UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q




(Mark One)
x		QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
x		OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
		For the quarterly period ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018
		OR
¨		TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
¨		OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
		Commission File Number 1-11848

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)



MISSOURI		43-1627032
(State or other jurisdiction		(IRS employer
of incorporation or organization)		identification number)

16600 Swingley Ridge Road

Chesterfield, Missouri 63017

(Address of principal executive offices)

(636) 736-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting ~~company”~~company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ~~(Check one):~~

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o

Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the ~~Exchange~~ Act).

Yes o No x

As of July 31, ~~2017, 64,493,846~~2018, 63,656,444 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Item		Page		Page

	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION		PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

1	Financial Statements		Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016	3	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) Three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	4	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) Three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	5	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	6	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):	7	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):	7
	1. Business and Basis of Presentation	7	1. Business and Basis of Presentation	7
	2. Earnings Per Share	7	2. Earnings Per Share	7
	3. Equity	8	3. Equity	8
	4. Investments	10	4. Investments	10
	5. Derivative Instruments	20	5. Derivative Instruments	20
	6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	28	6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	28
	7. Segment Information	42	7. Segment Information	39
	8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees	43	8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees	41
	9. Income Tax	44	9. Income Tax	42
	10. Employee Benefit Plans	45	10. Employee Benefit Plans	43
	11. Reinsurance	45	11. Reinsurance	43
	12. New Accounting Standards	46	12. New Accounting Standards	44
2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	48	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	46
3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	80	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	79
4	Controls and Procedures	81	Controls and Procedures	80

	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION		PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

1	Legal Proceedings	82	Legal Proceedings	81
1A	Risk Factors	82	Risk Factors	81
2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	82	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	81
6	Exhibits	82	Exhibits	81
	Signatures	83	Signatures	83
	Index to Exhibits	84	Index to Exhibits	82

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


	June 30, 2017			December 31, 2016			June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(Dollars in thousands, except share data)						(Dollars in thousands, except share data)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
Available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $33,738,334 and $30,211,787)	$	36,345,426		$	32,093,625
Mortgage loans on real estate (net of allowances of $8,156 and $7,685)	4,104,487			3,775,522
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost $35,233,970 and $35,281,412)							$	36,784,954		$	38,150,820
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $121,744 and $102,841)							108,070			100,152
Mortgage loans on real estate (net of allowances of $9,706 and $9,384)							4,558,669			4,400,533
Policy loans	1,406,774			1,427,602			1,339,252			1,357,624
Funds withheld at interest	5,968,856			5,875,919			5,981,092			6,083,388
Short-term investments	123,308			76,710			123,028			93,304
Other invested assets	1,498,370			1,591,940			1,605,562			1,505,332
Total investments	49,447,221			44,841,318			50,500,627			51,691,153
Cash and cash equivalents	1,123,350			1,200,718			1,397,679			1,303,524
Accrued investment income	388,008			347,173			400,160			392,721
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	2,205,631			1,930,755			2,617,382			2,338,481
Reinsurance ceded receivables	798,365			683,972			789,429			782,027
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,334,094			3,338,605			3,205,667			3,239,824
Other assets	841,403			755,338			855,553			767,088
Total assets	$	58,138,072		$	53,097,879		$	59,766,497		$	60,514,818
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Future policy benefits	$	20,665,256		$	19,581,573		$	22,286,622		$	22,363,241
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	16,440,873			14,029,354			16,513,668			16,227,642
Other policy claims and benefits	4,809,780			4,263,026			5,334,210			4,992,074
Other reinsurance balances	399,517			388,989			412,846			488,739
Deferred income taxes	3,162,666			2,770,640			2,009,514			2,198,309
Other liabilities	1,077,223			1,041,880			1,094,826			1,102,975
Long-term debt	2,788,494			3,088,635			2,788,111			2,788,365
Collateral finance and securitization notes	823,108			840,700			724,998			783,938
Total liabilities	50,166,917			46,004,797			51,164,795			50,945,283
Commitments and contingent liabilities (See Note 8)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock - par value $.01 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding	—			—			—			—
Common stock - par value $.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 79,137,758 shares issued at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016	791			791
Common stock - par value $.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 79,137,758 shares issued at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017							791			791
Additional paid-in capital	1,860,001			1,848,611			1,887,336			1,870,906
Retained earnings	5,523,622			5,199,130			6,952,170			6,736,265
Treasury stock, at cost - 14,645,901 and 14,835,256 shares	(1,085,157		)	(1,094,779		)
Treasury stock, at cost - 15,465,272 and 14,685,663 shares							(1,243,566		)	(1,102,058		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,671,898			1,139,329			1,004,971			2,063,631
Total stockholders’ equity	7,971,155			7,093,082			8,601,702			9,569,535
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	58,138,072		$	53,097,879		$	59,766,497		$	60,514,818

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)												(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net premiums	$	2,480,451		$	2,346,945		$	4,846,147		$	4,503,950		$	2,594,460		$	2,480,451		$	5,177,011		$	4,846,147
Investment income, net of related expenses	518,538			507,666			1,032,902			924,932			528,061			518,538			1,044,390			1,032,902
Investment related gains (losses), net:
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities	(3,401		)	(846		)	(20,590		)	(34,663		)	(3,350		)	(3,401		)	(3,350		)	(20,590		)
Other investment related gains (losses), net	59,696			119,110			137,408			32,041			(7,222		)	59,696			(7,692		)	137,408
Total investment related gains (losses), net	56,295			118,264			116,818			(2,622		)	(10,572		)	56,295			(11,042		)	116,818
Other revenues	73,992			66,193			142,149			125,376			83,959			73,992			159,256			142,149
Total revenues	3,129,276			3,039,068			6,138,016			5,551,636			3,195,908			3,129,276			6,369,615			6,138,016
Benefits and Expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,164,363			1,997,502			4,270,508			3,884,266			2,279,593			2,164,363			4,641,694			4,270,508
Interest credited	115,285			95,849			222,969			183,754			109,327			115,285			189,776			222,969
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	319,832			405,681			699,221			639,444			320,276			319,832			677,178			699,221
Other operating expenses	154,356			159,895			312,862			317,319			194,959			154,356			386,233			312,862
Interest expense	29,352			20,331			71,754			53,138			37,025			29,352			74,479			71,754
Collateral finance and securitization expense	6,773			6,587			13,543			12,912			7,440			6,773			15,042			13,543
Total benefits and expenses	2,789,961			2,685,845			5,590,857			5,090,833			2,948,620			2,789,961			5,984,402			5,590,857
Income before income taxes	339,315			353,223			547,159			460,803			247,288			339,315			385,213			547,159
Provision for income taxes	107,125			117,120			169,457			148,228			42,914			107,125			80,609			169,457
Net income	$	232,190		$	236,103		$	377,702		$	312,575		$	204,374		$	232,190		$	304,604		$	377,702
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share	$	3.60		$	3.68		$	5.86		$	4.86		$	3.19		$	3.60		$	4.74		$	5.86
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.54		$	3.64		$	5.76		$	4.81		$	3.13		$	3.54		$	4.65		$	5.76
Dividends declared per share	$	0.41		$	0.37		$	0.82		$	0.74		$	0.50		$	0.41		$	1.00		$	0.82

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Comprehensive income (Dollars in thousands)
Net income $ 232,190
$ 236,103
$ 377,702
$ 312,575
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments 43,565
9,942
21,352
87,675
Net unrealized investment gains 306,329
643,893
509,444
1,191,118
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments 849
1,156
1,773
(1,703 )
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax 350,743
654,991
532,569
1,277,090
Total comprehensive income $ 582,933
$ 891,094
$ 910,271
$ 1,589,665



	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2018			2017		2018			2017
Comprehensive income (loss)	(Dollars in thousands)
Net income	$	204,374		$	232,190	$	304,604		$	377,702
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(54,677		)	43,565		(55,837		)	21,352
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(368,719		)	306,329		(1,002,323		)	509,444
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments	(29		)	849		(500		)	1,773
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(423,425		)	350,743		(1,058,660		)	532,569
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	(219,051	)	$	582,933	$	(754,056	)	$	910,271

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Six months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2018			2017
	(Dollars in thousands)						(Dollars in thousands)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	377,702		$	312,575		$	304,604		$	377,702
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income	(34,676		)	(34,705		)	1,834			(34,676		)
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	(230,650		)	(98,610		)	(345,253		)	(230,650		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	35,870			(5,435		)	20,528			35,870
Reinsurance ceded receivable balances	(127,995		)	(60,465		)	18,245			(127,995		)
Future policy benefits, other policy claims and benefits, and other reinsurance balances	745,799			380,297			598,015			745,799
Deferred income taxes	142,044			101,163			48,117			142,044
Other assets and other liabilities, net	(63,811		)	(43,708		)	(98,807		)	(63,811		)
Amortization of net investment premiums, discounts and other	(47,563		)	(42,843		)	(25,713		)	(47,563		)
Depreciation and amortization expense	13,869			12,888			21,554			13,869
Investment related (gains) losses, net	(116,818		)	2,622			11,042			(116,818		)
Other, net	(37,797		)	70,667			29,422			(37,797		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	655,974			594,446			583,588			655,974
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	4,288,713			2,271,414			3,836,575			4,288,713
Maturities of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	313,530			273,552			328,097			313,530
Sales of equity securities	166,916			132,932			29,099			166,916
Principal payments on mortgage loans on real estate	135,450			294,843
Principal payments and sales of mortgage loans on real estate							213,691			135,450
Principal payments on policy loans	26,658			25,065			24,793			26,658
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(5,311,818		)	(4,416,290		)	(3,880,733		)	(5,311,818		)
Purchases of equity securities	(32,299		)	(408,684		)	(11,930		)	(32,299		)
Cash invested in mortgage loans on real estate	(463,063		)	(543,454		)	(376,470		)	(463,063		)
Cash invested in policy loans	(5,830		)	(1,679		)	(6,421		)	(5,830		)
Cash invested in funds withheld at interest	(6,910		)	(27,868		)	(42,761		)	(6,910		)
Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired of $4,938							(29,315		)	—
Purchases of property and equipment	31,686			—			(14,573		)	31,686
Change in short-term investments	22,671			350,062			(9,843		)	22,671
Change in other invested assets	(55,379		)	(8,100		)	(160,824		)	(55,379		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(889,675		)	(2,058,207		)	(100,615		)	(889,675		)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Dividends to stockholders	(52,815		)	(47,746		)	(64,370		)	(52,815		)
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	(23,761		)	(35,369		)	(53,102		)	(23,761		)
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	—			799,984
Debt issuance costs	—			(9,026		)
Principal payments of long-term debt	(301,278		)	(1,227		)	(1,331		)	(301,278		)
Purchases of treasury stock	(10,578		)	(120,806		)	(165,069		)	(10,578		)
Exercise of stock options, net	2,527			5,219			1,252			2,527
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	(7,046		)	57,055			17,578			(7,046		)
Deposits on universal life and other investment type policies and contracts	917,675			513,679			225,876			917,675
Withdrawals on universal life and other investment type policies and contracts	(402,528		)	(208,743		)	(329,899		)	(402,528		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	122,196			953,020
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities							(369,065		)	122,196
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	34,137			19,795			(19,753		)	34,137
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(77,368		)	(490,946		)	94,155			(77,368		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	1,200,718			1,525,275			1,303,524			1,200,718
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	1,123,350		$	1,034,329		$	1,397,679		$	1,123,350
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	90,425		$	68,445		$	84,670		$	90,425
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	$	26,447		$	43,838		$	59,397		$	26,447
Non-cash transactions:
Transfer of invested assets	$	2,243,360		$	1,730		$	604,374		$	2,243,360
Purchase of businesses:
Assets acquired, excluding cash acquired							$	65,948		$	—
Liabilities assumed							(36,633		)	—
Net cash paid on purchase							$	29,315		$	—

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)


1.	Business and Basis of Presentation

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by ~~accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America~~GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Results for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries, and all intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. These condensed consolidated statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February ~~28, 2017~~27, 2018 (the ~~“2016~~“2017 Annual Report”).


2.	Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in thousands, except per share information):


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,				Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2018		2017		2018		2017
Earnings:
Net income (numerator for basic and diluted calculations)	$	232,190	$	236,103	$	377,702	$	312,575	$	204,374	$	232,190	$	304,604	$	377,702
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares (denominator for basic calculation)	64,449		64,126		64,401		64,348		64,071		64,449		64,278		64,401
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock options	1,159		670		1,204		660		1,179		1,159		1,277		1,204
Denominator for diluted calculation	65,608		64,796		65,605		65,008		65,250		65,608		65,555		65,605
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	3.60	$	3.68	$	5.86	$	4.86	$	3.19	$	3.60	$	4.74	$	5.86
Diluted	$	3.54	$	3.64	$	5.76	$	4.81	$	3.13	$	3.54	$	4.65	$	5.76

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of options having a strike or conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period, as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance contingent shares, as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period. ~~For the three months ended~~ ~~June 30, 2017, 0.2 million stock options and approximately 0.3 million performance contingent shares were excluded from the calculation. For the three months ended~~ ~~June 30, 2016, no stock options and approximately 0.7 million performance contingent shares were excluded from the calculation. Year-to-date~~The following table presents approximate amounts ~~for equivalent shares from outstanding~~of stock options and performance contingent shares ~~are~~excluded from the ~~weighted average~~calculation of ~~the individual quarterly amounts.~~common equivalent shares (in millions):



	Three months ended June 30,		Six months ended June 30,
	2018	2017	2018	2017
Excluded from common equivalent shares:
Stock options	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Performance contingent shares	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3

Table of Contents


3.	Equity

Common Stock

The changes in number of common stock shares, issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:

Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2016 79,137,758
14,835,256
64,302,502
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾
—
(189,355 ) 189,355
Balance, June 30, 2017 79,137,758
14,645,901
64,491,857



	Issued	Held In Treasury		Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2017	79,137,758	14,685,663		64,452,095
Common stock acquired	—	991,477		(991,477	)
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾	—	(211,868	)	211,868
Balance, June 30, 2018	79,137,758	15,465,272		63,672,486

Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2015 79,137,758
13,933,232
65,204,526
Common stock acquired —
1,352,211
(1,352,211 )
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾
—
(217,434 ) 217,434
Balance, June 30, 2016 79,137,758
15,068,009
64,069,749



	Issued	Held In Treasury		Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2016	79,137,758	14,835,256		64,302,502
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾	—	(189,355	)	189,355
Balance, June 30, 2017	79,137,758	14,645,901		64,491,857


(1)	Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s equity-based compensation programs.

Common Stock Held in Treasury

Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are credited to additional paid-in capital. Losses resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are charged first to additional paid-in capital to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to retained earnings.

