UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

________________________________________________________________________________________
Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 20212022
or
Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Transition Period From ______ to ______ .
Commission File Number: 001-33093

lgnd-20220331_g1.jpg

LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware77-0160744
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
3911 Sorrento Valley Boulevard,5980 Horton Street, Suite 110405
San DiegoEmeryville
CA9212194608
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(858) 550-7500
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class:
Trading symbol:
Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per shareLGNDThe Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,”




and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)




Large Accelerated FilerAccelerated Filer
Non-Accelerated FilerSmaller Reporting Company
Emerging Growth Company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
As of May 3, 2021,5, 2022, the registrant had 16,652,08016,861,339 shares of common stock outstanding.





LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
QUARTERLY REPORT

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION


2




GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AbbreviationDefinition
20202021 Annual ReportAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, filed with the SEC on February 24, 202128, 2022
2023 Notes$750.0 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior unsecured notes due 2023
Ab InitioAb Initio Biotherapeutics, Inc.
AmgenAmgen, Inc.
ANDAAPACAbbreviated New Drug ApplicationAvista Public Acquisition Corp. II
ASCAccounting Standards Codification
ASUAccounting Standards Update
AziyoAziyo Med, LLC
CECaptisol-enabled
CompanyLigand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, including subsidiaries
CorMatrixCorMatrix Cardiovascular, Inc.
CVRContingent value right
CrystalCrystal Bioscience, Inc.
CStone PharmaceuticalsCStone Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.
CyDexCyDex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Dianomi TherapeuticsDianomi Therapeutics, Inc.
ESPPEmployee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated
FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board
FDAFood and Drug Administration
GAAPGenerally accepted accounting principles in the United States
GileadGilead Sciences, Inc.
GRAGlucagon receptor antagonist
IcagenIcagen, Inc.
INDInvestigational New Drug
LigandLigand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, including subsidiaries
Merger AgreementAgreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 23, 2022, among APAC, Ligand, OmniAb and Merger Sub
Merger SubOrwell Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of APAC
MetabasisMetabasis Therapeutics, Inc.
NDANew Drug Application
OmniAbOmniAb, Inc.
OmniAb BusinessLigand's antibody discovery business
PfenexPfenex Inc.
PfizerPfizer Inc.
Q1 2020The Company's fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2020
Q1 2021The Company's fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2021
Q1 2022The Company's fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2022
SBCShare-based compensation expense
SECSecurities and Exchange Commission
SelexisSeparation AgreementSelexis, SA
sNDASupplemental New Drug Application
TaurusTaurus Biosciences, LLC
TevaTeva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.Separation and Actavis, LLC, collectivelyDistribution Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2022, among APAC, Ligand and OmniAb
TravereTravere Therapeutics, Inc.
VikingViking Therapeutics, Inc.
xCellaxCella Biosciences, Inc.
YTDYear-to-date

3



PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except par value)
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
ASSETS
Current assets:
   Cash and cash equivalents$31,853 $47,619 
   Short-term investments307,354 363,567 
   Accounts receivable, net54,436 56,847 
   Inventory36,932 26,487 
   Income taxes receivable1,145 2,217 
   Other current assets5,708 3,822 
      Total current assets437,428 500,559 
Deferred income taxes, net27,432 24,320 
Intangible assets, net583,785 595,330 
Goodwill190,515 189,662 
Commercial license and other economic rights, net10,451 10,979 
Property and equipment, net16,896 14,434 
Operating lease right-of-use assets7,611 6,892 
Financing lease right-of-use assets17,950 15,842 
Other assets3,053 4,267 
      Total assets$1,295,121 $1,362,285 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
   Accounts payable$9,469 $3,784 
   Accrued liabilities12,110 18,530 
   Current contingent liabilities41,509 39,884 
   Deferred revenue25,107 29,435 
   Current operating lease liabilities2,173 1,885 
   Current financing lease liabilities5,437 6,593 
      Total current liabilities95,805 100,111 
2023 convertible senior notes, net352,313 442,293 
Long-term contingent liabilities9,548 9,249 
Deferred income taxes, net56,812 64,598 
Long-term operating lease liabilities6,081 5,643 
Other long-term liabilities28,722 30,866 
      Total liabilities549,281 652,760 
Commitments and contingencies00
Stockholders' equity:
   Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; 0 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020
   Common stock, $0.001 par value; 60,000 shares authorized; 16,652 and 16,080 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively17 16 
   Additional paid-in capital336,621 318,358 
   Accumulated other comprehensive loss(856)(801)
   Retained earnings410,058 391,952 
      Total stockholders' equity745,840 709,525 
      Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$1,295,121 $1,362,285 
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
   Cash and cash equivalents$14,993 $19,522 
   Short-term investments189,006 321,586 
   Accounts receivable, net41,797 85,453 
   Inventory25,614 27,326 
   Income taxes receivable— 6,193 
   Other current assets4,656 4,671 
      Total current assets276,066 464,751 
Deferred income taxes, net35,655 34,482 
Intangible assets, net539,707 551,040 
Goodwill181,206 181,206 
Commercial license rights, net10,121 10,110 
Property and equipment, net24,584 20,511 
Operating lease right-of-use assets15,783 16,542 
Financing lease right-of-use assets15,620 16,207 
Other assets6,442 2,741 
      Total assets$1,105,184 $1,297,590 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
   Accounts payable$6,972 $8,403 
   Accrued liabilities15,877 17,579 
   Income taxes liability5,800 — 
   Current contingent liabilities1,524 2,588 
   Deferred revenue10,503 10,996 
   Current operating lease liabilities1,850 2,053 
   Current financing lease liabilities52 46 
      Total current liabilities42,578 41,665 
2023 convertible senior notes, net176,540 320,717 
Long-term contingent liabilities7,448 8,483 
Deferred income taxes, net39,480 59,095 
Long-term operating lease liabilities16,758 15,494 
Other long-term liabilities29,188 30,977 
      Total liabilities311,992 476,431 
Commitments and contingencies00
Stockholders' equity:
   Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; zero issued and outstanding at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021— — 
   Common stock, $0.001 par value; 60,000 shares authorized; 16,861 and 16,767 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively17 17 
   Additional paid-in capital325,368 372,969 
   Accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,031)(917)
   Retained earnings468,838 449,090 
      Total stockholders' equity793,192 821,159 
      Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$1,105,184 $1,297,590 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4








LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Three months ended
March 31,
20212020
Revenues:
   Royalties$7,112 $6,565 
   Captisol31,272 21,109 
   Contract revenue16,766 5,487 
Total revenues55,150 33,161 
Operating costs and expenses:
   Cost of Captisol8,153 4,683 
   Amortization of intangibles11,786 3,535 
   Research and development17,879 11,891 
   General and administrative12,617 9,264 
Total operating costs and expenses50,435 29,373 
Income from operations4,715 3,788 
Other income (expense):
   Gain (loss) from short-term investments13,061 (30,741)
   Interest income296 4,730 
   Interest expense(5,831)(8,548)
   Other income (expense), net(6,477)356 
Total other income (loss), net1,049 (34,203)
Income (loss) before income taxes5,764 (30,415)
Income tax benefit12,342 6,284 
Net income (loss)$18,106 $(24,131)
     Basic net income (loss) per share$1.10 $(1.46)
     Shares used in basic per share calculations16,435 16,529 
     Diluted net income (loss) per share$1.05 $(1.46)
     Shares used in diluted per share calculations17,248 16,529 

Three months ended
March 31,
20222021
Revenues:
   Royalties$13,695 $7,112 
   Captisol12,122 31,272 
   Contract revenue19,876 16,766 
Total revenues45,693 55,150 
Operating costs and expenses:
   Cost of Captisol4,699 8,153 
   Amortization of intangibles11,813 11,786 
   Research and development20,307 17,879 
   General and administrative18,180 12,617 
Total operating costs and expenses54,999 50,435 
Income (loss) from operations(9,306)4,715 
Other income (expense):
   Gain (loss) from short-term investments(12,877)13,061 
   Interest income134 296 
   Interest expense(789)(5,831)
   Other income (expense), net2,698 (6,477)
Total other income (loss), net(10,834)1,049 
Income (loss) before income taxes(20,140)5,764 
Income tax benefit4,755 12,342 
Net income (loss)$(15,385)$18,106 
     Basic net income (loss) per share$(0.91)$1.10 
     Shares used in basic per share calculations16,824 16,435 
     Diluted net income (loss) per share$(0.91)$1.05 
     Shares used in diluted per share calculations16,824 17,248 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5






LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

Three months endedThree months ended
March 31,March 31,
2021202020222021
Net income (loss):Net income (loss):$18,106 $(24,131)Net income (loss):$(15,385)$18,106 
Unrealized net loss on available-for-sale securities, net of taxUnrealized net loss on available-for-sale securities, net of tax(55)(2,772)Unrealized net loss on available-for-sale securities, net of tax(114)(55)
Foreign currency translation(1,879)
Comprehensive income (loss)Comprehensive income (loss)$18,051 $(28,782)Comprehensive income (loss)$(15,499)$18,051 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6



LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

Common StockAdditional paid in capitalAccumulated other comprehensive lossRetained earningsTotal stockholders' equity
SharesAmount
Balance at January 1, 202116,080 $16 $318,358 $(801)$391,952 $709,525 
Issuance of common stock under employee stock compensation plans, net572 20,580 — — 20,581 
Share-based compensation— — 8,405 — — 8,405 
Unrealized net loss on available-for-sale securities, net of deferred tax— — — (55)— (55)
Reacquisition of equity due to 2023 debt extinguishment, net of tax— — (9,086)— — (9,086)
Warrant and bond hedge unwind transactions— — 396 — — 396 
Tax effect for 2023 Notes transactions(2,032)(2,032)
Net income— — — — 18,106 18,106 
Balance at March 31, 202116,652 $17 $336,621 $(856)$410,058 $745,840 
Common StockAdditional paid in capitalAccumulated other comprehensive lossRetained earningsTotal stockholders' equity
SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 202116,767 $17 $372,969 $(917)$449,090 $821,159 
ASU 2020-06 adoption, net of tax (Note 1)— — (51,130)— 35,133 (15,997)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock compensation plans, net of shares withheld for payroll taxes94 — (5,515)— — (5,515)
Share-based compensation— — 9,044 — — 9,044 
Unrealized net loss on available-for-sale securities, net of deferred tax— — — (114)— (114)
Net loss— — — — (15,385)(15,385)
Balance at March 31, 202216,861 $17 $325,368 $(1,031)$468,838 $793,192 




Common StockAdditional paid in capitalAccumulated other comprehensive lossRetained earnings (Accumulated deficit)Total stockholders' equity
SharesAmount
Balance at January 1, 202016,823 $17 $367,326 $(216)$400,105 $767,232 
Issuance of common stock under employee stock compensation plans, net105 — (1,008)— — (1,008)
Share-based compensation— — 5,653 — — 5,653 
Repurchase of common stock(878)(1)(73,286)— — (73,287)
Unrealized net gain on available-for-sale securities, net of deferred tax— — — (2,772)— (2,772)
Foreign currency translation adjustment— — — (1,879)— (1,879)
Reacquisition of equity due to 2023 debt extinguishment, net of tax— — (2,745)— — (2,745)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from adoption of ASU 2016-13, net of tax(5,167)(5,167)
Net loss— — — — (24,131)(24,131)
Balance at March 31, 202016,050 $16 $295,940 $(4,867)$370,807 $661,896 
Common StockAdditional paid in capitalAccumulated other comprehensive lossRetained earningsTotal stockholders' equity
SharesAmount
Balance at January 1, 202116,080 $16 $318,358 $(801)$391,952 $709,525 
Issuance of common stock under employee stock compensation plans, net of shares withheld for payroll taxes572 20,580 — — 20,581 
Share-based compensation— — 8,405 — — 8,405 
Unrealized net loss on available-for-sale securities, net of deferred tax— — — (55)— (55)
Warrant and bond hedge unwind transactions— — 396 — — 396 
Reacquisition of equity due to 2023 debt extinguishment, net of tax— — (9,086)— — (9,086)
Tax effect for 2023 Notes transactions— — (2,032)— — (2,032)
Net income— — — — 18,106 18,106 
Balance at March 31, 202116,652 $17 $336,621 $(856)$410,058 $745,840 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7



LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited) (in thousands)
Three months ended
March 31,
20222021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)$(15,385)$18,106 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Change in estimated fair value of contingent liabilities(1,035)1,684 
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets13,655 12,565 
Amortization of premium on investments, net51 150 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance fees326 4,916 
Amortization of commercial license rights(11)528 
Loss (gain) on debt extinguishment(1,532)4,840 
Share-based compensation9,044 8,405 
Deferred income taxes(16,180)(12,408)
Loss (gain) from short-term investments12,877 (13,090)
Other(80)238 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
     Accounts receivable, net43,638 2,411 
     Inventory44 (9,670)
     Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(2,708)470 
     Income tax receivable and payable11,993 1,072 
     Deferred revenue(2,453)(5,695)
     Other assets and liabilities(233)(3,768)
                Net cash provided by operating activities52,011 10,754 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of short-term investments(38,190)(72,148)
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments132,866 109,407 
Proceeds from maturity of short-term investments24,830 31,500 
Cash paid for equity method investment(750)— 
Purchase of property and equipment(4,875)(3,404)
Other— (240)
               Net cash provided by investing activities113,881 65,115 
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repurchase of 2023 Notes(163,356)(108,822)
Payments under financing lease obligations(13)(3,801)
Proceeds from convertible bond hedge settlement— 16,855 
Payments to convertible bond holders for warrant purchases— (16,459)
Net proceeds from stock option exercises and ESPP347 26,493 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards(5,862)(5,901)
Payments to CVR Holders(1,416)— 
Other(121)— 
               Net cash used in financing activities(170,421)(91,635)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(4,529)(15,766)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period19,522 47,963 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$14,993 $32,197 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid$359 $241 
Taxes paid$— $344 
Supplemental schedule of non-cash activity:
Accrued fixed asset purchases$2,574 $87 
Accrued inventory purchases$306 $775 
Unrealized loss on AFS investments$(114)$(55)
(in thousands)
March 31,
20212020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)$18,106 $(24,131)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Change in estimated fair value of contingent liabilities1,684 (372)
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets12,565 3,422 
Amortization of premium (discount) on investments, net150 830 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance fees4,916 7,203 
Amortization of commercial license and other economic rights528 2,958 
Loss (gain) on debt extinguishment4,840 (659)
Share-based compensation8,405 5,653 
Deferred income taxes(12,408)(10,419)
Loss (gain) from short-term investments(13,090)25,456 
Other238 5,668 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
     Accounts receivable, net2,411 (8,398)
     Inventory(9,670)1,251 
     Accounts payable and accrued liabilities470 2,114 
     Income tax receivable and payable1,072 4,081 
     Deferred revenue(5,695)2,215 
     Other(3,768)50 
                Net cash provided by operating activities10,754 16,922 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of short-term investments(72,148)(167,374)
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments109,407 179,431 
Proceeds from maturity of short-term investments31,500 297,005 
Other(3,644)(526)
               Net cash provided by investing activities65,115 308,536 
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repurchase of 2023 Notes(108,822)(203,210)
Payments under financing lease obligations(3,801)
Proceeds from convertible bond hedge settlement16,855 
Payments to convertible bond holders for warrant purchases(16,459)
Net proceeds from stock option exercises and ESPP26,493 421 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards(5,901)(1,429)
Share repurchase(73,287)
Payments to CVR Holders(1,800)
               Net cash used in financing activities(91,635)(279,305)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(169)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(15,766)45,984 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period47,963 72,273 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$32,197 $118,257 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid$241 $597 
Restricted cash in other current assets$344 $730 
Supplemental schedule of non-cash activity:
Accrued fixed asset purchases$87 $63 
Accrued inventory purchases$775 $1,445 
Unrealized loss on AFS investments$(55)$(3,541)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8



LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)



Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “Ligand,” “we,” “us,” the “Company,” and “our” refer to Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries.

