II short-term investments.~~

2022.

Our recurring investment income generated a pretax book yield of ~~2.3%~~3.1% for the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~1.9%~~2.3% for the same period in ~~2021,~~2022, due to the increase in interest rates on our floating-rate securities and the investment of cash and maturities at ~~current~~relatively higher interest rates. Our investment portfolio produced a fully taxable equivalent (FTE) total return of 0% and (3.6)% ~~and 1.7%~~ for the second quarter ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. Our fixed-income and common stock portfolios had FTE total returns of ~~(2.4)~~(0.4)% and ~~(16.3)%~~9.0%, respectively, for the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~1.1%~~(2.4)% and ~~7.3%~~(16.3)%, respectively, last year. The increase in the fixed-income return ~~variance reflects~~reflected lower portfolio valuation decreases in second quarter 2023, compared to second quarter 2022, as the ~~impact of higher~~Federal Reserve increased interest rates ~~and wider credit spreads during the last twelve months.~~25 basis points in second quarter 2023, compared to 125 basis points in second quarter 2022. The common stock return ~~variance reflects~~increase reflected general market conditions.

At both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fixed-income portfolio had a weighted average credit quality of ~~AA-~~AA and a duration of ~~2.8~~2.9 years, compared to AA- and ~~3.1~~2.8 years at June 30, ~~2021 and AA- and 3.0 years at December 31, 2021. We~~2022.

The London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) ceased as an official reference rate on June 30, 2023. The Federal Reserve Board identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as the recommended replacement to U.S. LIBOR. As of June 30, 2023, we owned 144 unique securities with an aggregate par value of $2.9 billion that were still based on LIBOR, with our other asset-backed securities, mainly collateralized loan obligations, making up the majority of these securities. Due to provisions in the terms of the securities, which allow a change in the underlying rate if a rate is discontinued, we do not expect the cessation of LIBOR to have ~~shortened~~a material effect on our ~~portfolio duration over the previous twelve months, which we believe provides some protection against further increases in interest rates.~~portfolio.

II. FINANCIAL CONDITION

A. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Progressive’s insurance operations create liquidity by collecting and investing premiums from new and renewal business in advance of paying claims. As primarily an auto insurer, our claims liabilities generally have a short-term duration. Operations generated positive cash flows of ~~$3.9~~$4.8 billion and ~~$4.9~~$3.9 billion for the six months ended June 30,

2023 and 2022, ~~and 2021,~~ respectively. While we continued to collect premiums at a faster rate than losses were paid, the decrease in operating cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2022, is primarily driven by higher paid losses as the costs of losses continue to rise, compared to last year. We believe cash flows ~~are expected to~~will remain positive in the reasonably foreseeable future and do not expect we will have a need to raise capital to support our operations in that timeframe, although changes in market or regulatory conditions affecting the insurance

industry, or other unforeseen events, may necessitate otherwise.

As of June 30, 2023, we held $33.1 billion in short-term investments and U.S. Treasury securities, which represented about 55% of our total portfolio. Based on our portfolio allocation and investment strategies, we believe that we have sufficient readily available marketable securities to cover our claims payments and short-term obligations in the event our cash flow from operations were to be negative. See Item 1A,Risk Factors in our Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the year ended December 31, 2022 for a discussion of certain matters that may affect our portfolio and capital position.

Our total capital (debt plus shareholders’ equity) was ~~$22.0~~$23.6 billion, atbased on book value, at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, compared to ~~$24.1~~$22.0 billion at June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, and ~~$23.1~~$22.3 billion at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. The ~~decrease~~increase from December reflected the ~~prior periods primarily reflects our~~ comprehensive ~~loss for~~income recognized during the first half of ~~2022,~~2023, primarily driven by the ~~negative~~ market impact on the valuation of our investment portfolio, and the ~~maturity of our 3.75% Senior Notes during the third quarter 2021, in part offset by the~~ issuance in ~~March 2022~~May 2023 of ~~$500~~$500.0 million of ~~2.50%~~4.95% Senior Notes due ~~2027, $500 million of 3.00% Senior Notes due 2032, and $500 million of 3.70% Senior Notes due 2052.~~2033. Our debt-to-total capital ratio was 29.2% at June 30, 2023, 29.0% at June 30, 2022, ~~22.4% at June 30, 2021,~~ and ~~21.2%~~28.7% at December 31, ~~2021.~~ 2022, and, in each case, consistent with our financial policy of maintaining a ratio of less than 30%.

While our financial policies include a goal of maintaining debt below 30% of total capital at book value, ~~which~~ we ~~achieved for all periods presented, a continued rise in~~recognize that various factors, including rising interest rates, widening ~~credits~~credit spreads, ~~further~~ declines in the equity markets, or erosion in operating results, may result in that ratio exceeding 30% at times. WeIn such a situation, as we did during 2022, we may choose to remain above 30% for some time, dependent upon market conditions and the capital needs of our operating ~~business. However, in such a situation, we would expect~~businesses. We will continue to ~~return to being consistent with~~monitor this ratio, market conditions, and our ~~stated policy in an appropriate timeframe.~~capital needs going forward.

None of the covenants on our outstanding debt securities include rating or credit triggers that would require an adjustment of interest rates or an acceleration of principal payments in the event that our debt securities are downgraded by a rating agency. In April ~~2022,~~2023, we ~~renewed~~amended the unsecured discretionary line of credit (the ~~“Line~~Line of ~~Credit”)~~Credit) with PNC Bank, National Association, inand raised the maximum principal amount to $300 million from the previous amount of $250 ~~million.~~million, with a new interest rate of 1-month term SOFR plus 1.10%. We did not engage in short-term borrowings, including any borrowings under our Line of Credit, to fund our operations or for liquidity purposes during the reported periods.

During the first six months of ~~2022,~~2023, we returned capital to shareholders primarily through common share ~~dividends.~~dividends and common share repurchases. Our Board of Directors declared a $0.10 per common share dividend in both the first and second quarters of ~~2022.~~2023. These dividends, which

were each $58.5 million in the aggregate, were paid in April ~~2022~~2023 and July ~~2022,~~2023, respectively. In January ~~2022,~~2023, we also paid common share dividends declared in the fourth quarter 2022, in the aggregate amount of $58.5 million, or $0.10 per share (see Note 9 – Dividends for further discussion).

In addition to the common share dividends, in March ~~2022,~~2023 and June 2023, we paid Series B Preferred Share dividends in the aggregate amount of $13.4 ~~million.~~million and $9.5 million, respectively. Beginning March 15, 2023, the annual dividend rate for our Series B Preferred Shares switched to a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 2.539% applied to the stated amount per share. We, as calculation agent under our Series B Preferred Shares, determined that, in accordance with the successor base rate provisions of the Series B Preferred Shares and the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act and the regulation issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on December 16, 2022, implementing the LIBOR Act, the reference rate for the Series B Preferred Shares for any determination date after June 30, 2023, shall be the sum of (i) 3-Month CME Term SOFR plus (ii) a tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161%. The new reference rate will apply beginning with the determination date applicable to the dividend period commencing September 15, 2023. During the floating rate period, dividends on the Series B Preferred Shares will be payable quarterly, if and when declared by the Board of Directors.

~~Pursuant to~~Consistent with our financial policies, we ~~will~~ repurchase common shares to neutralize dilution from equity-based compensation granted during the year and opportunistically when we believe our shares are trading below our determination of long-term fair value. During the first six months of ~~2022,~~2023, we ~~did not repurchase any shares in the open market and~~ repurchased 0.3 million common shares, at a total cost of ~~$29.5~~$40.1 million, including 0.1 million shares in the second quarter 2023, both in the open market and to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of equity awards under our equity compensation plans. We will continue to make decisions on returning capital to shareholders based on the strength of our overall capital position, the capital strength of our subsidiaries, and potential capital needs to expand our business operations.

We seek to deploy capital in a prudent manner and use multiple data sources and modeling tools to estimate the frequency, severity, and correlation of identified exposures, including, but not limited to, catastrophic and other insured losses, natural disasters, and other significant business interruptions, to estimate our potential capital needs.

Based upon our capital planning and forecasting efforts, we believe we have sufficient capital resources and cash flows from operations to support our current business, scheduled principal and interest payments on our debt, anticipated quarterly dividends on our common shares and dividends on our Series B Preferred Shares, our contractual

obligations, and other expected capital requirements for the foreseeable future. ~~We did not experience~~At June 30, 2023, we had $4.3 billion in a ~~significant change in our liquidity needs during~~consolidated, non-insurance subsidiary of the ~~first six months of 2022. At all times measured during~~holding company that can be used to fund corporate obligations and provide additional capital to the first six months of 2022 and during 2021, which at a minimum occurs at the end of each month, our total capital exceeded the sum of our regulatory capital layer plus our self-constructed extreme contingency layer, as described in Exhibit 13insurance subsidiaries to ~~our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (2021 Annual Report to Shareholders).~~fund potential future growth. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, our estimated consolidated statutory surplus was ~~$16.6~~$19.0 billion.

During the first six months of ~~2022,~~2023, our contractual obligations and critical accounting policies have not changed materially from those discussed in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders. ~~Pursuant to our critical accounting policy for goodwill, we test our goodwill balance for impairment at the reporting unit level annually as of October 1, or more frequently if indicators of~~

impairment exist. In conjunction with the preparation of our second quarter 2022 financial results, we performed a quantitative analysis of the goodwill attributable to our Property segment based on indications that impairment might exist. Based on this analysis, we wrote down $224.8 million of goodwill duringDuring the second quarter ~~2022. See~~ ~~Note 12 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets~~2023, we renewed our catastrophe excess of loss per occurrence reinsurance contract, which increased our noncancellable purchase obligation commitments about $139.5 million, bringing our total commitments related to the excess of loss contracts to $466.8 million at June 30, 2023. We placed 100% of the requested reinsurance

coverage for ~~further discussion.~~the June 1 renewal. There have not been any other material changes in off-balance-sheet leverage, which includes purchase obligations and catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts, from those ~~discussed~~disclosed in our ~~2021~~2022 Annual Report to Shareholders.

In May 2023, we decided to raise additional capital to take advantage of attractive terms in the market and to provide additional financial flexibility, and we may do so in the future. We have an effective shelf registration with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission so that we may periodically offer and sell an indeterminate aggregate amount of senior or subordinated debt securities, preferred stock, depository shares, common stock, purchase contracts, warrants, and units. The shelf registration enables us to raise funds from the offering of any securities covered by the shelf registration as well as any combination thereof, subject to market conditions.

III. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – UNDERWRITING

A. Segment Overview

We report our underwriting operations in three segments: Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property. As a component of our Personal Lines segment, we report our Agency and Direct business results to provide further understanding of our products by distribution channel.

The following table shows the composition of our companywide net premiums written, by segment, for the respective periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Personal Lines	Personal Lines									Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	36	%	38	%	35	%	38	%	Agency	38	%	36	%	36	%	35	%
Direct	Direct	40		40		40		41		Direct	41		40		41		40
Total Personal Lines1	Total Personal Lines1	76		78		75		79		Total Personal Lines1	79		76		77		75
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	19		17		20		16		Commercial Lines	16		19		19		20
Property	Property	5		5		5		5		Property	5		5		4		5
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%	Total underwriting operations	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%

1 Personal auto products accounted for 92% and 91% of the total Personal Lines segment net premiums written during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 93% during the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021, and~~2022; our special lines products accounted for the balance.

The shift between our Personal Lines and Commercial Lines segments during both the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared to the same periods last year, reflects Commercial Lines (including Protective Insurance products) growing at a faster rate than Personal Lines.

Our Personal Lines business writes insurance for personal autos and special lines products (e.g., motorcycles, RVs, watercraft, and ~~RVs)~~snowmobiles). Within Personal Lines, we often refer to our four consumer segments, which ~~include:~~we refer to as:

•Sam - inconsistently insured;

•Diane - consistently insured and maybe a renter;

•Wrights - homeowners who do not bundle auto and home; and

•Robinsons - homeowners who bundle auto and home.

While our personal auto policies are primarily written for 6-month terms, we write 12-month auto policies in our Platinum agencies to promote bundled auto and home growth. At June 30, 2023 and 2022, 14% of our Agency auto policies in force were 12-month ~~policies, compared to 13% a year earlier. While the shift to 12-month policies is slow, to~~policies. To the extent our Agency application mix of annual policies grows, ~~that~~the shift in policy term could increase our written premium mix by channel as 12-month policies have about twice the amount of net premiums written compared to 6-month policies. Our special lines products are written for 12-month terms.

Our Commercial Lines business writes auto-related liability and physical damage insurance, ~~workers’ compensation insurance primarily for the transportation industry, and~~ business-related general liability and property insurance predominately for small ~~businesses.~~businesses, and workers’ compensation insurance primarily for the transportation industry. The majority of our Commercial Lines business is written through the independent agency channel although we continue to focus on growing our direct ~~business is growing.~~business. To serve our direct channel customers, we ~~continued~~continue to expand our product offerings, including adding states where we offer ~~BOP and include the~~our business owners policy (BOP) product, onas well as adding these product offerings to our digital platform ~~serving~~that serves direct small business consumers (BusinessQuote Explorer®). The amount of commercial auto business written through the direct channel, excluding our TNC business, grew 4% on a quarter-over-prior-year-quarter basis. However, given the growth in our commercial auto agency book of business, which includes the Protective Insurance products, the direct commercial auto business, excluding our TNC, BOP, and Protective Insurance Corporation and subsidiaries (Protective Insurance) products, represented 9%10% of our commercial auto premiums ~~compared to 10% a year earlier.~~written for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. We write about 90% of Commercial Lines policies for 12-month terms.

Our Property business writes residential property insurance for homeowners, other property owners, and ~~renters.~~renters, and writes umbrella insurance. We write the majority of our Property business through the independent agency ~~channel; however, we~~channel. We continue to expand the direct distribution of our Property product offerings, and, for both the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, nearly a quarter of our Property business premiums were written in the direct ~~channel, which represented about 24%~~channel. All of ~~premiums written for the second quarter 2022, compared to 22% for the same period last year.~~our Property policies are written for 12-month terms.

