UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
________________________________________________________ 
FORM 10-Q
________________________________________________________ 10-Q
_____________________________________________ 
(Mark One)
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020.
2021.
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to            
Commission File Number 000-20288
 _________________________________________________________________________
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 _______________________________________________________________
Washington91-1422237
(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)
1301 A Street
Tacoma,, Washington98402-2156
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(253) (253) 305-1900
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, No Par ValueCOLBThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
(Title of each class)(Trading symbol)(Name of each exchange on which registered)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes x No ¨ 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). 
Yes ☐  No x
The number of shares of common stock outstanding at April 30, 20202021 was 71,569,872.
71,731,554



TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Page
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Page
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Consolidated Balance Sheets - March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020
1
Consolidated Statements of Income - three months ended March 31, 20202021 and 20192020
2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - three months ended March 31, 20202021 and 20192020
3
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity - three months ended March 31, 20202021 and 20192020
4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - three months ended March 31, 20202021 and 20192020
5
67
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
3034
Item 3.
4550
Item 4.
4551
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
4652
Item 1A.
4652
Item 2.
4752
Item 3.
4752
Item 4.
4752
Item 5.
4752
Item 6.
4853
4954


i


Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Terms

The acronyms, abbreviations, and terms listed below are used in various sections of the Form 10-Q, including “Item 1. Financial Statements” and “Item 2. Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
ACLAllowance for Credit LossesEPSFASBEarnings Per Share
ALLLAllowance for Loan and Lease LossesFASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board
ASCAccounting Standards CodificationFDICFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation
ASC 326Codification related to measurement of credit losses on financial instrumentsFederal ReserveFHLBFederal Reserve System
ASUAccounting Standards UpdateFHLBFederal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines
ATMASUAccounting Standards UpdateFRBFederal Reserve Bank
ATMAutomated Teller MachineFRBGAAPFederal Reserve Bank
B&OBusiness and OccupationGAAPGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles
B&OBusiness and OccupationGDPGross Domestic Product
Basel IIIA comprehensive capital framework and rules for U.S. banking organizations approved by the FRB and the FDIC in 2013GDPIntermountainGross Domestic ProductIntermountain Community Bancorp
BOLIBank Owned Life InsuranceLIBORLondon Interbank Offering Rate
CaresCapital RulesRisk-based capital standards currently applicable to the Company and the Bank.N/MNot meaningful
CARES ActCoronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security ActNIMOPPONet Interest Margin
CDARS®
Certificate of Deposit Account Registry ServiceOPPOOther Personal Property Owned
CDICore Deposit IntangibleOREOOther Real Estate Owned
CECLCurrent Expected Credit LossesPacific ContinentalPacific Continental Corporation
CEOChief Executive OfficerPCIPPPPurchased Credit ImpairedPaycheck Protection Program
CET1Common Equity Tier 1REASDRSAReal Estate Appraisal Services DepartmentRestricted Stock Awards
CFOChief Financial OfficerSBARSURestricted Stock Units
COVID-19Novel CoronavirusSBASmall Business Administration
COVID-19DCFNovel CoronavirusDiscounted Cash FlowSECSecurities and Exchange Commission
DCFDiscounted Cash FlowTDRsTroubled Debt Restructurings
Dodd-Frank ActDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection ActTDRsTroubled Debt Restructurings
EPSEarnings Per ShareWest CoastWest Coast Bancorp



ii
Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
March 31,
2021		December 31,
2020
ASSETS(in thousands)
Cash and due from banks$178,096 $218,899 
Interest-earning deposits with banks706,389 434,867 
Total cash and cash equivalents884,485 653,766 
Debt securities available for sale at fair value (amortized cost of $5,417,373 and $4,997,529, respectively)5,496,290 5,210,134 
Equity securities13,425 13,425 
FHLB stock at cost10,280 10,280 
Loans held for sale26,176 26,481 
Loans, net of unearned income9,676,318 9,427,660 
Less: ACL148,294 149,140 
Loans, net9,528,024 9,278,520 
Interest receivable52,667 54,831 
Premises and equipment, net160,179 162,059 
OREO521 553 
Goodwill765,842 765,842 
Other intangible assets, net24,810 26,734 
Other assets372,417 382,154 
Total assets$17,335,116 $16,584,779 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing$7,424,472 $6,913,214 
Interest-bearing7,342,994 6,956,648 
Total deposits14,767,466 13,869,862 
FHLB advances7,400 7,414 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase38,624 73,859 
Subordinated debentures35,046 35,092 
Other liabilities211,517 250,945 
Total liabilities15,060,053 14,237,172 
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 10)
Shareholders’ equity:
March 31,
2021		December 31,
2020
(in thousands)
Preferred stock (0 par value)
Authorized shares2,000 2,000 
Common stock (0 par value)
Authorized shares115,000 115,000 
Issued73,923 73,782 1,661,129 1,660,998 
Outstanding71,739 71,598 
Retained earnings607,040 575,248 
Accumulated other comprehensive income77,728 182,195 
Treasury stock at cost2,184 2,184 (70,834)(70,834)
Total shareholders’ equity2,275,063 2,347,607 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$17,335,116 $16,584,779 
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
     March 31,
2020		 December 31,
2019
ASSETS (in thousands)
Cash and due from banks $190,399
 $223,541
Interest-earning deposits with banks 25,357
 24,132
Total cash and cash equivalents 215,756
 247,673
Debt securities available for sale at fair value (amortized cost of $3,406,492 and $3,703,096, respectively) 3,553,128
 3,746,142
FHLB stock at cost 38,280
 48,120
Loans held for sale 9,701
 17,718
Loans, net of unearned income 8,933,321
 8,743,465
Less: ACL 122,074
 83,968
Loans, net 8,811,247
 8,659,497
Interest receivable 44,577
 46,839
Premises and equipment, net 164,626
 165,408
OREO 510
 552
Goodwill 765,842
 765,842
Other intangible assets, net 33,148
 35,458
Other assets 401,688
 346,275
Total assets $14,038,503
 $14,079,524
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY    
Deposits:    
Noninterest-bearing $5,323,908
 $5,328,146
Interest-bearing 5,488,848
 5,356,562
Total deposits 10,812,756
 10,684,708
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings 712,455
 953,469
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 29,252
 64,437
Subordinated debentures 35,231
 35,277
Revolving line of credit 5,000
 —
Other liabilities 230,207
 181,671
Total liabilities 11,824,901
 11,919,562
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 10) 


 


Shareholders’ equity:       
 March 31,
2020		 December 31,
2019		    
 (in thousands)    
Preferred stock (no par value)       
Authorized shares2,000
 2,000
    
Common stock (no par value)       
Authorized shares115,000
 115,000
    
Issued73,759
 73,577
 1,651,399
 1,650,753
Outstanding71,575
 72,124
    
Retained earnings 495,830
 519,676
Accumulated other comprehensive income 137,207
 40,367
Treasury stock at cost2,184
 1,453
 (70,834) (50,834)
Total shareholders’ equity 2,213,602
 2,159,962
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $14,038,503
 $14,079,524


See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

1

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
(in thousands except per share amounts)
Interest Income
Loans$100,315 $107,366 
Taxable securities22,816 21,088 
Tax-exempt securities2,759 2,302 
Deposits in banks152 141 
Total interest income126,042 130,897 
Interest Expense
Deposits1,485 3,642 
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings72 4,229 
Subordinated debentures468 468 
Other borrowings23 136 
Total interest expense2,048 8,475 
Net Interest Income123,994 122,422 
Provision (recapture) for credit losses(800)41,500 
Net interest income after provision (recapture) for credit losses124,794 80,922 
Noninterest Income
Deposit account and treasury management fees6,358 7,788 
Card revenue3,733 3,518 
Financial services and trust revenue3,381 3,065 
Loan revenue7,369 4,590 
Bank owned life insurance1,560 1,596 
Investment securities gains, net0 249 
Other765 401 
Total noninterest income23,166 21,207 
Noninterest Expense
Compensation and employee benefits51,736 54,842 
Occupancy9,006 9,197 
Data processing and software8,451 7,099 
Legal and professional fees2,815 2,102 
Amortization of intangibles1,924 2,310 
B&O taxes1,259 624 
Advertising and promotion760 1,305 
Regulatory premiums1,105 34 
Net cost (benefit) of operation of OREO(63)12 
Other6,566 6,746 
Total noninterest expense83,559 84,271 
Income before income taxes64,401 17,858 
Income tax provision12,548 3,230 
Net Income$51,853 $14,628 
Earnings per common share
Basic$0.73 $0.20 
Diluted$0.73 $0.20 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding70,869 71,206 
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding71,109 71,264 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
  Three Months Ended
  March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands except per share amounts)
Interest Income    
Loans $107,366
 $108,416
Taxable securities 21,088
 17,415
Tax-exempt securities 2,302
 2,969
Deposits in banks 141
 88
Total interest income 130,897
 128,888
Interest Expense    
Deposits 3,642
 4,498
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings 4,229
 2,685
Subordinated debentures 468
 468
Other borrowings 136
 215
Total interest expense 8,475
 7,866
Net Interest Income 122,422
 121,022
Provision for credit losses 41,500
 1,362
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 80,922
 119,660
Noninterest Income    
Deposit account and treasury management fees 7,788
 8,980
Card revenue 3,518
 3,662
Financial services and trust revenue 3,065
 2,957
Loan revenue 4,590
 2,389
Bank owned life insurance 1,596
 1,519
Investment securities gains, net 249
 1,847
Other 401
 342
Total noninterest income 21,207
 21,696
Noninterest Expense    
Compensation and employee benefits 54,842
 52,085
Occupancy 9,197
 8,809
Data processing 4,840
 4,669
Legal and professional fees 2,102
 4,573
Amortization of intangibles 2,310
 2,748
B&O taxes 624
 1,876
Advertising and promotion 1,305
 974
Regulatory premiums 34
 984
Net cost of operation of OREO 12
 113
Other 9,005
 7,869
Total noninterest expense 84,271
 84,700
Income before income taxes 17,858
 56,656
Income tax provision 3,230
 10,785
Net Income $14,628
 $45,871
Earnings per common share    
Basic $0.20
 $0.63
Diluted $0.20
 $0.63
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding 71,206
 72,521
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding 71,264
 72,524



See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited) 
  Three Months Ended
  March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Net income $14,628
 $45,871
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:    
Unrealized gain from securities:    
Net unrealized holding gain from available for sale debt securities arising during the period, net of tax of ($24,143) and ($9,713) 79,696
 32,063
Reclassification adjustment of net loss (gain) from available for sale debt securities arising during the period, net of tax of $58 and ($430) (191) 1,417
Net unrealized gain from securities, net of reclassification adjustment 79,505
 33,480
Pension plan liability adjustment:    
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of ($24) and ($19) 80
 61
Pension plan liability adjustment, net 80
 61
Unrealized gain from cash flow hedging instruments:    
Net unrealized gain in cash flow hedging instruments arising during the period, net of tax of ($5,446) and ($1,458) 17,977
 4,810
Reclassification adjustment for net gain in cash flow hedging instruments included in income, net of tax of $218 and $0 (722) —
Net unrealized gain from cash flow hedging instruments, net of reclassification adjustment 17,255
 4,810
Other comprehensive income 96,840
 38,351
Total comprehensive income $111,468
 $84,222
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited) 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Net income$51,853 $14,628 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized gain (loss) from securities:
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) from available for sale debt securities arising during the period, net of tax of $31,082 and $(24,143)(102,605)79,696 
Reclassification adjustment of net gain from available for sale debt securities arising during the period, net of tax of $0 and $580 (191)
Net unrealized gain (loss) from securities, net of reclassification adjustment(102,605)79,505 
Pension plan liability adjustment:
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of $(35) and $(24)115 80 
Pension plan liability adjustment, net115 80 
Unrealized gain from cash flow hedging instruments:
Net unrealized gain in cash flow hedging instruments arising during the period, net of tax of $0 and $(5,446)0 17,977 
Reclassification adjustment for net gain in cash flow hedging instruments included in income, net of tax of $599 and $218(1,977)(722)
Net unrealized gain (loss) from cash flow hedging instruments, net of reclassification adjustment(1,977)17,255 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(104,467)96,840 
Total comprehensive income (loss)$(52,614)$111,468 
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
Common StockRetained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Treasury StockTotal
Shareholders’
Equity
Shares OutstandingAmount
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021(in thousands except per share amounts)
Balance at January 1, 202171,598 $1,660,998 $575,248 $182,195 $(70,834)$2,347,607 
Net income— — 51,853 — — 51,853 
Other comprehensive loss— — — (104,467)— (104,467)
Issuance of common stock - employee stock purchase plan41 1,098 — — — 1,098 
Issuance of common stock - RSAs and RSUs, net of canceled awards188 3,028 — — — 3,028 
Purchase and retirement of common stock(88)(3,995)— — — (3,995)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.28 per share)— — (20,061)— — (20,061)
Balance at March 31, 202171,739 $1,661,129 $607,040 $77,728 $(70,834)$2,275,063 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common StockRetained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Treasury StockTotal
Shareholders’
Equity
Shares OutstandingAmount
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020(in thousands except per share amounts)
Balance at January 1, 202072,124 $1,650,753 $519,676 $40,367 $(50,834)$2,159,962 
Adjustment to opening retained earnings pursuant to adoption of ASU 2016-13— — (2,457)— — (2,457)
Net income— — 14,628 — — 14,628 
Other comprehensive income— — — 96,840 — 96,840 
Issuance of common stock - employee stock purchase plan26 945 — — — 945 
Activity in deferred compensation plan0 3 — — — 3 
Issuance of common stock - RSAs and RSUs, net of canceled awards222 2,172 — — — 2,172 
Purchase and retirement of common stock(66)(2,474)— — — (2,474)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.50 per share)— — (36,017)— — (36,017)
Purchase of treasury stock(731)— — — (20,000)(20,000)
Balance at March 31, 202071,575 $1,651,399 $495,830 $137,207 $(70,834)$2,213,602 
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
  Common Stock Retained
Earnings		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Treasury Stock Total
Shareholders’
Equity
  Shares Outstanding Amount 
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands except per share amounts)
Balance at January 1, 2020 72,124
 $1,650,753
 $519,676
 $40,367
 $(50,834) $2,159,962
Adjustment to opening retained earnings pursuant to adoption of ASU 2016-13 —
 —
 (2,457) —
 —
 (2,457)
Net income —
 —
 14,628
 —
 —
 14,628
Other comprehensive income —
 —
 —
 96,840
 —
 96,840
Issuance of common stock - stock option and other plans 26
 945
 —
 —
 —
 945
Activity in deferred compensation plan —
 3
 —
 —
 —
 3
Issuance of common stock - restricted stock awards, net of canceled awards 222
 2,172
 —
 —
 —
 2,172
Purchase and retirement of common stock (66) (2,474) —
 —
 —
 (2,474)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.50 per share) —
 —
 (36,017) —
 —
 (36,017)
Purchase of treasury stock (731) —
 —
 —
 (20,000) (20,000)
Balance at March 31, 2020 71,575
 $1,651,399
 $495,830
 $137,207
 $(70,834) $2,213,602

  Common Stock Retained
Earnings		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Treasury Stock Total
Shareholders’
Equity
  Shares Outstanding Amount 
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands except per share amounts)
Balance at January 1, 2019 73,249
 $1,642,246
 $426,708
 $(35,305) $—
 $2,033,649
Adjustment to opening retained earnings pursuant to adoption of ASU 2016-02 —
 —
 782
 —
 —
 782
Net income —
 —
 45,871
 —
 —
 45,871
Other comprehensive income —
 —
 —
 38,351
 —
 38,351
Issuance of common stock - stock option and other plans 25
 878
 —
 —
 —
 878
Issuance of common stock - restricted stock awards, net of canceled awards 355
 2,285
 —
 —
 —
 2,285
Purchase and retirement of common stock (64) (2,432) —
 —
 —
 (2,432)
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($0.42 per share) —
 —
 (30,764) —
 —
 (30,764)
Balance at March 31, 2019 73,565
 $1,642,977
 $442,597
 $3,046
 $—
 $2,088,620

See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income$51,853 $14,628 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Provision (recapture) for credit losses(800)41,500 
Stock-based compensation expense3,028 2,172 
Depreciation, amortization and accretion1,433 13,151 
Investment securities gain, net0 (249)
Net realized (gain) loss on sale of premises and equipment, loans held for investment and OPPO6 (25)
Net realized gain on sale and valuation adjustments of OREO(100)0 
Gain on bank owned life insurance death benefit(209)0 
Originations of loans held for sale(107,104)(58,199)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale107,320 66,216 
Change in fair value of loans held for sale89 0 
Net change in:
Interest receivable2,164 2,262 
Interest payable494 2,325 
Other assets11,525 (63,141)
Other liabilities(10,627)44,725 
Net cash provided by operating activities59,072 65,365 
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Loans originated, net of principal collected(164,856)(197,362)
Purchases of:
Debt securities available for sale(608,854)(37,472)
Loans held for investment(74,383)0 
Premises and equipment(805)(1,650)
FHLB stock0 (51,240)
Proceeds from:
Sales of debt securities available for sale0 194,105 
Principal repayments and maturities of debt securities available for sale180,380 134,641 
Sales of premises and equipment0 31 
Redemption of FHLB stock0 61,080 
Sales of OREO and OPPO132 50 
Bank owned life insurance death benefit671 1,050 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(667,715)103,233 
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Net increase in deposits897,604 128,059 
Net decrease in sweep repurchase agreements(35,235)(35,185)
Proceeds from:
FHLB advances0 1,281,000 
FRB borrowings0 182,010 
Other borrowings0 5,000 
Employee stock purchase plan1,098 945 
Payments for:
Repayment of FHLB advances0 (1,527,000)
Repayment of FRB borrowings0 (177,010)
Common stock dividends(20,110)(35,860)
Purchase of treasury stock0 (20,000)
Purchase and retirement of common stock(3,995)(2,474)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities839,362 (200,515)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities    
Net income $14,628
 $45,871
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities    
Provision for credit losses 41,500
 1,362
Stock-based compensation expense 2,172
 2,285
Depreciation, amortization and accretion 13,151
 8,182
Investment securities gain, net (249) (1,847)
Net realized (gain) loss on sale of premises and equipment and OPPO (25) 1
Net realized loss on sale and valuation adjustments of OREO —
 209
Originations of loans held for sale (58,199) (21,542)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale 66,216
 21,374
Net change in:    
Interest receivable 2,262
 (1,512)
Interest payable 2,325
 1,154
Other assets (63,141) (5,244)
Other liabilities 44,725
 2,179
Net cash provided by operating activities 65,365
 52,472
Cash Flows From Investing Activities    
Loans originated, net of principal collected (197,362) (80,407)
Purchases of:    
Debt securities available for sale (37,472) (3,710)
Loans held for investment —
 (49,039)
Premises and equipment (1,650) (1,788)
FHLB stock (51,240) (57,280)
Proceeds from:    
Sales of debt securities available for sale 194,105
 83,968
Principal repayments and maturities of debt securities available for sale 134,641
 100,876
Sales of premises and equipment 31
 11
Redemption of FHLB stock 61,080
 57,640
Sales of OREO and OPPO 50
 150
Bank owned life insurance death benefit 1,050
 —
Net cash provided by investing activities 103,233
 50,421
Cash Flows From Financing Activities    
Net increase (decrease) in deposits 128,059
 (89,027)
Net decrease in sweep repurchase agreements (35,185) (38,076)
Proceeds from:    
FHLB advances 1,281,000
 1,432,000
FRB borrowings 182,010
 —
Other borrowings 5,000
 —
Exercise of stock options 945
 878
Payments for:    
Repayment of FHLB advances (1,527,000) (1,441,000)
Repayment of FRB borrowings (177,010) —
Common stock dividends (35,860) (30,750)
Purchase of treasury stock (20,000) —
Purchase and retirement of common stock (2,474) (2,432)
Net cash used in financing activities (200,515) (168,407)
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents (31,917) (65,514)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 247,673
 277,587
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $215,756
 $212,073
     
Supplemental Information:    
Interest paid $6,150
 $6,712
Income taxes paid, net of refunds $12
 $(146)
Non-cash investing and financing activities    
Loans transferred to OREO $—
 $386
Premises and equipment expenditures incurred but not yet paid $238
 $35
Change in dividends payable on unvested shares included in other liabilities $157
 $14
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents230,719 (31,917)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period653,766 247,673 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$884,485 $215,756 
Supplemental Information:
Interest paid$1,553 $6,150 
Income taxes paid, net of refunds$(1)$12 
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Premises and equipment expenditures incurred but not yet paid$43 $238 
Change in dividends payable on unvested shares included in other liabilities$(49)$157 


See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
1.Basis of Presentation, Significant Accounting Policies and Reclassifications
1.Basis of Presentation, Significant Accounting Policies and Reclassifications
Basis of Presentation
The interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and with instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“we”, “our”, “Columbia” or the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, including its wholly owned banking subsidiary Columbia State Bank (“Columbia Bank” or the “Bank”) and Columbia Trust Company (“Columbia Trust”). All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 20202021 are not necessarily indicative of results to be anticipated for the year ending December 31, 2020.2021. The accompanying interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained in the Company’s 20192020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Significant Accounting Policies
The significant accounting policies used in preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements are disclosed in our 20192020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to the changes already disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding ASC 326, this ASC also made changes to the accounting for available for sale securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than a write-down on available for sale securities, which refers to securities management does not intend to sell or with respect to which management believes that it is more likely than not they will not be required to sell. With the exception of that change, thereThere have not been any changes in our significant accounting policies compared to those contained in our 20192020 Form 10-K disclosure for the year ended December 31, 2019.2020.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts reported in prior periods have been reclassified in the Consolidated Financial Statements to conform to the current presentation. Specifically, amounts related to software expense, which have historically been included in “Other” noninterest expense, have been combined with data processing expense in the row titled “Data processing and software” in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The reclassifications have no effect on net income or shareholders’ equity as previously reported.
2.Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted or Issued
2.Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted or Issued
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2020
In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The amendments in this ASU clarify certain aspects of accounting for credit losses, hedging activities, and financial instruments (addressed by ASUs 2016-01, 2016-13, and 2017-12). Many of the amendments reflect decisions reached at FASB meetings or meetings of the Board’s credit losses transition resource group. Topics covered in this ASU include: accrued interest, transfers between classifications or categories for loans and debt securities, recoveries, reinsurance recoverables, projections of interest rate environments for variable-rate financial instruments, costs to sell when foreclosure is probable, consideration of expected prepayments when determining the effective interest rate, vintage disclosures, extension and renewal options, etc. As the ASU focused on clarifying certain aspects of accounting, adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments included in this ASU require an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses for assets held at an amortized cost basis. For available for sale debt securities, credit losses will be measured in a manner similar to current GAAP, however, this ASU requires that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. In November 2019, the FASB subsequently issued ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The amendments in the update require entities to include expected recoveries of the amortized cost basis previously written-off or expected to be written-off in the valuation account for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. In addition, the amendments in this update clarify and improve various aspects of the guidance for ASU 2016-13.