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Ligand and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We have included all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which we considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial results. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read together with the audited consolidated financial statements included in our 20202021 Annual Report. Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the prior period condensed consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. Specifically, “contract revenue” and “service revenue” presented in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 have been combined into “contract revenue” in the condensed consolidated statement of operations to conform with the current period presentation.  In addition, “gain (loss) from Viking” and a portion of  “other expense, net” that related to other short-term investments presented in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 have been combined into “gain (loss) from short-term investments” in the condensed consolidated statement of operations to conform with the current period presentation.

Significant Accounting Policies

We have described our significant accounting policies in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 20202021 Annual Report.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

The current COVID-19 worldwide pandemic has presented substantial public health and economic challenges and is affecting our employees and partners, patients, communities and business operations, as well as the U.S. and global economy and financial markets. International and U.S. governmental authorities in impacted regions have taken actions in an effort to slow the spread of COVID-19, including issuing varying forms of “stay-at-home” orders, and restricting business functions outside of one’s home. In response, we have restricted in-person access to our executive offices, our administrative employees are mostly working remotely, and we have limited the number of staff in our research and development laboratories and other facilities. The continued spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken by the governments of countries have affected, and could continue to affect, our business and the business of our partners, including future disruptions to our supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of drug substance and finished drug product for Captisol, delays by us or our partners in the initiation or enrollment of patients in clinical trials, discontinuations by patients enrolled in clinical trials, difficulties launching or commercializing products and other related activities, which could delay ongoing clinical trials, increase development costs, reduce royalty revenues and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Several of our partners have reported that their operations have been impacted including delays in research and development programs and deprioritizing clinical trials in favor of treating patients who have contracted the virus or to prevent the spread of the virus. This may lead to clinical trial protocol deviations or to discontinuation of treatment for patients who are currently enrolled in the clinical trials being conducted by us or our partners. In addition, certain of our partners have reported negative impacts on product sales which will impact our royalty revenues.

9



Some of our partners are working to develop drugs to treat COVID-19. For example, we are supplying Captisol to partners, including Gilead for Veklury (remdesivir), the first FDA-approved treatment for COVID-19 for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization. In addition, certain of our OmniAb partners have initiated antibody discovery programs for the potential treatment of COVID-19.

The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business, the businesses of our partners, our results of operations and our financial condition will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19, the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact, including the timing and extent of governments reopening or further restricting activities, and the economic impact on local, regional, national and international markets.

Accounting Standards Not YetUpdates, Recently Adopted

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. Equity (“ASU 2020-06”). The guidance simplifies the complexity associated with applying U.S. GAAP for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. More specifically, the amendments focus on the guidance for convertible instruments and derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. Consequently, a convertible debt instrument, such as the Company’s 2023 Notes, will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost, if no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives. The new guidance simplifies accountingalso requires the if-converted method to be applied for all convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. This standard removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception and it also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. This standardrequires additional disclosures. ASU 2020-06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and adoption must be as of the beginning of the Company’s annual fiscal year. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. We intend to adopt this standard on January 1, 2022.

We doadopted this guidance effective January 1, 2022 under the modified retrospective approach and the comparative information has not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effectivebeen restated and continues to be presented according to accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would havestandards in effect for those periods. The cumulative effect of the change was recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of adoption and our 2023 Notes are no longer bifurcated into separate liability and equity components. The principal amount of the 2023 Notes is classified as a material impact on oursingle liability measured at amortized cost in the condensed consolidated financial statements or disclosures.balance sheet for the period ended March 31, 2022. Upon adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1 2022, we recorded an adjustment to the 2023 Notes liability component, deferred tax liabilities, additional paid-in-capital and retained earnings. This adjustment was calculated based on the carrying amount of the 2023 Notes as if it had always been treated as a single liability measured at amortized cost. Furthermore, we recorded an adjustment to the debt issuance costs contra liability and equity (additional paid-in-capital) components under the same premise, as if debt issuance costs had always been treated as a contra liability only. Under this transition method, the cumulative effect of the accounting change increased the carrying amount of the 2023 Notes by $20.4 million, reduced deferred tax liabilities by $4.4 million, reduced additional paid-in capital by $51.1 million and increased retained earnings by $35.1 million. The net balance of the 2023 Notes at January 1, 2022 is $341.1 million which includes an unamortized discount of $2.2 million.

Revenue

Our revenue is generated primarily from royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners, Captisol material sales, and contract revenue for services, license fees and development, regulatory and sales based milestone payments.

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We apply the following five-step model in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in order to determine the revenue: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

Royalties

We receive royalty revenue on sales by our partners of products covered by patents that we own.or our partners own under contractual agreements. We do not have future performance obligations under these license arrangements. We generally satisfy our obligation to grant intellectual property rights on the effective date of the contract. However, we apply the royalty recognition constraint required under the guidance for sales-based royalties which requires a sales-based royalty to be recorded whenno sooner than the underlying sale occurs. Therefore, royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners are recognized in the quarter the product is sold. Our partners generally report sales information to us on a one quarter lag. Thus, we estimate the expected royalty proceeds based on an analysis of historical experience and interim data provided by our partners including their publicly announced sales. Differences between actual and estimated royalty revenues, which have not been material, are adjusted for in the period in which they become known, typically the following quarter.

Contract Revenue

Our contract revenue includes service revenue, license fees and future contingent milestone based payments. We recognize service revenue for contracted R&D services performed for our customers over time. We measure our progress using an input method based on the effort we expend or costs we incur toward the satisfaction of our performance obligation. We estimate the amount of effort we expend, including the time we estimate it will take us to complete the activities, or costs we incur in a given period, relative to the estimated total effort or costs to satisfy the performance obligation. This results in a percentage that we multiply by the transaction price to determine the amount of revenue we recognize each period. This approach requires us to make estimates and use judgement. If our estimates or judgements change over the course of the collaboration, they may affect the timing and amount of revenue that we recognize in the current and future periods.

We include contingent milestone based payments in the estimated transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the payment. These estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated results and our best judgment at the time. If the contingent milestone based payment is sales-based, we apply the royalty recognition constraint and record revenue when the underlying sale has taken place. Significant judgments must be made in determining the transaction price for our sales of intellectual property. Because of the risk that products in development with our partners will not reach development based milestones or receive regulatory approval, we generally recognize any contingent payments that would be due to us upon or after the development milestone or regulatory approval.

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Captisol Sales

We recognize revenueRevenue from Captisol sales is recognized when control of Captisol material is transferred or intellectual property license rights are granted to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive from our customers in exchange for those products. This process involves identifying the contract with a customer, determining the performance obligations in the contract, determining the contract price, allocating the contract price to the distinct performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when the performance obligations have been satisfied.products or rights. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and is separately identified in the contract. WeFor Captisol material or intellectual property license rights, we consider aour performance obligation satisfied once we have transferred control of the product or granted the intellectual property rights, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the Captisol material or intellectual property license right. We recognize revenue for satisfied performance obligations only when we determine there are no uncertainties regarding payment terms or transfer of control. We have elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping when or after control over Captisol material has transferred to the customer as an expense in cost of Captisol. Sales tax and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. We have elected to recognize the cost of freight and shipping when control over Captisol material has transferred to the customer as an expense in Cost of Captisol. We expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred if the expected amortization period of the asset that we would have recognized is one year or less or the amount is immaterial. We did not incur any incremental costs of obtaining a contract during the periods reported.

Contract Revenue

Our contracts with customers often include variable consideration in the form of contingent milestone payments. We include contingent milestone payments in the estimated transaction price when it is probable a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. These estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated results and our best judgment at the time. If the contingent milestone payment is based on sales, we apply the royalty recognition constraint and record revenue when the underlying sale has taken place. Significant judgments must be made in determining the transaction price for our sales of intellectual property. Because of the risk that products in development with our partners will not reach development milestones or receive regulatory approval, we generally recognize any contingent payments that would be due to us upon the development milestone or regulatory approval. Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may also defer a portion of the consideration received if we have to satisfy a future obligation, which typically occurs with our contracts for R&D services.

For R&D services we recognize revenue over time and we measure our progress using an input method. The input methods we use are based on the effort we expend or costs we incur toward the satisfaction of our performance obligation. We estimate the amount of effort we expend, including the time it will take us to complete the activities, or the costs we may incur in a given period, relative to the estimated total effort or costs to satisfy the performance obligation. This results in a percentage that we multiply by the transaction price to determine the amount of revenue we recognize each period. This approach requires us to make numerous estimates and use significant judgement. If our estimates or judgements change over the course of the collaboration, they may affect the timing and amount of revenue that we recognize in the current and future periods.

Some customer contracts are sublicenses which require that we make payments to an upstream licensor related to license fees, milestones and royalties which we receive from customers. In such cases, we evaluate the determination of gross revenue as a principal versus net revenue as an agent reporting based on each individual agreement.

Deferred Revenue

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Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may also defer a portion of the consideration received because we have to satisfy a future obligation. We use an observable price to determine the stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations or a cost plus margin approach when one is not available.

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheet. Except for royalty revenue and certain service revenue, we generally receive payment at the point we satisfy our obligation or soon after. Therefore, we do not generally carry aany contract asset balance. Any fees billed in advance of being earned are recorded as deferred revenue. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount recognized as revenue that was previously deferred at December 31, 2020 was $3.7 million, and $7.3 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the amount recognized as revenue that was deferred at December 31, 2019 was $1.0 million.million, respectively.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table represents disaggregation of royalties, Captisol and contract revenue (in thousands):

Three months ended
March 31,
20222021
Royalties
Kyprolis$4,622 $4,287 
Evomela2,701 2,333 
Teriparatide injection2,911 16 
Rylaze1,649 — 
Other1,812 476 
$13,695 $7,112 
Captisol
     Captisol - Core$6,226 $1,253 
     Captisol - COVID(1)
5,896 30,019 
$12,122 $31,272 
Contract revenue
Service Revenue$5,146 $5,462 
License Fees3,086 1,043 
Milestone9,089 8,417 
Other2,555 1,844 
$19,876 $16,766 
Total$45,693 $55,150 
Three months ended
March 31,
20212020
Royalties
Kyprolis$4,287 $4,405 
Evomela2,333 1,576 
Other492 584 
$7,112 $6,565 
Captisol$31,272 $21,109 
Contract revenue
Service Revenue$5,462 $3,357 
License Fees1,043 975 
Milestone8,417 334 
Other1,844 821 
$16,766 $5,487 
Total$55,150 $33,161 

(1) Captisol - COVID represents revenue on Captisol supplied for use in formulation with remdesivir, an antiviral treatment for COVID-19.
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Short-term Investments
Our short-term investments consist of the following at March 31, 20212022 and December 31, 20202021 (in thousands):
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesEstimated fair valueAmortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesEstimated fair value
     Bank deposits$51,232 $25 $(4)$51,253 $84,120 $35 $(1)$84,154 
     Corporate bonds25,853 72 (8)25,917 30,512 99 (1)30,610 
     Agency bonds4,501 (4)4,497 4,499 4,501 
     Commercial paper19,815 19,824 45,459 27 (1)45,485 
     Corporate equity securities4,456 3,736 8,192 4,466 360 (1,388)3,438 
     Mutual fund151,830 53 151,883 151,512 386 151,898 
     Treasury bill3,999 3,999 
     Warrants1,422 1,422 393 393 
$257,687 $5,317 $(16)$262,988 $324,567 $1,302 $(1,391)$324,478 
     Viking common stock44,366 32,763 
     Viking warrants6,326 
Total short-term investments$307,354 $363,567 
Amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesEstimated fair value
March 31, 2022
     Bank deposits$6,231 $— $(50)$6,181 
     Corporate bonds4,899 — (84)4,815 
     Commercial paper— — — — 
     Corporate equity securities5,807 344 (3,043)3,108 
     Mutual fund152,253 — (854)151,399 
US government securities3,245 — (74)3,171 
     Warrants— 187 — 187 
$172,435 $531 $(4,105)$168,861 
      Viking common stock20,145 
Total short-term investments$189,006 
December 31, 2021
     Bank deposits$63,389 $13 $(21)$63,381 
     Corporate bonds29,308 17 (38)29,287 
     Commercial paper36,008 (12)35,998 
     Corporate equity securities5,807 402 (2,027)4,182 
     Mutual fund152,136 — (249)151,887 
     US government securities5,577 — (23)5,554 
     Warrants— 408 — 408 
$292,225 $842 $(2,370)$290,697 
     Viking common stock30,889 
Total short-term investments$321,586 


During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we sold 0.3 million shares of Viking and recognized a realized gain of $2.2 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we exercised all outstanding Viking warrants to purchase 1.5 million shares of Viking's common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share. As of March 31, 2021, we have 0 Viking warrants outstanding.

Gain (loss) from short-term investments in our condensed consolidated statements of operations includes both realized and unrealized gain (loss) from our short-term investments in public equity and warrant securities.

Allowances are recorded for available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses. This limits of the amount of credit losses that can be recognized for available-for-sale debt securities to the amount by which carrying value exceeds fair value and requires the reversal of previously recognized credit losses if fair value increases. The provisions of the credit losses standard did not have a material impact on our available-for-sale debt securities during the three months ended March 31, 2021.2022.

The following table summarizes our available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity (in thousands):

March 31, 2021March 31, 2022
Amortized CostFair ValueAmortized CostFair Value
Within one yearWithin one year$77,913 $77,981 Within one year$10,095 $10,011 
After one year through five yearsAfter one year through five years23,488 23,509 After one year through five years6,523 6,398 
TotalTotal$101,401 $101,490 Total$16,618 $16,409 

Our investment policy is capital preservation and we only investedinvest in U.S.-dollar denominated investments. We held a total of 1113 positions which were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2021.2022. We believe that we will collect the principal and interest due on our debt securities that have an amortized cost in excess of fair value. The unrealized losses are largely due to changes in interest rates and not to unfavorable changes in the credit quality associated with these securities that impacted our assessment on collectability of principal and interest. We do not intend to sell these securities and it is not more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. Accordingly, 0no credit losses were recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2021.2022.
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Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Our accounts receivable arise primarily from sales on credit to customers. We establish an allowance for credit losses to present the net amount of accounts receivable expected to be collected. The allowance is determined by using the loss-rate method, which requires an estimation of loss rates based upon historical loss experience adjusted for factors that are relevant to determining the expected collectability of accounts receivable. Some of these factors include macroeconomic conditions that correlate with historical loss experience, delinquency trends, aging behavior of receivables and credit and liquidity quality indicators for industry groups, customer classes or individual customers. During the three months ended March 31, 2021,2022, we considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions including, but not limited to, the anticipated unfavorable impacts of the surrounding novel coronavirus (COVID-19)COVID-19 pandemic on our business and recorded an adjustment of $0.02$(0.1) million of allowance for credit losses, respectively, as of March 31, 2021.2022.