B. Profitability

Profitability for our underwriting operations is defined by pretax underwriting profit or loss, which is calculated as net premiums earned plus fees and other revenues less losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting expenses. We also use underwriting margin, which is underwriting profit or loss expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned, to analyze our results. For the respective periods, our underwriting profitability results were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,									Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
		2022				2021				2022				2021					2023				2022				2023				2022
		Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)					Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)				Underwriting Profit (Loss)
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	$		Margin		$		Margin		$		Margin		$		Margin		($ in millions)	$		Margin		$		Margin		$		Margin		$		Margin
Personal Lines	Personal Lines																	Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	260.3	6.0	%	$	207.5	4.9	%	$	548.9	6.3	%	$	755.0	9.1	%	Agency	$	(71.2)	(1.4)	%	$	260.3	6.0	%	$	91.4	0.9	%	$	548.9	6.3	%
Direct	Direct	198.4		4.0		128.4		2.8		348.8		3.6		543.0		6.0		Direct	126.5		2.0		198.4		4.0		104.4		0.9		348.8		3.6
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	458.7		4.9		335.9		3.8		897.7		4.9		1,298.0		7.5		Total Personal Lines	55.3		0.5		458.7		4.9		195.8		0.9		897.7		4.9
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	243.0		10.5		130.1		8.0		445.4		10.1		358.6		11.8		Commercial Lines	87.2		3.6		243.0		10.5		124.4		2.6		445.4		10.1
Property1	Property1	(156.9)		(27.5)		(83.3)		(16.6)		(148.6)		(13.2)		(154.0)		(15.8)		Property1	(206.8)		(33.2)		(156.9)		(27.5)		(239.5)		(19.6)		(148.6)		(13.2)
Other indemnity2	Other indemnity2	(6.3)		NM		0.1		NM		(7.2)		NM		0.1		NM		Other indemnity2	0		NM		(6.3)		NM		(3.4)		NM...		(7.2)		NM...
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	$	538.5	4.4	%	$	382.8	3.5	%	$	1,187.3	5.0	%	$	1,502.7	7.0	%	Total underwriting operations	$	(64.3)	(0.4)	%	$	538.5	4.4	%	$	77.3	0.3	%	$	1,187.3	5.0	%

1 For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022, underwriting~~2023, pretax profit (loss) includes ~~$5.0~~$2.8 million and ~~$19.1~~$7.8 million, respectively, of amortization expense associated with acquisition-related intangible assets attributable to our Property segment, compared to ~~$14.1~~$5.0 million and ~~$28.3~~$19.1 million for the respective periods last year. The year-over-year decrease in amortization expense reflects intangible assets that were fully amortized during the first quarter 2023 and 2022.

2 Underwriting margins for our other indemnity ~~business~~businesses are not meaningful (NM) due to the low level of premiums earned by, and the variability of loss costs in, such ~~business.~~businesses.

During the second quarter 2022, the increase in our underwriting profitability primarily reflected a decrease in our expenses, which in part were due to a decrease in advertising spend and personnel costs, reflecting a decrease in our annual cash-incentive Gainshare program accrual.

For the ~~first~~three and six months ~~of 2022, our profitability decreased from~~ended June 30, 2023, the lower pretax underwriting profit (loss), compared to the same period last year, primarily ~~driven by higher~~reflects the impact from unfavorable prior accident ~~severity~~years reserve development and catastrophe ~~losses.~~ losses incurred. During the second quarter and first six months of 2023, we experienced unfavorable prior accident years reserve development of 3.4 points and 4.0 points, respectively, compared to favorable development of 0.4 points for the second quarter last year and 0.6 points of unfavorable development for the first six months of 2022. We have continued to see volatility in our severity trends

as inflation continued to influence higher vehicle prices and costs to repair vehicles. Our catastrophe losses reduced our underwriting profitability 7.1 points for the quarter and 4.5 points for the first six months of 2023, compared to 4.3 points and 2.8 points for the same periods last year.

See the Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (LAE) section below for further discussion of our frequency and severity trends, reserve development, and catastrophe losses incurred during the ~~period.~~periods.

The pandemic has shifted consumer behavior and impacted general economic conditions. We have seen volatility in our severity trends as inflation continued to influence higher vehicle prices and costs to repair vehicles. We have responded, and will continue to respond, to these market changes through rate increases, underwriting restrictions, and other non-rate actions.

3736

Further underwriting results for our Personal Lines business, including results by distribution channel, the Commercial Lines business, the Property business, and our underwriting operations in total, were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
Underwriting Performance1	Underwriting Performance1	2022	2021	Change	2022	2021	Change	Underwriting Performance1	2023	2022	Change	2023	2022	Change
Personal Lines – Agency	Personal Lines – Agency							Personal Lines – Agency
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	77.3	76.5	0.8	76.3	72.2	4.1	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	83.5	77.3	6.2	80.8	76.3	4.5
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	16.7	18.6	(1.9)	17.4	18.7	(1.3)	Underwriting expense ratio	17.9	16.7	1.2	18.3	17.4	0.9
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	94.0	95.1	(1.1)	93.7	90.9	2.8	Combined ratio	101.4	94.0	7.4	99.1	93.7	5.4
Personal Lines – Direct	Personal Lines – Direct							Personal Lines – Direct
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	77.9	77.0	0.9	77.5	72.8	4.7	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	84.9	77.9	7.0	82.4	77.5	4.9
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	18.1	20.2	(2.1)	18.9	21.2	(2.3)	Underwriting expense ratio	13.1	18.1	(5.0)	16.7	18.9	(2.2)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	96.0	97.2	(1.2)	96.4	94.0	2.4	Combined ratio	98.0	96.0	2.0	99.1	96.4	2.7
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines							Total Personal Lines
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	77.7	76.8	0.9	76.9	72.5	4.4	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	84.2	77.7	6.5	81.7	76.9	4.8
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	17.4	19.4	(2.0)	18.2	20.0	(1.8)	Underwriting expense ratio	15.3	17.4	(2.1)	17.4	18.2	(0.8)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	95.1	96.2	(1.1)	95.1	92.5	2.6	Combined ratio	99.5	95.1	4.4	99.1	95.1	4.0
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines							Commercial Lines
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	70.4	71.8	(1.4)	70.6	67.9	2.7	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	77.2	70.4	6.8	76.8	70.6	6.2
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	19.1	20.2	(1.1)	19.3	20.3	(1.0)	Underwriting expense ratio	19.2	19.1	0.1	20.6	19.3	1.3
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	89.5	92.0	(2.5)	89.9	88.2	1.7	Combined ratio	96.4	89.5	6.9	97.4	89.9	7.5
Property	Property							Property
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	101.7	87.5	14.2	86.4	86.2	0.2	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	105.6	101.7	3.9	90.8	86.4	4.4
Underwriting expense ratio2	Underwriting expense ratio2	25.8	29.1	(3.3)	26.8	29.6	(2.8)	Underwriting expense ratio2	27.6	25.8	1.8	28.8	26.8	2.0
Combined ratio2	Combined ratio2	127.5	116.6	10.9	113.2	115.8	(2.6)	Combined ratio2	133.2	127.5	5.7	119.6	113.2	6.4
Total Underwriting Operations	Total Underwriting Operations							Total Underwriting Operations
Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	77.4	76.5	0.9	76.2	72.5	3.7	Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio	83.9	77.4	6.5	81.2	76.2	5.0
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	18.2	20.0	(1.8)	18.8	20.5	(1.7)	Underwriting expense ratio	16.5	18.2	(1.7)	18.5	18.8	(0.3)
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	95.6	96.5	(0.9)	95.0	93.0	2.0	Combined ratio	100.4	95.6	4.8	99.7	95.0	4.7
Accident year – Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio3	Accident year – Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio3	77.8	75.8	2.0	75.6	71.6	4.0	Accident year – Loss & loss adjustment expense ratio3	80.5	77.8	2.7	77.2	75.6	1.6

1 Ratios are expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned. The portion of fees and other revenues related to our loss adjustment activities are netted against loss adjustment expenses and the portion of fees and other revenues related to our underwriting operations are netted against underwriting expenses in the ratio calculations.

2 Included in the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, are ~~0.9~~0.4 points and ~~1.7~~0.6 points, respectively, of amortization expense on acquisition-related intangible assets attributable to our Property segment, and ~~2.8~~0.9 points and ~~2.9~~1.7 points for the respective periods last year. Excluding this expense, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Property business would have reported expense ratios of 24.9 and 26.3, respectively, and combined ratios of 126.6 and 113.8, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, excluding this expense, the Property business would have reported expense ratios of 25.1 and 26.7, respectively, and combined ratios of 111.5 and 112.9, respectively.

3 The accident year ratios include only the losses that occurred during the period noted. As a result, accident period results will change over time, either favorably or unfavorably, as we revise our estimates of loss costs when payments are made or reserves for that accident period are reviewed.

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Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (LAE)


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(millions)	(millions)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Change in net loss and LAE reserves	Change in net loss and LAE reserves	$	1,131.6	$	1,603.1	$	1,696.9	$	2,230.6	Change in net loss and LAE reserves	$	1,963.6	$	1,131.6	$	2,888.8	$	1,696.9
Paid losses and LAE	Paid losses and LAE	8,289.5		6,803.3		16,582.6		13,286.3		Paid losses and LAE	10,206.5		8,289.5		19,905.3		16,582.6
Total incurred losses and LAE	Total incurred losses and LAE	$	9,421.1	$	8,406.4	$	18,279.5	$	15,516.9	Total incurred losses and LAE	$	12,170.1	$	9,421.1	$	22,794.1	$	18,279.5

Claims costs, our most significant expense, represent payments made and estimated future payments to be made, to or on behalf of our policyholders, including expenses needed to adjust or settle claims. Claims costs are a function of loss severity and frequency and, for our vehicle businesses, are influenced by inflation and driving patterns, among other factors, some of which are discussed below. In our Property business, severity is primarily a function of construction costs and the age of the structure. Accordingly, anticipated changes in these factors are taken into account when we establish premium rates and loss reserves. Loss reserves are estimates of future costs and

our reserves are adjusted as underlying assumptions change and information develops.

Our total loss and LAE ratio increased ~~0.9~~6.5 points for the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, compared to the same period last year, and ~~3.7~~5.0 points on a year-to-date basis, primarily due to increased severity, unfavorable prior and current accident ~~severity in both our personal and commercial auto businesses~~years reserve development, and higher catastrophe losses, in all of our operating segments, partially offset by ~~lower accident frequency in our personal auto business and~~ the higher premium per ~~vehicle~~policy due to rate ~~increases in both~~increases. On an accident year basis, our ~~personal~~second quarter loss and ~~commercial auto businesses.~~LAE ratio was 2.7 points higher than the second quarter 2022, and 1.6 points higher on a year-to-date basis.

The following table shows our consolidated catastrophe losses and related combined ratio point impact, excluding loss adjustment expenses, incurred during the periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
		2022			2021			2022			2021				2023			2022			2023			2022
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	$		Point	$		Point	$		Point	$		Point	($ in millions)	$		Point1	$		Point1	$		Point1	$		Point1
Personal Lines	Personal Lines	$	285.2	3.1	$	211.8	2.4	$	329.7	1.8	$	276.9	1.6	Personal Lines	$	590.7	5.2	$	285.2	3.1	$	682.8	3.1	$	329.7	1.8
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	9.6		0.4	6.6		0.4	12.4		0.3	8.4		0.3	Commercial Lines	18.9		0.8	9.6		0.4	22.4		0.5	12.4		0.3
Property	Property	233.5		40.9	128.0		25.5	332.8		29.5	272.6		28.0	Property	415.0		66.7	233.5		40.9	560.3		45.9	332.8		29.5
Total net catastrophe losses incurred	Total net catastrophe losses incurred	$	528.3	4.3	$	346.4	3.2	$	674.9	2.8	$	557.9	2.6	Total net catastrophe losses incurred	$	1,024.6	7.1	$	528.3	4.3	$	1,265.5	4.5	$	674.9	2.8

1 Represents catastrophe losses incurred during the period, including the impact of reinsurance, as a percent of net premiums earned for each segment.

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we were affected by 19 and 43 catastrophic weather events, respectively, compared to 23 and 34 events in the same periods last year. During the second quarter ~~2022, the majority of~~2023, our catastrophe losses ~~were due to thunderstorms, hail, and tornadoes,~~reflected severe weather events throughout the United ~~States.~~States, with Texas, Florida, and Colorado contributing to just over half of the losses although 35 states were affected for the quarter and 44 states for the first six months. We have responded, and plan to continue to respond, promptly to catastrophic events when they occur in order to provide exemplary claims service to our customers.

~~Future~~Changes in our estimate of our ultimate losses on current catastrophes along with potential future catastrophes could have a material impact on our financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. ~~As a result, we~~We reinsure various risks including, but not limited to, catastrophic losses. We do not have catastrophe-specific reinsurance for our Personal Lines or commercial auto businesses, but we reinsure portions of our Property business. The Property business reinsurance programs include catastrophe occurrence excess of loss contracts and aggregate excess of loss contracts. We also purchase non-weather-related catastrophe reinsurance on our Protective Insurance workers’ compensation insurance.

We evaluate our reinsurance programs during the renewal process, if not more frequently, to ensure our programs continue to effectively address the company’s risk tolerance. During the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, we entered into new reinsurance contracts under our per occurrence excess of loss program for our Property business. The reinsurance program has retention thresholds for losses and allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) from a single catastrophic event of $200 million, which is unchanged from the retention threshold on prior contracts. In general, our program includes coverage for $2.0 billion in damages with additional substantial coverage for a second or third hurricane. When including the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund and the Reinsurance Assistance to Policyholder programs that are specific to Florida, this coverage reaches $2.4 billion. While the cost of our reinsurance program increased considerably over the prior ~~contracts.~~ year due to market conditions, we were able to successfully place 100% of the requested coverage with our reinsurers.

During ~~2022,~~2023, we also entered into a new aggregate excess of loss reinsurance contract that ~~increased our~~has multiple layers of coverage, with the first retention layer threshold ranging from ~~$475~~$500 million to $575 million, excluding named tropical storms and ~~reduced aggregate potential~~ hurricanes, and the second retention layer threshold of $600 million, including named tropical storms and hurricanes. The first and second layers provide

coverage ~~by $50~~up to $100 million ~~to a total of $175~~and $85 million, ~~compared to our 2021 program. In our view, our capital position and growing balance sheet enabled us to assume more of these risks via higher retention levels.~~respectively. While the total coverage limit and per-event retention will evolve to fit the growth of our business, we expect to remain a consistent purchaser of reinsurance coverage. ~~Consistent with this history, we were able to fully place our desired coverage at both January 1st and June 1st renewal events.~~ See Item 1 – Description of Business-Reinsurance in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, for a discussion of our various reinsurance programs. ~~During~~

As of the end of the second quarter ~~and first six months of 2022,~~2023, we ~~did not experience significant excess of loss reinsurance activity and we have not exceeded~~were about $40 million to $50 million below the annual retention thresholds under our ~~2022~~2023 catastrophe aggregate excess of loss ~~program.~~

program, based on the layer. We will likely exceed a portion of our retention threshold during the third quarter 2023. Once the retention thresholds are exceeded, we have reinsurance coverage up to $100 million for non-named storm property catastrophe losses.