OnIn January ~~26,~~ 2017, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400.0 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. ~~In connection with this new authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2016.~~ During the first six months of 2018, RGA repurchased 1.0 million shares of common stock under this program for $150.0 million. During the first six months ended June 30, 2017, no common stock was repurchased by RGA under this program.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The balance of and changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments			Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments⁽¹⁾			Pension and Postretirement Benefits			Total			Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments			Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments⁽¹⁾			Pension and Postretirement Benefits			Total
Balance, December 31, 2016	$	(172,541	)	$	1,355,033		$	(43,163	)	$	1,139,329
Balance, December 31, 2017													$	(86,350	)	$	2,200,661		$	(50,680	)	$	2,063,631
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(13,936		)	774,688			(196		)	760,556			(44,227		)	(1,327,195		)	(2,986		)	(1,374,408		)
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	—			(39,360		)	2,935			(36,425		)	—			53,646			2,366			56,012
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	35,288			(225,884		)	(966		)	(191,562		)	(11,610		)	271,226			120			259,736
Balance, June 30, 2017	$	(151,189	)	$	1,864,477		$	(41,390	)	$	1,671,898
Balance, June 30, 2018													$	(142,187	)	$	1,198,338		$	(51,180	)	$	1,004,971


	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments			Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments⁽¹⁾			Pension and Postretirement Benefits			Total			Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments			Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments⁽¹⁾			Pension and Postretirement Benefits			Total
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	(181,151	)	$	935,697		$	(46,262	)	$	708,284
Balance, December 31, 2016													$	(172,541	)	$	1,355,033		$	(43,163	)	$	1,139,329
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	99,374			1,759,753			(6,083		)	1,853,044			(13,936		)	774,688			(196		)	760,556
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	—			(24,366		)	3,467			(20,899		)	—			(39,360		)	2,935			(36,425		)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(11,699		)	(544,269		)	913			(555,055		)	35,288			(225,884		)	(966		)	(191,562		)
Balance, June 30, 2016	$	(93,476	)	$	2,126,815		$	(47,965	)	$	1,985,374
Balance, June 30, 2017													$	(151,189	)	$	1,864,477		$	(41,390	)	$	1,671,898


(1)	Includes cash flow hedges of $22,656 and $2,619 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and $1,131 and $(2,496) as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, ~~respectively, and $(41,192) and $(29,397) as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015,~~ respectively. See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	Amount Reclassified from AOCI													Amount Reclassified from AOCI
	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,							Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
Details about AOCI Components	2017			2016			2017			2016			Affected Line Item in Statements of Income	2018			2017			2018			2017			Affected Line Item in Statements of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities	$	40,374		$	30,190		$	28,517		$	11,899		Investment related gains (losses), net
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities														$	(24,642	)	$	40,374		$	(39,098	)	$	28,517		Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges - Interest rate														29			—			(342		)	—			(1)
Cash flow hedges - Currency/Interest rate	132			93			329			253			(1)	76			132			221			329			(1)
Cash flow hedges - Forward bond purchase commitments	51			(1,045		)	101			(257		)	(1)	—			51			—			101			(1)
Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses	4,565			5,365			10,413			12,471			(2)	(7,835		)	4,565			(14,427		)	10,413			(2)
Total	45,122			34,603			39,360			24,366				(32,372		)	45,122			(53,646		)	39,360
Provision for income taxes	(15,218		)	(9,646		)	(12,024		)	(4,996		)		6,945			(15,218		)	11,623			(12,024		)
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax	$	29,904		$	24,957		$	27,336		$	19,370			$	(25,427	)	$	29,904		$	(42,023	)	$	27,336
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service cost (credit)	$	60		$	(75	)	$	142		$	(153	)	(3)	$	247		$	60		$	493		$	142		(3)
Actuarial gains/(losses)	(1,539		)	(1,841		)	(3,077		)	(3,314		)	(3)	(1,267		)	(1,539		)	(2,859		)	(3,077		)	(3)
Total	(1,479		)	(1,916		)	(2,935		)	(3,467		)		(1,020		)	(1,479		)	(2,366		)	(2,935		)
Provision for income taxes	517			670			1,027			1,213				214			517			497			1,027
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax	$	(962	)	$	(1,246	)	$	(1,908	)	$	(2,254	)		$	(806	)	$	(962	)	$	(1,869	)	$	(1,908	)

Total reclassifications for the period	$	28,942		$	23,711		$	25,428		$	17,116			$	(26,233	)	$	28,942		$	(43,892	)	$	25,428


(1)	See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.


(2)	This AOCI component is included in the computation of the deferred policy acquisition cost. See Note 8 – “Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs” of the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report for additional details.


(3)	This AOCI component is included in the computation of the net periodic pension cost. See Note 10 – “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional details.

Equity Based Compensation

Equity compensation expense was ~~$11.4~~$16.6 million and ~~$18.9~~$11.4 million in the first six months of ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. In the first quarter of ~~2017,~~2018, the Company granted 0.2 million stock appreciation rights at ~~$129.72~~$150.87 weighted average exercise price per share and ~~0.2~~0.1 million performance contingent units to employees. Additionally, non-employee directors were granted a total of ~~8,177~~7,623 shares of common stock. As of June 30, ~~2017, 1.7~~2018, 1.5 million share options at a weighted average strike price per share of ~~$60.31~~$65.70 were vested and exercisable, with a remaining weighted average exercise period of ~~4.8~~4.4 years. As of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements was ~~$38.6~~$36.9 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 1.4 years.

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4.	Investments

Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”).

The following ~~tables provide~~table provides information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by sector as of June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



June 30, 2018:	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Other-than- temporary impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	22,249,964	$	663,087	$	409,544	$	22,503,507	61.2	%	$	—
Canadian government	2,789,699		1,277,020		3,876		4,062,843		11.0		—
RMBS	1,837,316		18,500		34,602		1,821,214		5.0		—
ABS	1,711,099		11,596		13,871		1,708,824		4.6		275
CMBS	1,249,616		8,591		15,698		1,242,509		3.4		—
U.S. government	1,583,622		8,193		66,665		1,525,150		4.1		—
State and political subdivisions	703,047		43,318		9,321		737,044		2.0		—
Other foreign government	3,109,607		112,887		38,631		3,183,863		8.7		—
Total fixed maturity securities	$	35,233,970	$	2,143,192	$	592,208	$	36,784,954	100.0	%	$	275

The following table provides information relating to investments in fixed maturity and equity securities by sector as of ~~June 30, 2017~~ ~~and~~ December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):

June 30, 2017: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value % of Total Other-than-
temporary impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate securities $ 21,252,180
$ 1,189,750
$ 100,269
$ 22,341,661
61.5 % $ —
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 2,713,972
1,296,242
2,460
4,007,754
11.0
—
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,505,474
42,619
8,794
1,539,299
4.2
—
Asset-backed securities 1,630,499
17,266
5,924
1,641,841
4.5
275
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,558,035
28,928
4,935
1,582,028
4.4
—
U.S. government and agencies 1,738,419
15,193
32,048
1,721,564
4.7
—
State and political subdivisions 599,622
47,564
8,216
638,970
1.8
—
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 2,740,133
141,973
9,797
2,872,309
7.9
—
Total fixed maturity securities $ 33,738,334
$ 2,779,535
$ 172,443
$ 36,345,426
100.0 % $ 275
Non-redeemable preferred stock $ 34,545
$ 435
$ 3,021
$ 31,959
30.6 %
Other equity securities 75,413
522
3,617
72,318
69.4

Total equity securities $ 109,958
$ 957
$ 6,638
$ 104,277
100.0 %

December 31, 2016: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value % of Total Other-than-
temporary impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate securities $ 18,924,711
$ 911,618
$ 217,245
$ 19,619,084
61.1 % $ —
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 2,561,605
1,085,982
3,541
3,644,046
11.4
—
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,258,039
33,917
13,380
1,278,576
4.0
(375 )
Asset-backed securities 1,443,822
9,350
23,828
1,429,344
4.5
275
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,342,440
28,973
7,759
1,363,654
4.2
—
U.S. government and agencies 1,518,702
12,644
63,044
1,468,302
4.6
—
State and political subdivisions 566,761
37,499
12,464
591,796
1.8
—
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 2,595,707
123,054
19,938
2,698,823
8.4
—
Total fixed maturity securities $ 30,211,787
$ 2,243,037
$ 361,199
$ 32,093,625
100.0 % $ (100 )
Non-redeemable preferred stock $ 55,812
$ 1,648
$ 6,337
$ 51,123
18.6 %
Other equity securities 229,767
1,792
7,321
224,238
81.4

Total equity securities $ 285,579
$ 3,440
$ 13,658
$ 275,361
100.0 %



December 31, 2017:	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Other-than- temporary impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	21,966,803	$	1,299,594	$	55,429	$	23,210,968	60.9	%	$	—
Canadian government	2,843,273		1,378,510		1,707		4,220,076		11.1		—
RMBS	1,695,126		36,632		11,878		1,719,880		4.5		—
ABS	1,634,758		18,798		5,194		1,648,362		4.3		275
CMBS	1,285,594		22,627		4,834		1,303,387		3.4		—
U.S. government	1,953,436		12,089		21,933		1,943,592		5.1		—
State and political subdivisions	647,727		59,997		4,296		703,428		1.8		—
Other foreign government	3,254,695		154,507		8,075		3,401,127		8.9		—
Total fixed maturity securities	$	35,281,412	$	2,982,754	$	113,346	$	38,150,820	100.0	%	$	275
Non-redeemable preferred stock	$	41,553	$	479	$	2,226	$	39,806	39.7	%
Other equity securities	61,288		479		1,421		60,346		60.3
Total equity securities	$	102,841	$	958	$	3,647	$	100,152	100.0	%

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral. Pledged fixed maturity securities are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Fixed maturity securities received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged. The Company also holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties. The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):

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	June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral	$	69,849	$	74,441	$	207,066	$	210,676	$	63,640	$	66,118	$	72,542	$	75,622
Fixed maturity securities received as collateral	n/a		457,801		n/a		300,925		n/a		626,081		n/a		590,417
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	14,706,225		15,723,178		12,135,258		12,874,370		16,061,218		16,571,173		15,584,296		16,715,281

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio which limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies as well as the securities disclosed below as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands).


	June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Canadian province of Quebec	$	1,060,922	$	1,785,573	$	1,004,261	$	1,612,957	$	1,101,825	$	1,850,642	$	1,119,337	$	1,917,996
Canadian province of Ontario	886,518		1,228,391		832,764		1,126,433		929,913		1,239,102		939,837		1,282,944

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in thousands). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Asset and mortgage-backed securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	861,051	$	868,405	$	978,683	$	986,160
Due after one year through five years	7,421,897		7,696,337		7,550,595		7,649,023
Due after five years through ten years	9,514,341		10,016,984		9,208,763		9,323,786
Due after ten years	11,247,037		13,000,532		12,697,898		14,053,438
Asset and mortgage-backed securities	4,694,008		4,763,168		4,798,031		4,772,547
Total	$	33,738,334	$	36,345,426	$	35,233,970	$	36,784,954

Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

The tables below show the major industry types of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


June 30, 2017:			Estimated
June 30, 2018:									Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	7,741,482	$	8,077,195	36.1	%	$	8,097,947	$	8,129,125	36.2	%
Industrial	11,215,292		11,792,664		52.9		11,705,150		11,847,762		52.6
Utility	2,295,406		2,471,802		11.0		2,446,867		2,526,620		11.2
Total	$	21,252,180	$	22,341,661	100.0	%	$	22,249,964	$	22,503,507	100.0	%

December 31, 2016:			Estimated
December 31, 2017:									Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	6,725,199	$	6,888,968	35.2	%	$	7,977,885	$	8,362,774	36.1	%
Industrial	10,228,813		10,639,613		54.2		11,535,166		12,199,333		52.5
Utility	1,970,699		2,090,503		10.6		2,453,752		2,648,861		11.4
Total	$	18,924,711	$	19,619,084	100.0	%	$	21,966,803	$	23,210,968	100.0	%

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Other-Than-Temporary Impairments - Fixed Maturity ~~and Equity~~ Securities

As discussed in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report, a portion of certain other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses on fixed maturity securities is recognized in AOCI. For these securities, the net amount recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income (“credit loss impairments”) represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI. The following table sets forth the amount of pre-tax credit loss impairments on fixed maturity securities held by the Company as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016			2017			2016			2018		2017		2018		2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	3,677	$	7,284		$	6,013		$	7,284		$	3,677	$	3,677	$	3,677	$	6,013
Credit loss OTTI previously recognized on securities which matured, paid down, prepaid or were sold during the period	—		(310		)	(2,336		)	(310		)
Credit loss OTTI previously recognized on securities impaired to fair value during the period												—		—		—		(2,336		)
Balance, end of period	$	3,677	$	6,974		$	3,677		$	6,974		$	3,677	$	3,677	$	3,677	$	3,677

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale

The following table presents the total gross unrealized losses for the ~~1,134 and 1,535~~2,580 fixed maturity ~~and equity~~ securities as of June 30, ~~2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively,~~2018, where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by the indicated amount (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				June 30, 2018
	Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total		Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total		Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total
Less than 20%	$	150,762	84.2	%	$	337,831	90.1	%	$	571,151	96.4	%
20% or more for less than six months	7,593		4.2		19,438		5.2		21,045		3.6
20% or more for six months or greater	20,726		11.6		17,588		4.7		12		—
Total	$	179,081	100.0	%	$	374,857	100.0	%	$	592,208	100.0	%

The following table presents the total gross unrealized losses for the 1,116 fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2017 where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by the indicated amount (dollars in thousands):



	December 31, 2017
	Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total
Less than 20%	$	113,466	97.0	%
20% or more for less than six months	689		0.6
20% or more for six months or greater	2,838		2.4
Total	$	116,993	100.0	%

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary includes analysis of the underlying credit and the extent and duration of a decline in value. The Company’s credit analysis of an investment includes determining whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. In the Company’s impairment review process, the duration and severity of an unrealized loss position for equity securities are given greater weight and consideration given the lack of contractual cash flows or deferability features.

The following ~~tables present~~table presents the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, for ~~1,134 and~~ ~~1,535~~2,580 fixed maturity ~~and equity~~ securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2016, respectively~~ (dollars in thousands). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has remained below amortized cost.

