Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
 
 (Mark One)
 
xQUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31,June 30, 2018
OR
 
¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from          to         .
Commission File Number: 000-15637 
SVB FINANCIAL GROUP
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
  
Delaware 91-1962278
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
3003 Tasman Drive, Santa Clara, California 95054-1191
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(408) 654-7400
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company,” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer        x             Accelerated filer        ¨    
Non-accelerated filer        ¨     (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company         ¨        Emerging growth company        ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x
At April 30,July 31, 2018, 52,973,91853,213,737 shares of the registrant’s common stock ($0.001 par value) were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  Page
   
Item 1.
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
Item 2.
   
Item 3.
   
Item 4.
  
   
Item 1.
   
Item 1A.
   
Item 2.
   
Item 3.
   
Item 4.
   
Item 5.
   
Item 6.
  

Glossary of Acronyms that may be used in this Report

AFS— Available-for-Sale
APIC— Additional Paid-in Capital
ASC— Accounting Standards Codification
ASU— Accounting Standards Update
CET— Common Equity Tier
EHOP— Employee Home Ownership Program of the Company
EPS— Earnings Per Share
ERI— Energy and Resource Innovation
ESOP— Employee Stock Ownership Plan of the Company
ESPP— 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of the Company
FASB— Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC— Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB— Federal Home Loan Bank
FRB— Federal Reserve Bank
FTE— Full-Time Employee
FTP— Funds Transfer Pricing
GAAP— Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
HTM— Held-to-Maturity
IASB— International Accounting Standards Board
IPO— Initial Public Offering
IRS— Internal Revenue Service
IT— Information Technology
LIBOR— London Interbank Offered Rate
M&A— Merger and Acquisition
OTTI— Other Than Temporary Impairment
SEC— Securities and Exchange Commission
SPD-SVB— SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture bank in China)
TDR— Troubled Debt Restructuring
UK— United Kingdom
VIE— Variable Interest Entity

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in thousands, except par value and share data)
March 31,
2018

December 31,
2017
Assets



Cash and cash equivalents
$2,619,384

$2,923,075
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (cost of $10,189,071 and $11,131,008, respectively)
10,080,384

11,120,664
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost (fair value of $14,229,439 and $12,548,280, respectively)
14,548,856

12,663,455
Non-marketable and other equity securities
824,936

651,053
Total investment securities
25,454,176

24,435,172
Loans, net of unearned income
24,587,944

23,106,316
Allowance for loan losses
(274,294)
(255,024)
Net loans
24,313,650

22,851,292
Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization
127,054

128,682
Accrued interest receivable and other assets
986,523

876,246
Total assets
$53,500,787

$51,214,467
Liabilities and total equity



Liabilities:



Noninterest-bearing demand deposits
$37,515,355

$36,655,497
Interest-bearing deposits
8,421,177

7,598,578
Total deposits
45,936,532

44,254,075
Short-term borrowings
1,102,140

1,033,730
Other liabilities
1,206,660

911,755
Long-term debt
695,731

695,492
Total liabilities
48,941,063

46,895,052
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13 and Note 16)




SVBFG stockholders’ equity:



Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding



Common stock, $0.001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized; 52,922,219 shares and 52,835,188 shares outstanding, respectively
53

53
Additional paid-in capital
1,326,998

1,314,377
Retained earnings
3,160,081

2,866,837
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(71,686)
(1,472)
Total SVBFG stockholders’ equity
4,415,446

4,179,795
Noncontrolling interests
144,278

139,620
Total equity
4,559,724

4,319,415
Total liabilities and total equity
$53,500,787

$51,214,467

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
 
Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2018
2017
Interest income:



Loans
$297,073

$227,341
Investment securities:



Taxable
124,477

89,803
Non-taxable
5,092

646
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities
5,756

3,136
Total interest income
432,398

320,926
Interest expense:



Deposits
4,097

1,717
Borrowings
8,438

9,216
Total interest expense
12,535

10,933
Net interest income
419,863

309,993
Provision for credit losses
27,972

30,734
Net interest income after provision for credit losses
391,891

279,259
Noninterest income:



Gains on investment securities, net
9,058

15,970
Gains on equity warrant assets, net
19,191

6,690
Foreign exchange fees
33,827

26,247
Credit card fees
21,692

17,730
Deposit service charges
17,699

13,975
Client investment fees
22,875

9,026
Lending related fees
10,735

8,961
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees
8,182

6,639
Other
12,259

12,421
Total noninterest income
155,518

117,659
Noninterest expense:



Compensation and benefits
165,806

147,176
Professional services
28,725

25,419
Premises and equipment
18,545

15,858
Net occupancy
13,616

11,651
Business development and travel
11,191

9,195
FDIC and state assessments
9,430

8,682
Correspondent bank fees
3,410

3,445
Other
14,694

16,207
Total noninterest expense
265,417

237,633
Income before income tax expense
281,992

159,285
Income tax expense
73,966

51,405
Net income before noncontrolling interests
208,026

107,880
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(13,065)
(6,397)
Net income available to common stockholders
$194,961

$101,483
Earnings per common share—basic
$3.69

$1.94
Earnings per common share—diluted
3.63

1.91


See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
 
Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
2018
2017
Net income before noncontrolling interests
$208,026

$107,880
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
   
Change in foreign currency cumulative translation gains and losses:
   
Foreign currency translation gains
3,106

957
Related tax expense
(856)
(390)
Change in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities:
   
Unrealized holding losses
(58,027)
(7,757)
Related tax benefit
15,926

3,136
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income


(608)
Related tax expense


248
Reclassification of unrealized gains on equity securities to retained earnings for ASU 2016-01 (1) (40,316) 
Related tax expense (1) 11,145
 
Amortization of unrealized holding gains on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity
(1,206)
(1,771)
Related tax benefit
333

713
Reclassification of stranded tax effect to retained earnings for ASU 2018-02 (1) (319) 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
(70,214)
(5,472)
Comprehensive income
137,812

102,408
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(13,065)
(6,397)
Comprehensive income attributable to SVBFG
$124,747

$96,011
(1)
See "Adoption of New Accounting Standards" in Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.























See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
 
Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in Capital

Retained Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Total SVBFG
Stockholders’ Equity

Noncontrolling Interests
Total Equity
(Dollars in thousands)
Shares
Amount





Balance at December 31, 2016
52,254,074
 $52
 $1,242,741
 $2,376,331
 $23,430

$3,642,554

$134,483

$3,777,037
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations
162,797
 
 6,743
 
 

6,743



6,743
Common stock issued under ESOP
10,838
 
 2,094
 
 

2,094



2,094
Net income

 
 
 101,483
 

101,483

6,397

107,880
Capital calls and distributions, net

 
 
 
 



(1,755)
(1,755)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities, net of tax

 
 
 
 (4,981)
(4,981)


(4,981)
Amortization of unrealized holding gains on securities transferred from AFS to HTM, net of tax

 
 
 
 (1,058)
(1,058)


(1,058)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax

 
 
 
 567

567



567
Share-based compensation, net

 
 16,929
 
 

16,929



16,929
Balance at March 31, 2017
52,427,709

$52

$1,268,507

$2,477,814

$17,958

$3,764,331

$139,125

$3,903,456
Balance at December 31, 2017
52,835,188
 $53
 $1,314,377
 $2,866,837
 $(1,472) $4,179,795
 $139,620
 $4,319,415
Cumulative adjustment for ASU 2014-09, net of tax (1) 
 
 
 (5,802) 
 (5,802) 
 (5,802)
Cumulative adjustment for ASU 2016-01, net of tax (1) 
 
 
 103,766
 (29,171) 74,595
 
 74,595
Reclassification of stranded tax effect for ASU 2018-02 (1) 
 
 
 319
 (319) 
 
 
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations
77,359
 
 (479) 
 

(479)


(479)
Common stock issued under ESOP
9,672
 
 2,577
 
 

2,577



2,577
Net income

 
 
 194,961
 

194,961

13,065

208,026
Capital calls and distributions, net

 
 
 
 



(8,407)
(8,407)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities, net of tax

 
 
 
 (42,101)
(42,101)


(42,101)
Amortization of unrealized holding gains on securities transferred from AFS to HTM, net of tax

 
 
 
 (873)
(873)


(873)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax

 
 
 
 2,250

2,250



2,250
Share-based compensation, net

 
 10,523
 
 

10,523



10,523
Balance at March 31, 2018
52,922,219

$53

$1,326,998

$3,160,081

$(71,686)
$4,415,446

$144,278

$4,559,724
(1)
See "Adoption of New Accounting Standards" in Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.


  See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
 
Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
2018
2017
Cash flows from operating activities:



Net income before noncontrolling interests
$208,026

$107,880
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:



Provision for credit losses
27,972

30,734
Changes in fair values of equity warrant assets, net of proceeds from exercises
(17,508) (1,545)
Changes in fair values of derivatives, net
3,928

3,887
Gains on investment securities, net (1)
(9,058) (8,942)
Distributions of earnings from non-marketable and other equity securities (1) 11,385
 12,159
Depreciation and amortization
14,377

12,391
Amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities, net
(1,125)
400
Amortization of share-based compensation
10,523

9,203
Amortization of deferred loan fees
(29,133)
(23,650)
Deferred income tax benefit
(8,834)
(15,386)
Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted shares (2,543) (6,063)
Other gains 
 (3,981)
Changes in other assets and liabilities:



Accrued interest receivable and payable, net
(18,365)
(6,750)
Accounts receivable and payable, net
(7,277)
(1,976)
Income tax receivable and payable, net
69,869

65,524
Accrued compensation
(106,356)
(89,653)
Foreign exchange spot contracts, net
134,638

30,995
Other, net
67,885

(3,290)
Net cash provided by operating activities
348,404

111,937
Cash flows from investing activities:



Purchases of available-for-sale securities


(595,543)
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities


2,078
Proceeds from maturities and pay downs of available-for-sale securities
911,839

824,551
Purchases of held-to-maturity securities
(2,295,985)
(589,855)
Proceeds from maturities and pay downs of held-to-maturity securities
470,232

416,206
Purchases of non-marketable and other securities
(20,401)
(545)
Proceeds from sales and distributions of capital of non-marketable and other securities (1)
9,377

11,744
Net increase in loans
(1,463,998)
(519,454)
Purchases of premises and equipment
(7,717)
(10,599)
Net cash used for investing activities
(2,396,653)
(461,417)
Cash flows from financing activities:



Net increase in deposits
1,682,457

2,099,832
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings
68,410

(507,505)
(Distributions to noncontrolling interests), net of contributions from noncontrolling interests
(8,407)
(1,755)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, ESPP and ESOP
2,098

8,837
Net cash provided by financing activities
1,744,558

1,599,409
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
(303,691)
1,249,929
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
2,923,075

2,545,750
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$2,619,384

$3,795,679
Supplemental disclosures:



Cash paid during the period for:



Interest
$20,411

$17,956
Income taxes
9,385

3,304
Noncash items during the period:



Changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax
$(42,101)
$(4,981)
Distributions of stock from investments
2,282

357
(1)
During the first quarter of 2018 we adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This guidance was adopted on a retrospective basis and impacted the presentation between investing and operating activities related to distributions and net gains from our nonmarketable and other securities portfolio. See Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in thousands, except par value and share data)
June 30,
2018

December 31,
2017
Assets



Cash and cash equivalents
$2,712,101

$2,923,075
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (cost of $9,717,156 and $11,131,008, respectively)
9,593,366

11,120,664
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost (fair value of $15,493,995 and $12,548,280, respectively)
15,898,263

12,663,455
Non-marketable and other equity securities
852,505

651,053
Total investment securities
26,344,134

24,435,172
Loans, net of unearned income
25,996,192

23,106,316
Allowance for loan losses
(286,709)
(255,024)
Net loans
25,709,483

22,851,292
Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization
117,603

128,682
Accrued interest receivable and other assets
984,424

876,246
Total assets
$55,867,745

$51,214,467
Liabilities and total equity



Liabilities:



Noninterest-bearing demand deposits
$40,593,302

$36,655,497
Interest-bearing deposits
8,293,993

7,598,578
Total deposits
48,887,295

44,254,075
Short-term borrowings
417,246

1,033,730
Other liabilities
1,062,391

911,755
Long-term debt
695,972

695,492
Total liabilities
51,062,904

46,895,052
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13 and Note 16)




SVBFG stockholders’ equity:



Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding



Common stock, $0.001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized; 53,210,627 shares and 52,835,188 shares outstanding, respectively
53

53
Additional paid-in capital
1,346,586

1,314,377
Retained earnings
3,397,879

2,866,837
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(86,865)
(1,472)
Total SVBFG stockholders’ equity
4,657,653

4,179,795
Noncontrolling interests
147,188

139,620
Total equity
4,804,841

4,319,415
Total liabilities and total equity
$55,867,745

$51,214,467

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
 
Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2018
2017
2018
2017
Interest income:







Loans
$330,298

$250,197

$627,371

$477,538
Investment securities:







Taxable
137,150

95,522

261,627

185,325
Non-taxable
7,666

885

12,758

1,531
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities
6,187

7,323

11,943

10,459
Total interest income
481,301

353,927

913,699

674,853
Interest expense:







Deposits
6,270

2,197

10,367

3,914
Borrowings
8,588

9,034

17,026

18,250
Total interest expense
14,858

11,231

27,393

22,164
Net interest income
466,443

342,696

886,306

652,689
Provision for credit losses
29,080

15,806

57,052

46,540
Net interest income after provision for credit losses
437,363

326,890

829,254

606,149
Noninterest income:







Gains on investment securities, net
36,114

17,630

45,172

33,600
Gains on equity warrant assets, net
19,061

10,820

38,252

17,510
Foreign exchange fees
34,077

26,108

67,904

52,355
Credit card fees
22,926

18,099

44,618

35,829
Deposit service charges
18,794

14,563

36,493

28,538
Client investment fees
29,452

12,982

52,327

22,008
Lending related fees
9,528

8,509

20,263

17,470
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees
8,347

7,006

16,529

13,645
Other
14,390

12,811

26,649

25,232
Total noninterest income
192,689

128,528

348,207

246,187
Noninterest expense:







Compensation and benefits
181,955

148,973

347,761

296,149
Professional services
46,813

27,925

75,538

53,344
Premises and equipment
19,173

18,958

37,718

34,816
Net occupancy
13,288

11,126

26,904

22,777
Business development and travel
12,095

11,389

23,286

20,584
FDIC and state assessments
10,326

9,313

19,756

17,995
Correspondent bank fees
3,277

3,163

6,687

6,608
Other
18,812

20,399

33,506

36,606
Total noninterest expense
305,739

251,246

571,156

488,879
Income before income tax expense
324,313

204,172

606,305

363,457
Income tax expense
77,287

71,656

151,253

123,061
Net income before noncontrolling interests
247,026

132,516

455,052

240,396
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(9,228)
(9,323)
(22,293)
(15,720)
Net income available to common stockholders
$237,798

$123,193

$432,759

$224,676
Earnings per common share—basic
$4.48

$2.34

$8.17

$4.28
Earnings per common share—diluted
4.42

2.32

8.05

4.22


See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
 
Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)
2018
2017
2018
2017
Net income before noncontrolling interests
$247,026

$132,516

$455,052

$240,396
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
   



Change in foreign currency cumulative translation gains and losses:
   



Foreign currency translation (losses) gains
(5,184)
1,578

(2,078)
2,535
Related tax benefit (expense)
1,433

(644)
577

(1,034)
Change in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities:
   



Unrealized holding losses
(15,103)
(5,639)
(73,130)
(13,396)
Related tax benefit
4,349

2,500

20,275

5,636
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income (1)


123



(485)
Related tax (benefit) expense (1)


(50)


198
Reclassification of unrealized gains on equity securities to retained earnings for ASU 2016-01 (1) 
 
 (40,316) 
Related tax expense (1) 
 
 11,145
 
Amortization of unrealized holding gains on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity
(932)
(1,566)
(2,138)
(3,337)
Related tax benefit
258

630

591

1,343
Reclassification of stranded tax effect to retained earnings for ASU 2018-02 (1) 
 
 (319) 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
(15,179)
(3,068)
(85,393)
(8,540)
Comprehensive income
231,847

129,448

369,659

231,856
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(9,228)
(9,323)
(22,293)
(15,720)
Comprehensive income attributable to SVBFG
$222,619

$120,125

$347,366

$216,136
(1)
See "Adoption of New Accounting Standards" in Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.


















See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
 
Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in Capital

Retained Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Total SVBFG
Stockholders’ Equity

Noncontrolling Interests
Total Equity
(Dollars in thousands)
Shares
Amount





Balance at December 31, 2016
52,254,074
 $52
 $1,242,741
 $2,376,331
 $23,430

$3,642,554

$134,483

$3,777,037
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations
419,247
 1
 11,821
 
 

11,822



11,822
Common stock issued under ESOP
10,838
 
 2,094
 
 

2,094



2,094
Net income

 
 
 224,676
 

224,676

15,720

240,396
Capital calls and distributions, net

 
 
 
 



(9,603)
(9,603)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities, net of tax

 
 
 
 (8,047)
(8,047)


(8,047)
Amortization of unrealized holding gains on securities transferred from AFS to HTM, net of tax

 
 
 
 (1,994)
(1,994)


(1,994)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax

 
 
 
 1,501

1,501



1,501
Share-based compensation, net

 
 26,829
 
 

26,829



26,829
Balance at June 30, 2017
52,684,159

$53

$1,283,485

$2,601,007

$14,890

$3,899,435

$140,600

$4,040,035
Balance at December 31, 2017
52,835,188
 $53
 $1,314,377
 $2,866,837
 $(1,472) $4,179,795
 $139,620
 $4,319,415
Cumulative adjustment for ASU 2014-09, net of tax (1) 
 
 
 (5,802) 
 (5,802) 
 (5,802)
Cumulative adjustment for ASU 2016-01, net of tax (1) 
 
 
 103,766
 (29,171) 74,595
 
 74,595
Reclassification of stranded tax effect for ASU 2018-02 (1) 
 
 
 319
 (319) 
 
 
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans, net of restricted stock cancellations
365,767
 
 7,165
 
 

7,165



7,165
Common stock issued under ESOP
9,672
 
 2,577
 
 

2,577



2,577
Net income

 
 
 432,759
 

432,759

22,293

455,052
Capital calls and distributions, net

 
 
 
 



(14,725)
(14,725)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities, net of tax

 
 
 
 (52,855)
(52,855)


(52,855)
Amortization of unrealized holding gains on securities transferred from AFS to HTM, net of tax

 
 
 
 (1,547)
(1,547)


(1,547)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax

 
 
 
 (1,501)
(1,501)


(1,501)
Share-based compensation, net

 
 22,467
 
 

22,467



22,467
Balance at June 30, 2018
53,210,627

$53

$1,346,586

$3,397,879

$(86,865)
$4,657,653

$147,188

$4,804,841
(1)
See "Adoption of New Accounting Standards" in Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.


  See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
 
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)
2018
2017
Cash flows from operating activities:



Net income before noncontrolling interests
$455,052

$240,396
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:



Provision for credit losses
57,052

46,540
Changes in fair values of equity warrant assets, net of proceeds from exercises
(24,940) (9,053)
Changes in fair values of derivatives, net
(8,768)
8,505
Gains on investment securities, net (1)
(45,172) (20,341)
Distributions of earnings from non-marketable and other equity securities (1) 27,409
 27,214
Depreciation and amortization
28,902

26,268
Amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities, net
(478)
1,747
Amortization of share-based compensation
22,467

19,095
Amortization of deferred loan fees
(65,606)
(51,869)
Deferred income tax benefit
(18,594)
(9,827)
Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted shares (14,488) (13,028)
Losses from the write-off of premises and equipment 7,006
 
Other gains 
 (3,858)
Changes in other assets and liabilities:



Accrued interest receivable and payable, net
(28,213)
(8,852)
Accounts receivable and payable, net
(10,169)
(6,227)
Income tax receivable and payable, net
(21,076)
840
Accrued compensation
(55,814)
(51,636)
Foreign exchange spot contracts, net
68,870

159,607
Other, net
(26,060)
41,200
Net cash provided by operating activities
347,380

396,721
Cash flows from investing activities:



Purchases of available-for-sale securities
(390,758)
(1,174,666)
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities


5,024
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of available-for-sale securities
1,775,568

1,715,291
Purchases of held-to-maturity securities
(4,067,389)
(2,298,290)
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of held-to-maturity securities
935,820

806,386
Purchases of non-marketable and other securities
(28,099)
(9,488)
Proceeds from sales and distributions of capital of non-marketable and other securities (1)
75,139

23,765
Net increase in loans
(2,855,537)
(1,066,056)
Purchases of premises and equipment
(14,851)
(21,496)
Net cash used for investing activities
(4,570,107)
(2,019,530)
Cash flows from financing activities:



Net increase in deposits
4,633,220

3,485,423
Net decrease in short-term borrowings
(616,484)
(512,198)
Principal payments of long-term debt 
 (46,235)
(Distributions to noncontrolling interests), net of contributions from noncontrolling interests
(14,725)
(9,603)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, ESPP and ESOP
9,742

13,916
Net cash provided by financing activities
4,011,753

2,931,303
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
(210,974)
1,308,494
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
2,923,075

2,545,750
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$2,712,101

$3,854,244
Supplemental disclosures:



Cash paid during the period for:



Interest
$27,730

$22,293
Income taxes
193,682

137,371
Noncash items during the period:



Changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax
$(52,855)
$(8,047)
Distributions of stock from investments
3,136

2,514
(1)
During the first quarter of 2018 we adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This guidance was adopted on a retrospective basis and impacted the presentation between investing and operating activities related to distributions and net gains from our nonmarketable and other securities portfolio. See Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

SVB FINANCIAL GROUP AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
1.
Basis of Presentation
SVB Financial Group is a diversified financial services company, as well as a bank holding company and a financial holding company. SVB Financial was incorporated in the state of Delaware in March 1999. Through our various subsidiaries and divisions, we offer a variety of banking and financial products and services to support our clients of all sizes and stages throughout their life cycles. In these notes to our consolidated financial statements, when we refer to “SVB Financial Group,” “SVBFG”, the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or use similar words, we mean SVB Financial Group and all of its subsidiaries collectively, including Silicon Valley Bank (the “Bank”), unless the context requires otherwise. When we refer to “SVB Financial” or the “Parent” we are referring only to the parent company, SVB Financial Group (not including subsidiaries).
The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in accordance with GAAP. Such unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The results of operations for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future periods. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (“2017 Form 10-K”).
The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a consistent basis with the accounting policies described in Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 2—“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” under Part II, Item 8 of our 2017 Form 10-K.
The preparation of unaudited interim consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates may change as new information is obtained. Significant items that are subject to such estimates include measurements of fair value, the valuation of non-marketable and other equity securities, the valuation of equity warrant assets, the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and allowance for unfunded credit commitments, and the recognition and measurement of income tax assets and liabilities.
Principles of Consolidation and Presentation
Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SVB Financial Group and consolidated entities. We consolidate voting entities in which we have control through voting interests or entities through which we have a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”). We determine whether we have a controlling financial interest in a VIE by determining if we have: (a) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses, or (c) the right to receive the expected returns of the entity. Generally, we have significant variable interests if our commitments to a limited partnership investment represent a significant amount of the total commitments to the entity. We also evaluate the impact of related parties on our determination of variable interests in our consolidation conclusions. We consolidate VIEs in which we are the primary beneficiary based on a controlling financial interest. If we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we record our pro-rata interests based on our ownership percentage.
VIEs are entities where investors lack sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or equity investors, as a group, lack one of the following characteristics: (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or (c) the right to receive the expected returns of the entity. We assess VIEs to determine if we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE.  A primary beneficiary is defined as a variable interest holder that has a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest requires both: (a) power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of a VIE that could potentially be significant to a VIE. Under this analysis, we also evaluate kick-out rights and other participating rights which could provide us a controlling financial interest. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is required to consolidate the VIE.
We also evaluate fees paid to managers of our limited partnership investments. We exclude those fee arrangements that are not deemed to be variable interests from the analysis of our interests in our investments in VIEs and the determination of a primary beneficiary, if any. Fee arrangements based on terms that are customary and commensurate with the services provided are deemed not to be variable interests and are, therefore, excluded.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions with consolidated entities have been eliminated. We have not provided financial or other support during the periods presented to any VIE that we were not previously contractually required to provide.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)), which provides revenue recognition guidance that is intended to create greater consistency with respect to how and when revenue from contracts with customers is shown in the income statement. The guidance requires that revenue from contracts with customers be recognized when transfer of control over goods or services is passed to customers in the amount of consideration expected to be received. Subsequent Accounting Standard Updates have been issued clarifying the original pronouncement (ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12 and ASU 2016-20).
On January 1, 2018, we adopted the new accounting standard ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and all the related amendments ("new revenue standard", "ASC 606" or "ASU 2014-09") using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. We elected to apply the practical expedient which allows us to expense costs related to obtaining contracts as incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. We recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.
We completed a comprehensive scoping exercise to determine the revenue streams that are within the scope of this guidance. The scope of this guidance explicitly excludes net interest income, including interest income earned from our loan and fixed income securities portfolios, as well as certain other noninterest income earned from our lending-, investment- and derivative-related activities. Based on our completed assessment, we did not identify any material changes to the timing or the amounts of our revenue recognition, however, we identified a change in the timing of recognizing fund management fees in other noninterest income for a portion of our SVB Capital funds. Fund management fees for these certain SVB Capital funds will now be recognized at the time of distribution which typically occurs later in the life of the fund than had been previously recognized. The cumulative adjustment to retained earnings associated with this change was $5.8 million, net of tax, with an immaterial impact to our net income on an ongoing basis. The impact to net income as a result of applying the new revenue standard were decreases of $0.3 million and $0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of cash settlements or invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, and unearned revenue when revenue is recognized subsequent to receipt of consideration. These assets and liabilities are reported on the consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. During the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, changes in our contract assets, contract liabilities and receivables were not material. Additionally, revenues recognized during the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 that were included in the corresponding contract liability balance at the beginning of the period were not material.
The cumulative effect of the changes to our consolidated balance sheets at January 1, 2018, for the adoption of the new revenue standard were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
 Balance at December 31, 2017 Adjustments Due to Adoption of ASC 606 
Balance at
January 1, 2018
Accrued interest receivable and other assets:      
Accounts receivable $55,946
 $(34,340) $21,606
Other liabilities:      
Deferred revenue 27,057
 (26,321) 736
Current taxes payable 4,675
 (2,217) 2,458
Stockholders' Equity:      
Retained earnings 2,866,837
 (5,802) 2,861,035

In accordance with the new revenue standard requirements, the disclosure of the impact of adoption on our consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2018 and our statements of income at and for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, were as follows:
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) As Reported Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 
Effect of Change
Higher/(Lower)
 As Reported Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 
Effect of Change
Higher/(Lower)
Accrued interest receivable and other assets:            
Accounts receivable $47,978
 $85,077
 $(37,099) $57,740
 $97,584
 $(39,844)
Other liabilities:            
Deferred fees 734
 28,685
 (27,951) 479
 29,964
 (29,485)
Current taxes payable 67,001
 65,023
 1,978
Current taxes payable (receivable) 1,616
 (924) 2,540
Stockholders' Equity:            
Retained earnings 3,160,081
 3,166,514
 (6,433) 3,397,879
 3,403,357
 (5,478)
 Three months ended March 31, 2018 Three months ended June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) As Reported Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 
Effect of Change
Higher/(Lower)
 As Reported Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 
Effect of Change
Higher/(Lower)
Other noninterest income:            
Fund management fees $5,736
 $6,606
 $(870) $5,929
 $6,308
 $(379)
Income tax expense 73,966
 74,205
 (239) 77,287
 77,380
 (93)
            
Net Income available to common stockholders 194,961
 195,592
 (631) 237,798
 238,084
 (286)
Diluted earnings per share 3.63
 3.64
 (0.01) 4.42
 4.43
 (0.01)
  Six months ended June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) As Reported Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 
Effect of Change
Higher/(Lower)
Other noninterest income:      
Fund management fees $11,665
 $12,914
 $(1,249)
Income tax expense 151,253
 151,577
 (324)
       
Net Income available to common stockholders 432,759
 433,684
 (925)
Diluted earnings per share 8.05
 8.07
 (0.02)
In February 2018, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU "2018-02")) to address certain stranded income tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") resulting from H.R.1, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJ Act"). ASU 2018-02 changed current accounting whereby an entity may elect to reclassify the stranded tax effect from AOCI to retained earnings in each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the TCJ Act (or portion thereof) is recorded. ASU 2018-02 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. We have elected to early adopt ASU 2018-02 and reclassified approximately $0.3$0.3 million from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings within our consolidated statements of stockholders' equity forin the three months ended March 31,first quarter of 2018.
On January 1, 2018, we adopted the new accounting standard update ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Topic 825), which addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. This guidance requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. We adopted this guidance using the modified retrospective method and our equity investments carried at cost with readily determinable fair values were re-measured at fair value and the difference between cost and fair value was recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. The adjustment to opening retained earnings for these investments was $74.6 million, net of tax, with subsequent changes in the fair value of these equity securities recorded as unrealized gains or losses in our consolidated statements of income. Additionally, in accordance with this guidance, net unrealized gains of $29.2 million, net

of tax, included in accumulated other comprehensive income on January 1, 2018, related to our previously reported available-for-sale equity securities, were reclassified as an adjustment to retained earnings. Subsequent changes in the fair value of these equity securities were recorded as unrealized gains or losses in our consolidated statements of income. Furthermore, for purposes of disclosing the fair value of loans carried at amortized cost, our valuation methodology was updated to conform to an “exit price” concept as required by the standard update, resulting in an immaterial change in the fair value.
In August 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments), which clarifies the guidance on eight specific cash flow issues. We adopted the new accounting standard, specifically as it relates to distributions from our equity method investments, on January 1, 2018. We elected to adopt the nature of distribution approach and applied the guidance retrospectively. The new guidance had an immaterial impact on the presentation between investing and operating activities within our statements of cash flows related to distributions and net gains from our nonmarketable and other securities portfolio.

In November 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash), which requires that a statement of cash flows explains the change during the period in the total cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents.  Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows.  Previous to the update, there had been some diversity in practice.  Given that we had already classified restricted cash such as cash reserves at the Federal Reserve as part of cash and cash equivalents on the cash flow statement, the update had no impact on how we were already reporting and presenting our statement of cash flows.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)), which will require for all operating leases the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability, in the statement of financial position. The lease cost will be allocated over the lease term on a straight-line basis. There were further amendments, including practical expedients, with the issuance of ASU 2018-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842” in January 2018. In July 2018 the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, "Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements", which provides us with the option to apply the new leasing standard to all open leases as of the adoption date, on a prospective basis. This guidance will be effective on January 1, 2019, on a modified retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We plan to adopt the lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, on a prospective basis. We intend to elect a "package of expedients" which will result in continuing to account for existing leases for which the first quartercommencement date is before January 1, 2019, in accordance with Leases (Topic 840) throughout the lease term, including periods after adoption of 2019the new guidance. We expect the adoption of this standard to have an impact of less than one percent of total assets and are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will haveliabilities on our consolidated financial statements by reviewing our existing lease contracts and service contracts that may include embedded leases. While we are continuing to assess potential impactsbalance sheets reflective of the standard, we currently expect to recognizerecognition of right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities associated predominantly with noncancelable operating leases, as included inleases. In addition, we do not expect the tableadoption of minimum future payments, in the amountthis guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated statements of $226 million as disclosed in Note 19 of our 2017 Form 10-K.income.
In June 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard update (ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments- Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments), which amends the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses over the life of the loan and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This guidance will be effective January 1, 2020, on a modified retrospective approach, with early adoption permitted, but not before January 1, 2019. We currently have a project team in place and subject matter experts to assist with our review of key interpretive issues and the assessment of our existing credit loss forecasting models and processes against the new guidance to determine what modifications may be required. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operation and stockholders’ equity.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts, primarily related to the adoption of new accounting guidance, have been reclassified to conform to current period presentations.

2.Stockholders' Equity and EPS
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following table summarizes the items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into the Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
    Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) Income Statement Location 2018
2017
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income Gains on investment securities, net $
 $(608)
Related tax expense Income tax expense 
 248
Total reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of tax   $
 $(360)
    Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) Income Statement Location 2018
2017 2018 2017
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income (1) Gains on investment securities, net $
 $123
 $
 $(485)
Related tax (benefit) expense (1) Income tax expense 
 (50) 
 198
Total reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income, net of tax (1)   $
 $73
 $
 $(287)
(1)
See "Adoption of New Accounting Standards" in Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.


EPS
Basic EPS is the amount of earnings available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted EPS is the amount of earnings available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive common shares. Potentially dilutive common shares include incremental shares issuable for stock options and restricted stock units outstanding under our 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and our ESPP. Potentially dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of dilutive EPS in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. The following is a reconciliation of basic EPS to diluted EPS for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Numerator:            
Net income available to common stockholders $194,961
 $101,483
 $237,798
 $123,193
 $432,759
 $224,676
Denominator:            
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic 52,883
 52,344
 53,064
 52,537
 52,974
 52,441
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities:            
Stock options and ESPP 420
 440
 400
 368
 408
 397
Restricted stock units 382
 395
 312
 289
 350
 342
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted 53,685
 53,179
 53,776
 53,194
 53,732
 53,180
Earnings per common share:            
Basic $3.69
 $1.94
 $4.48
 $2.34
 $8.17
 $4.28
Diluted 3.63
 1.91
 4.42
 2.32
 8.05
 4.22

The following table summarizes the weighted-average common shares excluded from the diluted EPS calculation due to the antidilutive effect for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Shares in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Stock options 4
 
 58
 73
 33
 36
Restricted stock units 
 21
 113
 
 59
 
Total 4
 21
 171
 73
 92
 36
3.Share-Based Compensation
For the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017, we recorded share-based compensation and related tax benefits as follows: 
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Share-based compensation expense $10,523
 $9,203
 $11,944
 $9,892
 $22,467
 $19,095
Income tax benefit related to share-based compensation expense (2,317) (3,015) (2,743) (3,349) (5,060) (6,364)
Unrecognized Compensation Expense
As of March 31,June 30, 2018, unrecognized share-based compensation expense was as follows:
(Dollars in thousands) 
  Unrecognized  
Expense
 
Weighted Average Expected
Recognition Period 
- in Years  
 
  Unrecognized  
Expense
 
Weighted Average Expected
Recognition Period 
- in Years  
Stock options $8,290
 2.48 $15,039
 3.10
Restricted stock units 46,036
 2.48 81,376
 2.91
Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense $54,326
  $96,415
 

Share-Based Payment Award Activity
The table below provides stock option information related to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018:
 Options 
Weighted
Average
 Exercise Price 
 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life - in Years   
Aggregate
  Intrinsic Value  
of In-The-
Money
Options
 Options 
Weighted
Average
 Exercise Price 
 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life - in Years   
Aggregate
  Intrinsic Value  
of In-The-
Money
Options
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 808,049
 $105.68
     808,049
 $105.68
    
Granted 471
 260.72
   87,352
 305.22
  
Exercised (51,271) 68.05
   (156,580) 84.83
  
Forfeited (1,926) 130.69
   (1,926) 130.69
  
Outstanding at March 31, 2018 755,323
 108.26
 3.61 $99,521,692
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2018 738,585
 107.43
 3.57 97,934,520
Exercisable at March 31, 2018 416,281
 87.28
 2.50 63,585,697
Expired (2,337) 60.37
  
Outstanding at June 30, 2018 734,558
 133.93
 3.92 $115,185,279
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2018 710,108
 131.27
 3.85 113,119,954
Exercisable at June 30, 2018 449,728
 97.80
 2.82 85,881,104
The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options shown in the table above represents the pre-tax intrinsic value based on our closing stock price of $240.01$288.76 as of March 31, 2018.June 30, 2018. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 was $9.4$21.6 million, and $31.0 million, respectively, compared to $16.5$5.6 million and $22.1 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods.
The table below provides information for restricted stock units under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018:
 Shares     Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares     Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2017 637,667
 $135.86
 637,667
 $135.86
Granted 10,699
 237.94
 185,292
 301.56
Vested (42,171) 126.23
 (206,997) 130.29
Forfeited (13,332) 132.87
 (21,028) 148.43
Nonvested at March 31, 2018 592,863
 138.46
Nonvested at June 30, 2018 594,934
 188.96
4.Variable Interest Entities
Our involvement with VIEs includes our investments in venture capital and private equity funds, debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and our investments in qualified affordable housing projects.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and classification of significant variable interests in consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) Consolidated VIEs Unconsolidated VIEs Maximum Exposure to Loss in Unconsolidated VIEs Consolidated VIEs Unconsolidated VIEs Maximum Exposure to Loss in Unconsolidated VIEs
March 31, 2018:      
June 30, 2018:      
Assets:            
Cash and cash equivalents $5,040
 $
 $
 $4,113
 $
 $
Non-marketable and other equity securities (1) 200,246
 501,810
 501,810
 208,275
 529,429
 529,429
Accrued interest receivable and other assets 466
 
 
 397
 
 
Total assets $205,752
 $501,810
 $501,810
 $212,785
 $529,429
 $529,429
Liabilities:            
Other liabilities (1) 717
 137,783
 
 765
 161,113
 
Total liabilities $717
 $137,783
 $
 $765
 $161,113
 $
December 31, 2017:            
Assets:            
Cash and cash equivalents $6,674
 $
 $
 $6,674
 $
 $
Non-marketable and other equity securities (1) 190,562
 346,097
 346,097
 190,562
 346,097
 346,097
Accrued interest receivable and other assets 365
 
 
 365
 
 
Total assets $197,601
 $346,097
 $346,097
 $197,601
 $346,097
 $346,097
Liabilities:            
Other liabilities (1) 990
 100,891
 
 990
 100,891
 
Total liabilities $990
 $100,891
 $
 $990
 $100,891
 $
 
 
(1)Included in our unconsolidated non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $225.8$251.5 million and $174.2 million, respectively, and related other liabilities consisting of unfunded credit commitments of $137.8$161.1 million and $100.9 million, respectively.