The following discussion of our severity and frequency trends in our personal auto business excludes comprehensive coverage because of its inherent volatility, as it is typically linked to catastrophic losses generally resulting from adverse weather. For our commercial auto products, the reported frequency and severity trends include comprehensive coverage. Comprehensive coverage insures against damage to a customer’s vehicle due to various causes other than collision, such as windstorm, hail, theft, falling objects, and glass breakage.

Total personal auto incurred severity (i.e., average cost per claim, including both paid losses and the change in case reserves) on a calendar-year basis, ~~increased about 16% during~~over the ~~second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared to the same~~prior-year periods ~~last year. These increases reflect~~was as follows:


	Growth Over Prior Year
	Quarter		Year-to-date
Coverage Type	2023		2023
Bodily injury	13	%	11	%
Collision	8		7
Personal injury protection	5		5
Property damage	11		13
Total	12		11

The year-over-year increase in severity, in part, reflects the impact of inflation, which continues to increase in the valuation of used vehicles and ~~our~~ total loss, repair, and ~~repair~~medical costs.

~~Following are the changes we experienced in severity in our auto coverages on a year-over-year basis:~~

•Collision increased 23% and 26% for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively, and auto property damage increased about 24% and 23%, respectively, in part due to increased used car prices.

•~~Bodily injury increased about 9% and 8% for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively, due in part to increasing non-medical losses.~~

•Personal injury protection (PIP) decreased about 7% during the second quarter and first six months of 2022, due in part to coverage reform in Michigan and high reopen activity in Florida during the first half of 2021.

To address inherent seasonality trends and lessen the effects of month-to-month variability in the commercial auto products, we use a trailing 12-month period in

assessing severity. In the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, our commercial auto products’ incurred severity, excluding our TNC, ~~business,~~BOP, and Protective Insurance products, increased ~~12%~~7%, compared to the same period last year. In addition to general trends in the marketplace, the increase in our commercial auto products’ severity primarily reflects shifts in the mix of business to for-hire transportation, which has higher average severity than the business auto and contractor business market targets. Since the loss patterns in the TNC, ~~business~~BOP, and Protective Insurance businesses are not indicative of our other commercial auto products, disclosing severity and frequency trends excluding ~~that business~~those businesses is more representative of our overall experience for the majority of our commercial auto products.

It is a challenge to estimate future severity, but we continue to monitor changes in the underlying costs, such as general inflation, used car prices, vehicle repair costs, medical costs, health care reform, court decisions, and jury verdicts, along with regulatory changes and other factors that may affect severity.

Our personal auto incurred frequency, on a ~~year-over-year~~calendar-year basis, ~~decreased about 8% and 4% for~~over the ~~second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively, compared to the same~~prior-year periods, ~~last year. Following are the frequency changes we experienced by coverage:~~was as follows:

•~~PIP and bodily injury decreased about 11% and 9%, respectively, for the second quarter 2022 and 5% for the first six months of 2022.~~

•~~Collision and auto property damage decreased about 10% and 8%, respectively, for the second quarter and 5% and 3% for the first six months of 2022.~~


	Growth Over Prior Year
	Quarter		Year-to-date
Coverage Type	2023		2023
Bodily injury	6	%	6	%
Collision	(3)		(4)
Personal injury protection	9		7
Property damage	1		2
Total	1		0

On a trailing 12-month basis, our commercial auto products’ incurred frequency, excluding Protective Insurance and our TNC business, increased 5%2% during the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, compared to the same period last year. The frequency increase was in part due to an uneven recovery across different commercial auto business markets, many of which have not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels and are continuing to see increasing frequency since the COVID-19 pandemic lows.

We closely monitor the changes in frequency, but the degree or direction of near-term frequency change is not something that we are able to predict with any ~~degree of confidence, and this challenge is exacerbated by the uncertainty of the current environment.~~certainty. We will continue to analyze trends to distinguish changes in our experience from other external factors, such as changes in the number of vehicles per household, miles driven, vehicle usage, gasoline prices, advances in vehicle safety, and unemployment rates, versus those resulting from shifts in the mix of our business or changes in driving patterns, to allow us to react quickly to price for these trends and to reserve more accurately for our loss exposures.

4039

The table below presents the actuarial adjustments implemented and the loss reserve development experienced on a companywide basis in the following periods:


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	2022			2021			2022			2021			($ in millions)	2023			2022			2023			2022
ACTUARIAL ADJUSTMENTS	ACTUARIAL ADJUSTMENTS													ACTUARIAL ADJUSTMENTS
Reserve decrease (increase)	Reserve decrease (increase)													Reserve decrease (increase)
Prior accident years	Prior accident years	$	(65.5)		$	(22.1)		$	(50.4)		$	(44.2)		Prior accident years	$	(206.9)		$	(65.5)		$	(206.6)		$	(50.4)
Current accident year	Current accident year	(14.4)			15.5			(53.2)			18.4			Current accident year	(283.5)			(14.4)			(424.3)			(53.2)
Calendar year actuarial adjustments		$	(79.9)		$	(6.6)		$	(103.6)		$	(25.8)
Calendar-year actuarial adjustments														Calendar-year actuarial adjustments	$	(490.4)		$	(79.9)		$	(630.9)		$	(103.6)
PRIOR ACCIDENT YEARS DEVELOPMENT	PRIOR ACCIDENT YEARS DEVELOPMENT													PRIOR ACCIDENT YEARS DEVELOPMENT
Favorable (unfavorable)	Favorable (unfavorable)													Favorable (unfavorable)
Actuarial adjustments	Actuarial adjustments	$	(65.5)		$	(22.1)		$	(50.4)		$	(44.2)		Actuarial adjustments	$	(206.9)		$	(65.5)		$	(206.6)		$	(50.4)
All other development	All other development	111.4			(50.5)			(94.5)			(152.8)			All other development	(282.4)			111.4			(903.9)			(94.5)
Total development	Total development	$	45.9		$	(72.6)		$	(144.9)		$	(197.0)		Total development	$	(489.3)		$	45.9		$	(1,110.5)		$	(144.9)
(Increase) decrease to calendar year combined ratio		0.4		pts.	(0.7)		pts.	(0.6)		pts.	(0.9)		pts.
(Increase) decrease to calendar-year combined ratio														(Increase) decrease to calendar-year combined ratio	(3.4)		pts.	0.4		pts.	(4.0)		pts.	(0.6)		pts.

Total development consists of both actuarial adjustments and “all other development” on prior accident years. The actuarial adjustments represent the net changes made by our actuarial staff to both current and prior accident year reserves based on regularly scheduled reviews. Through these reviews, our actuaries identify and measure variances in the projected frequency and severity trends, which allow them to adjust the reserves to reflect ~~the~~ current cost trends.

For our Property business, 100% of catastrophe losses are reviewed monthly, and any development on catastrophe reserves are included as part of the actuarial adjustments. For the Personal Lines and Commercial Lines businesses, development for catastrophe losses in the vehicle businesses would be reflected in “all other development,” discussed below, to the extent they relate to prior year reserves. We report these actuarial adjustments separately for the current and prior accident years to reflect these adjustments as part of the total prior accident years development.

“All other development” represents claims settling for more or less than reserved, emergence of unrecorded claims at rates different than anticipated in our incurred but not recorded (IBNR) reserves, and changes in reserve estimates on specific claims. Although we believe the development from both the actuarial adjustments and “all other development” generally results from the same factors, we are unable to quantify the portion of the reserve development that might be applicable to any one or more of those underlying factors.

About 80% of the total unfavorable development for the first half of 2023 was in our personal auto products. About half of the personal auto unfavorable development was attributable to higher than anticipated severity in auto property and physical damage coverages, while the remaining unfavorable development was primarily due to increased loss costs in Florida injury and medical coverages and, to a lesser extent, higher than anticipated late reported injury claims.

In the property damage coverage, the exposure relates to the costs associated with fixing vehicles. Coverages related to fixing vehicles have seen unprecedented increases in severity trends on previously closed claims, relative to comparable periods last year, and continued to be the major driver of prior year unfavorable development countrywide. The contributors to the increased trends came from a variety of sources, including longer vehicle repair times, longer rental times, and higher parts prices and labor rates. Fixing vehicle coverages are short-tailed, which explains why over 80% of the total year-to-date prior year development is from the 2022 accident year. In fact, excluding Florida, accident years prior to 2022 have developed slightly favorably.

Our current year actuarial adjustments are also primarily due to higher physical damage severity. Since fixing vehicle coverages are short-tailed, most of the claims that are affected by emerging trends have happened in the recent past. As we have moved deeper into the year, the new, steeper trends in fixing vehicle coverages have increasingly affected claims that occurred in the current accident year. Florida litigation has been a relatively small part of current year actuarial adjustments since the increase in litigation largely affected claims that occurred before March 2023. We continue to monitor loss trends across all states and coverages and will remain vigilant to adjust reserves to reflect those trends.

Our Commercial Lines business represented about 20% of the unfavorable development for the first six months of

2023, mainly due to higher than anticipated severity and frequency of late reported injury claims. The trend in loss costs has been steep, as costs for medical care, vehicle repair labor, and parts continue to climb. We believe these inflationary environmental trends will continue for the foreseeable future.

Our objective is to establish case and IBNR reserves that are adequate to cover all loss costs, while incurring minimal variation from the date the reserves are initially established until losses are fully developed. Our ability to meet this objective is impacted by many factors. Changes in case law, particularly in case law related to ~~PIP,~~personal injury protection, can make it difficult to estimate reserves timely and with minimal variation. See Note 6 – Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves, for a more detailed discussion of our prior accident years ~~development.~~development and Critical Accounting Policies in our 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders for discussion of the application of estimates and assumptions in the establishment of our loss reserves.

Underwriting Expenses

~~The companywide underwriting expense ratio (i.e.,~~Underwriting expenses include policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. The underwriting expense ratio is our underwriting expenses, net of certain fees and other revenues, expressed as a percentage of net premiums ~~earned) decreased 1.8 points for~~earned. For the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, our underwriting

expense ratio was down 1.7 points, compared to the same period last year, and ~~1.7~~0.3 points on a year-to-date basis, primarily reflecting ~~a decrease~~decreases in our advertising ~~spend and a decrease in personnel costs.~~spend. In total, our companywide advertising spend decreased ~~7% for both~~34%, compared to the second quarter 2022, and ~~first~~4% on a year-to-date basis. The reduction in advertising spend in concert with premium growth reduced the contribution of advertising to our combined ratio by 2.0 points and 0.8 points for the three and six months ~~of 2022,~~ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods last ~~year in an effort~~year. As we continue to ~~improve~~focus on profitability, we plan to ~~reach~~continue to manage our ~~96 combined ratio~~expenses and discretionary spend to further our goal ~~and had a 0.9 and 1.0 point, respectively, impact on~~of achieving our companywide expense ratio. We experienced a decrease in personnel costs primarily resulting from a decrease in our annual cash-incentive Gainshare program accrual, reflecting lower year-to-date segment profitability, which had a 0.9 and 0.8 point, respective, impact on our companywide expense ratio.target profitability.

To analyze underwriting expenses, we also review our non-acquisition expense ratio (NAER), which excludes costs related to policy acquisition, including advertising and agency commissions, from our underwriting expense ratio. ~~By excluding acquisition costs from our underwriting expense ratio, we are able to understand costs other than those necessary to acquire new policies and grow the business.~~ During the second quarter 2023, our NAER ~~decreased 0.5 points, 0.6~~increased 0.4 points and ~~0.8~~0.7 points in our ~~Personal Lines,~~ Commercial Lines and Property businesses, respectively, and was flat in Personal Lines, compared to the same period last year. On a year-to-date basis, our NAER ~~decreased~~increased 0.2 points, ~~0.4~~1.1 points, and ~~0.7~~1.0 points, in our Personal Lines, Commercial Lines, and Property businesses, respectively, compared to the same period last year.

C. Growth

For our underwriting operations, we analyze growth in terms of both premiums and policies. Net premiums written represent the premiums from policies written during the period, less any premiums ceded to reinsurers. Net premiums earned, which are a function of the premiums written in the current and prior periods, are earned as revenue over the life of the policy using a daily earnings convention. Policies in force, our preferred measure of growth since it removes the variability due to rate changes or mix shifts, represents all policies ~~under~~for which coverage was in effect as of the end of the period specified.


		Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	2022		2021		% Growth		2022		2021		% Growth		($ in millions)	2023		2022		% Growth		2023		2022		% Growth
NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN	NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN													NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN
Personal Lines	Personal Lines													Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	4,493.6	$	4,326.1	4	%	$	9,010.0	$	8,784.8	3	%	Agency	$	5,533.7	$	4,493.6	23	%	$	10,948.1	$	9,010.0	22	%
Direct	Direct	4,978.9		4,574.1		9		10,181.4		9,576.8		6		Direct	6,066.4		4,978.9		22		12,765.2		10,181.4		25
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	9,472.5		8,900.2		6		19,191.4		18,361.6		5		Total Personal Lines	11,600.1		9,472.5		22		23,713.3		19,191.4		24
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	2,308.8		1,986.3		16		5,234.5		3,780.4		38		Commercial Lines	2,366.4		2,308.8		2		5,733.3		5,234.5		10
Property	Property	639.6		590.9		8		1,175.7		1,064.5		10		Property	750.3		639.6		17		1,379.7		1,175.7		17
Other indemnity1	Other indemnity1	1.2		2.9		(59)		1.5		2.9		(48)		Other indemnity1	0.1		1.2		(92)		0.3		1.5		(80)
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	$	12,422.1	$	11,480.3	8	%	$	25,603.1	$	23,209.4	10	%	Total underwriting operations	$	14,716.9	$	12,422.1	18	%	$	30,826.6	$	25,603.1	20	%
NET PREMIUMS EARNED	NET PREMIUMS EARNED													NET PREMIUMS EARNED
Personal Lines	Personal Lines													Personal Lines
Agency	Agency	$	4,366.5	$	4,220.3	3	%	$	8,689.8	$	8,318.5	4	%	Agency	$	5,207.2	$	4,366.5	19	%	$	10,067.4	$	8,689.8	16	%
Direct	Direct	4,905.9		4,633.9		6		9,699.5		9,065.6		7		Direct	6,180.7		4,905.9		26		11,898.1		9,699.5		23
Total Personal Lines	Total Personal Lines	9,272.4		8,854.2		5		18,389.3		17,384.1		6		Total Personal Lines	11,387.9		9,272.4		23		21,965.5		18,389.3		19
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines	2,304.4		1,621.8		42		4,431.6		3,039.6		46		Commercial Lines	2,454.1		2,304.4		6		4,810.2		4,431.6		9
Property	Property	570.5		502.3		14		1,128.6		974.8		16		Property	622.3		570.5		9		1,221.0		1,128.6		8
Other indemnity1	Other indemnity1	0.6		4.0		(85)		1.3		4.0		(68)		Other indemnity1	0.1		0.6		(83)		0.8		1.3		(38)
Total underwriting operations	Total underwriting operations	$	12,147.9	$	10,982.3	11	%	$	23,950.8	$	21,402.5	12	%	Total underwriting operations	$	14,464.4	$	12,147.9	19	%	$	27,997.5	$	23,950.8	17	%
1 Represents Protective Insurance’s run-off business.
1 Includes other underwriting business and run-off operations.														1 Includes other underwriting business and run-off operations.
								June 30,													June 30,
(thousands)	(thousands)							2022		2021		% Growth		(thousands)							2023		2022		% Growth
POLICIES IN FORCE	POLICIES IN FORCE													POLICIES IN FORCE
Personal Lines	Personal Lines													Personal Lines
Agency auto	Agency auto							7,619.5		8,014.2		(5)	%	Agency auto							8,437.8		7,619.5		11	%
Direct auto	Direct auto							9,557.0		9,581.3		0		Direct auto							11,220.5		9,557.0		17
Total auto	Total auto							17,176.5		17,595.5		(2)		Total auto							19,658.3		17,176.5		14
Special lines1	Special lines1							5,485.0		5,211.7		5		Special lines1							5,843.1		5,485.0		7
Personal Lines — total	Personal Lines — total							22,661.5		22,807.2		(1)		Personal Lines — total							25,501.4		22,661.5		13
Commercial Lines	Commercial Lines							1,024.6		916.6		12		Commercial Lines							1,101.1		1,024.6		7
Property	Property							2,823.0		2,655.5		6		Property							2,974.3		2,823.0		5
Companywide total	Companywide total							26,509.1		26,379.3		0	%	Companywide total							29,576.8		26,509.1		12	%
1 Includes insurance for motorcycles, RVs, watercraft, and similar items.														1 Includes insurance for motorcycles, RVs, watercraft, and similar items.

1 ~~Includes insurance for motorcycles, watercraft, RVs, and similar items.~~

To analyze growth, we review new policies, rate levels, and the retention characteristics of our segments. Although new policies are necessary to maintain a growing book of business, we recognize the importance of retaining our current customers as a critical component of our continued growth.

As shown in the tables below, we measure retention by policy life expectancy. We review our customer retention for our personal auto products using both a trailing 3-month and a trailing 12-month period. We believe changes in policy life expectancy using a trailing 12-month period measure is indicative of recent experience, mitigates the effects of month-to-month variability, and addresses seasonality. Although using a trailing 3-month measure ~~does not address~~is sensitive to seasonality and can reflect more volatility, this measure is more responsive to current experience and generally can be an indicator of how our retention rates are moving. We believe the second quarter 2021 year-over-year change in the trailing 3-month policy life expectancy is not representative of true retention activity due to the significant renewal activity during the second quarter 2020, as a result of suspending cancellations of policies for non-payment, and, therefore, we have chosen not to disclose this measure in the tables below as we do not believe the change is meaningful.

D. Personal Lines

The following table shows our year-over-year changes for our Personal Lines business:


		Growth Over Prior Year									Growth Over Prior Year
		Quarter				Year-to-date					Quarter				Year-to-date
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Applications	Applications									Applications
New	New	(13)	%	7	%	(18)	%	11	%	New	31	%	(13)	%	49	%	(18)	%
Renewal	Renewal	2		9		4		11		Renewal	7		2		4		4
Written premium per policy - Auto	Written premium per policy - Auto	11		(2)		8		(3)		Written premium per policy - Auto	7		11		8		8
Policy life expectancy - Auto	Policy life expectancy - Auto									Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3 months	Trailing 3 months	(32)		NM						Trailing 3 months	40		(32)
Trailing 12 months	Trailing 12 months	(11)		3						Trailing 12 months	1		(11)

~~NM = Not meaningful~~

~~New~~In our Personal Lines business, we experienced significant new application growth in the second quarter and first six months of 2023, which we believe was, in part, driven by our ~~Personal Lines products were down~~competitiveness in the marketplace. The increase in new applications during the second quarter and first six months of ~~2022, with~~2023 were primarily attributable to our personal auto new application growth down 15% and 21%, respectively, and our special lines new application growth down 7% and 8%. The decrease in personal auto new applications is primarily attributable to the rate actions and underwriting restrictions that began in the second quarter of 2021 and continued through the second quarter 2022. The decrease in special lines new applications primarily reflects a decrease in demand for RV, boat, and motorcycle products ~~as compared to the first half 2021 when sales of these products was strong. We continued to see personal auto and special lines renewal application growth.~~

Results varied by consumer segment. At the end of the second quarter 2022, Robinsons saw single-digit personal auto policy in force growth, compared to the second quarter last year, while Sams saw a low double-digit decline in policy in force growth. New auto applications experienced a decrease across all four consumer segments, although our special lines products also experienced new application growth in both periods.

Personal auto policies in force grew between 10% and 17% across all consumer segments as of the second quarter ~~year over~~2023, compared to the same period last year. ~~Quote volume increased in the second quarter, on a year-over-year basis, in all of our consumer segments, except Sams, with all consumer segments seeing a decreased rate of conversion.~~

During the second quarter ~~2022, we implemented rate increases in 17 states. In the aggregate,~~2023, on a countrywide basis, we implemented personal auto ~~net~~ rate increases ~~were~~in 27 states that, in the aggregate, increased rates about ~~2% for~~7%, following rate increases of 4% during the ~~quarter. During the second~~first quarter ~~2022, we also reduced advertising spend~~2023 and ~~tightened underwriting criteria in consumer segments where losses indicated rates are not meeting~~13% during 2022. We believe that our ~~profitability goals. These actions~~prior-year rate increases had ~~and may continue to have~~ a negative impact on our ~~new and~~ renewal business applications and policy life expectancy, ~~in the near term,~~and as ~~indicated~~competitors also raised rates, our retention started to lengthen as evidenced by the ~~decline~~growth in ~~the~~our trailing ~~3-month~~3- and ~~trailing~~ 12-month policy life expectancy.

Our written premium per policy increased during the second quarter and first six months of ~~2022,~~2023, primarily due to the rate increases ~~which started~~taken in ~~the second quarter 2021~~2022 and ~~continued throughout the first half of 2022.~~2023, as previously discussed. Our focus on achieving our target underwriting profitability takes precedence over growth. We will continue to manage growth and profitability in accordance with our long-standing goal of growing as fast as we can, as long as we can provide ~~great~~high-quality customer service, at or below a companywide 96 combined ratio on a calendar-year basis. During the second quarter 2023, we started to take additional measures to achieve our target profit margin that included slowing new business growth through verification activities, bill plan offerings, and through continued general operational expense discipline. In addition to potentially slowing growth, some of these actions could reduce our retention.

We report our Agency and Direct business results separately as components of our Personal Lines segment to provide further understanding of our products by distribution channel. The channel discussions below are focused on personal auto insurance since this product accounted for ~~91%~~92% and 93% of the Personal Lines segment net premiums written during the second quarter and first six months of ~~2022,~~2023, respectively.

The Agency Business

Growth Over Prior Year
Quarter Year-to-date
2022 2021 2022 2021
Applications - Auto
New (20) % 9 % (24) % 7 %
Renewal (2) 6 (1) 9
Written premium per policy - Auto 12 (1) 10 (1)
Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3 months (34) NM
Trailing 12 months (13) 3

~~NM = Not meaningful~~


	Growth Over Prior Year
	Quarter				Year-to-date
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Applications - Auto
New	52	%	(20)	%	60	%	(24)	%
Renewal	4		(2)		0		(1)
Written premium per policy - Auto	9		12		9		10
Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3 months	44		(34)
Trailing 12 months	0		(13)

The Agency business includes business written by more than 40,000 independent insurance agencies that represent Progressive, as well as brokerages in New York and California. During the second quarter ~~2022, only four~~2023, 48 states and the District of Columbia generated new Agency auto application growth, including ~~only one~~all of our top 10 largest Agency states. During the second quarter and first six months of 2023, total Agency auto applications increased 12% and 10%, respectively, primarily due to growth in new applications. During the second quarter and first six months of 2023, each of our consumer segments experienced a ~~reduction~~significant increase in new applications ~~and policies~~year over year. Policies in force grew by low double digit percentages in each consumer segment, except Sams who saw a single digit increase, compared to the same period last year.

During the second quarter and first six months of ~~2022,~~2023, we experienced an increase in Agency auto quote volume of 9%16% and 7%15%, respectively, with a rate of conversion (i.e.,

converting a quote to a sale) ~~decrease~~increase of ~~26%~~29% and ~~29%~~39%, compared to the same periods last year. For the second quarter and year-to-date periods, each consumer segment ~~other than Sams,~~ saw increases in quote volume ~~compared to last year. The rate of conversion was down significantly in the second quarter~~ and ~~first six months of 2022, compared to the same periods last year, reflecting rate increases and the impact from tightening underwriting criteria.~~ conversion.

Written premium per policy for new and renewal Agency auto business increased 6%11% and ~~14%~~8%, respectively, compared to the second quarter ~~2021. The decreases in policy life expectancy were expected given~~2022, and 12% and 9%, respectively, for the ~~rate actions taken over the last year, and policy life expectancy may continue to be negatively impacted by our current rate actions.~~first six months of 2023 on a year-over-year basis.

The Direct Business

Growth Over Prior Year
Quarter Year-to-date
2022 2021 2022 2021
Applications - Auto
New (11) % 10 % (19) % 13 %
Renewal 4 12 6 15
Written premium per policy - Auto 10 (4) 7 (4)
Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3 months (29) NM
Trailing 12 months (9) 3

~~NM = Not meaningful~~


	Growth Over Prior Year
	Quarter				Year-to-date
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Applications - Auto
New	29	%	(11)	%	60	%	(19)	%
Renewal	10		4		7		6
Written premium per policy - Auto	6		10		7		7
Policy life expectancy - Auto
Trailing 3 months	35		(29)
Trailing 12 months	2		(9)

The Direct business includes business written directly by Progressive online, through our Progressive mobile ~~devices,~~app, and over the phone. During the second quarter 212023, 47 states and the District of Columbia generated new auto application growth, including ~~three~~eight of our top 10 largest Direct states. During the second quarter ~~2022,~~and first six months of 2023, total auto applications increased 1%14% and 16%, respectively, due to growth in ~~policy renewals.~~both new and renewal applications. During the ~~second~~ quarter, each of our consumer segments experienced a significant increase in new applications ~~decreased across all~~year over year, except Sams who experienced a low double digit increase. On a year-to-date basis, each consumer ~~segments except Robinsons, while policies~~segment experienced a significant increase in new applications from the prior year. Policies in force grew between 13% and 21% in ~~our Wrights and Robinsons~~each consumer ~~segments,~~segment, compared to the same period last year.

During the second quarter and first six months of ~~2022, we experienced an increase in~~2023, Direct auto quote volume ~~of 5%~~decreased 7% and ~~a decrease of 6%~~increased 32%, respectively, while ~~our rate of~~ conversion ~~decreased 14%~~increased 35% and 21%, compared to the same periods last ~~year~~year. All consumer segments saw a decrease in quotes during the quarter, except for Robinsons, with all consumer segments experiencing increased quote volume during the first six months of 2023. All consumer segments saw an increase in conversion for both the second quarter and ~~year-to-date periods.~~first six months of 2023. The decrease we experienced in our quote volume during the second quarter 2023 primarily reflected ~~the decrease in~~decreased advertising spending during the first half of 2022. All consumer segments saw an increase in quotes during the quarter except for Sams, with all consumer segments experiencing decreased quote volume, except Robinsons, during the first six months of 2022.

~~During~~spend, compared to the second quarter 2022, ~~written~~along with the other actions taken to slow growth to focus on profitability.

Written premium per policy for new and renewal Direct auto business increased 6%5% and ~~10%~~7%, respectively, compared to the ~~same period last year,~~second quarter 2022, and 6% and 8%,

respectively, for the first six months of 2023 on a year-over-year basis, primarily driven by rate increases. ~~Consistent with our Agency business, the Direct business decrease in policy life expectancy reflects the rate actions taken over the last year.~~

E. Commercial Lines

~~The following table shows our year-over-year changes for our Commercial Lines business, excluding our TNC, BOP, and Protective Insurance products:~~

Growth Over Prior Year
Quarter Year-to-date
2022 2021 2022 2021
Applications
New (6) % 52 % 1 % 40 %
Renewal 15 8 14 10
Written premium per policy 14 20 17 16
Policy life expectancy - Trailing 12 months 1 5

Our Commercial Lines business operates in five traditional business markets, which include business auto, for-hire transportation, contractor, for-hire specialty, and tow markets, primarily written through the agency channel. We also write TNC business, BOP insurance, and, ~~BOP insurance. In the second quarter 2021, we acquired~~through Protective Insurance, ~~which expanded our portfolio of offerings to~~ larger fleet and workers’ compensation insurance for trucking, along with trucking industry independent contractors, and affinity ~~programs; these products are excluded from the~~programs.

The following table ~~above.~~and discussion shows our commercial auto product, excluding our TNC, BOP, and Protective Insurance products. Year-over-year changes in our commercial auto product were as follows:


	Growth Over Prior Year
	Quarter				Year-to-date
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Applications
New	7	%	(6)	%	4	%	1	%
Renewal	6		15		6		14
Written premium per policy	0		14		1		17
Policy life expectancy Trailing 12 months	(11)		1

During the second quarter ~~2022, the decrease in Commercial Lines~~and first six months of 2023, commercial auto new application growth ~~primarily reflected a slow down from~~was positive in each of our business market targets, except for the ~~significant amount of growth experienced in 2021, primarily in our~~ for-hire transportation ~~business market.~~market, which reflects the continued slowdown in the rate of economic activity and deteriorating freight market conditions. During the second quarter ~~2022, we experienced a 2% decline in~~and first six months of 2023, quote volume increased 8% and ~~a 4% decline in the rate of~~5%, respectively, while conversion decreased 1% for both periods, compared to the same ~~period last year, primarily driven by the for-hire transportation market. During the first six months of 2022, quote volume increased 4%, while conversion decreased 3%, compared to the same period~~periods last year.