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Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total
Gross Gross Gross
June 30, 2017: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate securities $ 2,895,605
$ 46,389
$ 399,546
$ 23,252
$ 3,295,151
$ 69,641
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 116,719
2,457
—
—
116,719
2,457
Residential mortgage-backed securities 471,933
6,872
100,785
1,918
572,718
8,790
Asset-backed securities 285,211
1,451
204,154
3,916
489,365
5,367
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 352,867
4,897
2,195
38
355,062
4,935
U.S. government and agencies 1,378,976
31,962
13,763
86
1,392,739
32,048
State and political subdivisions 125,465
5,098
13,558
3,118
139,023
8,216
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 440,670
7,189
29,234
1,616
469,904
8,805
Total investment grade securities 6,067,446
106,315
763,235
33,944
6,830,681
140,259

Below investment grade securities:

Corporate securities 255,991
4,547
93,562
26,081
349,553
30,628
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 1,247
3
—
—
1,247
3
Residential mortgage-backed securities —
—
107
4
107
4
Asset-backed securities —
—
7,295
557
7,295
557
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 38,069
287
17,606
705
55,675
992
Total below investment grade securities 295,307
4,837
118,570
27,347
413,877
32,184
Total fixed maturity securities $ 6,362,753
$ 111,152
$ 881,805
$ 61,291
$ 7,244,558
$ 172,443
Non-redeemable preferred stock $ —
$ —
$ 24,807
$ 3,021
$ 24,807
$ 3,021
Other equity securities 64,990
3,617
—
—
64,990
3,617
Total equity securities $ 64,990
$ 3,617
$ 24,807
$ 3,021
$ 89,797
$ 6,638



	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
June 30, 2018:	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	9,135,620	$	299,909	$	818,555	$	51,938	$	9,954,175	$	351,847
Canadian government	46,392		668		110,326		3,058		156,718		3,726
RMBS	1,101,941		25,546		241,914		9,032		1,343,855		34,578
ABS	807,714		10,637		139,676		3,187		947,390		13,824
CMBS	612,214		11,097		104,426		4,601		716,640		15,698
U.S. government	584,758		20,707		747,679		45,958		1,332,437		66,665
State and political subdivisions	168,817		5,064		66,122		4,257		234,939		9,321
Other foreign government	919,229		25,758		199,578		5,407		1,118,807		31,165
Total investment grade securities	13,376,685		399,386		2,428,276		127,438		15,804,961		526,824
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	735,338		47,846		56,042		9,851		791,380		57,697
Canadian government	1,864		150		—		—		1,864		150
RMBS	—		—		1,194		24		1,194		24
ABS	—		—		1,148		47		1,148		47
Other foreign government	146,374		7,111		7,643		355		154,017		7,466
Total below investment grade securities	883,576		55,107		66,027		10,277		949,603		65,384
Total fixed maturity securities	$	14,260,261	$	454,493	$	2,494,303	$	137,715	$	16,754,564	$	592,208

The following table presents the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, for 1,116 fixed maturity and equity securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost as of December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total
Gross Gross Gross
December 31, 2016: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate securities $ 4,661,706
$ 124,444
$ 549,273
$ 43,282
$ 5,210,979
$ 167,726
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 101,578
3,541
—
—
101,578
3,541
Residential mortgage-backed securities 490,473
9,733
112,216
3,635
602,689
13,368
Asset-backed securities 563,259
12,010
257,166
9,653
820,425
21,663
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 368,465
6,858
10,853
166
379,318
7,024
U.S. government and agencies 1,056,101
63,044
—
—
1,056,101
63,044
State and political subdivisions 187,194
9,396
13,635
3,068
200,829
12,464
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 524,236
13,372
51,097
2,981
575,333
16,353
Total investment grade securities 7,953,012
242,398
994,240
62,785
8,947,252
305,183
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate securities 330,757
7,914
163,152
41,605
493,909
49,519
Residential mortgage-backed securities —
—
412
12
412
12
Asset-backed securities 5,904
700
12,581
1,465
18,485
2,165
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 5,815
735
—
—
5,815
735
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 32,355
1,258
39,763
2,327
72,118
3,585
Total below investment grade securities 374,831
10,607
215,908
45,409
590,739
56,016
Total fixed maturity securities $ 8,327,843
$ 253,005
$ 1,210,148

$ 108,194
$ 9,537,991
$ 361,199
Non-redeemable preferred stock $ 10,831
$ 831
$ 21,879
$ 5,506
$ 32,710
$ 6,337
Other equity securities 202,068
7,020
6,751
301
208,819
7,321
Total equity securities $ 212,899
$ 7,851
$ 28,630

$ 5,807
$ 241,529
$ 13,658



	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
December 31, 2017:	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	1,886,212	$	17,099	$	1,009,750	$	28,080	$	2,895,962	$	45,179
Canadian government	18,688		91		111,560		1,596		130,248		1,687
RMBS	566,699		5,852		224,439		6,004		791,138		11,856
ABS	434,274		2,707		168,524		2,434		602,798		5,141
CMBS	220,401		1,914		103,269		2,920		323,670		4,834
U.S. government	800,298		6,177		767,197		15,756		1,567,495		21,933
State and political subdivisions	43,510		242		68,666		4,054		112,176		4,296
Other foreign government	369,717		2,707		191,265		4,704		560,982		7,411
Total investment grade securities	4,339,799		36,789		2,644,670		65,548		6,984,469		102,337
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	194,879		3,317		75,731		6,933		270,610		10,250
Canadian government	1,995		20		—		—		1,995		20
RMBS	—		—		1,369		22		1,369		22
ABS	—		—		1,489		53		1,489		53
Other foreign government	28,600		113		15,134		551		43,734		664
Total below investment grade securities	225,474		3,450		93,723		7,559		319,197		11,009
Total fixed maturity securities	$	4,565,273	$	40,239	$	2,738,393	$	73,107	$	7,303,666	$	113,346
Non-redeemable preferred stock	$	82	$	1	$	26,471	$	2,225	$	26,553	$	2,226
Other equity securities	5,820		1,023		47,251		398		53,071		1,421
Total equity securities	$	5,902	$	1,024	$	73,722	$	2,623	$	79,624	$	3,647

Table of Contents

The Company has no intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, the securities outlined in the table above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity ~~and equity~~ securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines.

Unrealized losses on below investment grade securities as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 are primarily related to ~~high-yield~~publicly traded and privately placed corporate securities. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily being driven by changes in ~~credit spreads and~~ interest rates.

Investment Income, Net of Related Expenses

Major categories of investment income, net of related expenses, consist of the following (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018			2017			2018			2017
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	355,735		$	323,592		$	680,235		$	636,007		$	373,624		$	355,735		$	742,827		$	680,235
Equity securities													709			995			2,391			2,354
Mortgage loans on real estate	44,442			41,900			88,789			81,692			50,460			44,442			100,659			88,789
Policy loans	15,194			16,372			30,466			32,506			14,775			15,194			29,555			30,466
Funds withheld at interest	97,367			112,893			224,945			168,873			86,417			97,367			161,862			224,945
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	1,779			2,322			3,289			4,513			2,964			1,779			6,209			3,289
Other invested assets	23,066			28,150			42,893			36,758			20,785			22,071			44,613			40,539
Investment income	537,583			525,229			1,070,617			960,349			549,734			537,583			1,088,116			1,070,617
Investment expense	(19,045		)	(17,563		)	(37,715		)	(35,417		)	(21,673		)	(19,045		)	(43,726		)	(37,715		)
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	518,538		$	507,666		$	1,032,902		$	924,932		$	528,061		$	518,538		$	1,044,390		$	1,032,902

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Investment related gains (losses), net consist of the following (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018			2017			2018			2017
Fixed maturity and equity securities available for sale:
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturity securities recognized in earnings	$	(3,401	)	$	(846	)	$	(20,590	)	$	(34,663	)
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
Other-than-temporary impairment losses													$	(3,350	)	$	(3,401	)	$	(3,350	)	$	(20,590	)
Gain on investment activity	54,220			53,615			72,113			80,807			21,140			54,197			32,106			72,090
Loss on investment activity	(10,471		)	(22,556		)	(23,034		)	(34,343		)	(35,934		)	(10,288		)	(56,314		)	(18,975		)
Equity securities:
Gain on investment activity													469			23			497			23
Loss on investment activity													—			(183		)	(950		)	(4,059		)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) recognized in earnings													(6,966		)	—			(11,103		)	—
Other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision	(6,675		)	211			(6,774		)	(1,849		)	(1,357		)	(6,675		)	(1,669		)	(6,774		)
Derivatives and other, net	22,622			87,840			95,103			(12,574		)	15,426			22,622			29,741			95,103
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	56,295		$	118,264		$	116,818		$	(2,622	)	$	(10,572	)	$	56,295		$	(11,042	)	$	116,818

The fixed maturity impairments for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 were largely related to high-yield ~~energy and emerging market~~ corporate securities. The other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 includes impairments on real estate joint ventures. The other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 ~~and 2016 were primarily due to~~includes impairments on limited partnerships. The fluctuations in investment related gains (losses) for derivatives and other for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, compared to the same periods in ~~2016,~~2017, are primarily due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives and interest rate swaps.

During the three months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, the Company sold fixed maturity ~~and equity~~ securities with fair values of ~~$710.5~~$1,174.4 million and ~~$343.3~~$696.4 million at losses of ~~$10.5~~$35.9 million and ~~$22.6~~$10.3 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, the Company sold fixed maturity securities with fair values of $2,438.0 million and $1,125.0 million at losses of $56.3 million and $19.0 million, respectively. The Company did not sell any equity securities at losses during the three months ended June 30, 2018. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company sold equity securities with fair values of ~~$1,286.7 million and $585.8~~$14.1 million at losses of ~~$23.0~~$0.2 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company sold equity securities with fair values of $28.4 million and ~~$34.3~~$161.7 million at losses of $1.0 million and $4.1 million, respectively. The Company generally does not buy and sell securities on a short-term basis.

~~Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other~~

The Company participates in securities borrowing programs whereby securities, which are not reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are borrowed from third parties. The borrowed securities are used to provide collateral under affiliated reinsurance transactions. The Company is required to maintain a minimum of ~~100%~~ of the fair value, or par value, under certain programs, of the borrowed securities as collateral. The collateral consists of rights to reinsurance treaty cash flows. If cash flows from the reinsurance treaties are insufficient to maintain the minimum collateral requirement, the Company may substitute cash or securities to meet the requirement. No cash or securities have been pledged by the Company for this purpose.

Table of Contents

The Company also participates in a securities lending program whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are loaned to a third party. The Company receives securities as collateral, in an amount equal to a minimum of 105% of the fair value of the securities lent. The securities received are not reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company also participates in repurchase/reverse repurchase programs in which securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are pledged to third parties. In return, the Company receives securities from the third parties with an estimated fair value equal to a minimum of ~~100%~~ ~~of the securities pledged. The securities received are not reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.~~

The Company also participates in a repurchase program in which securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are pledged to a third party. In return, the Company receives cash from the third party, which is reflected as a payable to the third partySecurities Borrowing, Lending and ~~included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company is required to maintain a minimum collateral balance with a fair value of 102% of the cash received.~~Other

The following table includes the amount of borrowed securities, securities lent and securities collateral received as part of the securities lending program and repurchased/reverse repurchased securities pledged and received as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands).


	June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Borrowed securities	$	269,280	$	284,083	$	263,820	$	279,186	$	350,350	$	365,730	$	358,875	$	377,820
Securities lending:
Securities loaned	117,217		121,064		74,389		73,625		101,995		102,208		117,246		121,551
Securities received	n/a		109,000		n/a		80,000		n/a		112,000		n/a		128,000
Repurchase program/reverse repurchase program:
Securities pledged	486,700		509,579		476,531		499,891		385,391		394,698		413,819		428,344
Securities received	n/a		517,871		n/a		515,200		n/a		397,712		n/a		417,550

The Company also held cash collateral for securities lending and the repurchase program/reverse repurchase programs of ~~$47.9~~$29.6 million and ~~$28.8~~$31.2 million at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. No cash or securities have been pledged by the Company for its securities borrowing program as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The following ~~table presents~~tables present information on the Company’s securities lending and repurchase transactions as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands). Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within the table, as the collateral pledged to each counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.


	June 30, 2017										June 30, 2018
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements										Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total		Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	121,064	$	121,064
Corporate											$	—	$	—	$	—	$	102,208	$	102,208
Total	—		—		—		121,064		121,064		—		—		—		102,208		102,208
Repurchase transactions:
Corporate securities	—		—		1,311		177,555		178,866
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		89,333		89,333
U.S. government and agencies	—		—		—		219,522		219,522
Corporate											—		—		—		151,519		151,519
U.S. government											—		—		—		219,154		219,154
Foreign government	—		—		—		20,953		20,953		—		—		—		22,894		22,894
Other	905		—		—		—		905		1,131		—		—		—		1,131
Total	905		—		1,311		507,363		509,579		1,131		—		—		393,567		394,698
Total transactions	$	905	$	—	$	1,311	$	628,427	$	630,643	$	1,131	$	—	$	—	$	495,775	$	496,906

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table	Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table								$	674,817	Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table								$	539,332
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure	Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure								$	44,174	Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure								$	42,426

Table of Contents


	December 31, 2016										December 31, 2017
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements										Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total		Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	4,017	$	69,608	$	73,625
Corporate											$	—	$	—	$	—	$	121,551	$	121,551
Total	$	—	$	—	$	4,017	$	69,608	$	73,625	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	121,551	$	121,551
Repurchase transactions:
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	3,220	$	166,979	$	170,199
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		92,546		92,546
U.S. government and agencies	—		—		—		216,000		216,000
Corporate											$	—	$	—	$	312	$	184,334	$	184,646
U.S. government											—		—		—		220,765		220,765
Foreign government	—		—		—		19,900		19,900		—		—		—		21,802		21,802
Other	1,246		—		—		—		1,246		1,131		—		—		—		1,131
Total	1,246		—		3,220		495,425		499,891		1,131		—		312		426,901		428,344
Total borrowings	$	1,246	$	—	$	7,237	$	565,033	$	573,516	$	1,131	$	—	$	312	$	548,452	$	549,895

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table	Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table								$	624,032	Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table								$	576,786
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure	Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure								$	50,516	Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure								$	26,891

The Company has elected to offset amounts recognized as receivables and payables resulting from the repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. After the effect of offsetting, the net amount presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheets was a liability of ~~$5.1~~$0.4 million and ~~$5.5~~$1.1 million of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, the Company recognized payables resulting from cash received as collateral associated with a repurchase agreement as discussed above. Amounts owed to and due from the counterparties may be settled in cash or offset, in accordance with the agreements.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage loans represented approximately ~~8.3%~~9.0% and ~~8.4%~~8.5% of the Company’s total investments as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016. The Company makes~~2017. As of June 30, 2018, mortgage loans ~~on income producing properties that are~~were geographically ~~diversified~~dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest ~~concentration being~~concentrations in ~~the state of~~ California ~~which represented 22.0%~~(19.4%), Texas (9.6%) and ~~22.1% of mortgage~~Washington (7.8%) and include loans ~~on real estate as of~~ ~~June 30, 2017~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2016, respectively.~~secured by properties in Canada (2.6%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans on real estate presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses, and valuation allowances.