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Unlike the incurred loss models, the CECL model in ASU 2016-13 does not specify a threshold for the recognition of an impairment allowance. Rather, the Company recognizes an impairment allowance equal to its estimate of lifetime expected credit losses, adjusted for prepayments, for in-scope financial instruments. Accordingly, the impairment allowance measured under the CECL model is expected to change significantly from the impairment allowance measured under the Company’s incurred loss model. The Company engaged a third-party vendor to assist in the CECL calculation and has developed and implemented an internal governance framework. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 and the above ASUs related to credit losses are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption was permitted, including adoption in any interim period. The Company adopted the new standards, using a modified retrospective approach, effective January 1, 2020, which resulted in an increase of $1.6 million to its allowance for credit losses, an increase of $1.6 million to its allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit and a net-of-tax cumulative-effect adjustment of $2.5 million to decrease the beginning balance of retained earnings.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This ASU adds, eliminates and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Among the changes, entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, but will be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019; early adoption is permitted. Entities are also allowed to elect early adoption of the eliminated or modified disclosure requirements and delay adoption of the added disclosure requirements until their effective date. The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards, Not Yet Adopted2021
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In response to concerns about structural risks of the cessation of LIBOR, the amendments in this ASU provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in this ASU provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022. The amendments in this ASU are elective and are effective March 12, 2020 for all entities. The adoption of this ASU isdid not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The guidance issued in this ASU simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in ASC 740 related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition for deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. This ASU also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020; early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Recently Issued Accounting Standards, Not Yet Adopted
In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Scope. The amendments in this ASU clarify that certain optional expedients and exceptions for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. Certain provisions, if elected, apply to derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. Amendments in this ASU to the expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning on January 7, 2021. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

73.Securities

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3.Securities
The following table summarizes the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, the allowance for credit losses and the resulting fair value of debt securities available for sale:
  Amortized
Cost		 Gross
Unrealized
Gains		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		 Allowance for Credit
Losses		 Fair Value
March 31, 2020 (in thousands)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $2,643,659
 $123,926
 $(1,448) $—
 $2,766,137
Other asset-backed securities 196,250
 7,309
 (47) —
 203,512
State and municipal securities 437,957
 10,387
 (284) —
 448,060
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities 128,626
 6,793
 —
 —
 135,419
Total $3,406,492
 $148,415
 $(1,779) $—
 $3,553,128
December 31, 2019          
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $2,864,949
 $47,223
 $(19,222) $—
 $2,892,950
Other asset-backed securities 194,563
 2,476
 (989) —
 196,050
State and municipal securities 478,366
 10,660
 (224) —
 488,802
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities 165,218
 3,127
 (5) —
 168,340
Total $3,703,096
 $63,486
 $(20,440) $—
 $3,746,142

Accrued interest receivable for securities available for sale is included in “Interest receivable” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and is not reflected in the balances in the table above. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, accrued interest receivable for securities was $12.3 million and $13.9 million, respectively. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable.
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Allowance for Credit
Losses		Fair Value
March 31, 2021(in thousands)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$4,040,359 $109,063 $(45,203)$0 $4,104,219 
Other asset-backed securities359,259 5,216 (5,656)0 358,819 
State and municipal securities739,570 18,080 (6,365)0 751,285 
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities278,185 5,349 (1,567)0 281,967 
Total$5,417,373 $137,708 $(58,791)$0 $5,496,290 
December 31, 2020
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$3,640,351 $178,579 $(4,543)$0 $3,814,387 
Other asset-backed securities349,904 9,651 (2,076)0 357,479 
State and municipal securities729,066 25,098 (592)0 753,572 
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities278,208 6,545 (57)0 284,696 
Total$4,997,529 $219,873 $(7,268)$0 $5,210,134 
A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. There were no amounts of accrued interest reversed against interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
Accrued interest receivable for securities available for sale is included in “Interest receivable” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and is not reflected in the balances in the table above. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, accrued interest receivable for securities was $17.4 million and 2019.$17.1 million, respectively. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable.
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The following table provides the proceeds and both gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of debt securities available for sale as well as other securities gains and losses for the periods indicated:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Proceeds from sales of debt securities available for sale $194,105
 $83,968
     
Gross realized gains from sales of debt securities available for sale $435
 $1,847
Gross realized losses from sales of debt securities available for sale (186) —
Investment securities gains, net $249
 $1,847


Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Proceeds from sales of debt securities available for sale$0 $194,105 
Gross realized gains from sales of debt securities available for sale$0 $435 
Gross realized losses from sales of debt securities available for sale0 (186)
Other securities gains0 0 
Investment securities gains, net$0 $249 
8There were 0 gains or losses recognized on equity securities during the three month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

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The scheduled contractual maturities of debt securities available for sale at March 31, 2020the period presented below are presented as follows:
  March 31, 2020
  Amortized Cost Fair Value
  (in thousands)
Due within one year $34,642
 $34,693
Due after one year through five years 361,355
 372,492
Due after five years through ten years 1,892,926
 1,996,364
Due after ten years 1,117,569
 1,149,579
Total debt securities available for sale $3,406,492
 $3,553,128

March 31, 2021
Amortized CostFair Value
(in thousands)
Due within one year$81,385 $81,986 
Due after one year through five years737,066 765,090 
Due after five years through ten years2,457,820 2,507,546 
Due after ten years2,141,102 2,141,668 
Total debt securities available for sale$5,417,373 $5,496,290 
The following table summarizes the carrying value of securities pledged as collateral to secure public funds, borrowings and other purposes as permitted or required by law:
  March 31, 2020
  (in thousands)
To secure public funds $317,706
To secure borrowings 109,060
Other securities pledged 155,647
Total securities pledged as collateral $582,413
March 31, 2021
(in thousands)
To secure public funds$477,970 
To secure borrowings109,650 
Other securities pledged217,055 
Total securities pledged as collateral$804,675 
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The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s debt securities available for sale for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:as of the dates presented:
  Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total
  Fair
Value		 Unrealized
Losses		 Fair
Value		 Unrealized
Losses		 Fair
Value		 Unrealized
Losses
March 31, 2020 (in thousands)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $5,653
 $(73) $69,916
 $(1,375) $75,569
 $(1,448)
Other asset-backed securities 15,105
 (44) 626
 (3) 15,731
 (47)
State and municipal securities 43,187
 (281) 1,632
 (3) 44,819
 (284)
Total $63,945
 $(398) $72,174
 $(1,381) $136,119
 $(1,779)
December 31, 2019            
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $1,055,903
 $(12,424) $491,539
 $(6,798) $1,547,442
 $(19,222)
Other asset-backed securities 89,508
 (880) 6,799
 (109) 96,307
 (989)
State and municipal securities 12,363
 (142) 12,587
 (82) 24,950
 (224)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities —
 —
 10,495
 (5) 10,495
 (5)
Total $1,157,774
 $(13,446) $521,420
 $(6,994) $1,679,194
 $(20,440)

Less than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses
March 31, 2021(in thousands)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$1,661,107 $(44,484)$16,463 $(719)$1,677,570 $(45,203)
Other asset-backed securities183,636 (5,656)69 0 183,705 (5,656)
State and municipal securities311,953 (6,365)0 0 311,953 (6,365)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities149,483 (1,567)0 0 149,483 (1,567)
Total$2,306,179 $(58,072)$16,532 $(719)$2,322,711 $(58,791)
December 31, 2020
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$575,329 $(3,728)$18,527 $(815)$593,856 $(4,543)
Other asset-backed securities143,764 (2,076)70 0 143,834 (2,076)
State and municipal securities86,471 (592)0 0 86,471 (592)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities74,943 (57)0 0 74,943 (57)
Total$880,507 $(6,453)$18,597 $(815)$899,104 $(7,268)
At March 31, 2020,2021, there were 64144 U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligation securities in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at March 31, 2020.2021.
At March 31, 2020,2021, there were 516 other asset-backed securities in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at March 31, 2020.

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2021.
At March 31, 2020,2021, there were 4189 state and municipal government securities in an unrealized loss position. The unrealized losses on state and municipal securities were caused by interest rate changes or widening of market spreads subsequent to the purchase of the individual securities. Management monitors published credit ratings of these securities for adverse changes. As of March 31, 2020,2021, none of the rated obligations of state and local government entities held by the Company had a below investment grade credit rating. Because the credit quality of these securities are investment grade and the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at March 31, 2020.2021.
At March 31, 2020,2021, there were 08 U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at March 31, 2021.
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Equity Securities without Readily Determinable Fair Values
Visa Class B Restricted Shares

In 2008, the Company received Visa Class B restricted shares as part of Visa’s initial public offering. These shares are transferable only under limited circumstances until they can be converted into publicly traded Visa Class A common shares. This conversion will not occur until the settlement of certain litigation which is indemnified by Visa members, including the Company. Visa funded an escrow account from its initial public offering to settle these litigation claims. Should this escrow account not be sufficient to cover these litigation claims, Visa is entitled to fund additional amounts to the escrow account by reducing each member bank’s Visa Class B conversion ratio to unrestricted Visa Class A shares. At March 31,
During the second quarter of 2020, the Company owned 95,043sold 17,360 shares of Visa Class B restricted stock, which resulted in an observable market price. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of its remaining Visa Class B restricted shares upward to this observable market price. At March 31, 2021, the Company owned 77,683 Visa Class B shares, which are carried athad a zero cost basis.carrying value of $13.4 million.
4.Loans
4.Loans
The Company’s loan portfolio includes originated and purchased loans. The following is an analysis of the loan portfolio by segment and class (net of unearned income):
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans:    
Commercial real estate $3,969,974
 $3,945,853
Commercial business 3,169,668
 2,989,613
Agriculture 754,491
 765,371
Construction 308,186
 361,533
Consumer loans:    
One-to-four family residential real estate 690,506
 637,325
Other consumer 40,496
 43,770
Total loans 8,933,321
 8,743,465
Less: Allowance for credit losses (122,074) (83,968)
Total loans, net $8,811,247
 $8,659,497
Loans held for sale $9,701
 $17,718

March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate$4,081,915 $4,062,313 
Commercial business3,792,813 3,597,968 
Agriculture751,800 779,627 
Construction282,534 268,663 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate735,314 683,570 
Other consumer31,942 35,519 
Total loans9,676,318 9,427,660 
Less: Allowance for credit losses(148,294)(149,140)
Total loans, net$9,528,024 $9,278,520 
At March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the Company had no material foreign activities. Substantially all of the Company’s loans and unfunded commitments are geographically concentrated in its service areas within the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho.
At March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019, $3.372020, $3.49 billion and $3.24$3.46 billion of commercial and residential real estate loans were pledged as collateral on FHLB borrowingsadvances and additional borrowing capacity. The Company has also pledged $149.9$200.1 million and $151.3$200.4 million of commercial loans to the FRB for additional borrowing capacity at March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively.
Accrued interest receivable for loans is included in “Interest receivable” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and is not reflected in the balances in the table above. At March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, accrued interest receivable for loans was $32.3$35.2 million and $33.0$37.8 million, respectively. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable.

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The following is an aging of the recorded investment of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:at the dates presented:
  Current
Loans		 30 - 59
Days
Past Due		 60 - 89
Days
Past Due		 Greater
than 90
Days Past
Due		 Total
Past Due		 Nonaccrual
Loans		 Total Loans
March 31, 2020 (in thousands)
Commercial loans:              
Commercial real estate $3,957,092
 $5,899
 $1,465
 $—
 $7,364
 $5,518
 $3,969,974
Commercial business 3,140,629
 3,055
 1,589
 —
 4,644
 24,395
 3,169,668
Agriculture 735,186
 2,462
 1,760
 —
 4,222
 15,083
 754,491
Construction 305,948
 2,238
 —
 —
 2,238
 —
 308,186
Consumer loans:              
One-to-four family residential real estate 684,248
 3,071
 544
 —
 3,615
 2,643
 690,506
Other consumer 40,401
 38
 49
 —
 87
 8
 40,496
Total $8,863,504
 $16,763
 $5,407
 $—
 $22,170
 $47,647
 $8,933,321
               
  Current
Loans		 30 - 59
Days
Past Due		 60 - 89
Days
Past Due		 Greater
than 90
Days Past
Due		 Total
Past Due		 Nonaccrual
Loans		 Total Loans
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)
Commercial loans:              
Commercial real estate $3,935,633
 $6,421
 $—
 —
 $6,421
 $3,799
 $3,945,853
Commercial business 2,959,826
 6,081
 2,769
 —
 8,850
 20,937
 2,989,613
Agriculture 755,719
 2,283
 2,346
 —
 4,629
 5,023
 765,371
Construction 360,582
 951
 —
 —
 951
 —
 361,533
Consumer loans:              
One-to-four family residential real estate 631,109
 2,516
 408
 —
 2,924
 3,292
 637,325
Other consumer 43,654
 80
 27
 —
 107
 9
 43,770
Total $8,686,523
 $18,332
 $5,550
 $—
 $23,882
 $33,060
 $8,743,465

Current
Loans		30 - 59
Days
Past Due		60 - 89
Days
Past Due		Greater
than 90
Days Past
Due		Total
Past Due		Nonaccrual
Loans		Total Loans
March 31, 2021(in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate$4,067,718 $880 $6,000 $0 $6,880 $7,317 $4,081,915 
Commercial business3,778,955 109 198 0 307 13,551 3,792,813 
Agriculture739,599 1,060 512 0 1,572 10,629 751,800 
Construction282,343 0 0 0 0 191 282,534 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate728,053 5,462 48 0 5,510 1,751 735,314 
Other consumer31,758 27 15 0 42 142 31,942 
Total$9,628,426 $7,538 $6,773 $0 $14,311 $33,581 $9,676,318 
Current
Loans		30 - 59
Days
Past Due		60 - 89
Days
Past Due		Greater
than 90
Days Past
Due		Total
Past Due		Nonaccrual
Loans		Total Loans
December 31, 2020(in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate$4,037,309 $17,292 $0 0 $17,292 $7,712 $4,062,313 
Commercial business3,578,905 1,282 4,559 0 5,841 13,222 3,597,968 
Agriculture767,102 911 0 0 911 11,614 779,627 
Construction268,304 0 142 0 142 217 268,663 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate677,627 2,283 1,659 0 3,942 2,001 683,570 
Other consumer35,450 24 5 0 29 40 35,519 
Total$9,364,697 $21,792 $6,365 $0 $28,157 $34,806 $9,427,660 
Loan payments are considered timely when the contractual principal or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof is received on the due date of the scheduled payment. In addition, the risk rating on loans modified in association with the CARES Act or Interagency guidance did not change. These loans are not considered past due until after the deferral period is over and scheduled payments resume. Accrued interest on these COVID-19 modified loans is due, in full, when the deferral period ends. The credit quality of these loans will be reevaluated after the deferral period ends.
Nonaccrual loans are generally loans placed on a nonaccrual basis when they become 90 days past due or when there are otherwise serious doubts about the collectability of principal or interest within the existing terms of the loan. The Company’s policy is to write-off all accrued interest on loans when they are placed on nonaccrual status. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company wrote-off $783 thousand and $5 thousand
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The following table summarizes written-off interest on commercial and consumernonaccrual loans respectively, as a reduction to interest income. Forfor the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company wrote-off $539 thousand and $79 thousand of accrued interest on commercial and consumer loans, respectively, as a reduction to interest income.periods indicated:

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Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Commercial loans$211 $783 
Consumer loans7 5 
Total$218 $788 
The following summarizes the amortized cost of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACL as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:for the periods indicated:
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (in thousands)
Commercial loans:    
Commercial real estate $3,887
 $1,715
Commercial business 16,029
 15,762
Agriculture 8,853
 1,798
Total $28,769
 $19,275

March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
(in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate$6,336 $6,393 
Commercial business8,682 6,382 
Agriculture8,379 8,136 
Total$23,397 $20,911 
The following is an analysis of loans classified as TDR duringfor the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:periods indicated:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Number of TDR ModificationsPre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment		Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment		Number of TDR ModificationsPre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment		Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate1 $628 $628 0 $0 $0 
Commercial business7 843 843 2 272 272 
Agriculture0 0 0 1 895 895 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate2 140 140 1 68 68 
Total10 $1,611 $1,611 4 $1,235 $1,235 
  Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
  Number of TDR Modifications Pre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment		 Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment		 Number of TDR Modifications Pre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment		 Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
  (dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans:            
Commercial business 2
 $272
 $272
 2
 $616
 $616
Agriculture 1
 895
 895
 —
 —
 —
Consumer loans:            
One-to-four family residential real estate 1
 68
 68
 1
 217
 217
Total 4
 $1,235
 $1,235
 3
 $833
 $833


The Company’s loans classified as TDR are loans that have been modified or with respect to which the borrower has been granted special concessions due to financial difficulties that, if not for the challenges of the borrower, the Company would not otherwise consider. The TDR modifications or concessions are made to increase the likelihood that these borrowers with financial difficulties will be able to satisfy their debt obligations as amended. The concessions granted in the restructurings, summarized in the table above, largely consisted of maturity extensions, interest rate modifications or a combination of both. In limited circumstances, a reduction in the principal balance of the loan could also be made as a concession. Loans classified as TDR are included with the loans collectively measured for credit losses.
The Company had commitments to lend $812$672 thousand of additional funds on loans classified as TDR as of March 31, 2021. The Company had $651 thousand of such commitments at December 31, 2020. The Company had $1.1 million of such commitments at December 31, 2019. The Company did not have any0 loans modifiedclassified as TDR that defaulted within 12 months of being modifiedclassified as TDR during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. During
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Financial institutions are required to maintain records of the three months endedvolume of loans involved in modifications to which troubled debt restructuring relief is applicable. At March 31, 20192021, the Company had 1 $26 thousand consumer loan20 short–term deferments on $71.4 million of loans, gross of unearned income. These short–term deferments are not classified as TDR’s and will not be reported as past due provided that defaulted within 12 months of being modified as a TDR. The defaulted TDR loan was collateralized and includedthey are performing in accordance with the loans individually measured for credit loss.modified terms.
Modifications in response to COVID-19
The Company began offering short-term loan modificationsoffered PPP loans to assist borrowersprovide financial support to small and medium-size businesses to cover payroll and certain other expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The PPP was established by the CARES Act along with a joint agency statement issuedand is implemented by the federal banking agenciesU.S. SBA with support from the U.S. Department of Treasury. The program, which was amended by the Paycheck Protection Flexibility Act of 2020, provides small businesses with funds to pay up to 24 weeks of payroll costs including benefits, as well as interest on mortgages, rent and utilities. Funds are provided to small businesses in the form of loans that short-term modifications made in response to COVID-19 do not need towill be accountedfully forgiven when used for as a TDR. Accordingly, the Company does not account for such loan modifications as TDRs. The Company’s loan modifications allow for the deferral of four months of principalpermitted purposes and interest. The deferred interest is due and payablewhen at the endleast 60% of the deferral periodfunds are used for payroll costs and applicable employment levels are maintained in accordance with the deferred principal is due and payable onrequirements of the maturity date.amended PPP. At March 31, 2020,2021, we had granted short-term payment deferrals on $165.1$894.1 million of PPP loans outstanding, which are included in commercial business loans. The program is ongoing
5.Allowance for Credit Losses and additional loans continue to be granted deferrals.