Non-marketable and other equity securities
Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture bank in China (“SPD-SVB”)), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and investments in qualified affordable housing projects. A majority of these investments are through third- party funds held by SVB Financial in which we do not have controlling or significant variable interests. These investments represent our unconsolidated VIEs in the table above. Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio also includes investments from SVB Capital. SVB Capital is the funds management business of SVB Financial Group, which focuses primarily on venture capital investments. The SVB Capital family of funds is comprised of direct venture funds that invest in companies and funds of funds that invest in other venture capital funds. We have a controlling and significant variable interest in four of these SVB Capital funds and consolidate these funds for financial reporting purposes.
All investments are generally nonredeemable and distributions are expected to be received through the liquidation of the underlying investments throughout the life of the investment fund. Investments may only be sold or transferred subject to the notice and approval provisions of the underlying investment agreement. Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we also make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds. For additional details, see Note 13—“Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
The Bank also has variable interests in low income housing tax credit funds, in connection with fulfilling its responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits. These investments are typically limited partnerships in which the general partner, other than the Bank, holds the power over significant activities of the VIE; therefore, these investments are not consolidated. For additional information on our investments in qualified affordable housing projects see Note 6—“Investment Securities" of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

As of March 31,June 30, 2018, our exposure to loss with respect to the consolidated VIEs is limited to our net assets of $205.0$212.0 million and our exposure to loss for our unconsolidated VIEs is equal to our investment in these assets of $501.8$529.4 million.
5.Cash and Cash Equivalents
The following table details our cash and cash equivalents at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018
December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018
December 31, 2017
Cash and due from banks (1) $2,241,287
 $2,672,290
 $2,670,473
 $2,672,290
Securities purchased under agreements to resell (2) 375,180
 247,876
 37,379
 247,876
Other short-term investment securities 2,917
 2,909
 4,249
 2,909
Total cash and cash equivalents $2,619,384
 $2,923,075
 $2,712,101
 $2,923,075
 
 
(1)
At March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, $378.2645.8 million and $624.0 million, respectively, of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate, and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were both$1.0 billion and $1.1 billion at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017., respectively.
(2)
At March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, securities purchased under agreements to resell were collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency securities with aggregate fair values of $382.738.1 million and $252.8 million, respectively. None of these securities were sold or repledged as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
6.Investment Securities
Our investment securities portfolio consists of: (i) an available-for-sale securities portfolio and a held-to-maturity securities portfolio, both of which represent interest-earning investment securities, and, (ii) a non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio, which primarily represents investments managed as part of our funds management business as well as public equity securities held as a result of equity warrant assets exercised.
Available-for-Sale Securities
The components of our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Carrying
Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Carrying
Value
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:                
U.S. Treasury securities $6,066,397
 $
 $(49,520) $6,016,877
 $5,782,879
 $4,186
 $(53,995) $5,733,070
U.S. agency debentures 1,569,943
 321
 (8,430) 1,561,834
 1,495,657
 
 (9,793) 1,485,864
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 2,198,479
 97
 (52,403) 2,146,173
 2,103,572
 39
 (65,477) 2,038,134
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 354,252
 1,375
 (127) 355,500
 335,048
 1,376
 (126) 336,298
Total available-for-sale securities $10,189,071
 $1,793
 $(110,480) $10,080,384
 $9,717,156
 $5,601
 $(129,391) $9,593,366

  December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Carrying
Value
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value:        
U.S. Treasury securities $6,865,068
 $1,113
 $(25,679) $6,840,502
U.S. agency debentures 1,569,195
 3,569
 (5,636) 1,567,128
Residential mortgage-backed securities:        
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 2,292,311
 258
 (25,534) 2,267,035
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 372,481
 1,375
 (126) 373,730
Equity securities 31,953
 40,525
 (209) 72,269
Total available-for-sale securities $11,131,008
 $46,840
 $(57,184) $11,120,664

The following table summarizes sale activity of available-for-sale securities during the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 as recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net”, a component of noninterest income:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018
2017 2018
2017 2018 2017
Sales proceeds $
 $2,078
 $
 $2,946
 $
 $5,024
Net realized gains and losses:         
 
Gross realized gains 
 675
 
 418
 
 1,093
Gross realized losses 
 (67) 
 (541) 
 (608)
Net realized gains and losses $
 $608
Net realized (losses) gains $
 $(123) $
 $485
The following tables summarize our unrealized losses on our available-for-sale securities portfolio into categories of less than 12 months, or 12 months or longer as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
(Dollars in thousands) 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
Available-for-sale securities:                        
U.S. Treasury securities $5,319,620
 $(45,520) $697,257
 $(4,000) $6,016,877
 $(49,520) $4,492,009
 $(48,430) $845,938
 $(5,565) $5,337,947
 $(53,995)
U.S. agency debentures 1,079,618
 (4,168) 335,109
 (4,262) 1,414,727
 (8,430) 1,027,612
 (3,984) 458,252
 (5,809) 1,485,864
 (9,793)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                        
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 2,118,967
 (52,403) 
 
 2,118,967
 (52,403) 1,857,591
 (60,030) 166,002
 (5,447) 2,023,593
 (65,477)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 21,511
 (7) 50,004
 (120) 71,515
 (127) 19,068
 (9) 46,057
 (117) 65,125
 (126)
Total temporarily impaired securities (1) $8,539,716
 $(102,098) $1,082,370
 $(8,382) $9,622,086
 $(110,480) $7,396,280
 $(112,453) $1,516,249
 $(16,938) $8,912,529
 $(129,391)
 
 
(1)
As of March 31,June 30, 2018, we identified a total of 281264 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 5264 investments totaling $1.11.5 billion with unrealized losses of $8.416.9 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months. As of March 31,June 30, 2018, we do not intend to sell any of our impaired securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of our securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis. Based on our analysis as of March 31,June 30, 2018, we deem all impairments to be temporary, and therefore changes in value for our temporarily impaired securities as of the same date are included in other comprehensive income. Market valuations and impairment analyses on assets in the available-for-sale securities portfolio are reviewed and monitored on a quarterly basis.
  December 31, 2017
  Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
(Dollars in thousands) 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
Available-for-sale securities:            
U.S. Treasury securities $5,968,914
 $(23,397) $323,966
 $(2,282) $6,292,880
 $(25,679)
U.S. agency debentures 736,541
 (2,289) 336,196
 (3,347) 1,072,737
 (5,636)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:            
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 2,193,277
 (25,534) 
 
 2,193,277
 (25,534)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 13,843
 (3) 53,186
 (123) 67,029
 (126)
Equity securities 624
 (209) 
 
 624
 (209)
Total temporarily impaired securities (1) $8,913,199
 $(51,432) $713,348
 $(5,752) $9,626,547
 $(57,184)
 
 

(1)
As of December 31, 2017, we identified a total of 268 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 46 investments totaling $713.3 million with unrealized losses of $5.8 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months.
The following table summarizes the fixed income securities, carried at fair value, classified as available-for-sale as of March 31,June 30, 2018 by the remaining contractual principal maturities. For U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as available-for-sale typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments.
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) Total One Year
or Less
 After One
Year to
Five Years
 After Five
Years to
Ten Years
 After
Ten Years
 Total One Year
or Less
 After One
Year to
Five Years
 After Five
Years to
Ten Years
 After
Ten Years
U.S. Treasury securities $6,016,877
 $2,213,143
 $3,803,734
 $
 $
 $5,733,070
 $2,037,522
 $3,349,925
 $345,623
 $
U.S. agency debentures 1,561,834
 506,280
 1,055,554
 
 
 1,485,864
 555,737
 930,127
 
 
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                    
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsfixed rate
 2,146,173
 
 
 66,459
 2,079,714
 2,038,134
 
 
 47,098
 1,991,036
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsvariable rate
 355,500
 
 
 
 355,500
 336,298
 
 
 
 336,298
Total $10,080,384
 $2,719,423
 $4,859,288
 $66,459
 $2,435,214
 $9,593,366
 $2,593,259
 $4,280,052
 $392,721
 $2,327,334
Held-to-Maturity Securities

The components of our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 Fair Value 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 Fair Value
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost:                
U.S. agency debentures (1) $714,008
 $466
 $(6,900) $707,574
 $713,809
 $
 $(13,818) $699,991
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities 8,043,443
 6,683
 (160,250) 7,889,876
 8,588,483
 1,591
 (210,148) 8,379,926
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 2,665,485
 24
 (81,612) 2,583,897
 2,494,834
 
 (91,919) 2,402,915
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 243,749
 718
 (29) 244,438
 233,285
 691
 (31) 233,945
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,833,961
 
 (52,121) 1,781,840
 2,335,971
 10
 (62,982) 2,272,999
Municipal bonds and notes 1,048,210
 691
 (27,087) 1,021,814
 1,531,881
 1,280
 (28,942) 1,504,219
Total held-to-maturity securities $14,548,856
 $8,582
 $(327,999) $14,229,439
 $15,898,263
 $3,572
 $(407,840) $15,493,995
 
 
(1)Consists of pools of Small Business Investment Company debentures issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration, an independent agency of the United States.

  December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized
Cost
 Unrealized
Gains
 Unrealized
Losses
 Fair Value
Held-to-maturity securities, at cost:        
U.S. agency debentures (1) $659,979
 $3,167
 $(1,601) $661,545
Residential mortgage-backed securities:        
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities 6,304,969
 4,854
 (43,528) 6,266,295
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 2,829,979
 23
 (54,372) 2,775,630
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 255,782
 733
 (34) 256,481
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,868,985
 694
 (25,563) 1,844,116
Municipal bonds and notes 743,761
 3,452
 (3,000) 744,213
Total held-to-maturity securities $12,663,455
 $12,923
 $(128,098) $12,548,280
 
 
(1)Consists of pools of Small Business Investment Company debentures issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration, an independent agency of the United States.

The following tables summarize our unrealized losses on our held-to-maturity securities portfolio into categories of less than 12 months and 12 months or longer as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
(Dollars in thousands) 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value of
Investments
 
Unrealized
Losses
Held-to-maturity securities:                        
U.S. agency debentures $624,806
 $(6,900) $
 $
 $624,806
 $(6,900) $645,990
 $(10,883) $54,001
 $(2,935) $699,991
 $(13,818)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                        
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities 5,974,994
 (144,458) 380,892
 (15,792) 6,355,886
 (160,250) 7,436,980
 (192,418) 364,687
 (17,730) 7,801,667
 (210,148)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 938,137
 (23,922) 1,645,496
 (57,690) 2,583,633
 (81,612) 776,389
 (24,833) 1,626,527
 (67,086) 2,402,916
 (91,919)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 
 
 9,317
 (29) 9,317
 (29) 3,687
 (1) 8,889
 (30) 12,576
 (31)
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,042,701
 (30,719) 739,139
 (21,402) 1,781,840
 (52,121) 1,460,340
 (38,747) 715,596
 (24,235) 2,175,936
 (62,982)
Municipal bonds and notes 803,271
 (26,367) 20,264
 (720) 823,535
 (27,087) 1,046,102
 (28,359) 15,859
 (583) 1,061,961
 (28,942)
Total temporarily impaired securities (1) $9,383,909
 $(232,366) $2,795,108
 $(95,633) $12,179,017
 $(327,999) $11,369,488
 $(295,241) $2,785,559
 $(112,599) $14,155,047
 $(407,840)
 
 
(1)
As of March 31,June 30, 2018, we identified a total of 1,1151,236 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 223226 investments totaling $2.8 billion with unrealized losses of $95.6112.6 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months. As of March 31,June 30, 2018, we do not intend to sell any of our impaired securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of our securities prior to recovery of our adjusted cost basis, which is consistent with our classification of these securities. Based on our analysis as of March 31,June 30, 2018, we deem all impairments to be temporary. Market valuations and impairment analyses on assets in the held-to-maturity securities portfolio are reviewed and monitored on a quarterly basis.

  December 31, 2017
  Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
(Dollars in thousands) Fair Value of
Investments
 Unrealized
Losses
 Fair Value of
Investments
 Unrealized
Losses
 Fair Value of
Investments
 Unrealized
Losses
Held-to-maturity securities:            
U.S. agency debentures $104,688
 $(1,601) $
 $
 $104,688
 $(1,601)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:            
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities 4,270,377
 (34,092) 408,913
 (9,436) 4,679,290
 (43,528)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 1,011,709
 (13,631) 1,741,614
 (40,741) 2,753,323
 (54,372)
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 
 
 9,812
 (34) 9,812
 (34)
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities 979,361
 (11,566) 773,712
 (13,997) 1,753,073
 (25,563)
Municipal bonds and notes 344,796
 (2,103) 32,844
 (897) 377,640
 (3,000)
Total temporarily impaired securities (1) $6,710,931
 $(62,993) $2,966,895
 $(65,105) $9,677,826
 $(128,098)
 
 
(1)
As of December 31, 2017, we identified a total of 753 investments that were in unrealized loss positions, of which 237 investments totaling $3.0 billion with unrealized losses of $65.1 million have been in an impaired position for a period of time greater than 12 months.

The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities on fixed income investment securities classified as held-to-maturity as of March 31,June 30, 2018. For U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as held-to-maturity typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments.
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
 Total 
One Year
or Less
 
After One Year to
Five Years
 
After Five Years to
Ten Years
 
After
Ten Years
 Total 
One Year
or Less
 
After One Year to
Five Years
 
After Five Years to
Ten Years
 
After
Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value
U.S. agency debentures $714,008
 $707,574
 $
 $
 $122,092
 $121,289
 $591,916
 $586,285
 $
 $
 $713,809
 $699,991
 $
 $
 $122,040
 $120,081
 $591,769
 $579,910
 $
 $
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                                        
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities 8,043,443
 7,889,876
 718
 715
 198,545
 194,426
 273,432
 266,194
 7,570,748
 7,428,541
 8,588,483
 8,379,926
 707
 706
 172,594
 168,271
 672,564
 648,623
 7,742,618
 7,562,326
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsfixed rate
 2,665,485
 2,583,897
 
 
 
 
 438,437
 422,211
 2,227,048
 2,161,686
 2,494,834
 2,402,915
 
 
 
 
 412,530
 394,779
 2,082,304
 2,008,136
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsvariable rate
 243,749
 244,438
 
 
 
 
 
 
 243,749
 244,438
 233,285
 233,945
 
 
 
 
 
 
 233,285
 233,945
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,833,961
 1,781,840
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,833,961
 1,781,840
 2,335,971
 2,272,999
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,335,971
 2,272,999
Municipal bonds and notes 1,048,210
 1,021,814
 8,185
 8,157
 73,912
 72,861
 237,606
 229,079
 728,507
 711,717
 1,531,881
 1,504,219
 7,257
 7,236
 75,946
 74,989
 259,085
 250,034
 1,189,593
 1,171,960
Total $14,548,856
 $14,229,439
 $8,903
 $8,872
 $394,549
 $388,576
 $1,541,391
 $1,503,769
 $12,604,013
 $12,328,222
 $15,898,263
 $15,493,995
 $7,964
 $7,942
 $370,580
 $363,341
 $1,935,948
 $1,873,346
 $13,583,771
 $13,249,366


Non-marketable and Other Equity Securities
The components of our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Non-marketable and other equity securities:        
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):        
Consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (1) $130,015
 $128,111
 $133,007
 $128,111
Unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (2) 205,651
 98,548
 211,113
 98,548
Other investments without a readily determinable fair value (3) 29,825
 27,680
 24,015
 27,680
Other equity securities in public companies (fair value accounting) (4) 4,694
 310
 4,412
 310
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting) (5):        
Venture capital and private equity fund investments 97,929
 89,809
 102,838
 89,809
Debt funds 18,884
 21,183
 14,215
 21,183
Other investments 112,115
 111,198
 111,426
 111,198
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net (6) 225,823
 174,214
 251,479
 174,214
Total non-marketable and other equity securities $824,936
 $651,053
 $852,505
 $651,053
 
(1)
The following table shows the amounts of venture capital and private equity fund investments held by the following consolidated funds and our ownership percentage of each fund at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (fair value accounting):
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Amount Ownership % Amount Ownership % Amount Ownership % Amount Ownership %
Strategic Investors Fund, LP $14,767
 12.6% $14,673
 12.6% $13,972
 12.6% $14,673
 12.6%
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP 56,541
 20.0
 54,147
 20.0
 58,148
 20.0
 54,147
 20.0
Growth Partners, LP 57,706
 33.0
 58,372
 33.0
 59,886
 33.0
 58,372
 33.0
CP I, LP 1,001
 10.7
 919
 10.7
 1,001
 10.7
 919
 10.7
Total consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments $130,015
   $128,111
   $133,007
   $128,111
  

(2)
The carrying value represents investments in 229226 and 235 funds (primarily venture capital funds) at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, where our ownership interest is typically less than 5% of the voting interests of each such fund and in which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the partnerships operating activities and financial policies. Effective January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities which eliminated the concept of cost method accounting. On a prospective basis we will carry our unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments at fair value based on the fund investments' net asset values per share as obtained from the general partners of the investments. WeFor each fund investment, we adjust the net asset value per share for differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example DecemberMarch 31st, for our March 31June 30stth consolidated financial statements, adjusted for any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period. We recorded a cumulative adjustment to opening retained earnings on January 1, 2018 for the difference between fair value and cost for these fund investments. The estimated fair value and carrying value of these venture capital and private equity fund investments was $205.7211.1 million as of March 31,June 30, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, these investments were carried at cost and had a carrying value of $98.5 million.
(3)
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities which eliminated the concept of cost method accounting. On a prospective basis we will report our other investments in the line item "Other investments without a readily determinable fair value". These investments include direct equity investments in private companies. The carrying value is based on the price at which the investment was acquired plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments. We consider a range of factors when adjusting the fair value of these investments, including, but not limited to, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, exit strategies, financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment and a discount for certain investments that have lock-up restrictions or other features that indicate a discount to fair value is warranted. The following table shows the changes to the carrying amount of other investments without a readily determinable fair value for the threesix months ended March 31, 2018:June 30, 2018:
(Dollars in thousands) Other Investments
Carrying value as of December 31, 2017 $27,680
Downward adjustments (2,069)
Upward adjustments 4,214
Carrying value as of March 31, 2018 $29,825
(Dollars in thousands) Six months ended June 30, 2018
Carrying value as of January 1, 2018 $27,680
Upward carrying value adjustments 3,630
Downward carrying value adjustments (1,611)
Additions 3,654
Sales and dispositions (9,338)
Carrying value as of June 30, 2018 $24,015
(4)Investments classified as other equity securities (fair value accounting) represent shares held in public companies as a result of exercising public equity warrant assets and direct public equity investments in public companies held by our consolidated funds. Effective January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities which requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. Prior to January 1, 2018 we reported equity securities in public companies that we held as a result of exercising public equity warrant assets in available-for-sale securities. On a prospective basis, these equity securities will be reported in non-marketable and other equity securities.


(5)
The following table shows the carrying value and our ownership percentage of each investment at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (equity method accounting):
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Amount Ownership % Amount Ownership % Amount Ownership % Amount Ownership %
Venture capital and private equity fund investments:                
Strategic Investors Fund II, LP $5,653
 8.6% $6,342
 8.6% $5,003
 8.6% $6,342
 8.6%
Strategic Investors Fund III, LP 18,480
 5.9
 18,758
 5.9
 18,858
 5.9
 18,758
 5.9
Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP 27,408
 5.0
 25,551
 5.0
 29,152
 5.0
 25,551
 5.0
Strategic Investors Fund V funds 20,497
 Various
 16,856
 Various
 21,247
 Various
 16,856
 Various
CP II, LP (i) 6,797
 5.1
 6,700
 5.1
 6,792
 5.1
 6,700
 5.1
Other venture capital and private equity fund investments 19,094
 Various
 15,602
 Various
 21,786
 Various
 15,602
 Various
Total venture capital and private equity fund investments $97,929
   $89,809
   $102,838
   $89,809
  
Debt funds:                
Gold Hill Capital 2008, LP (ii) $15,978
 15.5% $18,690
 15.5% $11,153
 15.5% $18,690
 15.5%
Other debt funds 2,906
 Various
 2,493
 Various
 3,062
 Various
 2,493
 Various
Total debt funds $18,884
   $21,183
   $14,215
   $21,183
  
Other investments:                
SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. $76,384
 50.0% $75,337
 50.0% $75,837
 50.0% $75,337
 50.0%
Other investments 35,731
 Various
 35,861
 Various
 35,589
 Various
 35,861
 Various
Total other investments $112,115
   $111,198
   $111,426
   $111,198
  

 
(i)
Our ownership includes direct ownership of 1.3 percent and indirect ownership interest of 3.8 percent through our investments in Strategic Investors Fund II, LP.
(ii)
Our ownership includes direct ownership interest of 11.5 percent in the fund and an indirect interest in the fund through our investment in Gold Hill Capital 2008, LLC of 4.0 percent.

(6)
The following table presents the balances of our investments in qualified affordable housing projects and related unfunded commitments included as a component of “other liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net $225,823
 $174,214
 $251,479
 $174,214
Other liabilities 137,783
 100,891
 161,113
 100,891

The following table presents other information relating to our investments in qualified affordable housing projects for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018
2017 2018
2017 2018 2017
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized $5,422
 $4,692
 $5,207
 $3,968
 $10,629
 $8,660
Amortization expense included in provision for income taxes (i) 4,792
 3,236
 4,705
 3,385
 9,497
 6,621
 
 
(i)All investments are amortized using the proportional amortization method and amortization expense is included in the provision for income taxes.

The following table presents the net gains and losses on non-marketable and other equity securities for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 as recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net”, a component of noninterest income:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Net gains (losses) on non-marketable and other equity securities:    
Net gains on non-marketable and other equity securities:        
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):            
Consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments $11,647
 $6,463
 $4,397
 $9,713
 $16,044
 $16,176
Unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (1) 11,719
 3,047
 19,136
 6,184
 30,855
 9,231
Other investments without a readily determinable fair value (1) 1,741
 3,373
 60
 30
 1,801
 3,403
Other equity securities in public companies (fair value accounting) (1) (22,282) (82) 88
 (25) (22,194) (107)
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting): 

 

 

 

    
Venture capital and private equity fund investments 9,569
 3,734
 9,212
 2,657
 18,781
 6,391
Debt funds (2,299) (431) 726
 682
 (1,573) 251
Other investments (1,037) (742) 2,495
 (1,488) 1,458
 (2,230)
Total net gains on non-marketable and other securities $9,058
 $15,362
Less: Net (losses) gains on investment securities sold (22,490) 3,373
Unrealized net gains on investment securities still held $31,548
 $11,989
Total net gains on non-marketable and other equity securities $36,114
 $17,753
 $45,172
 $33,115
Less: Net gains (losses) on non-marketable and other equity securities sold 1,915
 31
 (21,163) 3,404
Unrealized net gains on non-marketable and other equity securities still held $34,199
 $17,722
 $66,335
 $29,711
 
 
(1)Prior period amounts are not determined in a manner consistent with the current period presentation due to the adoption of accounting standard update (ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Topic 825)).
7.Loans, Allowance for Loan Losses and Allowance for Unfunded Credit Commitments
We serve a variety of commercial clients in the technology, life science/healthcare, private equity/venture capital and premium wine industries. Our technology clients generally tend to be in the industries of hardware (semiconductors, communications, data, storage, and electronics), software/internet (such as infrastructure software, applications, software services, digital content and advertising technology), and energy and resource innovation (“ERI”). Because of the diverse nature of ERI products and services, for our loan-related reporting purposes, ERI-related loans are reported under our hardware, software/internet, life science/healthcare and other commercial loan categories, as applicable. Our life science/healthcare clients primarily tend to be in the industries of biotechnology, medical devices, healthcare information technology and healthcare services. Loans made to private equity/venture capital firm clients typically enable them to fund investments prior to their receipt of funds from capital calls. Loans to the premium wine industry focus on vineyards and wineries that produce grapes and wines of high quality.
In addition to commercial loans, we make consumer loans through SVB Private Bank and provide real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our EHOP. Our private banking clients are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders in the innovation companies they support. These products and services include real estate secured home equity lines of credit, which may be used to finance real estate investments and loans used to purchase, renovate or refinance personal residences. These products and services also include restricted stock purchase loans and capital call lines of credit.
We also provide community development loans made as part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act. These loans are included within “Construction loans” below and are primarily secured by real estate.
The composition of loans, net of unearned income of $158$165 million and $148 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, is presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Commercial loans:        
Software/internet $6,209,084
 $6,172,531
 $6,230,358
 $6,172,531
Hardware 1,336,000
 1,193,599
 1,269,241
 1,193,599
Private equity/venture capital 11,211,816
 9,952,377
 12,224,155
 9,952,377
Life science/healthcare 1,932,608
 1,808,827
 2,087,872
 1,808,827
Premium wine 188,943
 204,105
 198,813
 204,105
Other 219,467
 365,724
 316,392
 365,724
Total commercial loans 21,097,918
 19,697,163
 22,326,831
 19,697,163
Real estate secured loans:        
Premium wine (1) 676,081
 669,053
 685,357
 669,053
Consumer loans (2) 2,362,340
 2,300,506
 2,481,062
 2,300,506
Other 41,646
 42,068
 41,275
 42,068
Total real estate secured loans 3,080,067
 3,011,627
 3,207,694
 3,011,627
Construction loans 59,012
 68,546
 64,388
 68,546
Consumer loans 350,947
 328,980
 397,279
 328,980
Total loans, net of unearned income (3) $24,587,944
 $23,106,316
 $25,996,192
 $23,106,316
 
 
(1)
Included in our premium wine portfolio are gross construction loans of $101104 million and $100 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(2)
Consumer loans secured by real estate at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were comprised of the following:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Loans for personal residence $2,048,676
 $1,995,840
 $2,144,326
 $1,995,840
Loans to eligible employees 249,050
 243,118
 266,988
 243,118
Home equity lines of credit 64,614
 61,548
 69,748
 61,548
Consumer loans secured by real estate $2,362,340
 $2,300,506
 $2,481,062
 $2,300,506
(3)
Included within our total loan portfolio are credit card loans of $307315 million and $270 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Credit Quality
The composition of loans, net of unearned income of $158165 million and $148 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable, is as follows:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Commercial loans:        
Software/internet $6,209,084
 $6,172,531
 $6,230,358
 $6,172,531
Hardware 1,336,000
 1,193,599
 1,269,241
 1,193,599
Private equity/venture capital 11,211,816
 9,952,377
 12,224,155
 9,952,377
Life science/healthcare 1,932,608
 1,808,827
 2,087,872
 1,808,827
Premium wine 865,024
 873,158
 884,170
 873,158
Other 320,125
 476,338
 422,055
 476,338
Total commercial loans 21,874,657
 20,476,830
 23,117,851
 20,476,830
Consumer loans:        
Real estate secured loans 2,362,340
 2,300,506
 2,481,062
 2,300,506
Other consumer loans 350,947
 328,980
 397,279
 328,980
Total consumer loans 2,713,287
 2,629,486
 2,878,341
 2,629,486
Total loans, net of unearned income $24,587,944
 $23,106,316
 $25,996,192
 $23,106,316

The following table summarizes the aging of our gross loans, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) 
30 - 59
  Days Past  
Due
 
60 - 89
  Days Past  
Due
 
Greater
Than 90
  Days Past  
Due
 
  Total Past  
Due
 Current   
  Loans Past Due  
90 Days or
More Still
Accruing
Interest
 
30 - 59
  Days Past  
Due
 
60 - 89
  Days Past  
Due
 
Equal to or Greater
Than 90
  Days Past  
Due
 
  Total Past  
Due
 Current   
  Loans Past Due  
90 Days or
More Still
Accruing
Interest
March 31, 2018:            
June 30, 2018:            
Commercial loans:                        
Software/internet $30,557
 $10,670
 $3
 $41,230
 $6,113,585
 $3
 $7,996
 $6,271
 $459
 $14,726
 $6,174,542
 $459
Hardware 5,502
 45
 
 5,547
 1,306,873
 
 645
 40
 3
 688
 1,238,451
 3
Private equity/venture capital 357,936
 49,207
 
 407,143
 10,814,598
 
 62,536
 10
 
 62,546
 12,170,459
 
Life science/healthcare 4,193
 49
 4
 4,246
 1,972,241
 4
 671
 269
 
 940
 2,130,976
 
Premium wine 708
 
 
 708
 862,530
 
 3,350
 
 
 3,350
 879,176
 
Other 
 
 
 
 328,847
 
 1
 3
 
 4
 436,011
 
Total commercial loans 398,896
 59,971
 7
 458,874
 21,398,674
 7
 75,199
 6,593
 462
 82,254
 23,029,615
 462
Consumer loans:                        
Real estate secured loans 599
 
 
 599
 2,354,108
 
 
 
 
 
 2,473,458
 
Other consumer loans 557
 
 
 557
 349,301
 
 1,489
 
 
 1,489
 395,787
 
Total consumer loans 1,156
 
 
 1,156
 2,703,409
 
 1,489
 
 
 1,489
 2,869,245
 
Total gross loans excluding impaired loans 400,052
 59,971
 7
 460,030
 24,102,083
 7
 76,688
 6,593
 462
 83,743
 25,898,860
 462
Impaired loans 8,113
 1,246
 33,209
 42,568
 141,071
 
 1,557
 2,070
 36,196
 39,823
 138,356
 
Total gross loans $408,165
 $61,217
 $33,216
 $502,598
 $24,243,154
 $7
 $78,245
 $8,663
 $36,658
 $123,566
 $26,037,216
 $462
December 31, 2017:                        
Commercial loans:                        
Software/internet $14,257
 $6,526
 $141
 $20,924
 $6,101,147
 $141
 $14,257
 $6,526
 $141
 $20,924
 $6,101,147
 $141
Hardware 1,145
 77
 50
 1,272
 1,163,278
 50
 1,145
 77
 50
 1,272
 1,163,278
 50
Private equity/venture capital 86,566
 38,580
 
 125,146
 9,835,317
 
 86,566
 38,580
 
 125,146
 9,835,317
 
Life science/healthcare 4,390
 191
 
 4,581
 1,841,692
 
 4,390
 191
 
 4,581
 1,841,692
 
Premium wine 418
 
 
 418
 871,074
 
 418
 
 
 418
 871,074
 
Other 445
 
 
 445
 490,292
 
 445
 
 
 445
 490,292
 
Total commercial loans 107,221
 45,374
 191
 152,786
 20,302,800
 191
 107,221
 45,374
 191
 152,786
 20,302,800
 191
Consumer loans:                        
Real estate secured loans 2,164
 532
 
 2,696
 2,292,980
 
 2,164
 532
 
 2,696
 2,292,980
 
Other consumer loans 796
 
 
 796
 327,234
 
 796
 
 
 796
 327,234
 
Total consumer loans 2,960
 532
 
 3,492
 2,620,214
 
 2,960
 532
 
 3,492
 2,620,214
 
Total gross loans excluding impaired loans 110,181
 45,906
 191
 156,278
 22,923,014
 191
 110,181
 45,906
 191
 156,278
 22,923,014
 191
Impaired loans 1,344
 11,902
 30,403
 43,649
 131,212
 
 1,344
 11,902
 30,403
 43,649
 131,212
 
Total gross loans $111,525
 $57,808
 $30,594
 $199,927
 $23,054,226
 $191
 $111,525
 $57,808
 $30,594
 $199,927
 $23,054,226
 $191

The following table summarizes our impaired loans as they relate to our allowance for loan losses, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) 
Impaired loans for  
which there is a
related allowance
for loan losses
 
Impaired loans for  
which there is no
related allowance
for loan losses
 Total carrying value of impaired loans 
Total unpaid
principal of impaired loans
 
Impaired loans for  
which there is a
related allowance
for loan losses
 
Impaired loans for  
which there is no
related allowance
for loan losses
 Total carrying value of impaired loans 
Total unpaid
principal of impaired loans
March 31, 2018:        
June 30, 2018:        
Commercial loans:                
Software/internet $56,600
 $59,542
 $116,142
 $137,467
 $58,136
 $44,384
 $102,520
 $126,752
Hardware 14,833
 21,988
 36,821
 37,450
 17,093
 25,201
 42,294
 43,403
Private equity/venture capital 108
 
 108
 108
 
 
 
 
Life science/healthcare 19,672
 2,617
 22,289
 26,913
 26,170
 250
 26,420
 31,517
Premium wine 372
 2,350
 2,722
 2,762
 331
 2,193
 2,524
 2,576
Other 14
 
 14
 94
 8
 
 8
 36
Total commercial loans 91,599
 86,497
 178,096
 204,794
 101,738
 72,028
 173,766
 204,284
Consumer loans:                
Real estate secured loans 4,164
 326
 4,490
 6,043
 3,254
 1,159
 4,413
 6,012
Other consumer loans 298
 755
 1,053
 1,074
 
 
 
 
Total consumer loans 4,462
 1,081
 5,543
 7,117
 3,254
 1,159
 4,413
 6,012
Total $96,061
 $87,578
 $183,639
 $211,911
 $104,992
 $73,187
 $178,179
 $210,296
December 31, 2017:                
Commercial loans:                
Software/internet $49,645
 $61,009
 $110,654
 $129,006
 $49,645
 $61,009
 $110,654
 $129,006
Hardware 15,637
 20,713
 36,350
 41,721
 15,637
 20,713
 36,350
 41,721
Private equity/venture capital 658
 
 658
 984
 658
 
 658
 984
Life science/healthcare 20,521
 1,166
 21,687
 26,360
 20,521
 1,166
 21,687
 26,360
Premium wine 
 2,877
 2,877
 2,911
 
 2,877
 2,877
 2,911
Other 32
 
 32
 165
 32
 
 32
 165
Total commercial loans 86,493
 85,765
 172,258
 201,147
 86,493
 85,765
 172,258
 201,147
Consumer loans:                
Real estate secured loans 1,331
 850
 2,181
 3,712
 1,331
 850
 2,181
 3,712
Other consumer loans 422
 
 422
 436
 422
 
 422
 436
Total consumer loans 1,753
 850
 2,603
 4,148
 1,753
 850
 2,603
 4,148
Total $88,246
 $86,615
 $174,861
 $205,295
 $88,246
 $86,615
 $174,861
 $205,295




The following tables summarize our average impaired loans and interest income recognized on impaired loans, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:2017:
Three months ended March 31, Average impaired loans Interest income on impaired loans
Three months ended June 30, Average impaired loans Interest income recognized on impaired loans
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Commercial loans:                
Software/internet $108,788
 $109,916
 $532
 $422
 $110,101
 $136,374
 $315
 $711
Hardware 38,426
 34,110
 363
 572
 37,058
 29,771
 237
 510
Private equity/venture capital 302
 358
 
 2
 72
 327
 
 3
Life science/healthcare 22,679
 38,942
 37
 150
 21,790
 36,033
 5
 191
Premium wine 2,769
 3,213
 36
 38
 2,604
 3,221
 36
 38
Other 11
 1,061
 
 4
 379
 708
 
 
Total commercial loans 172,975
 187,600
 968
 1,188
 172,004
 206,434
 593
 1,453
Consumer loans:                
Real estate secured loans 3,063
 1,488
 
 
 4,466
 1,360
 3
 
Other consumer loans 739
 2,148
 5
 8
 693
 1,679
 
 
Total consumer loans 3,802
 3,636
 5
 8
 5,159
 3,039
 3
 
Total average impaired loans $176,777
 $191,236
 $973
 $1,196
 $177,163
 $209,473
 $596
 $1,453
Six months ended June 30, Average impaired loans Interest income recognized on impaired loans
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017
Commercial loans:        
Software/internet $109,444
 $123,145
 $562
 $938
Hardware 37,742
 31,940
 289
 943
Private equity/venture capital 187
 342
 
 5
Life science/healthcare 22,234
 37,488
 11
 291
Premium wine 2,686
 3,217
 72
 76
Other 195
 885
 
 
Total commercial loans 172,488
 197,017
 934
 2,253
Consumer loans:        
Real estate secured loans 3,765
 1,424
 8
 
Other consumer loans 716
 1,914
 
 
Total consumer loans 4,481
 3,338
 8
 
Total average impaired loans $176,969
 $200,355
 $942
 $2,253



The following tables summarize the activity relating to our allowance for loan losses for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017, broken out by portfolio segment:
Three months ended March 31, 2018 Beginning Balance December 31, 2017 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance March 31, 2018
Three months ended June 30, 2018 Beginning Balance March 31, 2018 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) Beginning Balance December 31, 2017 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance March 31, 2018 
Commercial loans:             
Software/internet $96,104
 $(6,671) $573
 $12,801
 $488
 $103,295
 $103,295
 $(13,402) $404
 $13,179
 $(828) $102,648
Hardware 27,614
 (2,953) 588
 3,104
 119
 28,472
 28,472
 (461) 643
 6,447
 (406) 34,695
Private equity/venture capital 82,468
 
 10
 8,805
 335
 91,618
 91,618
 (112) 
 (2,237) 140
 89,409
Life science/healthcare 24,924
 (864) 53
 1,631
 62
 25,806
 25,806
 
 3
 9,876
 (621) 35,064
Premium wine 3,532
 
 
 (161) (6) 3,365
 3,365
 
 
 78
 (5) 3,438
Other 3,941
 (99) 537
 (906) 9
 3,482
 3,482
 (1,164) 566
 13
 (1) 2,896
Total commercial loans 238,583
 (10,587) 1,761
 25,274
 1,007
 256,038
 256,038
 (15,139) 1,616
 27,356
 (1,721) 268,150
Total consumer loans 16,441
 
 27
 1,722
 66
 18,256
 18,256
 (289) 310
 300
 (18) 18,559
Total allowance for loan losses $255,024
 $(10,587) $1,788
 $26,996
 $1,073
 $274,294
 $274,294
 $(15,428) $1,926
 $27,656
 $(1,739) $286,709
Three months ended March 31, 2017 Beginning Balance December 31, 2016 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance March 31, 2017
Three months ended June 30, 2017 Beginning Balance March 31, 2017 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance June 30, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Beginning Balance December 31, 2016 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance March 31, 2017 
Commercial loans:             
Software/internet $97,388
 $(7,980) $1,171
 $18,719
 $204
 $109,502
 $109,502
 $(19,401) $1,236
 $1,527
 $73
 $92,937
Hardware 31,166
 (4,024) 267
 (4,080) (45) 23,284
 23,284
 (249) 77
 4,474
 214
 27,800
Private equity/venture capital 50,299
 
 
 6,706
 73
 57,078
 57,078
 
 
 9,263
 444
 66,785
Life science/healthcare 25,446
 (1,732) 36
 7,708
 84
 31,542
 31,542
 (4,678) 8
 819
 39
 27,730
Premium wine 4,115
 
 
 226
 2
 4,343
 4,343
 
 
 (1,155) (55) 3,133
Other 4,768
 (294) 297
 (390) (4) 4,377
 4,377
 (753) 180
 316
 15
 4,135
Total commercial loans 213,182
 (14,030) 1,771
 28,889
 314
 230,126
 230,126
 (25,081) 1,501
 15,244
 730
 222,520
Total consumer loans 12,184
 
 21
 790
 9
 13,004
 13,004
 
 1,034
 (59) (3) 13,976
Total allowance for loan losses $225,366
 $(14,030) $1,792
 $29,679
 $323
 $243,130
 $243,130
 $(25,081) $2,535
 $15,185
 $727
 $236,496

Six months ended June 30, 2018 Beginning Balance December 31, 2017 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)      
Commercial loans:            
Software/internet $96,104
 $(20,073) $977
 $25,980
 $(340) $102,648
Hardware 27,614
 (3,414) 1,231
 9,551
 (287) 34,695
Private equity/venture capital 82,468
 (112) 10
 6,568
 475
 89,409
Life science/healthcare 24,924
 (864) 56
 11,507
 (559) 35,064
Premium wine 3,532
 
 
 (83) (11) 3,438
Other 3,941
 (1,263) 1,103
 (893) 8
 2,896
Total commercial loans 238,583
 (25,726) 3,377
 52,630
 (714) 268,150
Total consumer loans 16,441
 (289) 337
 2,022
 48
 18,559
Total allowance for loan losses $255,024
 $(26,015) $3,714
 $54,652
 $(666) $286,709