The distribution of mortgage loans by property type is as follows as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017					December 31, 2016					June 30, 2018					December 31, 2017
Property type:	Carrying Value			% of Total		Carrying Value			% of Total		Carrying Value			% of Total		Carrying Value			% of Total
Office building	$	1,402,369		34.1	%	$	1,270,113		33.6	%	$	1,546,148		33.9	%	$	1,487,392		33.6	%
Retail	1,248,238			30.3		1,179,936			31.2		1,296,157			28.3		1,270,676			28.8
Industrial	809,309			19.7		713,461			18.8		962,049			21.0		938,612			21.3
Apartment	483,811			11.8		447,088			11.8		530,599			11.6		510,052			11.6
Other commercial	170,305			4.1		172,609			4.6		237,610			5.2		206,439			4.7
Recorded investment	4,114,032			100.0	%	$	3,783,207		100.0	%	4,572,563			100.0	%	4,413,171			100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(1,389		)			—					(4,188		)			(3,254		)
Valuation allowances	(8,156		)			(7,685		)			(9,706		)			(9,384		)
Total mortgage loans on real estate	$	4,104,487				$	3,775,522				$	4,558,669				$	4,400,533

The maturities of the mortgage loans as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	1,037,000	25.2	%	$	822,073	21.7	%	$	1,153,623	25.2	%	$	1,091,066	24.8	%
Due after five years through ten years	2,236,805		54.4		2,099,559		55.5		2,623,105		57.4		2,516,872		57.0
Due after ten years	840,227		20.4		861,575		22.8		795,835		17.4		805,233		18.2
Total	$	4,114,032	100.0	%	$	3,783,207	100.0	%	$	4,572,563	100.0	%	$	4,413,171	100.0	%

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The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	Recorded Investment										Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios										Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x - 1.20x		<1.00x		Total		% of Total		>1.20x		1.00x - 1.20x		<1.00x				Total			% of Total
June 30, 2017:
June 30, 2018:																	Construction loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% - 59.99%	$	2,009,905	$	60,110	$	4,060	$	2,074,075	50.4	%	$	2,125,328	$	102,254	$	19,439	$	17,602		$	2,264,623		49.5	%
60% - 69.99%	1,453,061		57,332		7,684		1,518,077		36.9		1,552,568		117,751		49,221		—			1,719,540			37.6
70% - 79.99%	377,744		20,575		37,091		435,410		10.6		315,274		25,121		101,213		—			441,608			9.7
Greater than 80%	61,704		—		24,766		86,470		2.1		101,870		12,933		31,989		—			146,792			3.2
Total	$	3,902,414	$	138,017	$	73,601	$	4,114,032	100.0	%	$	4,095,040	$	258,059	$	201,862	$	17,602		$	4,572,563		100.0	%


	Recorded Investment										Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios										Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x - 1.20x		<1.00x		Total		% of Total		>1.20x		1.00x - 1.20x		<1.00x				Total			% of Total
December 31, 2016:
December 31, 2017:																	Construction loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% - 59.99%	$	1,859,640	$	64,749	$	1,366	$	1,925,755	50.8	%	$	2,148,428	$	53,979	$	3,801	$	—		$	2,206,208		50.0	%
60% - 69.99%	1,257,788		34,678		—		1,292,466		34.2		1,517,029		47,128		43,921		—			1,608,078			36.4
70% - 79.99%	370,092		20,869		24,369		415,330		11.0		396,446		19,461		15,367		—			431,274			9.8
Greater than 80%	114,297		—		35,359		149,656		4.0		120,850		30,713		6,362		9,686			167,611			3.8
Total	$	3,601,817	$	120,296	$	61,094	$	3,783,207	100.0	%	$	4,182,753	$	151,281	$	69,451	$	9,686		$	4,413,171		100.0	%

The age analysis of the Company’s past due recorded investments in mortgage loans as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
31-60 days past due	$	—	$	—	$	12,027	$	17,100
61-90 days past due	3,729		—		—		2,056
Greater than 90 days	—		—
Total past due	$	3,729	$	—	12,027		19,156
Current	4,110,303		3,783,207		4,560,536		4,394,015
Total	$	4,114,032	$	3,783,207	$	4,572,563	$	4,413,171

The following table presents the recorded investment in mortgage loans, by method of measuring impairment, and the related valuation allowances as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Mortgage loans:
Individually measured for impairment	$	2,077	$	2,216	$	30,653	$	5,858
Collectively measured for impairment	4,111,955		3,780,991		4,541,910		4,407,313
Recorded investment	$	4,114,032	$	3,783,207	$	4,572,563	$	4,413,171
Valuation allowances:
Individually measured for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively measured for impairment	8,156		7,685		9,706		9,384
Total valuation allowances	$	8,156	$	7,685	$	9,706	$	9,384

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Information regarding the Company’s loan valuation allowances for mortgage loans for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 is as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,					Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016			2017		2016			2018			2017		2018			2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	7,786	$	6,824		$	7,685	$	6,813		$	8,864		$	7,786	$	9,384		$	7,685
Provision (release)	366		(325		)	467		(314		)	845			366		329			467
Translation adjustment	4		—			4		—			(3		)	4		(7		)	4
Balance, end of period	$	8,156	$	6,499		$	8,156	$	6,499		$	9,706		$	8,156	$	9,706		$	8,156

Information regarding the portion of the Company’s mortgage loans that were impaired as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 is as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Carrying Value			Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Carrying Value
June 30, 2017:
June 30, 2018:
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	2,620	$	2,077	$	—	$	2,077		$	30,690	$	30,653	$	—	$	30,653
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		—		—			—		—		—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	2,620	$	2,077	$	—	$	2,077		$	30,690	$	30,653	$	—	$	30,653
December 31, 2016:
December 31, 2017:
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	2,758	$	2,216	$	—	$	2,216		$	6,427	$	5,858	$	—	$	5,858
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		—		—			—		—		—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	2,758	$	2,216	$	—	$	2,216		$	6,427	$	5,858	$	—	$	5,858

The Company’s average investment in impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
	Three months ended June 30,									Three months ended June 30,
	2017				2016					2018				2017
	Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income			Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	2,088	$	33	$	3,901	$	107		$	27,038	$	247	$	2,088	$	33
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		4,724		—			—		—		—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	2,088	$	33	$	8,625	$	107		$	27,038	$	247	$	2,088	$	33

	Six months ended June 30,								��	Six months ended June 30,
	2017				2016					2018				2017
	Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income			Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	2,131	$	67	$	3,945	$	216		$	19,978	$	304	$	2,131	$	67
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		7,279		—			—		—		—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	2,131	$	67	$	11,224	$	216		$	19,978	$	304	$	2,131	$	67

(1) Average recorded investment represents the average loan balances as of the beginning of period and all subsequent quarterly end of period balances.

The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016.~~2017. The Company had no mortgage loans that were on a nonaccrual status at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017.

Policy Loans

Policy loans comprised approximately ~~2.8%~~2.7% and ~~3.2%~~2.6% of the Company’s total investments as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017, respectively, the majority of which are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

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Funds Withheld at Interest

Funds withheld at interest comprised approximately ~~12.1%~~ ~~and~~ ~~13.1%~~11.8% of the Company’s total investments as of both June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017~~, respectively.~~. Of the $6.0 billion funds withheld at interest balance, net of embedded derivatives, as of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, $4.0 billion of the balance is associated with one client. For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include ~~equity securities,~~ limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), equity release mortgages, derivative contracts and fair value option (“FVO”) contractholder-directed unit-linked investments. Other invested assets also include Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) common stock ~~equity release mortgages and structured loans, all of~~ which ~~are~~is included in other in the table below. The fair value option was elected for contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities which do not qualify for presentation and reporting as separate accounts. Other invested assets represented approximately ~~3.0%~~3.2% and ~~3.6%~~2.9% of the Company’s total investments as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. Carrying values of these assets as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Equity securities	$	104,277	$	275,361
Limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures	746,573		687,522		$	857,599	$	781,124
Equity release mortgages					311,723		219,940
Derivatives	158,048		229,108		137,315		137,613
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	204,630		190,120		212,202		218,541
Other	284,842		209,829		86,723		148,114
Total other invested assets	$	1,498,370	$	1,591,940	$	1,605,562	$	1,505,332

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5. Derivative Instruments

Derivatives, except for embedded derivatives and longevity and mortality swaps, are carried on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Longevity and mortality swaps are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets in other assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity and variable annuity products are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017						December 31, 2016						June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value				Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value				Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value				Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value
	Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	$	973,825	$	63,370	$	4,375	$	949,556	$	78,405	$	5,949	$	1,084,555	$	43,439	$	2,514	$	996,204	$	59,809	$	2,372
Financial futures	477,407		—		—		475,968		—		—		348,874		—		—		412,438		—		—
Foreign currency forwards	15,000		21		63		25,000		—		5,070		4,512		—		8		6,030		—		28
Consumer price index swaps	21,991		—		187		20,615		—		262		328,190		1,126		199		221,932		—		2,160
Credit default swaps	945,000		7,620		1,043		926,000		12,012		2,871		928,300		6,725		122		961,200		8,319		1,651
Equity options	541,532		28,301		—		525,894		33,459		—		639,801		25,950		—		632,251		23,271		—
Longevity swaps	914,080		33,349		—		841,360		26,958		—		934,720		43,971		—		960,400		40,659		—
Mortality swaps	50,000		—		1,552		50,000		—		2,462		25,000		—		782		—		—		1,683
Synthetic guaranteed investment contracts	9,141,018		—		—		8,834,700		—		—		10,634,677		—		—		10,052,576		—		—
Embedded derivatives in:
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements	—		61,281		—		—		—		22,529		—		144,610		—		—		122,194		—
Indexed annuity products	—		—		812,718		—		—		805,672		—		—		806,436		—		—		861,758
Variable annuity products	—		—		161,913		—		—		184,636		—		—		122,361		—		—		152,470
Total non-hedging derivatives	13,079,853		193,942		981,851		12,649,093		150,834		1,029,451		14,928,629		265,821		932,422		14,243,031		254,252		1,022,122
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	435,000		1,267		22,120		435,000		27,901		31,223		435,000		204		19,699		435,000		—		20,389
Foreign currency swaps	896,873		86,318		7,176		928,505		104,359		734		580,036		58,294		2,598		672,921		65,207		8,496
Foreign currency forwards	150,211		—		4,158		—		—		—		718,177		18,428		—		553,175		1,265		7,720
Total hedging derivatives	1,482,084		87,585		33,454		1,363,505		132,260		31,957		1,733,213		76,926		22,297		1,661,096		66,472		36,605
Total derivatives	$	14,561,937	$	281,527	$	1,015,305	$	14,012,598	$	283,094	$	1,061,408	$	16,661,842	$	342,747	$	954,719	$	15,904,127	$	320,724	$	1,058,727

Netting Arrangements

Certain of the Company’s derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

The Company has elected to include all derivatives, except embedded derivatives, in the tables below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 4 – “Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending, repurchase and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. See “Embedded Derivatives” below for information regarding the Company’s bifurcated embedded derivatives.

The following table provides information relating to the Company’s derivative instruments as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


								Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Balance Sheet																Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Balance Sheet
	Gross Amounts Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet			Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments ⁽¹⁾			Cash Collateral Pledged/ Received			Net Amount			Gross Amounts Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet			Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments ⁽¹⁾			Cash Collateral Pledged/ Received			Net Amount
June 30, 2017:
June 30, 2018:
Derivative assets	$	220,246	$	(28,849	)	$	191,397	$	(17,847	)	$	(183,179	)	$	(9,629	)	$	198,137	$	(16,851	)	$	181,286	$	—		$	(194,067	)	$	(12,781	)
Derivative liabilities	40,674		(28,849		)	11,825		(59,540		)	(7,461		)	(55,176		)	25,922		(16,851		)	9,071		(57,302		)	(9,030		)	(57,261		)
December 31, 2016:
December 31, 2017:
Derivative assets	$	283,094	$	(27,028	)	$	256,066	$	(16,913	)	$	(254,498	)	$	(15,345	)	$	198,530	$	(20,258	)	$	178,272	$	(862	)	$	(185,900	)	$	(8,490	)
Derivative liabilities	48,571		(27,028		)	21,543		(95,863		)	(1,441		)	(75,761		)	44,499		(20,258		)	24,241		(58,156		)	(22,221		)	(56,136		)


(1)	Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner.

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Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes. As discussed below under “Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging,” the Company uses various derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been qualified for hedge accounting treatment. As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017, the Company held interest rate swaps that were designated and qualified as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, for variable rate liabilities and foreign currency assets, foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards that were designated and qualified as hedges of a portion of its net investment in its foreign operations, foreign currency swaps that were designated and qualified as fair value hedges of foreign currency risk, and derivative instruments that were not designated as hedging instruments. See Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Company’s ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. Derivative instruments are carried at fair value and generally require an insignificant amount of cash at inception of the contracts.

Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and reports certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related foreign currency swaps as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, were (dollars in thousands):


Type of Fair Value Hedge		Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives			Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items			Ineffectiveness Recognized in Investment Related Gains (Losses), net			Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives ⁽¹⁾			Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items ⁽¹⁾
For the three months ended June 30, 2018:											For the three months ended June 30, 2018:
Foreign currency swaps												Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(1,134	)	$	4,942
For the three months ended June 30, 2017:	For the three months ended June 30, 2017:										For the three months ended June 30, 2017:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	905		$	(905	)	$	—		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	905		$	(905	)
For the three months ended June 30, 2016:
For the six months ended June 30, 2018:											For the six months ended June 30, 2018:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(3,755	)	$	3,755		$	—		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(3,025	)	$	6,833
For the six months ended June 30, 2017:	For the six months ended June 30, 2017:										For the six months ended June 30, 2017:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	7,441		$	(7,441	)	$	—		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	7,441		$	(7,441	)
For the six months ended June 30, 2016:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	2,112		$	(2,112	)	$	—

A regression analysis was used, both at inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, to determine whether each derivative used in a hedged transaction is highly effective in offsetting changes in the hedged item. For the foreign currency swaps, the change in fair value related to changes in the benchmark interest rate and credit spreads are excluded from the hedge effectiveness. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, $0.5 million loss and $0.5 million gain, respectively, of the change in the estimated fair value of derivatives, was excluded from hedge effectiveness. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, $2.4 million and $7.0 million, respectively, of the change in the estimated fair value of derivatives, was excluded from hedge effectiveness.


(1)	The net amount represents the ineffective portion of the fair value hedges

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flows: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps; and (iii) forward bond purchase commitments.

~~Table of Contents~~

The following table presents the components of AOCI, before income tax, and the condensed consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):

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	Three months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2018			2017
Balance beginning of period	$	7,690		$	(21,794	)	$	20,662		$	7,690
Gains (losses) deferred in other comprehensive income (loss) on the effective portion of cash flow hedges	(6,417		)	(20,350		)	2,099			(6,417		)
Amounts reclassified to investment related (gains) losses, net	41			1,010			—			41
Amounts reclassified to investment income	(183		)	(58		)	(76		)	(183		)
Amounts reclassified to interest expense							(29		)	—
Balance end of period	$	1,131		$	(41,192	)	$	22,656		$	1,131

	Six months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2018			2017
Balance beginning of period	$	(2,496	)	$	(29,397	)	$	2,619		$	(2,496	)
Gains (losses) deferred in other comprehensive income (loss) on the effective portion of cash flow hedges	4,016			(11,799		)	19,916			4,016
Amounts reclassified to investment related (gains) losses, net	41			169			—			41
Amounts reclassified to investment income	(430		)	(165		)	(221		)	(430		)
Amounts reclassified to interest expense							342			—
Balance end of period	$	1,131		$	(41,192	)	$	22,656		$	1,131

As of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, the before-tax deferred net gains (losses) on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI that are expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are approximately ~~$(0.1) million. This expectation is based on the anticipated interest payments on hedged investments~~$0.4 million and $1.5 million in ~~fixed maturity securities that will occur over the next twelve months, at which time the Company will recognize the deferred net gains (losses) as an adjustment to~~ investment income ~~over the term of the investment cash flows.~~and interest expense, respectively.