12

TableAllowance for Unfunded Commitments and Letters of ContentsCredit

5.Allowance for Credit Losses and Allowance for Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit
The ACL is determined through quarterly assessments of expected credit losses within the loan portfolio and is deducted from the loan’s amortized cost basis to present the net amount of loans expected to be collected. We estimate the ACL using relevant and reliable available information, which is derived from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Additions to and recaptures from the ACL are charged to current period earnings through the provision for credit losses. Loan amounts that are determined to be uncollectableuncollectible are charged directly against the ACL and netted against amounts recovered on previously charged-off loans.
For the purpose of calculating portfolio level reserves, we have segmented our loan portfolio into two portfolio segments (Commercial and Consumer). The Commercial and Consumer portfolio segments are then further broken down into loan classes by risk characteristics. The risk characteristics include regulatory call codes, type of industry and collateral type.
The ACL is comprised of reserves measured on a collective (pool) basis using a quantitative DCF model for all loan classes with similar risk characteristics and then qualitatively adjusted for large loan concentrations, trends in problem loans, policy exemptions granted and other factors. The quantitative DCF model utilizes anticipated period cash flows determined on a loan-level basis. The anticipated cash flows take into account contractual principal and interest payments, anticipated segment level prepayments, probability of defaults and historical loss given defaults. The majority of our loan classes utilize regression models to calculate probability of defaults, in which macroeconomic factors are correlated to historical quarterly defaults. The Commercial segment two-factormulti-factor models utilize a mix of seven15 macroeconomic factors, including the four most commonly used factors: Real GDP, National Unemployment Rate, Home Price IndexDisposable Personal Income and Commercial Real Estate Index. The three additional factors are Nominal GDP, Producer Price Index and Core Consumer Price Index.Private Inventories. The Consumer segment two-factormulti-factor models utilize a mix of three macroeconomic factors: National Unemployment Rate, Home Price Index and Prime Rate.Disposable Income. The Company utilizes an 18 month reasonable and supportable forecast for the macroeconomic factors, after which they revertthe probability of default reverts to theirits historical mean using a straight-line basis constructed on theireach macroeconomic factor’s absolute historical quarterly change.
Loans are individually measured for credit losses if they do not share similar risk characteristics of other loans within their respective pools. Individually measured loans are primarily nonaccrual and collateral dependent with balances equal to or greater than $500,000 and for which foreclosure is probable. Commercial real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate, including owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate, as well as multifamily residential real estate. Commercial business loans are primarily secured by non-real estate collateral, including equipment and other non-real estate fixed assets, inventory, receivables and cash. Agricultural loans are secured by farmland and other agricultural real estate, as well as equipment, inventory, such as crops and livestock, non-real estate fixed assets, and cash. Construction loans are secured by one-to-four family residential real estate and commercial real estate in varying stages of development. One-to-four family residential real estate loans are secured by one-to-four family residential properties. Other consumer loans are secured by personal property. For loans measured on an individual basis, the Company calculates the allowance as the difference between the amortized cost of the loan and the fair market value of the collateral. The fair market value of the collateral is determined by either the discounted expected future cash flows from the operation of the collateral or the appraised value of the collateral, less costs to sell. If the fair value of the collateral is greater than the amortized cost of the loan, no reserve is recorded.
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The Company also records an allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. We estimate expected credit losses on unfunded commitments in which we are exposed to credit risk, unless we have the option to unconditionally cancel the obligation. Expected credit losses are calculated based on the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of what will be funded by analyzing the most recent four-quarter utilization rates, current utilization and our quantitative ACL rate. The allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit is included in “Other Liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes to the balance being charged to noninterest expense.
We do not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable balances because these balances are written offwritten-off in a timely manner as a reduction to interest income when loans are placed on nonaccrual status.

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The following tables show a detailed analysis of the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:
periods indicated:
Beginning BalanceCharge-offsRecoveriesProvision
(Recapture)		Ending Balance
 Prior Year
Ending Balance		 Impact of Adopting ASC 326 Beginning Balance Charge-offs Recoveries Provision Ending Balance Allowance on Individually Measured Loans Allowance on Collectively Measured Loans
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021Three Months Ended March 31, 2021(in thousands)
Commercial loans:                  Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate $20,340
 $7,533
 $27,873
 $(101) $14
 $9,336
 $37,122
 $—
 $37,122
Commercial real estate$68,934 $0 $36 $(11,920)$57,050 
Commercial business 30,292
 762
 31,054
 (1,684) 860
 15,340
 45,570
 1,722
 43,848
Commercial business45,250 (3,339)3,214 13,280 58,405 
Agriculture 15,835
 (9,325) 6,510
 (4,726) 41
 9,260
 11,085
 1,126
 9,959
Agriculture9,052 0 12 423 9,487 
Construction 8,571
 (1,750) 6,821
 —
 442
 1,582
 8,845
 —
 8,845
Construction7,636 0 46 (1,131)6,551 
Consumer loans:                  Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate 7,435
 4,237
 11,672
 (10) 282
 5,715
 17,659
 —
 17,659
One-to-four family residential real estate16,875 0 51 (1,288)15,638 
Other consumer 883
 778
 1,661
 (268) 124
 127
 1,644
 —
 1,644
Other consumer1,393 (127)61 (164)1,163 
Unallocated 612
 (603) 9
 —
 —
 140
 149
 —
 149
Total $83,968
 $1,632
 $85,600
 $(6,789) $1,763
 $41,500
 $122,074
 $2,848
 $119,226
Total$149,140 $(3,466)$3,420 $(800)$148,294 

Beginning BalanceImpact of Adopting ASC 326Charge-offsRecoveriesProvision
(Recapture)		Ending Balance
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020(in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate$20,340 $7,533 $(101)$14 $9,336 $37,122 
Commercial business30,292 762 (1,684)860 15,340 45,570 
Agriculture15,835 (9,325)(4,726)41 9,260 11,085 
Construction8,571 (1,750)0 442 1,582 8,845 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate7,435 4,237 (10)282 5,715 17,659 
Other consumer883 778 (268)124 127 1,644 
Unallocated612 (603)0 0 140 149 
Total$83,968 $1,632 $(6,789)$1,763 $41,500 $122,074 
  Beginning Balance Charge-offs Recoveries Provision
(Recapture)		 Ending Balance Allowance on Individually Measured Loans Allowance on Collectively Measured Loans
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands)
Commercial loans:              
Commercial real estate $14,766
 $(678) $514
 $1,757
 $16,359
 $53
 $16,306
Commercial business 34,658
 (1,506) 527
 866
 34,545
 2,826
 31,719
Agriculture 9,589
 (78) 58
 1,121
 10,690
 —
 10,690
Construction 14,395
 (195) 83
 (2,318) 11,965
 —
 11,965
Consumer loans:              
One-to-four family residential real estate 8,024
 (481) 334
 434
 8,311
 31
 8,280
Other consumer 787
 (50) 15
 71
 823
 1
 822
Unallocated 1,150
 —
 —
 (569) 581
 —
 581
Total $83,369
 $(2,988) $1,531
 $1,362
 $83,274
 $2,911
 $80,363

The $38.1 million increase$846 thousand decrease in the ACL at March 31, 20202021 compared to the ACL at December 31, 20192020 was principallyprimarily due to a slight improvement in the resulteconomic outlook, which remains impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our borrowers. Specifically regarding the forecast used in the March 31, 2021 estimate, management expects the forecasted national unemployment rate to be above the pre-pandemic levels through the forecast period due to pandemic-related effects and shifting workforce requirements. Additionally, the commercial real estate index decline is expected to continue through 2021, the home price index is projected to moderate over the forecast period and Real GDP is projected to rise above average for the remainder of the recent COVID-19 pandemic that has created significantyear. The models used for calculating the ACL are sensitive to changes in these and other economic factors, which could result in volatility inas these assumptions change over time. The ACL at March 31, 2021 does not include a reserve for the local, national and world economies. WithPPP loans as these loans are fully guaranteed by the national guidance regarding social distancing and state and county mandates to shelter or stay at home, many large and small businesses have had to close and there has been a dramatic increase in new unemployment claims. As a result, we have increased our reserves for lifetime credit losses as a result of the forecasted economic impact of COVID-19.

SBA.
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Changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit, a component of “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are summarized as follows:
  Three Months Ended
  March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Prior year ending balance $3,430
 $4,330
Impact of adopting ASC 326 1,570
 —
Beginning balance 5,000
 4,330
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit 1,000
 (550)
Ending balance $6,000
 $3,780

Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Beginning balance$8,300 $3,430 
Impact of adopting ASC 3260 1,570 
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit1,500 1,000 
Ending balance$9,800 $6,000 
Credit Quality Indicators
The extension of credit in the form of loans or other credit products to consumer and commercial clients is one of our principal business activities. Our policies and applicable laws and regulations require risk analysis as well as ongoing portfolio and credit management. We manage our credit risk through lending limit constraints, credit review, approval policies and extensive, ongoing internal monitoring. We also manage credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio by type of loan, type of industry and type of borrower and by limiting the aggregation of debt to a single borrower.
We evaluate the credit quality of our loan portfolio using regulatory risk ratings, which are based on relevant information about the borrower’s financial condition, including current financial condition, historical payment experience, credit documentation and current economic trends. Risk ratings are reviewed and updated whenever appropriate, with more periodic reviews as the risk and dollar value of the loss on the loan increases. All loans risk rated special mention or worse with amortized costs exceeding $100,000 are reviewed at least quarterly with more frequent review for specific loans.
Pass rated loans are generally considered to have sufficient sources of repayment in order to repay the loan in full in accordance with all terms and conditions. Special Mention rated loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Loans with a risk rating of Substandard or worse are reviewed to assess the ability of our borrowers to service all interest and principal obligations and, as a result, the risk rating or accrual status may be adjusted accordingly. Loans risk rated as Substandard reflect loans where a loss is possible if loan weaknesses are not corrected. Doubtful rated loans have a high probability of loss; however, the amount of loss has not yet been determined. Loss rated loans are considered uncollectableuncollectible and when identified, are charged-off.

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The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our loan portfolio as of March 31, 2020the periods indicated:
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis
 Term Loans
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
20212020201920182017PriorTotal (1)
March 31, 2021(in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate
Pass$205,152 $668,655 $603,542 $459,888 $491,550 $1,229,742 $49,274 $2,781 $3,710,584 
Special mention0 3,127 65,107 19,094 4,420 99,370 5 0 191,123 
Substandard0 3,467 34,749 16,559 31,448 91,434 2,551 0 180,208 
Total commercial real estate$205,152 $675,249 $703,398 $495,541 $527,418 $1,420,546 $51,830 $2,781 $4,081,915 
Commercial business
Pass$586,311 $829,165 $347,668 $273,408 $178,663 $376,297 $945,271 $12,322 $3,549,105 
Special mention0 588 8,346 6,237 2,063 1,131 49,369 143 67,877 
Substandard0 6,594 26,640 36,756 27,226 33,731 44,046 838 175,831 
Total commercial business$586,311 $836,347 $382,654 $316,401 $207,952 $411,159 $1,038,686 $13,303 $3,792,813 
Agriculture
Pass$57,282 $121,511 $85,485 $39,930 $56,638 $106,969 $209,154 $550 $677,519 
Special mention0 3,398 1,366 163 0 2,371 7,962 0 15,260 
Substandard0 6,022 10,424 2,693 4,140 3,194 31,804 744 59,021 
Total agriculture$57,282 $130,931 $97,275 $42,786 $60,778 $112,534 $248,920 $1,294 $751,800 
Construction
Pass$41,447 $130,122 $44,121 $7,909 $3,471 $5,579 $31,682 $0 $264,331 
Special mention0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Substandard0 0 18,148 0 0 55 0 0 18,203 
Total construction$41,447 $130,122 $62,269 $7,909 $3,471 $5,634 $31,682 $0 $282,534 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate
Pass$106,212 $157,286 $68,489 $53,753 $25,686 $88,323 $228,917 $308 $728,974 
Special mention0 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 125 
Substandard0 835 1,381 245 491 2,735 309 219 6,215 
Total one-to-four family real estate$106,212 $158,121 $69,870 $53,998 $26,177 $91,183 $229,226 $527 $735,314 
Other consumer
Pass$2,107 $3,595 $2,807 $3,250 $871 $1,211 $17,277 $610 $31,728 
Substandard0 36 39 0 3 3 36 97 214 
Total consumer$2,107 $3,631 $2,846 $3,250 $874 $1,214 $17,313 $707 $31,942 
Total$998,511 $1,934,401 $1,318,312 $919,885 $826,670 $2,042,270 $1,617,657 $18,612 $9,676,318 
Less:
Allowance for credit losses148,294 
Loans, net$9,528,024 
__________
(1) Loans that are on short-term deferments are treated as Pass loans and December 31, 2019:will not be reported as past due provided that they are performing in accordance with the modified terms.
              Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis  
  Term Loans     
  Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year     
  2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior  Total
March 31, 2020 (in thousands)
Commercial loans:                  
Commercial real estate                  
Pass $164,265
 $690,076
 $526,063
 $611,317
 $509,264
 $1,198,213
 $59,709
 $1,637
 $3,760,544
Special mention 6,889
 26,718
 5,889
 5,249
 37,070
 27,729
 —
 —
 109,544
Substandard —
 933
 21,263
 7,465
 39,988
 30,237
 —
 —
 99,886
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total commercial real estate $171,154
 $717,727
 $553,215
 $624,031
 $586,322
 $1,256,179
 $59,709
 $1,637
 $3,969,974
Commercial business                  
Pass $144,819
 $454,524
 $379,756
 $282,662
 $249,772
 $305,401
 $1,056,278
 $1,547
 $2,874,759
Special mention 1,119
 44,237
 31,717
 24,361
 27,597
 14,953
 53,274
 —
 197,258
Substandard —
 1,370
 23,399
 2,473
 8,345
 11,336
 47,685
 3,043
 97,651
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total commercial business $145,938
 $500,131
 $434,872
 $309,496
 $285,714
 $331,690
 $1,157,237
 $4,590
 $3,169,668
Agriculture                  
Pass $23,639
 $105,950
 $48,643
 $64,450
 $65,316
 $84,182
 $249,785
 $7,026
 $648,991
Special mention —
 189
 670
 747
 1,687
 64
 5,207
 —
 8,564
Substandard 900
 17,957
 5,537
 5,838
 6,599
 6,236
 51,350
 2,519
 96,936
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total agriculture $24,539
 $124,096
 $54,850
 $71,035
 $73,602
 $90,482
 $306,342
 $9,545
 $754,491
Construction                  
Pass $23,340
 $173,088
 $61,777
 $18,838
 $1,046
 $2,322
 $12,846
 $14,121
 $307,378
Special mention —
 —
 492
 —
 —
 —
 41
 —
 533
Substandard —
 217
 —
 —
 —
 58
 —
 —
 275
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total construction $23,340
 $173,305
 $62,269
 $18,838
 $1,046
 $2,380
 $12,887
 $14,121
 $308,186
Consumer loans:                  
One-to-four family residential real estate                  
Pass $21,809
 $104,274
 $88,655
 $37,480
 $27,379
 $110,624
 $294,074
 $80
 $684,375
Special mention —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Substandard —
 742
 227
 898
 399
 2,960
 890
 15
 6,131
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total one-to-four family real estate $21,809
 $105,016
 $88,882
 $38,378
 $27,778
 $113,584
 $294,964
 $95
 $690,506
Other consumer                  
Pass $2,885
 $4,782
 $5,469
 $1,669
 $538
 $1,863
 $22,747
 $442
 $40,395
Special mention —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Substandard —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 69
 32
 —
 101
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total consumer $2,885
 $4,782
 $5,469
 $1,669
 $538
 $1,932
 $22,779
 $442
 $40,496
Total $389,665
 $1,625,057
 $1,199,557
 $1,063,447
 $975,000
 $1,796,247
 $1,853,918
 $30,430
 $8,933,321
Less:                  
Allowance for credit losses                 122,074
Loans, net                 $8,811,247
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Revolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis
Term Loans
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
20202019201820172016PriorTotal
December 31, 2020(in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate
Pass$674,444 $645,328 $478,881 $502,112 $408,972 $946,980 $52,049 $11,332 $3,720,098 
Special mention3,348 39,374 21,285 30,232 46,197 50,115 5 2,139 192,695 
Substandard2,916 24,860 13,571 15,652 43,735 41,138 3,389 4,259 149,520 
Total commercial real estate$680,708 $709,562 $513,737 $547,996 $498,904 $1,038,233 $55,443 $17,730 $4,062,313 
Commercial business
Pass$1,087,400 $366,435 $324,360 $199,010 $218,313 $214,677 $1,000,725 $11,540 $3,422,460 
Special mention3,002 26,361 8,471 24,582 7,004 10,650 22,426 0 102,496 
Substandard3,625 7,376 11,061 5,905 6,396 3,743 32,134 2,772 73,012 
Total commercial business$1,094,027 $400,172 $343,892 $229,497 $231,713 $229,070 $1,055,285 $14,312 $3,597,968 
Agriculture
Pass$142,163 $90,612 $44,434 $58,366 $58,893 $59,396 $244,135 $9,299 $707,298 
Special mention0 90 285 33 0 0 85 13 506 
Substandard5,193 12,480 5,868 4,258 284 3,502 38,780 1,458 71,823 
Total agriculture$147,356 $103,182 $50,587 $62,657 $59,177 $62,898 $283,000 $10,770 $779,627 
Construction
Pass$134,693 $66,974 $10,066 $3,498 $763 $1,805 $29,323 $3,753 $250,875 
Substandard0 17,732 0 0 0 56 0 0 17,788 
Total construction$134,693 $84,706 $10,066 $3,498 $763 $1,861 $29,323 $3,753 $268,663 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family real estate
Pass$161,021 $77,756 $62,696 $29,737 $20,889 $78,098 $243,325 $3,655 $677,177 
Special mention0 0 332 0 0 195 0 0 527 
Substandard0 849 227 1,166 344 1,968 1,005 307 5,866 
Total one-to-four family real estate$161,021 $78,605 $63,255 $30,903 $21,233 $80,261 $244,330 $3,962 $683,570 
Other consumer
Pass$5,548 $3,109 $3,886 $989 $244 $1,060 $19,911 $474 $35,221 
Substandard30 0 0 5 0 170 53 40 298 
Total consumer$5,578 $3,109 $3,886 $994 $244 $1,230 $19,964 $514 $35,519 
Total$2,223,383 $1,379,336 $985,423 $875,545 $812,034 $1,413,553 $1,687,345 $51,041 $9,427,660 
Less:
Allowance for credit losses149,140 
Loans, net$9,278,520 