Six months ended June 30, 2017 Beginning Balance December 31, 2016 Charge-offs Recoveries 
Provision for
(Reduction of) Loan Losses
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Ending Balance June 30, 2017
(Dollars in thousands)      
Commercial loans:            
Software/internet $97,388
 $(27,381) $2,407
 $20,246
 $277
 $92,937
Hardware 31,166
 (4,273) 344
 394
 169
 27,800
Private equity/venture capital 50,299
 
 
 15,969
 517
 66,785
Life science/healthcare 25,446
 (6,410) 44
 8,527
 123
 27,730
Premium wine 4,115
 
 
 (929) (53) 3,133
Other 4,768
 (1,047) 477
 (74) 11
 4,135
Total commercial loans 213,182
 (39,111) 3,272
 44,133
 1,044
 222,520
Total consumer loans 12,184
 
 1,055
 731
 6
 13,976
Total allowance for loan losses $225,366
 $(39,111) $4,327
 $44,864
 $1,050
 $236,496
The following table summarizes the activity relating to our allowance for unfunded credit commitments for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018
2017 2018
2017 2018 2017
Beginning balance $51,770
 $45,265
 $52,823
 $46,335
 $51,770
 $45,265
Provision for unfunded credit commitments 976
 1,055
 1,424
 621
 2,400
 1,676
Foreign currency translation adjustments 77
 15
 (143) 44
 (66) 59
Ending balance (1) $52,823
 $46,335
 $54,104
 $47,000
 $54,104

$47,000
 
(1)
See Note 13—“Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional disclosures related to our commitments to extend credit.
The following table summarizes the allowance for loan losses individually and collectively evaluated for impairment as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, broken out by portfolio segment:
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
 
Individually Evaluated for  
Impairment
 
Collectively Evaluated for  
Impairment
 
Individually Evaluated for  
Impairment
 
Collectively Evaluated for  
Impairment
 
Individually Evaluated for  
Impairment
 
Collectively Evaluated for  
Impairment
 
Individually Evaluated for  
Impairment
 
Collectively Evaluated for  
Impairment
(Dollars in thousands) Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans Allowance for loan losses Recorded investment in loans
Commercial loans:                                
Software/internet $27,379
 $116,142
 $75,916
 $6,092,942
 $23,088
 $110,654
 $73,016
 $6,061,877
 $25,320
 $102,520
 $77,328
 $6,127,838
 $23,088
 $110,654
 $73,016
 $6,061,877
Hardware 7,087
 36,821
 21,385
 1,299,179
 8,450
 36,350
 19,164
 1,157,249
 13,392
 42,294
 21,303
 1,226,947
 8,450
 36,350
 19,164
 1,157,249
Private equity/venture capital 108
 108
 91,510
 11,211,708
 330
 658
 82,138
 9,951,719
 
 
 89,409
 12,224,155
 330
 658
 82,138
 9,951,719
Life science/healthcare 8,149
 22,289
 17,657
 1,910,319
 9,315
 21,687
 15,609
 1,787,140
 14,442
 26,420
 20,622
 2,061,452
 9,315
 21,687
 15,609
 1,787,140
Premium wine 
 2,722
 3,365
 862,302
 
 2,877
 3,532
 870,281
 
 2,524
 3,438
 881,646
 
 2,877
 3,532
 870,281
Other 14
 14
 3,468
 320,111
 32
 32
 3,909
 476,306
 8
 8
 2,888
 422,047
 32
 32
 3,909
 476,306
Total commercial loans 42,737
 178,096
 213,301
 21,696,561
 41,215
 172,258
 197,368
 20,304,572
 53,162
 173,766
 214,988
 22,944,085
 41,215
 172,258
 197,368
 20,304,572
Total consumer loans 1,524
 5,543
 16,732
 2,707,744
 578
 2,603
 15,863
 2,626,883
 515
 4,413
 18,044
 2,873,928
 578
 2,603
 15,863
 2,626,883
Total $44,261
 $183,639
 $230,033
 $24,404,305
 $41,793
 $174,861
 $213,231
 $22,931,455
 $53,677
 $178,179
 $233,032
 $25,818,013
 $41,793
 $174,861
 $213,231
 $22,931,455


Credit Quality Indicators
For each individual client, we establish an internal credit risk rating for that loan, which is used for assessing and monitoring credit risk as well as performance of the loan and the overall portfolio. Our internal credit risk ratings are also used to summarize the risk of loss due to failure by an individual borrower to repay the loan. For our internal credit risk ratings, each individual loan is given a risk rating of 1 through 10. Loans risk-rated 1 through 4 are performing loans and translate to an internal rating of “Pass”, with loans risk-rated 1 being cash secured. Loans risk-rated 5 through 7 are performing loans, however, we consider them as demonstrating higher risk, which requires more frequent review of the individual exposures; these translate to an internal rating of “Performing (Criticized)”. When full repayment of a criticized loan has been deemed improbable under the original contractual terms but full repayment remains probable overall, the loan is considered to be a “Performing Impaired (Criticized)” loan. All of our nonaccrual loans are risk-rated 8 or 9 and are classified under the nonperforming impaired category. (For further description of nonaccrual loans, refer to Note 2—“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” under Part II, Item 8 of our 2017 Form 10-K). Loans rated 10 are charged-off and are not included as part of our loan portfolio balance. We review our credit quality indicators for performance and appropriateness of risk ratings as part of our evaluation process for our allowance for loan losses.
The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivables as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) Pass Performing (Criticized) Performing Impaired (Criticized) Nonperforming Impaired (Nonaccrual) Total Pass Performing (Criticized) Performing Impaired (Criticized) Nonperforming Impaired (Nonaccrual) Total
March 31, 2018:          
June 30, 2018:          
Commercial loans:                    
Software/internet $5,622,167
 $532,648
 $39,691
 $76,451
 $6,270,957
 $5,645,661
 $543,607
 $25,369
 $77,151
 $6,291,788
Hardware 1,201,029
 111,391
 21,988
 14,833
 1,349,241
 1,163,629
 75,510
 25,201
 17,093
 1,281,433
Private equity/venture capital 11,217,832
 3,909
 
 108
 11,221,849
 12,229,454
 3,551
 
 
 12,233,005
Life science/healthcare 1,787,185
 189,302
 2,617
 19,672
 1,998,776
 1,909,151
 222,765
 250
 26,170
 2,158,336
Premium wine 825,892
 37,346
 2,350
 372
 865,960
 840,649
 41,877
 2,193
 331
 885,050
Other 325,122
 3,725
 
 14
 328,861
 432,652
 3,363
 
 8
 436,023
Total commercial loans 20,979,227
 878,321
 66,646
 111,450
 22,035,644
 22,221,196
 890,673
 53,013
 120,753
 23,285,635
Consumer loans:                    
Real estate secured loans 2,346,069
 8,638
 326
 4,164
 2,359,197
 2,462,007
 11,451
 324
 4,089
 2,477,871
Other consumer loans 349,459
 399
 
 1,053
 350,911
 396,902
 374
 
 
 397,276
Total consumer loans 2,695,528
 9,037
 326
 5,217
 2,710,108
 2,858,909
 11,825
 324
 4,089
 2,875,147
Total gross loans $23,674,755
 $887,358
 $66,972
 $116,667
 $24,745,752
 $25,080,105
 $902,498
 $53,337
 $124,842
 $26,160,782
December 31, 2017:                    
Commercial loans:                    
Software/internet $5,655,739
 $466,332
 $31,794
 $78,860
 $6,232,725
 $5,655,739
 $466,332
 $31,794
 $78,860
 $6,232,725
Hardware 1,112,574
 51,976
 20,165
 16,185
 1,200,900
 1,112,574
 51,976
 20,165
 16,185
 1,200,900
Private equity/venture capital 9,955,082
 5,381
 
 658
 9,961,121
 9,955,082
 5,381
 
 658
 9,961,121
Life science/healthcare 1,720,613
 125,660
 1,167
 20,520
 1,867,960
 1,720,613
 125,660
 1,167
 20,520
 1,867,960
Premium wine 834,537
 36,955
 2,476
 401
 874,369
 834,537
 36,955
 2,476
 401
 874,369
Other 469,721
 21,016
 
 32
 490,769
 469,721
 21,016
 
 32
 490,769
Total commercial loans 19,748,266
 707,320
 55,602
 116,656
 20,627,844
 19,748,266
 707,320
 55,602
 116,656
 20,627,844
Consumer loans:                    
Real estate secured loans 2,282,375
 13,301
 
 2,181
 2,297,857
 2,282,375
 13,301
 
 2,181
 2,297,857
Other consumer loans 326,851
 1,179
 
 422
 328,452
 326,851
 1,179
 
 422
 328,452
Total consumer loans 2,609,226
 14,480
 
 2,603
 2,626,309
 2,609,226
 14,480
 
 2,603
 2,626,309
Total gross loans $22,357,492
 $721,800
 $55,602
 $119,259
 $23,254,153
 $22,357,492
 $721,800
 $55,602
 $119,259
 $23,254,153


Troubled Debt Restructurings
As of March 31,June 30, 2018 we had 2120 TDRs with a total carrying value of $141.0$128.9 million where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties, in an attempt to maximize collection. There were $0.4$0.6 millionof unfunded commitments available for funding to the clients associated with these TDRs as of March 31,June 30, 2018.
The following table summarizes our loans modified in TDRs, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivables at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Loans modified in TDRs:        
Commercial loans:        
Software/internet $67,205
 $73,455
 $50,202
 $73,455
Hardware 50,030
 51,132
 49,834
 51,132
Private equity/venture capital 
 350
 
 350
Life science/healthcare 20,037
 19,235
 25,460
 19,235
Premium wine 3,137
 3,198
 3,048
 3,198
Total commercial loans 140,409
 147,370
 128,544
 147,370
Consumer loans:        
Other consumer loans 577
 423
 325
 423
Total $140,986
 $147,793
 $128,869
 $147,793
The following table summarizes the recorded investment in loans modified in TDRs, broken out by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable, for modifications made during the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018
2017 2018
2017 2018 2017
Loans modified in TDRs during the period:            
Commercial loans:            
Software/internet $756
 $6,309
 $14,783
 $16,135
 $14,783
 $22,242
Hardware 1,559
 
 1,954
 
 3,448
 
Private equity/venture capital 
 
 
 
Life science/healthcare 1,239
 
 6,231
 4,588
 7,461
 4,588
Premium wine 
 190
 
 190
Total commercial loans 3,554
 6,309
 22,968
 20,913
 25,692
 27,020
Consumer loans:            
Other consumer loans 326
 
 
 
 325
 
Total consumer loans 
 
 325
 
Total loans modified in TDRs during the period (1) $3,880
 $6,309
 $22,968
 $20,913
 $26,017
 $27,020
 
 
(1)
There were no$8.5 million of partial charge-offs duringfor both the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and $6.212.5 million and $15.1 million of partial charge-offs during the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2017, respectively.
During the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 all new TDRs of $3.9$23.0 million and $26.0 million, respectively, were modified through payment deferrals granted to our clients. During the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2017, all new TDRs of $6.3$20.9 million and $27.0 million, respectively, were modified through payment deferrals granted to our clients.
The related allowance for loan losses for the majority of our TDRs is determined on an individual basis by comparing the carrying value of the loan to the present value of the estimated future cash flows, discounted at the pre-modification contractual interest rate. For certain TDRs, the related allowance for loan losses is determined based on the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

The following table summarizes the recorded investment in loans modified in TDRs within the previous 12 months that subsequently defaulted during the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
TDRs modified within the previous 12 months that defaulted during the period:            
Commercial loans:            
Software/internet $3,032
 $
 $19,625
 $
 $22,657
 $
Hardware 
 3,105
 3,449
 
 3,449
 
Total commercial loans 3,032
 3,105
Consumer loans:    
Other consumer loans 
 536
Life science/healthcare 1,230
 
 1,230
 
Premium wine 
 190
 
 190
Total TDRs modified within the previous 12 months that defaulted in the period $3,032
 $3,641
 $24,304
 $190
 $27,336
 $190
Charge-offs and defaults on previously restructured loans are evaluated to determine the impact to the allowance for loan losses, if any. The evaluation of these defaults may impact the assumptions used in calculating the reserve on other TDRs and impaired loans as well as management’s overall outlook of macroeconomic factors that affect the reserve on the loan portfolio as a whole. After evaluating the charge-offs and defaults experienced on our TDRs we determined that no change to our reserving methodology for TDRs was necessary to determine the allowance for loan losses as of March 31,June 30, 2018.
8.Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt
The following table represents outstanding short-term borrowings and long-term debt at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
     Carrying Value     Carrying Value
(Dollars in thousands) Maturity Principal value at March 31, 2018 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
 Maturity Principal value at June 30, 2018 June 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
Short-term borrowings:            
Short-term FHLB advances April 2, 2018 $700,000
 $700,000
 $700,000
 July 2, 2018 $400,000
 $400,000
 $700,000
Federal funds purchased April 2, 2018 395,000
 395,000
 330,000
 
 
 
 330,000
Other short-term borrowings (1) 7,140
 7,140
 3,730
 (1) 17,246
 17,246
 3,730
Total short-term borrowings   $1,102,140
 $1,033,730
   $417,246
 $1,033,730
Long-term debt:            
3.50% Senior Notes January 29, 2025 $350,000
 $347,386
 $347,303
 January 29, 2025 $350,000
 $347,470
 $347,303
5.375% Senior Notes September 15, 2020 350,000
 348,345
 348,189
 September 15, 2020 350,000
 348,502
 348,189
Total long-term debt   $695,731
 $695,492
   $695,972
 $695,492
 
 
(1)Represents cash collateral received from certain counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in our favor.
Interest expense related to short-term borrowings and long-term debt was $0.4$8.6 million and $8.0$17.0 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018,June 30,2018, respectively, and $9.0 million and $18.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively. The weighted average interest rate associated with our short-term borrowings was 1.822.04 percent as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and 1.39 percent as of December 31, 2017.

Available Lines of Credit
We have certain facilities in place to enable us to access short-term borrowings on a secured (using loans and AFS securities as collateral) and an unsecured basis. These include repurchase agreements and uncommitted federal funds lines with various financial institutions. As of March 31,June 30, 2018, we haddid not have any borrowings of $395.0 million outstanding against our uncommitted federal funds lines. We also pledge securities to the FHLB of San Francisco and the discount window at the FRB. The fair value of collateral pledged to the FHLB of San Francisco (comprised primarily of loans and U.S. Treasury securities) at March 31,June 30, 2018 totaled $3.8$3.8 billion,, of which $3.1$3.4 billion was unused and available to support additional borrowings. The fair value of collateral pledged at the discount window of the FRB (comprised primarily of U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency debentures) at March 31,June 30, 2018 totaled $1.00.9 billion, all of which was unused and available to support additional borrowings.

9.Derivative Financial Instruments
We primarily use derivative financial instruments to manage currency exchange rate risk and to assist customers with their risk management objectives, which may include currency exchange rate risks and interest rate risks. Also, in connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain equity warrant assets giving us the right to acquire stock in private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries.
Currency Exchange Risk
We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure risk associated with the net difference between foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. We do not designate any foreign exchange forward contracts as derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting. Gains or losses from changes in currency rates on foreign currency denominated instruments are recorded in the line item “other” as part of noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income. We may experience ineffectiveness in the economic hedging relationship, because the instruments are revalued based upon changes in the currency’s spot rate on the principal value, while the forwards are revalued on a discounted cash flow basis. We record forward agreements in gain positions in other assets and loss positions in other liabilities, while net changes in fair value are recorded in the line item “other” as part of noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income.
Other Derivative Instruments
Also included in our derivative instruments are equity warrant assets and client forward and option contracts, and client interest rate contracts. For further description of these other derivative instruments, refer to Note 2-“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" under Part II, Item 8 of our 2017 Form 10-K.
Counterparty Credit Risk
We are exposed to credit risk if counterparties to our derivative contracts do not perform as expected. We mitigate counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures and obtaining collateral, as appropriate. With respect to measuring counterparty credit risk for derivative instruments, we measure the fair value of a group of financial assets and financial liabilities on a net risk basis by counterparty portfolio.

The total notional or contractual amounts and fair value of our derivative financial instruments at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
 
Notional or
Contractual
Amount
 Fair Value 
Notional or
Contractual
Amount
 Fair Value 
Notional or
Contractual
Amount
 Fair Value 
Notional or
Contractual
Amount
 Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands) 
Derivative Assets (1)
Derivative Liabilities (1) Derivative Assets (1)
Derivative Liabilities (1) 
Derivative Assets (1)
Derivative Liabilities (1) Derivative Assets (1)
Derivative Liabilities (1)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: 




 
  

 




 
  

Currency exchange risks:
 




 
  

 




 
  

Foreign exchange forwards $490,255

$6,713

$
 $50,889
 $414

$
 $501,372

$16,250

$
 $50,889
 $414

$
Foreign exchange forwards 393,082



10,244
 425,055
 

5,201
 243,969



9,636
 425,055
 

5,201
Other derivative instruments:
 

 
  
  
  

 
  
  
 
Equity warrant assets 222,373

135,669


 211,253
 123,763


 227,490

143,725


 211,253
 123,763


Client foreign exchange forwards 2,159,827

99,905


 2,203,643
 95,035


 2,582,993

81,395


 2,203,643
 95,035


Client foreign exchange forwards 2,077,802



92,195
 2,092,207
 

90,253
 2,305,484



73,323
 2,092,207
 

90,253
Client foreign currency options 146,954

1,886


 102,678
 1,187


 107,907

1,713


 102,678
 1,187


Client foreign currency options 146,954



1,886
 102,678
 

1,187
 107,907



1,713
 102,678
 

1,187
Client interest rate derivatives (2) 287,489

5,070


 726,984
 11,753


 919,033

6,422


 726,984
 11,753


Client interest rate derivatives 770,653



13,369
 782,586
 

11,940
 1,274,209



12,532
 782,586
 

11,940
Total Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments   $249,243

$117,694
   $232,152

$108,581
   $249,505

$97,204
   $232,152

$108,581
 
 
(1)
Derivative assets and liabilities are included in "otheraccrued interest receivablesreceivable and other assets" and "other liabilities", respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)
The amount reported for March 31,June 30, 2018 reflects rule changes implemented by two central clearing houses that allow entities to elect to treat derivative assets, liabilities and the related variation margin as settlement of the related derivative fair values for legal and accounting purposes, as opposed to presenting gross derivative assets and liabilities. As a result, client interest rate derivatives at March 31,June 30, 2018, reflect reductions of approximately $8.65.8 million of derivative assets that previously would have been reported on a gross basis and approximately $433.6281.8 million in related notional amounts for these derivative assets cleared through central clearing houses.

A summary of our derivative activity and the related impact on our consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
   Three months ended March 31,   Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) Statement of income location    2018 2017 Statement of income location    2018 2017 2018 2017
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:            
Interest rate risks:
            
Net cash benefit associated with interest rate swaps Interest expense—borrowings $
 $554
 Interest expense—borrowings $
 $381
 $
 $935
Changes in fair value of interest rate swaps Other noninterest income 
 (1) Other noninterest income 
 (6) 
 (7)
Net gains associated with interest rate risk derivatives $
 $553
 $
 $375
 $
 $928
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:            
Currency exchange risks:
            
Gains on revaluations of internal foreign currency instruments, net Other noninterest income $2,926
 $4,108
Losses on internal foreign exchange forward contracts, net Other noninterest income (3,512) (3,245)
Net (losses) gains associated with internal currency risk $(586) $863
(Losses) gains on revaluations of internal foreign currency instruments, net Other noninterest income $(319) $14,596
 $2,607
 $18,704
Gains (losses) on internal foreign exchange forward contracts, net Other noninterest income 459
 (14,554) (3,053) (17,799)
Net gains (losses) associated with internal currency risk $140
 $42
 $(446) $905
Other derivative instruments:
            
Gains on revaluations of client foreign currency instruments, net Other noninterest income $7,653
 $2,754
Losses on client foreign exchange forward contracts, net Other noninterest income (7,114) (2,289)
(Losses) gains on revaluations of client foreign currency instruments, net Other noninterest income $(2,748) $2,375
 $4,905
 $5,129
Gains (losses) on client foreign exchange forward contracts, net Other noninterest income 2,844
 (2,190) (4,270) (4,479)
Net gains associated with client currency risk $539
 $465
 $96
 $185
 $635
 $650
Net gains on equity warrant assets Gains on equity warrant assets, net $19,191
 $6,690
 Gains on equity warrant assets, net $19,061
 $10,820
 $38,252
 $17,510
Net gains (losses) on other derivatives Other noninterest income $431
 $(276)
Net (losses) gains on other derivatives Other noninterest income $(10) $(210) $421
 $(486)
Balance Sheet Offsetting
Certain of our derivative and other financial instruments are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements with our counterparties. These agreements provide for the net settlement of multiple contracts with a single counterparty through a single payment, in a single currency, in the event of default on or termination of any one contract.

The following table summarizes our assets subject to enforceable master netting arrangements as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position But Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Net Amount Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position But Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Net Amount
(Dollars in thousands) Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received (1)  Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received (1) 
March 31, 2018            
June 30, 2018            
Derivative Assets:                        
Foreign exchange forwards $106,618
 $
 $106,618
 $(17,027) $(5,264) $84,327
 $97,645
 $
 $97,645
 $(32,627) $(14,416) $50,602
Foreign currency options 1,886
 
 1,886
 (574) 
 1,312
 1,713
 
 1,713
 (973) 
 740
Client interest rate derivatives 5,070
 
 5,070
 (3,194) (1,876) 
 6,422
 
 6,422
 (3,592) (2,830) 
Total derivative assets 113,574
 
 113,574
 (20,795) (7,140) 85,639
 105,780
 
 105,780
 (37,192) (17,246) 51,342
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing, and similar arrangements 375,180
 
 375,180
 (375,180) 
 
 37,379
 
 37,379
 (37,379) 
 
Total $488,754
 $
 $488,754
 $(395,975) $(7,140) $85,639
 $143,159
 $
 $143,159
 $(74,571) $(17,246) $51,342
December 31, 2017                        
Derivative Assets:                        
Foreign exchange forwards $95,449
 $
 $95,449
 $(14,570) $(3,616) $77,263
 $95,449
 $
 $95,449
 $(14,570) $(3,616) $77,263
Foreign currency options 1,187
 
 1,187
 (557) 
 630
 1,187
 
 1,187
 (557) 
 630
Client interest rate derivatives 11,753
 
 11,753
 (11,627) (114) 12
 11,753
 
 11,753
 (11,627) (114) 12
Total derivative assets 108,389
 
 108,389
 (26,754) (3,730) 77,905
 108,389
 
 108,389
 (26,754) (3,730) 77,905
Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing, and similar arrangements 247,876
 
 247,876
 (247,876) 
 
 247,876
 
 247,876
 (247,876) 
 
Total $356,265
 $
 $356,265
 $(274,630) $(3,730) $77,905
 $356,265
 $
 $356,265
 $(274,630) $(3,730) $77,905
 
 
(1)Cash collateral received from our counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in our favor is recorded as a component of “short-term borrowings” on our consolidated balance sheets.


The following table summarizes our liabilities subject to enforceable master netting arrangements as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position But Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Net Amount Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position But Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Net Amount
(Dollars in thousands) Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged (1)  Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged (1) 
March 31, 2018            
June 30, 2018            
Derivative Liabilities:                        
Foreign exchange forwards $102,439
 $
 $102,439
 $(6,624) $(82,502) $13,313
 $82,959
 $
 $82,959
 $(14,638) $(41,113) $27,208
Foreign currency options 1,886
 
 1,886
 (962) (434) 490
 1,713
 
 1,713
 (772) 
 941
Client interest rate derivatives 13,369
 
 13,369
 
 (13,278) 91
 12,532
 
 12,532
 
 (12,448) 84
Total derivative liabilities 117,694
 
 117,694
 (7,586) (96,214) 13,894
 97,204
 
 97,204
 (15,410) (53,561) 28,233
Repurchase, securities lending, and similar arrangements 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total $117,694
 $
 $117,694
 $(7,586) $(96,214) $13,894
 $97,204
 $
 $97,204
 $(15,410) $(53,561) $28,233
December 31, 2017                        
Derivative Liabilities:                        
Foreign exchange forwards $95,454
 $
 $95,454
 $(10,997) $(69,110) $15,347
 $95,454
 $
 $95,454
 $(10,997) $(69,110) $15,347
Foreign currency options 1,187
 
 1,187
 (501) (130) 556
 1,187
 
 1,187
 (501) (130) 556
Client interest rate derivatives 11,940
 
 11,940
 
 (11,924) 16
 11,940
 
 11,940
 
 (11,924) 16
Total derivative liabilities 108,581
 
 108,581
 (11,498) (81,164) 15,919
 108,581
 
 108,581
 (11,498) (81,164) 15,919
Repurchase, securities lending, and similar arrangements 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total $108,581
 $
 $108,581
 $(11,498) $(81,164) $15,919
 $108,581
 $
 $108,581
 $(11,498) $(81,164) $15,919
 
 
(1)
Cash collateral pledged to our counterparties in relation to market value exposures of derivative contracts in a liability position is recorded as a component of “cash and cash equivalents" on our consolidated balance sheets.

10.Noninterest Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, noninterest income was $155.5 million, compared to $117.7 million for the comparable 2017 period. On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018, are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our previous accounting methodology under Topic 605. A summary of noninterest income for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Noninterest income:            
Gains on investment securities, net $9,058
 $15,970
 $36,114
 $17,630
 $45,172
 $33,600
Gains on equity warrant assets, net 19,191
 6,690
 19,061
 10,820
 38,252
 17,510
Foreign exchange fees 33,827
 26,247
 34,077
 26,108
 67,904
 52,355
Credit card fees 21,692
 17,730
 22,926
 18,099
 44,618
 35,829
Deposit service charges 17,699
 13,975
 18,794
 14,563
 36,493
 28,538
Client investment fees 22,875
 9,026
 29,452
 12,982
 52,327
 22,008
Lending related fees 10,735
 8,961
 9,528
 8,509
 20,263
 17,470
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees 8,182
 6,639
 8,347
 7,006
 16,529
 13,645
Other 12,259
 12,421
 14,390
 12,811
 26,649
 25,232
Total noninterest income $155,518
 $117,659
 $192,689
 $128,528
 $348,207
 $246,187
Gains on investment securities, net
Net gains on investment securities include both gains and losses from our non-marketable and other equity securities, including carried interest,which include public equity securities held as well asa result of exercised equity warrant assets, gains and losses from sales of our available-for-saleAFS debt securities portfolio, when applicable.applicable and carried interest.
Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, our China Joint Venture, debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and investments in qualified affordable housing projects. We experience variability in the performance of our non-marketable and other equity securities from period to period, which results in net gains or losses on investment securities (both realized and unrealized). This variability is due to a number of factors, including unrealized changes in the values of our investments, changes in the amount of realized gains from distributions, changes in liquidity events and general economic and market conditions. Unrealized gains from non-marketable and other equity securities for any single period are typically driven by valuation changes, and are therefore subject to potential increases or decreases in future periods. Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains or losses from investment securities. As such, our results for a particular period are not necessarily indicative of our expected performance in a future period.
The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of certain sales restrictions to which these equity securities may be subject to (i.e. lock-up agreements), changes in prevailing market prices, market conditions, the actual sales or distributions of securities, the timing of such actual sales or distributions, which, to the extent such securities are managed by our managed funds, are subject to our funds' separate discretionary sales/distributions and governance processes.
Carried interest is comprised of preferential allocations of profits recognizable when the return on assets of our individual managed fund of funds and direct venture funds exceeds certain performance targets and is payable to us, as the general partners of the managed funds. The carried interest we earn is often shared with employees, who are also members of the general partner entities. We record carried interest on a quarterly basis by measuring fund performance to date versus the performance target.  For our unconsolidated managed funds, carried interest is recorded as gains on investment securities, net. For our consolidated managed funds, it is recorded as a component of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.  Carried interest allocated to others is recorded as a component of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Any carried interest paid to us (or our employees) may be subject to reversal to the extent fund performance declines to a level where inception to date carried interest is lower than actual payments made by the funds. The limited partnership agreements for our funds provide that carried interest is generally not paid to the general partners until the funds have provided a full return of contributed capital to the limited partners. Accrued, but unpaid carried interest may be subject to reversal to the extent that the fund performance declines to a level where inception-to-date carried interest is less than prior amounts recognized. Carried interest income is accounted for under an ownership model based on ASC 323 — Equity Method of Accounting and ASC 810 — Consolidation.

Our available-for-sale securities portfolio is a fixed income investment portfolio that is managed with the objective of earning an appropriate portfolio yield over the long-term while maintaining sufficient liquidity and credit diversification as well as addressing our asset/liability management objectives. TheseThough infrequent, sales of debt securities in our AFS securities portfolio may result in net gains or losses and are conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy related to the management of our liquidity position and interest rate risk. Though infrequent, sales of debt securities in our AFS securities portfolio may result in net gains or losses and are also conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy.
Gains on investment securities are outside of the scope of the new revenue standard as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our investment-related activities. A summary of gains and losses on investment securities for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Gains on non-marketable and other equity securities, net $9,058
 $15,362
 $36,114
 $17,753
 $45,172
 $33,115
Gains on sales of available-for-sale securities, net 
 608
Gains on investment securities, net $9,058
 $15,970
(Losses) gains on sales of available-for-sale securities, net 
 (123) 
 485
Total gains on investment securities, net $36,114
 $17,630
 $45,172
 $33,600
Gains on equity warrant assets, net
In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain rights to acquire stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. Any changes in fair value from the grant date fair value of equity warrant assets will be recognized as increases or decreases to other assets on our balance sheet and as net gains or losses on equity warrant assets, in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income. Gains on equity warrant assets are recognized outside of the scope of the new revenue standard as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities. A summary of net gains on equity warrant assets for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Equity warrant assets:            
Gains on exercises, net $9,927
 $7,956
 $8,875
 $3,121
 $20,509
 $11,345
Cancellations and expirations (922) (634) (826) (571) (1,726) (1,129)
Changes in fair value, net 10,186
 (632) 11,012
 8,270
 19,469
 7,294
Net gains on equity warrant assets $19,191
 $6,690
Total net gains on equity warrant assets $19,061
 $10,820
 $38,252
 $17,510
Foreign exchange fees
Foreign exchange fees represent the income differential between purchases and sales of foreign currency on behalf of our clients, primarily from spot contracts. Foreign exchange spot contract fees are recognized upon the completion of the single performance obligation, the execution of a spot trade in exchange for a fee. In line with customary business practice, the legal right transfers to the client upon execution of a foreign exchange contract on the trade date, and as such, we currently recognize our fees based on the trade date and are typically settled within two business days.
Forward contract and option premium fees are recognized outside of the scope of the new revenue standard as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities. A summary of foreign exchange fee income by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Foreign exchange fees by instrument type:            
Spot contract commissions $31,202
 $22,424
 $31,548
 $23,583
 $62,750
 $46,007
Forward contract commissions 2,485
 3,601
 2,455
 2,470
 4,940
 6,071
Option premium fees 140
 222
 74
 55
 214
 277
Total foreign exchange fees $33,827
 $26,247
 $34,077
 $26,108
 $67,904
 $52,355

Credit card fees
Credit card fees include interchange income from credit and debit cards and fees earned from processing transactions for merchants. Interchange income is earned after satisfying our performance obligation of providing nightly settlement services to a payment network. Costs related to rewards programs are recorded when the rewards are earned by the customer and presented as a reduction to interchange fee income. Rewards programs continue to be accounted for under ASC 310 - Receivables. Our performance obligations for merchant service fees are to transmit data and funds between the merchant and the payment network. Credit card interchange and merchant service fees are earned daily upon completion of transaction settlement services.
Annual card service fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period and continue to be accounted for under ASC 310 - Receivables.

A summary of credit card fees by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Credit card fees by instrument type:            
Card interchange fees, net $17,560
 $13,971
 $18,137
 $14,033
 $35,697
 $28,003
Merchant service fees 2,906
 2,740
 3,425
 2,883
 6,331
 5,623
Card service fees 1,226
 1,019
 1,364
 1,183
 2,590
 2,203
Total credit card fees $21,692
 $17,730
 $22,926
 $18,099
 $44,618
 $35,829
Deposit service charges
Deposit service charges include fees earned from performing cash management activities and other deposit account services. Deposit services include, but are not limited to the following: receivables services, which include merchant services, remote capture, lockbox, electronic deposit capture, and fraud control services. Payment and cash management products and services include wire transfer and automated clearing house payment services to enable clients to transfer funds more quickly, as well as business bill pay, business credit and debit cards, account analysis, and disbursement services. Deposit service charges are recognized over the period in which the related performance obligation is provided, generally on a monthly basis.
Client investment fees
Client investment fees include fees earned from discretionary investment management services for substantially all clients, managing clients’ portfolios based on their investment policies, strategies and objectives and receives investment advisory fees. Revenue is recognized on a monthly basis upon completion of our performance obligation and consideration is typically received in the subsequent month. Included in our sweep money market fees are Rule 12(b)-1 fees, revenue sharing and from customer transactional based fees. Rule 12(b)-1 fees and revenue sharing are recognized as earned based on client funds that are invested in the period, typically monthly. Transactional based fees are earned and recognized on fixed income securities when the transaction is executed on the clients' behalf. Amounts paid to third-party service providers are predominantly expensed, such that client investment fees are recorded gross of payments made to third parties. A summary of client investment fees by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017, is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Client investment fees by type:            
Sweep money market fees $12,322
 $4,396
 $17,178
 $6,474
 $29,500
 $10,870
Asset management fees (1) 5,358
 3,378
 5,730
 4,111
 11,088
 7,490
Repurchase agreement fees 5,195
 1,252
 6,544
 2,397
 11,739
 3,648
Total client investment fees (2) $22,875
 $9,026
 $29,452
 $12,982
 $52,327
 $22,008
 
 
(1)Represents fees earned from investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.
(2)Represents fees earned on client investment funds which are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.

Lending related fees
Unused commitment fees, minimum finance fees and unused line fees are recognized as earned on a monthly basis. Fees that qualify for syndication treatment are recognized at the completion of the syndicated loan deal for which the fees were received. Lending related fees are recognized outside of the scope of the new revenue standard as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our lending-related activities. A summary of lending related fees by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018
2017
2018
2017
Lending related fees by instrument type:            
Unused commitment fees $8,757
 $6,567
 $7,827
 $7,021
 $16,584
 $13,588
Other 1,978
 2,394
 1,701
 1,488
 3,679
 3,882
Total lending related fees $10,735
 $8,961
 $9,528
 $8,509
 $20,263
 $17,470
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees
Commercial and standby letters of credit represent conditional commitments issued by us on behalf of a client to guarantee the performance of the client to a third party when certain specified future events have occurred. Fees generated from letters of credit and standby letters of credit are deferred as a component of other liabilities and recognized in noninterest income over the commitment period using the straight-line method, based on the likelihood that the commitment being drawn down will be remote. Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees are recognized outside of the scope of the new revenue standard as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our lending-related activities.
Other
Other noninterest income primarily includes income from fund management fees and service revenue. Fund management fees are comprised of fees charged directly to our managed funds of funds and direct venture funds. Fund management fees are based upon the contractual terms of the limited partnership agreements and are generally recognized as earned over the specified contract period, which is generally equal to the life of the individual fund. Fund management fees are calculated as a percentage of committed capital and collected in advance and are received quarterly. Fund management fees for certain of our limited partnership agreements are calculated as a percentage of distributions made by the funds and revenue is recorded only at the time of a distribution event. As distribution events are not predetermined for these certain funds, management fees are considered variable and constrained under the new revenue standard.
Other noninterest income primarily consists of dividend income on FHLB/FRB stock, correspondent bank rebate income, incentive fees related to carried interest and other fee income. We recognize revenue when our performance obligations are met and record revenues on a daily/monthly basis, quarterly, semi-annually or annual basis. For event driven revenue sources, we recognize revenue when: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) we have performed the service, provided we have no other remaining obligations to the customer, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is probable.
A summary of other noninterest income by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Other noninterest income by instrument type:            
Fund management fees $5,736
 $5,169
 $5,929
 $5,536
 $11,665
 $10,705
Net (losses) gains on revaluation of foreign currency instruments, net of foreign exchange forward contracts (1) (47) 1,328
Net gains on revaluation of foreign currency instruments, net of foreign exchange forward contracts (1) 236
 227
 189
 1,555
Other service revenue 6,570
 5,924
 8,225
 7,048
 14,795
 12,972
Total other noninterest income $12,259
 $12,421
 $14,390
 $12,811
 $26,649
 $25,232
 
(1)Represents the net revaluation of client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments.


Disaggregation of Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The following tabletables presents our revenues from contracts with customers disaggregated by revenue source and segment for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018:
(Dollars in thousands) 
Global
Commercial
Bank
 
SVB Private  
Bank
 SVB Capital Other Income Total      
Three months ended June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Global
Commercial
Bank
 
SVB Private  
Bank
 SVB Capital Other Income Total      
Revenue from contracts with customers:                    
Spot contract commissions $30,972
 $179
 $
 $51
 $31,202
 $31,350
 $144
 $
 $54
 $31,548
Card interchange fees, gross 29,449
 
 
 99
 29,548
 31,734
 
 
 104
 31,838
Merchant service fees 2,906
 
 
 
 2,906
 3,425
 
 
 
 3,425
Deposit service charges 17,040
 28
 
 631
 17,699
 18,386
 31
 
 377
 18,794
Client investment fees 10,250
 302
 
 12,323
 22,875
 11,895
 379
 
 17,178
 29,452
Fund management fees 
 
 5,736
 
 5,736
 
 
 5,929
 
 5,929
Correspondent bank rebates 1,396
 
 
 
 1,396
 1,473
 
 
 
 1,473
Total revenue from contracts with customers $92,013
 $509
 $5,736
 $13,104
 $111,362
 $98,263
 $554
 $5,929
 $17,713
 $122,459
                    
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (1) 7,333
 (2) 23,174
 13,651
 44,156
 14,982
 10
 22,569
 32,669
 70,230
Total noninterest income $99,346
 $507
 $28,910
 $26,755
 $155,518
 $113,245
 $564
 $28,498
 $50,382
 $192,689
 
(1)Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance than ASC 606.
Six months ended June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Global
Commercial
Bank
 
SVB Private  
Bank
 SVB Capital Other Income Total      
Revenue from contracts with customers:          
Spot contract commissions $62,322
 $323
 $
 $105
 $62,750
Card interchange fees, gross 61,183
 
 
 203
 61,386
Merchant service fees 6,331
 
 
 
 6,331
Deposit service charges 35,426
 59
 
 1,008
 36,493
Client investment fees 22,145
 681
 
 29,501
 52,327
Fund management fees 
 
 11,665
 
 11,665
Correspondent bank rebates 2,869
 
 
 
 2,869
Total revenue from contracts with customers $190,276
 $1,063
 $11,665
 $30,817
 $233,821
           
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (1) 22,315
 9
 45,744
 46,318
 114,386
Total noninterest income $212,591
 $1,072
 $57,409
 $77,135
 $348,207
(1)Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance than ASC 606.