~~During the second quarter, written~~Written premium per policy for new commercial auto business ~~increased 8%, while renewal business increased 20%,~~decreased 4% and 5% for the second quarter and first six months of 2023, respectively, compared to the same ~~period~~periods last year. ~~The~~Shifts in the mix of business to lower premium products more than offset the rate increases we took in ~~written premiums were primarily due~~commercial auto on our new business. Written premium per policy on renewal business increased 3% for the second quarter and 4% for the first six months, compared to the prior year periods, reflecting rate increases. Our policy life expectancy decreased in all business market targets, except for our business auto market. Given the rise in costs to operate a trucking business, many independent owner/operators, who were our core customers in the for-hire transportation business market, have begun to migrate back to leasing with larger motor carriers. In addition, we believe unfavorable trucking market conditions and the general weakening of the economy are driving increased ~~primarily due~~shopping and causing motor carriers to ~~product model enhancements, compared to 2021.~~exit the industry.

F. Property

The following table shows our year-over-year changes for our Property business:


		Growth Over Prior Year									Growth Over Prior Year
		Quarter				Year-to-date					Quarter				Year-to-date
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Applications	Applications									Applications
New	New	(5)	%	29	%	(6)	%	28	%	New	12	%	(5)	%	12	%	(6)	%
Renewal	Renewal	8		8		9		10		Renewal	5		8		6		9
Written premium per policy	Written premium per policy	4		0		4		0		Written premium per policy	12		4		11		4
Policy life expectancy - Trailing 12 months		(8)		(6)
Policy life expectancy Trailing 12 months										Policy life expectancy Trailing 12 months	7		(8)

Our Property business writes residential property insurance for homeowners, other property owners, and renters, and umbrella insurance in the agency and direct channels. During the second quarter and first six months of ~~2022,~~2023, the increase in new applications experienced in our Property business ~~experienced a decrease in new applications,~~was primarily due to ~~the rate~~underwriting changes made in an effort to promote growth in less volatile weather states.

Improving profitability and ~~other actions taken to address the profitability concerns.~~

~~During 2022, we~~reducing concentration exposure continued to ~~make underwriting changes to reduce~~be the top priority for our ~~concentration risks by focusing~~Property business during the first half of 2023. We have concentrated our ~~growth efforts in states with traditionally less catastrophe exposure and limit~~ growth in the Property business in markets that are less susceptible to catastrophes and have lower exposure to coastal and ~~hail prone states. During 2021,~~hail-prone states for all products excluding renters and umbrella. New applications in these growth-oriented states were up about 50% in both the second quarter and first six months of 2023, compared to the same periods last year. In regions where our appetite to write new business is limited, we ~~announced plans~~are continuing to ~~non-renew~~prioritize Progressive auto bundles, as well as lower risk properties, such as new construction or homes with newer roofs. New applications were down about ~~60,000 policies~~30% in ~~Florida, starting~~these more volatile weather states for both periods. In addition, we increased rates an average of about 4% in our Property segment during the second quarter 2022. During the second quarter 2022, new legislation was introduced prohibiting the non-renewal of certain policies. In response, we changed our process to provide impacted policyholders the opportunity to have their policy renewed if meeting certain criteria. We expect to non-renew significantly less of the policies previously intended for non-renewal.

2023 and 7% on a year-to-date basis.

The targeted rate increases taken during the last 12 months, are beginning to be earned into the book of business; however, we realize that our current pricing actions and underwriting activities to limit growthincrease in the coastal and hail prone states and to increase our exposure in states with traditionally less catastrophe exposure will require more time than originally anticipated. This information, combined with the continued extent of the weather-related losses, prompted us to reevaluate the portion of goodwill assigned to our Property business for impairment, resulting in a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $224.8 million during the second quarter 2022, which represented the entire amount of goodwill assigned to the ARX reporting unit.

~~In addition to rate increases, as part of the underwriting changes discussed above, during the second quarter 2022~~ our written premium per policy, ~~increased,~~ compared to the ~~same period last year,~~second quarter and first six months of 2022, was primarily due to ~~a shift in~~rate increases taken over the ~~mix of business toward~~last 12 months and providing ~~coverage~~higher premium coverages to ~~higher valued properties.~~account for inflation. The written premium per policy ~~impact from rate increases and underwriting changes were~~increase was partially offset by a shift in the mix of business to a larger share of renters policies, which have lower written premiums per ~~policy. Our~~ policy, ~~life expectancy decreased from the same period last year, primarily due to the targeted rate increases~~and less homeowners growth in volatile states ~~where we were not achieving our profitability targets.~~that have higher average premiums. We intend to continue to make targeted rate increases in states where we believe it is necessary to achieve our profitability targets.

G. Income Taxes

At June 30, 2023, we had recoverable income taxes of $44.0 million, which were reported in other assets, compared to net current income taxes payable of $114.0 million and $10.9 million at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which were reported in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. This balance may fluctuate between an asset and a liability from period to period due to normal timing differences.

A deferred tax asset or liability is a tax benefit or expense, respectively, that is expected to be realized in a future ~~period.~~tax return. At June 30, 2023 and 2022, and December 31, 2022, we reported a net federal deferred tax ~~asset, compared~~assets of $1.2 billion, $1.0 billion, and $1.1 billion, respectively.

We are required to ~~net federal~~assess our deferred tax ~~liabilities at June 30, 2021~~assets for recoverability and, ~~December 31, 2021. The change~~based on our analysis, determined that we did not need a valuation allowance on our gross deferred tax assets in each period. Although realization of the gross deferred tax assets is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the gross deferred tax assets will be realized based on our expectation we will be able to afully utilize the deductions that are ultimately recognized for tax purposes. We believe our deferred ~~asset from a deferred liability was primarily due~~tax assets related to net unrealized losses on fixed-maturity securities in the fixed-income and equity portfolios. At June 30, 2022 and 2021, we had net current income taxes payable of $114.0 million and $37.2 million, respectively, which were reported as part of accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021, we reported recoverable income taxes of $19.2 million, which was reflected as part of other assets. The taxes payable/recoverable vary from period to periodwill be realized based on the ~~amount~~existence of ~~estimated taxes paid.~~prior-year capital gains, current temporary differences related to unrealized gains in our equity portfolio, and other tax planning strategies.

~~The~~Our effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, was ~~14.6%~~20.7% and ~~6.8%~~19.9%, respectively, compared to ~~20.9%~~14.6% and ~~20.8%~~6.8% for the same periods last year. ~~Excluding the effect of the goodwill impairment, which was a one-time charge, the~~The lower effective tax ~~rate~~rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, were ~~22.6% and 79.9%, respectively. The higher effective rates for the current quarter and year, excluding~~in part due to the goodwill impairment charge, ~~are in part due to~~partially offset by our permanent tax differences having a greater impact on the effective rate given our pretax loss ~~compared to pretax income in~~for the ~~same periods last year.~~periods.

Consistent with prior years, we had no uncertain tax positions. See Note 5 – Income Taxes for further information.

4645

IV. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – INVESTMENTS

A. Investment Results

Our management philosophy governing the portfolio is to evaluate investment results on a total return basis. The fully taxable equivalent (FTE) total return includes recurring investment income, adjusted to a fully taxable amount for certain securities that receive preferential tax treatment (e.g., municipal securities), and total net realized, and changes in total net unrealized, gains (losses) on securities.

The following table summarizes investment results for the periods ended June 30:


		Three Months				Six Months					Three Months				Six Months
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Pretax recurring investment book yield (annualized)	Pretax recurring investment book yield (annualized)	2.3	%	1.9	%	2.1	%	2.0	%	Pretax recurring investment book yield (annualized)	3.1	%	2.3	%	3.0	%	2.1	%

FTE total return:	FTE total return:									FTE total return:
Fixed-income securities	Fixed-income securities	(2.4)		1.1		(5.9)		0.2		Fixed-income securities	(0.4)		(2.4)		1.7		(5.9)
Common stocks	Common stocks	(16.3)		7.3		(20.4)		20.7		Common stocks	9.0		(16.3)		16.9		(20.4)
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	(3.6)		1.7		(7.2)		1.9		Total portfolio	0		(3.6)		2.3		(7.2)

The increase in the book yield for both periods, compared to last year, ~~for both periods,~~primarily reflected investing new cash from operations and proceeds from maturing bonds at higher interest rates, and an increase in interest rates on our ~~floating rate~~floating-rate securities. The ~~decrease~~increase in the fixed-income total return for both periods, compared to last year, primarily reflected ~~the impact of rising~~interest rate movement and only a moderate increase in interest rates during ~~the last twelve months, as well as widening credit spreads.~~second quarter 2023. The increase in common stocks reflected general market conditions.

A further break-down of our FTE total returns for our fixed-income portfolio for the periods ended June 30, follows:


		Three Months				Six Months			Three Months						Six Months
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022			2023		2022
Fixed-income securities:	Fixed-income securities:									Fixed-income securities:
U.S. Treasury Notes	U.S. Treasury Notes	(1.7)	%	0.4	%	(5.8)	%	(0.7)	%	U.S. Treasury Notes	(1.1)	%	(1.7)	%		1.3	%	(5.8)	%
Municipal bonds	Municipal bonds	(1.9)		1.4		(6.7)		0.4		Municipal bonds	(0.4)		(1.9)			2.3		(6.7)
Corporate bonds	Corporate bonds	(3.1)		1.3		(6.7)		(0.3)		Corporate bonds	0.1		(3.1)			2.6		(6.7)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	(0.6)		0.5		(1.5)		0.9		Residential mortgage-backed securities	2.1		(0.6)			4.2		(1.5)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	(3.6)		1.8		(7.7)		1.0		Commercial mortgage-backed securities	0.8		(3.6)			1.8		(7.7)
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	(1.2)		0.5		(2.7)		0.7		Other asset-backed securities	1.1		(1.2)			2.9		(2.7)
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	(8.1)		6.2		(10.9)		6.1		Preferred stocks	0.7		(8.1)			(3.4)		(10.9)
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	0.1		0		0.2		0.1		Short-term investments	1.2		0.1			2.3		0.2

4746

B. Portfolio Allocation

The composition of the investment portfolio was:


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Duration (years)	Rating1	($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Duration (years)	Average Rating1
June 30, 2023								June 30, 2023
U.S. government obligations								U.S. government obligations	$	31,600.5	53.3	%	3.4	AAA
State and local government obligations								State and local government obligations	2,154.7		3.6		3.2	AA+
Foreign government obligations								Foreign government obligations	15.8		0.1		3.0	AAA
Corporate debt securities								Corporate debt securities	10,304.6		17.4		2.9	BBB
Residential mortgage-backed securities								Residential mortgage-backed securities	562.7		0.9		0.4	A
Commercial mortgage-backed securities								Commercial mortgage-backed securities	4,265.5		7.2		2.3	A
Other asset-backed securities								Other asset-backed securities	5,017.6		8.5		1.1	AA
Preferred stocks								Preferred stocks	1,141.8		1.9		2.5	BBB-
Short-term investments								Short-term investments	1,494.3		2.5		0.1	AA+
Total fixed-income securities								Total fixed-income securities	56,557.5		95.4		2.9	AA
Common equities								Common equities	2,708.1		4.6		na	na
Total portfolio2								Total portfolio2	$	59,265.6	100.0	%	2.9	AA
June 30, 2022	June 30, 2022							June 30, 2022
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	18,719.2	36.0	%	3.7	AAA	U.S. government obligations	$	18,719.2	36.0	%	3.7	AAA
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	2,135.4		4.1		3.7	AA+	State and local government obligations	2,135.4		4.1		3.7	AA+
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	16.4		0.1		4.0	AAA	Foreign government obligations	16.4		0.1		4.0	AAA
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,167.8		19.6		3.0	BBB	Corporate debt securities	10,167.8		19.6		3.0	BBB
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	799.3		1.5		0.4	A	Residential mortgage-backed securities	799.3		1.5		0.4	A
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,094.6		11.7		2.7	A+	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,094.6		11.7		2.7	A+
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	5,036.0		9.7		1.1	AA	Other asset-backed securities	5,036.0		9.7		1.1	AA
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	1,564.3		3.0		3.0	BBB-	Preferred stocks	1,564.3		3.0		3.0	BBB-
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4,611.8		8.9		<0.1	AA	Short-term investments	4,611.8		8.9		<0.1	AA
Total fixed-income securities	Total fixed-income securities	49,144.8		94.6		2.8	AA-	Total fixed-income securities	49,144.8		94.6		2.8	AA-
Common equities	Common equities	2,784.7		5.4		na	na	Common equities	2,784.7		5.4		na	na
Total portfolio2	Total portfolio2	$	51,929.5	100.0	%	2.8	AA-	Total portfolio2	$	51,929.5	100.0	%	2.8	AA-
June 30, 2021
U.S. government obligations		$	19,437.7	38.1	%	3.4	AAA
State and local government obligations		2,440.5		4.8		3.8	AA
Foreign government obligations		12.7		0.1		1.6	AA+
Corporate debt securities		10,678.2		20.9		3.3	BBB
Residential mortgage-backed securities		671.3		1.3		1.2	AA-
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		5,708.1		11.2		3.6	A+
Other asset-backed securities		3,899.0		7.7		1.3	AA
Preferred stocks		1,793.3		3.6		3.6	BBB-
Short-term investments		1,710.6		3.3		0.1	A+
Total fixed-income securities		46,351.4		91.0		3.1	AA-
Common equities		4,591.4		9.0		na	na
Total portfolio2		$	50,942.8	100.0	%	3.1	AA-
December 31, 2021
December 31, 2022								December 31, 2022
U.S. government obligations	U.S. government obligations	$	18,488.2	35.9	%	3.6	AAA	U.S. government obligations	$	25,167.4	47.0	%	3.7	AAA
State and local government obligations	State and local government obligations	2,185.3		4.2		3.6	AA+	State and local government obligations	1,977.1		3.7		3.5	AA+
Foreign government obligations	Foreign government obligations	17.9		0.1		4.5	AAA	Foreign government obligations	15.5		0.1		3.5	AAA
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	10,692.1		20.7		2.9	BBB	Corporate debt securities	9,412.7		17.6		2.8	BBB
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	790.0		1.5		0.4	A-	Residential mortgage-backed securities	666.8		1.2		0.4	A
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,535.6		12.7		3.2	A+	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	4,663.5		8.7		2.7	A+
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	4,982.3		9.7		1.2	AA	Other asset-backed securities	4,564.6		8.5		1.1	AA+
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	1,821.6		3.6		3.6	BBB-	Preferred stocks	1,397.5		2.6		2.8	BBB-
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	942.6		1.8		0.2	AA	Short-term investments	2,861.7		5.4		0.1	AAA-
Total fixed-income securities	Total fixed-income securities	46,455.6		90.2		3.0	AA-	Total fixed-income securities	50,726.8		94.8		2.9	AA
Common equities	Common equities	5,058.5		9.8		na	na	Common equities	2,821.5		5.2		na	na
Total portfolio2	Total portfolio2	$	51,514.1	100.0	%	3.0	AA-	Total portfolio2	$	53,548.3	100.0	%	2.9	AA
na = not applicable	na = not applicable							na = not applicable

1 Represents ratings at period end. Credit quality ratings are assigned by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. To calculate the weighted average credit quality ratings, we weight individual securities based on fair value and assign a numeric score of 0-5, with non-investment-grade and non-rated securities assigned a score of 0-1. To the extent the weighted average of the ratings falls between AAA and AA+, we assign an internal rating of AAA-.