Inventory

Inventory, which consists of finished goods, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine cost using the first-in, first-out method or the specific identification method.

We analyze our inventory levels periodically and write down inventory to net realizable value if it has become obsolete, has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value or is in excess of expected requirements. There were no write-downs related to obsolete inventory recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. As of March 31, 2022 inventory consists of Captisol prepayments of $21.1 million, and as of December 31, 2021 inventory consists of Captisol prepayments of $24.6 million.

Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):
March 31,December 31,
20212020
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
     Goodwill$190,515 $189,662 
Definite lived intangible assets
     Complete technology277,980 277,740 
          Less: accumulated amortization(67,441)(63,600)
     Trade name2,642 2,642 
          Less: accumulated amortization(1,345)(1,312)
     Customer relationships40,700 40,700 
          Less: accumulated amortization(16,264)(15,597)
     Contractual relationships362,000 362,000 
          Less: accumulated amortization(14,487)(7,243)
Total goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net$774,300 $784,992 

March 31,December 31,
20222021
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
     Goodwill$181,206 $181,206 
Definite lived intangible assets
     Complete technology281,097 280,617 
          Less: accumulated amortization(82,861)(78,991)
     Trade name2,642 2,642 
          Less: accumulated amortization(1,477)(1,444)
     Customer relationships40,700 40,700 
          Less: accumulated amortization(18,934)(18,267)
     Contractual relationships362,000 362,000 
          Less: accumulated amortization(43,460)(36,217)
Total goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net$720,913 $732,246 

Commercial License and Other Economic Rights

Commercial license and other economic rights consist of the following (in thousands):
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Gross
Adjustments(1)
NetGross
Adjustments(2)
Net
Aziyo and CorMatrix$17,696 $(9,530)$8,166 $17,696 $(9,588)$8,108 
Selexis and Dianomi10,602 (8,317)2,285 10,602 (7,731)2,871 
     Total$28,298 $(17,847)$10,451 $28,298 $(17,319)$10,979 

March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Gross
Adjustments(1)
NetGross
Adjustments(2)
Net
Aziyo and CorMatrix$17,696 $(9,456)$8,240 $17,696 $(9,461)$8,235 
Selexis and Dianomi10,602 (8,721)1,881 10,602 (8,727)1,875 
    Total$28,298 $(18,177)$10,121 $28,298 $(18,188)$10,110 
(1) Amounts represent accumulated amortization to principal of $11.9$11.7 million and credit loss adjustments of $6.0$6.5 million as of March 31, 2021.2022.
(2) Amounts represent accumulated amortization to principal of $11.3$11.7 million and credit loss adjustments of $6.0$6.5 million as of December 31, 2020.2021.

Commercial license and other economics rights represent a portfolio of future milestone and royalty payment rights acquired from Selexis, S.A. (Selexis) in April 2013 and April 2015, CorMatrix Cardiovascular, Inc. (CorMatrix) in May 2016, which was later acquired by Aziyo in 2017, and Dianomi Therapeutics, Inc. (Dianomi) in January 2019. Commercial license rights acquired are accounted
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for as financial assets and other economic rights are accounted for as funded research and developments in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables, as further discussed below and in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 20202021 Annual Report.

In May 2017, we entered into a Royalty Agreement with Aziyo pursuant to which we will receive royalties from certain marketed products that Aziyo acquired from CorMatrix. We account for the Aziyo commercial license right as a financial asset, and in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables, we amortize the commercial license right using the effective interest method whereby we forecast expected cash flows over the term of the arrangement to arrive at an annualized effective interest. The annual effective interest associated with the forecasted cash flows from the Royalty Agreement with Aziyo as of March 31, 2021 is 23%. Revenue is calculated by multiplying the carrying value of the commercial license right by the effective interest.
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The payments received during the three months ended March 31, 2021 were accordingly allocated between revenue and the amortization of the commercial license rights.

Prior to 2020, we accounted for commercial license rights related to developmental pipeline products such as Selexis and Dianomi on a non-accrual basis. Starting in 2020, given the expected cash flow from the Selexis program, we started to account for the Selexis commercial license right as a financial asset in accordance with ASC 310, and amortize the commercial license right using the effective interest method whereby we forecast expected cash flows over the term of the arrangement to arrive at an annualized effective interest. The annual effective interest associated with the forecasted cash flows from the royalty agreement with Selexis as of March 31, 2021 is 21%. Revenue is calculated by multiplying the carrying value of the commercial license right by the effective interest. The payments received during the three months ended March 31, 2021 were accordingly allocated between revenue and the amortization of the commercial license rights.

We recorded a $5.5 million pre-tax reserve for credit losses upon adoption of the credit losses standard (ASU 2016-13) on January 1, 2020. We estimated the credit losses at the individual asset level by considering the performance against the programs, the company operating performance and the macroeconomic forecast. In addition, we have judgmentally applied credit loss risk factors to the future expected payments with consideration given to the timing of the payment. Given the higher inherent credit risk associated with longer term receivables, we applied a lower risk factor to the earlier years and progressively higher risk factors to the later years. During the three months ended March 31, 2021,2022, we further considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions surrounding the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and concluded no further adjustment was needed on the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2021.2022.

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
March 31,December 31,March 31,December 31,
2021202020222021
CompensationCompensation$3,347 $8,810 Compensation$3,620 $6,532 
Professional feesProfessional fees958 977 Professional fees3,974 2,046 
Amounts owed to former licenseesAmounts owed to former licensees468 421 Amounts owed to former licensees2,677 630 
Royalties owed to third partiesRoyalties owed to third parties102 693 Royalties owed to third parties— 149 
Return reserveReturn reserve682 687 Return reserve— 2,420 
Acquisition related liabilitiesAcquisition related liabilities1,500 1,500 Acquisition related liabilities— 1,000 
SubcontractorSubcontractor1,034 733 Subcontractor1,757 1,759 
SupplierSupplier788 604 Supplier1,697 848 
Accrued interestAccrued interest1,086 464 Accrued interest394 291 
OtherOther2,145 3,641 Other1,758 1,904 
Total accrued liabilities Total accrued liabilities$12,110 $18,530  Total accrued liabilities$15,877 $17,579 

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense for awards to employees and non-employee directors is a non-cash expense and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period until the last tranche vests.period. The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense recorded as components of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three months endedThree months ended
March 31,March 31,
2021202020222021
SBC - Research and development expensesSBC - Research and development expenses$3,939 $2,397 SBC - Research and development expenses$3,914 $3,939 
SBC - General and administrative expensesSBC - General and administrative expenses4,466 3,256 SBC - General and administrative expenses5,130 4,466 
$8,405 $5,653 $9,044 $8,405 

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The fair-value for options that were awarded to employees and directors was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

Three months endedThree months ended
March 31,March 31,
2021202020222021
Risk-free interest rateRisk-free interest rate0.5%1.4%Risk-free interest rate1.6%0.5%
Dividend yieldDividend yield00Dividend yield
Expected volatilityExpected volatility63%47%Expected volatility50%63%
Expected term5.04.7
Expected term (years)Expected term (years)4.75

A limited amount of performance-based restricted stock units (PSUs) contain a market condition based on our relative total shareholder return ranked on a percentile basis against the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index over a three-year performance period, with a range of 0% to 200% of the target amount granted to be issued under the award. Share-based compensation cost for these PSUs is measured using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model and is not adjusted for the achievement, or lack thereof, of the performance conditions.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-averageweighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed based on the sum of the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed based on the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

Potentially dilutive common shares consist of shares issuable under the 2023 Notes, stock options and restricted stock. The 2023 Notes have a dilutive impact when the average market price of our common stock exceeds the applicablemaximum conversion price of the respective notes.price. It is our intent and policy to settle conversions through combination settlement, which involves payment in cash equal to the principal portion and delivery of shares of common stock for the excess of the conversion value over the principal portion. Potentially dilutive common shares from stock options and restricted stock are determined using the average share price for each period under the treasury stock method. In addition, the following amounts are assumed to be used to repurchase shares: proceeds from exercise of stock options and the average amount of unrecognized compensation expense for the awards. See Note 4, Convertible Senior Notes and Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity.

The following table presents the calculation of weighted average shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands):
Three months ended
March 31,
20212020
Weighted average shares outstanding:16,435 16,529 
Dilutive potential common shares:
     Restricted stock112 
     Stock options701 
Shares used to compute diluted income per share17,248 16,529 
Potentially dilutive shares excluded from calculation due to anti-dilutive effect4,277 10,144 

Three months ended
March 31,
20222021
Weighted average shares outstanding:16,824 16,435 
Dilutive potential common shares:
     Restricted stock— 112 
     Stock options— 701 
Shares used to compute diluted income per share16,824 17,248 
Potentially dilutive shares excluded from calculation due to anti-dilutive effect6,001 4,277 

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, due to the net loss for the period, all of the 0.4 million weighted average equity awards and 1.8 million of potentially dilutive shares in connection with the adoption of ASU 2020-06 were anti-dilutive. Under the new standard, we are required to reflect the dilutive effect of the 2023 Notes by application of the if-converted method.


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2. Segment Information

ASC 280, Segment reporting, establishes annual and interim reporting standards for an enterprise’s operating segments and related disclosures about its products, services, geographic areas and major customers. An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenue and incur expenses, and for which discrete financial information is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance.

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing or acquiring technologies that help pharmaceutical companies discover and develop medicines. Our operating segments are identified in the same manner as they are reported internally and used by our chief operating decision maker for the purpose of evaluating performance and allocating resources. Historically, we have disclosed 1 reportable segment. On March 23, 2022, we entered into the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which APAC will combine with OmniAb, and acquire the OmniAb Business, in a Reverse Morris Trust transaction. Immediately prior to the Merger and pursuant to the Separation Agreement, we will, among other things, transfer the OmniAb Business, including but not limited to the equity interests of Ab Initio Biotherapeutics, Inc., Crystal Bioscience, Inc., Icagen, LLC, Taurus Biosciences, LLC and xCella Biosciences, Inc. to OmniAb (the “Reorganization”) and, in connection therewith, will distribute (the “Distribution”) to Ligand stockholders 100% of the common stock of OmniAb. Immediately following the Distribution, Merger Sub will merge with and into OmniAb (the “Merger”), with OmniAb continuing as the surviving company in the Merger and as a wholly owned subsidiary of APAC.

In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, we have made organizational changes to better align our organizational structure with our strategy and operations, and management has reorganized the reportable segments to better reflect how the business is evaluated by the chief operating decision maker. Beginning in the first quarter of 2022, we operate the following 2 reportable segments: (1) OmniAb business and (2) Ligand core business. The OmniAb business segment is focused on enabling the discovery of therapeutic candidates for our partners by pairing antibody repertoires generated from our proprietary transgenic animals with our OmniAb business platform screening tools. The Ligand core business segment is a biopharmaceutical business focused on developing or acquiring technologies that help pharmaceutical companies deliver and develop medicines.

Our chief operating decision maker relies on internal management reporting processes that provide revenue and operating income by reportable segment for making financial decisions and allocating resources. Segment operating income (loss) represents income (loss) before income taxes, interest income, interest expense, other income (expense), net, unallocated share-based compensation, and unallocated corporate overhead. Our management does not evaluate, manage or measure performance of segments using asset information; accordingly, asset information by segment is not prepared or disclosed.

The following table provides a reconciliation of revenue and operating income by reportable segment to consolidated results and was derived from each segment’s internal financial information as used for corporate management purposes (in thousands):

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Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
OmniAb business revenue
  Royalties$263 $— 
  Contract8,915 8,559 
Total OmniAb business revenue9,178 8,559 
Ligand core business revenue
  Royalties13,432 7,112 
  Captisol - Core6,226 1,253 
  Captisol - COVID5,896 30,019 
  Contract10,961 8,207 
 Total Ligand core business revenue36,515 46,591 
     Total revenue$45,693 $55,150 
Segment operating income (loss)
OmniAb business$(6,189)$(4,604)
Ligand core business9,991 18,446 
Total segment operating income3,802 13,842 
Unallocated corporate items
Shared-based compensation5,657 4,870 
Other corporate expenses7,451 4,257 
  Total unallocated corporate items13,108 9,127 
Income (loss) from operations$(9,306)$4,715 



3. Fair Value Measurements

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents the hierarchy for our assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets:
Short-term investments, excluding Viking(1)
$8,193 $253,373 $1,422 $262,988 $3,438 $320,647 $393 $324,478 
Investment in Viking common stock44,366 44,366 32,763 32,763 
Investment in Viking warrants(2)
6,326 6,326 
     Total assets$52,559 $253,373 $1,422 $307,354 $42,527 $320,647 $393 $363,567 
Liabilities:
Crystal contingent liabilities(3)
$$$800 $800 $$$800 $800 
CyDex contingent liabilities496 496 508 508 
Metabasis contingent liabilities(4)
4,182 4,182 3,821 3,821 
Icagen contingent liabilities(5)
7,439 7,439 6,404 6,404 
Pfenex contingent liabilities(6)
37,900 37,900 37,600 37,600 
xCella contingent liabilities(7)
240 240 
Amounts owed to former licensor73 73 60 60 
     Total liabilities$73 $4,182 $46,875 $51,130 $60 $3,821 $45,312 $49,193 
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets:
Short-term investments, excluding Viking(1)
$6,279 $162,394 $188 $168,861 $9,735 $280,553 $409 $290,697 
Investment in Viking common stock20,145 — — 20,145 30,889 — — 30,889 
     Total assets$26,424 $162,394 $188 $189,006 $40,624 $280,553 $409 $321,586 
Liabilities:
CyDex contingent liabilities$— $— $334 $334 $— $— $349 $349 
Metabasis contingent liabilities(2)
— 2,782 — 2,782 — 3,358 — 3,358 
Icagen contingent liabilities(3)
— — 5,376 5,376 — — 7,364 7,364 
xCella contingent liabilities(4)
— — 480 480 — — — — 
Amounts owed to former licensor75 — — 75 86 — — 86 
     Total liabilities$75 $2,782 $6,190 $9,047 $86 $3,358 $7,713 $11,157 