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              Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis  
  Term Loans     
  Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year     
  2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 Prior  Total
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)
Commercial loans:                  
Commercial real estate                  
Pass $699,336
 $562,992
 $621,113
 $565,928
 $441,220
 $873,687
 $52,276
 $19,986
 $3,836,538
Special mention 1,824
 305
 7,019
 3,360
 —
 3,426
 —
 —
 15,934
Substandard 47
 10,698
 9,320
 36,229
 20,278
 11,738
 —
 5,071
 93,381
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total commercial real estate $701,207
 $573,995
 $637,452
 $605,517
 $461,498
 $888,851
 $52,276
 $25,057
 $3,945,853
Commercial business                  
Pass $479,481
 $442,222
 $330,934
 $301,337
 $157,436
 $199,089
 $963,663
 $25,577
 $2,899,739
Special mention 2,241
 6,673
 56
 2,006
 52
 585
 12,710
 —
 24,323
Substandard 85
 17,240
 3,458
 9,534
 3,227
 3,972
 26,639
 1,396
 65,551
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total commercial business $481,807
 $466,135
 $334,448
 $312,877
 $160,715
 $203,646
 $1,003,012
 $26,973
 $2,989,613
Agriculture                  
Pass $107,152
 $54,950
 $70,337
 $71,874
 $33,597
 $56,342
 $280,984
 $10,036
 $685,272
Special mention 557
 2,535
 1,381
 —
 64
 576
 5,336
 —
 10,449
Substandard 7,291
 6,047
 6,173
 5,907
 1,477
 5,698
 30,669
 6,388
 69,650
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total agriculture $115,000
 $63,532
 $77,891
 $77,781
 $35,138
 $62,616
 $316,989
 $16,424
 $765,371
Construction                  
Pass $183,525
 $91,342
 $40,514
 $1,067
 $939
 $1,601
 $33,388
 $7,793
 $360,169
Special mention —
 1,264
 —
 —
 —
 —
 41
 —
 1,305
Substandard —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 59
 —
 —
 59
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total construction $183,525
 $92,606
 $40,514
 $1,067
 $939
 $1,660
 $33,429
 $7,793
 $361,533
Consumer loans:                  
One-to-four family real estate                  
Pass $103,315
 $77,877
 $32,440
 $25,052
 $27,294
 $80,370
 $283,830
 $554
 $630,732
Special mention —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Substandard —
 228
 800
 400
 623
 3,156
 905
 481
 6,593
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total one-to-four family real estate $103,315
 $78,105
 $33,240
 $25,452
 $27,917
 $83,526
 $284,735
 $1,035
 $637,325
Other consumer                  
Pass $9,276
 $5,713
 $1,974
 $758
 $848
 $1,306
 $23,351
 $508
 $43,734
Special mention —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Substandard —
 —
 1
 —
 —
 8
 27
 —
 36
Doubtful —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total consumer $9,276
 $5,713
 $1,975
 $758
 $848
 $1,314
 $23,378
 $508
 $43,770
Total $1,594,130
 $1,280,086
 $1,125,520
 $1,023,452
 $687,055
 $1,241,613
 $1,713,819
 $77,790
 $8,743,465
Less:                  
Allowance for credit losses                 83,968
Loans, net                 $8,659,497

6.Other Real Estate Owned


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6.Other Real Estate Owned
The following tables set forth activity in OREO for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:periods indicated:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period $552
 $6,019
Transfers in —
 386
Valuation adjustments —
 (195)
Proceeds from sale of OREO property (42) (121)
Loss on sale of OREO, net —
 (14)
Balance, end of period $510
 $6,075

Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$553 $552 
Proceeds from sale of OREO property(132)(42)
Gain on sale of OREO, net100 0 
Balance, end of period$521 $510 
At March 31, 2020,2021, there were $311 thousand in0 foreclosed residential real estate properties held as OREO. The recorded investment of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process was $167 thousand.
7.$330 thousand.Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
7.Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
In accordance with the Intangibles – Goodwill and Other topic of the FASB ASC, goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for potential impairment at the reporting unit level. Management analyzes its goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on July 31 and between annual tests in certain circumstances such as material adverse changes in legal, business, regulatory and economic factors. An impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The Company performed an annual impairment assessment as of July 31, 20192020 and concluded that there was no impairment. As of March 31, 2020, we evaluated potential triggering events that might be indicators that our goodwill was impaired. The events include the economic disruption and uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent volatility in stock prices. Based on our evaluation, we concluded that our goodwill was not more than likely impaired.
The CDI isOur CDIs are evaluated for impairment if events and circumstances indicate a possible impairment. TheEach CDI is amortized on an accelerated basis over an estimated life of 10 years.
The following table sets forth activity for goodwill and other intangible assets for the periods indicated:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Goodwill    
Total goodwill $765,842
 $765,842
Other intangible assets, net    
CDI:    
Gross CDI balance at beginning of period 105,473
 105,473
Accumulated amortization at beginning of period (70,934) (60,455)
CDI, net at beginning of period 34,539
 45,018
CDI current period amortization (2,310) (2,748)
Total CDI, net at end of period 32,229
 42,270
Intangible assets not subject to amortization 919
 919
Other intangible assets, net at end of period 33,148
 43,189
Total goodwill and other intangible assets at end of period $798,990
 $809,031


Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Goodwill
Total goodwill$765,842 $765,842 
Other intangible assets, net
CDI:
Gross CDI balance at beginning of period105,473 105,473 
Accumulated amortization at beginning of period(79,658)(70,934)
CDI, net at beginning of period25,815 34,539 
CDI current period amortization(1,924)(2,310)
Total CDI, net at end of period23,891 32,229 
Intangible assets not subject to amortization919 919 
Other intangible assets, net at end of period24,810 33,148 
Total goodwill and other intangible assets at end of period$790,652 $798,990 
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The following table provides the estimated future amortization expense of our CDI for the remaining nine months ending December 31, 20202021 and the succeeding four years:
Year ending December 31,
(in thousands)
2021$5,340 
20225,880 
20234,552 
20243,432 
20252,415 
  Year ending December 31,
  (in thousands)
2020 $6,414
2021 7,264
2022 5,880
2023 4,552
2024 3,432

8. Revolving Line of Credit
8.Revolving Line of Credit
During the second quarter of 2019, theThe Company entered intohas a $30.0$15.0 million short-term credit facility with an unaffiliated bank that matures onexpires May 28, 2020.27, 2021. This facility has a variable interest rate and provides the Company additional liquidity, if needed, for various corporate activities including the repurchase of shares of Columbia Banking System, Inc. common stock. At March 31, 2020, thereThere was an outstanding balance of $5.0 million and 0 outstanding balance at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2019.2020. The credit agreement requires the Company to comply with certain covenants including those related to asset quality and capital levels. The Company was in compliance with all covenants associated with this facility at March 31, 2020.2021.
9.Derivatives, Hedging Activities and Balance Sheet Offsetting
9.Derivatives, Hedging Activities and Balance Sheet Offsetting
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into interest rate-based derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s loan portfolio.
The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company usesused an interest rate collarscollar as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate collars designated as cash flow hedges involve the payments of variable-rate amounts if interest rates rise above the cap strike rate on the contract and receipts of variable-rate amounts if interest rates fall below the floor strike rate on the contract. These derivative contracts arewere used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate assets.
With respect to derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest income in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivatives will beare reclassified to interest income as interest payments are received on the Company’s variable-rate assets. During the next 12 months, the Company estimates that there will be $9.7$10.4 million reclassified as an increase to interest income.
The Company may use derivatives to hedge the risk or changes in the fair values of interest rate lock commitments and residential mortgage loans held for sale. These derivatives are not designated as hedging instruments. Rather, they are accounted for as free-standing derivatives, or economic hedges, with changes in the fair value of the derivatives reported in income. The Company primarily utilizes interest rate forward loan sales contracts in its derivative risk management strategy.
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The Company enters into forward delivery contracts to sell residential mortgage loans to broker-dealers at specific prices and dates in order to hedge the interest rate risk in its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale and its residential mortgage interest rate lock commitments. Credit risk associated with forward contracts is limited to the replacement cost of those forward contracts in a gain position. There were no counterparty default losses on forward contracts during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Market risk with respect to forward contracts arises principally from changes in the value of contractual positions due to changes in interest rates. The Bank limits its exposure to market risk by monitoring differences between commitments to customers and forward contracts with broker-dealers. In the event the Company has forward delivery contract commitments in excess of available mortgage loans, the Company completes the transaction by either paying or receiving a fee to or from the broker-dealer equal to the increase or decrease in the market value of the forward contract. At March 31, 2021, the Bank had commitments to originate mortgage loans held for sale totaling $60.1 million and forward sales commitments of $48.5 million, which are used to hedge both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet exposures.
In addition, the Company periodically enters into certain commercial loan interest rate swap agreements in order to provide commercial loan customers the ability to convert from variable to fixed interest rates. Under these agreements, the Company enters into a variable-rate loan agreement with a customer in addition to a swap agreement. This swap agreement effectively converts the customer’s variable rate loan into a fixed rate. The Company then enters into a corresponding swap agreement with a third-party in order to offset its exposure on the variable and fixed components of the customer agreement. As the interest rate swap agreements with the customers and third parties are not designated as hedges under the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the FASB ASC, the instruments are marked to market in earnings. The notional amount of open interest rate swap agreements at March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 20192020 was $475.6$635.1 million and $428.6$597.9 million, respectively. During both the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, there were 0 mark-to-market gains or losses recorded to “Other” noninterest expense.

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The following table presents the fair value of derivatives, as well as their classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:as of the dates presented:
 Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives
 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 Balance Sheet
Location		 Fair Value Balance Sheet
Location		 Fair Value Balance Sheet
Location		 Fair Value Balance Sheet
Location		 Fair Value
 (in thousands)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate collarOther assets $37,209
 Other assets $14,727
 Other liabilities $—
 Other liabilities $—
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swap contractsOther assets $49,775
 Other assets $19,144
 Other liabilities $49,777
 Other liabilities $19,145

Asset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Balance Sheet
Location		Fair ValueBalance Sheet
Location		Fair ValueBalance Sheet
Location		Fair ValueBalance Sheet
Location		Fair Value
(in thousands)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate lock commitmentsOther assets$925 Other assets$1,096 Other liabilities$0 Other liabilities$0 
Interest rate forward loan sales contractsOther assets$505 Other assets$0 Other liabilities$0 Other liabilities$165 
Interest rate swap contractsOther assets$32,501 Other assets$46,184 Other liabilities$32,769 Other liabilities$46,637 
The table below presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at March 31, 2020 and 2019:for the periods indicated:
 Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income on Derivative Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income
 Three Months Ended March 31,   Three Months Ended March 31,
 2020 2019   2020 2019
 (in thousands)
Interest rate collar$23,423
 $6,268
  Interest income $940
 $—

Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income on DerivativeLocation of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into IncomeAmount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2021202020212020
(in thousands)
Interest rate collar$0 $23,423  Interest income$2,576 $940 

TheIn January 2019, the Company entered into a $500.0 million notional amount of the interest rate collar with a five-year term. In October 2020, the collar was $500.0terminated and resulted in a $34.4 million at March 31, 2020.realized gain that was recorded in other comprehensive income, net of deferred income taxes. The gain will amortize through February 2024 into interest income. The gain will be amortized in this manner as long as the cash flow hedge was determinedflows pertaining to be effectivethe hedged item are expected to occur.
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The following table summarizes the types of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and the gains (losses) recorded during the periods presentedindicated:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Interest rate lock commitments$(171)$0 
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts670 0 
Interest rate swap contracts112 0 
      Total derivative gains (losses)$611 $0 
The gains and as a result, qualifies for hedge accounting treatment.

losses on the Company’s mortgage banking derivatives are included in loan revenue. Mark-to-market gains and losses on the Company’s interest rate swap contracts are recorded to “Other” noninterest expense.
The Company is party to interest rate swap contracts, interest rate collar and repurchase agreements that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements. Under these agreements, the Company may have the right to net settle multiple contracts with the same counterparty.

The following tables show the gross interest rate swap contracts, collar agreements and repurchase agreements in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the respective collateral received or pledged in the form of cash or other financial instruments. The collateral amounts in these tables are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability. Therefore, instances of overcollateralizationover-collateralization are not shown.
 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Net Amounts of Assets/Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
    Collateral Pledged/Received Net Amount
March 31, 2020(in thousands)
Assets         
Interest rate swap contracts$49,775
 $—
 $49,775
 $—
 $49,775
Interest rate collar$37,209
 $—
 $37,209
 $(37,209) —
Liabilities         
Interest rate swap contracts$49,777
 $—
 $49,777
 $(49,777) $—
Repurchase agreements$29,252
 $—
 $29,252
 $(29,252) $—
          
December 31, 2019         
Assets         
Interest rate swap contracts$19,144
 $—
 $19,144
 $—
 $19,144
Interest rate collar$14,727
 $—
 $14,727
 $(14,727) —
Liabilities         
Interest rate swap contracts$19,145
 $—
 $19,145
 $(19,145) $—
Repurchase agreements$64,437
 $—
 $64,437
 $(64,437) $—


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Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance SheetsNet Amounts of Assets/Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance SheetsGross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Collateral Pledged/ReceivedNet Amount
March 31, 2021(in thousands)
Assets
Interest rate swap contracts$32,501 $0 $32,501 $(1,960)$30,541 
Liabilities
Interest rate swap contracts$32,769 $0 $32,769 $(26,848)$5,921 
Repurchase agreements$38,624 $0 $38,624 $(38,624)$0 
December 31, 2020
Assets
Interest rate swap contracts$46,184 $0 $46,184 $0 $46,184 
Liabilities
Interest rate swap contracts$46,637 $0 $46,637 $(46,637)$0 
Repurchase agreements$73,859 $0 $73,859 $(73,859)$0 
The Company’s agreements with each of its derivative counterparties provide that if the Company defaults or is capable of being declared in default on any of its indebtedness, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.
The following table presents the class of collateral pledged for repurchase agreements as well as the remaining contractual maturity of the repurchase agreements:
Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
Overnight and continuousUp to 30 days30 - 90 daysGreater than 90 daysTotal
March 31, 2021(in thousands)
Class of collateral pledged for repurchase agreements
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$38,624 $0 $0 $0 $38,624 
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements38,624 
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure$0 
  Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
  Overnight and continuous Up to 30 days 30 - 90 days Greater than 90 days Total
March 31, 2020 (in thousands)
Class of collateral pledged for repurchase agreements          
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $29,252
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $29,252
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements         29,252
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure         $—
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The collateral utilized for the Company’s repurchase agreements is subject to market fluctuations as well as prepayments of principal. The Company monitors the risk of the fair value of its pledged collateral falling below acceptable amounts based on the type of the underlying repurchase agreement. The pledged collateral related to the Company’s $29.3$38.6 million sweep repurchase agreements, which mature on an overnight basis, is monitored on a daily basis as the underlying sweep accounts can have frequent transaction activity and the amount of pledged collateral is adjusted as necessary.
10.Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
10.Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Lease Commitments: The Company’s lease commitments consist primarily of leased locations under various non-cancellable operating leases that expire between 20202021 and 2043. The majority of the leases contain renewal options and provisions for increases in rental rates based on an agreed upon index or predetermined escalation schedule.
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk: In the normal course of business, the Company makes loan commitments (typically unfunded loans and unused lines of credit) and issues standby letters of credit to accommodate the financial needs of its customers. At March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, the Company’s loan commitments amounted to $2.53$2.93 billion and $2.67$2.80 billion, respectively.
Standby letters of credit commit the Company to make payments on behalf of customers under specified conditions. Historically, no significant losses have been incurred by the Company under standby letters of credit. Both arrangements have credit risk essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the Company’s normal credit policies, including collateral requirements, where appropriate. Standby letters of credit were $25.7$30.6 million and $29.9 million at both March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020, respectively. In addition, there were $93$16 thousand commitments under commercial letters of credit used to facilitate customers’ trade transactions and other off-balance sheet liabilities at March 31, 20202021 and there were NaN at December 31, 2019.2020.
Legal Proceedings: The Company and its subsidiaries are from time to time defendants in and are threatened with various legal proceedings arising from their regular business activities. Management, after consulting with legal counsel, is of the opinion that the ultimate liability, if any, resulting from these pending or threatened actions and proceedings will not have a material effect on the financial statements of the Company.

2111.Shareholders’ Equity

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11.Shareholders’ Equity
Dividends:
The following table summarizes year-to-date dividend activity as of March 31, 2020:activity:
Declared Regular Cash Dividends Per Common Share Special Cash Dividends Per Common Share Record Date Paid Date
January 23, 2020 $0.28
 $0.22
 February 5, 2020 February 19, 2020

DeclaredRegular Cash Dividends Per Common ShareSpecial Cash Dividends Per Common ShareRecord DatePaid Date
January 28, 2021$0.28 $0 February 10, 2021February 24, 2021
Subsequent to quarter end, on April 30, 2020,29, 2021, the Company declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 per common share payable on May 28, 202026, 2021 to shareholders of record at the close of business on May 14, 2020.12, 2021.
The payment of cash dividends is subject to federal regulatory requirements for capital levels and other restrictions. In addition, the cash dividends paid by Columbia Bank to the Company are subject to both federal and state regulatory requirements.
Share Repurchase Program:
For the three months ended March 31, 2020,2021, the Company repurchased 731 thousanddid not purchase any common shares of common stock at an average price of $27.36 per share, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, there are 717 thousand remaining shares authorized to be repurchased under the current Board approved share repurchase program. The amount
23
Table of shares that we can repurchase is limited in the aggregate to the $100.0 million purchase price per the repurchase program.Contents
12.Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
12.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:periods indicated:
Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities (1)Unrealized Gains and Losses on Pension Plan Liability (1)Unrealized Gains and Losses on Hedging Instruments (1)Total (1)
 Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities (1) Unrealized Gains and Losses on Pension Plan Liability (1) Unrealized Gains and Losses on Hedging Instruments (1) Total (1)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021Three Months Ended March 31, 2021(in thousands)
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$163,174 $(5,833)$24,854 $182,195 
Other comprehensive loss before reclassificationsOther comprehensive loss before reclassifications(102,605)0 0 (102,605)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2)Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2)0 115 (1,977)(1,862)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)(102,605)115 (1,977)(104,467)
Ending balanceEnding balance$60,569 $(5,718)$22,877 $77,728 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Beginning balance $33,038
 $(3,974) $11,303
 $40,367
Beginning balance$33,038 $(3,974)$11,303 $40,367 
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 79,696
 —
 17,977
 97,673
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications79,696 0 17,977 97,673 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2) (191) 80
 (722) (833)Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2)(191)80 (722)(833)
Net current-period other comprehensive income 79,505
 80
 17,255
 96,840
Net current-period other comprehensive income79,505 80 17,255 96,840 
Ending balance $112,543
 $(3,894) $28,558
 $137,207
Ending balance$112,543 $(3,894)$28,558 $137,207 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019        
Beginning balance $(33,128) $(2,177) $—
 $(35,305)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 32,063
 —
 4,810
 36,873
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (2) 1,417
 61
 —
 1,478
Net current-period other comprehensive income 33,480
 61
 4,810
 38,351
Ending balance $352
 $(2,116) $4,810
 $3,046
__________
(1) All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parenthesisparentheses indicate debits.
(2) See following table for details about these reclassifications.