2 ~~Includes $0, $412.1 million, and $143.4~~At June 30, 2023, we had $248.0 million of net unsettled security purchase transactions included in other liabilities, compared to $34.4 million included in other assets at December 31, 2022. At June 30, 2022, ~~and 2021, and December 31, 2021, respectively, with the offsetting payable included in other liabilities.~~our net unsettled security transactions were $0.

Our asset allocation strategy is to maintain 0%-25% of our portfolio in Group I securities, with the balance (75%-100%) of our portfolio in Group II securities.

We define Group I securities to include:

•common equities,

•nonredeemable preferred stocks,

•redeemable preferred stocks, except for 50% of investment-grade redeemable preferred stocks with cumulative dividends, which are included in Group II, and

•all other non-investment-grade fixed-maturity securities.

Group II securities include:

•short-term securities, and

•all other fixed-maturity securities, including 50% of the investment-grade redeemable preferred stocks with cumulative dividends.

We believe this asset allocation strategy allows us to appropriately assess the risks associated with these securities for capital purposes and is in line with the treatment by our regulators.

The following table shows the composition of our Group I and Group II securities:


		June 30, 2022				June 30, 2021				December 31, 2021					June 30, 2023				June 30, 2022				December 31, 2022
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		($ in millions)	Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio		Fair Value		% of Total Portfolio
Group I securities:	Group I securities:													Group I securities:
Non-investment-grade fixed maturities	Non-investment-grade fixed maturities	$	1,648.7	3.2	%	$	1,834.2	3.6	%	$	2,032.4	3.9	%	Non-investment-grade fixed maturities	$	752.3	1.3	%	$	1,648.7	3.2	%	$	1,249.2	2.3	%
Redeemable preferred stocks1	Redeemable preferred stocks1	101.9		0.2		91.7		0.2		90.9		0.2		Redeemable preferred stocks1	78.3		0.1		101.9		0.2		92.1		0.2
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	Nonredeemable preferred stocks	1,360.5		2.6		1,609.8		3.2		1,639.9		3.2		Nonredeemable preferred stocks	985.1		1.6		1,360.5		2.6		1,213.2		2.3
Common equities	Common equities	2,784.7		5.4		4,591.4		9.0		5,058.5		9.8		Common equities	2,708.1		4.6		2,784.7		5.4		2,821.5		5.2
Total Group I securities	Total Group I securities	5,895.8		11.4		8,127.1		16.0		8,821.7		17.1		Total Group I securities	4,523.8		7.6		5,895.8		11.4		5,376.0		10.0
Group II securities:	Group II securities:													Group II securities:
Other fixed maturities	Other fixed maturities	41,421.9		79.7		41,105.1		80.7		41,749.8		81.1		Other fixed maturities	53,247.5		89.9		41,421.9		79.7		45,310.6		84.6
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	4,611.8		8.9		1,710.6		3.3		942.6		1.8		Short-term investments	1,494.3		2.5		4,611.8		8.9		2,861.7		5.4
Total Group II securities	Total Group II securities	46,033.7		88.6		42,815.7		84.0		42,692.4		82.9		Total Group II securities	54,741.8		92.4		46,033.7		88.6		48,172.3		90.0
Total portfolio	Total portfolio	$	51,929.5	100.0	%	$	50,942.8	100.0	%	$	51,514.1	100.0	%	Total portfolio	$	59,265.6	100.0	%	$	51,929.5	100.0	%	$	53,548.3	100.0	%

1 We did not hold any non-investment-grade redeemable preferred stocks at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, or December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

To determine the allocation between Group I and Group II, we use the credit ratings from models provided by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) to classify our residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, excluding interest-only (IO) securities, and the credit ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSRO) to classify all other debt securities. NAIC ratings are based on a model that considers the book price of our securities when assessing the probability of future losses in assigning a credit rating. As a result, NAIC ratings can vary from credit ratings issued by NRSROs. Management believes NAIC ratings more accurately reflect our risk profile when determining the asset allocation between Group I and Group II securities.

The decrease in the percentage of Group I securities since year end was driven by sales and valuation declines in our common equity portfolio with the proceeds from the common stock sales and the $1.5 billion debt offering in March 2022, reinvested in Group II short-term investments.

Unrealized Gains and Losses

As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, our fixed-maturity portfolio had ~~pretax~~total after-tax net unrealized losses, which are recorded as part of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets, of ~~$2,776.4 million,~~$2.6 billion, compared to ~~net unrealized gains of $638.8 million~~$2.2 billion and ~~$71.4 million~~$2.8 billion at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. The ~~decreases~~increase in net unrealized losses from ~~both periods in 2021 were~~June 30, 2022, was primarily due to ~~increasing~~a lower valuation on our U.S. Treasury portfolio as interest rates ~~across~~have increased. The decrease in our fixed-maturity ~~portfolio~~net unrealized loss from December 31, 2022 through June 30, 2023, was primarily due to higher valuations on our corporate debt and ~~wider credit spreads outside of our short-term and Treasury~~other asset-backed portfolios.

See Note 2 – Investments for a further break-out of our gross unrealized gains (losses).

4948

Holding Period Gains and Losses

The following table provides the balance and activity for both the gross and net holding period gains (losses) for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022:~~2023:


(millions)	(millions)	Gross Holding Period Gains		Gross Holding Period Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)		(millions)	Gross Holding Period Gains		Gross Holding Period Losses		Net Holding Period Gains (Losses)
Balance at December 31, 2021
Balance at December 31, 2022								Balance at December 31, 2022
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	$	13.0	$	(5.5)	$	7.5	Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	$	1.3	$	(75.8)	$	(74.5)
Equity securities		3,877.2		(14.7)		3,862.5
Equity securities1								Equity securities1	2,026.6		(182.2)		1,844.4
Total holding period securities	Total holding period securities	3,890.2		(20.2)		3,870.0		Total holding period securities	2,027.9		(258.0)		1,769.9
Current year change in holding period securities	Current year change in holding period securities							Current year change in holding period securities
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	(13.0)		(74.4)		(87.4)		Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	(0.5)		19.2		18.7
Equity securities		(1,859.8)		(163.6)		(2,023.4)
Equity securities1								Equity securities1	30.9		48.8		79.7
Total changes in holding period securities	Total changes in holding period securities	(1,872.8)		(238.0)		(2,110.8)		Total changes in holding period securities	30.4		68.0		98.4
Balance at June 30, 2022
Balance at June 30, 2023								Balance at June 30, 2023
Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	0		(79.9)		(79.9)		Hybrid fixed-maturity securities	0.8		(56.6)		(55.8)
Equity securities		2,017.4		(178.3)		1,839.1
Equity securities1								Equity securities1	2,057.5		(133.4)		1,924.1
Total holding period securities	Total holding period securities	$	2,017.4	$	(258.2)	$	1,759.2	Total holding period securities	$	2,058.3	$	(190.0)	$	1,868.3

1Equity securities include common equities and nonredeemable preferred stocks.

Changes in holding period gains (losses), similar to unrealized gains (losses) in our fixed-maturity portfolio, are the result of changes in market performance as well as sales of securities based on various portfolio management decisions.

Fixed-Income Securities

The fixed-income portfolio is managed internally and includes fixed-maturity securities, short-term investments, and nonredeemable preferred stocks.

Following are the primary exposures for our fixed-income portfolio. ~~Details of our policies related to these exposures can be found in the~~

~~Management’s Discussion and Analysis~~ ~~included in our 2021 Annual Report to Shareholders.~~

•Interest Rate Risk~~Interest rate risk - our~~ Our duration of 2.9 years at both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and 2.8 years at June 30, 2022 fell within our acceptable range of 1.5 to 5 years. ~~We shortened our portfolio duration from 3.0 years at December 31, 2021, which we believe provides some protection against further increases in interest rates.~~ The duration distribution of our fixed-income portfolio, excluding short-term investments, represented by the interest rate sensitivity of the comparable benchmark U.S. Treasury Notes, was:


Duration Distribution		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2021
Duration Distribution (excluding short-term securities)								Duration Distribution (excluding short-term securities)	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2022
1 year	1 year	18.4	%	21.9	%	22.0	%	1 year	19.8	%	18.4	%	17.5	%
2 years	2 years	17.9		18.5		18.8		2 years	14.9		17.9		16.9
3 years	3 years	23.6		24.4		23.5		3 years	23.2		23.6		21.3
5 years	5 years	20.8		17.1		17.6		5 years	26.9		20.8		25.1
7 years	7 years	14.3		12.2		13.1		7 years	11.6		14.3		14.0
10 years	10 years	5.0		5.9		5.0		10 years	3.6		5.0		5.2

Total fixed-income portfolio	Total fixed-income portfolio	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	Total fixed-income portfolio	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

•Credit ~~risk -~~Risk This exposure is managed by maintaining an A+ minimum average portfolio credit quality rating, as defined by NRSROs. At both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our credit quality rating ~~of AA-~~ was ~~above our minimum threshold during the second quarter 2022.~~AA and at June 30, 2022 it was AA-. The credit quality distribution of the fixed-income portfolio was:


Rating		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2021
Average Rating1								Average Rating1	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2022
AAA	AAA	57.7	%	55.8	%	54.7	%	AAA	68.4	%	57.7	%	65.5	%
AA	AA	8.5		7.5		8.7		AA	5.7		8.5		6.4
A	A	8.4		9.3		8.6		A	7.4		8.4		7.6
BBB	BBB	21.0		22.1		21.7		BBB	16.7		21.0		17.2
Non-investment grade/non-rated1
Non-investment grade/non-rated								Non-investment grade/non-rated
BB	BB	3.5		4.3		4.8		BB	1.4		3.5		2.5
B	B	0.6		0.5		1.1		B	0.2		0.6		0.5
CCC and lower	CCC and lower	0.1		0.1		0.1		CCC and lower	0.1		0.1		0.1
Non-rated	Non-rated	0.2		0.4		0.3		Non-rated	0.1		0.2		0.2
Total fixed-income portfolio	Total fixed-income portfolio	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	Total fixed-income portfolio	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

1 The ratings in the table above are assigned by NRSROs.

•

Concentration ~~risk - we~~Risk We did not have any investments in a single issuer, either overall or in the context of individual asset classes and sectors, that exceeded our thresholds during the second quarter ~~2022.~~2023.

•

Prepayment and ~~extension risk - we~~Extension Risk We did not experience significant adverse prepayment or extension of principal relative to our cash flow expectations in the portfolio during the second quarter ~~2022.~~2023.

•

Liquidity ~~risk - our~~Risk Our overall portfolio remains very liquid and we believe that it is sufficient to meet expected near-term liquidity requirements.

◦The short-to-intermediate duration of our portfolio provides a source of liquidity, as we expect approximately ~~$2.6~~$3.1 billion, or ~~9.9%~~13%, of principal repayment from our fixed-income portfolio, excluding U.S. Treasury Notes and short-term investments, during ~~2022.~~the remainder of 2023. Cash from interest and dividend payments and our short-term portfolio provide additional sources of recurring liquidity.

◦

The duration of our U.S. government obligations, which are included in the fixed-income portfolio, was comprised of the following at June 30, ~~2022:~~2023:


($ in millions)	Fair Value		Duration (years)
U.S. Treasury Notes
Less than one year	$	2,986.5	0.7
One to two years	6,322.0		1.6
Two to three years	3,833.7		2.5
Three to five years	12,176.5		4.0
Five to seven years	4,486.2		5.5
Seven to ten years	1,795.6		7.6
Total U.S. Treasury Notes	$	31,600.5	3.4

($ in millions) Fair
Value Duration
(years)
U.S. Treasury Notes
Less than one year $ 219.5 0.5
One to two years 4,094.7 1.6
Two to three years 4,102.8 2.5
Three to five years 5,235.1 4.0
Five to seven years 3,946.2 5.8
Seven to ten years 1,120.9 8.3
Total U.S. Treasury Notes $ 18,719.2 3.7

5150

ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES

Included in ~~the~~our fixed-income portfolio are asset-backed securities, which were comprised of the following at the balance sheet dates listed:


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Fair Value		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		% of Asset- Backed Securities		Duration (years)	Rating (at period end)1	($ in millions)	Fair Value		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		% of Asset- Backed Securities		Duration (years)	Average Rating (at period end)1
June 30, 2023										June 30, 2023
Residential mortgage-backed securities										Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	562.7	$	(12.8)	5.7	%	0.4	A
Commercial mortgage-backed securities										Commercial mortgage-backed securities	4,265.5		(716.7)		43.3		2.3	A
Other asset-backed securities										Other asset-backed securities	5,017.6		(232.0)		51.0		1.1	AA
Total asset-backed securities										Total asset-backed securities	$	9,845.8	$	(961.5)	100.0	%	1.6	AA-
June 30, 2022	June 30, 2022									June 30, 2022
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	799.3	$	(10.2)	6.7	%	0.4	A	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	799.3	$	(10.2)	6.7	%	0.4	A
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,094.6		(644.8)		51.1		2.7	A+	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	6,094.6		(644.8)		51.1		2.7	A+
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	5,036.0		(201.6)		42.2		1.1	AA	Other asset-backed securities	5,036.0		(201.6)		42.2		1.1	AA
Total asset-backed securities	Total asset-backed securities	$	11,929.9	$	(856.6)	100.0	%	1.9	AA-	Total asset-backed securities	$	11,929.9	$	(856.6)	100.0	%	1.9	AA-
June 30, 2021
December 31, 2022										December 31, 2022
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	671.3	$	3.5	6.5	%	1.2	AA-	Residential mortgage-backed securities	$	666.8	$	(17.2)	6.7	%	0.4	A
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	5,708.1		79.9		55.6		3.6	A+	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	4,663.5		(782.5)		47.1		2.7	A+
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	3,899.0		33.1		37.9		1.3	AA	Other asset-backed securities	4,564.6		(259.6)		46.2		1.1	AA+
Total asset-backed securities	Total asset-backed securities	$	10,278.4	$	116.5	100.0	%	2.6	AA-	Total asset-backed securities	$	9,894.9	$	(1,059.3)	100.0	%	1.8	AA-
December 31, 2021
Residential mortgage-backed securities		$	790.0	$	1.7	6.4	%	0.4	A-
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		6,535.6		(25.4)		53.1		3.2	A+
Other asset-backed securities		4,982.3		0.9		40.5		1.2	AA
Total asset-backed securities		$	12,307.9	$	(22.8)	100.0	%	2.2	AA-