The following table presents the effective portion of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the condensed consolidated statements of income and the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


		Effective Portion									Effective Portion
Derivative Type		Gain (Loss) Deferred in OCI			Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from OCI						Gain (Loss) Deferred in OCI			Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from OCI
					Investment Related Gains (Losses)			Investment Income						Investment Related Gains (Losses)			Investment Income		Interest Expense
For the three months ended June 30, 2018:
Interest rate											$	4,742		$	—		$	—	$	29
Currency/Interest rate											(2,643		)	—			76		—
Total											$	2,099		$	—		$	76	$	29
For the three months ended June 30, 2017:	For the three months ended June 30, 2017:
Interest rate		$	(7,643	)	$	—		$	—		$	(7,643	)	$	—		$	—	$	—
Currency/Interest rate		1,226			—			132			1,226			—			132		—
Forward bond purchase commitments		—			(41		)	51			—			(41		)	51		—
Total		$	(6,417	)	$	(41	)	$	183		$	(6,417	)	$	(41	)	$	183	$	—
For the three months ended June 30, 2016:

For the six months ended June 30, 2018:
Interest rate		$	(17,464	)	$	—		$	—		$	19,727		$	—		$	—	$	(342	)
Currency/Interest rate		(2,886		)	—			93			189			—			221		—
Forward bond purchase commitments		—			(1,010		)	(35		)
Total		$	(20,350	)	$	(1,010	)	$	58		$	19,916		$	—		$	221	$	(342	)

For the six months ended June 30, 2017:
Interest rate		$	(5,427	)	$	—		$	—		$	(5,427	)	$	—		$	—	$	—
Currency/Interest rate		9,443			—			329			9,443			—			329		—
Forward bond purchase commitments		—			(41		)	101			—			(41		)	101		—
Total		$	4,016		$	(41	)	$	430		$	4,016		$	(41	)	$	430	$	—
For the six months ended June 30, 2016:
Interest rate		$	(12,335	)	$	—		$	—
Currency/Interest rate		536			—			253
Forward bond purchase commitments		—			(169		)	(88		)
Total		$	(11,799	)	$	(169	)	$	165

~~Table of Contents~~

~~All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.~~ For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, the ineffective portion of derivatives reported as cash flow hedges was not material to the Company’s results of operations. Also, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

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Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

The Company uses foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI											Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI
	For the three months ended June 30,					For the six months ended June 30,						For the three months ended June 30,					For the six months ended June 30,
Type of NIFO Hedge ^{(1) (2)}	2017			2016		2017			2016			2018		2017			2018		2017
Foreign currency swaps	$	(17,919	)	$	302	$	(25,525	)	$	(31,493	)	$	8,197	$	(17,919	)	$	17,002	$	(25,525	)
Foreign currency forwards	4,158			—		4,158			—			11,063		4,158			23,299		4,158
Total	$	(13,761	)	$	302	$	(21,367	)	$	(31,493	)	$	19,260	$	(13,761	)	$	40,301	$	(21,367	)


(1)	There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into investment income during the periods presented.


(2)	There was no ineffectiveness recognized for the Company’s hedges of net investments in foreign operations.

The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was $~~140.3~~154.0 million and $~~161.6~~113.7 million at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017, respectively. If a hedged foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the condensed consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a hedged foreign operation.

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been qualified for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net in the condensed consolidated statements of income, except where otherwise noted.

~~Table of Contents~~

A summary of the effect of non-hedging derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

Table of Contents


		Gain (Loss) for the three months ended June 30,							Gain (Loss) for the three months ended June 30,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2017			2016			Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2018			2017
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	14,289		$	41,500		Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(8,600	)	$	14,289
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	(6,442		)	(7,557		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(897		)	(6,442		)
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	(351		)	3,577			Investment related gains (losses), net	(262		)	(351		)
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(4		)	(520		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	1,041			(4		)
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	3,879			3,518			Investment related gains (losses), net	1,084			3,879
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	(9,273		)	(3,225		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(8,007		)	(9,273		)
Longevity swaps	Other revenues	1,981			2,394			Other revenues	2,289			1,981
Mortality swaps	Other revenues	(395		)	1,046			Other revenues	(799		)	(395		)
Subtotal		3,684			40,733				(14,151		)	3,684
Embedded derivatives in:
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	15,108			76,966			Investment related gains (losses), net	8,805			15,108
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	(5,955		)	(2,019		)	Interest credited	6,519			(5,955		)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	360			(28,137		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	15,324			360
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	13,197		$	87,543			$	16,497		$	13,197

		Gain (Loss) for the six months ended June 30,							Gain (Loss) for the six months ended June 30,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2017			2016			Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2018			2017
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	11,677		$	104,027		Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(35,171	)	$	11,677
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	(19,217		)	(18,608		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(768		)	(19,217		)
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	553			6,077			Investment related gains (losses), net	61			553
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(9		)	(700		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	3,227			(9		)
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	11,237			6,864			Investment related gains (losses), net	682			11,237
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	(26,462		)	(5,928		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(5,414		)	(26,462		)
Longevity swaps	Other revenues	3,847			2,481			Other revenues	4,557			3,847
Mortality swaps	Other revenues	(790		)	622			Other revenues	(799		)	(790		)
Subtotal		(19,164		)	94,835				(33,625		)	(19,164		)
Embedded derivatives in:
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	83,810			(15,283		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	22,416			83,810
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	(22,357		)	(626		)	Interest credited	31,870			(22,357		)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	22,723			(91,077		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	30,109			22,723
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	65,012		$	(12,151	)		$	50,770		$	65,012

Types of Derivatives Used by the Company

Interest Rate Swaps

Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates, to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches) and to manage the risk of cash flows of liabilities that are variable based on a benchmark rate. With an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between two rates, which can be either fixed-rate or floating-rate interest amounts, tied to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments at each due date. The Company utilizes interest rate swaps in cash flow and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

~~Table of Contents~~

Financial Futures

Exchange-traded futures are used primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain variable annuity products. With exchange-traded futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the relevant indices, and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference between the daily estimated fair values of those contracts. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange.

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Equity Options

Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices volatility, the Company buys put options. The contracts are net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. ~~Equity warrants are also used by the Company to economically hedge the variability in anticipated cash flows for the acquisition of investment securities.~~

Consumer Price Index Swaps

Consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps are used by the Company primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain insurance products where value is directly affected by changes in a designated benchmark consumer price index. With a CPI swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange the actual amount of inflation realized over a specified period of time for a fixed amount of inflation determined at inception. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Most of these swaps will require a single payment to be made by one counterparty at the maturity date of the swap.

Foreign Currency Swaps

Foreign currency swaps are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a forward exchange rate calculated by reference to an agreed upon principal amount. The principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company uses foreign currency swaps in hedges of net investments in foreign operations and non-qualifying hedge relationships.

Foreign Currency Forwards

Foreign currency forwards are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency forward transaction, the Company agrees with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made in a different currency at the specified future date. The Company uses foreign currency forwards in hedges of net investments in foreign operations and non-qualifying hedge relationships.

Forward Bond Purchase Commitments

Forward bond purchase commitments have been used by the Company to hedge against the variability in the anticipated cash flows required to purchase securities. With forward bond purchase commitments, the forward price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such contract is made at the future specified settlement date of the securities.

Credit Default Swaps

The Company sells protection under single name credit default swaps and credit default swap index tranches to diversify its credit risk exposure in certain portfolios and, in combination with purchasing securities, to replicate characteristics of similar investments based on the credit quality and term of the credit default swap. Credit default triggers for indexed reference entities and single name reference entities are defined in the contracts. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss equals the notional value for credit default swaps. In the event of default of a referencing entity, the Company is typically required to pay the protection holder the full notional value less a recovery amount determined at auction.

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The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017					December 31, 2016						June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations⁽¹⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps			Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps			Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps			Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾
AAA/AA+/AA/AA-/A+/A/A-
Single name credit default swaps	$	2,857	$	155,500	3.5	$	1,726		$	150,500	3.8	$	2,574		$	152,000	2.7	$	3,128		$	162,000	2.9
Subtotal	2,857		155,500		3.5	1,726			150,500		3.8	2,574			152,000		2.7	3,128			162,000		2.9
BBB+/BBB/BBB-
Single name credit default swaps	3,351		365,200		3.3	1,426			347,200		3.7	4,092			338,700		2.6	4,469			361,700		2.9
Credit default swaps referencing indices	82		416,000		4.5	6,295			416,000		5.0	(59		)	422,600		3.5	(55		)	422,600		4.0
Subtotal	3,433		781,200		3.9	7,721			763,200		4.4	4,033			761,300		3.1	4,414			784,300		3.5
BB+/BB/BB-
Single name credit default swaps	1		5,000		2.0	(477		)	9,000		3.5	(4		)	15,000		1.2	30			5,000		1.5
Subtotal	1		5,000		2.0	(477		)	9,000		3.5	(4		)	15,000		1.2	30			5,000		1.5
Total	$	6,291	$	941,700	3.8	$	8,970		$	922,700	4.3	$	6,603		$	928,300	3.0	$	7,572		$	951,300	3.4


(1)	The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).


(2)	Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.


(3)	The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

The Company also purchases credit default swaps to reduce its risk against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. If a credit event, as defined by the contract, occurs, the Company is able to put the bond back to the counterparty at par.

Longevity Swaps

The Company enters into longevity swaps in the form of out-of-the-money options, which provide protection against changes in mortality improvement to retirement plans and insurers of such plans. With a longevity swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange a proportion of a notional value. The proportion is determined by the difference between a predefined benefit, and the realized benefit plus the future expected benefit, calculated by reference to a population index for a fixed premium.

Mortality Swaps

Mortality swaps are used by the Company to hedge risk from changes in mortality experience associated with its reinsurance of life insurance risk. The Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, a proportion of a notional value determined by the difference between a predefined expected and realized claim amount on a designated index of reinsured lives, for a fixed percentage (premium) each term.

Synthetic Guaranteed Investment Contracts

The Company sells fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts to retirement plans which include investment-only, stable value contracts. The assets are owned by the trustees of such plans, who invest the assets under the terms of investment guidelines to which the Company agrees. The contracts contain a guarantee of a minimum rate of return on participant balances supported by the underlying assets, and a guarantee of liquidity to meet certain participant-initiated plan cash flow requirements. These contracts are reported as derivatives and recorded at fair ~~value and classified as interest rate derivatives.~~value.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company has certain embedded derivatives which are required to be separated from their host contracts and reported as derivatives. Host contracts include reinsurance treaties structured on a modified coinsurance (“modco”) or funds withheld basis. Additionally, the Company reinsures equity-indexed annuity and variable annuity contracts with benefits that are considered embedded derivatives, including guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits, and guaranteed minimum income benefits. The changes in fair values of embedded derivatives on equity-indexed annuities described below relate to changes in the fair value associated with capital market and other related assumptions. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”) did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of its embedded derivatives for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

2017.

The related gains (losses) and the effect on net income after amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and income taxes for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 are reflected in the following table (dollars in thousands):

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	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018		2017			2018		2017
Embedded derivatives in modco or funds withheld arrangements included in investment related gains	$	15,108		$	76,966		$	83,810		$	(15,283	)	$	8,805	$	15,108		$	22,416	$	83,810
After the associated amortization of DAC and taxes, the related amounts included in net income	2,941			18,807			28,785			(7,970		)	5,987		2,941			12,836		28,785
Embedded derivatives in variable annuity contracts included in investment related gains	360			(28,137		)	22,723			(91,077		)	15,324		360			30,109		22,723
After the associated amortization of DAC and taxes, the related amounts included in net income	3,023			(40,167		)	31,859			(66,010		)	12,472		3,023			23,598		31,859
Amounts related to embedded derivatives in equity-indexed annuities included in benefits and expenses	(5,955		)	(2,019		)	(22,357		)	(626		)	6,519		(5,955		)	31,870		(22,357		)
After the associated amortization of DAC and taxes, the related amounts included in net income	(6,925		)	(7,816		)	(28,322		)	3,418			3,966		(6,925		)	10,503		(28,322		)

Credit Risk

The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination.

The credit exposure of the Company’s OTC derivative transactions is represented by the contracts with a positive fair value (market value) at the reporting date. To reduce credit exposures, the Company seeks to (i) enter into OTC derivative transactions pursuant to master netting agreements that provide for a netting of payments and receipts with a single counterparty, and (ii) enter into agreements that allow the use of credit support annexes, which are bilateral rating-sensitive agreements that require collateral postings at established threshold levels. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared derivatives, which are bilateral transactions between the Company and a counterparty where the transactions are cleared through a clearinghouse, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of the clearinghouse. These cleared transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings and include certain interest rate swaps and credit default swaps entered into on or after June 10, 2013, related to guidelines implemented under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. In 2017, the Company followed the Chicago Mercantile Exchange amended rulebook to legally characterize variation margin payments as settlements of the derivative’s mark-to-market exposure and not collateral. Also, the Company enters into exchange-traded futures through regulated exchanges and these transactions are settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements, which require both the posting and accepting of collateral in connection with its derivative instruments. Collateral agreements contain attachment thresholds that may vary depending on the posting party’s ratings. Additionally, a decline in the Company’s or the counterparty’s credit ratings to specified levels could result in potential settlement of the derivative positions under the Company’s agreements with its counterparties. The Company also has exchange-traded futures, which require the maintenance of a margin account. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties.

The Company’s credit exposure related to derivative contracts is generally limited to the fair value at the reporting date plus or minus any collateral posted or held by the Company. The Company’s credit exposure to mortality swaps is minimal, as they are fully collateralized by a counterparty. Information regarding the Company’s credit exposure related to its over-the-counter derivative contracts, centrally cleared derivative contracts and margin account for exchange-traded futures, excluding mortality swaps, at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 are reflected in the following table (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017			December 31, 2016			June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Estimated fair value of derivatives in net asset position	$	181,124		$	236,985		$	172,997		$	155,714
Cash provided as collateral⁽¹⁾	7,461			1,441			9,030			22,221
Securities pledged to counterparties as collateral⁽²⁾	59,540			95,863			57,302			58,156
Cash pledged from counterparties as collateral⁽³⁾	(183,179		)	(254,498		)	(194,067		)	(185,900		)
Securities pledged from counterparties as collateral⁽⁴⁾	(17,847		)	(16,913		)	—			(862		)
Initial margin for cleared derivatives⁽²⁾	(58,526		)	(73,571		)	(57,302		)	(58,156		)
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral	$	(11,427	)	$	(10,693	)	$	(12,040	)	$	(8,827	)
Margin account related to exchange-traded futures⁽⁵⁾	$	8,530		$	9,687		$	8,331		$	6,538


(1)	Consists of receivable from counterparty, included in other assets.


(2)	Included in available-for-sale securities, primarily consists of U.S. Treasury and government agency securities.


(3)	Included in cash and cash equivalents, with obligation to return cash collateral recorded in other liabilities.


(4)	Consists of U.S. Treasury and government securities.


(5)	Included in other assets.

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6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair Value Measurement

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets and liabilities are traded in active exchange markets.

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with those other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities. Additionally, the Company’s embedded derivatives, all of which are associated with reinsurance treaties and longevity and mortality swaps, are classified in Level 3 since their values include significant unobservable inputs.

~~When inputs used to measure~~For a discussion of the Company’s valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value ~~of an asset or liability fall within different levels of~~hierarchy, see Note 6 in the ~~hierarchy,~~Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety, except for fair value measurements using net asset value. For example, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3). Therefore, gains and losses for such assets and liabilities categorized within Level 3 may include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable inputs (Level 3).Company’s 2017 Annual Report.