1.Excluding our investment in Viking, our short-term investments in marketable debt and equity securities are classified as available-for-sale securities based on management's intentions and are at level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, as these investment securities are valued based upon quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Short-term investments in mutual funds are valued at their net asset value (NAV) on the last day of the period. We have classified marketable securities with original maturities of greater than one year as short-term investments based upon our ability and intent to use any and all of those marketable securities to satisfy the liquidity needs of our current operations. In addition, we have investment in warrants resulting from Seelos Therapeutics Inc. milestone payments that were settled in shares during the first quarter of 2019 and are at level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, based on Black Scholes value estimated by management on the last day of the period.
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2.Investment in Viking warrants, which we received as a result of Viking’s partial repayment of the Viking note receivable and our purchase of Viking common stock and warrants in April 2016, are classified as level 1 as the fair value is determined using quoted market prices in active markets for the same securities. The change of the fair value is recorded in "Gain (loss) from short-term investments" in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we exercised all of the outstanding Viking warrants.
3.
The fair value of Crystal contingent liabilities was determined using a probability weighted income approach. Most of the contingent payments are based on development or regulatory milestones as defined in the merger agreement with Crystal. The fair value is subjective and is affected by changes in inputs to the valuation model including management’s estimates regarding the timing and probability of achievement of certain developmental and regulatory milestones. Changes in these estimates may materially affect the fair value.
4.2.In connection with our acquisition of Metabasis in January 2010, we issued Metabasis stockholders 4 tradable CVRs, 1 CVR from each of 4 respective series of CVR, for each Metabasis share. The CVRs entitle Metabasis stockholders to cash payments as frequently as every six months as cash is received by us from proceeds from the sale or partnering of any of the Metabasis drug development programs, among other triggering events. The liability for the CVRs is determined using quoted prices in a market that is not active for the underlying CVR. The carrying amount of the liability may fluctuate significantly based upon quoted market prices and actual amounts paid under the agreements may be materially different than the carrying amount of the liability. Several of the Metabasis drug development programs have been outlicensed to Viking, including VK2809. VK2809 is a novel selective TR-β agonist with potential in multiple indications, including hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, NASH, and X-ALD. Under the terms of the agreement with Viking, we may be entitled to up to $375 million of development, regulatory and commercial milestones and tiered royalties on potential future sales including a $10 million payment upon initiation of a Phase 3 clinical trial. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we adjusted the balance of the Metabasis CVR liability by $0.6 million to mark to market.
5.3.The fair value of Icagen contingent liabilities was determined using a probability weighted income approach. Most of the contingent payments are based on certain revenue milestones as defined in the asset purchase agreement with Icagen. The fair value is subjective and is affected by changes in inputs to the valuation model including management’s estimates regarding the timing and probability of achievement of certain developmental and regulatory milestones. Changes in these estimates may materially affect the fair value. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we paid $1.5 million contingent liability based on revenue milestones to former Icagen shareholders.
6.The fair value of Pfenex contingent liabilities was determined using a probability-adjusted income approach. These cash flows were then discounted to present value using a discount rate based on the market participants' cost of debt reflective of the Company.
7.4.The fair value of xCella contingent liabilities is determined when it is probable that the earnout liability will occur and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Management concluded that no earnout liability would be recognized at the acquisition date in September 2020. InDuring the three months ended March 31, 2021,2022, management recorded an$0.5 million of earnout liability to be allocated to the cost of the acquired assets due to contingencies being met as part of the acquisition agreement.

A reconciliation of the level 3 financial instruments as of March 31, 20212022 is as follows (in thousands):

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Fair value of level 3 financial instruments as of December 31, 20202021$45,312 7,713 
Payments to CVR holders and other contingent payments(1,545)
Fair value adjustments to contingent liabilities1,323 (458)
Contingent liabilities from xCella asset acquisition240480
Fair value of level 3 financial instruments as of March 31, 20212022$46,8756,190 

Assets Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis

We apply fair value techniques on a non-recurring basis associated with valuing potential impairment losses related to our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets.

We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets annually for impairment and whenever circumstances occur indicating that goodwill might be impaired. We determine the fair value of our reporting unit based on a combination of inputs, including the market capitalization of Ligand, as well as Level 3 inputs such as discounted cash flows, which are not observable from the market, directly or indirectly. We determine the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets using the income approach based on Level 3 inputs.

ThereIn connection with the organizational changes to the Company’s reportable segments, we re-allocated goodwill between the 2 identified reporting units (OmniAb business and Ligand core business). We performed a goodwill impairment analysis immediately before and after the allocation of goodwill and concluded no impairment. At March 31, 2022, there were no triggering events identified andindicators of impairment at either of the reporting units.
At March 31, 2022, there were no indicationindicators of impairment of our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets, or long-lived assets during the three months ended March 31, 2021.assets.

3. Acquisitions

Pfenex Acquisition

On October 1, 2020, we acquired Pfenex, which develops next-generation and novel protein therapeutics to improve existing therapies and create new therapies for biological targets linked to critical, unmet diseases using a protein expression technology platform.

The preliminary purchase price of $465.1 million included $429.6 million cash consideration paid upon acquisition, and a contingent CVR payment of up to $77.8 million in cash based on a certain specified milestone with an estimated initial fair value of $37.0 million. The CVR will only be paid in full if the milestone is achieved by December 31, 2021. The amount of the CVR included in the purchase price was reduced by $1.5 million that was determined to be post-combination expense. The fair value of the CVR liability was determined using a probability-adjusted income approach. These cash flows were then discounted to present value using a discount rate based on market participants' cost of debt reflective of the Company, which was 7.1%. The liability is periodically assessed based on events and circumstances related to the underlying milestone, and any change in fair value is recorded in our consolidated statements of operations.

In connection with the acquisition, a portion of Pfenex's equity awards that were outstanding and unvested prior to the acquisition became fully vested per the terms of the merger agreement. The acceleration of vesting required us to allocate the fair value of the equity attributable to pre-combination service to the purchase price and the remaining amount was considered our post-combination expense. We paid $17.3 million in cash for equity compensation, which is attributable to pre-combination services and is reflected as a component of the total purchase price paid of $429.6 million. In addition, the fair value of equity compensation attributable to the post-combination service period was $8.7 million. These amounts were associated with the accelerated vesting of stock options previously granted to Pfenex employees and were fully paid in cash, which was recognized as general and administrative expenses during the fourth quarter of 2020.

The following table sets forth an allocation of the preliminary purchase price to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the excess recorded to goodwill (in thousands):


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Cash$51,407 
Restricted cash200 
Accounts and unbilled receivables1,359 
Property and equipment, net7,823 
Right-of-use asset3,070 
Other assets1,338 
Intangibles acquired385,000 
Goodwill(1)
91,837 
Accounts payable(6,814)
Accrued liabilities(8,455)
Deferred revenue(3,908)
Lease liabilities(3,070)
Other liabilities(1,382)
Deferred tax liabilities, net(53,296)
$465,109 
(1) Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the preliminary fair value of the underlying assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is attributable to the assembled workforce of experienced personnel at Pfenex and expected synergies. NaN of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

Acquired intangibles include $362 million of contractual relationships and $23 million of core technology. The fair values of the contractual relationships were based on the discounted cash flow method that estimated the present value of the potential royalties, milestones, collaboration and product revenue streams derived from the licensing of the related technologies over the estimated contractual relationship period. The fair value of the contractual relationships is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the weighted average estimated useful life of 12.9 years. The fair values of the acquired technologies were based on the discounted cash flow method that estimated the present value of the potential royalties, milestones, collaboration and product revenue streams derived from the licensing of the related technologies over the estimated useful lives. These projected cash flows were discounted to present value using discount rate, which varies from 12% to 15%. The total acquired intangibles are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the weighted average estimated useful life of 13.0 years.

The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including deferred tax assets and liabilities, and purchased intangibles are provisional. The accounting for these amounts falls within the measurement period and therefore we may adjust these provisional amounts to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date.

The following summary presents our unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 as if the Pfenex acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2020, which gives effect to certain transaction accounting adjustments, including amortization of acquired intangibles and share based compensation expense for retained Pfenex employees. The pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have occurred had the acquisition been consummated as of the date indicated, nor is it necessarily indicative of future operating results (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Three Months Ended
March 31, 2020
Revenue$33,843 
Net loss$(37,939)
Net loss per common share:
Basic and diluted$(2.30)

Taurus Acquisition

On September 9, 2020, we acquired Taurus, which discovers and develops novel antibodies from immunized cows and cow-derived libraries. The purchase price of $5.1 million included $4.6 million in cash, and a $0.5 million holdback to satisfy indemnification obligations which will be settled by September 2021. We also issued nontransferable CVRs for up to $4.5 million tied to partnered and internal research and development and for up to $25.0 million as a 25% share of post-clinical Taurus product revenues (including milestone payments) received by us. We evaluated this acquisition in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, to discern whether the assets and operations of Taurus met the definition of a business. We concluded that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in the acquired core technology.
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Accordingly, we accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition. Of the $5.1 million consideration transferred, we recognized (1) $0.05 million of tangible assets acquired, and (2) $5.0 million of core completed technology intangibles acquired. The core technology is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 10 years. We account for the CVRs in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, when the contingency is resolved and the liability becomes payable. NaN of the CVRs are recognized as of March 31, 2021.


xCella Acquisition

On September 8, 2020, we acquired xCella, an antibody discovery company. We paid $7.1 million in cash (including a $0.5 million holdback to satisfy indemnification obligations which will be settled by September 2021), and issued earnout rights for up to $5.0 million tied to our use of the xCella technology for partnered research and development and for up to $25.75 million as a 25% share of any future milestone payments we received under a certain existing xCella partner arrangement. We evaluated this acquisition in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, to discern whether the assets and operations of xCella met the definition of a business. We concluded that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in the acquired core technology. Accordingly, we accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition. Of the $7.1 million consideration transferred, we recognized (1) $0.2 million of tangible assets acquired, (2) $(0.1) million of liabilities assumed, (3) $7.8 million of core completed technology acquired, and (4) $(0.8) million of deferred tax liability. The core technology is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 15 years. We account for the earnout rights in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, when the contingency is resolved and the liability becomes payable. NaN of the earnout rights are recognized as of the acquisition date. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recognized $0.2 million in earnout rights when certain contingencies were resolved during the period.

Icagen Acquisition

On April 1, 2020, we acquired the core assets, including its partnered programs and ion channel technology, from Icagen and certain of its affiliates. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination and we applied the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, we recorded the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the applicable date of acquisition. We did 0t incur any material acquisition-related costs.

The purchase price of $19.9 million included $15.1 million cash consideration paid upon acquisition, and a contingent earn-out payment of up to $25.0 million of cash payments based on certain revenue milestones with an estimated fair value of $4.8 million. The fair value of the earn-out liability was determined using a probability weighted income approach incorporating the estimated future cash flows from expected future milestones. These cash flows were then discounted to present value using a discount rate based on the market participants' cost of debt reflective of Icagen. Refer to Note 2, Fair Value Measurement, for further discussion. The liability will be periodically assessed based on events and circumstances related to the underlying milestones, and any change in fair value will be recorded in our consolidated statements of operations. The carrying amount of the liability may fluctuate significantly and actual amount paid may be materially different than the carrying amount of the liability. There was no change in the fair value of the contingent liabilities during the second quarter of 2020. As the acquisition is not considered significant, pro forma information has not been provided. The results of Icagen have been included in our results of operations since the date of acquisition.

The allocation of the purchase price consisted of (1) $1.8 million of fair value of tangible assets acquired, (2) $(0.8) million of liabilities assumed, (3) $12.8 million of acquired intangibles, (4) $(3.7) million of deferred revenue in connection with assumed performance obligations under a collaboration agreement, (5) $0.8 million of deferred tax asset associated with the deferred revenue, and (6) $9.0 million of goodwill, the majority of which is deductible for tax purposes.

Acquired intangibles include $11.1 million of customer relationships and $1.7 million of core technology. The fair values of the customer relationships were based on a discounted cash flow analysis incorporating the estimated future cash flows from these relationships during the contractual term. These cash flows were then discounted to present value using a discount rate of 17%. The fair value of the customer relationships is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the weighted average estimated useful life of 9.6 years. The fair value of the core technology was based on the discounted cash flow method that estimated the present value of the potential royalties, milestones, and collaboration revenue streams derived from the licensing of the related technologies. These projected cash flows were discounted to present value using a discount rate of 17%. The fair value of the core technology is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 10 years. The total acquired intangibles are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 9.7 years.


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4. Convertible Senior Notes

0.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023

In May 2018, we issued $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.75% convertible senior notes. The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting the initial purchasers' discount and offering expenses, were approximately $733.1 million. The 2023 Notes will be convertible into cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election, based on an initial conversion rate, subject to adjustment, of 4.0244 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the 2023 Notes which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $248.48 per share. The maximum conversion rate of the 2023 Notes is 5.2317 per $1,000 principal amount of the 2023 Notes which represents a maximum conversion price of approximately $191.14.

Holders of the 2023 Notes may convert the notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding November 15, 2022, under any of the following circumstances:
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(1) during any fiscal quarter (and only during such fiscal quarter) commencing after September 30, 2018, if, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading day period ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter, the last reported sale price of our common stock on such trading day is greater than 130% of the conversion price on such trading day;

(2) during the 5 business day period immediately following any 10 consecutive trading day period, in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of notes was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on each such trading day; or

(3) upon the occurrence of certain specified corporate events as specified in the indenture governing the notes.

The notes will have a dilutive effect to the extent the average market price per share of common stock for a given reporting period exceeds the conversion price of $248.48. As of March 31, 2021, the “if-converted value” did not exceed the principal amount of the 2023 Notes. In connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, we incurred $16.9 million of issuance costs, which primarily consisted of underwriting, legal and other professional fees. The portion of these costs allocated to the liability component totaling $13.7 millionfees, is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the five year expected life of the 2023 Notes. Notes, and the effective interest rate as of March 31, 2022 is 0.5%. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 we recognized a total of $0.8 million in interest expense which includes $0.5 million in contractual interest expense and $0.3 million in amortized issuance costs.

It is our intent and policy to settle conversions through combination settlement, which essentially involves payment in cash equal to the principal portion and delivery of shares of common stock for the excess of the conversion value over the principal portion.

In MarchDuring 2021, we repurchased $104.5$152.0 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $109.1$156.0 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.2$0.3 million. After the repurchases, approximately $343.3 million in principal amount of the 2023 Notes were outstanding as of December 31, 2021.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we repurchased $165.8 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $163.7 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.4 million. We accounted for the repurchase as a debt extinguishment, which resulted in (1) a lossgain of $4.8$1.5 million reflected in other income (expense), net, in our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021; (2)2022, and a $9.6$0.9 million reduction in debt discount, and (3) a $9.1 million reduction to additional paid in capital, net of tax, related to the reacquisition of the equity component in our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2021. After the repurchases, approximately $390.8 million in principal amount of the 2023 Notes remain outstanding.discount.

Convertible Bond Hedge and Warrant Transactions

In conjunction with the 2023 Notes, in May 2018, we entered into convertible bond hedges and sold warrants covering 3,018,327 shares of our common stock to minimize the impact of potential dilution to our common stock and/or offset the cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount upon conversion of the 2023 Notes. The convertible bond hedges have an exercise price of $248.48 per share and are exercisable when and if the 2023 Notes are converted. We paid $140.3 million for these convertible bond hedges. If upon conversion of the 2023 Notes, the price of our common stock is above the exercise price of the convertible bond hedges, the counterparties will deliver shares of common stock and/or cash with an aggregate value approximately equal to the difference between the price of common stock at the conversion date and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares of common stock related to the convertible bond hedge transaction being exercised. The convertible bond hedges and warrants described below are separate transactions entered into by us and are not part of the terms of the 2023 Notes. Holders of the 2023 Notes and warrants will not have any rights with respect to the convertible bond hedges.