11.Other Noninterest Expense
A summary of other noninterest expense for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Lending and other client related processing costs $3,201
 $5,539
 $7,403
 $6,332
 $10,603
 $11,871
Data processing services 2,492
 2,582
 2,703
 2,428
 5,195
 5,010
Telephone 2,377
 2,703
 2,378
 2,671
 4,756
 5,374
Dues and publications 850
 795
 845
 677
 1,694
 1,472
Postage and supplies 667
 749
 813
 652
 1,480
 1,401
Other 5,107
 3,839
 4,670
 7,639
 9,778
 11,478
Total other noninterest expense $14,694
 $16,207
 $18,812
 $20,399
 $33,506
 $36,606
12.Segment Reporting
We have three reportable segments for management reporting purposes: Global Commercial Bank, SVB Private Bank and SVB Capital. The results of our operating segments are based on our internal management reporting process.
Our Global Commercial Bank and SVB Private Bank segments' primary source of revenue is from net interest income, which is primarily the difference between interest earned on loans, net of funds transfer pricing (“FTP”), and interest paid on deposits, net of FTP. Accordingly, these segments are reported using net interest income, net of FTP. FTP is an internal measurement framework designed to assess the financial impact of a financial institution’s sources and uses of funds. It is the mechanism by which a funding credit is given for deposits raised, and a funding charge is made for loans funded. FTP is calculated at an instrument level based on account characteristics.
We also evaluate performance based on provision for credit losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense, which are presented as components of segment operating profit or loss. In calculating each operating segment’s noninterest expense, we consider the direct costs incurred by the operating segment as well as certain allocated direct costs. As part of this review, we allocate certain corporate overhead costs to a corporate account. We do not allocate income taxestax expense or the provision for unfunded credit commitments (included in provision for credit losses) to our segments. Additionally, our management reporting model is predicated on average asset balances; therefore, period-end asset balances are not presented for segment reporting purposes. Changes in an individual client’s primary relationship designation have resulted, and in the future may result, in the inclusion of certain clients in different segments in different periods.

Unlike financial reporting, which benefits from the comprehensive structure provided by GAAP, our internal management reporting process is highly subjective, as there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management reporting. Our management reporting process measures the performance of our operating segments based on our internal operating structure, which is subject to change from time to time, and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for other financial services companies.
For reporting purposes, SVB Financial Group has three operating segments for which we report our financial information:
Global Commercial Bank is comprised of results from the following:
Our Commercial Bank products and services are provided by the Bank and its subsidiaries to commercial clients in the technology, life science/healthcare and private equity/venture capital industries. The Bank provides solutions to the financial needs of commercial clients, through credit, global treasury management, foreign exchange, global trade finance, and other services. It serves clients within the United States, as well as non-U.S. clients in key international innovation markets. In addition, the Bank and its subsidiaries offer a variety of investment services and solutions to its clients that enable them to effectively manage their assets. 
Our Private Equity Division provides banking products and services primarily to our private equity and venture capital clients.
Our Wine practice provides banking products and services to our premium wine industry clients, including vineyard development loans. 
SVB Analytics previously provided equity valuation services and currently provides research for investors and companies in the global innovation economy. In September 2017, SVB Analytics sold its equity valuation services business.
Debt Fund Investments is comprised of our investments in certain debt funds in which we are a strategic investor.

SVB Private Bank is the private banking division of the Bank, which provides a range of personal financial solutions for consumers. Our clients are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support. We offer a customized suite of private banking services, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, restricted stock purchase loans, capital call lines of credit and other secured and unsecured lending, as well as cash and wealth management services. 
SVB Capital is the funds management business of SVBFG, which focuses primarily on venture capital investments. SVB Capital manages funds (primarily venture capital funds) on behalf of third-party limited partners and, on a more limited basis, SVB Financial Group. The SVB Capital family of funds is comprised of direct venture funds that invest in companies and funds of funds that invest in other venture capital funds. SVB Capital generates income for the Company primarily from investment returns (including carried interest allocations) and management fees.

The summary financial results of our operating segments are presented along with a reconciliation to our consolidated interim results.
Our segment information for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
(Dollars in thousands) 
Global
Commercial
Bank (1)
 
SVB Private  
Bank
 SVB Capital (1)   Other Items (2)       Total       
Global
Commercial
Bank (1)
 
SVB Private  
Bank
 SVB Capital (1)   Other Items (2)       Total      
Three months ended March 31, 2018          
Three months ended June 30, 2018          
Net interest income $369,867
 $16,247
 $7
 $33,742
 $419,863
 $409,057
 $15,645
 $9
 $41,732
 $466,443
Provision for credit losses (25,274) (1,722) 
 (976) (27,972) (27,356) (300) 
 (1,424) (29,080)
Noninterest income 99,346
 507
 28,910
 26,755
 155,518
 113,245
 564
 28,498
 50,382
 192,689
Noninterest expense (3) (184,751) (6,043) (5,046) (69,577) (265,417) (197,695) (5,927) (5,666) (96,451) (305,739)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (4) $259,188
 $8,989
 $23,871
 $(10,056) $281,992
 $297,251
 $9,982
 $22,841
 $(5,761) $324,313
Total average loans, net of unearned income $20,679,202
 $2,666,658
 $
 $461,352
 $23,807,212
 $21,714,870
 $2,777,617
 $
 $366,016
 $24,858,503
Total average assets (5) 49,953,950
 2,590,476
 373,322
 (550,506) 52,367,242
 52,540,865
 2,515,984
 369,841
 (1,006,044) 54,420,646
Total average deposits 44,041,634
 1,572,424
 
 492,023
 46,106,081
 45,991,701
 1,480,162
 
 500,088
 47,971,951
Three months ended March 31, 2017          
Three months ended June 30, 2017          
Net interest income $275,878
 $13,610
 $10
 $20,495
 $309,993
 $311,051
 $14,742
 $16
 $16,887
 $342,696
Provision for credit losses (28,889) (790) 
 (1,055) (30,734) (14,856) (329) 
 (621) (15,806)
Noninterest income 79,519
 718
 16,775
 20,647
 117,659
 83,904
 536
 15,019
 29,069
 128,528
Noninterest expense (3) (172,916) (3,919) (3,472) (57,326) (237,633) (176,702) (4,050) (6,192) (64,302) (251,246)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (4) $153,592
 $9,619
 $13,313
 $(17,239) $159,285
 $203,397
 $10,899
 $8,843
 $(18,967) $204,172
Total average loans, net of unearned income $17,647,055
 $2,245,317
 $
 $176,942
 $20,069,314
 $17,907,635
 $2,365,464
 $
 $235,442
 $20,508,541
Total average assets (5) 42,888,126
 2,272,825
 372,876
 (232,793) 45,301,034
 45,478,211
 2,397,188
 355,292
 (681,327) 47,549,364
Total average deposits 38,296,563
 1,336,849
 
 325,123
 39,958,535
 40,477,823
 1,302,890
 
 357,933
 42,138,646
Six months ended June 30, 2018          
Net interest income $778,924
 $31,892
 $16
 $75,474
 $886,306
Provision for credit losses (52,630) (2,022) 
 (2,400) (57,052)
Noninterest income 212,591
 1,072
 57,409
 77,135
 348,207
Noninterest expense (3) (382,261) (11,969) (10,713) (166,213) (571,156)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (4) $556,624
 $18,973
 $46,712
 $(16,004) $606,305
Total average loans, net of unearned income $21,199,897
 $2,722,444
 $
 $413,421
 $24,335,762
Total average assets (5) 51,252,398
 2,553,024
 371,572
 (777,378) 53,399,616
Total average deposits 45,022,054
 1,526,038
 
 496,078
 47,044,170
Six months ended June 30, 2017          
Net interest income $586,929
 $28,352
 $16
 $37,392
 $652,689
Provision for credit losses (43,745) (1,119) 
 (1,676) (46,540)
Noninterest income 163,423
 1,254
 31,794
 49,716
 246,187
Noninterest expense (3) (349,548) (7,968) (9,664) (121,699) (488,879)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (4) $357,059
 $20,519
 $22,146
 $(36,267) $363,457
Total average loans, net of unearned income $17,778,065
 $2,305,723
 $
 $206,353
 $20,290,141
Total average assets (5) 44,188,162
 2,335,350
 364,036
 (456,138) 46,431,410
Total average deposits 39,393,219
 1,319,776
 
 341,618
 41,054,613
 
 
(1)Global Commercial Bank’s and SVB Capital’s components of net interest income, noninterest income, noninterest expense and total average assets are shown net of noncontrolling interests for all periods presented. Noncontrolling interest is included within “Other Items”.
(2)The “Other Items” column reflects the adjustments necessary to reconcile the results of the operating segments to the consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. Net interest income consists primarily of interest earned from our fixed income investment portfolio, net of FTP. Noninterest income consists primarily of gains on equity warrant assets and gains or losses on the sale of fixed income investments and equity securities from exercised warrant assets. Noninterest expense consists primarily of expenses associated with corporate support functions such as finance, human resources, marketing, legal and other expenses.

assets. Noninterest expense consists primarily of expenses associated with corporate support functions such as finance, human resources, marketing, legal and other expenses.
(3)
The Global Commercial Bank segment includes direct depreciation and amortization of $5.55.6 million and $6.17.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $11.1 million and $13.4 million for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(4)The internal reporting model used by management to assess segment performance does not calculate income tax expense by segment. Our effective tax rate is a reasonable approximation of the segment rates.
(5)Total average assets equal the greater of total average assets or the sum of total average liabilities and total average stockholders’ equity for each segment to reconcile the results to the consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP.
13.Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments
In the normal course of business, we use financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commercial and standby letters of credit and commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity fund investments. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk. Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss because other parties to the financial instrument fail to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract.

Commitments to Extend Credit
The following table summarizes information related to our commitments to extend credit at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Loan commitments available for funding: (1)        
Fixed interest rate commitments $1,513,974
 $1,478,157
 $1,803,673
 $1,478,157
Variable interest rate commitments 13,665,905
 14,034,169
 14,904,556
 14,034,169
Total loan commitments available for funding 15,179,879
 15,512,326
 16,708,229
 15,512,326
Commercial and standby letters of credit (2) 1,990,923
 1,950,211
 2,020,131
 1,950,211
Total unfunded credit commitments $17,170,802
 $17,462,537
 $18,728,360
 $17,462,537
Commitments unavailable for funding (3) $2,602,796
 $2,117,057
 $2,747,090
 $2,117,057
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments (4) 52,823
 51,770
 54,104
 51,770
 
 
(1)Represents commitments which are available for funding, due to clients meeting all collateral, compliance and financial covenants required under loan commitment agreements.
(2)See below for additional information on our commercial and standby letters of credit.
(3)Represents commitments which are currently unavailable for funding, due to clients failing to meet all collateral, compliance and financial covenants under loan commitment agreements.
(4)Our allowance for unfunded credit commitments includes an allowance for both our unfunded loan commitments and our letters of credit.
Commercial and Standby Letters of Credit
The table below summarizes our commercial and standby letters of credit at March 31,June 30, 2018. The maximum potential amount of future payments represents the amount that could be remitted under letters of credit if there were a total default by the guaranteed parties, without consideration of possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from the collateral held or pledged.
(Dollars in thousands) 
Expires In One
Year or Less
 
Expires After
One Year
 
Total Amount
Outstanding
 
Maximum Amount
of Future Payments
 
Expires In One
Year or Less
 
Expires After
One Year
 
Total Amount
Outstanding
 
Maximum Amount
of Future Payments
Financial standby letters of credit $1,828,990
 $42,039
 $1,871,029
 $1,871,029
 $1,850,099
 $43,050
 $1,893,149
 $1,893,149
Performance standby letters of credit 107,170
 2,935
 110,105
 110,105
 99,750
 13,345
 113,095
 113,095
Commercial letters of credit 9,364
 425
 9,789
 9,789
 13,836
 51
 13,887
 13,887
Total $1,945,524
 $45,399
 $1,990,923
 $1,990,923
 $1,963,685
 $56,446
 $2,020,131
 $2,020,131

Deferred fees related to financial and performance standby letters of credit were $10.8$11.1 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and $12.4 million at December 31, 2017. At March 31,June 30, 2018, collateral in the form of cash of $962.9$961.0 million was available to us to reimburse losses, if any, under financial and performance standby letters of credit.

Commitments to Invest in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds
Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, which generally makes investments in privately-held companies. Commitments to invest in these funds are generally made for a 10-year period from the inception of the fund. Although the limited partnership agreements governing these investments typically do not restrict the general partners from calling 100% of committed capital in one year, it is customary for these funds to call most of the capital commitments over 5 to 7 years, and in certain cases, the funds may not call 100% of committed capital. The actual timing of future cash requirements to fund these commitments is generally dependent upon the investment cycle, overall market conditions, and the nature and type of industry in which the privately held companies operate. The following table details our total capital commitments, unfunded capital commitments, and our ownership percentage in each fund at March 31,June 30, 2018:
(Dollars in thousands) SVBFG Capital Commitments     
SVBFG Unfunded    
Commitments
 
SVBFG Ownership  
of each Fund (3)
 SVBFG Capital Commitments     
SVBFG Unfunded    
Commitments
 
SVBFG Ownership  
of each Fund (3)
CP I, LP $6,000
 $270
 10.7% $6,000
 $270
 10.7%
CP II, LP (1) 1,200
 162
 5.1
 1,200
 162
 5.1
Shanghai Yangpu Venture Capital Fund (LP) 924
 
 6.8
 924
 
 6.8
Strategic Investors Fund, LP 15,300
 688
 12.6
 15,300
 688
 12.6
Strategic Investors Fund II, LP 15,000
 1,050
 8.6
 15,000
 1,050
 8.6
Strategic Investors Fund III, LP 15,000
 1,275
 5.9
 15,000
 1,275
 5.9
Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP 12,239
 2,325
 5.0
 12,239
 2,325
 5.0
Strategic Investors Fund V funds 515
 131
 Various
 515
 131
 Various
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP 12,688
 
 20.0
 12,688
 
 20.0
Growth Partners, LP 23,330
 1,340
 33.0
 24,670
 1,340
 33.0
Debt funds (equity method accounting) 58,493
 
 Various
 58,493
 
 Various
Other fund investments (2) 301,673
 8,772
 Various
 304,184
 9,685
 Various
Total $462,362
 $16,013
   $466,213
 $16,926
  
 
 
(1)
Our ownership includes direct ownership of 1.3 percent and indirect ownership interest of 3.8 percent through our investment in Strategic Investors Fund II, LP.
(2)
Represents commitments to 229232 funds (primarily venture capital funds) where our ownership interest is generally less than five percent of the voting interests of each such fund.
(3)We are subject to the Volcker Rule, which restricts or limits us from sponsoring or having ownership interests in “covered” funds including venture capital and private equity funds. See “Business - Supervision and Regulation” under Part 1, Item 1 of our 2017 Form 10-K.

The following table details the amounts of remaining unfunded commitments to venture capital and private equity funds by our consolidated managed funds of funds (including our interest and the noncontrolling interests) at March 31,June 30, 2018:
(Dollars in thousands) Unfunded Commitments     Unfunded Commitments    
Strategic Investors Fund, LP $1,338
 $1,338
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP 1,911
 2,700
Growth Partners, LP 2,680
 1,895
Total $5,929
 $5,933
14.Income Taxes
We are subject to income tax in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions and have identified our federal tax and California tax returns as major tax filings. Our U.S. federal tax returns for 2014 and subsequent tax years remain open to full examination. Our California tax returns for 2013 and subsequent tax years remain open to full examination.

At March 31,June 30, 2018, our unrecognized tax benefit was $12.8$13.6 million, the recognition of which would reduce our income tax expense by $9.9$10.5 million. We do not expect that our unrecognized tax benefit will materially change in the next 12 months.


We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters as part of income before income taxes. Interest and penalties were not material for the three or six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018.
15.Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value Measurements
Our available-for-sale securities, derivative instruments and certain non-marketable and other equity securities are financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. We make estimates regarding valuation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value in preparing our interim consolidated financial statements.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation methodology used for measurement are observable or unobservable and the significance of those inputs in the fair value measurement. Observable inputs reflect market-derived or market-based information obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our estimates about market data and views of market participants. The three levels for measuring fair value are based on the reliability of inputs and are as follows:
Level 1
Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Assets utilizing Level 1 inputs include U.S. Treasury securities, exchange-traded equity securities and certain marketable securities accounted for under fair value accounting.
Level 2
Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, directly or indirectly. Valuations for the available-for-sale securities are provided by independent pricing service providers who have experience in valuing these securities and by comparison to and/or average of quoted market prices obtained from independent brokers. We perform a monthly analysis on the values received from third parties to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value. The procedures include, but are not limited to, initial and ongoing review of third-party pricing methodologies, review of pricing trends and monitoring of trading volumes. Additional corroboration, such as obtaining a non-binding price from a broker, may be obtained depending on the frequency of trades of the security and the level of liquidity or depth of the market. We ensure prices received from independent brokers represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value through the use of observable market inputs including comparable trades, yield curve, spreads and, when available, market indices. As a result of this analysis, if the Company determines that there is a more appropriate fair value based upon the available market data, the price received from the third party is adjusted accordingly. Below is a summary of the significant inputs used for each class of Level 2 assets and liabilities:
U.S. agency debentures: Fair value measurements of U.S. agency debentures are based on the characteristics specific to bonds held, such as issuer name, coupon rate, maturity date and any applicable issuer call option features. Valuations are based on market spreads relative to similar term benchmark market interest rates, generally U.S. Treasury securities.
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities: Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities are pools of individual conventional mortgage loans underwritten to U.S. agency standards with similar coupon rates, tenor, and other attributes such as geographic location, loan size and origination vintage. Fair value measurements of these securities are based on observable price adjustments relative to benchmark market interest rates taking into consideration estimated loan prepayment speeds.
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations: Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations are structured into classes or tranches with defined cash flow characteristics and are collateralized by U.S. agency-issued mortgage pass-through securities. Fair value measurements of these securities incorporate similar characteristics of mortgage pass-through securities such as coupon rate, tenor, geographic location, loan size and origination vintage, in addition to incorporating the effect of estimated prepayment speeds on the cash flow structure of the class or tranche. These measurements incorporate observable market spreads over an estimated average life after considering the inputs listed above.
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities: Fair value measurements of these securities are based on spreads to benchmark market interest rates (usually U.S. Treasury rates or rates observable in the swaps market), prepayment speeds, loan default rate assumptions and loan loss severity assumptions on underlying loans.

Municipal bonds and notes: Bonds issued by municipal governments generally have stated coupon rates, final maturity dates and are subject to being called ahead of the final maturity date at the option of the issuer. Fair value measurements

of these securities are priced based on spreads to other municipal benchmark bonds with similar characteristics; or, relative to market rates on U.S. Treasury bonds of similar maturity.
Interest rate derivative assets and liabilities: Fair value measurements of interest rate derivatives are priced considering the coupon rate of the fixed leg of the contract and the variable coupon on the floating leg of the contract. Valuation is based on both spot and forward rates on the swap yield curve and the credit worthiness of the contract counterparty.
Foreign exchange forward and option contract assets and liabilities: Fair value measurements of these assets and liabilities are priced based on spot and forward foreign currency rates and option volatility assumptions.
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio): Fair value measurements of equity warrant assets of publicly-traded portfolio companies are valued based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The model uses the price of publicly-traded companies (underlying stock price), stated strike prices, warrant expiration dates, the risk-free interest rate and market-observable option volatility assumptions.
Level 3
The fair value measurement is derived from valuation techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions we believe market participants would use in pricing the asset. Below is a summary of the valuation techniques used for each class of Level 3 assets:
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value: Fair value measurements are based on consideration of a range of factors including, but not limited to, the price at which the investment was acquired, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, and as it relates to the private company, the current and projected operating performance, exit strategies and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement include the information about each portfolio company, including actual and forecasted results, cash position, recent or planned transactions and market comparable companies. Significant changes to any one of these inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the fair value measurement, however, we generally consider all factors available through ongoing communication with the portfolio companies and venture capital fund managers to determine whether there are changes to the portfolio company or the environment that indicate a change in the fair value measurement.
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio): Fair value measurements of equity warrant assets of publicly-traded portfolio companies are valued based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The model uses the price of publicly-traded companies (underlying stock price), stated strike prices, warrant expiration dates, the risk-free interest rate and market-observable option volatility assumptions. Modeled asset values are further adjusted by applying a discount of up to 20 percent for certain warrants that have lock-up restrictions or other features that indicate a discount to fair value is warranted. As a lock-up term nears, and other sale restrictions are lifted, discounts are adjusted downward to zero percent once all restrictions expire or are removed.
Equity warrant assets (private portfolio): Fair value measurements of equity warrant assets of private portfolio companies are priced based on a Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the asset value by using stated strike prices, option expiration dates, risk-free interest rates and option volatility assumptions. Option volatility assumptions used in the model are based on public market indices whose members operate in similar industries as companies in our private company portfolio. Option expiration dates are modified to account for estimates to actual life relative to stated expiration. Overall model asset values are further adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company. There is a direct correlation between changes in the volatility and remaining life assumptions in isolation and the fair value measurement while there is an inverse correlation between changes in the liquidity discount assumption and the fair value measurement.
It is our policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements. When available, we use quoted market prices to measure fair value. If market prices are not available, fair value measurement is based upon valuation techniques that use primarily market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves, prepayment speeds, option volatilities and currency rates. Substantially all of our financial instruments use the foregoing methodologies, and are categorized as a Level 1 or Level 2 measurement in the fair value hierarchy. However, in certain cases, when market observable inputs for our valuation techniques may not be readily available, we are required to make judgments about assumptions we believe market participants would use in estimating the fair value of the financial instrument, and based on the significance of those judgments, the measurement may be determined to be a Level 3 fair value measurement.

The degree of management judgment involved in determining the fair value of a financial instrument is dependent upon the availability of quoted market prices or observable market parameters. For financial instruments that trade actively and have quoted market prices or observable market parameters, there is minimal subjectivity involved in measuring fair value. When

observable market prices and parameters are not fully available, management judgment is necessary to estimate fair value. For inactive markets, there is little information, if any, to evaluate if individual transactions are orderly. Accordingly, we are required to estimate, based upon all available facts and circumstances, the degree to which orderly transactions are occurring and provide more weighting to price quotes that are based upon orderly transactions. In addition, changes in the market conditions may reduce the availability of quoted prices or observable data. For example, reduced liquidity in the capital markets or changes in secondary market activities could result in observable market inputs becoming unavailable. Therefore, when market data is not available, we use valuation techniques requiring more management judgment to estimate the appropriate fair value measurement. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greater for financial assets and liabilities categorized as Level 3.
The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31,June 30, 2018:
(Dollars in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 
Balance at
March 31, 2018
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Balance at June 30, 2018
Assets:                
Available-for-sale securities:                
U.S. Treasury securities $6,016,877
 $
 $
 $6,016,877
 $5,733,070
 $
 $
 $5,733,070
U.S. agency debentures 
 1,561,834
 
 1,561,834
 
 1,485,864
 
 1,485,864
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsfixed rate
 
 2,146,173
 
 2,146,173
 
 2,038,134
 
 2,038,134
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate
 
 355,500
 
 355,500
 
 336,298
 
 336,298
Total available-for-sale securities 6,016,877
 4,063,507
 
 10,080,384
 5,733,070
 3,860,296
 
 9,593,366
Non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting):                
Non-marketable securities:                
Venture capital and private equity fund investments measured at net asset value 
 
 
 334,665
 
 
 
 343,119
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value (1) 
 
 1,001
 1,001
 
 
 1,001
 1,001
Other equity securities in public companies 31
 4,663
 
 4,694
 835
 3,577
 
 4,412
Total non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting) 31
 4,663
 1,001
 340,360
Total non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting) 835
 3,577
 1,001
 348,532
Other assets:                
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts 
 108,504
 
 108,504
 
 99,358
 
 99,358
Equity warrant assets 
 4,163
 131,506
 135,669
 
 5,972
 137,753
 143,725
Client interest rate derivatives 
 5,070
 
 5,070
 
 6,422
 
 6,422
Total assets $6,016,908
 $4,185,907
 $132,507
 $10,669,987
 $5,733,905
 $3,975,625
 $138,754
 $10,191,403
Liabilities:                
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts $
 $104,325
 $
 $104,325
 $
 $84,672
 $
 $84,672
Client interest rate derivatives 
 13,369
 
 13,369
 
 12,532
 
 12,532
Total liabilities $
 $117,694
 $
 $117,694
 $
 $97,204
 $
 $97,204
 
 
(1)
Included in Level 3 assets is $0.9 million attributable to noncontrolling interests calculated based on the ownership percentages of the noncontrolling interests.


The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Balance at December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Balance at December 31, 2017
Assets:                
Available-for-sale securities:                
U.S. Treasury securities $6,840,502
 $
 $
 $6,840,502
 $6,840,502
 $
 $
 $6,840,502
U.S. agency debentures 
 1,567,128
 
 1,567,128
 
 1,567,128
 
 1,567,128
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—fixed rate 
 2,267,035
 
 2,267,035
 
 2,267,035
 
 2,267,035
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligations—variable rate 
 373,730
 
 373,730
 
 373,730
 
 373,730
Equity securities 158
 72,111
 
 72,269
 158
 72,111
 
 72,269
Total available-for-sale securities 6,840,660
 4,280,004
 
 11,120,664
 6,840,660
 4,280,004
 
 11,120,664
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):        
Non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting):        
Non-marketable securities:                
Venture capital and private equity fund investments measured at net asset value 
 
 
 127,192
 
 
 
 127,192
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value (1) 
 
 919
 919
 
 
 919
 919
Other equity securities in public companies (1) 310
 
 
 310
 310
 
 
 310
Total non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting) 310
 
 919
 128,421
Total non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting) 310
 
 919
 128,421
Other assets:                
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts 
 96,636
 
 96,636
 
 96,636
 
 96,636
Equity warrant assets 
 2,432
 121,331
 123,763
 
 2,432
 121,331
 123,763
Client interest rate derivatives 
 11,753
 
 11,753
 
 11,753
 
 11,753
Total assets $6,840,970
 $4,390,825
 $122,250
 $11,481,237
 $6,840,970
 $4,390,825
 $122,250
 $11,481,237
Liabilities:                
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts $
 $96,641
 $
 $96,641
 $
 $96,641
 $
 $96,641
Client interest rate derivatives 
 11,940
 
 11,940
 
 11,940
 
 11,940
Total liabilities $
 $108,581
 $
 $108,581
 $
 $108,581
 $
 $108,581
 
 
(1)
Included in Level 1 and Level 3 assets are $0.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively, attributable to noncontrolling interests calculated based on the ownership percentages of the noncontrolling interests.

The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) 
Beginning
Balance
 Total Realized and Unrealized Gains Included in Income Sales Issuances   Distributions and Other Settlements Transfers Out of Level 3 
Ending
Balance
 
Beginning
Balance
 Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Income Sales Issuances   Distributions and Other Settlements Transfers Out of Level 3 
Ending
Balance
Three months ended March 31, 2018              
Three months ended June 30, 2018              
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):                            
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value(1) $919
 $82
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $1,001
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value (1) $1,001
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $1,001
Other assets:                            
Equity warrant assets (2) 121,331
 18,611
 (12,128) 4,899
 
 (1,207) 131,506
 131,506
 18,249
 (15,235) 4,299
 
 (1,066) 137,753
Total assets $122,250
 $18,693
 $(12,128) $4,899
 $
 $(1,207) $132,507
 $132,507
 $18,249
 $(15,235) $4,299
 $
 $(1,066) $138,754
Three months ended March 31, 2017              
Three months ended June 30, 2017              
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):                            
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value(1)

 $2,040
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $2,040
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value (1) $2,040
 $(143) $
 $
 $
 $
 $1,897
Other assets:                            
Equity warrant assets (2) 128,813
 6,609
 (17,086) 4,030
 
 (167) 122,199
 122,199
 10,586
 (6,500) 3,419
 
 (752) 128,952
Total assets $130,853
 $6,609
 $(17,086) $4,030
 $
 $(167) $124,239
 $124,239
 $10,443
 $(6,500) $3,419
 $
 $(752) $130,849
Six months ended June 30, 2018              
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):              
Other venture capital investments (1) $919
 $82
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $1,001
Other assets:              
Equity warrant assets (2) 121,331
 36,860
 (27,363) 9,198
 
 (2,273) 137,753
Total assets $122,250
 $36,942
 $(27,363) $9,198
 $
 $(2,273) $138,754
Six months ended June 30, 2017              
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):              
Other venture capital investments (1) $2,040
 $(143) $
 $
 $
 $
 $1,897
Other assets:              
Equity warrant assets (2) 128,813
 17,195
 (23,586) 7,449
 
 (919) 128,952
Total assets $130,853
 $17,052
 $(23,586) $7,449
 $
 $(919) $130,849
 
 
(1)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net”, a component of noninterest income.
(2)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on equity warrant assets, net”, a component of noninterest income.



The following table presents the amount of net unrealized gains and losses included in earnings (which is inclusive of noncontrolling interest) attributable to Level 3 assets still held at March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Non-marketable and other securities (fair value accounting):            
Venture capital and private equity fund investments not measured at net asset value (1) $82
 $
 $
 $(143) $82
 $(143)
Other assets:            
Equity warrant assets (2) 9,573
 (347) 10,236
 7,984
 18,147
 7,440
Total unrealized gains (losses), net $9,655
 $(347)
Unrealized gains attributable to noncontrolling interests (1) $73
 $
Total unrealized gains, net $10,236
 $7,841
 $18,229
 $7,297
Unrealized (losses) gains attributable to noncontrolling interests (1) $
 $(127) $73
 $(127)
 
 
(1)
Unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on investment securities, net”, a component of noninterest income.
(2)
Unrealized gains (losses) are recorded in the line item “Gains on equity warrant assets, net”, a component of noninterest income.
The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of current sales restrictions to which these securities are subject, the actual sales of securities and the timing of such actual sales.
The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for certain of our Level 3 fair value measurements at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We have not included in this table our venture capital and private equity fund investments (fair value accounting) as we use net asset value per share (as obtained from the general partners of the investments) as a practical expedient to determine fair value.
(Dollars in thousands) Fair value Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Inputs 
Weighted 
Average
 Fair value Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Inputs 
Weighted 
Average
March 31, 2018:    
June 30, 2018:    
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (fair value accounting) $1,001
 Private company equity pricing (1) (1) $1,001
 Private company equity pricing (1) (1)
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio) 1,641
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 46.3% 2,065
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 48.6%
  Risk-Free interest rate 2.7
  Risk-Free interest rate 2.8
  Sales restrictions discount (2) 13.7
  Sales restrictions discount (2) 18.6
Equity warrant assets (private portfolio) 129,865
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 37.0
 135,688
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 37.8
  Risk-Free interest rate 2.2
  Risk-Free interest rate 2.5
  Marketability discount (3) 16.4
  Marketability discount (3) 16.6
  Remaining life assumption (4) 45.0
  Remaining life assumption (4) 45.0
December 31, 2017:        
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (fair value accounting)

 $919
 Private company equity pricing (1) (1) $919
 Private company equity pricing (1) (1)
Equity warrant assets (public portfolio) 1,936
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 47.9% 1,936
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 47.9%
  Risk-Free interest rate 2.1
  Risk-Free interest rate 2.1
  Sales restrictions discount (2) 15.5
  Sales restrictions discount (2) 15.5
Equity warrant assets (private portfolio) 119,395
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 36.7
 119,395
 Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 36.7
  Risk-Free interest rate 1.8
  Risk-Free interest rate 1.8
  Marketability discount (3) 16.4
  Marketability discount (3) 16.4
  Remaining life assumption (4) 45.0
  Remaining life assumption (4) 45.0
 
 
 
(1)In determining the fair value of our venture capital and private equity fund investment portfolio (not measured at net asset value), we evaluate a variety of factors related to each underlying private portfolio company including, but not limited to, actual and forecasted results, cash position, recent or planned transactions and market comparable companies. Additionally, we have ongoing communication with the portfolio companies and venture capital fund managers, to determine whether there is a material change in fair value. We use company provided valuation reports, if available, to support our valuation assumptions. These factors are specific to each portfolio company and a weighted average or range of values of the unobservable inputs is not meaningful.

(2)
We adjust quoted market prices of public companies, which are subject to certain sales restrictions. Sales restriction discounts generally range from 10 percent to 20 percent depending on the duration of the sales restrictions, which typically range from three to six months.
(3)Our marketability discount is applied to all private company warrants to account for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company. The quantitative measure used is based upon various option-pricing models. On a quarterly basis, a sensitivity analysis is performed on our marketability discount.
(4)
We adjust the contractual remaining term of private company warrants based on our estimate of the actual remaining life, which we determine by utilizing historical data on cancellations and exercises. At March 31,June 30, 2018, the weighted average contractual remaining term was 6.06.1 years, compared to our estimated remaining life of 2.7 years. On a quarterly basis, a sensitivity analysis is performed on our remaining life assumption.
For the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017, we did not have any transfers between Level 2 and Level 1 or transfers between Level 3 and Level 1. All transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 were due to the transfer of equity warrant assets from our private portfolio to our public portfolio (see our Level 3 reconciliation above). All amounts reported as transfers represent the fair value as of the date of the change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

Financial Instruments not Carried at Fair Value
FASB guidance over financial instruments requires that we disclose estimated fair values for our financial instruments not carried at fair value. The following fair value hierarchy table presents the estimated fair values of our financial instruments that are not carried at fair value at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
   Estimated Fair Value   Estimated Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying Amount Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Carrying Amount Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
March 31, 2018:          
June 30, 2018:          
Financial assets:                    
Cash and cash equivalents $2,619,384
 $2,619,384
 $2,619,384
 $
 $
 $2,712,101
 $2,712,101
 $2,712,101
 $
 $
Held-to-maturity securities 14,548,856
 14,229,439
 
 14,229,439
 
 15,898,263
 15,493,995
 
 15,493,995
 
Non-marketable securities not measured at net asset value 123,811
 123,811
 
 
 123,811
 116,484
 116,484
 
 
 116,484
Non-marketable securities measured at net asset value 134,942
 134,942
 
 
 
 136,010
 136,010
 
 
 
Net commercial loans 21,618,619
 21,810,467
 
 
 21,810,467
 22,849,701
 23,139,492
 
 
 23,139,492
Net consumer loans 2,695,031
 2,695,873
 
 
 2,695,873
 2,859,782
 2,872,681
 
 
 2,872,681
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock 60,514
 60,514
 
 
 60,514
 58,864
 58,864
 
 
 58,864
Financial liabilities:                    
Other short-term borrowings 1,102,140
 1,102,140
 1,102,140
 
 
Short-term borrowings 417,246
 417,246
 417,246
 
 
Non-maturity deposits (1) 45,895,018
 45,895,018
 45,895,018
 
 
 48,825,291
 48,825,291
 48,825,291
 
 
Time deposits 41,514
 41,239
 
 41,239
 
 62,004
 61,732
 
 61,732
 
3.50% Senior Notes 347,386
 343,676
 
 343,676
 
 347,470
 339,283
 
 339,283
 
5.375% Senior Notes 348,345
 369,005
 
 369,005
 
 348,502
 364,980
 
 364,980
 
Off-balance sheet financial assets:                    
Commitments to extend credit 
 21,507
 
 
 21,507
 
 23,553
 
 
 23,553
December 31, 2017:                    
Financial assets:                    
Cash and cash equivalents $2,923,075
 $2,923,075
 $2,923,075
 $
 $
 $2,923,075
 $2,923,075
 $2,923,075
 $
 $
Held-to-maturity securities 12,663,455
 12,548,280
 
 12,548,280
 
 12,663,455
 12,548,280
 
 12,548,280
 
Non-marketable securities (cost and equity method accounting) not measured at net asset value 120,019
 126,345
 
 
 126,345
 120,019
 126,345
 
 
 126,345
Non-marketable securities (cost and equity method accounting) measured at net asset value 228,399
 331,496
 
 
 
 228,399
 331,496
 
 
 
Net commercial loans 20,238,247
 20,520,623
 
 
 20,520,623
 20,238,247
 20,520,623
 
 
 20,520,623
Net consumer loans 2,613,045
 2,593,538
 
 
 2,593,538
 2,613,045
 2,593,538
 
 
 2,593,538
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock 60,020
 60,020
 
 
 60,020
 60,020
 60,020
 
 
 60,020
Financial liabilities:                    
Short-term FHLB advances 700,000
 700,000
 700,000
 
 
Federal funds purchased 330,000
 330,000
 330,000
 
 
Other short-term borrowings 3,730
 3,730
 3,730
 
 
Short-term borrowings 1,033,730
 1,033,730
 1,033,730
 
 
Non-maturity deposits (1) 44,206,929
 44,206,929
 44,206,929
 
 
 44,206,929
 44,206,929
 44,206,929
 
 
Time deposits 47,146
 46,885
 
 46,885
 
 47,146
 46,885
 
 46,885
 
3.50% Senior Notes 347,303
 352,058
 
 352,058
 
 347,303
 352,058
 
 352,058
 
5.375% Senior Notes 348,189
 374,483
 
 374,483
 
 348,189
 374,483
 
 374,483
 
Off-balance sheet financial assets:                    
Commitments to extend credit 
 22,208
 
 
 22,208
 
 22,208
 
 
 22,208
 
 
(1)Includes noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking accounts, money market accounts and interest-bearing sweep deposits.