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Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 are summarized below (dollars in thousands):


June 30, 2017:				Fair Value Measurements Using:
June 30, 2018:														Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate securities	$	22,341,661		$	603,002	$	20,447,605		$	1,291,054
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments	4,007,754			—		3,474,484			533,270
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,539,299			—		1,390,614			148,685
Asset-backed securities	1,641,841			—		1,440,252			201,589
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,582,028			—		1,580,085			1,943
U.S. government and agencies	1,721,564			1,597,777		100,220			23,567
Corporate											$	22,503,507		$	—	$	21,136,353		$	1,367,154
Canadian government											4,062,843			—		3,490,145			572,698
RMBS											1,821,214			—		1,766,375			54,839
ABS											1,708,824			—		1,638,138			70,686
CMBS											1,242,509			—		1,240,642			1,867
U.S. government											1,525,150			1,405,485		98,930			20,735
State and political subdivisions	638,970			—		604,536			34,434		737,044			—		720,539			16,505
Other foreign government supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises	2,872,309			326,033		2,534,282			11,994
Other foreign government											3,183,863			—		3,178,819			5,044
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	36,345,426			2,526,812		31,572,078			2,246,536		36,784,954			1,405,485		33,269,941			2,109,528
Equity securities											108,070			65,133		—			42,937
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	61,281			—		—			61,281		144,610			—		—			144,610
Cash equivalents	300,516			300,516		—			—		424,601			409,242		15,359			—
Short-term investments	91,024			21,586		65,890			3,548		82,521			991		78,313			3,217
Other invested assets:
Non-redeemable preferred stock	31,959			31,959		—			—
Other equity securities	72,318			72,318		—			—
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	55,154			—		55,154			—		36,170			—		36,170			—
Foreign currency forwards											18,428			—		18,428			—
CPI swaps	(187		)	—		(187		)	—		(42		)	—		(42		)	—
Credit default swaps	6,258			—		6,258			—		5,927			—		5,927			—
Equity options	15,804			—		15,804			—		21,136			—		21,136			—
Foreign currency swaps	81,019			—		81,019			—		55,696			—		55,696			—
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	204,630			203,150		1,480			—		212,202			211,141		1,061			—
Other	7,047			7,047		—			—
Total other invested assets	474,002			314,474		159,528			—		349,517			211,141		138,376			—
Other assets - longevity swaps	33,349			—		—			33,349		43,971			—		—			43,971
Total	$	37,305,598		$	3,163,388	$	31,797,496		$	2,344,714	$	37,938,244		$	2,091,992	$	33,501,989		$	2,344,263
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	974,631		$	—	$	—		$	974,631	$	928,797		$	—	$	—		$	928,797
Other liabilities:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	17,012			—		17,012			—		14,740			—		14,740			—
Foreign currency forwards	4,200			—		4,200			—		8			—		8			—
CPI swaps											(969		)	—		(969		)	—
Credit default swaps	(319		)	—		(319		)	—		(676		)	—		(676		)	—
Equity options	(12,497		)	—		(12,497		)	—		(4,814		)	—		(4,814		)	—
Foreign currency swaps	1,877			—		1,877			—
Mortality swaps	1,552			—		—			1,552		782			—		—			782
Total	$	986,456		$	—	$	10,273		$	976,183	$	937,868		$	—	$	8,289		$	929,579

Table of Contents

December 31, 2016: Fair Value Measurements Using:
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate securities $ 19,619,084
$ 310,995
$ 18,035,836
$ 1,272,253
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 3,644,046
—
3,168,081
475,965
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,278,576
—
1,118,285
160,291
Asset-backed securities 1,429,344
—
1,210,064
219,280
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,363,654
—
1,342,509
21,145
U.S. government and agencies 1,468,302
1,345,755
98,059
24,488
State and political subdivisions 591,796
—
550,130
41,666
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 2,698,823
276,729
2,409,225
12,869
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale 32,093,625
1,933,479
27,932,189
2,227,957
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives (22,529 ) —
—
(22,529 )
Cash equivalents 338,601
338,601
—
—
Short-term investments 44,241
8,276
32,619
3,346
Other invested assets:
Non-redeemable preferred stock 51,123
38,317
12,806
—
Other equity securities 224,238
224,238
—
—
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps 93,508
—
93,508
—
Credit default swaps 9,136
—
9,136
—
Equity options 26,070
—
26,070
—
Foreign currency swaps 100,394
—
100,394
—
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments 190,120
188,891
1,229
—
Other 11,036
11,036
—
—
Total other invested assets 705,625
462,482
243,143
—
Other assets - longevity swaps 26,958
—
—
26,958
Total $ 33,186,521
$ 2,742,838
$ 28,207,951
$ 2,235,732
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives $ 990,308
$ —
$ —
$ 990,308
Other liabilities:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps 24,374
—
24,374
—
Foreign currency forwards 5,070
—
5,070
—
CPI swaps 262
—
262
—
Credit default swaps (5 ) —
(5 ) —
Equity options (7,389 ) —
(7,389 ) —
Foreign currency swaps (3,231 ) —
(3,231 ) —
Mortality swaps 2,462
—
—
2,462
Total $ 1,011,851
$ —
$ 19,081
$ 992,770

The Company may utilize information from third parties, such as pricing services and brokers, to assist in determining the fair value for certain assets and liabilities; however, management is ultimately responsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuring objective and reliable valuation practices and pricing of assets and liabilities, and approving changes to valuation methodologies and pricing sources. The selection of the valuation technique(s) to apply considers the definition of an exit price and the nature of the asset or liability being valued and significant expertise and judgment is required.



December 31, 2017:				Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	23,210,968		$	—	$	21,873,696		$	1,337,272
Canadian government	4,220,076			—		3,626,134			593,942
RMBS	1,719,880			—		1,611,998			107,882
ABS	1,648,362			—		1,524,888			123,474
CMBS	1,303,387			—		1,300,153			3,234
U.S. government	1,943,592			1,818,006		103,075			22,511
State and political subdivisions	703,428			—		662,225			41,203
Other foreign government	3,401,127			—		3,396,035			5,092
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	38,150,820			1,818,006		34,098,204			2,234,610
Equity securities:
Non-redeemable preferred stock	39,806			39,806		—			—
Other equity securities	60,346			60,346		—			—
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	122,194			—		—			122,194
Cash equivalents	356,788			354,071		2,717			—
Short-term investments	50,746			—		47,650			3,096
Other invested assets:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	51,359			—		51,359			—
Foreign currency forwards	730			—		730			—
CPI swaps	(221		)	—		(221		)	—
Credit default swaps	5,908			—		5,908			—
Equity options	16,932			—		16,932			—
Foreign currency swaps	62,905			—		62,905			—
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	218,541			217,618		923			—
Total other invested assets	356,154			217,618		138,536			—
Other assets - longevity swaps	40,659			—		—			40,659
Total	$	39,177,513		$	2,489,847	$	34,287,107		$	2,400,559
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	1,014,228		$	—	$	—		$	1,014,228
Other liabilities:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	14,311			—		14,311			—
Foreign currency forwards	7,213			—		7,213			—
CPI swaps	1,939			—		1,939			—
Credit default swaps	(760		)	—		(760		)	—
Equity options	(6,339		)	—		(6,339		)	—
Foreign currency swaps	6,194			—		6,194			—
Mortality swaps	1,683			—		—			1,683
Total	$	1,038,469		$	—	$	22,558		$	1,015,911

Table of Contents

~~The Company performs initial~~Transfers between Levels 1 and ~~ongoing analysis~~2

Transfers between Levels 1 and ~~review~~2 are made to reflect changes in observability of ~~the various techniques utilized in determining fair value to ensure that they are appropriate~~inputs and ~~consistently applied,~~market activity. There were no transfers between Level 1 and that the various assumptions are reasonable. The Company analyzes and reviews the information and prices received from third parties to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value and to monitor controls around pricing, which includes quantitative and qualitative analysis and is overseen by the Company’s investment and accounting personnel. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, review of pricing trends, comparison of a sample of executed prices of securities sold to the fair value estimates, comparison of fair value estimates to management’s knowledge of the current market, and ongoing confirmation that third party pricing services use, wherever possible, market-based parameters for valuation. In addition, the Company utilizes both internal and external cash flow models to analyze the reasonableness of fair values utilizing credit spread and other market assumptions, where appropriate. As a result of the analysis, if the Company determines there is a more appropriate fair value based upon the available market data, the price received from the third party is adjusted accordingly. The Company also determines if the inputs used in estimated fair values received from pricing services are observable by assessing whether these inputs can be corroborated by observable market data.

For assets and liabilities reported at fair value, the Company utilizes, when available, fair values based on quoted prices in active markets that are regularly and readily obtainable. Generally, these are very liquid investments and the valuation does not require management judgment. When quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair value is based on market valuation techniques, market comparable pricing and the income approach. The use of different techniques, assumptions and inputs may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s securities holdings. For the periods presented, the application of market standard valuation techniques applied to similar assets and liabilities has been consistent.

~~The methods and assumptions the Company uses to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.~~

~~Fixed Maturity Securities~~ – The fair values of the Company’s publicly-traded fixed maturity securities are generally based on prices obtained from independent pricing services. Prices from pricing services are sourced from multiple vendors, and a vendor hierarchy is maintained by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. The Company generally receives prices from multiple pricing services for each security, but ultimately uses the price from the vendor that is highest in the hierarchyLevel 2 for the respective asset type. To validate reasonableness, prices are periodically reviewed as explained above. Consistent with the fair value hierarchy described above, securities with quotes from pricing services are generally reflected within Level 2, as they are primarily based on observable pricing for similar assets and/or other market observable inputs. If the pricing information received from third party pricing services is not reflective of market activity or other inputs observable in the market, the Company may challenge the price through a formal process with the pricing service.

If the Company ultimately concludes that pricing information received from the independent pricing service is not reflective of fair value, non-binding broker quotes are used, if available. If the Company concludes that the values from both pricing services and brokers are not reflective of fair value, an internally developed valuation may be prepared; however, this occurs infrequently. Internally developed valuations or non-binding broker quotes are also used to determine fair value in circumstances where vendor pricing is not available. These valuations may use significant unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset. Observable market data may not be available in certain circumstances, such as market illiquidity and credit events related to the security. Pricing service overrides, internally developed valuations and non-binding broker quotes are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy.

The inputs used in the valuation of corporate and government securities include, but are not limited to standard market observable inputs which are derived from, or corroborated by, market observable data including market yield curve, duration, call provisions, observable prices and spreads for similar publicly traded or privately traded issues that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer. For structured securities, valuation is based primarily on matrix pricing or other similar techniques using standard market inputs including spreads for actively traded securities, spreads off benchmark yields, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, current and forecasted loss severity, rating, weighted average coupon, weighted average maturity, average delinquency rates, geographic region, debt-service coverage ratios and issuance-specific information including, but not limited to: collateral type, payment terms of the underlying assets, payment priority within the tranche, structure of the security, deal performance and vintage of loans.

When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation techniques for determining the estimated fair value of certain types of securities that trade infrequently, and therefore have little or no price transparency, rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. These unobservable inputs can be based in large part on management judgment or estimation, and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and are believed to be consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities.

~~Table of Contents~~

The fair values of private placement securities are primarily determined using a discounted cash flow model. In certain cases these models primarily use observable inputs with a discount rate based upon the average of spread surveys collected from private market intermediaries who are active in both primary and secondary transactions, taking into account, among other factors, the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer and the reduced liquidity associated with private placements. Generally, these securities have been reflected within Level 3. For certain private fixed maturities, the discounted cash flow model may also incorporate significant unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the security. To the extent management determines that such unobservable inputs are not significant to the price of a security, a Level 2 classification is made. Otherwise, a Level 3 classification is used.

~~Embedded Derivatives~~ – The fair value of embedded derivative liabilities, including those calculated by third parties, are monitored through the use of attribution reports to quantify the effect of underlying sources of fair value change, including capital market inputs based on policyholder account values, interest rates and short-term and long-term implied volatilities, from period to period. Actuarial assumptions are based on experience studies performed internally in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually.

For embedded derivative liabilities associated with the underlying products in reinsurance treaties, primarily equity-indexed and variable annuity treaties, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow model, which includes an estimate of future equity option purchases and an adjustment for a CVA. The variable annuity embedded derivative calculations are performed by third parties based on methodology and input assumptions provided by the Company. To validate the reasonableness of the resulting fair value, the Company’s internal actuaries perform reviews and analytical procedures on the results. The capital market inputs to the model, such as equity indexes, short-term equity volatility and interest rates, are generally observable. The valuation also requires certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable and accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, see “Level 3 Measurements and Transfers” below for a description.

The fair value of embedded derivatives associated with funds withheld reinsurance treaties is determined based upon a total return swap technique with reference to the fair value of the investments held by the ceding company that support the Company’s funds withheld at interest asset with an adjustment for a CVA. The fair value of the underlying assets is generally based on market observable inputs using industry standard valuation techniques. The valuation also requires certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable and accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, see “Level 3 Measurements and Transfers” below for a description.

~~Credit Valuation Adjustment~~ – The Company uses a structural default risk model to estimate a CVA. The input assumptions are a combination of externally derived and published values (default threshold and uncertainty), market inputs (interest rate, equity price per share, debt per share, equity price volatility) and insurance industry data (Loss Given Default), adjusted for market recoverability.

~~Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments~~ – Cash equivalents and short-term investments include money market instruments, commercial paper and other highly liquid debt instruments. Money market instruments are generally valued using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets and are primarily classified as Level 1. The fair value of certain other cash equivalents and short-term investments, such as floating rate notes and bonds with original maturities less than twelvesix months are based upon other market observable data and are typically classified as Level 2. However, certain short-term investments may incorporate significant unobservable inputs resulting in a Level 3 classification. Various time deposits carried as cash equivalents or short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value and therefore are excluded from the tables presented.

~~Equity Securities~~ – Equity securities consist principally of exchange-traded funds and preferred stock of publicly and privately traded companies. The fair values of publicly traded equity securities are primarily based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of preferred equity securities, for which quoted market prices are not readily available, are based on prices obtained from independent pricing services and these securities are generally classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Non-binding broker quotes for equity securities are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~FVO Contractholder-Directed Unit-Linked Investments~~ – FVO contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities primarily consist of exchange-traded funds and, to a lesser extent, fixed maturity securities and cash and cash equivalents. The fair values of the exchange-traded securities are primarily based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified within Level 1 of the hierarchy. The fair value of the fixed maturity contractholder-directed securities is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described above for fixed maturity securities and are classified within Level 2 of the hierarchy.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Derivative Assets and Derivative Liabilities –~~ All of the derivative instruments utilized by the Company, except for longevity and mortality swaps, are classified within Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy. These derivatives are principally valued using an income approach. Valuations of interest rate contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) basis curves, and repurchase rates. Valuations of foreign currency contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, LIBOR basis curves, currency spot rates, and cross currency basis curves. Valuations of credit contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, credit curves, and recovery rates. Valuations of equity market contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, and dividend yield curves. Valuations of equity market contracts, option-based, are based on option pricing models, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, dividend yield curves, and equity volatility. The Company does not currently have derivatives, except for longevity and mortality swaps, included in Level 3 measurement.