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The following table shows details regarding the reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:periods indicated:
Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Three Months Ended March 31,Affected line Item in the Consolidated
20212020Statement of Income
(in thousands)
Unrealized gains on available for sale debt securities$0 $249 Investment securities gains, net
0 249 Total before tax
0 (58)Income tax provision
$0 $191 Net of tax
Amortization of pension plan liability actuarial losses$(150)$(104)Compensation and employee benefits
(150)(104)Total before tax
35 24 Income tax provision
$(115)$(80)Net of tax
Unrealized gains from hedging instruments$2,576 $940 Loans
2,576 940 Total before tax
(599)(218)Income tax provision
$1,977 $722 Net of tax
  Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)  
  Three Months Ended March 31, Affected line Item in the Consolidated
  2020 2019 Statement of Income
  (in thousands)  
Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt securities $249
 $(1,847) Investment securities gains, net
  249
 (1,847) Total before tax
  (58) 430
 Income tax provision
  $191
 $(1,417) Net of tax
       
Amortization of pension plan liability actuarial losses $(104) $(80) Compensation and employee benefits
  (104) (80) Total before tax
  24
 19
 Income tax provision
  $(80) $(61) Net of tax
       
Unrealized gains from hedging instruments $940
 $—
 Loans
  940
 —
 Total before tax
  (218) —
 Income tax provision
  $722
 $—
 Net of tax
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13.Fair Value Accounting and Measurement
13.Fair Value Accounting and Measurement
The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of the FASB ASC defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure requirements about fair value. We hold fixed and variable rate interest-bearing securities, investments in marketable equity securities and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined based upon quoted prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as matrix or model pricing, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available.
The valuation techniques are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our own market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:
Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
Fair values are determined as follows:
SecuritiesDebt securities available for sale at fair value are priced using a combination of market activity, industry recognized information sources, yield curves, discounted cash flow models and other factors. These fair value calculations are considered a Level 2 input method under the provisions of the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of the FASB ASC for all securities.debt securities available for sale.
Loans held for sale include the fair value of residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans, including the implicit fair value of embedded servicing rights. The change in fair value of loans held for sale is primarily driven by changes in interest rates subsequent to loan funding and changes in the fair value of the related servicing asset, resulting in revaluation adjustments to the recorded fair value.
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The fair values of the interest rate lock commitments and interest rate forward loan sales contracts are estimated using quoted or published market prices for similar instruments, adjusted for factors such as pull-through rate assumptions based on historical information, where appropriate. The pull-through rate assumptions are considered Level 3 valuation inputs and are significant to the interest rate lock commitment valuation; as such, the interest rate lock commitment derivatives are classified as Level 3.
Interest rate contracts and the interest rate collar are valued in models, which use as their basis, readily observable market parameters and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

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The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019the dates presented by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:
Fair ValueFair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
Level 1Level 2Level 3
March 31, 2021(in thousands)
Assets
Debt securities available for sale:
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-back securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$4,104,219 $0 $4,104,219 $0 
Other asset-backed securities358,819 0 358,819 0 
State and municipal securities751,285 0 751,285 0 
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities281,967 0 281,967 0 
Total debt securities available for sale$5,496,290 $0 $5,496,290 $0 
Loans held for sale$25,587 $0 $25,587 $0 
Other assets:
Interest rate lock commitments$925 $0 $0 $925 
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts$505 $0 $505 $0 
Interest rate contracts$32,501 $0 $32,501 $0 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Interest rate contracts$32,769 $0 $32,769 $0 
Fair ValueFair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
Level 1Level 2Level 3
December 31, 2020(in thousands)
Assets
Debt securities available for sale:
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-back securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$3,814,387 $0 $3,814,387 $0 
Other asset-backed securities357,479 0 357,479 0 
State and municipal securities753,572 0 753,572 0 
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities284,696 0 284,696 0 
Total debt securities available for sale$5,210,134 $0 $5,210,134 $0 
Loans held for sale$14,760 $0 $14,760 $0 
Other assets:
Interest rate lock commitments$1,096 $0 $0 $1,096 
Interest rate contracts$46,184 $0 $46,184 $0 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts$165 $0 $165 $0 
Interest rate contracts$46,637 $0 $46,637 $0 
27
  Fair Value Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
March 31, 2020 (in thousands)
Assets        
Debt securities available for sale:        
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-back securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $2,766,137
 $—
 $2,766,137
 $—
Other asset-backed securities 203,512
 —
 203,512
 —
State and municipal securities 448,060
 —
 448,060
 —
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities 135,419
 —
 135,419
 —
Total debt securities available for sale $3,553,128
 $—
 $3,553,128
 $—
Other assets:        
Interest rate contracts $49,775
 $—
 $49,775
 $—
Interest rate collar $37,209
 $—
 $37,209
 $—
Liabilities        
Other liabilities:        
Interest rate contracts $49,777
 $—
 $49,777
 $—
  Fair Value Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
December 31, 2019 (in thousands)
Assets        
Debt securities available for sale:        
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-back securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $2,892,950
 $—
 $2,892,950
 $—
Other asset-backed securities 196,050
 —
 196,050
 —
State and municipal securities 488,802
 —
 488,802
 —
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities 168,340
 —
 168,340
 —
Total debt securities available for sale $3,746,142
 $—
 $3,746,142
 $—
Other assets:        
Interest rate contracts $19,144
 $—
 $19,144
 $—
Interest rate collar $14,727
 $—
 $14,727
 $—
Liabilities        
Other liabilities:        
Interest rate contracts $19,145
 $—
 $19,145
 $—


24

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following table provides a description of the valuation technique, significant unobservable inputs, and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs for the Company’s assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis at the dates presented:
Fair Value at March 31, 2021Valuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRange (Weighted Average)
(dollars in thousands)
Interest rate lock commitments$925 Internal pricing modelPull-through rate
79.87% - 100.00%
(90.39%)
An increase in the pull-through rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the interest rate lock commitment derivative will result in positive fair value adjustments (and an increase in the fair value measurement). Conversely, a decrease in the pull-through rate will result in a negative fair value adjustment (and a decrease in the fair value measurement).
The following table includes a rollforward of interest rate lock commitments which utilize Level 3 inputs to determine the fair value on a recurring basis.
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the period$1,096 $0 
Change included in earnings1,710 0 
Settlements(1,881)0 
Balance at the end of the period$925 $0 
Nonrecurring Measurements
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis after initial recognition such as collateral dependent loans. The following valuation techniques and inputs were used to estimate the fair value of collateral dependent loans and OREO.equity securities without readily determinable fair value.
Collateral dependent loans - A collateral dependent loan is a loan in which repayment is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. The fair market value of the collateral is determined by either the discounted expected future cash flows from the operation of the collateral or the appraised value of the collateral, less costs to sell. The collateral dependent loan valuations are performed in conjunction with the allowance for credit losses process on a quarterly basis.
OREO - OREO is real property that the Bank has taken ownership of in partial or full satisfaction of a loan or loans. OREO is generally measured based on the property’s fair market value as indicated by an appraisal or a letter of intent to purchase. OREO is initially recorded at theEquity securities without readily determinable fair value - The Company measures equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less estimated costsimpairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer, with such changes recognized in earnings. Our equity securities without readily determinable fair values consist of 77,683 Visa Class B shares. These shares are currently subject to sell. This amount becomescertain transfer restrictions and will be convertible into Visa Class A shares upon final resolution of certain litigation matters involving Visa. For additional information, please see Note 3 to the property’s new basis. AnyConsolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
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Table of Contents
The following table presents the carrying value of equity securities, without readily determinable fair values, still held as of March 31, 2021, that are measured under the measurement alternative and related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes. These securities are included in the nonrecurring fair value adjustments based on the property’s fair value less estimated costs to sell at the date of acquisitiontables when applicable price changes are charged to the allowance for credit losses, or in the event of a write-up without previous losses charged to the allowance for credit losses, a credit to earnings is recorded. Management periodically reviews OREO in an effort to ensure the property is recorded at its fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Any fair value adjustments subsequent to acquisition are charged or credited to earnings.observable.
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values(in thousands)
Carrying value, beginning of period$13,425 $0 
Upward carrying value changes0 0 
Carrying value, end of period$13,425 $0 
The following tables set forth information related to the Company’s assets that were measured using fair value estimates on a nonrecurring basis during the current and prior year quarterly periods:
Fair Value at March 31, 2021Fair Value Measurements 
at Reporting Date Using		Losses During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3
(in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans$1,520 $0 $0 $1,520 $722 
  Fair Value at March 31, 2020 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Losses During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 
  (in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans $3,043
 $—
 $—
 $3,043
 $5,138
  $3,043
 $—
 $—
 $3,043
 $5,138
  Fair Value at March 31, 2019 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Losses During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 
  (in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans $3,840
 $—
 $—
 $3,840
 $2,597
OREO 530
 —
 —
 530
 195
  $4,370
 $—
 $—
 $4,370
 $2,792

Fair Value at March 31, 2020Fair Value Measurements 
at Reporting Date Using		Losses During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3
(in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans$3,043 $0 $0 $3,043 $5,138 
The losses on collateral dependent loans disclosed above represent the amount of the allowance for credit losses and/or charge-offs during the period applicable to loans held at period end.period-end. The amount of the allowance is included in the ACL. The losses on OREO disclosed above represent the write-downs taken at foreclosure that were charged to the ACL as well as subsequent changes in valuation allowances from updated appraisals that were recorded to earnings.

25

Table of Contents

Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements
The range and weighted average of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value our Level 3 nonrecurring assets, along with the valuation techniques used, are shown in the following table:
Fair Value at March 31, 2021Valuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRange (Weighted Average) (1)
(dollars in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans (2)$1,520 Fair Market Value of CollateralAdjustment to Stated Value42.96% - 75.00% (59.53%)
  Fair Value at March 31, 2020 Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range (Weighted Average) (1)
  (dollars in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans (2) $3,043
 Fair Market Value of Collateral Adjustment to Stated Value 0.00% - 100.00% (59.78%)
__________

(1) Discount applied to appraised value or stated value (in the case of accounts receivable and fixed assets).
(2) Collateral consists of accounts receivable and fixed assets.
Fair Value at March 31, 2020Valuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRange (Weighted Average) (1)
(dollars in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans (2)$3,043 Fair Market Value of CollateralAdjustment to Stated Value0.00% - 100.00% (59.78%)
__________
(1) Discount applied to appraised value or stated value (in the case of accounts receivable, fixed assets and inventory).
(2) Collateral consists of cash, accounts receivable, fixed assets, inventory and real estate.

  Fair Value at March 31, 2019 Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range (Weighted Average) (1)
  (dollars in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans (3) $3,840
 Fair Market Value of Collateral Adjustment to Stated Value 0.00% - 100.00% (44.53%)
OREO $530
 Fair Market Value of Collateral Adjustment to Appraisal Value N/A (2)
29
__________
(1) Discount applied to appraisal value or stated value (in the case of accounts receivable, fixed assets, and inventory).
(2) Quantitative disclosures are not provided for OREO because there were no adjustments made to the appraisal values during the current period.
(3) Collateral consists of accounts receivable, fixed assets, inventory, real estate and state guarantee.



26

Table of Contents

The following tables summarize carrying amounts and estimated fair values of selected financial instruments by level within the fair value hierarchy at the dates presented:
March 31, 2021
Carrying
Amount		Fair
Value		Level 1Level 2Level 3
(in thousands)
Assets
Cash and due from banks$178,096 $178,096 $178,096 $0 $0 
Interest-earning deposits with banks706,389 706,389 706,389 0 0 
Debt securities available for sale5,496,290 5,496,290 0 5,496,290 0 
FHLB stock10,280 10,280 0 10,280 0 
Loans held for sale26,176 26,176 0 26,176 0 
Loans9,528,024 9,948,104 0 0 9,948,104 
Interest rate contracts32,501 32,501 0 32,501 0 
Interest rate lock commitments925 925 0 0 925 
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts505 505 0 505 0 
Liabilities
Time deposits$336,918 $333,169 $0 $333,169 $0 
FHLB advances7,400 8,764 0 8,764 0 
Repurchase agreements38,624 38,624 0 38,624 0 
Subordinated debentures35,046 35,102 0 35,102 0 
Interest rate contracts32,769 32,769 0 32,769 0 
December 31, 2020
Carrying
Amount		Fair
Value		Level 1Level 2Level 3
(in thousands)
Assets
Cash and due from banks$218,899 $218,899 $218,899 $0 $0 
Interest-earning deposits with banks434,867 434,867 434,867 0 0 
Debt securities available for sale5,210,134 5,210,134 0 5,210,134 0 
FHLB stock10,280 10,280 0 10,280 0 
Loans held for sale26,481 26,481 0 26,481 0 
Loans9,278,520 9,720,592 0 0 9,720,592 
Interest rate contracts46,184 46,184 0 46,184 0 
Interest rate lock commitments1,096 1,096 0 0 1,096 
Liabilities
Time deposits$338,845 $338,815 $0 $338,815 $0 
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings7,414 9,295 0 9,295 0 
Repurchase agreements73,859 73,859 0 73,859 0 
Subordinated debentures35,092 35,414 0 35,414 0 
Interest rate contracts46,637 46,637 0 46,637 0 
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts165 165 0 165 0 
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The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale sold under the mandatory delivery method and accounted for under the fair value option as of the dates presented:
March 31,
20212020
Fair ValueAggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair ValueAggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance
(in thousands)
$25,587 $25,167 $420 $0 $0 $0 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are sold under the mandatory delivery method and accounted for under the fair value option are measured initially at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Gains and losses from such changes in fair value are reported in loan revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded a net decrease in fair value of $88 thousand representing the change in fair value reflected in earnings. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, there were 0 such loans held for sale under the mandatory delivery method. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2019:2020, there were no residential mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value option was elected that were 90 days or more past due, in nonaccrual status or both.
  March 31, 2020
  Carrying
Amount		 Fair
Value		 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
  (in thousands)
Assets          
Cash and due from banks $190,399
 $190,399
 $190,399
 $—
 $—
Interest-earning deposits with banks 25,357
 25,357
 25,357
 —
 —
Debt securities available for sale 3,553,128
 3,553,128
 —
 3,553,128
 —
FHLB stock 38,280
 38,280
 —
 38,280
 —
Loans held for sale 9,701
 9,701
 —
 9,701
 —
Loans 8,811,247
 8,998,063
 —
 —
 8,998,063
Interest rate contracts 49,775
 49,775
 —
 49,775
 —
Interest rate collar 37,209
 37,209
 —
 37,209
 —
Liabilities          
Time deposits $353,536
 $353,578
 $—
 $353,578
 $—
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings 712,455
 714,022
 —
 714,022
 —
Repurchase agreements 29,252
 29,252
 —
 29,252
 —
Subordinated debentures 35,231
 35,309
 —
 35,309
 —
Revolving line of credit 5,000
 5,005
 —
 5,005
 —
Interest rate contracts 49,777
 49,777
 —
 49,777
 —

14.Earnings Per Common Share
  December 31, 2019
  Carrying
Amount		 Fair
Value		 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
  (in thousands)
Assets          
Cash and due from banks $223,541
 $223,541
 $223,541
 $—
 $—
Interest-earning deposits with banks 24,132
 24,132
 24,132
 —
 —
Debt securities available for sale 3,746,142
 3,746,142
 —
 3,746,142
 —
FHLB stock 48,120
 48,120
 —
 48,120
 —
Loans held for sale 17,718
 17,718
 —
 17,718
 —
Loans 8,659,497
 8,883,865
 —
 —
 8,883,865
Interest rate contracts 19,144
 19,144
 —
 19,144
 —
Interest rate collar 14,727
 14,727
 —
 14,727
 —
Liabilities          
Time deposits $400,070
 $397,736
 $—
 $397,736
 $—
FHLB advances 953,469
 952,762
 —
 952,762
 —
Repurchase agreements 64,437
 64,437
 —
 64,437
 —
Subordinated debentures 35,277
 35,491
 —
 35,491
 —
Interest rate contracts 19,145
 19,145
 —
 19,145
 —


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14.Earnings Per Common Share
The Company applies the two-class method of computing basic and diluted EPS. Under the two-class method, EPS is determined for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The Company issueshas issued restricted shares under share-based compensation plans which qualify as participating securities.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:periods presented:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20212020
(in thousands except per share amounts)
Basic EPS:
Net income$51,853 $14,628 
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities:
Nonvested restricted shares155 249 
Earnings allocated to common shareholders$51,698 $14,379 
Weighted average common shares outstanding70,86971,206
Basic earnings per common share$0.73 $0.20 
Diluted EPS:
Earnings allocated to common shareholders$51,698 $14,379 
Weighted average common shares outstanding70,86971,206
Dilutive effect of equity awards240 58 
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding71,10971,264
Diluted earnings per common share$0.73 $0.20 
Potentially dilutive RSAs and RSUs that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would be anti-dilutive70 6 
  Three Months Ended
  March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands except per share amounts)
Basic EPS:    
Net income $14,628
 $45,871
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities:    
Nonvested restricted shares 249
 456
Earnings allocated to common shareholders $14,379
 $45,415
Weighted average common shares outstanding 71,206
 72,521
Basic earnings per common share $0.20
 $0.63
Diluted EPS:    
Earnings allocated to common shareholders $14,379
 $45,415
Weighted average common shares outstanding 71,206
 72,521
Dilutive effect of equity awards 58
 3
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding 71,264
 72,524
Diluted earnings per common share $0.20
 $0.63
Potentially dilutive share options that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would be anti-dilutive 6
 —
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15.Revenue from Contracts with Customers
15.Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue in the scope of Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with a customer and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The vast majority of the Company’s revenue is specifically outside the scope of Topic 606. For in-scope revenue, the following is a description of principal activities, separated by the timing of revenue recognition from which the Company generates its revenue from contracts with customers.
a.Revenue earned at a point in time - Examples of revenue earned at a point in time are ATM transaction fees, wire transfer fees, overdraft fees, interchange fees and foreign exchange transaction fees. Revenue is primarily based on the number and type of transactions and is generally derived from transactional information accumulated by our systems and is recognized immediately as the transactions occur or upon providing the service to complete the customer’s transaction. The Company is the principal in each of these contracts, with the exception of interchange fees, in which case we are acting as the agent and record revenue net of expenses paid to the principal.
b.Revenue earned over time - The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers in a variety of ways where the revenue is earned over a period of time - generally monthly. Examples of this type of revenue are deposit account maintenance fees, investment advisory fees, merchant revenue and safe deposit box fees. Revenue is generally derived from transactional information accumulated by our systems or those of third-parties and is recognized as the related transactions occur or services are rendered to the customer.

a.Revenue earned at a point in time - Examples of revenue earned at a point in time are ATM transaction fees, wire transfer fees, overdraft fees, interchange fees and foreign exchange transaction fees. Revenue is primarily based on the number and type of transactions and is generally derived from transactional information accumulated by our systems and is recognized immediately as the transactions occur or upon providing the service to complete the customer’s transaction. The Company is the principal in each of these contracts, with the exception of interchange fees, in which case we are acting as the agent and record revenue net of expenses paid to the principal.
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Tableb.Revenue earned over time - The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers in a variety of Contentsways where the revenue is earned over a period of time - generally monthly. Examples of this type of revenue are deposit account maintenance fees, investment advisory fees, merchant revenue and safe deposit box fees. Revenue is generally derived from transactional information accumulated by our systems or those of third-parties and is recognized as the related transactions occur or services are rendered to the customer.

The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when it satisfies its performance obligations. The Company’s performance obligations are typically satisfied as services are rendered and our contracts generally do not include multiple performance obligations. As a result, there are no contract balances as payments and services are rendered simultaneously. Payment is generally collected at the time services are rendered, monthly or quarterly. Unsatisfied performance obligations at the report date are not material to our consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements.
In certain cases, other parties are involved with providing products and services to our customers. If the Company is principal in the transaction (providing goods or services itself), revenues are reported based on the gross consideration received from the customer and any related expenses are reported gross in noninterest expense. If the Company is an agent in the transaction (arranging for another party to provide goods or services), the Company reports its net fee or commission retained as revenue.
Rebates, waivers and reversals are recorded as a reduction of the transaction price either when the revenue is recognized by the Company or at the time the rebate, waiver or reversal is earned by the customer.
Practical expedients
The Company applies the practical expedient in paragraph 606-10-32-18 and does not adjust the consideration from customers for the effects of a significant financing component if at contract inception the period between when the entity transfers the goods or services and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
The Company pays sales commissions to its employees in accordance with certain incentive plans and in connection with obtaining certain contracts with customers. The Company applies the practical expedient in paragraph 340-40-25-4 and expenses such sales commissions when incurred if the amortization period of the asset the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Sales commissions are included in compensation and employee benefits expense.
For the Company’s contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less, the Company uses the practical expedient in paragraph 606-10-50-14 and has not disclosed the amount of the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations as of the end of each reporting period or when the Company expects to recognize this revenue.
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Disaggregation of revenue
The following table shows the disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:presented:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Noninterest income:
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Deposit account and treasury management fees$6,358 $7,788 
Card revenue3,733 3,518 
Financial services and trust revenue3,381 3,065 
Total revenue from contracts with customers13,472 14,371 
Other sources of noninterest income9,694 6,836 
Total noninterest income$23,166 $21,207 
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Noninterest income:    
Revenue from contracts with customers:    
Deposit account and treasury management fees $7,788
 $8,980
Card revenue 3,518
 3,662
Financial services and trust revenue 3,065
 2,957
Total revenue from contracts with customers 14,371
 15,599
Other sources of noninterest income 6,836
 6,097
Total noninterest income $21,207
 $21,696
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16.Subsequent Events
Subsequent to March 31, 2020, the Company sold 17,360 shares of Visa Class B restricted stock for a gain of $3.0 million which resulted in an observable market price. As a result, the Company wrote up its remaining 77,683 Visa Class B restricted shares to a fair value of $13.4 million which was also recorded as a gain, for a total gain of $16.4 million. Based on the existing transfer restriction and uncertainty of covered litigation, the shares were previously carried at a zero cost basis. See Note 3, “Securities” for more information on Visa Class B restricted stock.