Investments in Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share
FASB guidance over certain fund investments requires that we disclose the fair value of funds, significant investment strategies of the investees, redemption features of the investees, restrictions on the ability to sell investments, estimate of the period of time over which the underlying assets are expected to be liquidated by the investee, and unfunded commitments related to the investments.
Our investments in debt funds and venture capital and private equity fund investments generally cannot be redeemed. Alternatively, we expect distributions, if any, to be received primarily through IPO and M&A activity of the underlying assets of the fund. Subject to applicable requirements under the Volcker Rule, we do not have any plans to sell any of these fund investments. If we decide to sell these investments in the future, the investee fund’s management must approve of the buyer before the sale of the investments can be completed. The fair values of the fund investments have been estimated using the net asset value per share of the investments, adjusted for any differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example DecemberMarch 31st, for our March 31June 30stth consolidated financial statements, adjusted for any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period.
The following table is a summary of the estimated fair values of these investments and remaining unfunded commitments for each major category of these investments as of March 31,June 30, 2018:
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying Amount       Fair Value         Unfunded Commitments       Carrying Amount       Fair Value         Unfunded Commitments      
Non-marketable securities (fair value accounting):            
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (1) $334,665
 $334,665
 $13,817
 $343,119
 $343,119
 $13,639
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting):            
Venture capital and private equity fund investments (2) 97,929
 97,929
 4,943
 102,838
 102,838
 4,943
Debt funds (2) 18,884
 18,884
 
 14,215
 14,215
 
Other investments (2) 18,129
 18,129
 886
 18,957
 18,957
 886
Total $469,607
 $469,607
 $19,646
 $479,129
 $479,129
 $19,468
 
 
(1)
Venture capital and private equity fund investments within non-marketable securities (fair value accounting) include investments made by our managed funds of funds and one of our direct venture funds (consolidated VIEs) and investments in venture capital and private equity fund investments (unconsolidated VIEs). Collectively, these investments in venture capital and private equity funds are primarily in U.S. and global technology and life science/healthcare companies. Included in the fair value and unfunded commitments of fund investments under fair value accounting are $95.897.8 million and $4.5 million, respectively, attributable to noncontrolling interests. It is estimated that we will receive distributions from the fund investments over the next 10 to 13 years, depending on the age of the funds and any potential extensions of terms of the funds.
(2)
Venture capital and private equity fund investments, debt funds, and other fund investments within non-marketable securities (equity method accounting) include funds that invest in or lend money to primarily U.S. and global technology and life science/healthcare companies. It is estimated that we will receive distributions from the funds over the next 5 to 8 years, depending on the age of the funds and any potential extensions of the terms of the funds.
16.Legal Matters
Certain lawsuits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against us and/or our affiliates, and we may from time to time be involved in other legal or regulatory proceedings. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for all such matters, including expected settlements, when we believe it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. When a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, we do not establish an accrual. Any such loss estimates are inherently uncertain, based on currently available information and are subject to management’s judgment and various assumptions. Due to the inherent subjectivity of these estimates and unpredictability of outcomes of legal proceedings, any amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate resolution of such matters.
To the extent we believe any potential loss relating to such matters may have a material impact on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole and is reasonably possible but not probable, we aim to disclose information relating to such potential loss. We also aim to disclose information relating to any material potential loss that is probable but not reasonably estimable. In such cases, where reasonably practicable, we aim to provide an estimate of loss or range of potential loss. No disclosures are generally made for any loss contingencies that are deemed to be remote.

Based upon information available to us, our review of lawsuits and claims filed or pending against us to date and consultation with our outside legal counsel, we have not recognized a material accrual liability for any such matters, nor do we currently expect that these matters will result in a material liability to the Company. However, the outcome of litigation and other legal and regulatory matters is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that one or more of such matters currently pending or threatened could have an unanticipated material adverse effect on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole, in the future.
17.Related Parties
We have no material related party transactions requiring disclosure. In the ordinary course of business, the Bank may extend credit to related parties, including executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and their related interests. Additionally, we provide real estate secured loans to eligible employees through our EHOP. For additional details, see Note 17—“Employee Compensation and Benefit Plans" under Part II, Item 8 of our 2017 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including in particular “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part I, Item 2 of this report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, management has in the past and might in the future make forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media and others. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. Broadly speaking, forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
Financial projections, including with respect to our net interest income, noninterest income, earnings per share, noninterest expenses (including professional services, compliance, compensation and other costs), cash flows, balance sheet positions, capital expenditures, liquidity and capitalization or other financial items;
Descriptions of our strategic initiatives, plans or objectives for future operations, including pending sales or acquisitions;
Forecasts of private equity/venture capital funding and investment levels;
Forecasts of future interest rates, economic performance, and income from investments;
Forecasts of expected levels of provisions for loan losses, nonperforming loans, loan growth and client funds; and
Descriptions of assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing.
You can identify these and other forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “becoming,” “may,” “will,” “should,” "could," "would," “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “assume,” “seek,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” the negative of such words, or comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we have based these expectations on our current beliefs as well as our assumptions, and such expectations may prove to be incorrect. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Our actual results of operations and financial performance could differ significantly from those expressed in or implied by our management’s forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ from the expectations stated in the forward-looking statements include, among others:
Market and economic conditions, including the interest rate environment, and the associated impact on us;
The credit profile and credit quality of our loan portfolio and volatility of our levels of nonperforming assets and charge-offs;
The adequacy of our allowance for loan losses and the need to make provisions for loan losses for any period;
The borrowing needs of our clients;
The sufficiency of our capital and liquidity positions;
The levels of loans, deposits and client investment fund balances;
The performance of our portfolio investments; the general condition of the public and private equity and mergers and acquisitions markets and their impact on our investments, including equity warrant assets, venture capital and private equity funds and direct equity investments;
Our overall investment plans and strategies; the realization, timing, valuation and performance of our equity or other investments;
The levels of public offerings, mergers and acquisitions and venture capital investment activity of our clients that may impact the borrowing needs of our clients;

The occurrence of fraudulent activity, including breaches of our information security or cyber security-related incidents;
Business disruptions and interruptions due to natural disasters and other external events;
The impact on our reputation and business from our interactions with business partners, counterparties, service providers and other third parties;
Expansion of our business internationally, and the impact of international market and economic events on us;
The impact of governmental policy, legal requirements and regulations, including the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act and the Dodd-Frank Act, promulgated by the Federal Reserve and other regulatory requirements;
The impact of lawsuits and claims, as well as legal or regulatory proceedings;
The impact of changes in accounting standards and tax laws, including the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act;
The levels of equity capital available to our client or portfolio companies;
The effectiveness of our risk management framework and quantitative models;
Our ability to maintain or increase our market share, including through successfully implementing our business strategy and undertaking new business initiatives; and
Other factors as discussed in “Risk Factors” under Part I, Item 1A in our 2017 Form 10-K.

We urge investors to consider all of these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements. The forward-looking statements included in this filing are made only as of the date of this filing. We assume no obligation and do not intend to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, except as required by law.
The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes as presented in Part I, Item 1 of this report and in conjunction with our 2017 Form 10-K.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts, primarily related to the adoption of new accounting guidance, have been reclassified to conform to current period presentations.
Management’s Overview of FirstSecond Quarter 2018 Performance
Overall, we had an outstanding firstexcellent second quarter in 2018, which was marked by higherstrong growth in net interest and core fee income, increased warrant gains, strongoutstanding total client funds growth, healthy loan growth andhigher core fee income, continued stable credit quality.quality and strong gains on equity warrants and investment securities. Additionally, we saw higher noninterest expense, primarily fromrelated to the write-off of previously capitalized costs in connection with the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, as well as expenses incurred associated with increased investment in client experience and employee enablement and incentive compensation and benefits expenses reflective of increased expensestied to support our increasing regulatory, risk and compliance initiatives to support our domestic and global expansion.outperformance. Our core business continued to perform well as a result of our ongoing focus on innovation companies and their investors and continued efforts to secure client relationships. We saw continued success in working with private equity/venture capital firms, our technology and technologylife science/healthcare clients as well asand clients in our private bankingbank division.

A summary of our performance for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 (compared to the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2017, where applicable) is as follows:
BALANCE SHEET EARNINGS
Assets.  $52.454.4 billion in average total assets (up 15.6%14.5%). $53.5$55.9 billion in period-end total assets (up 15.3%15.4%).
Loans.  $23.8$24.9 billion in average total loan balances, net of unearned income (up 18.6%21.2%). $24.6$26.0 billion in period-end total loan balances, net of unearned income (up 20.4%23.9%).
Total Client Funds. (on-balance sheet deposits and off-balanceoff-balance sheet client investment funds).$110.5 $119.3 billion in average total client fund balances (up 28.3%30.7%). $113.7$124.7 billion in period-end total client fund balances (up 29.9%32.1%).
Fixed Income Investments.  $24.025.2 billion in average fixed income investment securities (up 13.4%16.9%). $24.6$25.5 billion in period-end fixed income investment securities (up 17.3%15.8%).


 
 EPS.  Earnings per diluted share of $3.63$4.42 (up 90.1%90.5%).
Net Income.  Consolidated net income available to common stockholders of $195.0$237.8 million (up 92.1%93.0%).
- Net interest income of $419.9$466.4 million (up 35.4%36.1%).
- Net interest margin of 3.38%3.59% (up 5059 bps).
- Noninterest income of $155.5$192.7 million (up 32.2%49.9%), with non-GAAP core fee income+ of $115.0$123.1 million (up 39.3%41.1%).
- Noninterest expense of $265.4$305.7 million (up 11.7%21.7%).

ROE. Return on average equity (annualized) (“ROE”) performance of 18.12%20.82%.
Operating Efficiency Ratio.  Operating efficiency ratio of 46.13%46.39%.

   
CAPITAL CREDIT QUALITY
Capital. Continued strong capital levels, with all capital ratios considered “well-capitalized” under banking regulations. SVBFG and SVB capital ratios, respectively, were:
- CET 1 risk-based capital ratio of 12.87%12.92% and 11.90%11.76%.
- Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 13.06%13.10% and 11.90%11.76%.
- Total risk-based capital ratio of 13.99%14.03% and 12.88%12.72%.
- Tier 1 leverage ratio of 8.67%8.81% and 7.69%7.72%.

 
Credit Quality.  Continued disciplined underwriting.
- Allowance for loan losses of 1.11%1.10% as a percentage of period-end total gross loans.
- Provision for loan losses of 0.44%0.42% as a percentage of period-end total gross loans (annualized).
- Net loan charge-offs of 0.15%0.22% as a percentage of average total gross loans (annualized).



+ Consists of fee income for deposit services, letters of credit and standby letters of credit, credit cards, client investments, foreign exchange and lending-related activities. This is a non-GAAP financial metric. (See the non-GAAP reconciliation under “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income”)


A summary of our performance for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data, employees and ratios) 2018
2017 % Change   2018
2017 % Change   2018 2017 % Change  
                    
Diluted earnings per common share $3.63
 $1.91
 90.1
 $4.42
 $2.32
 90.5
 $8.05
 $4.22
 90.8
Net income available to common stockholders 194,961
 101,483
 92.1
   237,798
 123,193
 93.0
   432,759
 224,676
 92.6
  
Net interest income 419,863
 309,993
 35.4
   466,443
 342,696
 36.1
   886,306
 652,689
 35.8
  
Net interest margin 3.38% 2.88% 50
bps  3.59% 3.00% 59
bps  3.49% 2.94% 55
bps 
Provision for credit losses $27,972
 $30,734
 (9.0)% $29,080
 $15,806
 84.0
% $57,052
 $46,540
 22.6
%
Noninterest income 155,518
 117,659
 32.2
  192,689
 128,528
 49.9
 348,207
 246,187
 41.4
 
Noninterest expense 265,417
 237,633
 11.7
  305,739
 251,246
 21.7
 571,156
 488,879
 16.8
  
Non-GAAP core fee income (1) 115,010
 82,578
 39.3
  123,124
 87,267
 41.1
 238,134
 169,845
 40.2
 
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests (1) 142,494
 111,100
 28.3
   183,244
 118,992
 54.0
   325,738
 230,092
 41.6
  
Non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests(2) 265,449
 237,464
 11.8
   305,512
 251,023
 21.7
   570,961
 488,487
 16.9
  
Balance Sheet: 
      
     
     
Average available-for-sale securities $10,748,512
 $12,550,264
 (14.4)% $10,048,423
 $12,393,079
 (18.9)% $10,396,533
 $12,471,237
 (16.6)%
Average held-to-maturity securities 13,234,326
 8,600,176
 53.9
  15,112,154
 9,128,407
 65.6
 14,178,427
 8,865,752
 59.9
 
Average loans, net of unearned income 23,807,212
 20,069,314
 18.6

 24,858,503
 20,508,541
 21.2

 24,335,762
 20,290,141
 19.9
 
Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits 37,950,787
 32,709,423
 16.0
   39,814,450
 34,629,070
 15.0
   38,887,766
 33,674,549
 15.5
  
Average interest-bearing deposits 8,155,294
 7,249,112
 12.5
   8,157,501
 7,509,576
 8.6
   8,156,404
 7,380,064
 10.5
  
Average total deposits 46,106,081
 39,958,535
 15.4
   47,971,951
 42,138,646
 13.8
   47,044,170
 41,054,613
 14.6
  
Earnings Ratios: 
      
     
     
Return on average assets (annualized) (3) 1.51% 0.91% 65.9
 1.75% 1.04% 68.3
 1.63% 0.98% 66.3
Return on average SVBFG stockholders’ equity (annualized) (4) 18.12
 11.03
 64.3
   20.82
 12.75
 63.3
   19.51
 11.91
 63.8
  
Asset Quality Ratios: 
      
     
     
Allowance for loan losses as a % of total period-end gross loans 1.11% 1.18% (7)bps  1.10% 1.12% (2)bps  1.10% 1.12% (2)bps 
Allowance for loan losses for performing loans as a % of total gross performing loans 0.93
 0.94
 (1)   0.90
 0.93
 (3)   0.90
 0.93
 (3)  
Gross loan charge-offs as a % of average total gross loans (annualized) 0.18
 0.28
 (10)   0.25
 0.49
 (24)   0.21
 0.39
 (18)  
Net loan charge-offs as a % of average total gross loans (annualized) 0.15
 0.25
 (10)   0.22
 0.44
 (22)   0.18
 0.34
 (16)  
Capital Ratios: 
      
     
     
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio 12.87% 13.05% (18)bps 12.92% 13.05% (13)bps 12.92% 13.05% (13)bps
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio 13.06
 13.44
 (38)  13.10
 13.43
 (33) 13.10
 13.43
 (33) 
Total risk-based capital ratio 13.99
 14.45
 (46)  14.03
 14.39
 (36) 14.03
 14.39
 (36) 
Tier 1 leverage ratio 8.67
 8.51
 16
   8.81
 8.40
 41
   8.81
 8.40
 41
  
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (5) 8.25
 8.11
 14
   8.34
 8.06
 28
   8.34
 8.06
 28
  
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets (5) 12.65
 13.12
 (47)   12.68
 13.11
 (43)   12.68
 13.11
 (43)  
Bank CET 1 risk-based capital ratio 11.90
 12.75
 (85)  11.76
 12.59
 (83) 11.76
 12.59
 (83) 
Bank tier 1 risk-based capital ratio 11.90
 12.75
 (85)   11.76
 12.59
 (83)   11.76
 12.59
 (83)  
Bank total risk-based capital ratio 12.88
 13.80
 (92)   12.72
 13.59
 (87)   12.72
 13.59
 (87)  
Bank tier 1 leverage ratio 7.69
 7.81
 (12)   7.72
 7.66
 6
   7.72
 7.66
 6
  
Bank tangible common equity to tangible assets (5) 7.41
 7.66
 (25)   7.39
 7.58
 (19)   7.39
 7.58
 (19)  
Bank tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets (5) 11.68
 12.82
 (114)   11.52
 12.65
 (113)   11.52
 12.65
 (113)  
Other Ratios: 
      
     
     
GAAP operating efficiency ratio (6) 46.13% 55.57% (17.0) 46.39% 53.32% (13.0) 46.27% 54.39% (14.9)
Non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio (2) 47.09
 56.35
 (16.4)   46.88
 54.32
 (13.7)   46.98
 55.28
 (15.0)  
Book value per common share (7) $83.43
 $71.80
 16.2
   $87.53
 $74.02
 18.3
   $87.53
 $74.02
 18.3
  
Other Statistics: 
      
     
     
Average full-time equivalent employees 2,498
 2,345
 6.5
 2,591
 2,372
 9.2
 2,545
 2,358
 7.9
Period-end full-time equivalent employees 2,512
 2,347
 7.0
   2,626
 2,380
 10.3
   2,626
 2,380
 10.3
  
 
 
(1)See “Results of Operations–Noninterest Income” for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP core fee income and noninterest income.

(2)See “Results of Operations–Noninterest Expense” for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio.
(3)Ratio represents annualized consolidated net income available to common stockholders divided by quarterly average assets.
(4)Ratio represents annualized consolidated net income available to common stockholders divided by quarterly average SVBFG stockholders’ equity.

(5)See “Capital Resources–Capital Ratios” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets.
(6)The operating efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense by total taxable-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income.
(7)Book value per common share is calculated by dividing total SVBFG stockholders’ equity by total outstanding common shares at period-end.
For more information with respect to our capital ratios, please refer to “Capital Ratios” under “Consolidated Financial Condition-Capital Ratios” below.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The accompanying management’s discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition is based upon our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management evaluates estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Management bases its estimates on historical experiences and various other factors and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
There have been no significant changes during the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part II, Item 7 of our 2017 Form 10-K.
Results of Operations
Net Interest Income and Margin (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)
Net interest income is defined as the difference between interest earned on loans, fixed income investment portfolio (available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities), and short-term investment securities and the interest paid on funding sources.sources which consist primarily of interest-bearing deposits and borrowings. Net interest income is our principal source of revenue. Net interest margin is defined as the amount of annualized net interest income, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. Net interest income and net interest margin are presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis to consistently reflect income from taxable loans and securities and tax-exempt securities based on the federal statutory tax rate of 21.0 percent for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 35.0 percent for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2017.
Analysis of Net Interest Income Changes Due to Volume and Rate (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)
Net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “volume change.” Net interest income is also affected by changes in yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “rate change.” The following table sets forth changes in interest income for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest expense for each major category of interest-bearing liabilities. The table also reflects the amount of simultaneous changes attributable to both volume and rate changes for the periods indicated. For this table, changes that are not solely due to either volume or rate are allocated in proportion to the percentage changes in average volume and average rate.

 2018 Compared to 2017 2018 Compared to 2017 2018 Compared to 2017
 Three months ended March 31, increase (decrease) due to change in Three months ended June 30, increase (decrease) due to change in Six months ended June 30, increase (decrease) due to change in
(Dollars in thousands) Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total
Interest income:                  
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell, trade receivables purchased and other short-term investment securities $448
 $2,172
 $2,620
 $(4,105) $2,969
 $(1,136) $(3,200) $4,684
 $1,484
Fixed income investment portfolio (taxable) 19,150
 15,524
 34,674
 23,256
 18,372
 41,628
 42,418
 33,884
 76,302
Fixed income investment portfolio (non-taxable) 5,623
 (171) 5,452
 8,315
 28
 8,343
 13,940
 (146) 13,794
Loans, net of unearned income 46,643
 23,089
 69,732
 57,797
 22,303
 80,100
 104,296
 45,537
 149,833
Increase in interest income, net 71,864
 40,614
 112,478
 85,263
 43,672
 128,935
 157,454
 83,959
 241,413
Interest expense:                  
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts 41
 
 41
 25
 
 25
 65
 1
 66
Money market deposits 494
 1,863
 2,357
 554
 3,500
 4,054
 1,087
 5,324
 6,411
Money market deposits in foreign offices 3
 (1) 2
 1
 (2) (1) 4
 (3) 1
Time deposits (2) (2) (4) 4
 4
 8
 1
 3
 4
Sweep deposits in foreign offices (13) (3) (16) (8) (4) (12) (21) (8) (29)
Total increase in deposits expense 523
 1,857
 2,380
 576
 3,498
 4,074
 1,136
 5,317
 6,453
Short-term borrowings 173
 141
 314
 568
 1
 569
 711
 172
 883
3.50% Senior Notes 3
 
 3
 3
 
 3
 6
 
 6
5.375% Senior Notes 8
 
 8
 8
 
 8
 17
 
 17
Junior Subordinated Debentures (832) 
 (832) (831) 
 (831) (1,663) 
 (1,663)
6.05% Subordinated Notes (271) 
 (271) (196) 
 (196) (467) 
 (467)
Total (decrease) increase in borrowings expense (919) 141
 (778) (448) 1
 (447) (1,396) 172
 (1,224)
(Decrease) increase in interest expense, net (396) 1,998
 1,602
Increase (decrease) in interest expense, net 128
 3,499
 3,627
 (260) 5,489
 5,229
Increase in net interest income $72,260
 $38,616
 $110,876
 $85,135
 $40,173
 $125,308
 $157,714
 $78,470
 $236,184
Net Interest Income (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)
Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
Net interest income increased by $110.9$125.3 million to $421.2$468.5 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $310.3$343.2 million for the comparable 2017 period. Overall, our net interest income increased primarily from interest earned on loans, reflective of higher average loan balances driven by strong loan growth from our private equity/venture capital and software/internet loan portfolios and rate increases subsequent to March 31,June 30, 2017. In addition, we saw an increase in interest earned on our fixed income investment securities portfolio reflective of higher average fixed income investment securities balances driven by higher average deposit balances as well as an increase in yield from rate increases.
The main factors affecting interest income for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to the comparable 2017 period are discussed below:
Interest income for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 increased by $112.5$128.9 million due primarily to:
A $69.7An $80.1 million increase in interest income on loans to $297.1330.3 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $227.3250.2 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase was reflective of an increase in average loan balances of $3.74.3 billion and an increase in the overall loan yield of 4744 basis points to 5.065.33 percent from 4.594.89 percent. Gross loan yields, excluding loan interest recoveries and loan fees, increased 4952 basis points to 4.524.72 percent from 4.034.20 percent, reflective primarily of the benefit of interest rate increases. Loan fee yields were down fourthree basis points to 5161 basis points for the three months ended March 31, 2018.June 30, 2018,
A $40.1$50.0 million increase in interest income on fixed income investment securities to $130.9146.9 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $90.896.9 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase was reflective of an increase in average fixed income investments of $2.8$3.6 billion due to growth in average deposit balances and an increase in our fixed income investment securities yield of 4753 basis points to 2.212.34 percent from 1.741.81 percent resulting primarily from higher reinvestment yields on maturing fixed income investments as well as higher yields on new purchases due to interest rate increases.increases, and

A $2.6$1.1 million increase decrease in interest income from our interest earning cash and short-term investment securities. The increasedecrease was due primarily to higher yields as a resultdecrease of increases$1.6 billion in theaverage interest-earning Federal Funds target rate.Reserve cash balances.

Interest expense for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 increased by $1.6$3.6 milliondue primarily to:
A $2.4$4.1 million increase in deposits interest expense due primarily to an increase in interest paid on our interest-bearing money market deposits as a result of market rate adjustments.adjustments, and
A $0.8$0.4 million decrease in borrowings interest expense primarily due mostly to the repayment of our 6.05% Subordinated Notes and the redemption of our Junior Subordinated Debentures in 2017.
The main factors affecting interest income and interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the comparable 2017 period are discussed below:
Interest income for the six months endedJune 30, 2018 increased by $241.4 million due primarily to:
A $149.8 million increase in interest income on loans to $627.4 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2018, compared to $477.5 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase was reflective of an increase in average loan balances of $4.0 billion and an increase in the overall loan yield of 45 basis points to 5.20 percent from 4.75 percent. Gross loan yields, excluding loan interest recoveries and loan fees, increased to 4.64 percent from 4.12 percent, reflective of the benefit of interest rate increases, partially offset by the strong growth of our lower yielding private equity/venture capital loan portfolio. Our private equity/venture capital loan portfolio represented 46.8 percent and 42.2 percent of our total gross loan portfolio at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in gross loan yields of 52 basis points were partially offset by a decrease in fee income from early pay-offs reflective of the increasing rate environment,
A $90.1 million increase in interest income on fixed income investment securities to $277.8 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2018, compared to $187.7 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase was reflective of an increase in average fixed income investments of $3.2 billion due to growth in average deposit balances and an increase in our fixed income investment securities yield of 51 basis points to 2.28 percent from 1.77 percent resulting primarily from higher reinvestment yields on maturing fixed income investments as well as higher yields on new purchases due to interest rate increases, and
A $1.5 million increase in interest income from our interest earning cash and short-term investment securities. The increase was due to the benefit from the impact of the increases in the Federal Funds target rate, offset by lower average balances of $0.7 billion.
Interest expense for the six months endedJune 30, 2018 increased by $5.2 million primarily due to:
An increase in deposits interest expense of $6.5 million, due primarily to an increase in interest paid on our interest-bearing money market deposits as a result of market rate adjustments, and
A $1.2 million decrease in borrowings interest expense primarily due to the repayment of our 6.05% Subordinated Notes and the redemption of our Junior Subordinated Debentures in 2017.
Net Interest Margin (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)
Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
Our net interest margin increased by 5059 basis points to 3.383.59 percent for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to 2.883.00 percent for the comparable 2017 period. The higher margin during the firstsecond quarter of 2018 was reflective primarily of the increases in the Federal Funds target rate since the firstsecond quarter of 2017 as well as a shift in the mix of the growth in our interest-earning assets to higher-yielding loans from ourand fixed income investment securities from our interest earning cash and other short-term investment securities. Average loans and fixed income investment securities represented 47.5 percent and 48.0 percent, respectively, of quarter-to-date average interest earnings assets compared to 44.6 percent and 46.9 percent, respectively, for the comparable 2017 period.
Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
Our net interest margin increased by 55 basis points to 3.49 percent for the six months endedJune 30, 2018, compared to 2.94 percent for the comparable 2017 period. The higher margin for the six months ended June 30, 2018, was reflective primarily of the increases in the Federal Funds target rate since June 30, 2017, as well as a shift in the mix of the growth in our interest-earning assets to higher-yielding loans and fixed income investment securities from our interest earning cash and other short-term investment securities. Average loans and fixed income investment securities


represented 47.3 percent and 47.8 percent, respectively, of year-to-date average interest earnings assets compared to 45.3 percent and 47.6 percent, respectively, for the comparable 2017 period.

Average Balances, Yields and Rates Paid (Fully Taxable Equivalent Basis)
The average yield earned on interest-earning assets is the amount of annualized fully taxable equivalent interest income expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The average rate paid on funding sources is the amount of annualized interest expense expressed as a percentage of average funding sources. The following tables set forth average assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests and SVBFG stockholders’ equity, interest income, interest expense, annualized yields and rates, and the composition of our annualized net interest margin for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Average Balances, Rates and Yields for the Three Months Ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
 2018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in thousands) 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Rate
 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Rate
 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Rate
 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Rate
Interest-earning assets:
                        
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities (1) $2,713,976
 $5,756
 0.86% $2,502,930
 $3,136
 0.51% $2,346,820
 $6,187
 1.06% $3,903,377
 $7,323
 0.75%
Investment securities: (2)                        
Available-for-sale securities:                        
Taxable 10,748,512
 47,976
 1.81
 12,550,264
 45,707
 1.48
 10,048,423
 46,606
 1.86
 12,393,079
 48,271
 1.56
Held-to-maturity securities:                        
Taxable 12,415,508
 76,501
 2.50
 8,495,674
 44,096
 2.10
 13,969,843
 90,544
 2.60
 8,964,785
 47,251
 2.11
Non-taxable (3) 818,818
 6,446
 3.19
 104,502
 994
 3.86
 1,142,311
 9,704
 3.41
 163,622
 1,361
 3.34
Total loans, net of unearned income (4) (5) 23,807,212
 297,073
 5.06
 20,069,314
 227,341
 4.59
 24,858,503
 330,297
 5.33
 20,508,541
 250,197
 4.89
Total interest-earning assets 50,504,026
 433,752
 3.48
 43,722,684
 321,274
 2.98
 52,365,900
 483,338
 3.70
 45,933,404
 354,403
 3.10
Cash and due from banks 400,256
     354,684
     534,908
     356,884
    
Allowance for loan losses (263,086)     (234,274)     (280,679)     (250,167)    
Other assets (6) 1,726,046
     1,457,940
     1,800,517
     1,509,243
    
Total assets $52,367,242
     $45,301,034
     $54,420,646
     $47,549,364
    
Funding sources:
                        
Interest-bearing liabilities:                        
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts $608,686
 $116
 0.08% $394,928
 $75
 0.08% $554,411
 $106
 0.08% $424,070
 $81
 0.08%
Money market deposits 6,337,944
 3,855
 0.25
 5,525,682
 1,498
 0.11
 6,265,809
 6,021
 0.39
 5,689,552
 1,967
 0.14
Money market deposits in foreign offices 181,294
 18
 0.04
 151,474
 16
 0.04
 220,334
 21
 0.04
 210,069
 22
 0.04
Time deposits 47,029
 13
 0.11
 53,811
 17
 0.13
 56,755
 23
 0.16
 47,376
 15
 0.13
Sweep deposits in foreign offices 980,341
 95
 0.04
 1,123,217
 111
 0.04
 1,060,192
 100
 0.04
 1,138,509
 112
 0.04
Total interest-bearing deposits 8,155,294
 4,097
 0.20
 7,249,112
 1,717
 0.10
 8,157,501
 6,271
 0.31
 7,509,576
 2,197
 0.12
Short-term borrowings 112,063
 434
 1.57
 67,471
 120
 0.72
 121,098
 580
 1.92
 2,690
 11
 1.64
3.50% Senior Notes 347,332
 3,145
 3.67
 347,008
 3,142
 3.67
 347,415
 3,146
 3.63
 347,087
 3,143
 3.63
5.375% Senior Notes 348,242
 4,859
 5.66
 347,636
 4,851
 5.66
 348,399
 4,861
 5.60
 347,785
 4,853
 5.60
Junior Subordinated Debentures 
 
 
 54,478
 832
 6.19
 
 
 
 54,435
 831
 6.12
6.05% Subordinated Notes 
 
 
 46,498
 271
 2.36
 
 
 
 30,934
 196
 2.54
Total interest-bearing liabilities 8,962,931
 12,535
 0.57
 8,112,203
 10,933
 0.55
 8,974,413
 14,858
 0.66
 8,292,507
 11,231
 0.54
Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources 41,541,095
     35,610,481
     43,391,487
     37,640,897
    
Total funding sources 50,504,026
 12,535
 0.10
 43,722,684
 10,933
 0.10
 52,365,900
 14,858
 0.11
 45,933,404
 11,231
 0.10
Noninterest-bearing funding sources:
                        
Demand deposits 37,950,787
     32,709,423
     39,814,450
     34,629,070
    
Other liabilities 952,032
     612,800
     908,594
     617,097
    
SVBFG stockholders’ equity 4,364,667
     3,732,134
     4,581,591
     3,874,880
    
Noncontrolling interests 136,825
     134,474
     141,598
     135,810
    
Portion used to fund interest-earning assets (41,541,095)     (35,610,481)     (43,391,487)     (37,640,897)    
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest, and SVBFG stockholders’ equity $52,367,242
     $45,301,034
     $54,420,646
     $47,549,364
    
Net interest income and margin   $421,217
 3.38%   $310,341
 2.88%   $468,480
 3.59%   $343,172
 3.00%
Total deposits $46,106,081
     $39,958,535
     $47,971,951
     $42,138,646
    
Reconciliation to reported net interest income:
                        
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis   (1,354)     (348)     (2,037)     (476)  
Net interest income, as reported   $419,863
     $309,993
     $466,443
     $342,696
  
 
 
(1)
Includes average interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions of $1.20.9 billion and $0.81.0 billion for the three months endedMarch 31,June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. For the three months endedMarch 31,June 30, 2018, and 2017, balances also include $1.41.3 billion and $1.62.8 billion, respectively, deposited at the FRB, earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate.
(2)Yields on interest-earning investment securities do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in other comprehensive income.
(3)Interest income on non-taxable investment securities is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21.0 percent for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, and 35.0 percent for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2017.
(4)Nonaccrual loans are reflected in the average balances of loans.
(5)
Interest income includes loan fees of $29.938 million and $27.233 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
(6)
Average investment securities of $787773 million and $658663 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, were classified as other assets as they were noninterest-earning assets. These investments consisted primarily of non-marketable and other securities.

Average Balances, Rates and Yields for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
  Six months ended June 30,
  2018 2017
(Dollars in thousands) 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Rate
 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Rate
Interest-earning assets:
            
Federal Reserve deposits, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investment securities (1) $2,529,384
 $11,943
 0.95% $3,207,021
 $10,459
 0.66%
Investment securities: (2)            
Available-for-sale securities:            
Taxable 10,396,533
 94,582
 1.83
 12,471,237
 93,978
 1.52
Held-to-maturity securities:            
Taxable
13,196,969
 167,045
 2.55
 8,731,526
 91,347
 2.11
Non-taxable (3)
981,458
 16,149
 3.32
 134,226
 2,355
 3.54
Total loans, net of unearned income (4) (5) 24,335,762
 627,371
 5.20
 20,290,141
 477,538
 4.75
Total interest-earning assets 51,440,106
 917,090
 3.60
 44,834,151
 675,677
 3.04
Cash and due from banks 467,954
     355,790
    
Allowance for loan losses (271,931)     (242,264)    
Other assets (6) 1,763,487
     1,483,733
    
Total assets $53,399,616
     $46,431,410
    
Funding sources:
            
Interest-bearing liabilities:            
Interest bearing checking and savings accounts $581,399
 $222
 0.08% $409,579
 $156
 0.08%
Money market deposits 6,301,677
 9,876
 0.32
 5,608,069
 3,465
 0.12
Money market deposits in foreign offices 200,922
 39
 0.04
 180,934
 38
 0.04
Time deposits 51,919
 36
 0.14
 50,576
 32
 0.13
Sweep deposits in foreign offices 1,020,487
 194
 0.04
 1,130,906
 223
 0.04
Total interest-bearing deposits 8,156,404
 10,367
 0.26
 7,380,064
 3,914
 0.11
Short-term borrowings 116,605
 1,014
 1.75
 34,902
 131
 0.76
3.50% Senior Notes 347,373
 6,291
 3.65
 347,047
 6,285
 3.65
5.375% Senior Notes 348,321
 9,721
 5.63
 347,711
 9,704
 5.63
Junior Subordinated Debentures 
 
 
 54,456
 1,663
 6.16
6.05% Subordinated Notes 
 
 
 38,673
 467
 2.44
Total interest-bearing liabilities 8,968,703
 27,393
 0.62
 8,202,853
 22,164
 0.54
Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources 42,471,403
     36,631,298
    
Total funding sources 51,440,106
 27,393
 0.11
 44,834,151
 22,164
 0.10
Noninterest-bearing funding sources:
            
Demand deposits 38,887,766
     33,674,549
    
Other liabilities 930,193
     614,961
    
SVBFG stockholders’ equity 4,473,729
     3,803,902
    
Noncontrolling interests 139,225
     135,145
    
Portion used to fund interest-earning assets (42,471,403)     (36,631,298)    
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest, and SVBFG stockholders’ equity $53,399,616
     $46,431,410
    
Net interest income and margin   $889,697
 3.49%   $653,513
 2.94%
Total deposits $47,044,170
     $41,054,613
    
Reconciliation to reported net interest income:
            
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis   (3,391)     (824)  
Net interest income, as reported   $886,306
     $652,689
  
(1)
Includes average interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions of $1.1 billion and $0.9 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The balance also includes $1.3 billion and $2.2 billion deposited at the FRB, earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
(2)Yields on interest-earning investment securities do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in other comprehensive income.
(3)Interest income on non-taxable available-for-sale securities is presented on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and 35.0 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
(4)Nonaccrual loans are reflected in the average balances of loans.
(5)
Interest income includes loan fees of $68 million and $60 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
(6)
Average investment securities of $780 million and $661 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively, were classified as other assets as they were noninterest-earning assets. These investments consisted primarily of non-marketable securities.

Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses is the combination of both the provision for loan losses and the provision for unfunded credit commitments. Our provision for loan losses is a function of our reserve methodology, which is used to determine an appropriate allowance for loan losses for the period. Our reserve methodology is based on our evaluation of the existing allowance for loan losses in relation to total gross loans using historical and other objective information, and on our qualitative assessment of the inherent and identified credit risk of the loan portfolio. Our provision for unfunded credit commitments is determined using a methodology that is similar to the methodology used for calculating the allowance for loan losses, adjusted for factors specific to binding commitments, including the probability of funding and exposure at funding. Our provision for credit losses equals our best estimate of probable credit losses that are inherent in the portfolios at the balance sheet date.
The following table summarizes our allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except ratios) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Allowance for loan losses, beginning balance $255,024
 $225,366
 $274,294
 $243,130
 $255,024
 $225,366
Provision for loan losses 26,996
 29,679
 27,656
 15,185
 54,652
 44,864
Gross loan charge-offs (10,587) (14,030) (15,428) (25,081) (26,015) (39,111)
Loan recoveries 1,788
 1,792
 1,926
 2,535
 3,714
 4,327
Foreign currency translation adjustments 1,073
 323
 (1,739) 727
 (666) 1,050
Allowance for loan losses, ending balance $274,294
 $243,130
 $286,709
 $236,496
 $286,709
 $236,496
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments, beginning balance 51,770
 45,265
 $52,823
 $46,335
 $51,770
 $45,265
Provision for unfunded credit commitments 976
 1,055
 1,424
 621
 2,400
 1,676
Foreign currency translation adjustments 77
 15
 (143) 44
 (66) 59
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments, ending balance (1) $52,823
 $46,335
 $54,104
 $47,000
 $54,104
 $47,000
Ratios and other information:            
Provision for loan losses as a percentage of period-end total gross loans (annualized) 0.44% 0.59% 0.42% 0.29% 0.42% 0.43%
Gross loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total gross loans (annualized) 0.18
 0.28
 0.25
 0.49
 0.21
 0.39
Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total gross loans (annualized) 0.15
 0.25
 0.22
 0.44
 0.18
 0.34
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of period-end total gross loans 1.11
 1.18
 1.10
 1.12
 1.10
 1.12
Provision for credit losses $27,972
 $30,734
 $29,080
 $15,806
 $57,052
 $46,540
Period-end total gross loans 24,745,752
 20,548,651
 26,160,782
 21,103,946
 26,160,782
 21,103,946
Average total gross loans 23,956,784
 20,189,562
 25,014,587
 20,632,237
 24,488,608
 20,412,123
 
(1)The “allowance for unfunded credit commitments” is included as a component of “other liabilities.”

Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
Our provision for credit losses was $28.0$29.1 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, consisting of a provision for loan losses of $27.0$27.7 million and a provision for unfunded credit commitments of $1.0$1.4 million. Our provision for credit losses was $30.7$15.8 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2017, consisting of a provision for loan losses of $29.7$15.2 million and a provision for unfunded credit commitments of $1.1$0.6 million.
The provision for loan losses of $27.0$27.7 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 reflects primarily an increase of $13.4 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans, additional reserves of $12.5 million for period-end loan growth, $11.4 million for charge-offs not specifically reserved for and an additional $3.4 million for performing loan reserves, offset by a decrease in reserves of $12.5 million for our performing loans from certain reserve methodology enhancements made to our qualitative reserve for large loan exposure as a result of growth within our higher credit quality private equity/venture capital loan portfolios.

The provision for unfunded credit commitments of $1.4 million was primarily driven by increased reserves of $4.5 million from growth in unfunded credit commitment balances of $1.6 billion, offset by a decrease in reserves of $3.5 million reflective of the methodology enhancements mentioned above.
The provision for loan losses of $15.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 primarily reflects $12.7 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans and a $14.0$5.0 million increase in reserves for period-end loan growth, partially offset by a benefit from improved credit quality and $11.3the continued shift in our loan portfolio to private equity/venture capital loans, which tend to be of higher credit quality.
The provision for unfunded credit commitments of $0.6 million for three months ended June 30, 2017 was driven primarily by an increase of $0.7 billion in specific reserves for net new nonaccrual loans.unfunded credit commitment balances.
Gross loan charge-offs were $10.6$15.4 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, of which $3.4$11.4 million was not specifically previously reserved for at December 31, 2017.in prior quarters. Gross loan charge-offs included $6.1$13.4 million from early-stage client loans, mostly in our software/internet loan portfolio and hardware portfolios and $3.2consisted primarily of $8.7 million for one sponsor-led buyout loan with the remaining $4.7 million primarily from a late-stage client loan in our software/internet portfolio.early-stage clients.
Gross loan charge-offs of $14.0were $25.1 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2017, of which $5.4$5.5 million was not specifically previously reserved for at December 31, 2016. Ourin prior quarters. Gross loan charge-offs included two Corporate Finance client loans in our software/internet loan portfolio totaling $13.0 million and $11.7 million from early-stage client portfolio included $12.4 million of gross loan charge-offs,clients, primarily from our software/internet portfolio.and life science/healthcare loan portfolios.

Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
Our provision for credit losses was $57.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, consisting of a provision for loan losses of $54.7 million and a provision for unfunded credit commitments of $2.4 million. Our provision for credit losses was $46.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, consisting of a provision for loan losses of $44.9 million and a provision for unfunded credit commitments of $1.7 million.
The provision for loan losses of $54.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was reflective primarily of $26.5 million from period-end loan growth, $24.7 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans and $14.8 million for charge-offs not specifically reserved for in prior quarters, offset by a decrease in reserves of $12.5 million for our performing loans from certain reserve methodology enhancements made to our qualitative reserve for large loan exposure as a result of growth within our higher credit quality private equity/venture capital loan portfolios.
The provision for loan losses of $44.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was reflective primarily of $38.1 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans and $10.0 million from period-end loan growth, partially offset by a benefit from improved credit quality and the continued shift in our loan portfolio to private equity/venture capital loans, which tend to be of higher credit quality.
The provision for unfunded credit commitments of $2.4 million for six months ended June 30, 2018 was drivenprimarily by increased reserves of $4.5 million from growth in unfunded credit commitment balances, offset by a decrease in reserves reflective of the methodology enhancements mentioned above. Our provision for unfunded credit commitments was $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Gross loan charge-offs were $26.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, of which $14.8 million was not specifically reserved for in prior quarters. Gross loan charge-offs included $20.1 million from our software/internet loan portfolio and $4.3 million from our hardware loan portfolio and consisted primarily of $10.5 million from early-stage clients, $8.7 million for one sponsor-led buyout loan and $3.2 million from one late-stage client. Gross loan charge-offs of $39.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, included $24.1 million from our early-stage portfolio and $13.0 million from two late-stage loans. These charge-offs were primarily from our software/internet loan portfolio.
See “Consolidated Financial Condition—Credit Quality and Allowance for Loan Losses” below and Note 7—“Loans, Allowance for Loan Losses and Allowance for Unfunded Credit Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for further details on our allowance for loan losses.
Noninterest Income
For the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, noninterest income was $155.5$192.7 million and $348.2 million, respectively, compared to $117.7$128.5 million and $246.2 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. For the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests was $142.5$183.2 million and $325.7 million, respectively, compared to $111.1$119.0 million and $230.1 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. For the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, non-GAAP core fee income was $115.0$123.1 million and $238.1 million, respectively, compared to $82.6 $87.3 million and $169.8

million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures used below under “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.)
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance (including, but not limited to, non-GAAP core fee income, non-GAAP noninterest income, non-GAAP net gains on investment securities). These supplemental performance measures may vary from, and may not be comparable to, similarly titled measures by other companies in our industry. Non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative for, GAAP. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s performance that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. A non-GAAP financial measure may also be a financial metric that is not required by GAAP or other applicable requirement.
We believe these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by excluding items that represent income attributable to investors other than us and our subsidiaries and certain other certain non-recurring items. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our operating results and when planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods. However, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Included in net income is income and expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. We recognize, as part of our investment funds management business through SVB Capital, the entire income or loss from funds consolidated in accordance with ASC Topic 810 as discussed in Note 1—“Basis of Presentation” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report. We are required under GAAP to consolidate 100% of the results of these entities, even though we may own less than 100% of such entities. The relevant amounts attributable to investors other than us are reflected under “Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests” on our statements of income. Where applicable, the tables below for noninterest income and net gains on investment securities exclude noncontrolling interests.
Core fee income is a non-GAAP financial measure, which represents GAAP noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control, primarily our net gains (losses) on investment securities and equity warrant assets. Core fee income includes foreign exchange fees, credit card fees, deposit service charges, lending related fees, client investment fees and letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees.
The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP noninterest income to non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests, for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
GAAP noninterest income $155,518

$117,659
 32.2% $192,689

$128,528
 49.9 % $348,207

$246,187
 41.4%
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation 13,024
 6,559
 98.6
 9,445
 9,536
 (1.0) 22,469
 16,095
 39.6
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests $142,494
 $111,100
 28.3
 $183,244
 $118,992
 54.0
 $325,738
 $230,092
 41.6


The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP noninterest income to non-GAAP core fee income for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
GAAP noninterest income $155,518
 $117,659
 32.2 % $192,689
 $128,528
 49.9% $348,207
 $246,187
 41.4%
Less: gains on investment securities, net 9,058
 15,970
 (43.3) 36,114
 17,630
 104.8
 45,172
 33,600
 34.4
Less: gains on equity warrant assets, net 19,191
 6,690
 186.9
 19,061
 10,820
 76.2
 38,252
 17,510
 118.5
Less: other noninterest income 12,259
 12,421
 (1.3) 14,390
 12,811
 12.3
 26,649
 25,232
 5.6
Non-GAAP core fee income (1) $115,010
 $82,578
 39.3
 $123,124
 $87,267
 41.1
 $238,134
 $169,845
 40.2
 
(1)Non-GAAP core fee income represents noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control and includes foreign exchange fees, credit card fees, deposit service charges, lending related fees, client investment fees and letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees.
Gains on Investment Securities, Net
Net gains and losses on investment securities include gains and losses from our non-marketable and other equity securities, which include public equity securities held as a result of exercised equity warrant assets, as well as gains and losses from sales of our AFS debt securities portfolio, when applicable.
Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture bank in China (“SPD-SVB”)), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and investments in qualified affordable housing projects. We experience variability in the performance of our non-marketable and other equity securities from period to period, which results in net gains or losses on investment securities (both realized and unrealized). This variability is due to a number of factors, including unrealized changes in the values of our investments, changes in the amount of realized gains and losses from distributions, changes in liquidity events and general economic and market conditions. Unrealized gains or losses from non-marketable and other equity securities for any single period are typically driven by valuation changes, and are therefore subject to potential increases or decreases in future periods. Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains or losses from investment securities. As such, our results for a particular period are not necessarily indicative of our expected performance in a future period.
The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of certain sales restrictions to which these equity securities may be subject to (i.e. lock-up agreements), changes in prevailing market prices, market conditions, the actual sales or distributions of securities, the timing of such actual sales or distributions, which, to the extent such securities are managed by our managed funds, are subject to our funds' separate discretionary sales/distributions and governance processes.
Our AFS securities portfolio represents primarily interest-earningis a fixed income investment securities andportfolio that is managed to earnwith the objective of earning an appropriate portfolio yield over the long-term while maintaining sufficient liquidity and credit diversification as well as addressing our asset/liability management objectives. SalesThough infrequent, sales of equitydebt securities held as a result ofin our exercised warrants,AFS securities portfolio may result in net gains or losses on investment securities. These salesand are conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy related to the management of our liquidity position and interest rate risk. Though infrequent, sales of investment securities in our AFS securities portfolio may result in net gains or losses and are also conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy.
Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
For the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, we had net gains on investment securities of $9.1$36.1 million, compared to $16.0$17.6 million for the comparable 2017 period. Non-GAAP net lossesgains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, were $3.8$26.4 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to non-GAAP net gains, net of noncontrolling interests of $9.5$8.2 million for the comparable 2017 period.
Non-GAAP net lossesgains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, of $3.8$26.4 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 were driven by the following:
Losses of $22.3 million from our public equity securities portfolio primarily reflective of net losses on sales of shares, from exercised warrants of Roku 2017, which were sold in the first quarter of 2018,
Gains of $12.618.1 million from our strategic and other investments portfolio, comprised primarily of net unrealized valuation increases in both private and public company investments held in our strategic venture capital funds, and

Gains of $6.97.7 million from our managed funds of funds portfolio, related primarily to net unrealized valuation increases in the public company investments held by the funds.funds in this portfolio.

Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
For the six months ended June 30, 2018, we had net gains on investment securities of $45.2 million, compared to $33.6 million for the comparable 2017 period. Non-GAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, were $22.6 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2018, compared to $17.7 million for the comparable 2017 period.
Non-GAAP net gains, net of noncontrolling interests, of $22.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 were driven primarily by the following:
Gains of $30.8 million from our strategic and other investments portfolio, attributable primarily to net unrealized valuation increases in both private and public company investments held in our strategic venture capital funds,
Losses of $22.1 million from our public equity securities portfolio primarily reflective of net losses on sales of shares of Roku, Inc. ("Roku"), from exercised warrants in 2017, which were sold in the first quarter of 2018, and
Gains of $14.6 million from our managed funds of funds portfolio, related primarily to net unrealized valuation increases in the public company investments held by the funds in the portfolio.
The following table providestables provide a reconciliation of GAAP total gains (losses) on investment securities, net, to non-GAAP net gains (losses) gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests, for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) Managed
Funds of
Funds
 Managed
Direct
Venture
Funds
 Public Equity Securities (1) 
Debt
Funds
 Sales of AFS Securities (1) 
Strategic
and Other
Investments
 Total Managed
Funds of
Funds
 Managed
Direct
Venture
Funds
 Public Equity Securities (1) 
Debt
Funds
 Sales of AFS Securities (1) 
Strategic
and Other
Investments
 Total
Three months ended March 31, 2018              
Three months ended June 30, 2018              
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net
$17,531
 $(405)
$140

$726

$

$18,122
 $36,114
Less: income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation
9,793
 (121)







 9,672
Non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests $7,738
 $(284) $140
 $726
 $
 $18,122
 $26,442
              
Six months ended June 30, 2018              
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net
$19,073
 $1,919

$(22,282)
$(2,299)
$

$12,647
 $9,058
 $36,604
 $1,514
 $(22,142) $(1,573) $
 $30,769
 $45,172
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation
12,197
 708








 12,905
 21,990
 587
 
 
 
 
 22,577
Non-GAAP net (losses) gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests $6,876
 $1,211
 $(22,282) $(2,299) $
 $12,647
 $(3,847)
Non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests $14,614
 $927
 $(22,142) $(1,573) $
 $30,769
 $22,595
 
 
(1)Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standard update ("ASU") 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, resulting in the reclassification of public equity securities out of our AFS securities portfolio into our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio as reported at March 31, 2018.portfolio. This guidance was adopted using the modified retrospective method with a cumulative adjustment to opening retained earnings. As such, prior period amounts have not been restated.

(Dollars in thousands) Managed
Funds of
Funds
 Managed
Direct
Venture
Funds
 Debt
Funds
 Sales of AFS Securities Strategic
and Other
Investments
 Total Managed
Funds of
Funds
 Managed
Direct
Venture
Funds
 Debt
Funds
 Sales of AFS Securities Strategic
and Other
Investments
 Total
Three months ended March 31, 2017            
Three months ended June 30, 2017            
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net $10,033
 $96
 $(431) $608
 $5,664
 $15,970
 $12,145
 $69
 $682
 $(123) $4,857
 $17,630
Less: income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation 9,490
 (25) 
 
 
 9,465
Non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests $2,655
 $94
 $682
 $(123) $4,857
 $8,165
            
Six months ended June 30, 2017            
Total gains on investment securities, net $22,178
 $165
 $251
 $485
 $10,521
 $33,600
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest allocation 6,420
 42
 
 
 
 6,462
 15,910
 17
 
 
 
 15,927
Non-GAAP net gains (losses) on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests $3,613
 $54
 $(431) $608
 $5,664
 $9,508
Non-GAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests $6,268
 $148
 $251
 $485
 $10,521
 $17,673
Gains on Equity Warrant Assets, Net
Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
Net gains on equity warrant assets were $19.2$19.1 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to net gains of $6.7$10.8 million for the comparable 2017 period. Net gains on equity warrant assets for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 consisted of:
Net gains of $10.211.0 million from changes in warrant valuation increases for the three months endedMarch 31, 2018, compared to net lossesgains of $0.68.3 million for the comparable 2017 period,, driven by our private company warrant portfolio and reflective of increased M&A exit activity and comparable market valuations during the three months ended June 30, 2018, and
Net gains of $9.98.9 million from the exercise of equity warrant assets during the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to net gains of $8.03.1 million, primarily driven by increased IPO and M&A activity during the three months ended June 30, 2018.
Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
Net gains on equity warrant assets were $38.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to net gains of $17.5 million for the comparable 2017 period. Net gains on equity warrant assets for the six months ended June 30, 2018 consisted of:
Net gains of 2017$20.5 million period,from the exercise of equity warrant assets compared to net gains of $11.3 million , reflective primarily of increased IPO and M&A activity during the six months endedJune 30, 2018, and
Net gains of $19.5 million from changes in warrant valuation increases compared to net gains of $7.3 million, driven by our private company warrant portfolio and reflective of increased M&A activity.activity during the six months endedJune 30, 2018.
A summary of gains on equity warrant assets, net, for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Equity warrant assets (1)                  
Gains on exercises, net $9,927
 $7,956
 24.8% $8,875
 $3,121
 184.4% $20,509
 $11,345
 80.8%
Cancellations and expirations (922) (634) 45.4
 (826) (571) 44.7
 (1,726) (1,129) 52.9
Changes in fair value, net 10,186
 (632) NM
 11,012
 8,270
 33.2
 19,469
 7,294
 166.9
Gains on equity warrant assets, net $19,191
 $6,690
 186.9
 $19,061
 $10,820
 76.2
 $38,252
 $17,510
 118.5
 
 

NM—Not meaningful
(1)
At March 31,June 30, 2018, we held warrants in 1,9291,967 companies, compared to 1,7621,808 companies at March 31,June 30, 2017. The total fair value of our warrant portfolio was $135.7143.7 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and $124.2$131.8 million at March 31,June 30, 2017. Warrants in 1315 companies each had fair values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented $31.0$38.6 million, or 22.826.8 percent, of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at March 31, 2018.

of the total warrant portfolio at June 30, 2018. Warrants in 15 companies each had fair values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented $39.4 million, or 30.0 percent, of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at June 30, 2017.
Non-GAAP Core Fee Income
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Non-GAAP core fee income (1):                  
Foreign exchange fees $33,827
 $26,247
 28.9% $34,077
 $26,108
 30.5% $67,904
 $52,355
 29.7%
Credit card fees 21,692
 17,730
 22.3
 22,926
 18,099
 26.7
 44,618
 35,829
 24.5
Deposit service charges 17,699
 13,975
 26.6
 18,794
 14,563
 29.1
 36,493
 28,538
 27.9
Client investment fees 22,875
 9,026
 153.4
 29,452
 12,982
 126.9
 52,327
 22,008
 137.8
Lending related fees 10,735
 8,961
 19.8
 9,528
 8,509
 12.0
 20,263
 17,470
 16.0
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees 8,182
 6,639
 23.2
 8,347
 7,006
 19.1
 16,529
 13,645
 21.1
Total non-GAAP core fee income (1) $115,010
 $82,578
 39.3
 $123,124
 $87,267
 41.1
 $238,134
 $169,845
 40.2
 
(1)This non-GAAP measure represents noninterest income, but excludes certain line items where performance is typically subject to market or other conditions beyond our control. See “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” above.

Foreign Exchange Fees
Foreign exchange fees were $33.8$34.1 million and $67.9 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $26.2$26.1 million and $52.4 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. The increaseincreases in foreign exchange fees waswere driven primarily by increases in spot contract commissions driven by increased volume of trades for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to the 2017 period.periods. The volume of trades for spot contracts increased 31.135.1 percent and 33.1 percent for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the comparable 2017 period.periods reflective primarily of our global expansion initiative and increased client engagement efforts. A summary of foreign exchange fee income by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018
2017
% Change 2018 2017 % Change
Foreign exchange fees by instrument type:                  
Spot contract commissions $31,202
 $22,424
 39.1 % $31,548
 $23,583
 33.8 % $62,750
 $46,007
 36.4 %
Forward contract commissions 2,485
 3,601
 (31.0) 2,455
 2,470
 (0.6) 4,940
 6,071
 (18.6)
Option premium fees 140
 222
 (36.9) 74
 55
 34.5
 214
 277
 (22.7)
Total foreign exchange fees $33,827
 $26,247
 28.9
 $34,077
 $26,108
 30.5
 $67,904
 $52,355
 29.7

Credit Card Fees
Credit card fees were $21.7$22.9 million and $44.6 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $17.7$18.1 million and $35.8 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. The increase wasincreases were primarily due to higher net interchange fee income driven by an increase in transaction volume reflective of higher spend by our commercial clients and our focus on our credit card business as a key area targeted for growth. The increases in gross interchange fee income were partially offset by increases in rebate/rewards expense for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018. A summary of credit card fees by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Credit card fees by instrument type:                  
Card interchange fees, net $17,560
 $13,971
 25.7% $18,137
 $14,033
 29.2% $35,697
 $28,003
 27.5%
Merchant service fees 2,906
 2,740
 6.1
 3,425
 2,883
 18.8
 6,331
 5,623
 12.6
Card service fees 1,226
 1,019
 20.3
 1,364
 1,183
 15.3
 2,590
 2,203
 17.6
Total credit card fees $21,692
 $17,730
 22.3
 $22,926
 $18,099
 26.7
 $44,618
 $35,829
 24.5
Deposit Service Charges
Deposit service charges were $17.7$18.8 million and $36.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $14.0$14.6 million and $28.5 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. The increase wasincreases were reflective of higher deposit client counts, as well as higher volumes of our transaction-based fee products, during the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018.
Client Investment Fees
Client investment fees were $22.9$29.5 million and $52.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $9.0$13.0 million and $22.0 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. The increase wasincreases were reflective of the large increase in average client investment funds driven by our clients’ increased utilization of our off-balance sheet sweep money market funds and products managed by SVB Asset Management. Client investment fees also benefited from improved spreads on our client investment funds due to increases in general market rates and the reintroduction of fees that had been previously waived due to the low rate environment. A summary of client investment fees by instrument type for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Client investment fees by type:                  
Sweep money market fees $12,322
 $4,396
 180.3% $17,178
 $6,474
 165.3% $29,500
 $10,870
 171.4%
Asset management fees 5,358
 3,378
 58.6
 5,730
 4,111
 39.4
 11,088
 7,490
 48.0
Repurchase agreement fees 5,195
 1,252
 NM
 6,544
 2,397
 173.0
 11,739
 3,648
 NM
Total client investment fees $22,875
 $9,026
 153.4
 $29,452
 $12,982
 126.9
 $52,327
 $22,008
 137.8
 
NM—Not meaningful
The following table summarizes average client investment funds for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30,
Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in millions) 2018 2017 % Change 2018
2017
% Change
2018
2017
% Change
Sweep money market funds $26,132
 $17,719
 47.5% $30,164
 $18,464
 63.4% $28,148
 $18,091
 55.6%
Client investment assets under management (1) 30,699
 23,047
 33.2
Client investment assets under management(1) 33,443
 24,423
 36.9
 32,071
 23,735
 35.1
Repurchase agreements 7,546
 5,364
 40.7
 7,705
 6,223
 23.8
 7,626
 5,794
 31.6
Total average client investment funds (2) $64,377
 $46,130
 39.6
 $71,312
 $49,110
 45.2
 $67,845
 $47,620
 42.5

(1)These funds represent investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.
(2)Client investment funds are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.
The following table summarizes period-end client investment funds at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in millions) June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 % Change
Sweep money market funds $31,859
 $23,911
 33.2%
Client investment assets under management (1) 35,509
 29,344
 21.0
Repurchase agreements 8,406
 7,074
 18.8
Total period-end client investment funds (2) $75,774
 $60,329
 25.6
 
 
(1)These funds represent investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.
(2)Client investment funds are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.

The following table summarizes period-end client investment funds at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in millions) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 % Change
Sweep money market funds $29,421
 $23,911
 23.0 %
Client investment assets under management (1) 31,423
 29,344
 7.1
Repurchase agreements 6,895
 7,074
 (2.5)
Total period-end client investment funds (2) $67,739
 $60,329
 12.3
(1)These funds represent investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.
(2)Client investment funds are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.
Lending Related Fees
Lending related fees were $10.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to $9.0 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase was due primarily to an increase in fees earned from unused lines of credit for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Unused loan commitments were $15.2 billion at March 31, 2018 and $14.4 billion at March 31, 2017. A summary of lending related fees by instrument type for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
  Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change
Lending related fees by instrument type:      
Unused commitment fees $8,757
 $6,567
 33.3 %
Other 1,978
 2,394
 (17.4)
Total lending related fees $10,735
 $8,961
 19.8
Letters of Credit and Standby Letters of Credit Fees
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees were $8.2 million or the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to $6.6 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase was primarily driven by increases in deferred fee income reflective of larger letter of credit issuances.
Other Noninterest Income
Total other noninterest income was $12.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to $12.4 million for the comparable 2017 period. The decrease of $0.1 million was due primarily to a decrease of in valuation fee income due to the sale of our equity valuation services business during the third quarter of 2017 partially offset by increases in other noninterest income.
A summary of other noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
  Three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change
Fund management fees $5,736
 $5,169
 11.0 %
Net (losses) gains on revaluation of foreign currency instruments, net of foreign exchange forward contracts (1) (47) 1,328
 (103.5)
Other service revenue (2) 6,570
 5,924
 10.9
Total other noninterest income $12,259
 $12,421
 (1.3)
(1)Represents the net revaluation of client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments.
(2)Includes dividends on FHLB/FRB stock, correspondent bank rebate income, incentive fees related to carried interest, valuation fee income and other fee income.

Noninterest Expense
A summary of noninterest expense for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018
2017 % Change 2018
2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Compensation and benefits $165,806
 $147,176
 12.7 % $181,955
 $148,973
 22.1 % $347,761
 $296,149
 17.4 %
Professional services 28,725
 25,419
 13.0
 46,813
 27,925
 67.6
 75,538
 53,344
 41.6
Premises and equipment 18,545
 15,858
 16.9
 19,173
 18,958
 1.1
 37,718
 34,816
 8.3
Net occupancy 13,616
 11,651
 16.9
 13,288
 11,126
 19.4
 26,904
 22,777
 18.1
Business development and travel 11,191
 9,195
 21.7
 12,095
 11,389
 6.2
 23,286
 20,584
 13.1
FDIC and state assessments 9,430
 8,682
 8.6
 10,326
 9,313
 10.9
 19,756
 17,995
 9.8
Correspondent bank fees 3,410
 3,445
 (1.0) 3,277
 3,163
 3.6
 6,687
 6,608
 1.2
Other 14,694
 16,207
 (9.3) 18,812
 20,399
 (7.8) 33,506
 36,606
 (8.5)
Total noninterest expense $265,417
 $237,633
 11.7
 $305,739
 $251,246
 21.7
 $571,156
 $488,879
 16.8
Included in noninterest expense is expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. See below for a description and reconciliation of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio, both of which exclude noncontrolling interests.
Non-GAAP Noninterest Expense
We use and report non-GAAP noninterest expense, non-GAAP taxable equivalent revenue and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio, which excludes noncontrolling interests. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by: (i) excluding certain items that represent expenses attributable to investors other than us and our subsidiaries, or certain items that do not occur every reporting period; or (ii) providing additional information used by management that is not otherwise required by GAAP or other applicable requirements. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our operating results and when planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods. However, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The table below provides a summary of non-GAAP noninterest expense and non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio, both net of noncontrolling interests for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except ratios) 2018
2017 % Change 2018
2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
GAAP noninterest expense $265,417
 $237,633
 11.7 % $305,739
 $251,246
 21.7 % $571,156
 $488,879
 16.8 %
Less: amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests (32) 169
 (118.9) 227
 223
 1.8
 195
 392
 (50.3)
Non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests $265,449
 $237,464
 11.8
 $305,512
 $251,023
 21.7
 $570,961
 $488,487
 16.9
                  
GAAP net interest income $419,863
 $309,993
 35.4
 $466,443
 $342,696
 36.1
 $886,306
 $652,689
 35.8
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis 1,354
 348
 NM
 2,037
 476
 NM
 3,391
 824
 NM
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent net interest income $421,217
 $310,341
 35.7
 $468,480
 $343,172
 36.5
 $889,697
 $653,513
 36.1
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests 9
 7
 28.6
 10
 10
 
 19
 17
 11.8
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent net interest income, net of noncontrolling interests $421,208
 $310,334
 35.7
 $468,470
 $343,162
 36.5
 $889,678
 $653,496
 36.1
                  
GAAP noninterest income $155,518
 $117,659
 32.2
 $192,689
 $128,528
 49.9
 $348,207
 $246,187
 41.4
Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests 13,024
 6,559
 98.6
 9,445
 9,536
 (1.0) 22,469
 16,095
 39.6
Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests $142,494
 $111,100
 28.3
 $183,244
 $118,992
 54.0
 $325,738
 $230,092
 41.6
                  
GAAP total revenue $575,381
 $427,652
 34.5
 $659,132
 $471,224
 39.9
 $1,234,513
 $898,876
 37.3
Non-GAAP taxable equivalent revenue, net of noncontrolling interests $563,702
 $421,434
 33.8
 $651,714
 $462,154
 41.0
 $1,215,416
 $883,588
 37.6
GAAP operating efficiency ratio 46.13% 55.57% (17.0) 46.39% 53.32% (13.0) 46.27% 54.39% (14.9)
Non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio (1) 47.09
 56.35
 (16.4) 46.88
 54.32
 (13.7) 46.98
 55.28
 (15.0)
 

 
 
NM—Not meaningful
(1)The non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing non-GAAP noninterest expense, net of noncontrolling interests, by non-GAAP taxable-equivalent revenue, net of noncontrolling interests.

Compensation and Benefits Expense
The following table provides a summary of our compensation and benefits expense for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except employees) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Compensation and benefits:                 
Salaries and wages $73,039
 $66,859
 9.2 $76,831
 $68,029
 12.9% $149,870
 $134,888
 11.1%
Incentive compensation & ESOP 43,633
 33,819
 29.0 54,382
 36,824
 47.7
 98,015
 70,642
 38.7
Other employee incentives and benefits (1) 49,134
 46,498
 5.7 50,742
 44,120
 15.0
 99,876
 90,619
 10.2
Total compensation and benefits $165,806
 $147,176
 12.7 $181,955
 $148,973
 22.1
 $347,761
 $296,149
 17.4
Period-end full-time equivalent employees 2,512
 2,347
 7.0 2,626
 2,380
 10.3
 2,626
 2,380
 10.3
Average full-time equivalent employees 2,498
 2,345
 6.5 2,591
 2,372
 9.2
 2,545
 2,358
 7.9
 
 
(1)
Other employee incentives and benefits includes employer payroll taxes, group health and life insurance, share-based compensation, 401(k), warrant and retention plans, agency fees and other employee-related expenses.
Compensation and benefits expense was $165.8$182.0 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $147.2$149.0 million for the comparable 2017 period. The key changes in factors affecting compensation and benefits expense were as follows:

An increase of $17.6 million in incentive compensation and ESOP expense reflective primarily of our strong 2018 full-year expected performance as compared to 2017 as well as an increase in the number of average FTE since June 30, 2017,
An increase of $8.8 million in salaries and wages reflective primarily of the increase in the number of average FTE by 219 to 2,591 for the second quarter of 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, as well as merit increases, and
An increase of $6.6 million in other employee incentives and benefits primarily driven by an increase in employer payroll taxes of $2.7 million, reflective of the increase in the number of average FTE since the second quarter of 2017, as well as an increase of $2.1 million in share-based compensation expense, primarily due to our accruals based on our performance expectations for our outstanding performance-based restricted stock awards compared to our estimate for the second quarter of 2017, reflective of the increase in our stock price relative to our peers.
Compensation and benefits expense was $347.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to $296.1 million for the comparable 2017 period. The key changes in factors affecting compensation and benefits expense were as follows:
An increase of $9.8$27.4 million in expenses related to incentive compensation plans and ESOP. Our incentive compensationESOP expense is higher in the first quarter of 2018 due to our expected full year performance for 2018 being higher than expectationsreflective primarily of our strong 2018 full-year expected performance for both our internal targets and as compared to selected peer banks' ROE during2017 as well as an increase in the same period innumber of average FTE since June 30, 2017,
An increase of $6.2$15.0 million in salaries and wages reflective primarily of anthe increase in the number of average FTE by 153187 to 2,498 FTEs2,545 for the first quartersecond half of 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, and annual pay raises. The increase in headcount was primarily to support our growth initiatives,as well as merit increases, and
An increase of $2.6$9.3 million in total other employee incentives and benefits, particularly seasonal expenses relating to additional 401(k) matching contributions as a result of the 2017 annual incentive compensation plan payments and increased employer payroll taxes reflective of our increased headcount since the first quarter of 2017. The increase in other employee incentives and benefits also includedprimarily driven by an increase in employer payroll taxes of $3.9 million, reflective of the increase in the number of average FTE since the second half of 2017, as well as an increase of $1.3$3.4 million in share-based compensation expense, primarily due to our current vestingaccruals based on our performance expectations for our outstanding performance-based restricted stock awards as compared to our estimate for the first quartersecond half of 2017, reflective of the increase in our stock price relative to our peers.
Our variable compensation plans consist primarily of our Incentive Compensation Plan, Direct Drive Incentive Compensation Plan, 401(k) and ESOP Plan, Retention Program and Warrant Incentive Plan (see descriptions in our 2017 Form 10-K). Total costs incurred under these plans were $61.8 million and $115.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $43.1 million and $87.4 million for the comparable 2017 periods. These amounts are included in total compensation and benefits expense discussed above.
Professional Services
Professional services expense was $28.7$46.8 million and $75.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $25.4$27.9 million and $53.3 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. The increase wasincreases were primarily related to enhancements in our regulatory, risk and compliance infrastructure to support our momentum as we continue to grow both domestically and globally as well as investments made in projects, systems and technology to support our revenue growth and related initiatives and other operating costs.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment was $18.5 million Professional services expense for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, comparedincluded a $6.0 million write-off for capitalized costs in connection with the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, which includes regulatory reform of the threshold for which certain enhanced prudential standards apply from $50 billion to $15.9 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase related to investments in projects, systems and technology to support our revenue growth and related initiatives as well as other operating costs.

$250 billion.
Net Occupancy
Net occupancy expense was $13.6$13.3 million and $26.9 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $11.7$11.1 million and $22.8 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. The increase wasincreases were primarily due to lease renewals at higher costs, reflective of market conditions, and the expansion of certain offices to support our growth.
Business Development and Travel
Business development and travel expense was $11.2$12.1 million and $23.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $9.2$11.4 million and $20.6 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase wasincreases were to support expansion initiatives as we continue to grow both domestically and globally.
Other Noninterest Expense
Total other noninterest expense was $14.7$18.8 million and $33.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $16.2$20.4 million and $36.6 million for the comparable2017 period.periods. The decrease of $1.5 million wasdecreases were driven primarily by certain reimbursement incentives received associated with a new vendor agreement signed during the first quarter 2018.

A summary of other noninterest expense for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Lending and other client related processing costs $3,201
 $5,539
 (42.2)% $7,403
 $6,332
 16.9 % $10,603
 $11,871
 (10.7)%
Data processing services 2,492
 2,582
 (3.5) 2,703
 2,428
 11.3
 5,195
 5,010
 3.7
Telephone 2,377
 2,703
 (12.1) 2,378
 2,671
 (11.0) 4,756
 5,374
 (11.5)
Dues and publications 850
 795
 6.9
 845
 677
 24.8
 1,694
 1,472
 15.1
Postage and supplies 667
 749
 (10.9) 813
 652
 24.7
 1,480
 1,401
 5.6
Other 5,107
 3,839
 33.0
 4,670
 7,639
 (38.9) 9,778
 11,478
 (14.8)
Total other noninterest expense $14,694
 $16,207
 (9.3) $18,812
 $20,399
 (7.8) $33,506
 $36,606
 (8.5)
 
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Included in net income is income and expense attributable to noncontrolling interests. The relevant amounts allocated to investors in our consolidated subsidiaries, other than us, are reflected under “Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests” on our statements of income.
In the table below, noninterest income consists primarily of net investment gains and losses from our consolidated funds. Noninterest expense is primarily related to management fees paid by our managed funds to SVB Financial’s subsidiaries as the funds’ general partners. A summary of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Net interest income (1) $(9) $(7) 28.6 % $(10) $(10)  % $(19) $(17) 11.8 %
Noninterest income (1) (9,522) (5,454) 74.6
 (7,856) (9,264) (15.2) (17,378) (14,718) 18.1
Noninterest expense (1) (32) 169
 (118.9) 227
 223
 1.8
 195
 392
 (50.3)
Carried interest allocation (2) (3,502) (1,105) NM
 (1,589) (272) NM
 (5,091) (1,377) NM
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests $(13,065) $(6,397) 104.2
 $(9,228) $(9,323) (1.0) $(22,293) $(15,720) 41.8
 
 
NM—Not meaningful
(1)Represents noncontrolling interests’ share in net interest income, noninterest income or loss and noninterest expense.

(2)Represents the preferred allocation of income (or change in income) earned by us as the general partner of certain consolidated funds.

Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $13.19.2 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $6.4$9.3 million for the comparable 2017 period. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $13.1$9.2 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 was primarily a result of $9.4 million net gains on investment securities (including carried interest allocation) from our managed funds of funds portfolio related to net unrealized valuation increases in the investments held by the funds during the firstsecond quarter of 2018. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income—Gains on Investment Securities, Net”.
Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $22.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to $15.7 million for the comparable 2017 period. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $22.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily a result of $22.5 million net gains on investment securities (including carried interest allocation) from our managed funds of funds portfolio due to net unrealized valuation increases of investments held by the funds. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income—Gains on Investment Securities, Net”.
Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, the TCJ Act was signed into law. The TCJ Act amends the Internal Revenue Code to, among other things, reduce tax rates, and make changes to credits and deductions for individuals and businesses. For businesses, the TCJ Act permanently lowers the Federal corporate tax rate to 2121.0 percent from the prior maximum rate of 3535.0 percent, effective for tax years including or commencing January 1, 2018.
The Company has also considered the provisions of the TCJ Act related to non-U.S. operations which would potentially impact the Company’s income tax provision. Such provisions include the one-time transition tax (“TT”) on foreign earnings and the new base erosion anti-avoidance tax (“BEAT”). Based on analyses performed by the Company as of March 31,June 30, 2018, the impact of both of these provisions willcontinue to have an immaterial impact on the Company’s income tax provision.
Our effective income tax expense rate was 27.524.5 percent and 25.9 percent for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to 33.636.8 percent and 35.4 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2017.comparable 2017 periods. Our effective tax rate is calculated by dividing income tax expense by the sum of income before income tax expense and the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.
The reductionreductions in the effective tax rate for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 iswere primarily due to the lower Federal corporate tax rate as a result of the TCJ Act effective January 1, 2018, partially offset by the period-over-period reduction in tax benefits associated with employee stock transactions as a result of the reduction in the Federal statutory rate and a one-time benefit of $4.7 million recorded in the period ended March 31, 2017, for the return of tax funds related to a prior year's tax return.
The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, and March 31, 2017, also included the recognition of tax benefits of $2.5$12.0 million and $6.1$7.0 million, respectively, due to the adoption and implementation of ASU 2016-09 in the first quarter of 2017. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and 2017, included the recognition of tax benefits of $14.5 million and $13.1 million, respectively. 
The Company has considered the provisions of the TCJ Act and analyzed for potential impact to its income tax provision for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018. Aside from the items noted above, the Company is not aware of any further items which could materially impact its financial statements for the quarterthree and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018.

Operating Segment Results
We have three segments for which we report our financial information: Global Commercial Bank, SVB Private Bank and SVB Capital.
We report segment information based on the “management” approach, which designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of our reporting segments. Please refer to Note 12—“Segment Reporting” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional details.