1 The credit quality ratings in the table above are assigned by NRSROs.

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) The following table details the credit quality rating and fair value of our RMBS, along with the loan classification and a comparison of the fair value at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, to our original investment value (adjusted for returns of principal, amortization, and write-downs):


Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2022)
($ in millions) Rating1		Non-Agency			Government/GSE2			Total			% of Total
Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2023)													Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2023)
($ in millions) Average Rating1													($ in millions) Average Rating1	Non-Agency			Government/GSE2			Total			% of Total
AAA	AAA	$	138.4		$	1.3		$	139.7		17.5	%	AAA	$	83.7		$	1.1		$	84.8		15.1	%
AA	AA	34.6			0.4			35.0			4.4		AA	33.4			0.4			33.8			6.0
A	A	400.1			0			400.1			50.0		A	342.9			0			342.9			60.9
BBB	BBB	213.0			0			213.0			26.6		BBB	94.6			0			94.6			16.8
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:												Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	0.6			0			0.6			0.1		BB	0.3			0			0.3			0.1
B		0			0			0			0

CCC and lower	CCC and lower	3.2			0			3.2			0.4		CCC and lower	1.5			0			1.5			0.3
Non-rated	Non-rated	7.7			0			7.7			1.0		Non-rated	4.8			0			4.8			0.8
Total fair value	Total fair value	$	797.6		$	1.7		$	799.3		100.0	%	Total fair value	$	561.2		$	1.5		$	562.7		100.0	%
Increase (decrease) in value	Increase (decrease) in value	(3.3)		%	0.7		%	(3.3)		%			Increase (decrease) in value	(3.1)		%	(5.4)		%	(3.1)		%

1 The credit quality ratings are assigned by NRSROs; when we assigned the NAIC ratings for our RMBS, ~~92.6%~~100% of our non-investment-grade securities were rated investment grade and reported as Group II ~~securities, with the remainder classified as Group I.~~securities.

2 The securities in this category are insured by a Government Sponsored Entity (GSE) and/or collateralized by mortgage loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or the ~~U.S.Department~~U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (VA). .

In the residential mortgage-backed sector, our portfolio consists of deals that are backed by high-credit quality borrowers or have strong structural protections through underlying loan ~~collateralization.~~collateralization. During the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, the portfolio decreased as a result of maturities on securities and we ~~selectively added to our portfolio and opportunistically tendered some of the securities at attractive levels.~~did not have any purchase or sales activity.

5251

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS) The following table details the credit quality rating and fair value of our CMBS, along with a comparison of the fair value at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, to our original investment value (adjusted for returns of principal, amortization, and write-downs):


Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2022)
($ in millions) Rating1		Multi-Borrower			Single-Borrower			Total			% of Total
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2023)													Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2023)
($ in millions) Average Rating1													($ in millions) Average Rating1	Multi-Borrower			Single-Borrower			Total			% of Total
AAA	AAA	$	246.5		$	1,536.0		$	1,782.5		29.2	%	AAA	$	198.7		$	1,027.7		$	1,226.4		28.8	%
AA	AA	0			1,754.5			1,754.5			28.9		AA	0			977.1			977.1			22.9
A	A	0			1,034.8			1,034.8			17.0		A	0			900.9			900.9			21.1
BBB	BBB	0			1,026.2			1,026.2			16.8		BBB	0			801.5			801.5			18.8
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:												Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	0			496.4			496.4			8.1		BB	0			359.6			359.6			8.4
B		0.2			0			0.2			0

Total fair value	Total fair value	$	246.7		$	5,847.9		$	6,094.6		100.0	%	Total fair value	$	198.7		$	4,066.8		$	4,265.5		100.0	%
Increase (decrease) in value	Increase (decrease) in value	(3.4)		%	(9.8)		%	(9.6)		%			Increase (decrease) in value	(5.7)		%	(14.8)		%	(14.4)		%

1 The credit quality ratings are assigned by NRSROs; when we assigned the NAIC ratings for our CMBS, ~~36.9%~~30% of our non-investment-grade securities were rated investment grade and reported as Group II securities, with the remainder classified as Group I.

The CMBS portfolio ~~experienced wider spreads and high~~continued to experience heightened volatility in the second quarter ~~of 2022.~~2023 due to ongoing concerns around the commercial real estate market. In general, delinquencies have increased in the CMBS market as some loans that reached their maturity date have had difficulty refinancing. New ~~issuances~~issuance has remained slow in the single-asset single-borrower (SASB) market ~~slowed significantly due to less favorable market conditions, as well as low trading volumes~~ and liquidity ~~in the secondary trading market.~~has continued to be challenged. Given ~~ongoing~~continued uncertainty about the future trajectory of the economy and its impact on real estate, we ~~did not add~~continued to ~~our portfolio~~reduce certain positions during the quarter ~~and reduced certain positions~~ that we ~~believe will~~believed would be sensitive to potential future economic weakness. ~~Our~~As of the end of the second quarter 2023, we had no delinquencies in our CMBS portfolio.

With renewed focus ~~continues~~on the commercial real estate sector, the following table shows the composition of our CMBS portfolio by maturity year and sector:


Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities Sector Details (at June 30, 2023)
($ in millions) Maturity1	Office		Lab Office		Multi-family		Multi-family IO		Retail		Industrial		Self- Storage		Casino		Defeased		Total		Average Original LTV		Average Current DSCR
2023	$	96.0	$	0	$	0	$	22.0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	22.7	$	140.7	53.7	%	3.7
2024	118.5		24.4		22.1		40.6		35.8		178.6		0		0		157.9		577.9		60.6		2.1
2025	0		41.5		0		36.6		62.7		43.3		0		0		0		184.1		65.7		1.9
2026	483.5		81.5		335.5		32.9		0		118.6		78.2		109.1		0		1,239.3		62.6		1.9
2027	387.5		0		53.1		29.7		0		119.1		260.6		0		0		850.0		60.7		1.8
2028	243.3		0		0		22.5		0		0		0		0		0		265.8		51.9		3.3
2029	417.8		0		0		10.7		0		0		0		63.4		0		491.9		57.6		3.1
2030	68.3		56.9		0		3.7		0		0		0		85.9		0		214.8		55.5		3.0
2031	213.5		87.5		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		301.0		66.5		1.9
Total fair value	$	2,028.4	$	291.8	$	410.7	$	198.7	$	98.5	$	459.6	$	338.8	$	258.4	$	180.6	$	4,265.5
LTV= loan to value
DSCR= debt service coverage ratio

1The floating-rate securities were extended to their full maturity and fixed-rate securities are shown to their anticipated repayment date (if applicable) or otherwise, their maturity date.

We show the average loan to value (LTV) of each maturity year when the loans were originated. The LTV ratio that management uses, which is commonly expressed as a percentage, compares the size of the entire mortgage loan to the appraised value of the underlying property collateralizing the loan at issuance. A LTV ratio less than 100% indicates excess collateral value over the loan amount. LTV ratios greater than 100% indicate that the loan amount exceeds the collateral value. We believe this ratio provides a conservative view of our actual risk of loss, as this number displays the entire mortgage LTV, while our ownership is only a portion of the structure of the mortgage loan-backed security. For many of the mortgage loans in our portfolio, our exposure is in a more senior part of the structure, which means that the LTV on our actual exposure is even lower than the ratios presented.

In addition to the LTV ratio, we also examine the credit of our CMBS portfolio by reviewing the debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) of the securities. The DSCR ratio compares the underlying property’s annual net operating income to its annual debt service payments. DSCR ratios less than 1.0 times indicate that property operations do not generate enough income over the debt service payments, while a DSCR ratio greater than 1.0 times indicates that there is an excess of operating income over the debt service payments. A number above 1.0 generally indicates that there would not be ~~on SASB with high-quality collateral~~an incentive for the borrower to default in light of the borrower’s excess income. The DSCR calculation reported in the ~~office, self-storage, multi-family,~~table is calculated based on the most currently available net operating income and ~~industrial sectors.~~mortgage payments for the borrower, which, for most securities, is full year 2022 data.

Other Asset-Backed Securities (OABS) The following table details the credit quality rating and fair value of our OABS, along with a comparison of the fair value at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, to our original investment value (adjusted for returns of principal, amortization, and write-downs):


Other Asset-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2022)
($ in millions) Rating		Automobile			Collateralized Loan Obligations			Student Loan			Whole Business Securitizations			Equipment			Other			Total			% of Total
Other Asset-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2023)																									Other Asset-Backed Securities (at June 30, 2023)
($ in millions) Average Rating																									($ in millions) Average Rating	Automobile			Collateralized Loan Obligations			Student Loan			Whole Business Securitizations			Equipment			Other			Total			% of Total
AAA	AAA	$	1,094.7		$	1,207.8		$	48.9		$	0		$	561.8		$	200.3		$	3,113.5		61.8	%	AAA	$	1,403.5		$	1,029.7		$	39.0		$	0		$	553.1		$	171.0		$	3,196.3		63.7	%
AA	AA	217.9			570.2			5.7			0			146.3			29.9			970.0			19.3		AA	60.4			566.9			9.0			0			110.8			10.7			757.8			15.1
A	A	17.7			0			7.7			0			107.4			146.0			278.8			5.5		A	10.7			0			0			0			156.9			137.7			305.3			6.1
BBB	BBB	6.6			0			0			598.6			0			36.3			641.5			12.7		BBB	6.7			0			0			685.0			0			35.1			726.8			14.5
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:																								Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	0			0			0			0			0			32.2			32.2			0.7		BB	0			0			0			0			0			31.4			31.4			0.6

Total fair value	Total fair value	$	1,336.9		$	1,778.0		$	62.3		$	598.6		$	815.5		$	444.7		$	5,036.0		100.0	%	Total fair value	$	1,481.3		$	1,596.6		$	48.0		$	685.0		$	820.8		$	385.9		$	5,017.6		100.0	%
Increase (decrease) in value	Increase (decrease) in value	(1.6)		%	(3.3)		%	(5.0)		%	(9.8)		%	(1.9)		%	(7.6)		%	(3.9)		%			Increase (decrease) in value	(0.7)		%	(5.0)		%	(11.2)		%	(10.8)		%	(1.4)		%	(8.8)		%	(4.4)		%

During the second quarter 2023, we selectively added to our automobile and equipment categories as we viewed spreads, and potential returns, across this sector to be attractive. Our ~~allocation to OABS remained fairly consistent over~~automobile and equipment additions were mainly through new issue purchases, primarily focusing on higher credit tranche securities in the ~~last 12 months. As valuations across other asset classes were more attractive, our OABS portfolio offered less relative value.~~capital structure.

MUNICIPAL SECURITIES

The following table details the credit quality rating of our municipal securities at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, without the benefit of credit or bond insurance:


Municipal Securities (at June 30, 2022)
(millions) Rating		General Obligations		Revenue Bonds		Total
Municipal Securities (at June 30, 2023)								Municipal Securities (at June 30, 2023)
(millions) Average Rating								(millions) Average Rating	General Obligations		Revenue Bonds		Total
AAA	AAA	$	629.2	$	248.4	$	877.6	AAA	$	686.4	$	317.1	$	1,003.5
AA	AA	506.0		709.8		1,215.8		AA	438.9		665.6		1,104.5
A	A	0		41.1		41.1		A	0		46.2		46.2
BBB	BBB	0		0.7		0.7		BBB	0		0.3		0.3
Non-rated	Non-rated	0		0.2		0.2		Non-rated	0		0.2		0.2
Total	Total	$	1,135.2	$	1,000.2	$	2,135.4	Total	$	1,125.3	$	1,029.4	$	2,154.7

Included in revenue bonds were ~~$498.8~~$472.2 million of single-family housing revenue bonds issued by state housing finance agencies, of which ~~$352.5~~$290.0 million were supported by individual mortgages held by the state housing finance agencies and ~~$146.3~~$182.2 million were supported by mortgage-backed securities.

Of the programs supported by mortgage-backed securities, 82% were collateralized by Ginnie Mae mortgages, which are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government; the remaining 18% were collateralized by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgages. Of the programsrevenue bonds supported by individual mortgages held by the state housing finance agencies, the overall credit quality rating was AA+. Most of these mortgages were supported by the Federal Housing Administration, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, or private mortgage insurance providers. Of the revenue bonds supported by mortgage-backed securities, 84% were collateralized by Ginnie Mae mortgages, which are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government; the remaining 16% were collateralized by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgages.

Credit spreads ~~for~~of both tax-exempt and taxable municipal bonds tightened during the second quarter ~~2022, while spreads for taxable municipal~~2023. We added short, high-quality state general obligation and housing bonds, ~~widened. Our allocation to~~resulting in a modest increase in the ~~sector declined modestly and we were not active during~~size of the ~~quarter.~~portfolio.