~~Longevity and Mortality Swaps –~~ The Company utilizes a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of longevity and mortality swaps. The fair value of these swaps includes an accrual for premiums payable and receivable. Some inputs to the valuation model are generally observable, such as interest rates and actual population mortality experience. The valuation also requires significant inputs that are generally not observable and, accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~Level 3 Measurements and Transfers~~

~~As of~~ ended June 30, ~~2017~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2016, the Company classified approximately~~ ~~6.2%~~ and 6.9%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category. These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate securities and bank loans as well as Canadian provincial strips with inactive trading markets. Additionally, the Company has included asset-backed securities with subprime exposure and mortgage-backed securities with below investment grade ratings in the Level 3 category due to market uncertainty associated with these securities and the Company’s utilization of unobservable information from third parties for the valuation of these securities.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s corporate, sovereign, government-backed, and other political subdivision investments are probability of default, liquidity premium and subordination premium. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of default is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumptions used for the liquidity premium and subordination premium. For securities with a fair value derived using the market comparable pricing valuation technique, liquidity premium is the only significant unobservable input.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s asset and mortgage-backed securities are prepayment rates, probability of default, liquidity premium and loss severity in the event of default. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of default is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the liquidity premium and loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumption used for prepayment rates.

The actuarial assumptions used in the fair value of embedded derivatives which include assumptions related to lapses, withdrawals, and mortality, are based on experience studies performed by the Company in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of embedded derivatives are assumptions associated with policyholder experience and selected capital market assumptions for equity-indexed and variable annuities. The selected capital market assumptions, which include long-term implied volatilities, are projections based on short-term historical information. Changes in interest rates, equity indices, equity volatility, CVA, and actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder experience may result in significant fluctuations in the value of embedded derivatives.

Fair value measurements associated with funds withheld reinsurance treaties are generally not materially sensitive to changes in unobservable inputs associated with policyholder experience. The primary drivers of change in these fair values are related to movements of credit spreads, which are generally observable. Increases (decreases) in market credit spreads tend to decrease (increase) the fair value of embedded derivatives. Increases (decreases) in the CVA assumption tend to decrease (increase) the magnitude of the fair value of embedded derivatives.

Fair value measurements associated with variable annuity treaties are sensitive to both capital markets inputs and policyholder experience inputs. Increases (decreases) in lapse rates tend to decrease (increase) the value of the embedded derivatives associated with variable annuity treaties. Increases (decreases) in the long-term volatility assumption tend to increase (decrease) the fair value of embedded derivatives. Increases (decreases) in the CVA assumption tend to decrease (increase) the magnitude of the fair value of embedded derivatives.

~~Table of Contents~~

The actuarial assumptions used in the fair value of longevity and mortality swaps include assumptions related to the level and volatility of mortality. The assumptions are based on studies performed by the Company in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually.

~~The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of~~ ~~June 30, 2017~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2016~~ ~~(dollars in thousands):~~

Estimated Fair Value       Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average)
June 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Assets:
Corporate securities $ 158,309
$ 167,815
Market comparable securities Liquidity premium 0-2% (1%)
0-2%  (1%)
U.S. government and agencies 23,567
24,488
Market comparable securities Liquidity premium 0-1% (1%)
0-1%  (1%)
State and political subdivisions 4,607
4,670
Market comparable securities     Liquidity premium 1 % 1 %
Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives 61,281
(22,529 ) Total return swap Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
0-100%  (2%)
Lapse 0-35%  (9%)
0-35%  (8%)
Withdrawal 0-5%  (3%)
0-5%  (3%)
CVA 0-5%  (1%)
0-5%  (1%)
Crediting rate 2-4%  (2%)
2-4%  (2%)
Longevity swaps 33,349
26,958
Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
0-100%  (2%)
Mortality improvement (10%)-10%  (3%)
(10%)-10%  (3%)
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- indexed annuities 812,718
805,672
Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
0-100% (2%)
Lapse 0-35%  (9%)
0-35% (8%)
Withdrawal 0-5%  (3%)
0-5% (3%)
Option budget projection 2-4%  (2%)
2-4% (2%)

Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- variable annuities 161,913
184,636

Discounted cash
flow
Mortality 0-100% (2%)
0-100% (2%)
Lapse 0-25% (6%)
0-25% (6%)
Withdrawal 0-7% (3%)
0-7% (3%)
CVA 0-5% (1%)
0-5% (1%)
Long-term volatility 0-27% (9%)
0-27% (14%)
Mortality swaps 1,552
2,462
Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (1%)
0-100%  (1%)

2018. The Company recognizes transfers of assets and liabilities into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy at the beginning of the quarter in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs. The following tables present the transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):



	2017
	Transfers from Level 1 to Level 2		Transfers from Level 2 to Level 1
Three months ended June 30:
Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale:
Corporate securities	$	—	$	49,999

Six months ended June 30:
Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale:
Corporate securities	$	—	$	88,674

Table of Contents

Quantitative Information Regarding Internally - Priced Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):



	Estimated Fair Value				Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Range (Weighted Average)
	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Assets:
Corporate	$	571,750	$	173,579	Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-2% (1%)		0-2% (1%)
						EBITDA Multiple	5.9x-7.5x (6.9x)		—
U.S. government	20,735		22,511		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-1% (1%)		0-1% (1%)
State and political subdivisions	4,361		4,616		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	1	%	1	%
Other foreign government	5,044		—		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	1	%	—
Equity securities	23,856		—		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	1	%	—
						EBITDA Multiple	6.9x-13.1x (7.9x)		—
Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives	144,610		122,194		Total return swap	Mortality	0-100% (2%)		0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-35% (9%)		0-35% (9%)
						Withdrawal	0-5% (3%)		0-5% (3%)
						CVA	0-5% (1%)		0-5% (1%)
						Crediting rate	2-4% (2%)		2-4% (2%)
Longevity swaps	43,971		40,659		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (2%)		0-100% (2%)
						Mortality improvement	(10%)-10% (3%)		(10%)-10% (3%)
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- indexed annuities	806,436		861,758		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (2%)		0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-35% (9%)		0-35% (9%)
						Withdrawal	0-5% (3%)		0-5% (3%)
						Option budget projection	2-4% (2%)		2-4% (2%)
Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- variable annuities	122,361		152,470		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (1%)		0-100% (1%)
						Lapse	0-25% (5%)		0-25% (5%)
						Withdrawal	0-7% (4%)		0-7% (3%)
						CVA	0-5% (1%)		0-5% (1%)
						Long-term volatility	0-27% (14%)		0-27% (8%)
Mortality swaps	782		1,683		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (1%)		0-100% (1%)

Table of Contents

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that significant inputs can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity for the asset or liability, a specific event, one or more significant input(s) becoming observable. Transfers out of Level 3 were primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities. In addition, certain transfers out of Level 3 were also due to ratings upgrades on mortgage-backed securities that had previously had below investment-grade ratings. The Company also transferred equity securities with a fair value of approximately $38.9 million into Level 3 as a result of the adoption of the new accounting guidance for the recognition and measurement of equity securities.

For further information on the Company’s valuation processes, see Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2017 Annual Report.

The reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows (dollars in thousands):



For the three months ended June 30, 2018:	Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
	Corporate			Canadian government			RMBS			ABS
Fair value, beginning of period	$	1,299,264		$	572,747		$	120,614		$	130,706
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	(305		)	3,468			(43		)	76
Investment related gains (losses), net	(3,141		)	—			312			1,282
Included in other comprehensive income	2,178			(3,517		)	(671		)	(1,544		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	155,498			—			24,412			—
Sales⁽¹⁾	(11,089		)	—			(4,961		)	—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(68,328		)	—			(1,572		)	(19,544		)
Transfers into Level 3	—			—			3,031			4,968
Transfers out of Level 3	(6,923		)	—			(86,283		)	(45,258		)
Fair value, end of period	$	1,367,154		$	572,698		$	54,839		$	70,686
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	(304	)	$	3,468		$	(13	)	$	68
Investment related gains (losses), net	(3,141		)	—			—			—



For the three months ended June 30, 2018 (continued):	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
	CMBS			U.S. government			State and political subdivisions			Other foreign government
Fair value, beginning of period	$	1,884		$	21,053		$	41,876		$	5,004
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	—			(107		)	(10		)	—
Included in other comprehensive income	(16		)	(173		)	(110		)	40
Purchases⁽¹⁾	—			118			—			—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(2		)	(156		)	(86		)	—
Transfers out of Level 3	1			—			(25,165		)	—
Fair value, end of period	$	1,867		$	20,735		$	16,505		$	5,044
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	—		$	(108	)	$	(11	)	$	—

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For the three months ended June 30, 2018 (continued):	Equity securities			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives		Short-term Investments			Other assets - longevity swaps			Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period	$	36,152		$	135,805	$	3,217		$	44,011		$	(964,794	)	$	(1,683	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	—			—		—			—			—			—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(4,922		)	8,805		—			—			15,324			—
Claims & other policy benefits	—			—		—			—			—			—
Interest credited	—			—		—			—			6,519			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	—			—		—			—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—		(21		)	(2,329		)	—			—
Other revenues	—			—		—			2,289			—			(799		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	12,248			—		335			—			(4,205		)	—
Sales⁽¹⁾	(541		)	—		—			—			—			—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	—			—		(314		)	—			18,359			1,700
Transfers into Level 3	—			—		—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—		—			—			—			—
Fair value, end of period	$	42,937		$	144,610	$	3,217		$	43,971		$	(928,797	)	$	(782	)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(5,000	)	$	8,805	$	—		$	—		$	13,474		$	—
Other revenues	—			—		—			2,289			—			(799		)
Interest credited	—			—		—			—			(11,839		)	—



For the six months ended June 30, 2018:	Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
	Corporate			Canadian government			RMBS			ABS
Fair value, beginning of period	$	1,337,272		$	593,942		$	107,882		$	123,474
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	(666		)	6,912			(135		)	182
Investment related gains (losses), net	(3,141		)	—			312			1,284
Included in other comprehensive income	(30,674		)	(28,156		)	(1,781		)	(691		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	255,668			—			45,328			11,000
Sales⁽¹⁾	(17,269		)	—			(4,961		)	—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(143,474		)	—			(4,535		)	(22,283		)
Transfers into Level 3	7,166			—			3,031			4,968
Transfers out of Level 3	(37,728		)	—			(90,302		)	(47,248		)
Fair value, end of period	$	1,367,154		$	572,698		$	54,839		$	70,686
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	(665	)	$	6,912		$	(105	)	$	174
Investment related gains (losses), net	(3,141		)	—			—			—

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Transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 are due to the lack of observable market data when pricing these securities, while transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 are due to an increase in the availability of market observable data in an active market. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016. The following tables present the transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):



For the six months ended June 30, 2018 (continued):	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
	CMBS			U.S. government			State and political subdivisions			Other foreign government
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,234		$	22,511		$	41,203		$	5,092
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	—			(217		)	(2		)	—
Included in other comprehensive income	(63		)	(513		)	590			(48		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	—			214			—			—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(3		)	(1,260		)	(121		)	—
Transfers out of Level 3	(1,301		)	—			(25,165		)	—
Fair value, end of period	$	1,867		$	20,735		$	16,505		$	5,044
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	—		$	(218	)	$	(3	)	$	—

2017

Transfers from
Level 1 to
Level 2

Transfers from
Level 2 to
Level 1
Three months ended June 30:
Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale:
Corporate securities $ —
$ 49,999

Six months ended June 30:
Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale:
Corporate securities $ —
$ 88,674

~~The tables below provide a summary of the changes in fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities for the~~ ~~three and six~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~June 30, 2017, as well as the portion of gains or losses included in income for the~~ ~~three and six months ended June 30, 2017~~ ~~attributable to unrealized gains or losses related to those assets and liabilities still held at~~ ~~June 30, 2017~~ ~~(dollars in thousands):~~

For the three months ended June 30, 2017: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale

Corporate
securities
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities

Asset-backed
securities
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,263,925
$ 483,560
$ 143,430
$ 208,436
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses (396 ) 3,201
(29 ) 511
Investment related gains (losses), net 8,427
—
115
—
Included in other comprehensive income (4,548 ) 46,509
1,962
1,136
Purchases⁽¹⁾
104,087
—
29,318
34,366
Sales⁽¹⁾
(23,174 ) —
(4,467 ) —
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(74,531 ) —
(4,655 ) (27,569 )
Transfers into Level 3 17,264
—
5,423
3,500
Transfers out of Level 3 —
—
(22,412 ) (18,791 )
Fair value, end of period $ 1,291,054
$ 533,270
$ 148,685
$ 201,589
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ (396 ) $ 3,201
$ (37 ) $ 239
Investment related gains (losses), net (1,495 ) —
—
—


For the three months ended June 30, 2017 (continued):	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
	Commercial mortgage- backed securities			U.S. government and agencies			State and political subdivisions			Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises
For the six months ended June 30, 2018 (continued):													Equity securities			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives		Short-term Investments			Other assets - longevity swaps			Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period	$	1,923		$	23,474		$	33,858		$	12,344		$	—		$	122,194	$	3,096		$	40,659		$	(1,014,228	)	$	(1,683	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	—			(115		)	(6		)	—
Investment related gains (losses), net													(7,599		)	22,416		—			—			30,109			—
Interest credited													—			—		—			—			31,870			—
Included in other comprehensive income	21			211			823			(12		)	—			—		(46		)	(1,245		)	—			—
Other revenues													—			—		—			4,557			—			(799		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	—			132			—			—			12,248			—		481			—			(12,713		)	—
Sales⁽¹⁾													(569		)	—		—			—			—			—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(1		)	(135		)	(241		)	(338		)	(48		)	—		(314		)	—			36,165			1,700
Transfers into Level 3													38,905			—		—			—			—			—
Fair value, end of period	$	1,943		$	23,567		$	34,434		$	11,994		$	42,937		$	144,610	$	3,217		$	43,971		$	(928,797	)	$	(782	)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	—		$	(115	)	$	(6	)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net													$	(7,705	)	$	22,416	$	—		$	—		$	26,375		$	—
Other revenues													—			—		—			4,557			—			(799		)
Interest credited													—			—		—			—			(4,295		)	—

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For the three months ended June 30, 2017 (continued):	Short-term Investments			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives		Other assets - longevity swaps		Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
For the three months ended June 30, 2017:														Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
														Corporate			Canadian government		RMBS			ABS
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,276		$	46,173	$	29,170	$	(972,930	)	$	(2,857	)	$	1,263,925		$	483,560	$	143,430		$	208,436
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses														(396		)	3,201		(29		)	511
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			15,108		—		360			—			8,427			—		115			—
Interest credited	—			—		—		(5,955		)	—
Included in other comprehensive income	(29		)	—		2,198		—			—			(4,548		)	46,509		1,962			1,136
Other revenues	—			—		1,981		—			(395		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	324			—		—		(19,533		)	—			104,087			—		29,318			34,366
Sales⁽¹⁾														(23,174		)	—		(4,467		)	—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(23		)	—		—		23,427			1,700			(74,531		)	—		(4,655		)	(27,569		)
Transfers into Level 3														17,264			—		5,423			3,500
Transfers out of Level 3														—			—		(22,412		)	(18,791		)
Fair value, end of period	$	3,548		$	61,281	$	33,349	$	(974,631	)	$	(1,552	)	$	1,291,054		$	533,270	$	148,685		$	201,589
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses														$	(396	)	$	3,201	$	(37	)	$	239
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			15,108		—		(1,794		)	—			(1,495		)	—		—			—
Other revenues	—			—		1,981		—			(395		)
Interest credited	—			—		—		(29,382		)	—