Concurrently with the convertible bond hedge transactions, we entered into warrant transactions whereby we sold warrants covering approximately 3,018,327 shares of common stock with an exercise price of approximately $315.38 per share, subject to certain adjustments. We received $90.0 million for these warrants. The warrants have various expiration dates ranging from August 15, 2023 to February 6, 2024. The warrants will have a dilutive effect to the extent the market price per share of
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common stock exceeds the applicable exercise price of the warrants, as measured under the terms of the warrant transactions. The common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants will be in unregistered shares, and we do not have the obligation and do not intend to file any registration statement with the SEC registering the issuance of the shares under the warrants.

In January 2021, in connection with the repurchases of approximately $20.3 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for approximately $19.1 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.1 million, during the quarter ended December 31, 2020, we entered into amendments with Barclays Bank PLC, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC to the convertible note hedges transactions we initially entered into in connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes. The
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amendments provide that the options under the convertible note hedges corresponding to such repurchased 2023 Notes will remain outstanding notwithstanding such repurchase.

In MarchDuring the year ended December 31, 2021, in connection with the repurchases of $104.5$152.0 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $109.1$156.0 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.2$0.3 million, during the quarter ended March 31, 2021, we entered into Warrant Early Unwind Agreements and Bond Hedge Unwind Agreements with Barclays Bank PLC, Deutsche Bank AG, and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC to unwind a portion of the convertible note hedges transactions we initially entered into in connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes. We paid $16.5$18.4 million as part of the Warrant Early Unwind Agreements reducing the number of shares covered by the warrants from 3,018,327 to 2,597,750.2,559,254. We received $16.9$18.9 million as part of the Bond Hedge Early Unwind Agreements reducing the number of options under the convertible bond hedges to 645,500.598,021. These unwind transactions resulted in a $0.4$0.5 million net increase in additional paid-in-capital in our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of MarchDecember 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes information about the 2023 Notes (in thousands):
March 31, 2022
December 31, 2021(1)
Principal amount of the 2023 Notes outstanding$177,527 $343,301 
Unamortized discount (including unamortized debt issuance cost)(987)(22,584)
Total long-term portion of notes payable$176,540 $320,717 
Fair value of the 2023 Notes outstanding (Level 2)$172,535 $341,801 
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Principal amount of the 2023 Notes outstanding$390,780 $495,280 
Unamortized discount (including unamortized debt issuance cost)(38,467)(52,987)
Total long-term portion of notes payable$352,313 $442,293 
Carrying value of equity component of the 2023 Notes$35,135 $48,397 
Fair value of the 2023 Notes outstanding (Level 2)$404,477 $466,053 
(1) - Balances as of December 31, 2021 reported before the adoption of ASU 2020-06.

5. Income Tax

Our effective tax rate may vary from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate due to the change in the mix of earnings in various state jurisdictions with different statutory rates, benefits related to tax credits, and the tax impact of non-deductible expenses, stock award activities and other permanent differences between income before income taxes and taxable income. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 was 23.6% and 2020 was (214.1)% and 20.7%, respectively. The variance from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due primarily to the tax deductions related to foreign derived intangible income tax credit as well as the research and development tax credits, which were partially offset by Section 162(m) limitation during the period. The variance from the U.S. federal tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was significantly impacted by the discrete tax benefitsbenefit related to the net excess tax windfalls from share-basedthe share based compensation resulting from increased stock option exercise activity, stock award vesting and appreciation of our stock price during the period.

6. Stockholders’ Equity

We grant options and awards to employees and non-employee directors pursuant to a stockholder approved stock incentive plan, which is described in further detail in Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 20202021 Annual Report.

The following is a summary of our stock option and restricted stock activity and related information:
Stock OptionsRestricted Stock Awards
SharesWeighted-Average Exercise PriceSharesWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 20202,561,822 $85.59 206,202 $106.88 
Granted265,529 $172.39 153,166 $173.32 
Options exercised/RSUs vested(522,172)$51.98 (88,959)$127.16 
Forfeited(58,862)$101.77 (5,024)$110.91 
Balance as of March 31, 20212,246,317 $103.24 265,385 $138.85 
Stock OptionsRestricted Stock Awards
SharesWeighted-Average Exercise PriceSharesWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 20212,199,598 $106.00 264,143 $138.21 
Granted14,100 $114.13 24,840 $99.85 
Options exercised/RSUs vested(17,689)$19.61 (126,049)$121.18 
Forfeited(23,285)$54.49 (782)$131.95 
Balance as of March 31, 20222,172,724 $107.31 162,152 $145.60 

As of March 31, 2021,2022, outstanding options to purchase 1.21.5 million shares were exercisable with a weighted average exercise price per share of $89.20.
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$100.59.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

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The price at which common stock is purchased under the Amended Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, is equal to 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first or last day of the offering period, whichever is lower. As of March 31, 2021, 52,8082022, 44,360 shares were available for future purchases under the ESPP.

Share Repurchases

We did 0t have any share repurchases during the first quarter of 2021.

On September 11, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing, but not obligating, the repurchase of up to $500.0 million of our common stock from time to time over the next three years. We expect to acquire shares primarily through open-market transactions and may enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, to facilitate open-market repurchases. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions will be determined by management based on our evaluation of market conditions, share price, legal requirements and other factors. We did not have any share repurchases during the three months ended March 31, 2022. Authorization to repurchase $248.8 million of our common stock remained available as of March 31, 2021.2022.


7. Commitment and Contingencies: Legal Proceedings

We record an estimate of a loss when the loss is considered probable and estimable. Where a liability is probable and there is a range of estimated loss and no amount in the range is more likely than any other number in the range, we record the minimum estimated liability related to the claim in accordance with ASC 450,Contingencies. As additional information becomes available, we assess the potential liability related to our pending litigation and revises our estimates. Revisions in our estimates of potential liability could materially impact our results of operations.

On April 9, 2019, CyDex, our wholly-owned subsidiary, received a Paragraph IV certification Notice Letter from Alembic Global Holdings SA (“Alembic”) stating that Alembic had submitted an ANDA to the FDA, seeking approval to manufacture, offer to sell, and sell a generic version of EVOMELA® prior to the expiration of any of the ’077 patent; the ’088 patent, the ’582 patent, or U.S. Patent No. 10,040,872 (“the ’872 patent”), and alleging that these patents, each of which relates to Captisol®, are invalid, unenforceable, and/or would not be infringed by Alembic’s ANDA product. On May 23, 2019, CyDex filed a complaint against Alembic, Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., and Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, asserting that the filing of Alembic’s ANDA constitutes infringement of each of the ’088 patent and the ’582 patent. On July 29, 2019, Alembic filed an answer and counterclaims seeking declarations of non-infringement and invalidity as to each of the asserted patents and, on August 19, 2019, CyDex filed an answer to Alembic’s counterclaims. On April 7, 2020, the Court ordered that the Scheduling Order be amended such that, inter alia, the fact discovery cut off occurred on November 2, 2020, the close of expert discovery was set for March 22, 2021, and that May 17, 2021 would remain the first day of a five-to-six-day bench trial.On November 2, 2020, the District Court issued an order construing the disputed issues of claim construction, adopting the claim construction positions urged by CyDex. On January 13, 2021, the District Court entered an order noting that the parties were engaged in ongoing settlement efforts, and ordering that (i) all deadlines in the litigation be stayed, and (ii) the parties submit a joint status report within 30 days. In early February, and again in early March, the parties submitted status reports stating that they have made substantial progress toward finalizing an agreement. All deadlines are presently stayed.

On September 16, 2019, CyDex received a Paragraph IV certification Notice Letter from Lupin Ltd. (“Lupin”) stating that Lupin had submitted an ANDA to the FDA, seeking approval to manufacture, offer to sell, and sell a generic version of EVOMELA® prior to the expiration of any of the ’077 patent; the ’088 patent, the ’582 patent, or the ’872 patent, and alleging that these patents, each of which relates to Captisol®, are invalid, unenforceable, and/or would not be infringed by Lupin’s ANDA product. CyDex filed a complaint on October 29, 2019, alleging patent infringement against Lupin. Lupin filed an answer on December 11, 2019 and counterclaimed for declaratory judgments of invalidity and non-infringement as to all 4 patents and CyDex filed its answer to Lupin’s counterclaims on January 2, 2020. The parties entered into a settlement agreement on April 26, 2021 and the lawsuit has been dismissed.

On October 31, 2019, we received 3 civil complaints filed in the USU.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio on behalf of several Indian tribes. The Northern District of Ohio is the Court that the Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litigation (“JPML”) has assigned more than one thousand civil cases which have been designated as a Multi-District Litigation (“MDL”) and captioned In Re: National Prescription Opiate Litigation. The allegations in these complaints focus on the activities of
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defendants other than the companyCompany and no individualized factual allegations have been advanced against us in any of the 3 complaints. We reject all claims raised in the complaints and intend to vigorously defend these matters.

In MayCyDex and AugustBaxter Healthcare Corp. (“Baxter”) are parties to a license agreement relating to Ligand’s Captisol technology and, more specifically, relating to Captisol-enabled Nexterone (amiodarone HCl premixed injection). Baxter contends that it has
overpaid royalties for several years, and seeks both refunds of 2019, Pfenex Inc., which was acquired by us in October 2020, filed 3 petitions (IPR2019- 01027, IPR2019-01028those overpayment and IPR2019-01478) for inter partes reviewa reduced royalty going forward. CyDex contends that Baxter has not paid the royalties due to CyDex under the terms of U.S. Patent No. 9,422,345 (“the ‘345 patent,” entitled “Expression System”), which is owned by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. (“GSK”) ,license agreement. On April 6, 2021, Baxter initiated an arbitration with the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”)American Arbitration Association pursuant to the arbitration provision of the U.S. Patentlicense agreement. On April 21, 2021, CyDex filed an Answering Statement and Trademark Office. In November 2019Counterdemand. On May 5, 2021, Baxter filed an Answering Statement in response to CyDex’s Counterdemand. On June 30, 2021, the parties held a Preliminary Hearing before the arbitrator. The parties have completed fact discovery, exchanged expert witness statements and February 2020, the Board instituted trial on invalidity grounds in IPR2019-01028, but exercised its discretion not to institute trial on IPR2019-01027 or IPR2019-01478. In May 2020, GSK filed 2 petitions (IPR2020-00890 and IPR2020-00962) for inter partes review of U.S. Patent No. 8,530,171 (“the ‘171 patent,” entitled “High Level Expression of Recombinant Toxin Proteins”), which is owned by Pfenex, with the PTABcompleted depositions of the U.S. Patentexpert witnesses. The arbitration hearing is currently scheduled for late May 2022.

From time to time, we may also become subject to other legal proceedings or claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We currently believe that none of the claims or actions pending against us is likely to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Given the unpredictability inherent in litigation, however, we cannot predict the outcome of these matters.

8. Leases

We lease certain office facilities and Trademark Office. On June 29, 2020, GSK filedequipment primarily under various operating leases. Our leases have remaining contractual terms up to ten years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees, material restrictive covenants, or material termination options. Our operating lease costs are primarily related to facility leases for administration offices and research and development facilities, and our finance leases are immaterial.

Lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement of an arrangement where it is determined at inception that a motionlease exists. Lease assets represent the right to withdraw IPR2020-00890, which was granteduse an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. These assets and liabilities are initially recognized based on August 28, 2020. In October 2020, Pfenexthe present value of lease payments over the lease term calculated using our incremental borrowing rate generally applicable to the location of the lease asset, unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. Lease assets also include any upfront lease payments
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made and GSK executed a confidential settlement agreement agreeingadjusted for lease incentives and other items as prescribed by ASC Topic 842, Leases. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the proceedings beforelease when it is reasonably certain that those options will be exercised.

In addition to base rent, certain of our operating leases require variable payments, such as insurance and common area maintenance. These variable lease costs, other than those dependent upon an index or rate, are expensed when the PTAB resolvingobligation for those payments is incurred. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, and the expense for these issues. Pfenexshort-term leases and GSK filedfor operating leases is recognized on a joint motion to terminate IPR2019-01028straight-line basis over the lease term.

The depreciable life of lease assets and IPR2020-00962 on October 30, 2020,leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise.

Operating and an amended joint motion to terminate on November 4, 2020. A decision granting the parties’ joint motion to terminate in IPR2019-01028 was issued on November 12, 2020. The PTAB subsequently granted the parties’ joint motion to terminate in IPR2020-00962 on December 30, 2020.Finance Lease Assets and Liabilities (in thousands):
AssetsMarch 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Operating lease assets$15,783 $16,542 
Finance lease assets15,620 16,207 
Total lease assets$31,403 $32,749 
Liabilities
Current operating lease liabilities$1,850 $2,053 
Current finance lease liabilities52 46 
1,902 2,099 
Long-term operating lease liabilities16,758 15,494 
Long-term finance lease liabilities39 58 
Total lease liabilities$18,699 $17,651 

On January 12, 2021, Abvivo submitted a JAMS arbitration demand naming the Company
Maturity of Operating and Finance Lease Liabilities as respondent. Abvivo claims that the Company is in violation of the assignment provision of that certain Commercial Platform License and Services Agreement (“CPLSA”), dated October 9, 2019, by and among OMT and Crystal, on the one hand, and Abvivo, on the other hand because the Company allegedly withheld its consent to a proposed assignment required for Abvivo to negotiate a discovery and development alliance with certain third parties. On January 26, 2021, we submitted a response to the demand, denying all claims and alleging counterclaims against Abvivo and Brian Lundstrom, a Company employee and the sole owner of Abvivo. We allege that Mr. Lundstrom breached his fiduciary duty of loyalty to the Company and that Abvivo and Mr. Lundstrom fraudulently induced the Company, OMT and Crystal into certain business transactions and contracts. Abvivo and Mr. Lundstrom’s response to these counterclaims was due on February 9, 2021, but they did not submit a response. Under JAMS rules, the counterclaims are deemed denied. On February 22, 2021, Abvivo submitted documents to JAMS which indicated that it seeks to dismiss its claim without prejudice, which we oppose. On February 25, 2021, we submitted additional counterclaims against Abvivo and Mr. Lundstrom.These counterclaims allege that Abvivo and Mr. Lundstrom made false promises regarding the CPLSA, Abvivo’s breach of and failure to perform under the CPLSA, and Abvivo’s infringement of certain Ligand trademarks.On March 11, 2021, Abvivo and Mr. Lundstrom submitted an answer to our amended counterclaims denying all of the claims and asserting various affirmative defenses.The arbitration will be conducted by a three arbitrator panel, the members of which were appointed on March 30, 2021. We intend to vigorously defend ourselves against this action.31, 2022 (in thousands):
Maturity DatesOperating Leases
Remaining nine months ending December 31, 2022$1,020 
20232,712 
20242,716 
20252,614 
20262,700 
20272,727 
Thereafter8,074 
Total lease payments22,563 
Less imputed interest(3,864)
Present value of lease liabilities$18,699 

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Item 2.     Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Caution: This discussion and analysis may contain predictions, estimates and other forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors. This outlook represents our current judgment on the future direction of our business. These statements include those related to our Captisol-related revenues and manufacturing capacity, our Kyprolis and other product royalty revenues, the impact of COVID-19, product returns, product development, and product development.the potential separation of the OmniAb business. Actual events or results may differ materially from our expectations. For example, there can be no assurance that our revenues or expenses will meet any expectations or follow any trend(s), that we will be able to retain our key employees or that we will be able to enter into any strategic partnerships or other transactions. We cannot assure you that we will receive expected Kyprolis, Captisol and other product revenues to support our ongoing business or that our internal or partnered pipeline products will progress in their development, gain marketing approval or achieve success in the market. In addition, ongoing or future arbitration, or litigation or disputes with third parties may have a material adverse effect on us. Such risks and uncertainties, and others, could cause actual results to differ materially from any future performance suggested. We undertake no obligation to make any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date of this quarterly report. This caution is made under the safe harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

OurWe use our trademarks, trade names and services marks in this report as well as trademarks, trade names and service marks referenced herein include Ligand. Eachthat are the property of other trademark,organizations. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade name or service mark appearingnames referred to in this quarterly report belongsappear without the ® and ™ symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or that the applicable owner will not assert its owner.rights, to these trade marks and trade names.