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Item 2.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Item 2.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements of Columbia Banking System, Inc. (referred to in this report as “we”, “our”, “Columbia” and “the Company”) and notes thereto presented elsewhere in this report and with the December 31, 20192020 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and its accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the following discussion, unless otherwise noted, references to increases or decreases in average balances in items of income and expense for a particular period and balances at a particular date refer to the comparison with corresponding amounts for the period or date one year earlier.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature, as well as the potentialcontinuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business, operations, financial performance and prospects. Forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. In addition to the factors set forth in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report and the factors set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Form 10-K, and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements:
•national and global economic conditions could be less favorable than expected or could have a more direct and pronounced effect on us than expected and adversely affect our ability to continue internal growth and maintain the quality of our earning assets;
•the markets where we operate and make loans could face challenges;
•the risks presented by the economy, which could adversely affect credit quality, collateral values, including real estate collateral, investment values, liquidity and loan originations and loan portfolio delinquency rates;
•the efficiencies and enhanced financial and operating performance we expect to realize from investments in personnel, acquisitions and infrastructure may not be realized;
•interest rate changes could significantly reduce net interest income and negatively affect asset yields and funding sources;
•the effect of changes to orthe discontinuation or replacement of LIBOR;
projected business increases•results of operations following strategic expansion, including the impact of acquired loans on our earnings, could be lower than expected;differ from expectations;
•changes in the scope and cost of FDIC insurance and other coverages;
the impact of acquired loans on our earnings;
•changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the FASB or other regulatory agencies could materially affect our financial statements and how we report those results, and expectations and preliminary analysis relating to how such changes will affect our financial results could prove incorrect;
•changes in laws and regulations affecting our businesses, including changes in the enforcement and interpretation of such laws and regulations by applicable governmental and regulatory agencies;
•increased competition among financial institutions and nontraditional providers of financial services could increase significantly;services;
•continued consolidation in the Northwest financial services industry resulting in the creation of larger financial institutions that may have greater resources could change the competitive landscape;
•the goodwill we have recorded in connection with acquisitions could become impaired, which may have an adverse impact on our earnings and capital;
•our ability to identify and address cyber-security risks, including security breaches, “denial of service attacks,” “hacking” and identity theft;
•any material failure or interruption of our information and communications systems;
our ability•inability to keep pace with technological changes;
•our ability to effectively manage credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk, operational risk, legal risk, liquidity risk and regulatory and compliance risk;
•failure to maintain effective internal controlscontrol over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;
•the effect of geopolitical instability, including wars, conflicts and terrorist attacks;
•our profitability measures could be adversely affected if we are unable to effectively manage our capital;
•natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, fires and other unexpected events;
•the effect of COVID-19 and other infectious illness outbreaks that may arise in the future, which has created significant impacts and uncertainties in U.S. and global markets;
•changes in governmental policy and regulation, including measures taken in response to economic, business, political and social conditions, including with regard to COVID-19; and
•the effects of any damage to our reputation resulting from developments related to any of the items identified above.
You should take into account that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Given the described uncertainties and risks, we cannot guarantee our future performance or results of operations and you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required under federal securities laws.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Management has identified the accounting policies related to the ACL, business combinations and the valuation and recoverability of goodwill as critical to an understanding of our financial statements. These policies and related estimates are discussed in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under the headings “Adoption of Allowance“Allowance for Credit Losses, - ASC 326,” “Business Combinations” and “Valuation and Recoverability of Goodwill” in our 20192020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have not been any material changes in our critical accounting policies as compared to those disclosed in our 20192020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Our results of operations are dependent to a large degree on our net interest income. We also generate noninterest income from our broad range of products and services including treasury management, wealth management and debit and credit cards. Our operating expenses consist primarily of compensation and employee benefits, occupancy, data processing and legal and professional fees. Like most financial institutions, our interest income and cost of funds are affected significantly by general economic conditions, particularly changes in market interest rates, and by government policies and actions of regulatory authorities.
COVID-19 Update

We continue to adapt to evolving COVID-19 guidance from federal, state and local healthcare officials as the availability of vaccines increases throughout the Northwest. Efforts to mitigate the spread of the virus in all of our locations continue to include our enhanced cleaning protocols, social distancing and the use of face coverings. These protocols continue to prove effective in keeping our branches open, allowing us to continue to serve existing and new clients without disruption.
Vaccine availability continued to improve throughout the quarter in all areas of our footprint. We began closely monitoringperiodically updated team members on vaccination information to help reduce the progressconfusion stemming from the diversity of COVID-19 earlyapproaches to availability and enacted our pandemic planscheduling in Januaryeach county. These communications directed employees to state and local government resources for support with scheduling appointments as well as information on the safety and efficacy of the vaccines.
Support for team members with school-aged children continued throughout the quarter as school districts migrated from distanced learning arrangements to a hybrid approach combining distanced learning with two or three days per week of in-person learning. We continued to provide support for our team members and clients. Our initial steps encouraged employees with underlying health concerns or family members at risk to stay home, allowing them to draw from a pool of emergency sick leave dedicated for pandemic related use. Team members with the ability to work remotely were encouraged to do so while branches and offices began following disinfecting protocols and social distancing policies. All non-exempt employees who continue to work on location were included in an additional premium pay program. Our clients have received supportflexibility through payment deferral programs as well as a variety of options from the SBA including the Paycheck Protection Program, the Economic Injury Disaster Loanshift changes, temporary remote work assignments and other deferral and automatic debt relief programs. Our participation inaccommodations to help team members navigate the Paycheck Protection Program will increase our loan balances and loan interest income over the period those loans are outstanding. As of April 30, 2020, we had granted short-term payment deferrals on $1.29 billion of loans. We have also been working with our non-profit community partners by lifting restrictions on sponsorships and contributions to allow organizations to rededicate the funds to COVID-19 response and recovery.changes successfully.
Advanced preparation and early action enabled us to continue all operations as COVID-19 spread in the Northwest. We continue to monitor the pandemic and adjust our response in concert with local government and healthcare officials.
For additional information on the impact and potential impact of COVID-19 on our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations, see Part II Item 1A “Risk Factors”Factors” of this report.
Earnings Summary
Comparison of current quarter to prior year period
The Company reported net income for the first quarter of $14.6$51.9 million or $0.20$0.73 per diluted common share, compared to $45.9$14.6 million or $0.63$0.20 per diluted common share for the first quarter of 2019.2020. Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 20202021 was $122.4$124.0 million, an increase of $1.4$1.6 million from the prior year period. The increase was primarily a result of highera reduction in interest expense on FHLB advances and deposits partially offset by a decline in interest income on securities and higher average balances of securities. These increases were also partially offset by higher interest expense due to higher average balances of FHLB advances.loans.
The provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 20202021 was a recapture of $800 thousand compared to a provision of $41.5 million compared to $1.4 million duringfor the first quarter of 2019.2020. The increasedecrease in provision expense for the first quarter of 20202021 compared to one year agothe first quarter of 2020 was principally the result of improved economic forecast as the recenteconomy is recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic that has created significant volatility in the local, national and world economies.pandemic.
Noninterest income for the current quarter was $21.2$23.2 million, a decreasean increase of $489 thousand$2.0 million from the prior year period. The decreaseincrease was primarilyprincipally due to lower treasury management fees and lower net securities gainsan increase in loan revenue partially offset by higher loan revenue during the first quarter of 2020.a decrease in deposit account and treasury management fees.
Total noninterest expense for the quarter ended March 31, 20202021 was $84.3$83.6 million, a decrease of $429$712 thousand from the prior year period. This decrease was primarily driven by lower legalcompensation and professional fees, B&O taxes and regulatory premiumsemployee benefits expense partially offset by increases in compensationdata process and employee benefitssoftware and other noninterest expense.

regulatory premiums.
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Net Interest Income
The following table sets forth the average balances of all major categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income on interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, the average yield earned on interest-earning assets and average cost of interest-bearing liabilities by category and, in total, net interest income and net interest margin:
 Three Months Ended March 31, Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
 2020 201920212020
 Average
Balances		 Interest
Earned / Paid		 Average
Rate		 Average
Balances		 Interest
Earned / Paid		 Average
Rate		Average
Balances		Interest
Earned / Paid		Average
Rate		Average
Balances		Interest
Earned / Paid		Average
Rate
 (dollars in thousands)(dollars in thousands)
ASSETS            ASSETS
Loans, net (1)(2) $8,815,755
 $108,665
 4.96% $8,406,664
 $109,715
 5.29%Loans, net (1)(2)$9,586,984 $101,477 4.29 %$8,815,755 $108,665 4.96 %
Taxable securities 3,209,110
 21,088
 2.64% 2,637,436
 17,415
 2.68%Taxable securities4,624,175 22,816 2.00 %3,209,110 21,088 2.64 %
Tax exempt securities (2) 409,457
 2,914
 2.86% 502,765
 3,758
 3.03%Tax exempt securities (2)606,129 3,492 2.34 %409,457 2,914 2.86 %
Interest-earning deposits with banks 53,228
 141
 1.07% 14,762
 88
 2.42%Interest-earning deposits with banks602,083 152 0.10 %53,228 141 1.07 %
Total interest-earning assets 12,487,550
 132,808
 4.28% 11,561,627
 130,976
 4.59%Total interest-earning assets15,419,371 127,937 3.36 %12,487,550 132,808 4.28 %
Other earning assets 232,361
     232,077
    Other earning assets242,684 232,361 
Noninterest-earning assets 1,275,721
     1,254,337
    Noninterest-earning assets1,229,627 1,275,721 
Total assets $13,995,632
     $13,048,041
    Total assets$16,891,682 $13,995,632 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITYLIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITYLIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Money market accounts (3) 2,633,931
 1,728
 0.26% 2,585,983
 2,585
 0.41%
Interest-bearing demand (3) 1,125,691
 484
 0.17% 1,074,595
 364
 0.14%
Savings accounts (3) 897,276
 43
 0.02% 896,514
 43
 0.02%
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit (3) 355,401
 903
 1.02% 262,765
 930
 1.44%
Money market accountsMoney market accounts3,450,750 699 0.08 %2,633,931 1,728 0.26 %
Interest-bearing demandInterest-bearing demand1,449,642 265 0.07 %1,125,691 484 0.17 %
Savings accountsSavings accounts1,221,431 40 0.01 %897,276 43 0.02 %
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of depositInterest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit663,158 276 0.17 %355,401 903 1.02 %
Certificates of deposit 370,904
 484
 0.52% 406,539
 576
 0.57%Certificates of deposit336,319 205 0.25 %370,904 484 0.52 %
Total interest-bearing deposits 5,383,203
 3,642
 0.27% 5,226,396
 4,498
 0.35%Total interest-bearing deposits7,121,300 1,485 0.08 %5,383,203 3,642 0.27 %
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings 909,110
 4,229
 1.87% 499,428
 2,685
 2.18%FHLB advances and FRB borrowings7,408 72 3.94 %909,110 4,229 1.87 %
Subordinated debentures 35,253
 468
 5.34% 35,438
 468
 5.36%Subordinated debentures35,072 468 5.41 %35,253 468 5.34 %
Other borrowings and interest-bearing liabilities 48,365
 136
 1.13% 41,703
 215
 2.09%Other borrowings and interest-bearing liabilities53,691 23 0.17 %48,365 136 1.13 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 6,375,931
 8,475
 0.53% 5,802,965
 7,866
 0.55%Total interest-bearing liabilities7,217,471 2,048 0.12 %6,375,931 8,475 0.53 %
Noninterest-bearing deposits 5,239,176
     5,044,620
    Noninterest-bearing deposits7,091,316 5,239,176 
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 187,474
     155,624
    Other noninterest-bearing liabilities236,302 187,474 
Shareholders’ equity 2,193,051
     2,044,832
    Shareholders’ equity2,346,593 2,193,051 
Total liabilities & shareholders’ equity $13,995,632
     $13,048,041
    Total liabilities & shareholders’ equity$16,891,682 $13,995,632 
Net interest income (tax equivalent)Net interest income (tax equivalent) $124,333
     $123,110
  Net interest income (tax equivalent)$125,889 $124,333 
Net interest margin (tax equivalent)Net interest margin (tax equivalent) 4.00%     4.32%Net interest margin (tax equivalent)3.31 %4.00 %
__________
(1)Nonaccrual loans have been included in the tables as loans carrying a zero yield. Amortized net deferred loan fees and net unearned discounts on acquired loans were included in the interest income calculations. The amortization of net deferred loan fees was $2.4 million and $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The incremental accretion income on acquired loans was $1.5 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(2)Tax-exempt income is calculated on a tax equivalent basis. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on loans was $1.3 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on tax exempt securities was $612 thousand and $789 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(3)Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation to show a separate row for interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit.

(1)Nonaccrual loans have been included in the tables as loans carrying a zero yield. Amortized net deferred loan fees and net unearned discounts on acquired loans were included in the interest income calculations. The amortization of net deferred loan fees was $8.3 million and $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The incremental accretion income on acquired loans was $1.1 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(2)Tax-exempt income is calculated on a tax equivalent basis. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on loans was $1.2 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on tax exempt securities was $733 thousand and $612 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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The following table sets forth the total dollar amount of change in interest income and interest expense. The changes have been segregated for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities into amounts attributable to changes in volume and changes in rates. Changes attributable to the combined effect of volume and interest rates have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to interest rates:
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to 2019 Increase (Decrease) Due toThree Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to 2020 Increase (Decrease) Due to
 Volume Rate Total (1)VolumeRateTotal (1)
 (in thousands)(in thousands)
Interest Income      Interest Income
Loans, net $5,201
 $(6,251) $(1,050)Loans, net$8,993 $(16,181)$(7,188)
Taxable securities 3,757
 (84) 3,673
Taxable securities7,819 (6,091)1,728 
Tax exempt securities (672) (172) (844)Tax exempt securities1,209 (631)578 
Interest-earning deposits with banks 125
 (72) 53
Interest-earning deposits with banks244 (233)11 
Interest income $8,411
 $(6,579) $1,832
Interest income$18,265 $(23,136)$(4,871)
Interest Expense      Interest Expense
Deposits:      Deposits:
Money market accounts $47
 $(904) $(857)Money market accounts$421 $(1,450)$(1,029)
Interest-bearing demand 18
 102
 120
Interest-bearing demand113 (332)(219)
Savings accountsSavings accounts13 (16)(3)
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit 276
 (303) (27)Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit449 (1,076)(627)
Certificates of deposit (48) (44) (92)Certificates of deposit(42)(237)(279)
Total interest on deposits 293
 (1,149) (856)Total interest on deposits954 (3,111)(2,157)
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings 1,948
 (404) 1,544
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings(6,356)2,199 (4,157)
Other borrowings and interest-bearing liabilities 42
 (121) (79)Other borrowings and interest-bearing liabilities18 (131)(113)
Interest expense $2,283
 $(1,674) $609
Interest expense$(5,384)$(1,043)$(6,427)
__________
(1)The change in interest not due solely to volume or rate has been allocated in proportion to the absolute dollar amount of the change in each.

Comparison of current quarter to prior year period
Net interest income for the first quarter of 20202021 was $122.4$124.0 million, up from $121.0$122.4 million for the same quarter in 2019.2020. The increase was primarily a result of highera reduction in interest expense on FHLB advances and deposits, partially offset by a decline in interest income on securities primarilyloans. The decrease in interest expense was due to $1.9 million of interest income and discount accretion related to the early payoff of three securities and higher average balances of securities. Interest income from loans also had a positive impact as a result of higher average balances although this increase was more than offset by lower interest income due to lower loan rates. The increase in net interest income was partially offset by higher interest expense due to higher average balances of FHLB advances.advances and lower rates on deposits. The decline in interest income from loans was mainly due to lower average rates.
The Company’s net interest margin (tax equivalent) decreased to 4.00%3.31% in the first quarter of 2020,2021, from 4.32%4.00% for the prior year period. This decrease was driven by higher average interest-earning deposits with banks at an average rate of 10 basis points as well as lower rates on the loan portfolio and higher average balances of FHLB advances.securities portfolios. The Company’s operating net interest margin (tax equivalent)(1) decreased to 4.02%3.30% from 4.33%4.02% during the first quarter of 2019.2020. The decrease was due to the items previously noted for the decrease in the net interest margin.





__________
(1) Operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the “Non-GAAP financial measures” section in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.


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Provision for Credit Losses
Comparison of current quarter to prior year period
Effective January 1, 2020, Columbia adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”) and all related amendments. The ACL under ASU 2016-13 utilizes the CECL methodology which estimates the expected loan losses over the contractual life of the loans in the loan portfolio of the Bank. Prior to January 1, 2020, the ALLL incurred loss methodology was used which estimated the amount of loan losses that had been incurred at the balance sheet date. The day 1 adoption of ASU 2016-13 and related amendments, resulted in an increase of $1.6 million in our ACL, an increase of $1.6 million to our allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit and a net-of-tax cumulative-effect adjustment of $2.5 million to decrease the beginning balance of retained earnings.
During the first quarter of 2020,2021, the Company recorded an $800 thousand net provision recapture for credit losses compared to a $41.5 million net provision for credit losses, under the CECL methodology, compared to a $1.4 million net provision, under the previous ALLL methodology, during the first quarter of 2019.2020. The increasedecrease in provision expense and resulting recapture for the first quarter of 20202021 compared to one year agothe first quarter of 2020 was principally the result of an improved economic forecast as the recenteconomy is recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic that has created significant volatility in the local, national and world economies. With the national guidance regarding social distancing and state and county mandates to shelter or stay at home, many large and small businesses have had to close and there has been a dramatic increase in new unemployment claims. As a result, we have increased our reserves for lifetime credit losses as a result of the economic impact of COVID-19. For additional information on the impact and potential impact of COVID-19 on our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations, see Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this report.pandemic.
The net provision recapture for credit losses recorded during the current quarter also includedreflected management’s ongoing assessment of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. Other factors affecting the provision include net charge-offs, credit quality migration, and the size and composition of the loan portfolio and changes in the economic environment during the first quarter of 2020.2021. The amount of provision was calculated in accordance with the Company’s methodology for determining the ACL, discussed in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
Noninterest Income
The following table presents the significant components of noninterest income and the related dollar and percentage change from period to period:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019 $ Change % Change
  (dollars in thousands)
Deposit account and treasury management fees $7,788
 $8,980
 $(1,192) (13)%
Card revenue 3,518
 3,662
 (144) (4)%
Financial services and trust revenue 3,065
 2,957
 108
 4 %
Loan revenue 4,590
 2,389
 2,201
 92 %
Bank owned life insurance 1,596
 1,519
 77
 5 %
Investment securities gains, net 249
 1,847
 (1,598) (87)%
Other 401
 342
 59
 17 %
Total noninterest income $21,207
 $21,696
 $(489) (2)%

Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020$ Change% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Deposit account and treasury management fees$6,358 $7,788 $(1,430)(18)%
Card revenue3,733 3,518 215 6 %
Financial services and trust revenue3,381 3,065 316 10 %
Loan revenue7,369 4,590 2,779 61 %
Bank owned life insurance1,560 1,596 (36)(2)%
Investment securities gains, net— 249 (249)(100)%
Other765 401 364 91 %
Total noninterest income$23,166 $21,207 $1,959 9 %
Comparison of current quarter to prior year period
Noninterest income was $21.2$23.2 million for the first quarter of 2020,2021, compared to $21.7$21.2 million for the same period in 2019.2020. The increase was principally due to an increase in loan revenue partially offset by a decrease in deposit account and treasury management fees. The increase in loan revenue was due to mortgage banking revenue, which increased due to higher loan volume and increased premium per loan on sold loans. The decrease was primarily due to lowerin deposit account and treasury management fees principally lower treasury managementwas driven by a decrease in overdraft fees and lower net investment securities gains partially offset byof $988 thousand compared to the same quarter in 2020 due to an overall decrease in the number of transactions amidst the pandemic as well as clients generally carrying higher loan revenue during the first quarter of 2020.