The following is our reportable segment information for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017:
Global Commercial Bank
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Net interest income $369,867
 $275,878
 34.1 % $409,057
 $311,051
 31.5% $778,924
 $586,929
 32.7%
Provision for credit losses (25,274) (28,889) (12.5) (27,356) (14,856) 84.1
 (52,630) (43,745) 20.3
Noninterest income 99,346
 79,519
 24.9
 113,245
 83,904
 35.0
 212,591
 163,423
 30.1
Noninterest expense (184,751) (172,916) 6.8
 (197,695) (176,702) 11.9
 (382,261) (349,548) 9.4
Income before income tax expense $259,188
 $153,592
 68.8
 $297,251
 $203,397
 46.1
 $556,624
 $357,059
 55.9
Total average loans, net of unearned income $20,679,202
 $17,647,055
 17.2
 $21,714,870
 $17,907,635
 21.3
 $21,199,897
 $17,778,065
 19.2
Total average assets 49,953,950
 42,888,126
 16.5
 52,540,865
 45,478,211
 15.5
 51,252,398
 44,188,162
 16.0
Total average deposits 44,041,634
 38,296,563
 15.0
 45,991,701
 40,477,823
 13.6
 45,022,054
 39,393,219
 14.3
 
Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
Income before income tax expense from our Global Commercial Bank (“GCB”) increased to $259.2$297.3 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $153.6$203.4 million for the comparable 2017 period, which reflected the continued acquisition of new clients and growth of our core commercial business. The key components of GCB's performance for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to the comparable 2017 period are discussed below.
Net interest income from GCB increased by $94.0$98.0 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, due primarily to an increase in loan interest income resulting mainly from higher average loan balances, as well as from an increase in loan yields as a result of rate increases.
GCB had a provision for credit losses of $25.3$27.4 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $28.9$14.9 million for the comparable 2017 period. The provision of $25.3$27.4 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 reflects primarily an increase of $13.4 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans, additional reserves of $12.5 million for period-end loan growth, $11.4 million for charge-offs not specifically reserved for and an additional $3.4 million for performing loan reserves, offset by a decrease in reserves of $12.5 million for our performing loans from certain reserve methodology enhancements made to our qualitative reserve for large loan exposure as a result of growth within our higher credit quality private equity/venture capital loan portfolios.
The provision of $14.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 primarily reflected $11.3$12.7 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans and a $14.0 million increase in reserves for period-end loan growth.
The provision of $28.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 primarily reflected $25.4 million in specific reserves for net new accrual loans and a $5.0 million increase in reserves for period-end loan growth.growth, partially offset by a benefit from improved credit quality from the continued shift in our loan portfolio to private equity/venture capital loans, which tend to be of higher credit quality.
Noninterest income increased by $19.8$29.3 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, related primarily to an overall increase acrossin our non-GAAP core fee income (higher foreign exchange fees, client investment fees and credit card fees). This increase was due primarily to the continued growth of our client base and work with larger global companies reflective of investments in our platform, capabilities and global reach.
Noninterest expense increased by $11.8$21.0 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, due primarily to increased professional services expense and compensation and benefits expense. Professionaland professional services expenses were higher due to enhancements in our risk and compliance infrastructure to support our momentum as we continue to grow both domestically and globally as well as investments made in projects, systems and technology to support our revenue growth and related initiatives and other operating costs.expenses. Compensation and benefits expense increased by $20.3 million primarily as a result of increased incentive compensation and ESOP expense, salaries and wages and other employee benefits. The increase in incentive compensation and ESOP expense is reflective primarily of our strong 2018 full-year expected performance as compared to 2017 as well as an increase in FTE. The increase in GCB salaries and wages was due primarily to an increase in the average number of FTEs at GCB, which increased by 83131 to 1,9291,977 FTEs for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to 1,846 FTEs for the comparable 2017 period. The increase in total other employee benefits was related to various expenses, particularly personnel contracting expenses, to support our growth both domestically and globally, and employer payroll taxes reflective of our increased headcountthe increase in the number of average FTE since the firstsecond quarter 2017.of 2017 and increased share-based compensation expense associated primarily with our performance-based restricted stock unit awards.
Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017


Net interest income from our GCB increased by $192.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to an increase in loan interest income resulting mainly from higher average loan balances as well as from an increase in loan yields as a result of rate increases.
GCB had a provision for credit losses of $52.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to a provision of $43.7 million for the comparable 2017 period. The provision of $52.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was reflective primarily of $26.5 million from period-end loan growth, $24.7 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans and $14.8 million for charge-offs not specifically reserved for, offset by a decrease in reserves of $12.5 million for our performing loans from certain reserve methodology enhancements made to our qualitative reserve for large loan exposure as a result of growth within our higher credit quality private equity/venture capital loan portfolios.
The provision of $43.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was reflective primarily of $38.1 million in net new specific reserves for nonaccrual loans and $10.0 million from period-end loan growth, partially offset by a benefit from improved credit quality and the continued shift in our loan portfolio to private equity/venture capital loans, which tend to be of higher credit quality.
Noninterest income increased by $49.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, related primarily to an overall increase in our non-GAAP core fee income (higher foreign exchange fees, credit card fees and client investment fees). This increase was due primarily to the continued growth of our client base and work with larger global companies reflective of investments in our platform, capabilities and global reach.
Noninterest expense increased by $32.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to increased expenses for compensation and benefits and professional services expenses. Compensation and benefits expense increased by $33.5 million primarily as a result of increased incentive compensation and ESOP expense, salaries and wages and other employee benefits. The increase in incentive compensation and ESOP expense is reflective primarily of our strong 2018 full-year expected performance as compared to 2017 as well as an increase in FTE. The increase in GCB salaries and wages was due primarily to an increase in the average number of FTEs at GCB, which increased by 106 to 1,950 FTEs for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to 1,844 FTEs for the comparable 2017 period. The increase in total other employee benefits was related to various expenses, particularly employer payroll taxes reflective of the increase in the number of average FTE since the second half of 2017 and increased share-based compensation expense associated primarily with our performance-based restricted stock unit awards.
SVB Private Bank
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Net interest income $16,247
 $13,610
 19.4 % $15,645
 $14,742
 6.1 % $31,892
 $28,352
 12.5 %
Provision for credit losses (1,722) (790) 118.0
 (300) (329) (8.8) (2,022) (1,119) 80.7
Noninterest income 507
 718
 (29.4) 564
 536
 5.2
 1,072
 1,254
 (14.5)
Noninterest expense (6,043) (3,919) 54.2
 (5,927) (4,050) 46.3
 (11,969) (7,968) 50.2
Income before income tax expense $8,989
 $9,619
 (6.5) $9,982
 $10,899
 (8.4) $18,973
 $20,519
 (7.5)
Total average loans, net of unearned income $2,666,658
 $2,245,317
 18.8
 $2,777,617
 $2,365,464
 17.4
 $2,722,444
 $2,305,723
 18.1
Total average assets 2,590,476
 2,272,825
 14.0
 2,515,984
 2,397,188
 5.0
 2,553,024
 2,335,350
 9.3
Total average deposits 1,572,424
 1,336,849
 17.6
 1,480,162
 1,302,890
 13.6
 1,526,038
 1,319,776
 15.6
 
Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
Net interest income from our SVB Private Bank increased by $2.6$0.9 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, due primarily to higher interest income due to loan growth, partially offset by a higher funding charge for loans fundedfunded.
Noninterest expense increased by $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to increased compensation and benefits expense. Compensation and benefits expense increased as a result of increased salaries and wages, reflective of the increase in number of average FTE since the second quarter of 2017, and higher incentive compensation expenses, reflective primarily of our strong 2018 full-year expected performance as compared to 2017.
Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
Net interest income from our SVB Private Bank increased by $3.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to higher interest income due to loan growth, exceeded depositpartially offset by a higher funding charge for loans funded.

SVB Private Bank had a provision for credit losses of $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to $1.1 million for the comparable 2017 period. The provisions for both the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were due primarily to reserves for period-end loan growth.
Noninterest expense increased by $2.1$4.0 million for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, due primarily to increased compensation and benefits expense. Compensation and benefits expense increased as a result of increased salaries and wages, reflective primarily of annual pay raises,the increase in the number of average FTE since the second half of 2017, and higher incentive compensation expenses.expenses, reflective primarily of our strong 2018 full-year expected performance as compared to 2017.

SVB Capital
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change 2018 2017 % Change
Net interest income $7
 $10
 (30.0)% $9
 $16
 (43.8)% $16
 $16
 %
Noninterest income 28,910
 16,775
 72.3
 28,498
 15,019
 89.7
 57,409
 31,794
 80.6
Noninterest expense (5,046) (3,472) 45.3
 (5,666) (6,192) (8.5) (10,713) (9,664) 10.9
Income before income tax expense $23,871
 $13,313
 79.3
 $22,841
 $8,843
 158.3
 $46,712
 $22,146
 110.9
Total average assets $373,322
 $372,876
 0.1
 $369,841
 $355,292
 4.1
 $371,572
 $364,036
 2.1
 
 SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include net gains and losses on non-marketable and other equity securities, carried interest and fund management fees. All components of income before income tax expense and average assets discussed below are net of noncontrolling interests.
We experience variability in the performance of SVB Capital from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, including changes in the values of our funds’ underlying investments, changes in the amount of distributions and general economic and market conditions. Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains and losses from investment securities and cause our results to differ from period to period.
Three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017
SVB Capital had noninterest income of $28.9$28.5 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $16.8$15.0 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase in noninterest income was due primarily to higher net gains on investment securities compared to the comparable 2017 period. SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include the following:
Net gains on investment securities of $22.9$20.9 million for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to net gains of $10.9$9.1 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase in net gains on investment securities for the three months ended June 30, 2018, was related primarily to gains from our strategic venture capital fund investments reflective of gains from net unrealized valuation increases in public company investments held in our strategic venture capital funds and net unrealized valuation increases in the public company investments held by our managed funds of funds, and
Fund management fees of $5.9 million compared to $5.5 million for the comparable 2017 period.
Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
SVB Capital had noninterest income of $57.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to $31.8 million for the comparable 2017 period. The increase in noninterest income was due primarily to higher net gains on investment securities compared to the comparable 2017 period. SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income primarily include the following:
Net gains on investment securities of $22.9$43.8 million for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to net gains of $19.9 million for the comparable 2017 period. The net gains on investment securities of $43.8 million were primarily related to gains from our strategic venture capital fund investments reflective of net unrealized valuation increases in both public and private company investments held in our strategic venture capital funds and gains from net unrealized valuation increases in thepublic company investments held by theour managed funds drivenof funds, offset by IPO and M&A activity duringlosses from our public equity securities portfolio reflective of net losses on sales of shares of Roku, from exercised warrants in 2017, which were sold in the first quarter of 2018.2018, and
Fund management fees of $11.7 million compared to $10.7 million for the comparable 2017 period.

Consolidated Financial Condition
Our total assets, and total liabilities and stockholders' equity, were $53.555.9 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to $51.2 billion at December 31, 2017, an increase of $2.3$4.7 billion, or 4.59.1 percent. Refer below to a summary of the individual components driving the changes in total assets, total liabilities and stockholders' equity.

Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents totaled $2.6$2.7 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018, a decrease of $0.3$0.2 billion, or 10.47.2 percent, compared to $2.9 billion at December 31, 2017. The slight decrease in period-end cash balances related primarily to the reinvestment of maturing fixed income securities during the three months ended March 31, 2018.
As of March 31,June 30, 2018, $0.4$0.6 billion of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate, and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were $1.1 billion.$1.0 billion. As of December 31, 2017, $0.6 billion of our cash and due from banks was deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank and was earning interest at the Federal Funds target rate, and interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions were $1.1 billion.
Investment Securities
Investment securities totaled $25.526.3 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018, an increase of $1.1$1.9 billion, or 4.27.8 percent, compared to $24.4 billion at December 31, 2017. Our investment securities portfolio consistsis comprised of: (i) an available-for-sale securities portfolio and a held-to-maturity securities portfolio, both of which represent interest earning fixed income investment securities; and (ii) a non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio, which represents primarily investments managed as part of our funds management business as well as public equity securities held as a result of equity warrant assets exercised.

Available-for-Sale Securities
Period-end available-for-sale securities were $10.1$9.6 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to $11.1 billion at December 31, 2017,a decrease of $1.0$1.5 billion, or 9.413.7 percent. The $1.0$1.5 billion decrease in period-end AFS securities balances from the fourth quarter ofDecember 31, 2017 to the first quarter ofJune 30, 2018, was due primarily to $0.9$1.8 billion in portfolio paydowns and maturities.maturities partially offset by purchases of $0.4 billion. Securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as unrealized gains or losses in a separate component of stockholders' equity. During the first quarter ofsix months ending June 30, 2018 the AFS portfolio had unrealized losses of $58.0$73.1 million ($42.152.9 million net of tax), primarily driven by increases in period-end market interest rates.
The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities and fully taxable equivalent yields on fixed income securities, carried at fair value, classified as available-for-sale as of March 31,June 30, 2018. The weighted average yield is computed using the amortized cost of fixed income investment securities, which are reported at fair value. For U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected remaining maturities for certain U.S. agency debentures may occur earlier than their contractual maturities because the note issuers have the right to call outstanding amounts ahead of their contractual maturity. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as available-for-sale typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments. The weighted average yield on mortgage-backed securities is based on prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
 Total 
One Year
or Less
 
After One Year to
Five Years
 
After Five Years to
Ten Years
 
After
Ten Years
 Total 
One Year
or Less
 
After One Year to
Five Years
 
After Five Years to
Ten Years
 
After
Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands) 
Carrying
Value
 
Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 
Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
 
Carrying
Value
 Weighted
Average
Yield
U.S. Treasury securities $6,016,877
 1.54% $2,213,143
 1.34% $3,803,734
 1.65% $
 % $
 % $5,733,070
 1.67% $2,037,522
 1.39% $3,349,925
 1.71% $345,623
 2.99% $
 %
U.S. agency debentures 1,561,834
 2.50
 506,280
 1.51
 1,055,554
 2.98
 
 
 
 
 1,485,864
 1.75
 555,737
 1.51
 930,127
 1.89
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                                        
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsfixed rate
 2,146,173
 2.56
 
 
 
 
 66,459
 2.63
 2,079,714
 2.58
 2,038,134
 2.59
 
 
 
 
 47,098
 2.63
 1,991,036
 2.58
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsvariable rate
 355,500
 0.71
 
 
 
 
 
 
 355,500
 0.71
 336,298
 0.71
 
 
 
 
 
   336,298
 0.71
Total $10,080,384
 1.88
 $2,719,423
 1.37
 $4,859,288
 1.94
 $66,459
 2.63
 $2,435,214
 2.31
 $9,593,366
 1.84
 $2,593,259
 1.42
 $4,280,052
 1.75
 $392,721
 2.95
 $2,327,334
 2.31
Held-to-Maturity Securities
Period-end held-to-maturity securities were $14.5$15.9 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to $12.7 billion at December 31, 2017, an increase of $1.8$3.2 billion, or 14.925.5 percent. The $1.8$3.2 billion increase in period-end HTM security balances from December 31, 2017 to March 31,June 30, 2018 was due to new purchases of $2.4$4.1 billion, with $1.9$3.3 billion of agency backed mortgage securities purchases and $0.3$0.8 billion of municipal bond purchases, partially offset by $0.5$0.9 billion in portfolio paydowns and maturities.
Securities classified as held-to-maturity are accounted for at cost with no adjustments for changes in fair value. For securities previously re-designated as held-to-maturity from available-for-sale, the net unrealized gains at the date of transfer will continue to be reported as a separate component of shareholders' equity and amortized over the life of the securities in a manner consistent with the amortization of a premium or discount.
The following table summarizes the remaining contractual principal maturities and fully taxable equivalent yields on fixed income investment securities classified as held-to-maturity as of March 31,June 30, 2018. Interest income on certain municipal bonds and notes (non-taxable investments) are presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 2121.0 percent. The weighted average yield is computed using the amortized cost of fixed income investment securities. For U.S. agency debentures, the expected maturity is the actual contractual maturity of the notes. Expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities may differ significantly from their

contractual maturities because mortgage borrowers have the right to prepay outstanding loan obligations with or without penalties. Mortgage-backed securities classified as held-to-maturity typically have original contractual maturities from 10 to 30 years whereas expected average lives of these securities tend to be significantly shorter and vary based upon structure and prepayments in lower interest rate environments. The weighted average yield on mortgage-backed securities is based on prepayment assumptions at the purchase date. Actual yields earned may differ significantly based upon actual prepayments.
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
 Total 
One Year
or Less
 
After One Year to
Five Years
 
After Five Years to
Ten Years
 
After
Ten Years
 Total 
One Year
or Less
 
After One Year to
Five Years
 
After Five Years to
Ten Years
 
After
Ten Years
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
 Amortized Cost 
Weighted-
Average
Yield
U.S. agency debentures $714,008
 2.67% $
 % $122,092
 2.61% $591,916
 2.68% $
 % $713,809
 2.67% $
 % $122,040
 2.61% $591,769
 2.68% $
 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                                        
Agency-issued mortgage-backed securities 8,043,443
 2.79
 718
 7.52
 198,545
 2.18
 273,432
 2.32
 7,570,748
 2.83
 8,588,483
 2.87
 707
 7.52
 172,594
 2.17
 672,564
 2.40
 7,742,618
 2.93
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsfixed rate
 2,665,485
 1.78
 
 
 
 
 438,437
 1.48
 2,227,048
 1.84
 2,494,834
 1.78
 
 
 
 
 412,530
 1.48
 2,082,304
 1.84
Agency-issued collateralized mortgage obligationsvariable rate
 243,749
 0.74
 
 
 
 
 
 
 243,749
 0.74
 233,285
 0.74
 
 
 
 
 
 
 233,285
 0.74
Agency-issued commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,833,961
 2.50
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,833,961
 2.50
 2,335,971
 2.79
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,335,971
 2.79
Municipal bonds and notes 1,048,210
 3.27
 8,185
 3.19
 73,912
 2.23
 237,606
 2.11
 728,507
 3.75
 1,531,881
 3.57
 7,257
 2.84
 75,946
 2.14
 259,085
 2.64
 1,189,593
 3.87
Total $14,548,856
 2.56
 $8,903
 3.54
 $394,549
 2.32
 $1,541,391
 2.19
 $12,604,013
 2.62
 $15,898,263
 2.71
 $7,964
 3.26
 $370,580
 2.31
 $1,935,948
 2.32
 $13,583,771
 2.78
Portfolio duration is a standard measure used to approximate changes in the market value of fixed income instruments due to a change in market interest rates. The measure is an estimate based on the level of current market interest rates, expectations for changes in the path of forward rates and the effect of forward rates on mortgage prepayment speed assumptions. As such, portfolio duration will fluctuate with changes in market interest rates. Changes in portfolio duration are also impacted by changes in the mix of longer versus shorter term-to-maturity securities. Our estimated fixed income investment securities portfolio average duration was 3.43.7 years and 3.0 years at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Non-Marketable and Other Equity Securities
Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture bank in China (“SPD-SVB”)), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies, including public equity securities held as a result of equity warrant assets exercised, and investments in qualified affordable housing projects. Included in our non-marketable and other equity securities carried under fair value accounting are amounts that are attributable to noncontrolling interests. We are required under GAAP to consolidate 100% of these investments that we are deemed to control, even though we may own less than 100% of such entities. See below for a summary of the carrying value (as reported) of non-marketable and other securities compared to the amounts attributable to SVBFG.
Period-end non-marketable and other equity securities were $824.9$852.5 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to $651.1 million at December 31, 2017, an increase of $173.8$201.4 million, or 26.730.9 percent. Non-marketable and other equity securities, net of noncontrolling interests were $699.4$722.3 million at March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $530.6 million at December 31, 2017. The increase was mostly attributable to accounting changes related to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting) to be measured at fair value and eliminated the cost method of accounting. As part of this adoption we recorded an adjustment to opening retained earnings for cost method investments measured at NAV and increased the carrying value of our unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments. We also increased our investmentinvestments in qualified affordable housing projects by $51.6$77.3 million for additional tax benefits as part of our strategy to reduce our effective tax rate. The following table summarizes the carrying value (as reported) of non-marketable and other securities compared to the amounts attributable to SVBFG (which generally represents the carrying value times our ownership percentage) at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG
Non-marketable and other equity securities (fair value accounting):                
Consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (1) $130,015
 $33,358
 $128,111
 $33,044
 $133,007
 $34,331
 $128,111
 $33,044
Unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments (2) 205,651
 205,651
 98,548
 98,548
 211,113
 211,113
 98,548
 98,548
Other investments without a readily determinable fair value (3) 29,825
 29,825
 27,680
 27,680
 24,015
 24,015
 27,680
 27,680
Other equity securities in public companies (4) 4,694
 4,694
 310
 103
 4,412
 3,968
 310
 103
Non-marketable securities (equity method accounting) (5):                
Venture capital and private equity fund investments 97,929
 69,018
 89,809
 64,675
 102,838
 71,742
 89,809
 64,675
Debt funds 18,884
 18,884
 21,183
 21,183
 14,215
 14,215
 21,183
 21,183
Other investments 112,115
 112,115
 111,198
 111,198
 111,426
 111,426
 111,198
 111,198
Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, net 225,823
 225,823
 174,214
 174,214
 251,479
 251,479
 174,214
 174,214
Total non-marketable and other equity securities $824,936
 $699,368
 $651,053
 $530,645
 $852,505
 $722,289
 $651,053
 $530,645
 
(1)
The following table shows the amounts of venture capital and private equity fund investments held by the following consolidated funds and amounts attributable to SVBFG for each fund at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG
Strategic Investors Fund, LP $14,767
 $1,855
 $14,673
 $1,843
 $13,972
 $1,755
 $14,673
 $1,843
Capital Preferred Return Fund, LP 56,541
 12,186
 54,147
 11,670
 58,148
 12,532
 54,147
 11,670
Growth Partners, LP 57,706
 19,210
 58,372
 19,432
 59,886
 19,937
 58,372
 19,432
CP I, LP 1,001
 107
 919
 99
 1,001
 107
 919
 99
Total consolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments $130,015
 $33,358
 $128,111
 $33,044
 $133,007
 $34,331
 $128,111
 $33,044


(2)
The carrying value represents investments in 229226 and 235 funds (primarily venture capital funds) at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, where our ownership interest is typically less than 5% of the voting interests of each such fund and in which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the partnerships' operating activities and financial policies. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities which eliminated the concept of cost method accounting. On a prospective basis we will carry our unconsolidated venture capital and private equity fund investments at fair value based on the fund investments' net asset values per share as obtained from the general partners of the funds. We will adjust the net asset value per share for differences between our measurement date and the date of the fund investment’s net asset value by using the most recently available financial information from the investee general partner, for example, DecemberMarch 31st, for our March 31June 30stth consolidated financial statements, adjusted for any contributions paid, distributions received from the investment, and significant fund transactions or market events during the reporting period. We recorded a cumulative adjustment to opening retained earnings on January 1, 2018 for the difference between fair value and cost for these fund investments. The estimated fair value and carrying value of these venture capital and private equity fund investments was $205.7211.1 million as of March 31,June 30, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, these investments were carried at cost and had a carrying value of $98.5 million.

(3)
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities which eliminated the concept of cost method accounting. On a prospective basis we will report our other investments in the line item "Other investments without a readily determinable fair value". These investments include direct equity investments in private companies. The carrying value is based on the price at which the investment was acquired plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments. We consider a range of factors when adjusting the fair value of these investments, including, but not limited to, the term and nature of the investment, local market conditions, values for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, exit strategies, financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment and a discount for certain investments that have lock-up restrictions or other features that indicate a discount to fair value is warranted. For further details on the carrying value of these investments refer to Note 6—“Investment Securities" of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

(4)Investments classified as other equity securities (fair value accounting) represent shares held in public companies as a result of exercising public equity warrant assets and direct public equity investments in public companies held by our consolidated funds. Effective January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities which requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. Prior to January 1, 2018 we reported equity securities in public companies that we held as a result of exercising public equity warrant assets in available-for-sale securities. On a prospective basis, these equity securities will be reported in non-marketable and other equity securities.


(5)
The following table shows the carrying value and amount attributable to SVBFG of each investment at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (equity method accounting):
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG Carrying value (as reported) Amount attributable to SVBFG
Venture capital and private equity fund investments:                
Strategic Investors Fund II, LP $5,653
 $5,321
 $6,342
 $5,971
 $5,003
 $4,692
 $6,342
 $5,971
Strategic Investors Fund III, LP 18,480
 14,974
 18,758
 15,211
 18,858
 15,266
 18,758
 15,211
Strategic Investors Fund IV, LP 27,408
 23,244
 25,551
 21,739
 29,152
 24,657
 25,551
 21,739
Strategic Investors Fund V, LP 20,497
 10,761
 16,856
 8,849
 21,247
 11,155
 16,856
 8,849
CP II, LP (i) 6,797
 4,114
 6,700
 4,056
 6,792
 4,110
 6,700
 4,056
Other venture capital and private equity fund investments 19,094
 10,604
 15,602
 8,849
 21,786
 11,862
 15,602
 8,849
Total venture capital and private equity fund investments $97,929
 $69,018
 $89,809
 $64,675
 $102,838
 $71,742
 $89,809
 $64,675
Debt funds:                
Gold Hill Capital 2008, LP (ii) $15,978
 $15,978
 $18,690
 $18,690
 $11,153
 $11,153
 $18,690
 $18,690
Other debt funds 2,906
 2,906
 2,493
 2,493
 3,062
 3,062
 2,493
 2,493
Total debt funds $18,884
 $18,884
 $21,183
 $21,183
 $14,215
 $14,215
 $21,183
 $21,183
Other investments:                
SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. $76,384
 $76,384
 $75,337
 $75,337
 $75,837
 $75,837
 $75,337
 $75,337
Other investments 35,731
 35,731
 35,861
 35,861
 35,589
 35,589
 35,861
 35,861
Total other investments $112,115
 $112,115
 $111,198
 $111,198
 $111,426
 $111,426
 $111,198
 $111,198
 
(i)Our ownership includes direct ownership of 1.3 percent and indirect ownership interest of 3.8 percent through our investments in Strategic Investors Fund II, LP.
(ii)Our ownership includes direct ownership interest of 11.5 percent in the fund and an indirect interest in the fund through our investment in Gold Hill Capital 2008, LLC of 4.0 percent.

Volcker Rule
On June 6, 2017, we received notice that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System approved the Company’s application for an extension of the permitted conformance period for the Company’s investments in “illiquid” covered funds. The approval extends the deadline by which the Company must sell, divest, restructure or otherwise conform such investments to the provisions of the Volcker Rule until the earlier of (i) July 21, 2022, or (ii) the date by which each fund matures by its terms or is otherwise conformed to the Volcker Rule.
As implemented under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Volcker Rule prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, a banking entity, such as the Company, from sponsoring or investing in covered funds, defined to include many venture capital and private equity funds.  As noted above, the Company currently maintains certain investments deemed to be prohibited investments in “illiquid” covered funds, which are now covered under the approved extension. As of March 31,June 30, 2018, such prohibited investments had an estimated aggregate carrying value and fair value of approximately $250$258 million. (For more information about the Volcker Rule, see “Business—Supervision and Regulation” under Part 1, Item 1 of our 2017 Form 10-K.)
Loans
Loans, net of unearned income increased by $1.5$2.9 billion to $24.6$26.0 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $23.1 billion at December 31, 2017. Unearned income was $158$165 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and $148 million at December 31, 2017. Total gross loans were $24.7$26.2 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018, an increase of $1.4$2.9 billion, compared to $23.3 billion at December 31, 2017. Period-end loans increased compared to December 31, 2017, driven primarily by loan growth in our private equity/venture capital portfolio as well as from our hardware and life science/healthcare and private bank loan portfolios.

The breakdown of total gross loans and total loans as a percentage of total gross loans by industry sector is as follows:
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Amount Percentage  Amount Percentage  Amount Percentage  Amount Percentage 
Commercial loans:                
Software/internet $6,270,957
 25.3% $6,232,725
 26.8% $6,291,788
 24.0% $6,232,725
 26.8%
Hardware 1,349,241
 5.5
 1,200,900
 5.2
 1,281,433
 4.9
 1,200,900
 5.2
Private equity/venture capital 11,221,849
 45.4
 9,961,121
 42.8
 12,233,005
 46.8
 9,961,121
 42.8
Life science/healthcare 1,998,776
 8.1
 1,867,960
 8.0
 2,158,336
 8.3
 1,867,960
 8.0
Premium wine 188,982
 0.8
 204,257
 0.9
 198,809
 0.8
 204,257
 0.9
Other 227,301
 0.9
 379,431
 1.6
 329,260
 1.2
 379,431
 1.6
Total commercial loans 21,257,106
 86.0
 19,846,394
 85.3
 22,492,631
 86.0
 19,846,394
 85.3
Real estate secured loans:                
Premium wine 676,978
 2.7
 670,112
 2.9
 686,241
 2.6
 670,112
 2.9
Consumer 2,359,197
 9.5
 2,297,857
 9.9
 2,477,871
 9.5
 2,297,857
 9.9
Other 41,832
 0.2
 42,230
 0.2
 41,477
 0.2
 42,230
 0.2
Total real estate secured loans 3,078,007
 12.4
 3,010,199
 13.0
 3,205,589
 12.3
 3,010,199
 13.0
Construction loans 59,728
 0.2
 69,108
 0.3
 65,286
 0.2
 69,108
 0.3
Consumer loans 350,911
 1.4
 328,452
 1.4
 397,276
 1.5
 328,452
 1.4
Total gross loans $24,745,752
 100.0
 $23,254,153
 100.0
 $26,160,782
 100.0
 $23,254,153
 100.0
Loan Concentration
The following table provides a summary of gross loans by size and category. The breakout of the categories is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of March 31,June 30, 2018:
 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) 
Less than
Five Million
 
Five to Ten
Million
 
Ten to Twenty
Million
  Twenty to Thirty Million Thirty Million or More Total 
Less than
Five Million
 
Five to Ten
Million
 
Ten to Twenty
Million
  Twenty to Thirty Million Thirty Million or More Total
Commercial loans:                        
Software/internet $1,549,358
 $926,800
 $1,530,738
 $1,352,229
 $911,832
 $6,270,957
 $1,539,475
 $1,008,935
 $1,632,610
 $1,311,264
 $799,504
 $6,291,788
Hardware 262,451
 170,572
 224,410
 332,792
 359,016
 1,349,241
 280,723
 156,107
 222,416
 335,955
 286,232
 1,281,433
Private equity/venture capital 740,731
 1,008,422
 1,789,050
 1,155,793
 6,527,853
 11,221,849
 805,821
 979,953
 1,720,124
 1,395,524
 7,331,583
 12,233,005
Life science/healthcare 314,739
 472,583
 568,110
 386,707
 256,637
 1,998,776
 304,936
 468,496
 579,664
 437,771
 367,469
 2,158,336
Premium wine 63,851
 33,517
 57,169
 34,445
 
 188,982
 66,605
 31,382
 41,388
 59,434
 
 198,809
Other 147,506
 13,433
 31,634
 
 34,728
 227,301
 218,862
 16,769
 58,901
 
 34,728
 329,260
Commercial loans 3,078,636
 2,625,327
 4,201,111
 3,261,966
 8,090,066
 21,257,106
 3,216,422
 2,661,642
 4,255,103
 3,539,948
 8,819,516
 22,492,631
Real estate secured loans:                        
Premium wine 153,162
 188,354
 224,008
 111,454
 
 676,978
 166,024
 183,678
 225,818
 110,721
 
 686,241
Consumer 2,044,570
 240,575
 74,052
 
 
 2,359,197
 2,120,801
 257,917
 99,153
 
 
 2,477,871
Other 7,700
 
 13,999
 20,133
 
 41,832
 7,635
 
 33,842
 
 
 41,477
Real estate secured loans 2,205,432
 428,929
 312,059
 131,587
 
 3,078,007
 2,294,460
 441,595
 358,813
 110,721
 
 3,205,589
Construction loans 17,947
 31,376
 10,405
 
 
 59,728
 12,257
 39,472
 13,557
 
 
 65,286
Consumer loans 139,078
 34,757
 62,207
 78,474
 36,395
 350,911
 144,545
 45,198
 50,204
 120,974
 36,355
 397,276
Total gross loans $5,441,093
 $3,120,389
 $4,585,782
 $3,472,027
 $8,126,461
 $24,745,752
 $5,667,684
 $3,187,907
 $4,677,677
 $3,771,643
 $8,855,871
 $26,160,782
At March 31,June 30, 2018, gross loans equal to or greater than $20 million to any single client (individually or in the aggregate) totaled $11.6$12.6 billion, or 47.248.3 percent of our total gross loan portfolio. These loans represented 295318 clients, and of these loans, $31.1$28.2 million were on nonaccrual status as of March 31,June 30, 2018.

The following table provides a summary of gross loans by size and category. The breakout of the categories is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of December 31, 2017:
  December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Less than Five Million Five to Ten Million Ten to Twenty Million  Twenty to Thirty Million Thirty Million or More Total
Commercial loans:            
Software/internet $1,558,717
 $974,959
 $1,545,194
 $1,190,247
 $963,608
 $6,232,725
Hardware 258,586
 138,254
 253,978
 217,425
 332,657
 1,200,900
Private equity/venture capital 697,427
 807,596
 1,617,121
 1,142,818
 5,696,159
 9,961,121
Life science/healthcare 321,738
 450,445
 576,926
 313,656
 205,195
 1,867,960
Premium wine 60,663
 37,845
 64,062
 32,423
 9,264
 204,257
Other 149,825
 23,096
 103,989
 25,599
 76,922
 379,431
Commercial loans 3,046,956
 2,432,195
 4,161,270
 2,922,168
 7,283,805
 19,846,394
Real estate secured loans:            
Premium wine 150,563
 187,272
 220,062
 89,561
 22,654
 670,112
Consumer loans 1,989,973
 224,825
 83,059
 
 
 2,297,857
Other 7,763
 
 14,134
 20,333
 
 42,230
Real estate secured loans 2,148,299
 412,097
 317,255
 109,894
 22,654
 3,010,199
Construction loans 12,178
 34,029
 
 22,901
 
 69,108
Consumer loans 146,395
 49,921
 17,120
 78,742
 36,274
 328,452
Total gross loans $5,353,828
 $2,928,242
 $4,495,645
 $3,133,705
 $7,342,733
 $23,254,153
At December 31, 2017, gross loans equal to or greater than $20 million to any single client (individually or in the aggregate) totaled $10.5 billion, or 45.345.1 percent of our total gross loan portfolio. These loans represented 277 clients, and of these loans, $52.1 million were on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2017.
The credit profile of our loan portfolio clients varies based on the nature of the lending we do for different market segments. Our three main market segments include (i) technology (software/internet and hardware) and life science/healthcare, (ii) private equity/venture capital, and (iii) SVB Private Bank.
(i) Technology and Life Science/Healthcare
Our technology and life science/healthcare loan portfolios include loans to clients at all stages of their life cycles and represent the largest segments of our loan portfolio. The primary underwriting method for our technology and life science/healthcare portfolios are classified as investor dependent, balance sheet dependent or cash flow dependent.
Investor dependent loans represent a relatively small percentage of our overall portfolio at 11 percent of total gross loans at both March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. These loans are made to companies in both our Accelerator (early-stage) and Growth practices. Investor dependent loans typically have modest or negative cash flows and no established record of profitable operations. Repayment of these loans may be dependent upon receipt by borrowers of additional equity financing from venture capital firms or others, or in some cases, a successful sale to a third party or an IPO. Venture capital firms may provide financing selectively, at reduced amounts, or on less favorable terms, which may have an adverse effect on our borrowers' ability to repay their loans to us. When repayment is dependent upon the next round of venture investment and there is an indication that further investment is unlikely or will not occur, it is often likely that the company would need to be sold to repay debt in full. If reasonable efforts have not yielded a likely buyer willing to repay all debt at the close of the sale or on commercially viable terms, the account will most likely be deemed to be impaired.
Balance sheet dependent loans, which includes asset-based loans, represented 9 percent of total gross loans at March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to 10 percent at December 31, 2017. Balance sheet dependent loans are structured to require constant current asset coverage (i.e. cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and, to a much lesser extent, inventory) in an amount that exceeds the outstanding debt. These loans are generally made to companies in our Growth and Corporate Finance practices. Our asset-based lending, which includes working capital lines and accounts receivable financing, both represented two percent of total gross loans as of March 31,June 30, 2018, and both represented three percent of total gross loans at December 31, 2017. The repayment of these arrangements is dependent on the financial condition, and payment ability, of third parties with whom our clients do business.
Cash flow dependent loans, which include sponsored buyout lending, represented 1918 percent of total gross loans at both March 31,June 30, 2018, andcompared to 19 percent at December 31, 2017. Cash flow dependent loans require the borrower to maintain cash flow from operations that is sufficient to service all debt. Borrowers must demonstrate normalized cash flow in excess

of all fixed

charges associated with operating the business. Sponsored buyout loans represented nineeight percent of total gross loans at both March 31,June 30, 2018 andcompared to nine percent at December 31, 2017. These loans are typically used to assist a select group of experienced private equity sponsors with the acquisition of businesses, are larger in size, and repayment is generally dependent upon the cash flows of the acquired company. The acquired companies are typically established, later-stage businesses of scale and characterized by reasonable levels of leverage and loan structures that include meaningful financial covenants. The sponsor's equity contribution is often 50 percent or more of the acquisition price.

(ii) Private Equity/Venture Capital
We also provide financial services to clients in the private equity/venture capital community. At March 31,June 30, 2018, our lending to private equity/venture capital firms and funds represented 4547 percent of total gross loans, compared to 43 percent of total gross loans at December 31, 2017. The vast majority of this portfolio consists of capital call lines of credit, the repayment of which is dependent on the payment of capital calls by the underlying limited partner investors in the funds managed by these firms. These facilities are generally governed by meaningful financial covenants oriented towards ensuring that the funds' remaining callable capital is sufficient to repay the loan, and larger commitments (typically provided to larger private equity funds) are often secured by an assignment of the general partner's right to call capital from the fund's limited partner investors.

(iii) SVB Private Bank
Our SVB Private Bank clients are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support. Our lending to SVB Private Bank clients represented 11 percent of total gross loans at both March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Many of these clients have mortgages, which represented 8786 percent of this portfolio at March 31,June 30, 2018; the balance of this portfolio consisted of home equity lines of credit, restricted stock purchase loans, capital call lines of credit, and other secured and unsecured lending.

State Concentrations
Approximately 30 percent and 1011 percent of our outstanding total gross loan balances as of March 31,June 30, 2018 were to borrowers based in California and New York, respectively, compared to 31 percent and 10 percent as of December 31, 2017. Other than California and New York, there are no states with gross loan balances greater than 10 percent.

See generally “Risk Factors–Credit Risks” set forth under Part I, Item 1A in our 2017 Form 10-K.

Credit Quality Indicators
As of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our total criticized loans and impaired loans both represented four percent of our total gross loans. Criticized and impaired loans to early-stage clients represented 2018 percent and 22 percent of our total criticized and impaired loan balances at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Loans to early-stage clients represent a relatively small percentage of our overall portfolio at six percent of total gross loans at March 31,June 30, 2018. It is common for an early-stage client’s remaining liquidity to fall temporarily below the threshold for a pass-rated credit during its capital-raising period for a new round of funding. Based on our experience, for most early-stage clients, this situation typically lasts one to two quarters and generally resolves itself with a subsequent round of venture funding, though there are exceptions, from time to time. As a result, we expect that each of our early-stage clients will reside in our criticized portfolio during a portion of their life cycle.

Credit Quality and Allowance for Loan Losses
Nonperforming assets consist of loans on nonaccrual status, loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest, and Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) and other foreclosed assets. We measure all loans placed on nonaccrual status for impairment based on the fair value of the underlying collateral or the net present value of the expected cash flows. The table below sets forth certain data and ratios between nonperforming loans, nonperforming assets and the allowance for loan losses:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Gross nonaccrual, past due, and restructured loans:        
Nonaccrual loans $116,667
 $119,259
 $124,842
 $119,259
Loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest 7
 191
 462
 191
Total nonperforming loans 116,674
 119,450
 125,304
 119,450
OREO and other foreclosed assets 
 
 
 
Total nonperforming assets $116,674
 $119,450
 $125,304
 $119,450
Performing TDRs $68,462
 $71,468
 $42,408
 $71,468
Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total gross loans 0.47% 0.51% 0.48% 0.51%
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets 0.22
 0.23
 0.22
 0.23
Allowance for loan losses $274,294
 $255,024
 $286,709
 $255,024
As a percentage of total gross loans 1.11% 1.10% 1.10% 1.10%
As a percentage of total gross nonperforming loans 235.09
 213.50
 228.81
 213.50
Allowance for loan losses for nonaccrual loans $44,261
 $41,793
 $53,677
 $41,793
As a percentage of total gross loans 0.18% 0.18% 0.21% 0.18%
As a percentage of total gross nonperforming loans 37.94
 34.99
 42.84
 34.99
Allowance for loan losses for total gross performing loans $230,033
 $213,231
 $233,032
 $213,231
As a percentage of total gross loans 0.93% 0.92% 0.89% 0.92%
As a percentage of total gross performing loans 0.93
 0.92
 0.90
 0.92
Total gross loans $24,745,752
 $23,254,153
 $26,160,782
 $23,254,153
Total gross performing loans 24,629,078
 23,134,703
 26,035,478
 23,134,703
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments (1) 52,823
 51,770
 54,104
 51,770
As a percentage of total unfunded credit commitments 0.31% 0.30% 0.29% 0.30%
Total unfunded credit commitments (2) $17,170,802
 $17,462,537
 $18,728,360
 $17,462,537
 
 
 
(1)The “allowance for unfunded credit commitments” is included as a component of other liabilities and any provision is included in the “provision for credit losses” in the statement of income. See “Provision for credit losses” for a discussion of the changes to the allowance.
(2)Includes unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit.