CORPORATE DEBT SECURITIES

The following table details the credit quality rating of our corporate debt securities at June 30, ~~2022:~~2023:


Corporate Securities (at June 30, 2022)
(millions) Rating		Consumer		Industrial		Communication		Financial Services		Technology		Basic Materials		Energy		Total

Corporate Securities (at June 30, 2023)																		Corporate Securities (at June 30, 2023)
(millions) Average Rating																		(millions) Average Rating	Consumer		Industrial		Communication		Financial Services		Technology		Basic Materials		Energy		Total
AAA																		AAA	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	79.3	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	79.3
AA	AA	$	22.5	$	0	$	0	$	223.1	$	13.6	$	0	$	43.0	$	302.2	AA	63.3		0		0		404.5		0		0		60.9		528.7
A	A	325.7		271.4		203.6		1,093.2		44.8		114.7		183.5		2,236.9		A	527.0		240.2		146.4		1,100.6		67.8		114.9		333.9		2,530.8
BBB	BBB	2,305.8		1,314.2		123.3		1,040.5		618.0		12.8		912.0		6,326.6		BBB	2,448.7		1,283.3		284.2		1,022.8		531.8		12.6		1,112.5		6,695.9
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:																	Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	362.7		195.9		195.1		96.5		37.7		30.8		60.0		978.7		BB	165.0		38.1		59.5		1.3		17.6		0		29.2		310.7
B	B	245.8		24.7		0		8.9		0		0		0		279.4		B	135.0		0		0		0		0		24.2		0		159.2
CCC and lower		44.0		0		0		0		0		0		0		44.0

Total fair value	Total fair value	$	3,306.5	$	1,806.2	$	522.0	$	2,462.2	$	714.1	$	158.3	$	1,198.5	$	10,167.8	Total fair value	$	3,339.0	$	1,561.6	$	490.1	$	2,608.5	$	617.2	$	151.7	$	1,536.5	$	10,304.6

~~During the second quarter of 2022, the~~The size of our corporate debt portfolio ~~saw~~decreased to $10.3 billion at June 30, 2023 from $10.7 billion at March 31, 2023 as some of the bonds in our portfolio matured. We also continued to reduce our exposure to high-yield securities given a ~~modest decrease primarily due to sales of securities with~~less certain macro environment and less attractive risk/reward profiles and securities that matured. The portfolio valuation also declined due to the increase in interest rates and wider credit spreads. In addition, we have agreements to purchase bank loan investments and have an associated open funding commitment of $14.0 million at June 30, 2022.

~~We slightly shortened the maturity~~ profile of the corporate portfolio during the second quarter 2022. The duration of the corporate portfolio was 3.0 years at June 30, 2022, compared to 3.1 years at March 31, 2022. Overall, our corporate securities, as a percentage of the fixed-income portfolio decreased during the second quarter 2022.these securities. At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, our corporate debt securities made up approximately ~~21%~~18% of the fixed-income portfolio, compared to approximately ~~23%~~20% at March 31, ~~2022.~~2023.

PREFERRED STOCKS – REDEEMABLE AND NONREDEEMABLE

The table below shows the exposure break-down by sector and rating at June 30, ~~2022:~~2023:


Preferred Stocks (at June 30, 2022)
Preferred Stocks (at June 30, 2023)																Preferred Stocks (at June 30, 2023)
		Financial Services															Financial Services
(millions) Rating		U.S. Banks		Foreign Banks		Insurance		Other Financial		Industrials		Utilities		Total
(millions) Average Rating																(millions) Average Rating	U.S. Banks		Foreign Banks		Insurance		Other Financial		Industrials		Utilities		Total

BBB	BBB	$	874.7	$	33.6	$	111.2	$	37.6	$	136.3	$	41.7	$	1,235.1	BBB	$	665.3	$	30.9	$	71.8	$	25.6	$	125.4	$	43.2	$	962.2
Non-investment grade/non-rated:	Non-investment grade/non-rated:															Non-investment grade/non-rated:
BB	BB	151.4		37.7		0		0		23.8		34.4		247.3		BB	48.5		20.4		0		0		0		38.8		107.7

Non-rated	Non-rated	0		0		43.8		21.1		17.0		0		81.9		Non-rated	0		0		39.9		16.2		15.8		0		71.9
Total fair value	Total fair value	$	1,026.1	$	71.3	$	155.0	$	58.7	$	177.1	$	76.1	$	1,564.3	Total fair value	$	713.8	$	51.3	$	111.7	$	41.8	$	141.2	$	82.0	$	1,141.8

The majority of our preferred ~~securities~~stocks have fixed-rate dividends until a call date and then, if not called, generally convert to floating-rate dividends. The interest rate duration of our preferred ~~securities~~stocks is calculated to reflect the call, floor, and ~~floating-rate~~floating rate features. Although a preferred ~~security~~stock will remain outstanding if not called, its interest rate duration will reflect the variable nature of the dividend. Our non-investment-grade preferred stocks were all with issuers that maintain investment-grade senior debt ratings.

We also face the risk that dividend payments on ~~our preferred stock holdings~~any of these securities could be deferred for one or more periods or skipped entirely.As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, we expect all of ~~our preferred~~these securities ~~continued~~ to pay their dividends in full and on time. During the second quarter, our preferred portfolio declined to $1.1 billion at June 30, 2023 from $1.3 billion at March 31, 2023. This decline was primarily due to preferred stocks that were called or sold because they had less attractive risk/reward profiles. Approximately ~~81%~~82% of our preferred ~~stock securities~~stocks pay dividends that have tax preferential characteristics, while the balance pay dividends that are fully taxable.

During the second quarter 2022, the portfolio market valuation decreased as credit spreads widened, interest rates increased, and we sold some preferred positions. We primarily sold nonredeemable preferred securities with less attractive risk/reward profiles.

Common Equities

Common equities, as reported on the balance sheets, were comprised of the following:


($ in millions)	($ in millions)	June 30, 2022				June 30, 2021				December 31, 2021				($ in millions)	June 30, 2023				June 30, 2022				December 31, 2022
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	2,766.2	99.3	%	$	4,579.8	99.7	%	$	5,041.6	99.7	%	Common stocks	$	2,686.2	99.2	%	$	2,766.2	99.3	%	$	2,801.7	99.3	%
Other risk investments		18.5		0.7		11.6		0.3		16.9		0.3
Other risk investments1														Other risk investments1	21.9		0.8		18.5		0.7		19.8		0.7
Total common equities	Total common equities	$	2,784.7	100.0	%	$	4,591.4	100.0	%	$	5,058.5	100.0	%	Total common equities	$	2,708.1	100.0	%	$	2,784.7	100.0	%	$	2,821.5	100.0	%

1The other risk investments consist of limited partnership interests.

The majority of our common stock portfolio consists of individual holdings selected based on their contribution to the correlation with the Russell 1000 Index. We held ~~783~~762 out of ~~1,020,~~1,008, or ~~77%~~76%, of the common stocks comprising the index at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, which made up ~~94%~~95% of the total market capitalization of the index. At June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the year-to-date total return, based on GAAP income, was within our targeted tracking error, which is +/- 50 basis points.

The other risk investments consist of limited partnership interests. During the second quarter 2022, we did not fund any partnership investments, and we have an open funding commitment of $7.3 million at June 30, 2022.

Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: Investors are cautioned that certain statements in this report not based upon historical fact are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements often use words such as “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “goal,” “target,” “anticipate,” “will,” “could,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” and other words and terms of similar meaning, or are tied to future periods, in connection with a discussion of future operating or financial performance. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, are based on current expectations and projections about future events, and are subject to certain risks, assumptions and uncertainties that could cause actual events and results to differ materially from those discussed herein. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, uncertainties related to:

•our ability to underwrite and price risks accurately and to charge adequate rates to policyholders;

•our ability to establish accurate loss reserves;

•the impact of severe weather, other catastrophe events and climate change;

•the effectiveness of our reinsurance programs and the continued availability of reinsurance and performance by reinsurers;

•the ~~highly competitive nature~~secure and uninterrupted operation of ~~property-casualty insurance markets;~~the systems, facilities and business functions and the operation of various third-party systems that are critical to our business;

•the impacts of a security breach or other attack involving our technology systems or the systems of one or more of our vendors;

•our ability to maintain a recognized and trusted brand and reputation;

•whether we innovate effectively and respond to our competitors’ initiatives;

•whether we effectively manage complexity as we develop and deliver products and customer experiences;

•~~how intellectual property rights affect our competitiveness and our business operations;~~

•~~whether we adjust claims accurately;~~

•~~our ability to maintain a recognized and trusted brand;~~

•our ability to attract, develop and retain talent and maintain appropriate staffing levels;

•the impact of misconduct or fraudulent acts by employees, agents, and third parties to our business and/or exposure to regulatory assessments;

•the highly competitive nature of property-casualty insurance markets;

•whether we adjust claims accurately;

•compliance with complex and changing laws and regulations;

•litigation challenging our business practices, and those of our competitors and other companies;

•the ~~impacts of a security breach or other attack involving our computer systems or the systems of one or more~~success of our ~~vendors;~~

•~~the secure~~business strategy and ~~uninterrupted operation of the facilities, systems, and business functions that are critical to our business;~~

•~~the success of our~~ efforts to acquire or develop new products or enter into new areas of business and navigate related risks;

•how intellectual property rights affect our ~~continued ability to send~~competitiveness and ~~accept electronic payments;~~

•~~the possible impairment of~~ our ~~goodwill or intangible assets;~~business operations;

•the performance of our fixed-income and equity investment portfolios;

•the impact on our investment returns and strategies from regulations and societal pressures relating to environmental, social, governance and other public policy matters;

•the elimination of the London Interbank Offered Rate;

•our continued ability to access our cash accounts and/or convert ~~securities~~investments into cash on favorable terms;

•the impact if one or more parties with which we enter into significant contracts or transact business fail to perform;

•legal restrictions on our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to The Progressive Corporation;

•limitations on our ability to pay dividends on our common shares under the terms of our outstanding preferred shares;

•our ability to obtain capital when necessary to support our business and potential growth;

•evaluations by credit rating and other rating agencies;

•the variable nature of our common share dividend policy;

•whether our investments in certain tax-advantaged projects generate the anticipated returns;

•the impact from not managing to short-term earnings expectations in light of our goal to maximize the long-term value of the enterprise;

•the impacts of ~~the COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken in response;~~epidemics, pandemics or other widespread health risks; and

•other matters described from time to time in our releases and publications, and in our periodic reports and other documents filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, including, without limitation, the Risk Factors section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

Any forward-looking statements are made only as of the date presented. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or developments or otherwise.

In addition, investors should be aware that accounting principles generally accepted ~~accounting principles~~in the United States prescribe when a company may reserve for particular risks, including litigation exposures. Accordingly, results for a given reporting period could be significantly affected if and when we establish reserves for one or more contingencies. Also, our regular reserve reviews may result in adjustments of varying magnitude as additional information regarding claims activity becomes known. Reported results, therefore, may be volatile in certain accounting periods.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The duration of the financial instruments held in our portfolio that are subject to interest rate risk was 2.9 years at both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and 2.8 years at June 30, ~~2022, 3.1 years at June 30, 2021, and 3.0 years at December 31, 2021.~~2022. The weighted average beta of the equity portfolio was 1.04 at June 30, 2023, and 1.00 at both June 30, 2022 and ~~was 1.04 at both June 30, 2021 and~~ December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. We have not experienced a material impact when compared to the tabular presentations of our interest rate and market risk sensitive instruments in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

We, under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. The disclosure controls and procedures are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer reviewed and evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that review and evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effectively serving the stated purposes as of the end of the period covered by this report.

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

For a discussion of legal proceedings see Note 11 – Litigation to the consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes in the risk factors from those discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.


ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES						ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
2022 Calendar Month		Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
2023 Calendar Month							2023 Calendar Month	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April	April	3,486	$	112.36	1,770,572	23,229,428	April	11,395	$	137.02	833,422	24,166,578
May - prior authorization	May - prior authorization	2,529	109.01		1,773,101	—	May - prior authorization	9,321	131.48		842,743	—
May - current authorization	May - current authorization	—	—		—	25,000,000	May - current authorization	13,816	132.32		13,816	24,986,184
June	June	1,169	117.42		1,169	24,998,831	June	21,351	130.48		35,167	24,964,833
Total	Total	7,184	$	112.00			Total	55,883	$	132.43

In May ~~2022,~~2023, the Board of Directors approved an authorization for the Company to repurchase up to 25 million of its common shares. This authorization, which does not have an expiration date, terminated the ~~23,226,899~~24,157,257 shares that remained under the Board’s May ~~2021~~2022 authorization to repurchase 25 million shares.

Share repurchases under this authorization may be accomplished through open market purchases, including trading plans entered into with one or more brokerage firms in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, through privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to our equity incentive awards, or otherwise. During the second quarter ~~2022,~~2023, all repurchases were accomplished in conjunction with our equity incentive awards or through the open market at the then-current market ~~prices; there were no open market purchases during the quarter.~~prices.

Progressive’s financial policies state that we will repurchase shares to neutralize dilution from equity-based compensation in the year of issuance and as an option to effectively use ~~under leveraged~~underleveraged capital.

Item 5. Other Information.

•During the three months ended June 30, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

•President and CEO Susan Patricia Griffith’s quarterly letter to shareholders is included as Exhibit 99 to this Quarterly Report on Form ~~10-Q.~~10-Q and in our online Shareholder Report located on our investor relations website at: investors.progressive.com/financials.

Item 6. Exhibits.

See exhibit index contained herein beginning on page ~~60.~~60, which is incorporated by reference from information with respect to this item.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

THE PROGRESSIVE CORPORATION

(Registrant)

Date:

August ~~2, 2022~~1, 2023

By: /s/ John P. Sauerland

John P. Sauerland

Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


EXHIBIT INDEX	EXHIBIT INDEX				EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit No. Under Reg. S-K, Item 601	Exhibit No. Under Reg. S-K, Item 601	Form 10-Q Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit	If Incorporated by Reference, Documents with Which Exhibit was Previously Filed with SEC	Exhibit No. Under Reg. S-K, Item 601	Form 10-Q Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit	If Incorporated by Reference, Documents with Which Exhibit was Previously Filed with SEC
10		10.1	The Progressive Corporation 2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (2022 Ame ndment and Restatement)	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed May 16, 2022; Exhibit 10 therein)
4					4	4.1	Fourth Supplemental Indenture between The Progressive Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed May 25, 2023; Exhibit 4.1 therein)
4					4	4.2	Form of 4.95% Senior Note due 2033	Current Report on Form 8-K (filed May 25, 2023; Exhibit 4.2 therein)
10	10	10.2	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under The Progressive Corporation 2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (for 2022)	Filed herewith	10	10.1	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under The Progressive Corporation Amended and Restated 2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (for 2023)	Filed herewith
31	31	31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith	Filed herewith	31	31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith	Filed herewith
31	31	31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland	Filed herewith	31	31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland	Filed herewith
32	32	32.1	Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith	Furnished herewith	32	32.1	Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Susan Patricia Griffith	Furnished herewith
32	32	32.2	Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland	Furnished herewith	32	32.2	Section 1350 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer, John P. Sauerland	Furnished herewith
99	99	99	Letter to Shareholders from Susan Patricia Griffith, President and Chief Executive Officer (Regulation FD Disclosure)	Furnished herewith	99	99	Letter to Shareholders from Susan Patricia Griffith, President and Chief Executive Officer (Regulation FD Disclosure)	Furnished herewith
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