References to “Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated,” “Ligand,” the “Company,” “we” or “our” include Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and our wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries.


Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing or acquiring technologies that help pharmaceutical companies discover and develop medicines. We employ research technologies such as antibody discovery technologies, ion channel discovery technology, Pseudomonas fluorescens protein expression technology, formulation science and liver targeted pro-drug technologies to assist companies in their work toward securing prescription drug and biologic approvals. We currently have partnerships and license agreements with over 130140 pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Over 300400 programs are in various stages of commercialization, development or research and are fully funded by our collaboration partners and licensees. We have contributed novel research and technologies for approved medicines that treat cancer, osteoporosis, fungal infections and postpartum depression, among others. Our collaboration partners and licensees have programs currently in clinical development targeting cancer, seizure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, muscle wasting, liver disease, and kidney disease, among others. We have over 1,4001,600 issued patents worldwide.

We have assembled our large portfolio of fully-funded programs either by licensing our own proprietary drug development programs, licensing our platform technologies such as Captisol or OmniAb to partners for use with their proprietary programs, or acquiring existing partnered programs from other companies. Fully-funded programs which we refer to as "shots on goal," are those for which our partners pay all of the development and commercialization costs. For our internal programs, we generally plan to advance drug candidates through early-stage drug development or clinical proof-of-concept and then seek partners to continue development and potential commercialization.

Our business model creates value for stockholders by providing a diversified portfolio of biotech and pharmaceutical product revenue streams that are supported by an efficient and low corporate cost structure. Our goal is to offer investors an opportunity to participate in the promise of the biotech industry in a profitable, diversified and lower-risk business than a typical biotech company. Our business model is based on doing what we do best: drug discovery, early-stage drug development, product reformulation and partnering. We partner with other pharmaceutical companies to leverage what they do best (late-stage development, regulatory management and commercialization) to ultimately generate our revenue. We believe that focusing on discovery and early-stage drug development while benefiting from our partners’ development and commercialization expertise will reduce our internal expenses and allow us to have a larger number of drug candidates progress to later stages of drug development.

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Our revenue consists of three primary elements: royalties from commercialized products, sale of Captisol material, and contract revenue from license, milestone and other service payments. In addition to discovering and developing our own proprietary drugs, we selectively pursue acquisitions to bring in new assets, pipelines, and technologies to aid in generating additional potential new revenue streams.

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Update on the OmniAb Separation Process

ImpactIn November 2021, we announced plans to explore multiple paths for OmniAb to become a standalone public company. On March 23, 2022, we entered into the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which APAC will combine with OmniAb, and acquire the OmniAb Business, in a Reverse Morris Trust transaction. Immediately prior to the Merger and pursuant to the Separation Agreement, we will, among other things, transfer the OmniAb Business, including but not limited to the equity interests of COVID-19 PandemicAb Initio Biotherapeutics, Inc., Crystal Bioscience, Inc., Icagen, LLC, Taurus Biosciences, LLC and xCella Biosciences, Inc. to OmniAb (the “Reorganization”) and, in connection therewith, will distribute (the “Distribution”) to Ligand stockholders 100% of the common stock of OmniAb. Immediately following the Distribution, Merger Sub will merge with and into OmniAb (the “Merger”), with OmniAb continuing as the surviving company in the Merger and as a wholly owned subsidiary of APAC.

Please see ImpactUpon the closing of COVID-19 Pandemic describedthe transaction, Avista Capital Partners (“Avista”), APAC’s sponsor has agreed to invest up to $115 million in Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 1, Basisthe combined company, and Ligand will contribute $15 million (less certain transaction and other expenses). The combined company will have an initial pre-money equity valuation of Presentation$850 million. Ligand intends to distribute 100% of its equity in OmniAb to Ligand shareholders immediately prior to the business combination with APAC. The transaction is expected to be tax-free to Ligand and Summaryits shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The transaction is expected to close in the second half of Significant Accounting Policies2022.

. For additional
In April 2022, OmniAb filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form 10 registering shares of OmniAb common stock and APAC filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-4 registering shares of APAC common stock, warrants and certain equity awards. The Form S-4 filed by APAC includes a proxy statement/prospectus in connection with the APAC shareholder vote required for the proposed transaction. The Form 10 filed by OmniAb includes portion of the Form S-4 registration statement filed by APAC which will serve as an information statement/prospectus in connection with the spin-off of OmniAb. Ligand’s shareholders and other interested persons are advised to read the preliminary and definitive registration statements, and documents incorporated by reference therein, as these materials contain important information about APAC, OmniAb and the proposed business combination. The proxy statement/prospectus contained in APAC’s registration statement will be mailed to APAC shareholders as of a record date to be established for voting on the various risks posedproposed business combination.

The registration statements, proxy statement/prospectus/information statement and other documents are also available at www.sec.gov, or by the COVID-19 pandemic, please read Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in this report.request to Avista Public Acquisition Corp. II, 65 East 55th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

Portfolio Program Updates

OmniAb® Platform Updates

The OmniAb isdiscovery platform provides our industry-leading, AI-pharmaceutical industry partners with access to diverse antibody repertoires and BI- (Biological Intelligence™) powered multi-species antibody platform for thehigh-throughput screening technologies to enable discovery of mono-next-generation therapeutics. At the heart of the OmniAb platform is the Biological IntelligenceTM (BI) of our proprietary transgenic animals, including OmniRat, OmniChicken and bispecific therapeuticOmniMouse that have been genetically modified to generate antibodies with human antibodies. 2020 was a year of major investment with the acquisition andsequences to facilitate development of multiple technologies that enhance the offering for OmniAbhuman therapeutic candidates. Over 55 partners including the addition of antigen-generation services as well as deep-sequence analysis of functional antibody repertoires.have access to OmniAb-derived antibodies and more than 250 programs are being actively developed or commercialized. As of March 31, 2021, 17 different2022, there were 25 active clinical- or commercial- stage OmniAb-derived antibodies have been studied in approximately 73 active or completed clinical trials. Progress by multiple OmniAb partners during the first quarter of 2021 resulted in more than $4 million in milestone payments being earned by us. We expect the first regulatory approvals for OmniAb-derived antibodies in 2021.antibodies.

On January 11, 2021, Aptevo Therapeutics providedIn March 2022, Immunovant held an update on their ongoing Phase 1/1b trial of APVO436 in AML/HR-MDS, noting that patient dosing in cohorts 1 through 9 has completed and enrollment in cohort 10 is ongoing. APVO436 isR&D day, where they highlighted Batoclimab (IMVT-1401), an OmniAb-derived bispecificmonoclonal antibody targeting CD123 and CD3 for the potential treatmentneonatal Fc receptor. Immunovant announced plans to initiate a Phase 3 trial in myasthenia gravis in the first half of hematological malignancies.

On February 8, 2021, CStone Pharmaceuticals announced that2022 with top-line results expected in 2024. Immunovant further outlined plans to initiate clinical trials in four additional indications in 2022, with two of the OmniAb-derived anti-PD-L1 antibody sugemalimab was granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation (BTD)indications expected to enter directly into pivotal trials. Batoclimab is also being developed by Harbour BioMed in China for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (R/R ENKTL). In October 2020, sugemalimab was granted Orphan Drug Designationand is currently in the U.S. for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma and BTD for the treatment of R/R ENKTL. An NDA for sugemalimab is under reviewan ongoing pivotal Phase 3 trial in China for Stage IV squamous/non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, and CStone expects a determination in the second half of 2021.

On January 27, 2021, Harbour BioMed announced that Batoclimab (HBM9161), a novel investigational anti-FcRn antibody, was granted BTD in China for treatment of adult patients with myasthenia gravis.


Pelican Platform Updates

The Pelican Expression Technology™ is our proprietary Pseudomonas fluorescens protein expression technology that has major collaborations with Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Serum Institute of India, Alvogen and Arcellx, each of which has potential to contribute meaningfully to our royalty revenue.

On January 12, 2021, MerckAptevo Therapeutics announced that the U.S. FDA accepted for priority review a Biologics License Application (BLA) for V114, Merck’s investigational 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal diseasepatient with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia in adults 18 years of agean ongoing Phase 1b trial received an allogeneic stem cell transplant after receiving APVO436 and older. The FDA set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), or target action date, of July 18, 2021. The European Medicines Agency is also reviewing an application for licensure of V114experiencing significant reduction in adults.

On January 18, 2021, Alvogen’s partner Thermarex announced the launch of Livogiva® in the EU. Livogiva is a biosimilar of the reference medicine Forsteo® (teriparatide) and therapeutic equivalence has been demonstrated in a Phase 3 clinical study in patients with severe osteoporosis who were treated for 6 months.

On April 6, 2021, Arcellx announced FDA clearance of their Investigational New Drug application for ACLX-001, an engineered cell therapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Arcellx presented preclinical data supporting Arcellx’s ARC-SparX platform cell therapy ACLX-001, a novel BCMA-targeted CAR-T, at the AACR annual meeting in April of 2021.


Captisol® Business Updates

Captisol is utilized in the formulation of Gilead Sciences’ Veklury® (remdesivir). The product has been approved or authorized for temporary use as a treatment for COVID-19 in approximately 50 countries worldwide and is included in more than 40 ongoing interventional or observational clinical studies. In addition to supplying Gilead, we are also supplying Captisolbone
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marrow blasts. This follows Aptevo's previous announcement that a patient receiving combination therapy is also moving to Gilead’s voluntarytransplant after one cycle of therapy.

In Q1 2022 and recently, OmniAb entered into new platform licensing generic partners who are manufacturing remdesivir for 127 other countries. Gileadagreements with LTZ Therapeutics, Seismic Therapeutics, LifeArc and an undisclosed venture-backed Bay Area immune-oncology company.

Ligand Core Business Portfolio Updates

In March 2022, Travere Therapeutics announced the decisionsubmission of an NDA to stop itsthe FDA for accelerated approval of sparsentan for IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Travere announced that plans are underway to submit an NDA for accelerated approval to the FDA for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and a combined IgAN and FSGS Marketing Authorisation Application in Europe in mid-2022.

In April 2022, Merck announced the FDA granted Breakthrough Designation for V116, a 21-valent pneumococcal vaccine utilizing Ligand’s CRM197 vaccine carrier protein produced using the Pelican Expression Technology platform. Merck plans to initiate Phase 3 study with intravenous Vekluryclinical trials for V116 in high-risk non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 due2022.

On February 2, 2022 Jazz Pharmaceuticals announced the submission of a supplemental BLA to the evolutionFDA seeking approval for a M/W/F intramuscular dosing schedule for Rylaze™ as a component of a multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimen for the COVID-19 landscape. Gilead stated they continuetreatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Jazz announced on their fourth quarter 2021 earnings call plans to develop an investigational inhaled dosage form of remdesivir and expect results from the ongoing proof-of-concept study later this year.submit regulatory filings for Rylaze in Europe in mid-2022 with potential approval in 2023.

On March 31, 2021,In February 2022, BeiGene, Ltd. announced the FDA approved the additionlaunch of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb) Sarclisa (isatuximab) to the combination of KyprolisKYPROLIS® (carfilzomib) for injection in China for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) multiple myeloma. KYPROLIS is licensed to BeiGene in China under a strategic collaboration with Amgen, and was approved in July 2021 by the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in combination with dexamethasone to treatfor the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractoryR/R multiple myeloma who have received oneat least two prior therapies, including a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent.

In March 2022, Outlook Therapeutics announced it submitted a Biologics License Application (BLA) to three prior linesthe FDA for ONS-5010, an investigational ophthalmic formulation of therapy. Kyprolis is also approved in combination with the anti-CD38 mAb Darzalex (daratumumab) plus dexamethasonebevacizumab for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received a maximum of three prior lines of therapy.

On April 27, 2021, Aldeyra announced positive topline results from the Phase 3 INVIGORATE trial of 0.25% reproxalap ophthalmic solution (reproxalap), an investigational, novel small-molecule covalent inhibitor of RASP (reactive aldehyde species), in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. The clinical trial achieved statistical significance (p<0.0001) for the primary endpoint of change from baseline in subject-reported ocular itching score, and all secondary endpoints including investigator-assessed ocular redness, patient-reported ocular tearing score and total ocular severity score. Aldeyra plans to meet with the FDA in the second half of 2021 to discuss the INVIGORATE results and the potential submission of an NDA.

Other Business Updates

On April 21, 2021, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals announced a preclinical collaboration with Jay Gertz, Ph.D., a researcher at the Huntsman Cancer Institute and associate professor of oncological sciences at the University of Utah, to examine the potential effects of lasofoxifene on unique models of endometrial cancerwet age-related macular degeneration that, carry ESR1 mutations. Lasofoxifene has shown novel activity in ESR1 mutations, and Sermonix is currently enrolling patients in two Phase 2 Evaluation of Lasofoxifene in ESR1 Mutations (ELAINE) studies in metastatic breast cancer.

On May 3, 2021, we announced that we no longer plan to initiate the next CE-iohexol clinical trial at this time,if approved, will be branded as we assess the potential partnering or potential future partner involvement in any downstream clinical work.LYTENAVA™ (bevacizumab-vikg).


Results of Operations

Revenue
(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2021Q1 2020Change% Change
Royalties$7,112 $6,565 $547 %
Captisol31,272 21,109 10,163 48 %
Contract revenue16,766 5,487 11,279 206 %
Total revenue$55,150 $33,161 $21,989 66 %

(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2022Q1 2021Change% Change
Royalties$13,695 $7,112 $6,583 93 %
Captisol - Core6,226 1,253 4,973 397 %
Captisol - COVID5,896 30,019 (24,123)(80)%
Contract revenue19,876 16,766 3,110 19 %
Total revenue$45,693 $55,150 $(9,457)(17)%

Total revenue decreased by $(9.5) million, or (17)%, to $45.7 million in Q1 2022 compared to $55.2 million in Q1 2021 primarily due to the $24.1 million decrease in sales of COVID related Captisol that is used in formulation with remdesivir. Non-COVID Captisol sales increased by $5.0 million, with the increase primarily due to increased demand from Baxter, Fareva Mirabel, and Novartis in Q1 2022 compared to Q1 2021. Royalties and contract revenue increased in Q1 2022 compared to Q1 2021, with the increase primarily attributable to the increase in partner product sales of Kyprolis, Evomela, Teriparatide Injection, and Rylaze.