Our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total gross loans increased one basis point to 1.11remained flat at 1.10 percent at March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to 1.10 percentDecember 31, 2017 reflective of a decrease in reserves for performing loans of three basis points, offset by an increase in reserves for nonaccrual loans of three basis points.
Our allowance for loan losses for performing loans was $233.0 million at June 30, 2018, compared to $213.2 million at December 31, 2017. The $19.8 million increase of one basis pointin reserves for performing loans was reflective primarily of thean increase in our allowancereserves of $26.5 million for performing loans asperiod-end loan growth of $2.9 billion, partially offset by a percentagedecrease in reserves of total gross loans which increased by one basis point to 0.93 percent at March 31, 2018. The one basis point increase was reflective primarily of higher qualitative reserves$12.5 million for our performing loans from certain reserve methodology enhancements made to our qualitative reserve for large loan portfolio.exposure as a result of growth within our higher credit quality private equity/venture capital loan portfolios.
Our allowance for loan losses for nonaccrual loans was $44.3$53.7 million at March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $41.8 million at December 31, 2017. The $2.5$11.9 million increase in the allowance for nonaccrual loans included $11.5$34.5 million of new nonaccrual loan reserves, partially offset by $9.0$11.0 million of charge-offs and $11.6 million of reserve releases. New nonaccrual loan reserves of $11.5$34.5 million were mostly attributable to our software/internet loan portfolio.

The following table presents a summary of changes in nonaccrual loans for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017: 
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Balance, beginning of period $119,259
 $118,979
 $116,667
 $138,764
 $119,259
 $118,979
Additions 21,803
 34,324
 28,960
 22,015
 50,763
 56,339
Paydowns (17,248) (4,327) (16,411) (17,789) (33,659) (22,116)
Charge-offs (7,112) (10,211) (4,467) (22,817) (11,579) (33,028)
Other reductions (35) (1) 
 (1) (35) (2)
Balance, end of period $116,667
 $138,764
 $124,749
 $120,172
 $124,749
 $120,172
Our nonaccrual loans as of March 31,June 30, 2018 included $92.7$102.1 million from fiveseven clients (three(six software/internet clients represent $62.6 million, one life science/healthcare client represents $18.8$91.2 million and one hardware client represents $11.3$11.0 million). Two of these loans are sponsored buyout loans that were added to our nonaccrual portfolio in 2015, another is a Corporate Finance client that was added during 2016, and the remaining twothree are loans from our Growth practice (one added during 2017 and the otherremaining were added during the first quarter of 2018). The total credit exposure for these fiveseven largest nonaccrual loans is $93.0$102.5 million, for which we have specifically reserved $30.9$41.6 million.
Average nonaccrual loans for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 were $111.6$127.4 million and $119.5 million, respectively, compared to $125.4$128.9 million and $127.1 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods. The $13.8$1.5 million decrease in average nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 compared to March 31,June 30, 2017 was primarily from our software/internet and life science/healthcare loan portfolios, partially offset by an increase in our hardware loan portfolio. If the nonaccrual loans had not been impaired, $1.9$2.1 million and $4.0 million in interest income would have been recorded for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $1.8$2.1 million and $3.9 million for the comparable 2017 period.periods.
Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets
A summary of accrued interest receivable and other assets at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is as follows:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018
December 31, 2017 % Change       June 30, 2018
December 31, 2017 % Change      
Foreign exchange spot contract assets, gross $255,779
 $208,738
 22.5 % $206,289
 $208,738
 (1.2)%
Derivative assets, gross (1) 249,243
 232,152
 7.4
 249,505
 232,152
 7.5
Accrued interest receivable 152,261
 141,773
 7.4
 169,649
 141,773
 19.7
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stock 60,514
 60,020
 0.8
 58,864
 60,020
 (1.9)
Net deferred tax assets 59,581
 63,845
 (6.7) 75,286
 63,845
 17.9
Accounts receivable 47,977
 55,946
 (14.2) 57,740
 55,946
 3.2
Other assets 161,168
 113,772
 41.7
 167,091
 113,772
 46.9
Total accrued interest receivable and other assets $986,523
 $876,246
 12.6
 $984,424
 $876,246
 12.3
 
 
(1)See “Derivatives” section below.
Foreign Exchange Spot Contract Assets
Foreign exchange spot contract assets represent unsettled client trades at the end of the period. The increase of $47.0 million was due primarily to an overall increase in activity at period-end as compared to December 31, 2017.
Accrued Interest Receivable
The increase of $10.5$27.9 million in accrued interest receivable was primarily reflective of the strong growth of our loans. Period-end loan balances were $24.6$26.0 billion, an increase of $1.5$2.9 billion, or 6.412.5 percent, as compared to MarchDecember 31, 2017.
Net Deferred Tax Assets
The increase of $11.4 million in net deferred tax assets was primarily due to the decrease in the fair value of AFS securities, an increase the allowance for loan losses and the recognition of tax over book gains on warrant exercises. The increase in net deferred tax assets was partially offset by an increase in the deferred tax liability as a result of the change in book accounting following the adoption of ASU 2016-01.


Other
Other includes various asset amounts for other operational transactions. The increase of $47.4$53.3 million was primarily due to a $45.2$34.7 million increase in warrant receivables relatedcurrent tax receivable due to the salepayment in excess of our Roku shares during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

current quarter's tax provision. Prepaid assets also increased $11.7 million primarily due to the annual timing of prepaid software agreement renewals.
Derivatives
Derivative instruments are recorded as a component of other assets and other liabilities on the balance sheet. The following table provides a summary of derivative assets and liabilities, net at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 % Change  June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 % Change 
Assets:            
Equity warrant assets $135,669
 $123,763
 9.6 % $143,725
 $123,763
 16.1 %
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts 108,504
 96,636
 12.3
 99,358
 96,636
 2.8
Client interest rate derivatives 5,070
 11,753
 (56.9) 6,422
 11,753
 (45.4)
Total derivative assets $249,243
 $232,152
 7.4
 $249,505
 $232,152
 7.5
Liabilities:            
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts $104,325
 $96,641
 8.0
 $84,672
 $96,641
 (12.4)
Client interest rate derivatives 13,369
 11,940
 12.0
 12,532
 11,940
 5.0
Total derivative liabilities $117,694
 $108,581
 8.4
 $97,204
 $108,581
 (10.5)
Equity Warrant Assets
In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain rights to acquire stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. At March 31,June 30, 2018, we held warrants in 1,9291,967 companies, compared to 1,868 companies at December 31, 2017. Warrants in 1315 companies each had values greater than $1.0 million and collectively represented $31.0$38.6 million, or 22.926.8 percent, of the fair value of the total warrant portfolio at March 31,June 30, 2018. The change in fair value of equity warrant assets is recorded in gains on equity warrant assets, net, in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income. The following table provides a summary of transactions and valuation changes for equity warrant assets for the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017: 
 Three months ended March 31, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Balance, beginning of period $123,763
 $131,123
 $135,669
 $124,233
 $123,763
 $131,123
New equity warrant assets 5,099
 4,073
 4,299
 3,419
 9,398
 7,492
Non-cash changes in fair value, net 10,186
 (632) 11,012
 8,270
 19,469
 7,294
Exercised equity warrant assets (2,457) (9,697) (6,429) (3,601) (7,179) (13,030)
Terminated equity warrant assets (922) (634) (826) (571) (1,726) (1,129)
Balance, end of period $135,669
 $124,233
 $143,725
 $131,750
 $143,725
 $131,750

Foreign Exchange Forward and Foreign Currency Option Contracts
We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts with clients involved in foreign activities, either as the purchaser or seller, depending upon the clients’ needs. For each forward or option contract entered into with our clients, we enter into an opposite way forward or option contract with a correspondent bank, which mitigates the risk of fluctuations in currency rates. We also enter into forward contracts with correspondent banks to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to certain foreign currency denominated instruments. Net gains and losses on the revaluation of foreign currency denominated instruments are recorded in the line item “Other” as part of noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income. We have not experienced nonperformance by any of our counterparties and therefore have not incurred any related losses. Further, we anticipate performance by all counterparties. Our net exposure for foreign exchange forward and foreign currency option contracts, net of cash collateral, was $4.2$41.4 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and zero$65.6 million at December 31, 2017. For additional information on our foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign currency option contracts, see Note 9—“Derivative Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Client Interest Rate Derivatives
We sell interest rate contracts to clients who wish to mitigate their interest rate exposure. We economically reduce the interest rate risk from this business by entering into opposite way contracts with correspondent banks. Our net exposure for client interest rate derivative contracts, net of cash collateral, was zero$3.7 million at both March 31,June 30, 2018 and $11.7 million at December 31, 2017. For additional information on

our client interest rate derivatives, see Note 9—“Derivative Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Deposits
Deposits were $45.9$48.9 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018, an increase of $1.6$4.6 billion, or 3.810.5 percent, compared to $44.3 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in deposits was driven primarily by funds coming from both new and existing clients in our technology early-stage and our life sciences portfolios during the three months ended March 31, 2018 due to a healthy equity funding environment across a majority of our market segments with robust activities in the IPO and secondary public offering markets andas well as strong new client acquisition. Our SVB Global, Private Equity Division and Life Sciences market segments were the leading contributors to growth in deposits for the second half of 2018.
At March 31,June 30, 2018, the aggregate balance of time deposit accounts individually equal to or greater than $100,000 totaled $35$57 million, compared to $41 million at December 31, 2017. At March 31,June 30, 2018, all of the time deposit accounts individually equal to or greater than $100,000 were scheduled to mature within one year. No material portion of our deposits has been obtained from a single depositor and the loss of any one depositor would not materially affect our business. Approximately 15 percent and 14 percent of our total deposits at both March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, were from our clients in Asia.
Short-Term Borrowings
We had $1.1$0.4 billion in short-term borrowings at March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $1.0 billion at December 31, 2017. On March 30,June 29, 2018, we borrowed a total of $1.1$0.4 billion from our overnight credit facilities to support the short-term liquidity needs of Silicon Valley Bank (the "Bank").the Bank. These borrowings were repaid, subsequent to quarter-end, on AprilJuly 2, 2018.
Long-Term Debt
Our long-term debt was $695.7$696.0 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and $695.5 million at December 31, 2017. As of March 31,June 30, 2018, long-term debt included our 3.50% Senior Notes and 5.375% Senior Notes. For more information on our long-term debt, see Note 8—“Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Other Liabilities
A summary of other liabilities at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is as follows:
(Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 % Change   June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 % Change  
Foreign exchange spot contract liabilities, gross $384,486
 $202,807
 89.6
 $269,228
 $202,807
 32.8
Accrued compensation 61,175
 167,531
 (63.5) 111,717
 167,531
 (33.3)
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments 52,823
 51,770
 2.0
 54,103
 51,770
 4.5
Derivative liabilities, gross (1) 117,694
 108,581
 8.4
 97,204
 108,581
 (10.5)
Other 590,482
 381,066
 55.0
 530,139
 381,066
 39.1
Total other liabilities $1,206,660
 $911,755
 32.3
 $1,062,391
 $911,755
 16.5
 
 
(1)
See “Derivatives” section above.
Foreign Exchange Spot Contract Liabilities
Foreign exchange spot contract liabilities represent unsettled client trades at the end of the period. The increase of $181.7$66.4 million was due primarily to increased client trade activity at period-end as compared to December 31, 2017.
Accrued Compensation
Accrued compensation includes amounts for our Incentive Compensation Plan, Direct Drive Incentive Compensation Plan, Retention Program, Warrant Incentive Plan, ESOP and other compensation arrangements. The decrease of $106.4$55.8 million was primarily the result of the payout of our 2017 incentive compensation plans during the first quarter of 2018, partially offset by

higher compensation incentive plan accruals for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 reflective primarily due to theof our strong full-year expected performance as well as an increase in the number of average FTEs forduring the first quarterhalf of 2018.

Other
Other includes various accrued liability amounts for other operational transactions. The increase of $209.4$149.1 million was reflective primarily of a $98.5$107.8 million increase in unsettled fixed income investment securities purchases, a $62.3$60.2 million increase in current taxes payable andnew commitments for our qualified affordable tax credit funds, partially offset by a $55.8$16.7 million increasedecrease in FXforeign currency unsettled trade liabilityliabilities at March 31,June 30, 2018 as compared to December 31, 2017.
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests totaled $144.3$147.2 million and $139.6 million at March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The $4.7$7.6 million increase was due primarily to income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $13.1$22.3 million, partially offset by net distributions of $8.4$14.7 million to limited partners from various managed funds of funds for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018.
Fair Value Measurements
The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) Total Balance   Level 3      Total Balance   Level 3      Total Balance   Level 3      Total Balance   Level 3     
Assets carried at fair value $10,669,987
 $132,507
 $11,481,237
 $122,250
 $10,191,403
 $138,754
 $11,481,237
 $122,250
As a percentage of total assets 19.9% 0.2% 22.4% 0.2% 18.2% 0.2% 22.4% 0.2%
Liabilities carried at fair value $117,694
 $
 $108,581
 $
 $97,204
 $
 $108,581
 $
As a percentage of total liabilities 0.2% % 0.2% % 0.2% % 0.2% %
As a percentage of assets carried at fair value   1.2%   1.1%   1.4%   1.1%
Financial assets valued using Level 3 measurements consist of our non-marketable investment securities in shares of private company stock and equity warrant assets (rights to shares of private and public company capital stock). The valuation methodologies of our non-marketable securities carried under fair value accounting and equity warrant assets involve a significant degree of management judgment. Refer to Note 15—“Fair Value of Financial Instruments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report for a summary of the valuation techniques and significant inputs used for each class of Level 3 assets.
The inherent uncertainty in the process of valuing securities for which a ready market does not exist may cause our estimated values of these securities to differ significantly from the values that would have been derived had a ready market for the securities existed, and those differences could be material. The timing and amount of changes in fair value, if any, of these financial instruments depend upon factors beyond our control, including the performance of the underlying companies, fluctuations in the market prices of the preferred or common stock of the underlying companies, general volatility and interest rate market factors, and legal and contractual restrictions. The timing and amount of actual net proceeds, if any, from the disposition of these financial instruments depend upon factors beyond our control, including investor demand for IPOs, levels of M&A activity, legal and contractual restrictions on our ability to sell, and the perceived and actual performance of portfolio companies. All of these factors are difficult to predict and there can be no assurances that we will realize the full value of these securities, which could result in significant losses. See “Risk Factors” set forth in our 2017 Form 10-K.
During the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, the Level 3 assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis experienced net realized and unrealized gains of $18.7$18.2 million and $36.9 million, respectively, primarily due to realizedreflective of valuation increases from our public and unrealizedprivate company warrant portfolios and net gains realized on equityexercised warrant assets due primarily to IPO and M&A and IPO activity. During the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2017, the Level 3 assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis experienced net realized and unrealized gains of $6.6$10.4 million and $17.1 million, respectively, primarily due toreflective of valuation increases from our public and private company warrant portfolios and net gains realized on exercised warrant assets due to IPO and M&A activity.

Capital Resources
We maintain an adequate capital base to support anticipated asset growth, operating needs and credit and other business risks, and to provide for SVB Financial and the Bank to be in compliance with all regulatory capital guidelines. Our primary sources of new capital include retained earnings and proceeds from the sale and issuance of our capital stock or other securities. In consultation with the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, management engages in regular capital planning processes in an effort to optimize the use of capital available to us and to appropriately plan for our future capital needs. The capital plan considers capital needs for the foreseeable future and allocates capital to both existing and future business activities. Expected future use or activities for which capital may be set aside include balance sheet growth and associated relative increases in market or credit exposure, investment activity, potential product and business expansions, acquisitions and strategic or infrastructure investments. In addition, we conduct capital stress tests as part of our annual capital planning process. The capital stress tests allow us to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy and interest rates on our capital adequacy position.
SVBFG Stockholders’ Equity
SVBFG stockholders’ equity totaled $4.4$4.7 billion at March 31,June 30, 2018, an increase of $236$477.9 million, or 5.611.4 percent, compared to $4.2 billion at December 31, 2017. This increase was due primarily to net income of $195$432.8 million for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and a net increase to equity of $68.8 million related to the adoption of new accounting guidance partially offset by a decrease in the fair value of our AFS securities portfolio of $42.1$52.9 million, net of tax, driven by increases in period-end market interest rates.
Funds generated through retained earnings are a significant source of capital and liquidity and are expected to continue to be so in the future.
Capital Ratios
Both SVB Financial and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies.
Regulatory capital ratios for SVB Financial and the Bank exceeded minimum federal regulatory guidelines for a well-capitalized depository institution as of March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Capital ratios for SVB Financial and the Bank, compared to the minimum regulatory ratios applicable to bank holding companies and banks to be considered “well capitalized” and “adequately capitalized”, are set forth below:
     Minimum Ratios under Applicable Regulatory Capital Adequacy Requirements     Minimum Ratios under Applicable Regulatory Capital Adequacy Requirements
 March 31,
2018
 December 31, 2017 
“Well
Capitalized”
 
“Adequately 
Capitalized” 
 June 30,
2018
 December 31, 2017 
“Well
Capitalized”
 
“Adequately 
Capitalized” 
SVB Financial:                
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio 12.87% 12.78% 6.5% 4.5% 12.92% 12.78% 6.5% 4.5%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio 13.06
 12.97
 8.0
 6.0
 13.10
 12.97
 8.0
 6.0
Total risk-based capital ratio 13.99
 13.96
 10.0
 8.0
 14.03
 13.96
 10.0
 8.0
Tier 1 leverage ratio 8.67
 8.34
 N/A  
 4.0
 8.81
 8.34
 N/A  
 4.0
Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (1) 8.25
 8.16
 N/A  
 N/A  
 8.34
 8.16
 N/A  
 N/A  
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio (1) 12.65
 12.77
 N/A  
 N/A  
 12.68
 12.77
 N/A  
 N/A  
Bank:                
CET 1 risk-based capital ratio 11.90% 12.06% 6.5% 4.5% 11.76% 12.06% 6.5% 4.5%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio 11.90
 12.06
 8.0
 6.0
 11.76
 12.06
 8.0
 6.0
Total risk-based capital ratio 12.88
 13.04
 10.0
 8.0
 12.72
 13.04
 10.0
 8.0
Tier 1 leverage ratio 7.69
 7.56
 5.0
 4.0
 7.72
 7.56
 5.0
 4.0
Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (1) 7.41
 7.47
 N/A  
 N/A  
 7.39
 7.47
 N/A  
 N/A  
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio (1) 11.68
 11.98
 N/A  
 N/A  
 11.52
 11.98
 N/A  
 N/A  
 
 
 
(1)See below for a reconciliation of non-GAAP tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets.

Capital ratios (CET 1, tier 1, and total risk-based capital) for SVB Financial increased as of March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to the same ratios as of December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of the adoption of new accounting guidance that resulted in a net increase in capital of $68.8 million. This increase in capital from the adoption of the new accounting guidance, in addition to net income of $195.0$432.8 million, more than offset the increases in risk-weighted assets primarily attributable to our robust loan growth

for the first quarterhalf of 2018. Overall, excluding

the impact of the adoption of new accounting guidance, SVB Financial Group's risk-based capital ratios would have decreased as of March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to the same ratios as of December 31, 2017.
Capital ratios (CET 1, tier 1, and total risk-based capital) for the Bank decreased as of March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to the same ratios as of December 31, 2017. The decrease in the Bank's capital ratios reflected $25.0$55.0 million of cash dividends paid by the Bank to our bank holding company, SVB Financial, during the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018.
Both SVB Financial and the Bank's tier 1 leverage ratios increased as of March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to December 31, 2017, due to proportionally higher capital from net income to average assets growth during the first quartersecond of 2018. All of our reported capital ratios remain above the levels considered to be “well capitalized” under applicable banking regulations.
The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio and the tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratios are not required by GAAP or applicable bank regulatory requirements. However, we believe these ratios provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our capital levels. Our management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these ratios in evaluating the adequacy of the Company’s capital levels; however, these financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. These ratios are calculated by dividing total SVBFG stockholders' equity, by total period-end assets and risk-weighted assets, after reducing both amounts by acquired intangibles, if any. The manner in which this ratio is calculated varies among companies. Accordingly, our ratio is not necessarily comparable to similar measures of other companies.
The following table provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures with financial measures defined by GAAP for SVB Financial and the Bank for the periods ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
 SVB Financial Bank SVB Financial Bank
Non-GAAP tangible common equity and tangible assets
(Dollars in thousands, except ratios)
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
 June 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
 June 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
GAAP SVBFG stockholders’ equity $4,415,446
 $4,179,795
 $3,900,094
 $3,762,542
 $4,657,653
 $4,179,795
 $4,068,918
 $3,762,542
Tangible common equity $4,415,446
 $4,179,795
 $3,900,094
 $3,762,542
 $4,657,653
 $4,179,795
 $4,068,918
 $3,762,542
GAAP total assets $53,500,787
 $51,214,467
 $52,622,450
 $50,383,774
 $55,867,745
 $51,214,467
 $55,035,371
 $50,383,774
Tangible assets $53,500,787
 $51,214,467
 $52,622,450
 $50,383,774
 $55,867,745
 $51,214,467
 $55,035,371
 $50,383,774
Risk-weighted assets $34,903,720
 $32,736,959
 $33,396,675
 $31,403,489
 $36,727,118
 $32,736,959
 $35,326,564
 $31,403,489
Tangible common equity to tangible assets 8.25% 8.16% 7.41% 7.47% 8.34% 8.16% 7.39% 7.47%
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets 12.65
 12.77
 11.68
 11.98
 12.68
 12.77
 11.52
 11.98
The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio decreased for the Bank primarily as a result of the $25.0$55.0 million in cash dividends paid by the Bank to our bank holding company, SVB Financial Group, during the first quarter ofsix months ended June 30, 2018. The tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets ratio decreased for both SVB Financial and the Bank. The decrease was a result of the proportionally higher increase in risk-weighted assets relative to the increase in tangible common equity. The growth in period-end risk-weighted assets was primarily due to period-end loan growth and higher investment balances driven by increases in deposits.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, we use financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commercial and standby letters of credit and commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity fund investments. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk. Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss because other parties to the financial instrument fail to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract. For details of our commitments to extend credit, and commercial and standby letters of credit, please refer to Note 13—“Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Commitments to Invest in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds
Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we make investments. We make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, which in turn make investments generally in, or in some cases make loans to, privately-held companies. Commitments to invest in these funds are generally made for a 10-year period from the inception of the fund. Although the limited partnership agreements governing these investments typically do not restrict the general partners from calling 100% of committed capital in one year, it is customary for these funds to generally call most of the capital commitments over 5 to 7 years; however in certain cases, the funds may not call 100% of committed capital over the life of the

fund. The actual timing of future cash requirements to fund these commitments is generally dependent upon the investment cycle, overall market conditions, and the nature and type of industry in which the privately held companies operate.
For further details on our commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds, refer to Note 13—“Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Liquidity
The objective of liquidity management is to ensure that funds are available in a timely manner to meet our financial obligations, including, as necessary, paying creditors, meeting depositors’ needs, accommodating loan demand and growth, funding investments, repurchasing securities and other operating or capital needs, without incurring undue cost or risk, or causing a disruption to normal operating conditions.
We regularly assess the amount and likelihood of projected funding requirements through a review of factors such as historical deposit volatility and funding patterns, present and forecasted market and economic conditions, individual client funding needs, and existing and planned business activities. Our Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”), which is a management committee, provides oversight to the liquidity management process and recommends policy guidelines for the approval of the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, and courses of action to address our actual and projected liquidity needs. Additionally, we routinely conduct liquidity stress testing as part of our liquidity management practices.
Our deposit base is, and historically has been, our primary source of liquidity. Our deposit levels and cost of deposits may fluctuate from time to time due to a variety of factors, including market conditions, prevailing interest rates, changes in client deposit behaviors, availability of insurance protection, and our offering of deposit products. We may also offer more investment alternatives for our off-balance sheet products which may impact deposit levels. At March 31,June 30, 2018, our period-end total deposit balances were $45.9$48.9 billion, compared to $44.3 billion at December 31, 2017.
Our liquidity requirements can also be met through the use of our portfolio of liquid assets. Our definition of liquid assets includes cash and cash equivalents in excess of the minimum levels necessary to carry out normal business operations, short-term investment securities maturing within one year, available-for-sale securities eligible and available for financing or pledging purposes with a maturity in excess of one year and anticipated near-term cash flows from investments.
We have certain facilities in place to enable us to access short-term borrowings on a secured (using loans and AFS securities as collateral) and an unsecured basis. These include repurchase agreements and uncommitted federal funds lines with various financial institutions. We also pledge securities to the FHLB of San Francisco and the discount window at the Federal Reserve Bank. The fair value of collateral pledged to the FHLB of San Francisco (comprised primarily of loans and U.S. Treasury securities) at March 31,June 30, 2018 totaled $3.8 billion, of which $3.1$3.4 billion was unused and available to support additional borrowings. The fair value of collateral pledged at the discount window of the FRB (comprised primarily of U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. agency debentures) at March 31,June 30, 2018 totaled $1.0$0.9 billion, all of which was unused and available to support additional borrowings.
On a stand-alone basis, SVB Financial’s primary liquidity channels include dividends from the Bank, its portfolio of liquid assets, and its ability to raise debt and capital. Consistent with recent prior quarters, the Bank has paid a quarterly dividend to SVB Financial. For the three and six months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, the dividend amount paid was $25.0 million.$30 million and $55 million, respectively. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends is subject to certain regulations described in “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Restriction on Dividends” under Part I, Item 1 of our 2017 Form 10-K.
Consolidated Summary of Cash Flows
Below is a summary of our average cash position and statement of cash flows for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 and 2017. For further details, see our “Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
 Three months ended March 31, Six months ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017
Average cash and cash equivalents $3,114,232
 $2,857,614
 $2,997,338
 $3,562,811
Percentage of total average assets 5.9% 6.3% 5.6% 7.7%
Net cash provided by operating activities $348,404
 $111,937
 $347,380
 $396,721
Net cash used for investing activities (2,396,653) (461,417) (4,570,107) (2,019,530)
Net cash provided by financing activities 1,744,558
 1,599,409
 4,011,753
 2,931,303
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents $(303,691) $1,249,929
 $(210,974) $1,308,494

Average cash and cash equivalents increaseddecreased by $0.2$0.6 billion, or 9.015.9 percent, to $3.1$3.0 billion for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, compared to $2.9$3.6 billion for the comparable 2017 period.
Cash provided by operating activities was $348.4$347.4 million for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, reflective primarily of net income before noncontrolling interests of $208.0 million.$455.1 million, partially offset by net decreases in adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash.
Cash used for investing activities of $2.4$4.6 billion for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018 was driven by $2.3$4.5 billion in purchases of fixed income investment securities partially offset by $1.4$2.7 billion of proceeds from maturities and principal paydowns from our fixed income investment securities portfolio. Additionally, $1.5$2.9 billion in cash outflows were used to fund loan growth during the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018.
Cash provided by financing activities was $1.7$4.0 billion for the threesix months ended March 31,June 30, 2018, reflective primarily of a net increase of $1.7$4.6 billion in deposits.deposits partially offset by a decrease of $0.6 billion in our short-term overnight borrowings.
Cash and cash equivalents were $2.6$2.7 billion and $3.8$3.9 billion, respectively, at March 31,June 30, 2018 and March 31,June 30, 2017.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk Management
Market risk is defined as the risk of adverse fluctuations in the market value of financial instruments due to changes in market interest rates. Interest rate risk is our primary market risk and can result from timing and volume differences in the repricing of our rate-sensitive assets and liabilities, widening or tightening of credit spreads, changes in the general level of market interest rates and changes in the shape and level of the benchmark LIBOR/SWAP yield curve. Additionally, changes in interest rates can influence the rate of principal prepayments on mortgage securities, which affects the rate of amortization of purchase premiums and discounts. Other market risks include foreign currency exchange risk, equity price risk, including the effect of competition on product pricing. While all of these risks are important considerations, all are inherently difficult to predict, and it is equally difficult to assess the impact of each on the overall simulation results. Consequently, simulations used to analyze sensitivity of net interest income to interest rate risk will differ from actual results due to differences in the timing, frequency, and magnitude of changes in market rates, the impact of competition, fluctuating business conditions, and the impact of strategies taken by management to mitigate these risks.
Interest rate risk is managed by our ALCO. ALCO reviews the sensitivity of the market valuation on earning assets and funding liabilities and 12-month forward looking net interest income from changes in interest rates, structural changes in investment and funding portfolios, loan and deposit activity and current market conditions. Adherence with relevant metrics included in our Interest Rate Risk Policy, which is approved by the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors, is monitored on an ongoing basis.
Management of interest rate risk is carried out primarily through strategies involving our fixed income securities portfolio, available funding channels and capital market activities. In addition, our policies permit the use of off-balance sheet derivatives to assist in managing interest rate risk.
We utilize a simulation model to perform sensitivity analysis on the economic value of our equity and our net interest income under a variety of interest rate scenarios, balance sheet forecasts and business strategies. The simulation model provides a dynamic assessment of interest rate sensitivity embedded within our balance sheet which measures the potential variability in economic value and net interest income relating solely to changes in market interest rates over time. We review our interest rate risk position and sensitivity to market rates on a quarterly basis at a minimum.    

Model Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis
A specific application of our simulation model involves measurement of the impact of changes in market interest rates on our economic value of equity (“EVE”). EVE is defined as the market value of assets, less the market value of liabilities, adjusted for any off-balance sheet items, if any. Another application of the simulation model measures the impact of changes in market interest rates on our net interest income (“NII”) assuming a static balance sheet as of the period-end reporting date. Meaning, the size and composition of earning assets and funding liabilities are held constant over the simulation horizon. Simulated cash flows during the scenario horizon are assumed to be replaced as they occur, which restores the balance sheet to its original size and composition. More specifically, with respect to earning assets, loan maturities, principal maturities, paydowns and calls on investments are added back as replacement balances as they occur during the simulation horizon. Yield and spread assumptions on cash and investment balances reflect current market rates. Yield and spread assumptions on loans reflect recent market impacts on product pricing. Similarly, we make certain deposit decay rate assumptions on demand deposits and interest bearing deposits, which are replenished to hold the level and mix of funding liabilities constant. Changes in market interest rates that affect us are principally short-term interest rates and include the following benchmark indexes: (i) National and SVB Prime rates, (ii) 1-month and 3-month LIBOR, and (iii) the Federal Funds target rate. Changes in these short-term rates impact interest earned on our variable rate loans, variable rate investment securities and balances held as cash and cash equivalents. Additionally, simulated changes in deposit pricing relative to changes in market rates, commonly referred to as deposit beta, generally follow overall changes in short-term interest rates, although actual changes may lag in terms of timing and magnitude. Overall, the assumed weighted deposit beta on interest bearing deposits is approximately 35.0 percent, which means deposit repricing is assumed to be approximately 35.0 percent of a given change in short-term interest rates. This repricing is reflected as a change in interest expense on interest bearing deposit balances.
The following table presents our EVE and NII sensitivity exposure related to an instantaneous and sustained parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 basis pointsbps at March 31,June 30, 2018 and at December 31, 2017:
Change in interest rates (basis points) (Dollars in thousands) Estimated Estimated Increase/(Decrease) in EVE Estimated Estimated Increase/(Decrease) in NII
EVE Amount Percent NII Amount Percent
March 31, 2018:            
Change in interest rates (bps) (Dollars in thousands) Estimated Estimated Increase/(Decrease) in EVE Estimated Estimated Increase/(Decrease) in NII
EVE Amount Percent NII Amount Percent
June 30, 2018:            
200 $8,471,867
 $640,102
 8.2 % $2,072,326
 $423,341
 25.7 % $8,785,908
 $373,102
 4.4 % $2,203,720
 $407,219
 22.7 %
100 8,172,790
 341,025
 4.4
 1,858,116
 209,131
 12.7
 8,582,937
 170,131
 2.0
 1,991,979
 195,478
 10.9
 7,831,765
 
 
 1,648,985
 
 
 8,412,806
 
 
 1,796,501
 
 
-100 7,435,646
 (396,119) (5.1) 1,418,070
 (230,915) (14.0) 8,079,862
 (332,944) (4.0) 1,549,652
 (246,849) (13.7)
-200 6,685,390
 (1,146,375) (14.6) 1,225,008
 (423,977) (25.7) 7,258,778
 (1,154,028) (13.7) 1,311,789
 (484,712) (27.0)
                        
December 31, 2017:                        
200 $8,091,107
 $805,624
 11.1 % $1,885,885
 $400,127
 26.9 % $8,091,107
 $805,624
 11.1 % $1,885,885
 $400,127
 26.9 %
100 7,716,066
 430,583
 5.9
 1,683,742
 197,984
 13.3
 7,716,066
 430,583
 5.9
 1,683,742
 197,984
 13.3
 7,285,483
 
 
 1,485,758
 
 
 7,285,483
 
 
 1,485,758
 
 
-100 6,637,588
 (647,895) (8.9) 1,252,063
 (233,695) (15.7) 6,637,588
 (647,895) (8.9) 1,252,063
 (233,695) (15.7)
-200 5,718,401
 (1,567,082) (21.5) 1,108,712
 (377,046) (25.4) 5,718,401
 (1,567,082) (21.5) 1,108,712
 (377,046) (25.4)
Economic Value of Equity
The estimated EVE in the preceding table is based on a combination of valuation methodologies including a discounted cash flow analysis and a multi-path lattice based valuation. Both methodologies use publicly available market interest rates to determine discounting factors on projected cash flows. The model simulations and calculations are highly assumption-dependent and will change regularly as the composition of earning assets and funding liabilities change (including the impact of changes in the value of interest rate derivatives, if any), as interest rate environments evolve, and as we change our assumptions in response to relevant market conditions, competition or business circumstances. These calculations do not reflect forecast changes in our balance sheet or changes we may make to reduce our EVE exposure as a part of our overall interest rate risk management strategy.
As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain limitations are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the preceding table. We are exposed to yield curve risk, prepayment risk, basis risk, and yield spread compression, which cannot be fully modeled and expressed using the above methodology. Accordingly, the results in the preceding table should not be relied upon as a precise indicator of actual results in the event of changing market interest rates. Additionally, the resulting EVE and NII estimates are not intended to represent, and should not be construed to represent our estimate of the underlying value of equity or forecast of NII.

Our base case EVE as of March 31,June 30, 2018 increased from December 31, 2017 by $546 million,$1.1 billion, driven by changes in balance sheet composition as well as rising interest rates. At March 31,June 30, 2018, as compared to December 31, 2017, total loan balances increased by $1.5$2.9 billion primarily in Prime-based variable rate loans. Total fixed income securities also increased by $0.8$1.7 billion due to purchases of fixed rate long maturity instruments such as pass-through mortgage-backed securities and municipal debt securities combined with run-off of shorter maturity U.S. Treasury securities. Additionally, total deposits increased by $1.6$4.6 billion.
Marginally higher LIBOR/swap rates in the 3- to 24-month tenors continue to drive a relatively flat yield curve compared to December 31, 2017. These higher rates contributed $349 million ofto the $546 million$1.1 billion total change in base EVE, mainly impacting the market value of deposits. Increased holdings ofContinued investment in 30-year pass-through mortgage-backed securities and municipal securities resulted in a $90$261 million decrease in EVE sensitivity in the +100 bps rate shock scenario. Compared to December 31, 2017, EVE in the -100 and -200 bps rate shock scenarios increased $252$315 million and $421$413 million, respectively. This represents a decrease in the sensitivity, primarily due to changes in the investment portfolio composition described above.
12-Month Net Interest Income Simulation
Our estimated 12-month NII forecast at March 31,June 30, 2018 increased from December 31, 2017 by $163$311 million, primarily due to increased balances of higher yielding loans and investments as described in the EVE section above. As rates rise, the proportionately greater amounts ofinterest income on assets that are tied to variable rate indexes, primarily our variable rate loans, are expected to benefit our base 12-month NII projections. In addition, the 12-month NII simulations include repricing assumptions on our interest bearing deposit products which are appliedwe set at our discretion based on client needs and our overall funding mix. Repricing of interest bearing deposits impacts estimated interest expense. As noted previously, repricing deposit rates are generally assumed to be less than one-half of the amount of simulated changes in short-term market interest rates.
At June 30, 2018, our NII sensitivity, at March 31, 2018which is measured as the percentage change in 12-month forward net interest income earned in various interest rate scenarios compared to a base scenario where interest rates remain unchanged, decreased to 10.9 percent in the +100 andbps interest rate scenario compared to 13.3 percent at December 31, 2017. Our NII sensitivity in the +200 bps interest rate shock scenarios increased $11 million and $23 million, respectively, asscenario declined to 22.7 percent compared to 26.9 percent at December 31, 2017. These changes are due primarily toThe slight decline in NII sensitivity is the changingresult of an increase in the composition of longer duration securities in our fixed income portfolio. Despite the balance sheet as noted above. Specifically, a relative increasedecrease in NII sensitivity in rising interest rate scenarios, the current level of variable rate loans, coupled with a higherlarge proportion of non-interest bearing deposit balances is expected to result in an increased NII result in a rising rate environment. NII sensitivity in the -100 bps scenario of negative 13.7 percent was also lower at June 30, 2018 compared to negative 15.7 percent at December 31, 2017. The -200 bps scenario currently indicates a greater percentage change in NII at June 30, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. This is the result of the impact of a full -200 bps decline in the rate scenario. At December 31, 2017, the -200 bps scenario was floored at zero percent, and therefore only produced a drop in rates of approximately 150 bps.
The simulation model used in the above analysis incorporates embedded floors on loans, where present, in our interest rate scenarios, which prevent model benchmark rates from moving below zero percent in the down rate scenarios. The embedded floors are also a factor in the up rate scenarios to the extent a simulated increase in rates is needed before floored rates are cleared. In addition, we assume different deposit balance decay rates for each interest rate scenario based on a historical deposit study of our clients. These assumptions may change in future periods based on changes in client behavior and at management's discretion. Actual changes in our deposit pricing strategies may differ from our current model assumptions and may have an impact on our actual sensitivity overall.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are the controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, among other things, processes, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of our most recently completed fiscal quarter, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b). Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control
Except as set forth below, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Beginning January 1, 2018, we implemented ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.  Although the new revenue standard is expected to have an immaterial impact on our ongoing net income, we did implement changes to our processes related to revenue recognition and the control activities within them.  These included the development of new policies based on the five-step model provided in the new revenue standard, new training, ongoing contract review requirements, and gathering of information provided for disclosures.


PART II–OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Please refer to Note 16—“Legal Matters” of the “Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There are no material changes to the risk factors set forth in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibit
Number    
 Exhibit Description Incorporated by Reference 
 Filed
 Herewith  
Form File No. Exhibit   Filing Date 
  10-Q 000-15637 10.1 5/10/2016  
          X
          X
          X
101.INS XBRL Instance Document         X
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document         X
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document         X
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document         X
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document         X
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document         X

*Denotes management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement
**The 2006 Equity Incentive Plan is listed as an exhibit to this report to correct an inadvertent error in the hyperlink included in the 2017 Form 10-K exhibit list.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
   SVB Financial Group
  
Date: May 8,August 7, 2018  /s/ DANIEL BECK
   Daniel Beck
   Chief Financial Officer
   (Principal Financial Officer)
  
   SVB Financial Group
  
Date: May 8,August 7, 2018  /s/ KAMRAN HUSAIN
   Kamran Husain
   Chief Accounting Officer
   (Principal Accounting Officer)

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