cash balances in their deposit accounts.
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Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the significant components of noninterest expense and the related dollar and percentage change from period to period:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020$ Change% Change (1)
(dollars in thousands)
Compensation and employee benefits$51,736 $54,842 $(3,106)(6)%
Occupancy9,006 9,197 (191)(2)%
Data processing and software8,451 7,099 1,352 19 %
Legal and professional fees2,815 2,102 713 34 %
Amortization of intangibles1,924 2,310 (386)(17)%
B&O taxes1,259 624 635 102 %
Advertising and promotion760 1,305 (545)(42)%
Regulatory premiums1,105 34 1,071 N/M
Net cost (benefit) of operation of OREO(63)12 (75)(625)%
Other6,566 6,746 (180)(3)%
Total noninterest expense$83,559 $84,271 $(712)(1)%
  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019 $ Change % Change
  (dollars in thousands)
Compensation and employee benefits $54,842
 $52,085
 $2,757
 5 %
Occupancy 9,197
 8,809
 388
 4 %
Data processing 4,840
 4,669
 171
 4 %
Legal and professional services 2,102
 4,573
 (2,471) (54)%
Amortization of intangibles 2,310
 2,748
 (438) (16)%
B&O taxes 624
 1,876
 (1,252) (67)%
Advertising and promotion 1,305
 974
 331
 34 %
Regulatory premiums 34
 984
 (950) (97)%
Net cost of operation of OREO 12
 113
 (101) (89)%
Other 9,005
 7,869
 1,136
 14 %
Total noninterest expense $84,271
 $84,700
 $(429) (1)%
__________
1) Percentage changes greater than +/- 1000% are considered not meaningful and are presented as “N/M.”
Comparison of current quarter to prior year period
Noninterest expense was $84.3$83.6 million for the first quarter of 2020,2021, a decrease of $429$712 thousand from $84.7$84.3 million for the prior year period. This decrease was primarily driven by lower legal and professional fees, B&O taxes and regulatory premiums which decreased by $2.5 million, $1.3 million and $950 thousand, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by increases of $2.8 milliona decrease in compensation and employee benefits expense partially offset by increases in data processing and $1.1 million in other noninterest expense.software expense and regulatory premiums. The decrease in professional fees was due to lower fees on reciprocal money market accounts as well as lower expenses related to corporate initiatives. B&O tax expense benefited from a refund received in the current quarter for a prior year. Regulatory premiums decreased due to the utilization of $967 thousand of our FDIC Small Bank Assessment Credit. The remaining balance of our credit is $283 thousand but can only be applied towards our future FDIC deposit insurance expense if the fund exceeds its minimum reserve ratio. The increase in compensation and employee benefits expense is most attributable to labor costs related to the origination of PPP loans, which are capitalized and amortized as a reduction to interest income over the life of the loan. The increase in data processing and software expense was driven by increasesadditional data processing expense associated with PPP loans. The increase in salary expense and incentive and commissions expense. Other noninterest expense increased dueregulatory premiums was the result of the Bank utilizing a portion of its Small Bank Assessment Credit during the first quarter of 2020 to a higherpay for FDIC deposit insurance premiums. The final portion of the credit was utilized during the second quarter of 2020.
The provision for off-balance sheet reserves.unfunded loan commitments for the periods indicated are as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Provision for unfunded loan commitments$1,500 $1,000 
Income Taxes
We recorded an income tax provision of $3.2$12.5 million for the first quarter of 2020,2021, compared to a provision of $10.8$3.2 million for the same period in 2019,2020, with effective tax rates of 18%19% and 19%18% for the first quarter of 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. Our effective tax rate remains lower than the statutory tax rate due to tax-exempt income from municipal securities, BOLI and certain loan receivables. For additional information, please refer to the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.2020.
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FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total assets were $14.04$17.34 billion at March 31, 2020, a decrease2021, an increase of $41.0$750.3 million from December 31, 2019.2020. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $31.9increased $230.7 million. Loans increased $189.9$248.7 million during the first quarterthree months of 2020,2021, which was primarily the result of new loan production, and increased seasonal line utilization,supplemented by PPP loans, partially offset by payments.loan payments and a decrease in line utilization. Debt securities available for sale were $3.55$5.50 billion at March 31, 2020, a decrease2021, an increase of $193.0$286.2 million from December 31, 2019.2020. Total liabilities were $11.82$15.06 billion as of March 31, 2020, a decrease2021, an increase of $94.7$822.9 million from December 31, 2019.2020. The declineincrease was primarily due to a decrease in FHLB advances partially offset by an increase in interest-bearingdemand and other noninterest-bearing deposits specifically publicdriven by PPP loan funds excluding certificates of deposit.being deposited into our clients’ deposit accounts.
Investment Securities
At March 31, 2020,2021, the Company’s investment portfolio primarily consisted of debt securities available for sale totaling $3.55$5.50 billion compared to $3.75$5.21 billion at December 31, 2019.2020. The decreaseincrease in the debt securities portfolio from year-end is due to $328.5$608.9 million in purchases, offset by $180.4 million in maturities, repayments and sales, a $133.7 million decline in unrealized gains and $5.6$8.6 million in premium amortization offset by $103.6 million in net unrealized gain and $37.5 million in purchases.amortization. The average duration of our debt securities investment portfolio was approximately 4 years and 911 months at March 31, 2020.2021. This duration takes into account calls, where appropriate and consensus prepayment speeds.

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The investment securities are used by the Company as a component of its balance sheet management strategies. From time-to-time, securities may be sold to reposition the portfolio in response to strategies developed by the Company’s asset liability management committee. In accordance with our investment strategy, management monitors market conditions with a view to realize gains on its available for sale securities portfolio when prudent.
The Company performs a quarterly assessment of the debt securities available for sale in its investment portfolio that have an unrealized loss to determine whether thea decline in fair value below amortized cost exists. Amortized cost includes adjustments made to the cost of an investment for accretion, amortization, collection of cash and previous credit losses recognized in earnings.
When the fair value of these securitiesan available for sale debt security falls below theirthe amortized cost basis, has resultedit is evaluated to determine if any of the decline in avalue is attributable to credit loss. ADecreases in fair value attributable to credit loss exists when it becomes probablewould be recorded directly to earnings with a corresponding allowance for credit losses, limited by the amount that the Company will be unable to recoverfair value is less than the entire amortized cost basis of its investment. The Company’s impairment assessment takes into consideration factors such as defaults or deferrals of scheduled interest or principal, external credit ratings and recent downgrades, internal assessment ofbasis. If the credit quality and whethersubsequently improves, the allowance would be reversed up to a maximum of the previously recorded credit losses. If the Company intends to sell thean impaired available for sale debt security, and whetheror if it is more likely than not itthat the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of itsrecovering the amortized cost basis. If a decline in fair value is determined to result in a credit loss, an allowance is recorded.
When there are credit losses associated with an impaired debt security and the Company does not have the intent to sell the security and it is more likely than not that it will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis, the Company will separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit-related and the amount related to non-credit factors. The credit-related impairment isentire fair value adjustment would be immediately recognized in earnings through anwith no corresponding allowance and the non-credit-related impairment is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.for credit losses.
At March 31, 2020,2021, the market value of debt securities available for sale had a net unrealized gain of $146.6$78.9 million compared to a net unrealized gain of $43.0$212.6 million at December 31, 2019.2020. The change in valuation was the result of fluctuations in market interest rates during the three months ended March 31, 2020.2021. At March 31, 2020,2021, the Company had $136.1 million$2.32 billion of debt securities available for sale with gross unrealized losses of $1.8$58.8 million; however, we did not consider these investment securities to have an indicated credit loss.
The following table sets forth our securities portfolio by type for the dates indicated:
 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
 (in thousands)(in thousands)
Debt securities available for sale:    Debt securities available for sale:
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations $2,766,137
 $2,892,950
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$4,104,219 $3,814,387 
Other asset-backed securities 203,512
 196,050
Other asset-backed securities358,819 357,479 
State and municipal securities 448,060
 488,802
State and municipal securities751,285 753,572 
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities 135,419
 168,340
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities281,967 284,696 
Total debt securities available for sale $3,553,128
 $3,746,142
Total debt securities available for sale$5,496,290 $5,210,134 
Equity securitiesEquity securities13,425 13,425 
Total investment securitiesTotal investment securities$5,509,715 $5,223,559 
For further information on our investment portfolio and equity securities transactions, see Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
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Credit Risk Management
The extension of credit in the form of loans or other credit substitutes to individuals and businesses is one of our principal commerce activities. Our policies, as well as applicable laws, and regulations, require risk analysis as well as ongoing portfolio and credit management. We manage our credit risk through lending limit constraints, credit review, approval policies, and extensive, ongoing internal monitoring. We also manage credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio by type of loan, type of industry and type of borrower and by limiting the aggregation of debt to a single borrower.
In analyzing our existing portfolio, we review our consumer and residential loan portfolios by their performance as a pool of loans, since no single loan is individually significant or judged by its risk rating, size or potential risk of loss. In contrast, the monitoring process for the commercial business, real estate construction, and commercial real estate portfolios includes periodic reviews of individual loans with risk ratings assigned to each loan and performance judged on a loan-by-loan basis.

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We review these loans to assess the ability of our borrowers to service all interest and principal obligations and, as a result, the risk rating may be adjusted accordingly. In the event that full collection of principal and interest is not reasonably assured, the loan is appropriately downgraded and, if warranted, placed on nonaccrual status even though the loan may be current as to principal and interest payments. Additionally, we assess whether an individually measured allowance is required for collateral dependent nonaccrual loans with balances equal to or greater than $500,000 and with respect to which foreclosure is probable. For the individually measured collateral dependent nonaccrual loan, the allowance for credit losses is equal to the difference between amortized cost of the loan and the determined value of the collateral. However, if the determined value of the collateral is greater than the amortized cost of the loan, no allowance for credit losses will be added for these loans.
For additional discussion on our methodology in managing credit risk within our loan portfolio, see the “Allowance for Credit Losses” section in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the Company’s 20192020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Loan policies, credit quality criteria, portfolio guidelines and other controls are established under the guidance of our Chief Credit Officer and approved, as appropriate, by the Board of Directors. Credit Administration, together with the management loan committee, has the responsibility for administering the credit approval process. As another part of its control process, we use an internal credit review and examination function to provide reasonable assurance that loans and commitments are made and maintained as prescribed by our credit policies. Examinations are performed to ensure continued performance and proper risk assessment.
Loan Portfolio Analysis
Our wholly owned banking subsidiary Columbia State Bank is a full service commercial bank, which originates a wide variety of loans, and focuses its lending efforts on originating commercial real estate and commercial business loans. The following table sets forth our loan portfolio by type of loan for the dates indicated:
March 31, 2021% of TotalDecember 31, 2020% of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate$4,081,915 42.2 %$4,062,313 43.0 %
Commercial business3,792,813 39.2 %3,597,968 38.2 %
Agriculture751,800 7.8 %779,627 8.3 %
Construction282,534 2.9 %268,663 2.8 %
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate735,314 7.6 %683,570 7.3 %
Other consumer31,942 0.3 %35,519 0.4 %
Total loans$9,676,318 100.0 %$9,427,660 100.0 %
Loans held for sale$26,176 $26,481 
42
  March 31, 2020 % of Total December 31, 2019 % of Total
  (dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans:        
Commercial real estate $3,969,974
 44.5% $3,945,853
 45.1%
Commercial business 3,169,668
 35.5% 2,989,613
 34.2%
Agriculture 754,491
 8.4% 765,371
 8.8%
Construction 308,186
 3.4% 361,533
 4.1%
Consumer loans:        
One-to-four family residential real estate 690,506
 7.7% 637,325
 7.3%
Other consumer 40,496
 0.5% 43,770
 0.5%
Total loans $8,933,321
 100.0% $8,743,465
 100.0%
Loans held for sale $9,701
   $17,718
  
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Total loans increased $189.9$248.7 million from year-end 2019 primarily the result2020. This increase includes $494.8 million of organic loan production and increased seasonal line utilization,new PPP loans, partially offset by principal$250.7 million of PPP loan pay downs.downs and forgiveness from the SBA. The PPP loans were originated to provide financial support to small and medium-size businesses to cover payroll and certain other expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic. To further assist our borrowers, the Company also offered loan portfolio continuesdeferrals to be diversified, withsupport borrowers during the intentCOVID-19 pandemic.
The following table provides additional detail related to mitigate risk by monitoring concentration in any one sector.the Company’s COVID-19 deferrals:
December 31, 2020Ended (1)Re-deferralNew DeferralMarch 31, 2021% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Number of deferrals70 (60)3 7 20 (71.4)%
Balance of deferrals (2)$146,725 $(102,905)$17,213 $10,393 $71,426 (51.3)%
__________
1) Ended includes re-deferrals that have ended.
2) Balance of deferrals are gross of unearned income.
The following table provides additional detail related to the net discount of acquired and purchased loans by acquisition:
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (in thousands)
Acquisition:    
Pacific Continental $12,190
 $13,314
Intermountain 1,545
 1,614
West Coast 2,354
 2,675
Other 2,418
 (1,378)
Total net discount at period end $18,507
 $16,225

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March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
(in thousands)
Acquisition:
Pacific Continental$7,682 $8,442 
Intermountain1,000 1,090 
West Coast1,489 1,695 
Other(1,500)957 
Total net discount at period end$8,671 $12,184 
Commercial Real Estate Loans: Commercial real estate loans are secured by properties located within our primary market areas and typically, have loan-to-value ratios of 80% or lower at origination. Our underwriting standards for commercial and multifamily residential loans generally require that the loan-to-value ratio for these loans not exceed 75% of appraised value, cost, or discounted cash flow value, as appropriate, and that commercial properties maintain debt coverage ratios (net operating income divided by annual debt servicing) of 1.2 or better. However, underwriting standards can be influenced by competition and other factors. We endeavor to maintain the highest practical underwriting standards while balancing the need to remain competitive in our lending practices.
Commercial Business Loans: We are committed to providing competitive commercial lending in our primary market areas.area. Management expects a continued focus within its commercial lending products and to emphasize, in particular, relationship banking with businesses and business owners.
Agriculture Loans: Agricultural lending includes agricultural real estate and production loans and lines of credit within our primary market areas.area. We are committed to our Pacific Northwest communities offering seasonal and longer-term loans and operating lines of credit by lending officers with expertise in the agricultural communities we serve. Typical loan-to-value ratios on term loans can range from 55% to 80% depending upon the type of loan. Operating lines of credit require the borrower to provide a 20% to 25% equity investment. The debt coverage ratio is generally 1.25:1 or better on all term loans.
Construction Loans: We originate a variety of real estate construction loans. Underwriting guidelines for these loans vary by loan type but include loan-to-value limits, term limits and loan advance limits, as applicable. Our underwriting guidelines for commercial and multifamily residential real estate construction loans generally require that the loan-to-value ratio not exceed 75% and stabilized debt coverage ratios (net operating income divided by annual debt servicing)service) of 1.2 or better. As noted above, underwriting standards can be influenced by competition and other factors. However, we endeavor to maintain the highest practical underwriting standards while balancing the need to remain competitive in our lending practices.
One-to-four Family Residential Real Estate Loans: One-to-four family residential loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, are secured by properties located within our primary market areas and, typically, have loan-to-value ratios of 80% or lower at origination.
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Other Consumer Loans: Consumer loans include automobile loans, boat and recreational vehicle financing, and other miscellaneous personal loans.
Foreign Loans: The Company has no material foreign activities. Substantially all of the Company’s loans and unfunded commitments are geographically concentrated in its service areas within the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho.
For additional information on our loan portfolio, including amounts pledged as collateral on borrowings, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets consist of: (i) nonaccrual loans, which generally are loans placed on a nonaccrual basis when the loan becomes past due 90 days or when there are otherwise serious doubts about the collectability of principal or interest within the existing terms of the loan, (ii) OREO and (iii) OPPO, if applicable.

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The following table sets forth, at the dates indicated, information with respect to our nonaccrual loans and total nonperforming assets:
 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
 (dollars in thousands)(dollars in thousands)
Nonperforming assets    Nonperforming assets
Nonaccrual loans:    Nonaccrual loans:
Commercial loans:    Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate $5,518
 $3,799
Commercial real estate$7,317 $7,712 
Commercial business 24,395
 20,937
Commercial business13,551 13,222 
Agriculture 15,083
 5,023
Agriculture10,629 11,614 
ConstructionConstruction191 217 
Consumer loans:    Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate 2,643
 3,292
One-to-four family residential real estate1,751 2,001 
Other consumer 8
 9
Other consumer142 40 
Total nonaccrual loans 47,647
 33,060
Total nonaccrual loans33,581 34,806 
OREO and OPPO 510
 552
OREO and OPPO521 553 
Total nonperforming assets $48,157
 $33,612
Total nonperforming assets$34,102 $35,359 
    
Loans, net of unearned income $8,933,321
 $8,743,465
Loans, net of unearned income$9,676,318 $9,427,660 
Total assets $14,038,503
 $14,079,524
Total assets$17,335,116 $16,584,779 
    
Nonperforming loans to period end loans 0.53% 0.38%
Nonperforming assets to period end assets 0.34% 0.24%
Nonperforming loans to period-end loansNonperforming loans to period-end loans0.35 %0.37 %
Nonperforming assets to period-end assetsNonperforming assets to period-end assets0.20 %0.21 %
At March 31, 2020,2021, nonperforming assets were $48.2$34.1 million, compared to $33.6$35.4 million at December 31, 2019.2020. Nonperforming assets increased $14.5decreased $1.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020,2021, primarily due to $10.1a $1.0 million increasedecrease in nonaccrual agriculture loans and a $3.5 million increase in nonaccrual commercial business loans. For information on OREO, see Note 6 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL is an accounting estimate of expected credit losses in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The provision for credit losses is the expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income to adjust the ACL to the levels deemed appropriate by management, as measured by the Company’s credit loss estimation methodologies. The allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated expected losses related to these unfunded credit facilities at the balance sheet date.
At March 31, 2020,2021, our ACL was $122.1$148.3 million, or 1.37%1.53% of total loans (excluding loans held for sale). This compares with an ALLLACL of $84.0$149.1 million, or 0.96%1.58% of total loans (excluding loans held for sale) at December 31, 20192020 and an ALLLACL of $83.3$122.1 million or 0.98%1.37% of total loans (excluding loans held for sale) at March 31, 2019.