Revenues attributable to the Ligand core business segment and OmniAb business segment were $36.5 million and $9.2 million, respectively, for the first quarter of 2022. Revenues attributable to the Ligand core business segment and OmniAb business segment were $46.6 million and $8.6 million, respectively, for the first quarter of 2021.

Royalty revenue is a function of our partners’ product sales and the applicable royalty rate. Kyprolis royalty rates are under a tiered royalty rate structure with the highest tier being 3.0%. Evomela has a fixed royalty rate of 20%. Teriparatide injection has a tiered royalty between 25% and 40% on sales that have been adjusted for certain deductible items as defined in
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the respective license agreement. The Rylaze royalty rate is tiered between 3% and 5%. Contract revenue includes service revenue, license fees and development, regulatory and sales based milestone payments.

Royalty revenue increased slightly in Q1 2021 compared to Q1 2020. Captisol sales increased in Q1 2021 compared to Q1 2020, primarily reflecting higher sales of Captisol for use in the manufacturing of remdesivir. Contract revenue increased in Q1 2021 compared to Q1 2020, with the increase primarily attributable to 1) the timing of partner milestone events and 2) the additional contract revenue of $4.2 million and $3.3 million from the acquisitions of Icagen in April 2020 and Pfenex in October 2020, respectively.

The following table represents royalty revenue by program:program (in millions):

(in millions)Q1 2022 Estimated Partner Product SalesEffective Royalty RateQ1 2022 Royalty RevenueQ1 2021 Estimated Partner Product SalesEffective Royalty RateQ1 2021 Royalty Revenue
Kyprolis$297.5 1.6 %$4.6 $266.0 1.6 %$4.3 
Evomela13.5 20.0 %2.7 11.7 20.0 %2.3 
Teriparatide injection(1)
9.1 32.0 %2.9 — — %— 
Rylaze50.0 3.3 %1.6 — — %— 
Other70.7 2.6 %1.9 27.1 1.8 %0.5 
Total$440.8 $13.7 $304.8 $7.1 
(in millions)Q1 2021 Estimated Partner Product SalesEffective Royalty RateQ1 2021 Royalty RevenueQ1 2020 Partner Product SalesEffective Royalty RateQ1 2020 Royalty Revenue
Kyprolis$266.0 1.6 %$4.3 $286.0 1.5 %$4.4 
Evomela11.7 20.0 %2.3 7.9 20.0 %1.6 
Other27.1 1.8 %0.5 45.8 1.3 %0.6 
Total$304.7 $7.1 $339.7 $6.6 
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(1) - Teriparatide injection sales have been adjusted for certain deductible items as defined in the respective license agreement.

Operating Costs and Expenses
(Dollars in thousands)(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2021% of RevenueQ1 2020% of Revenue(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2022% of RevenueQ1 2021% of Revenue
Cost of CaptisolCost of Captisol$8,153 $4,683 Cost of Captisol$4,699 $8,153 
Amortization of intangiblesAmortization of intangibles11,786 3,535 Amortization of intangibles11,813 11,786 
Research and developmentResearch and development17,879 11,891 Research and development20,307 17,879 
General and administrativeGeneral and administrative12,617 9,264 General and administrative18,180 12,617 
Total operating costs and expensesTotal operating costs and expenses$50,435 91%$29,373 89%Total operating costs and expenses$54,999 120%$50,435 91%

Total operating costs and expenses during Q1 2022 increased by $21.1$4.6 million, or 72%9%, compared to Q1 2021 primarily dueattributable to the acquisition of Pfenex on October 1, 2020 and Icagen on April 1, 2020, as well as increaseOmniAb spin-off related transaction costs recorded in Captisol sales revenue for the current period.Q1 2022.

Cost of Captisol increaseddecreased primarily due to higherthe decrease in Captisol sales during Q1 2021 as mentioned above.2022 compared to Q1 2021.

Amortization of intangibles increasedremained steady in 2021Q1 2022 compared to the same period in 2020 primarily due2021 as there have been no significant changes to the amortizationgross balance of contractual relationshipsintangible assets over these periods. Amortization of intangibles were $8.8 million and technologies acquired from Icagen in April 2020$3.0 million for the Ligand core business segment and Pfenex in October 2020.OmniAb business segment during Q1 2022, respectively. Amortization of intangibles were $8.8 million and $3.0 million for the Ligand core business segment and OmniAb business segment during Q1 2021, respectively.

At any one time, we are working on multiple R&D programs. As such, we generally do not track our R&D expenses on a specific program basis. Our R&D expenses increased year over yearin Q1 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 due to the costs associated with our acquisitions ofincrease in R&D activities at Icagen, in April 2020Crystal, and Pfenex, in October 2020, which primarily consisted of salaries and lab costscosts. Excluding $0.9 million unallocated corporate items, R&D expenses were $8.2 million and intangible amortizations associated with Icagen ($3.9 million)$11.2 million for the Ligand core business segment and Pfenex ($11.4 million). The increase was partially offset by a $2.5OmniAb business segment during Q1 2022, respectively. Excluding $0.8 million year over year decrease in amortization of other economic rights related to economic rights acquired from Palvella in December 2018.unallocated corporate items, R&D expenses were $8.0 million and $9.1 million, respectively, for non-OmniAb business segment and OmniAb business segment during Q1 2021.

General and administrative expenses increased in Q1 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 primarily dueattributable to additionalthe $4.8 million of OmniAb spin-off related transaction costs incurred compared to no transaction costs being recorded in Q1 2021. Excluding $12.2 million unallocated corporate items, general and administrative expenses from the Icagenwere $4.8 million and Pfenex acquisitions as well as additional share-based compensation expense$1.2 million, respectively, for Ligand core business segment and OmniAb business segment during Q1 2022. Excluding $8.3 million unallocated corporate items, general and administrative expenses were $3.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively, for Ligand core business segment and OmniAb business segment during Q1 2021.


Other Income (Expense)
(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2021Q1 2020Change
Gain (loss) from short-term investments$13,061 $(30,741)$43,802 
Interest income296 4,730 (4,434)
Interest expense(5,831)(8,548)2,717 
Other income (expense), net(6,477)356 (6,833)
Total other income (expense), net$1,049 $(34,203)$35,252 
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(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2022Q1 2021Change
Gain (loss) from short-term investments$(12,877)$13,061 $(25,938)
Interest income134 296 (162)
Interest expense(789)(5,831)5,042 
Other income (expense), net2,698 (6,477)9,175 
Total other income (expense), net$(10,834)$1,049 $(11,883)

The fluctuation in the gain (loss) from short-term investments is primarily driven by the changes in the fair value of our ownership in Viking common stock, and warrants (ancontributing an unrealized loss of $10.7 million in Q1 2022 as compared to an unrealized gain of $9.1 million in Q1 2021 as compared to an unrealized loss of $29.7 million in Q1 2020).2021.

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our short-term investments. The decreasesdecrease over the prior period werewas due to the decrease in our short-term investment balance.

Interest expense includes the 0.75% coupon cash interest expense in addition to the non-cash accretion of discount (including the amortization of debt issuance cost) on our 2023 Notes for the three months ended March 31, 2021.2022. The decrease over the prior period was primarily due to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 which significantly reduced the debt discount balance subject to amortization. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for detail on ASU 2020-06 adoption. In addition, we carried a lower average debt outstanding balance during Q1 20212022 as compared to Q1 2020. In Q1 2021,2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we repurchased $104.5$165.8 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $109.1 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.2 million.Notes. See Note 4, Convertible Senior Notes.
Other income (expense), net, in Q1 2022 increased by $9.2 million as compared to Q1 2021, includedprimarily due to a $1.5 million gain on extinguishment of debt and $1.0 million gain for the fair value adjustment of Metabasis and Icagen CVRs during Q1 2022 compared to a $4.8 million loss on extinguishment of debt extinguishment in connection withand $1.4 million loss for the 2023 Notes repurchasefair value adjustment of Metabasis and Icagen CVRs during the three months ended March 31,Q1 2021. See Note 3, Fair Value Measurements.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)
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(Dollars in thousands)(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2021Q1 2020Change(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2022Q1 2021Change
Income (loss) before income taxesIncome (loss) before income taxes$5,764 $(30,415)$36,179 Income (loss) before income taxes$(20,140)$5,764 $(25,904)
Income tax benefitIncome tax benefit12,342 6,284 6,058 Income tax benefit4,755 12,342 (7,587)
Income (loss) from operationsIncome (loss) from operations$18,106 $(24,131)$42,237 Income (loss) from operations$(15,385)$18,106 $(33,491)
Effective tax rateEffective tax rate(214.1)%20.7 %Effective tax rate23.6 %(214.1)%

We compute our income tax provision by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to income from operations and adding the effects of any discrete income tax items specific to the period. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 was 23.6% and (214.1)%, respectively. The variance from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 20202022 was (214.1)%due primarily to the tax deductions related to foreign derived intangible income tax credit as well as the research and 20.7%, respectively.development tax credits, which were partially offset by Section 162(m) limitation during the period. The variance from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was significantly impacted by discrete tax benefits from share-based compensation resulting from increased stock option exercise activity, stock award vesting and appreciation of our stock price during the period.


Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2021,2022, our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments totaled $339.2$204.0 million, which decreased by $72.0$137.1 million from the end of last year due to factors described in the Cash Flow Summary below. Our primary source of liquidity, other than our holdings of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments, has been cash flows from operations. Our ability to generate cash from operations provides us with the financial flexibility we need to meet operating, investing, and financing needs.

Historically, we have liquidated our short-term investments and/or issued debt and equity securities to finance our business needs as a supplement to cash provided by operating activities. Our short-term investments include U.S. government debt securities, investment-grade corporate debt securities, mutual funds and certificates of deposit. We have established guidelines relative to diversification and maturities of our investments in order to provide both safety and liquidity. These
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guidelines are periodically reviewed and modified to take advantage of trends in yields and interest rates. Additionally, we own certain securities which are classified as short-term investments that we received as a result of a milestone and an upfront license payment as well as 7,000,0006.7 million shares of common stock in Viking.

In May 2018, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $750.0 million of the 2023 Notes. In conjunction of the 2023 Notes offering, we used a portion of the proceeds from such issuance totaling $49.7 million to repurchase 260,000 shares of our common stock. During the first quarter of 2021,three months ended March 31, 2022, we repurchased $104.5$165.8 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $109.1$163.7 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.2$0.4 million. After the repurchases, $390.8$177.5 million in principal amount of the 2023 Notes remain outstanding. We may continue to use cash on hand to repurchase additional 2023 Notes through open-market transactions, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading planplans to facilitate open-market repurchases, or otherwise, from time to time. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions will be determined by management based on the evaluation of market conditions, trading price of the 2023 Notes, legal requirements and other factors. The 2023 Notes were not convertible as of March 31, 2021.2022. It is our intent and policy to settle conversions through combination settlement, which essentially involves payment in cash equal to the principal portion and delivery of shares of common stock for the excess of the conversion value over the principal portion. See Note 4, Convertible Senior Notes.

We believe that our existing funds, cash generated from operations and existing sources of and access to financing are adequate to fund our need for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, continued advancement of research and development efforts, potential stock repurchases and other business initiatives we plan to strategically pursue, including acquisitions and strategic investments.

As of March 31, 2021,2022, we had $51.1$9.0 million in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities associated with prior acquisitions to be settled in future periods.

Leases and Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsCash Flow Summary
(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2022Q1 2021
Net cash provided by (used in):
  Operating activities$52,011 $10,754 
  Investing activities$113,881 $65,115 
  Financing activities$(170,421)$(91,635)

We lease our office facilities under operating lease arrangements with varying terms through September 2026. The agreements provide for increases in annual rents based on changes inDuring the Consumer Price Index or fixed percentage increases of 3.0%. We had no off-balance sheet arrangements atthree months ended March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
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Cash Flow Summary
(Dollars in thousands)Q1 2021Q1 2020
Net cash provided by (used in):
  Operating activities$10,754 $16,922 
  Investing activities$65,115 $308,536 
  Financing activities$(91,635)$(279,305)

2022, we repurchased $165.8 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $163.7 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.4 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we repurchased $104.5 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $109.1 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.2 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased $234.4 million in principal of the 2023 Notes for $203.8 million in cash, including accrued interest of $0.6 million; and used $73.3 million to repurchase our common stock.

Contractual Obligations

There have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to the Contractual Obligations table set forth in our 2020 Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Certain of our policies require the application of management judgment in making estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and the disclosures made in the accompanying notes. Those estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors deemed applicable and reasonable under the circumstances. The use of judgment in determining such estimates and assumptions is by nature, subject to a degree of uncertainty. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from the estimates made. There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in our 20202021 Annual Report, other than the adoption of the Accounting Standards Updates described in Item 1. Condensed consolidated Financial Statements - Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, related to allowance for credit losses.convertible debt.


Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

There were no substantial changes to our market risks in the three months ended March 31, 2021,2022, when compared to the disclosures in Item 7A of our 20202021 Annual Report.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in
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Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 20212022 were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 20212022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


PART II.    OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings

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For information that updates the disclosures set forth under Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings in our 20202021 Annual Report, refer to Note 7, Commitment and Contingencies: Legal Proceedings, to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I. Item 1. of this report.


Item 1A. Risk Factors

ThereOther than as set forth below, we do not believe that there have been noany material changes to the risk factors includeddisclosed in Part I.I, Item 1A. Risk Factors1A of our 2021 Annual Report. The risk factors described in our 20202021 Annual Report other thanand below are not the only risks we face. Factors we currently do not know, factors that we currently consider immaterial or factors that are not specific to us, such as set forth below:general economic conditions, may also materially adversely affect our business or our consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

Future revenue from salesThe Merger is subject to the satisfaction of Captisol material to our license partnerscertain conditions, which may not be lower than expected.satisfied on a timely basis, if at all.

Revenues from salesThe consummation of Captisol materialthe Merger is subject to our collaborative partners,customary closing conditions for transactions involving special purpose acquisition companies, including, Amgen and Gilead, represent a significant portionamong others:

the expiration or termination of our current revenues. Any setback that may occur with respect to Captisol could significantly impair our operating results and/or reduce the market pricewaiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of our stock. Setbacks for Captisol could include problems with shipping, distribution, manufacturing, product safety, marketing, government regulation or reimbursement, licenses1976, as amended;
receipt of required consents and approvals intellectual property rights, competition with existingfrom certain governmental authorities;
no agreement between Ligand or new productsAPAC and physicianany governmental authority pursuant to which Ligand or patient acceptanceAPAC has agreed not to consummate the Merger shall have been effected;
no governmental authority of competent jurisdiction shall have enacted, issued or granted any law (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent), in each case that is in effect and which has the effect of restraining, enjoining or prohibiting the consummation of the products using Captisol. In addition, revenue from Captisol salestransaction;
APAC shall have at least $5,000,001 of net tangible assets as of the Closing;
the APAC common stock issuable pursuant to the Merger shall have been approved for listing on Nasdaq, subject to official notice of issuance;
Ligand, OmniAb, APAC and Merger Sub shall each have performed and complied in all material respects with the obligations, covenants and agreements required by the Merger Agreement to be performed or complied with by it at or prior to filing, or a later date as agreed to by the parties;
customary bring down conditions related to remdesivirthe accuracy of the parties’ respective representations, warranties and pre-closing covenants in the Merger Agreement;
the consummation of the Distribution, Reorganization and other transactions contemplated by the Separation Agreement shall have occurred;
each of APAC’s and OmniAb’s registration statements to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission shall have become effective;
APAC’s shareholder approval; and
the receipt by Ligand and APAC of certain tax opinions.
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Additionally, APAC’s obligation to consummate the Business Combination is also subject to there having been no “Material Adverse Effect” on OmniAb since the date of the Merger Agreement.

Additionally, the obligations of OmniAb to consummate or cause to be consummated the Merger is subject to the satisfaction of the following additional conditions, any one (1) or more of which may not continuebe waived in writing by the OmniAb, among other things:

the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement; and
the resignation of all directors and all executive officers of APAC.

There can be no assurance that such closing conditions will be satisfied or materially increase due to a number of factors, including: if Gilead successfully developswaived, or manufactures an alternative formulation of remdesivir that does not incorporate Captisol or uses less Captisol in such formulation; if remdesivir is later shown to notthe Merger will be effective or safe forconsummated. Further, we cannot assure you that the treatment of COVID-19; the FDA revises or revokes its approval of remdesivir; if alternative therapiesAPAC’s stockholders will be obtained. We, OmniAb and APAC may be subject to shareholder lawsuits, or vaccines are approved;other actions filed in connection with or in opposition to the riskMerger, which could prevent or delay the consummation of COVID-19 infection significantly diminishes, in which case the commercial opportunity could be materially and adversely affected. For example, Gilead has announced plans to develop an inhaled dosage form of remdesivir that uses less Captisol than the current formulation and expects result from an ongoing proof-of-concept study later this year.Merger.

If productsthe Distribution, together with certain related transactions, fails to qualify as a reorganization under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or product candidates incorporating Captisol material werethe Merger fails to cause any unexpected adverse events,qualify as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the perception of Captisol safetyCode, Ligand and its stockholders could incur significant tax liabilities, and APAC and OmniAb could be seriously harmed.required to indemnify Ligand for taxes that could be material pursuant to indemnification obligations under the tax matters agreement to be entered into in connection with the closing of the Merger (the “Tax Matters Agreement”).

Ligand expects to receive a tax opinion from Latham & Watkins LLP, tax counsel to Ligand, which shall provide that the Distribution will qualify as a reorganization under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code and that the Merger will not cause Section 355(e) of the Code to apply to the Distribution. In addition, the obligations of Ligand and OmniAb to complete the Merger are conditioned upon, among other things, Ligand’s receipt of such tax opinion. The obligation of APAC to complete the Merger is conditioned upon, among other things, receipt of an opinion of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, tax counsel to APAC, that the Merger will be treated as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code. The opinions will be based on, among other things, certain facts, assumptions, representations and undertakings from Ligand, OmniAb and APAC, including those regarding the past and future conduct of the companies’ respective businesses and other matters. If this were to occur, weany of these facts, assumptions, representations, or undertakings are incorrect or not satisfied, Ligand may not be able to sell Captisol unlessrely on the opinions, and until we are ableLigand and its stockholders could be subject to demonstratesignificant U.S. federal income tax liabilities. In addition, the opinions will not be binding on the IRS or the courts. Notwithstanding the opinions, the IRS could determine on audit that the adverse event was unrelatedDistribution or Merger does not qualify as a reorganization if it determines that any of the facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings on which the opinions are based are not correct or have been violated or that the Distribution or Merger should be taxable for other reasons, including as a result of a significant change in stock or asset ownership after the Distribution.

If the Distribution, together with certain related transactions, is ultimately determined not to Captisol, which wequalify as a reorganization, the Distribution could be treated as a taxable disposition of shares of OmniAb stock by Ligand and as a taxable dividend or capital gain to Ligand’s stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the Merger is ultimately determined not to qualify as a reorganization, the Merger could be treated as a taxable disposition of OmniAb stock by Ligand stockholders. In either such case, Ligand and its stockholders that are subject to U.S. federal income tax could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities.

Under the Tax Matters Agreement that APAC and OmniAb will enter into with Ligand, APAC and OmniAb will generally be required to indemnify Ligand against taxes incurred by Ligand that arise as a result of certain actions or omissions by APAC or OmniAb that prevent the Distribution, together with certain related transactions, from qualifying as a reorganization under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code. Further, even if APAC and OmniAb are not responsible for tax liabilities of Ligand under the Tax Matters Agreement, OmniAb nonetheless could be liable under applicable U.S. federal tax law for such liabilities if Ligand were to fail to pay them. If APAC or OmniAb is required to pay any liabilities under the circumstances set forth in the Tax Matters Agreement or pursuant to applicable tax law, the amounts may be significant.

The anticipated benefits of the Separation and Merger may not be able to do. Further, the FDA could require us to submit additional information for regulatory review or approval, including data from extensive safety testing or clinical testing of products using Captisol. This would be expensive and it may delay the marketing of Captisol-enabled products and receipt of revenue related to those products, which could significantly impair our operating results and/or reduce the market price of our stock.achieved.

We obtain Captisol from Hovione, our third party manufacturer, primarily at their facilities in Portugal and Ireland. If Hovione were to cease to be able, for any reason, to supply Captisol to us in the amounts we require, or decline to supply Captisol to us, we would be required to seek an alternative source, which could potentially take a considerable length of time and impact our revenue and customer relationships. In the event of a Captisol supply interruption, we are permitted to designate and, with Hovione’s assistance, qualify one or more alternate suppliers, although there is no assurance that we could do so timely or at an acceptable cost, if at all. In addition to manufacturing at Hovione’s facilities in Ireland and Portugal, we have now added final step processing capacity for Captisol in both the United States and England.

We maintain inventory of Captisol, which has a five year shelf life, at three geographically dispersed storage locations in the United States and Europe. If we were to encounter problems maintaining our inventory, such as natural disasters, at one or more of these locations, it could lead to supply interruptions. In addition, we will rely on Hovione to expand manufacturing capacity of Captisol and any failure by Hovione to timely implement such increased capacity could adversely affect our ability to supply Captisol to our partners. While we believe we maintain adequate inventory of Captisol to meet our current partner needs, and our planned expansion of Captisol capacity will be sufficient to meet future partner needs, our estimates and projections for Captisol demand may not be correct and any supply interruptions could materially adversely impact our operating results. In addition, our plan to invest additional capital for the expansion of Captisol manufacturing capacity may not yield a return on investment if future Captisol sales fall below our expectations.

We currently depend on our arrangements with our partners and licensees to sell products using our Captisol technology. These agreements generally provide that our partners may terminate the agreements at will. If our partners discontinue sales of products using Captisol, fail to obtain regulatory approval for products using Captisol, fail to satisfy their obligations under their agreements with us, or choose to utilize a competing product, or if we are unable to establish new licensing and marketing relationships, our financial results and growth prospects would be materially affected. Furthermore, we maintain significant accounts receivable balances with certain customers purchasing Captisol materials, which may result in the concentration of credit risk. We generally do not require any collateral from our customers to secure payment of these accounts receivable. If
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any of our major customers wereWe may not be able to default inachieve the payment of their obligationsfull strategic and financial benefits expected to us, our business, operating resultsresult from the Separation and cash flows could be adversely affected.Merger, including the potential that the Separation and Merger Combination will:

allow each business to pursue its own operational and strategic priorities and more quickly respond to trends, developments and opportunities in its respective markets;
create two separate and distinct management teams focused on each business’s unique strategic priorities, target markets and corporate development opportunities;
give each business opportunity and flexibility by pursuing its own investment, capital allocation and growth strategies consistent with its long-term objectives;
allow investors to separately value each business based on the unique merits, performance and future prospects of each business, providing investors with two distinct investment opportunities;
enhance the ability of each business to attract and retain qualified management and to better align incentive-based compensation with the performance of each separate business; and
give each of OmniAb and Ligand its own equity currency for use in connection with acquisitions.

We may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the Separation and Merger for a variety of reasons. Further, such benefits, if ultimately achieved, may be delayed. In addition, the Separation and Merger could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Separation and Distribution may expose Ligand and OmniAb to potential liabilities arising out of state and federal fraudulent conveyance laws and legal dividend requirements.

The Separation and Distribution are subject to review under mostvarious state and federal fraudulent conveyance laws. Fraudulent conveyance laws generally provide that an entity engages in a constructive fraudulent conveyance when (i) the entity transfers assets and does not receive fair consideration or reasonably equivalent value in return; and (ii) the entity: (a) is insolvent at the time of the transfer or is rendered insolvent by the transfer; (b) has unreasonably small capital with which to carry on its business; or (c) intends to incur or believes it will incur debts beyond its ability to repay its debts as they mature. An unpaid creditor or an entity acting on behalf of a creditor (including without limitation a trustee or debtor-in-possession in a bankruptcy by OmniAb or Ligand or any of our Captisol outlicenses,respective subsidiaries) may bring an action alleging that the Separation or Distribution or any of the related transactions constituted a constructive fraudulent conveyance. If a court accepts these allegations, it could impose a number of remedies, including without limitation, voiding OmniAb’s claims against Ligand, requiring the future OmniAb stockholders to return to Ligand some or all of the shares of OmniAb common stock issued in the Distribution, or providing Ligand with a claim for money damages against OmniAb in an amount equal to the difference between the consideration received by Ligand and OmniAb fair market value at the time of the Distribution.

The measure of insolvency for purposes of the fraudulent conveyance laws will vary depending on which jurisdiction’s law is applied. Generally, an entity would be considered insolvent if (i) the present fair saleable value of its assets is less than the amount of royaltiesits liabilities (including contingent liabilities); (ii) the present fair saleable value of its assets is less than its probable liabilities on its debts as such debts become absolute and matured; (iii) it cannot pay its debts and other liabilities (including contingent liabilities and other commitments) as they mature; or (iv) it has unreasonably small capital for the business in which it is engaged. We cannot assure you what standard a court would apply to determine insolvency or that a court would determine that OmniAb or Ligand or any of our subsidiaries were solvent at the time of or after giving effect to the Distribution.

The Distribution of OmniAb common stock is also subject to review under state corporate distribution statutes. Under the DGCL, a corporation may only pay dividends to its stockholders either (i) out of its surplus (net assets minus capital) or (ii) if there is no such surplus, out of its net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared or the preceding fiscal year. Although Ligand intends to make the Distribution of OmniAb common stock entirely from surplus, we receivecannot assure you that a court will not later determine that some or all of the Distribution to Ligand stockholders was unlawful.

The announcement of the proposed Separation and Merger could disrupt OmniAb’s relationships with its customers, suppliers, business partners and others, as well as its operating results and business generally.

Risks relating to the impact of the announcement of the Separation and Merger on OmniAb’s business include the following:
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its employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles, which might adversely affect OmniAb’s ability to retain and hire key personnel and other employees;
customers, suppliers, business partners and other parties with which OmniAb maintains business relationships may experience uncertainty about its future and seek alternative relationships with third parties, seek to alter their business relationships with OmniAb or fail to extend an existing relationship with OmniAb; and
OmniAb has expended and will continue to expend significant costs, fees and expenses for professional services and transaction costs in connection with the proposed Separation and Merger.

If any of the aforementioned risks were to materialize, they could lead to significant costs which may impact the combined company’s results of operations and cash available to fund its business.

We will incur transaction costs in connection with the Separation and Merger.

OmniAb has both incurred and expects to incur significant, non-recurring costs in connection with consummating the Separation and Merger and operating as a public company following the consummation of the Separation and Merger. OmniAb may also incur additional costs to retain key employees. Although certain transaction expenses incurred in connection with the Merger Agreement, including all legal, accounting, consulting, investment banking and other fees, expenses and costs, will be reduced orpaid by APAC following the closing of the Merger, OmniAb expects some increased operational costs as well.We will cease whenalso bear all of OmniAb’s expenses if the relevant patent expires. Our low-chloride patents and foreign equivalents areMerger is not expected to expire until 2033, our high purity patents and foreign equivalents are not expected to expire until 2029 and our morphology patents and foreign equivalents are not expected to expire until 2026 in United States, but the initially filed patents relating to Captisol expired starting in 2010 in the United States and in 2016 in most countries outside the United States. If our other intellectual property rights are not sufficient to prevent a generic form of Captisol from coming to market and if in such case our partners choose to terminate their agreements with us, our Captisol revenue may decrease significantly.consummated.


Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information

None.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
Description of ExhibitFormFile NumberDate of Filing
Exhibit
Number
Filed
Herewith
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March, 23, 2022, by and among Avista Public Acquisition Corp. II, Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, OmniAb, Inc. and Orwell Merger Sub Inc.8-K001-33093March 24, 20222.1
Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2022, by and among Avista Public Acquisition Corp. II, Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and OmniAb, Inc.8-K001-33093March 24, 20222.2
Sponsor Insider Agreement, dated March 23, 2022, by and among OmniAb, Inc., Avista Public Acquisition Corp. II and the other parties signatory thereto8-K001-33093March 24, 20222.3
Amended and Restated Forward Purchase Agreement, dated March 23, 2022, by and among Avista Public Acquisition Corp. II, Avista Acquisition LP II and OmniAb, Inc.8-K001-33093March 24, 20222.4
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the CompanyS-4333-58823July 9, 19983.1
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated June 14, 200010-K0-20720March 29, 20013.5
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated June 30, 200410-Q0-20720August 5, 20043.6
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated November 17, 20108-K001-33093November 19, 20103.1
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certification of Incorporation of the Company, dated June 19, 2018S-8333-233130August 8, 20193.6
Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company8-K001-33093October 30, 20203.1
Specimen stock certificate for shares of the common stock of the Company10-K001-33093March 1, 20184.1
Indenture, dated as of May 22, 2018, between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, including the form of 0.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 20238-K001-33093May 22, 20184.1
Description of Registered Securities10-K001-33093February 24, 20214.3
Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2022, by and among Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Avista Public Acquisition Corp. II, OmniAb, Inc. and Orwell Merger Sub Inc.8-K001-33093March 23, 202210.1
Certification by Principal Executive Officer, Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.X
Certification by Principal Financial Officer, Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.X
Certifications by Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.X
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Exhibit NumberDescription
101Call Option Amendment Agreed, dated January 28, 2021, between the Registrant and Barclays Bank PLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.67 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2021).
Call Option Amendment Agreed, dated January 28, 2021, between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.68 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2021).
Call Option Amendment Agreed, dated January 28, 2021, between the Registrant and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.69 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2021.
Certification by Principal Executive Officer, Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
Certification by Principal Financial Officer, Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
Certifications by Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
101
The following financial information from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021,2022, formatted in iXBRL (inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.*
X
104The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021,2022, formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.X



* Schedules and exhibits omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.







SIGNATURES


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



Date:May 6, 20219, 2022By:/s/ Matthew Korenberg
Matthew Korenberg
Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer
Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer

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