2020. The decrease from year end was primarily due to a slight improvement in the economic outlook, which remains impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our borrowers. The ACL at March 31, 2021 does not include a reserve for the PPP loans as they are fully guaranteed by the SBA.
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The following table provides an analysis of the Company’s ACL at the dates and the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20212020
(dollars in thousands)
Beginning Balance$149,140 $83,968 
Impact of adopting ASC 326— 1,632 
Charge-offs:
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate— (101)
Commercial business(3,339)(1,684)
Agriculture— (4,726)
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate— (10)
Other consumer(127)(268)
Total charge-offs(3,466)(6,789)
Recoveries:
Commercial loans:
Commercial real estate36 14 
Commercial business3,214 860 
Agriculture12 41 
Construction46 442 
Consumer loans:
One-to-four family residential real estate51 282 
Other consumer61 124 
Total recoveries3,420 1,763 
Net charge-offs(46)(5,026)
Provision (recapture) for credit losses(800)41,500 
Ending balance148,294 122,074 
Total loans, net at end of period, excluding loans held for sale$9,676,318 $8,933,321 
ACL to period-end loans1.53 %1.37 %
Allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit
Beginning Balance$8,300 $3,430 
Impact of adopting ASC 326— 1,570 
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit1,500 1,000 
Ending balance$9,800 $6,000 

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  Three Months Ended March 31,
  2020 2019
  (dollars in thousands)
Prior year ending balance $83,968
 $83,369
Impact of adopting ASC 326 1,632
 —
Beginning balance 85,600
 83,369
Charge-offs:    
Commercial loans:    
Commercial real estate (101) (678)
Commercial business (1,684) (1,506)
Agriculture (4,726) (78)
Construction —
 (195)
Consumer loans:    
One-to-four family residential real estate (10) (481)
Other consumer (268) (50)
Total charge-offs (6,789) (2,988)
Recoveries:    
Commercial loans:    
Commercial real estate 14
 514
Commercial business 860
 527
Agriculture 41
 58
Construction 442
 83
Consumer loans:    
One-to-four family residential real estate 282
 334
Other consumer 124
 15
Total recoveries 1,763
 1,531
Net (charge-offs) recoveries (5,026) (1,457)
Provision for credit losses 41,500
 1,362
Ending balance 122,074
 83,274
Total loans, net at end of period, excluding loans held for sale $8,933,321
 $8,520,798
ACL to period-end loans 1.37% 0.98%
Allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit    
Prior year ending balance $3,430
 $4,330
Impact of adopting ASC 326 1,570
 —
Beginning balance 5,000
 4,330
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit 1,000
 (550)
Ending balance $6,000
 $3,780


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Liquidity and Sources of Funds
Our primary sources of funds are customer deposits. Additionally, we utilize advances from the FHLB, borrowings from the FRB, sweep repurchase agreements, subordinated debentures assumed in acquisitions and a revolving line of credit to supplement our funding needs. These funds, together with loan repayments, loan sales, retained earnings, equity and other borrowed funds are used to make loans, to acquire securities, meet deposit withdrawals and maturing liabilities, to acquire other assets and to fund continuing operations.
In addition, we have a shelf registration statement on file with the SEC registering an unspecified amount of any combination of debt or equity securities, depositarydepository shares, purchase contracts, units and warrants in one or more offerings. Specific information regarding the terms of and the securities being offered will be provided at the time of any offering. Proceeds from any future offerings are expected to be used for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, the repayment of debt, repurchasing or redeeming outstanding securities, working capital, funding future acquisitions or other purposes identified at the time of any offering.
Deposit Activities
Our deposit products include a wide variety of transaction accounts, savings accounts and time deposit accounts. We have established a branch system to serve our consumer and business depositors. Deposits increased $897.6 million from December 31, 2020. The second round of PPP loans during the three months ended March 31, 2021 had an impact on our deposits, as our clients deposited these funds into their deposit accounts. In addition, management’s strategy for funding asset growth is to make use of public funds and brokered and other wholesale deposits on an as-needed basis. The Company participates in the CDARS® program. CDARS®CD Option of IntraFi Network Deposits program, which is a network that allows participating banks to offer extended FDIC deposit insurance coverage on time deposits. The Company also participates in a similar program to offer extended FDIC deposit insurance coverage on money market accounts. These extended deposit insurance programs are generally available only to existing customers and are not used as a means of generating additional liquidity. At March 31, 2020,2021, brokered deposits, reciprocal money market accounts and other wholesale deposits (excluding public funds) totaled $407.4$665.9 million, or 3.8%4.5% of total deposits, compared to $329.5$605.9 million or 3.1%4.4% at year-end 2019.2020. These deposits have varied maturities.
The following table sets forth the Company’s deposit base by type of product for the dates indicated:
March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Balance% of
Total		Balance% of
Total
(dollars in thousands)
Demand and other noninterest-bearing$7,424,472 50.4 %$6,913,214 49.8 %
Money market2,913,689 19.7 %2,780,922 20.1 %
Interest-bearing demand1,512,808 10.2 %1,433,083 10.3 %
Savings1,282,151 8.7 %1,169,721 8.4 %
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit662,461 4.5 %656,273 4.7 %
Certificates of deposit, less than $250,000198,568 1.3 %201,805 1.5 %
Certificates of deposit, $250,000 or more107,421 0.7 %108,935 0.8 %
Certificates of deposit insured by the CD Option of IntraFi Network Deposits25,929 0.2 %23,105 0.2 %
Brokered certificates of deposit5,000 — %5,000 — %
Reciprocal money market accounts634,967 4.3 %577,804 4.2 %
Total deposits$14,767,466 100.0 %$13,869,862 100.0 %
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Balance % of
Total		 Balance % of
Total
  (dollars in thousands)
Demand and other noninterest-bearing $5,323,908
 49.2% $5,328,146
 49.9%
Money market 2,313,717
 21.4% 2,322,644
 21.7%
Interest-bearing demand 1,131,874
 10.5% 1,150,437
 10.8%
Savings 905,931
 8.4% 882,050
 8.3%
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit 405,810
 3.8% 301,203
 2.8%
Certificates of deposit, less than $250,000 214,449
 2.0% 218,764
 2.0%
Certificates of deposit, $250,000 or more 109,659
 1.0% 151,995
 1.4%
Certificates of deposit insured by CDARS®
 17,171
 0.2% 17,065
 0.2%
Brokered certificates of deposit 12,259
 0.1% 12,259
 0.1%
Reciprocal money market accounts 377,980
 3.4% 300,158
 2.8%
Subtotal 10,812,758
 100.0% 10,684,721
 100.0%
Valuation adjustment resulting from acquisition accounting (2)   (13)  
Total deposits $10,812,756
   $10,684,708
  


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Borrowings
We rely on FHLB advances and FRB borrowings as another source of both short and long-term funding. FHLB advances and FRB borrowings are secured by investment securities, and residential, commercial and commercial real estate loans. At both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had FHLB and FRB borrowingsadvances of $712.5 million compared to $953.5 million at December 31, 2019.$7.4 million.
We also utilize wholesale and retail repurchase agreements to supplement our funding sources. Our wholesale repurchase agreements are secured by mortgage-backed securities. At March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, we had deposit customer sweep-related repurchase agreements of $29.3$38.6 million and $64.4$73.9 million, respectively, which mature on a daily basis.
Subordinated debentures are another source of funding. The Company assumed $35.0 million in aggregate principal amount with its acquisition of Pacific Continental on November 1, 2017. These subordinated debentures, which are unsecured, are callable on June 30, 2021 and have a stated maturity date of June 30, 2026.
During the second quarter of 2019, theThe Company entered intohas a $30.0$15.0 million short-term credit facility with an unaffiliated bank. This facility provides the Company additional liquidity, if needed, for various corporate activities including the repurchase of shares of Columbia Banking System, Inc. common stock. At both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had athere was no balance of $5.0 million associated with this credit facility and no balance at December 31, 2019.facility. The credit agreement requires the Company to comply with certain covenants including those related to asset quality and capital levels. The Company was in compliance with all covenants associated with this facility at March 31, 2020.2021.
Management anticipates we will continue to rely on FHLB advances, FRB borrowings, the short-term credit facility and wholesale and retail repurchase agreements in the future. We will use those funds primarily to make loans and purchase securities.
Contractual Obligations, Commitments & Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are party to many contractual financial obligations, including repayments of borrowings, operating and equipment lease payments, off balanceoff-balance sheet commitments to extend credit and investments in affordable housing partnerships. At March 31, 2020,2021, we had commitments to extend credit of $2.56$2.96 billion compared to $2.70$2.83 billion at December 31, 2019.2020.
Capital Resources
Shareholders’ equity at March 31, 20202021 was $2.21$2.28 billion, compared to $2.16$2.35 billion at December 31, 2019.2020. Shareholders’ equity was 16%13% and 15%14% of total period-end assets at March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019,2020, respectively.
Regulatory Capital
In July 2013, the federal bank regulators approved the Capital Rules (as discussed in our 20192020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation and —Regulatory Capital Requirements”), which implement the Basel III capital framework and various provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, which were fully phased in as of January 1, 2019. As of March 31, 2020,2021, we and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements under the Capital Rules.
FDIC regulations set forth the qualifications necessary for a bank to be classified as “well-capitalized,” primarily for assignment of FDIC insurance premium rates. Failure to qualify as “well-capitalized” can negatively impact a bank’s ability to expand and to engage in certain activities. The Company and the Bank qualified as “well-capitalized” at March 31, 20202021 and December 31, 2019.2020.

As part of its response to the impact of COVID-19, the U.S. federal regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that provided the option to temporarily delay certain effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three year transition period. The interim final rule allows bank holding companies and banks to delay for two years 100% of the day one impact of adopting CECL and 25% of the cumulative change in the reported allowance for credit losses since adopting CECL. The Company elected to adopt the interim final rule. As a result, capital ratios and amounts as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 exclude the impact of the increased allowance for credit losses related to the adoption of CECL.

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The following table presents the capital ratios and the capital conservation buffer, as applicable, for the Company and its banking subsidiary at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:as of the dates presented below:
 Company Columbia BankCompanyColumbia Bank
 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019March 31, 2021December 31, 2020March 31, 2021December 31, 2020
CET1 risk-based capital ratio 12.01% 12.45% 12.33% 12.46%CET1 risk-based capital ratio13.09 %12.88 %13.33 %13.08 %
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio 12.01% 12.45% 12.33% 12.46%Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio13.09 %12.88 %13.33 %13.08 %
Total risk-based capital ratio 13.42% 13.60% 13.41% 13.29%Total risk-based capital ratio14.66 %14.45 %14.58 %14.33 %
Leverage ratio 9.85% 10.17% 10.07% 10.22%Leverage ratio8.84 %8.86 %9.09 %9.08 %
Capital conservation buffer 5.42% 5.60% 5.41% 5.29%Capital conservation buffer6.66 %6.45 %6.58 %6.33 %
Stock Repurchase Program
As described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019,2020, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program to repurchase up to 2.93.5 million shares, up to a maximum aggregate purchase price of $100.0 million. The Company may purchase the shares from time to time in the open market, in private transactions, by direct or derivative purchases or other transactions, under conditions which allow suchThere were no share repurchases to be accretive to EPS while maintaining capital ratios that exceed the guidelines for a well-capitalized financial institution. The Company repurchased 731 thousand shares of common stock totaling $20.0 million forduring the three months ended March 31, 2020.2021.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The Company considers operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to be a useful measurement as it more closely reflects the ongoing operating performance of the Company. Additionally, presentation of the operating net interest margin allows readers to compare certain aspects of the Company’s net interest margin to other organizations that may not have had significant acquisitions. Despite the usefulness of the operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to the Company, there is no standardized definition for it and, as a result, the Company’s calculations may not be comparable with other organizations. The Company encourages readers to consider its Consolidated Financial Statements in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.
The following table reconciles the Company’s calculation of the operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to the net interest margin (tax equivalent) for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
 2020 201920212020
 (dollars in thousands)(dollars in thousands)
Operating net interest margin non-GAAP reconciliation:  Operating net interest margin non-GAAP reconciliation:
Net interest income (tax equivalent) (1) $124,333
 $123,110
Net interest income (tax equivalent) (1)$125,889 $124,333 
Adjustments to arrive at operating net interest income (tax equivalent):    Adjustments to arrive at operating net interest income (tax equivalent):
Incremental accretion income on acquired loans (2) (1,491) (2,035)
Incremental accretion income on acquired loansIncremental accretion income on acquired loans(1,055)(1,491)
Premium amortization on acquired securities 1,127
 1,779
Premium amortization on acquired securities520 1,127 
Interest reversals on nonaccrual loans 788
 626
Interest reversals on nonaccrual loans (2)Interest reversals on nonaccrual loans (2)— 788 
Operating net interest income (tax equivalent) (1) $124,757
 $123,480
Operating net interest income (tax equivalent) (1)$125,354 $124,757 
Average interest earning assets $12,487,550
 $11,561,627
Average interest earning assets$15,419,371 $12,487,550 
Net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) 4.00% 4.32%Net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1)3.31 %4.00 %
Operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) 4.02% 4.33%Operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1)3.30 %4.02 %
__________
(1) Tax-exempt interest income has been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis. The amount of such adjustment was an addition to net interest income of $1.9 million and $2.1 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively.
(2) Beginning January 2020, incremental accretion income2021, interest reversals on PCInonaccrual loans is no longer presented separate from incremental accretion income on other acquired loans. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with current period presentation.


a component of this non-GAAP measure.
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Item 3.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 3.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
AInterest Rate Sensitivity
We are exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk that changes in prevailing interest rates will adversely affect assets, liabilities, capital, income and expenses at different times or in different amounts. Generally, there are four sources of interest rate risk as described below:
Repricing risk—Repricing risk is the risk of adverse consequences from a change in interest rates that arises because of differences in the timing of when those interest rate changes affect an institution’s assets and liabilities.
Basis risk—Basis risk is the risk of adverse consequences resulting from unequal changes in the spread between two or more rates for different instruments with the same maturity.
Yield curve risk—Yield curve risk is the risk of adverse consequences resulting from unequal changes in the spread between two or more rates for different maturities for the same instrument.
Option risk—In banking, option risks are known as borrower options to prepay loans and depositor options to make deposits, withdrawals, and early redemptions. Option risk arises whenever a bank’s products give customers the right, but not the obligation, to alter the quantity or the timing of cash flows. We are also exposed to option risk in callable bonds as the counterparty may call the bonds during a low rate environment resulting in reinvestment of the proceeds at lower yields. Option risk is also present in the investment portfolio as mortgage-backed securities could prepay.
Since our earnings are primarily dependent on our ability to generate net interest income, we actively monitor and manage the effects of adverse changes in interest rates on our results of operations. Management of our interest rate risk is overseen by our board of directors, which is responsible for establishing policies and interest rate limits and approving these policies and interest rate limits annually. These policies include our asset/liability management policy, which provides guidelines for controlling our exposure to interest rate risk. These guidelines direct management to assess the impact of changes in interest rates upon both earnings and capital. These guidelines also establish limits for interest rate risk sensitivity.
We maintain an Asset/Liability Management Committee which is responsible for developing, monitoring and reviewing asset/liability processes, interest rate risk exposures, strategies and tactics. The Asset/Liability Management Committee reports on a periodic basis to our board of directors. It is the responsibility of management to execute the approved policies, develop and implement risk management strategies and to report to the board of directors on a regular basis.
Interest Rate Risk Sensitivity
We use a number of measures are used to monitor and manage interest rate risk, including income simulations and interest sensitivity (gap) analysis. An income simulation model is the primary tool used to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in net interest income resulting from changes in interest rates. Basic assumptions in the model include prepayment speeds on mortgage-related assets, cash flows and maturities of other investment securities, loan and deposit volumes and pricing. These assumptions are inherently subjective and may not be realized and, as a result, the model cannot precisely estimate net interest income or precisely predict the impact of higher or lower interest rates on net interest income. Actualactual results will differ from simulated results due toour projections. In addition, variances in the timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, overall market conditions including volumes and pricing, and changes in market conditions and management strategies, among other factors. Atfactors, will also result in variances between the projected and actual results.
Based on the results of the simulation model as of March 31, 2020,2021, we would expect decreases in net interest income of $5 million and $21 million in year one and year two, respectively, if interest rates gradually decrease from current rates by 100 basis points. We would expect an increase in net interest income of $5 million and $40 million in year one and year two, respectively, if interest rates gradually increase from current rates by 200 basis points.
The projections are based on the measures used to monitor and managecurrent interest rate risk, there has not been a material change inenvironment and we assume our balance sheet remains constant during the Company’snext two years. Short-term market interest rates are near historical lows. Loan interest rate riskindexes such as Prime and LIBOR are also near historical lows. Since we don’t assume negative interest rates, the downward repricing of Prime and LIBOR loans is more limited than during a higher interest rate environment. Our ability to reprice deposits downward is also limited given our low cost of funds.
The increase in low cost deposits during the quarter, particularly the increase in non-interest bearing deposits, also impacted our interest rate sensitivity. Increases in interest rates enhances net interest income since December 31, 2019. For additional information, referour assets tend to reprice more than our deposits. A shift in our deposit mix to interest-bearing deposits or borrowings would reduce this benefit.
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On January 23, 2019, the Company entered into an interest rate collar derivative transaction with a $500.0 million notional value based on one month LIBOR. In October 2020, the collar was terminated and resulted in a $34.4 million realized gain that was recorded in other comprehensive income, net of deferred income taxes. The gain will amortize into interest income through February 2024 which is in line with the initial term of the interest rate collar. The gain will be amortized in this manner as long as the cash flows pertaining to the hedged item are expected to occur.
Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.4.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 4.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is (i) accumulated and communicated to our management (including the CEO and CFO) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Due to implementation of CECL issued by the FASB, the Bank has made updates to its internal control over financial reporting. Controls around ALLL were replaced with CECL controls, including processes and control owners. With the exception of these changes, thereThere was no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 1.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company and its subsidiaries are party to routine litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Management believes that, based on information currently known to it, any liabilities arising from such litigation will not have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial conditions, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Refer to Item 1A of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20192020 for a discussion of risk factors relating to the Company’s business. The Company believes that there has been no material change in its risk factors as previously disclosed in the Company’s Form 10-K except for the addition of the following risk factor:
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our business, and the ultimate impact on our business and financial results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the global economy, disrupted global supply chains, lowered equity market valuations, created significant volatility and disruption in financial markets, and dramatically increased unemployment levels. In addition, the pandemic has resulted in temporary closures of many businesses and the institution of social distancing and sheltering in place requirements in many states and communities. As a result, the demand for our products and services has been and may continue to be significantly impacted. Furthermore, as discussed elsewhere in this report, the pandemic has influenced the recognition of credit losses in our loan portfolios and is expected to do so, particularly as businesses remain closed and as more customers are expected to draw on their lines of credit or seek additional loans to help finance their businesses. Similarly, because of changing economic and market conditions affecting issuers, we may be required to recognize provisions for credit losses in future periods on the securities we hold as well as reductions in other comprehensive income. Our business operations may also be disrupted if significant portions of our workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness, quarantines, government actions, or other restrictions in connection with the pandemic, and we have already temporarily closed certain of our branches. In response to the pandemic, we are also offering payment deferrals and other expanded assistance for mortgage, small business and personal lending customers. We also face an increased risk of litigation and governmental and regulatory scrutiny as a result of the effects of COVID-19 on market and economic conditions and actions governmental authorities take in response to those conditions. The length of the pandemic and the efficacy of the extraordinary measures being put in place to address it are unknown. Until the pandemic subsides, we expect continued draws on lines of credit, reduced revenues and increased client defaults. Even after the pandemic subsides, the U.S. economy may experience a recession which may be prolonged, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. 2020.
Item 2.UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(a)Not applicable
(b)Not applicable
(c)The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, resultsfollowing table provides information about repurchases of operations, and financial condition, as well as our regulatory capital and liquidity ratios, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic.
In addition, the Federal Reserve has taken direct actions that adversely impact interest income. On February 28, 2020, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve stated that it was closely monitoring COVID-19 developments and their effects on the economic outlook, and has taken direct actions that adversely impact interest income. On March 3, 2020, the Federal Reserve reduced the target federal funds rate by 50 basis points to 1.00% to 1.25%. The Federal Reserve also announced it was purchasing Treasury bills into the second quarter of 2020, conducting overnight repurchase agreement operations at least through April 2020, and will continue to reinvest amounts of principal receivedcommon stock by the Federal Reserve on its portfolio of treasury and agency debt and mortgage-backed securities. Lastly,Company during the Federal Reserve also reduced the interest it pays on excess reserves from 1.60% to 1.10%. Onquarter ended March 15, 2020, the Federal Reserve further reduced the target federal funds rate by 100 basis points to 0% to 0.25%. The Federal Reserve also announced that it would further increase its holding of Treasury securities and agency mortgage-backed securities. We expect that such reductions in interest rates will adversely affect our net interest income and margins and our profitability.31, 2021:

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Item 2.UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(a)Not applicable
(b)Not applicable
(c)The following table provides information about repurchases of common stock by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2020:
Period Total Number of Common Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Common Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2) Maximum Number of Remaining Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (2) (3)
1/1/2020 - 1/31/2020 2,989
 $40.60
 —
 1,447,745
2/1/2020 - 2/29/2020 32,754
 34.56
 32,754
 1,414,991
3/1/2020 - 3/31/2020 761,677
 27.86
 698,344
 716,647
  797,420
 $28.18
 731,098
  
PeriodTotal Number of Common Shares Purchased (1)Average Price Paid per Common ShareTotal Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2)Maximum Number of Remaining Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (2)
1/1/2021 - 1/31/2021157 $42.00 — 3,500,000 
2/1/2021 - 2/28/2021— — — 3,500,000 
3/1/2021 - 3/31/202187,346 43.63 — 3,500,000 
87,503 43.63 — 
__________
(1) Common shares repurchased by the Company during the quarter consisted of cancellation of 66,322shares of common stock to pay the shareholders’ withholding taxes and 731,098 shares of common stock purchased under the Company’s stock repurchase program.taxes.
(2) As described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, our2020, the board of directors approved a stock repurchase program to repurchase up to 2.93.5 million shares of its outstanding stock, up to a maximum aggregate purchase price of $100.0 million through May 2020.December 31, 2021.
(3) Our ability to repurchase the remaining shares may be limited by the dollar amount disclosed in footnote 2 above.
Item 3.DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
Item 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Item 5.OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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Table of Contents
Item 6.EXHIBITS
Item 3.DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
Item 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Item 5.OTHER INFORMATION
None.

47

Table of Contents

Item 6.EXHIBITS
10.1**+31.1+
10.2**+
Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and David Moore Devine dated as of March 2, 2020
10.3**+
Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Eric Eid dated as of March 2, 2020
10.4**
Employment Separation Agreement, among Columbia State Bank, Columbia Banking System, Inc. and Greg Sigrist dated as of March 12, 2020, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission on March 18, 2020
31.1+
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2+
32+
101.INS+XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH+XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL+XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.LAB+XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE+XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
101.DEF+XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
104+Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

** Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
+ Filed herewith

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48


SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
Date:May 7, 20206, 2021By/s/ CLINT E. STEIN
Clint E. Stein
President and

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:May 7, 20206, 2021By/s/ AARON J.JAMES DEER
Aaron J.James Deer
Executive Vice President and

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)
Date:May 7, 20206, 2021By/s/ BROCK M. LAKELY
Brock M. Lakely
Senior Vice President and

Chief Accounting Officer

(Principal Accounting Officer)


49

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