For the six months ended June 30, 2017:	Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
For the three months ended June 30, 2017 (continued):												Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
	Corporate securities			Canadian and Canadian provincial governments		Residential mortgage- backed securities			Asset-backed securities			CMBS			U.S. government			State and political subdivisions			Other foreign government
Fair value, beginning of period	$	1,272,253		$	475,965	$	160,291		$	219,280		$	1,923		$	23,474		$	33,858		$	12,344
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	(819		)	6,271		(274		)	1,529			—			(115		)	(6		)	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	7,196			—		480			—
Interest credited
Included in other comprehensive income	400			51,034		2,612			6,903			21			211			823			(12		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	150,001			—		45,817			45,215			—			132			—			—
Sales⁽¹⁾	(23,174		)	—		(15,071		)	—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(146,001		)	—		(11,439		)	(45,723		)	(1		)	(135		)	(241		)	(338		)
Transfers into Level 3	31,198			—		5,500			38,758
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—		(39,231		)	(64,373		)
Fair value, end of period	$	1,291,054		$	533,270	$	148,685		$	201,589		$	1,943		$	23,567		$	34,434		$	11,994
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	(819	)	$	6,271	$	(128	)	$	400		$	—		$	(115	)	$	(6	)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(2,788		)	—		(346		)	—



For the three months ended June 30, 2017 (continued):	Short-term Investments			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives		Other assets - longevity swaps		Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,276		$	46,173	$	29,170	$	(972,930	)	$	(2,857	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			15,108		—		360			—
Interest credited	—			—		—		(5,955		)	—
Included in other comprehensive income	(29		)	—		2,198		—			—
Other revenues	—			—		1,981		—			(395		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	324			—		—		(19,533		)	—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(23		)	—		—		23,427			1,700
Fair value, end of period	$	3,548		$	61,281	$	33,349	$	(974,631	)	$	(1,552	)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment related gains (losses), net	$	—		$	15,108	$	—	$	(1,794	)	$	—
Other revenues	—			—		1,981		—			(395		)
Interest credited	—			—		—		(29,382		)	—

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For the six months ended June 30, 2017 (continued):	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
For the six months ended June 30, 2017:													Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
	Commercial mortgage- backed securities			U.S. government and agencies			State and political subdivisions			Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises			Corporate			Canadian government		RMBS			ABS
Fair value, beginning of period	$	21,145		$	24,488		$	41,666		$	12,869		$	1,272,253		$	475,965	$	160,291		$	219,280
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	709			(232		)	(94		)	—			(819		)	6,271		(274		)	1,529
Investment related gains (losses), net	(595		)	—			—			—			7,196			—		480			—
Included in other comprehensive income	(62		)	263			(20		)	(203		)	400			51,034		2,612			6,903
Other revenues	—			—			—			—
Purchases⁽¹⁾	—			236			—			—			150,001			—		45,817			45,215
Sales⁽¹⁾	(3,720		)	—			—			—			(23,174		)	—		(15,071		)	—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(5,402		)	(1,188		)	(274		)	(672		)	(146,001		)	—		(11,439		)	(45,723		)
Transfers into Level 3													31,198			—		5,500			38,758
Transfers out of Level 3	(10,132		)	—			(6,844		)	—			—			—		(39,231		)	(64,373		)
Fair value, end of period	$	1,943		$	23,567		$	34,434		$	11,994		$	1,291,054		$	533,270	$	148,685		$	201,589
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	—		$	(232	)	$	(94	)	$	—		$	(819	)	$	6,271	$	(128	)	$	400
Investment related gains (losses), net													(2,788		)	—		(346		)	—



For the six months ended June 30, 2017 (continued):	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
	CMBS			U.S. government			State and political subdivisions			Other foreign government
Fair value, beginning of period	$	21,145		$	24,488		$	41,666		$	12,869
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	709			(232		)	(94		)	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(595		)	—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income	(62		)	263			(20		)	(203		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	—			236			—			—
Sales⁽¹⁾	(3,720		)	—			—			—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(5,402		)	(1,188		)	(274		)	(672		)
Transfers out of Level 3	(10,132		)	—			(6,844		)	—
Fair value, end of period	$	1,943		$	23,567		$	34,434		$	11,994
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	—		$	(232	)	$	(94	)	$	—

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For the six months ended June 30, 2017 (continued):	Short-term Investments			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives			Other assets - longevity swaps		Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps			Short-term Investments			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives			Other assets - longevity swaps		Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,346		$	(22,529	)	$	26,958	$	(990,308	)	$	(2,462	)	$	3,346		$	(22,529	)	$	26,958	$	(990,308	)	$	(2,462	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			83,810			—		22,723			—			—			83,810			—		22,723			—
Interest credited	—			—			—		(22,357		)	—			—			—			—		(22,357		)	—
Included in other comprehensive income	4			—			2,545		—			—			4			—			2,545		—			—
Other revenues	—			—			3,846		—			(790		)	—			—			3,846		—			(790		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	356			—			—		(25,927		)	—			356			—			—		(25,927		)	—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(158		)	—			—		41,238			1,700			(158		)	—			—		41,238			1,700
Fair value, end of period	$	3,548		$	61,281		$	33,349	$	(974,631	)	$	(1,552	)	$	3,548		$	61,281		$	33,349	$	(974,631	)	$	(1,552	)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			83,810			—		18,505			—			$	—		$	83,810		$	—	$	18,505		$	—
Other revenues	—			—			3,846		—			(790		)	—			—			3,846		—			(790		)
Interest credited	—			—			—		(63,596		)	—			—			—			—		(63,596		)	—


(1)	The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~The tables below provide a summary of the changes in fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities for the~~ ~~three and six~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~June 30, 2016, as well as the portion of gains or losses included in income for the~~ ~~three and six~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~June 30, 2016~~ ~~attributable to unrealized gains or losses related to those assets and liabilities still held at~~ ~~June 30, 2016~~ ~~(dollars in thousands):~~

For the three months ended June 30, 2016: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale

Corporate
securities
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities

Asset-backed
securities

Commercial
mortgage-
backed
securities

U.S. government
and agencies
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,243,660
$ 487,383
$ 333,253
$ 285,220
$ 63,574
$ 25,880
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses (592 ) 3,049
116
252
490
(122 )
Investment related gains (losses), net 12
—
(1,891 ) 823
(2,669 ) —
Included in other comprehensive income 30,391
63,760
3,839
2,793
453
461
Other revenues —
—
—
—
—
—
Purchases⁽¹⁾
72,982
—
42,913
59,779
—
144
Sales⁽¹⁾
(901 ) —
(167,236 ) (30,181 ) (22,338 ) —
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(47,461 ) —
(13,464 ) (4,196 ) (68 ) (108 )
Transfers into Level 3 5,023
—
—
18,398
—
—
Transfers out of Level 3 (5,732 ) —
(31,551 ) (34,072 ) (1,507 ) —
Fair value, end of period $ 1,297,382
$ 554,192
$ 165,979
$ 298,816
$ 37,935
$ 26,255
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ (608 ) $ 3,049
$ 530
$ 187
$ 485
$ (122 )

For the three months ended June 30, 2016 (continued):
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale

State
and political
subdivisions Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $ 34,624
$ 13,936
$ (168,948 ) $ 15,806
$ (1,118,069 ) $ (3,043 )
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses 12
—
—
—
—
—
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
76,967
—
(28,137 ) —
Interest credited —
—
—
—
(2,019 ) —
Included in other comprehensive income 837
95
—
(419 ) —
—
Other revenues —
—
—
2,394
—
1,046
Purchases⁽¹⁾
—
—
—
—
4,703
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(227 ) (325 ) —
—
18,142
—
Fair value, end of period $ 35,246
$ 13,706
$ (91,981 ) $ 17,781
$ (1,125,380 ) $ (1,997 )
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ 12
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
76,967
—
(31,333 ) —
Other revenues —
—
—
2,394
—
1,046
Interest credited —
—
—
—
(20,162 ) —

~~Table of Contents~~

For the six months ended June 30, 2016: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale

Corporate
securities
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities

Asset-backed
securities

Commercial
mortgage-
backed
securities
��
U.S. government
and agencies
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,226,970
$ 416,076
$ 330,649
$ 303,836
$ 68,563
$ 26,265
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses (1,419 ) 6,051
(371 ) 426
1,133
(245 )
Investment related gains (losses), net (21,856 ) —
(1,922 ) 1,101
(3,289 ) —
Interest credited —
—
—
—
—
—
Included in other comprehensive income 56,073
132,065
(493 ) (7,734 ) (2,359 ) 1,057
Purchases⁽¹⁾
140,578
—
72,228
97,050
1,545
257
Sales⁽¹⁾
(10,483 ) —
(167,684 ) (38,681 ) (25,976 ) —
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(96,955 ) —
(24,904 ) (7,921 ) (137 ) (1,079 )
Transfers into Level 3 10,206
—
—
24,796
—
—
Transfers out of Level 3 (5,732 ) —
(41,524 ) (74,057 ) (1,545 ) —
Fair value, end of period $ 1,297,382
$ 554,192
$ 165,979
$ 298,816
$ 37,935
$ 26,255
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ (1,428 ) $ 6,051
$ 42
$ 350
$ 1,031
$ (245 )
Investment related gains (losses), net (21,726 ) —
—
—
—
—

For the six months ended June 30, 2016 (continued):
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale

State
and political
subdivisions Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $ 38,342
$ 14,065
$ (76,698 ) $ 14,996
$ (1,070,584 ) $ (2,619 )
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses 195
—
—
—
—
—
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
(15,283 ) —
(91,077 ) —
Interest credited —
—
—
—
(626 ) —
Included in other comprehensive income 1,171
288
—
304
—
—
Other revenues —
—
—
2,481
—
622
Purchases⁽¹⁾
—
—
—
—
2,035
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(258 ) (647 ) —
—
34,872
—
Transfers out of Level 3 (4,204 ) —
—
—
—
—
Fair value, end of period $ 35,246
$ 13,706
$ (91,981 ) $ 17,781
$ (1,125,380 ) $ (1,997 )
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ 195
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
(15,283 ) —
(96,811 ) —
Other revenues —
—
—
2,481
—
622
Interest credited —
—
—
—
(35,497 ) —


~~(1)~~	The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

~~Table of Contents~~

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company did not have any adjustments to its assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis that are still held at the reporting date. The following table presents information for assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the 2017 periods presented and still held at the reporting date (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The estimated fair values for these assets were determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

Carrying Value After Measurement Net Investment Gains (Losses)
At June 30, Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016
Mortgage loans⁽¹⁾
$ —
$ 6,993
$ —
$ (400 ) $ —
$ (702 )
Limited partnership interests⁽²⁾
3,690
4,460
(6,308 ) (112 ) (6,308 ) (2,039 )



	Carrying Value After Measurement		Net Investment Gains (Losses)
(dollars in thousands)	At June 30, 2017		Three months ended June 30, 2017			Six months ended June 30, 2017
Limited partnership interests⁽¹⁾	$	3,690	$	(6,308	)	$	(6,308	)


(1)	Estimated fair values for impaired mortgage loans are based on internal valuation models using unobservable inputs or, if the loans are in foreclosure or are otherwise determined to be collateral dependent, are based on external appraisals of the underlying collateral.


~~(2)~~	The impaired limited partnership interests presented above were accounted for using the cost method. Impairments on these cost method investments were recognized at estimated fair value determined using the net asset values of the Company’s ownership interest as provided in the financial statements of the investees. The market for these investments has limited activity and price transparency.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company is required by general accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures to disclose the fair value of certain financial instruments including those that are not carried at fair value. The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, atas of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands). For additional information regarding the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company to estimate these fair values, see Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2017 Annual Report. This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

Table of Contents


June 30, 2017:	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
					Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
June 30, 2018:													Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
																	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
Assets:
Mortgage loans on real estate	$	4,104,487	$	4,215,094	$	—	$	—	$	4,215,094	$	—	$	4,558,669	$	4,461,317	$	—	$	—	$	4,461,317	$	—
Policy loans	1,406,774		1,406,774		—		1,406,774		—		—		1,339,252		1,339,252		—		1,339,252		—		—
Funds withheld at interest⁽¹⁾	5,904,679		6,258,874		—		—		6,258,874		—		5,836,373		6,057,217		—		—		6,057,217		—
Cash and cash equivalents⁽²⁾	822,834		822,834		822,834		—		—		—		973,078		973,078		973,078		—		—		—
Short-term investments⁽²⁾	32,284		32,284		32,284		—		—		—		40,507		40,507		40,507		—		—		—
Other invested assets⁽²⁾	567,448		603,783		27,815		66,501		198,931		310,536		757,264		775,322		5,565		71,797		323,142		374,818
Accrued investment income	388,008		388,008		—		388,008		—		—		400,160		400,160		—		400,160		—		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities⁽¹⁾	$	12,718,836	$	12,711,801	$	—	$	—	$	12,711,801	$	—	$	13,072,239	$	12,972,203	$	—	$	—	$	12,972,203	$	—
Long-term debt	2,788,494		3,029,601		—		—		3,029,601		—		2,788,111		2,868,837		—		—		2,868,837		—
Collateral finance and securitization notes	823,108		730,809		—		—		730,809		—		724,998		666,356		—		—		666,356		—

December 31, 2016:	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
					Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
December 31, 2017:													Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
																	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
Assets:
Mortgage loans on real estate	$	3,775,522	$	3,786,987	$	—	$	—	$	3,786,987	$	—	$	4,400,533	$	4,477,654	$	—	$	—	$	4,477,654	$	—
Policy loans	1,427,602		1,427,602		—		1,427,602		—		—		1,357,624		1,357,624		—		1,357,624		—		—
Funds withheld at interest⁽¹⁾	5,893,381		6,193,166		—		—		6,193,166		—		5,955,092		6,275,623		—		—		6,275,623		—
Cash and cash equivalents⁽²⁾	862,117		862,117		862,117		—		—		—		946,736		946,736		946,736		—		—		—
Short-term investments⁽²⁾	32,469		32,469		32,469		—		—		—		42,558		42,558		42,558		—		—		—
Other invested assets⁽²⁾	477,132		510,640		26,294		55,669		131,904		296,773		651,792		679,377		28,540		67,778		247,934		335,125
Accrued investment income	347,173		347,173		—		347,173		—		—		392,721		392,721		—		392,721		—		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities⁽¹⁾	$	10,225,099	$	10,234,544	$	—	$	—	$	10,234,544	$	—	$	12,683,872	$	12,917,243	$	—	$	—	$	12,917,243	$	—
Long-term debt	3,088,635		3,186,173		—		—		3,186,173		—		2,788,365		2,959,912		—		—		2,959,912		—
Collateral finance and securitization notes	840,700		745,805		—		—		745,805		—		783,938		722,145		—		—		722,145		—


(1)	Carrying values presented herein may differ from those ~~presented~~ in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement ~~caption are embedded derivatives and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.~~


~~(2)~~	~~Carrying values presented herein differ from those presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement caption are~~captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Mortgage Loans on Real Estate~~ – The fair value of mortgage loans on real estate is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using current interest rates for mortgage loans with similar credit ratings and similar remaining maturities. As such, inputs include current treasury yields and spreads, which are based on the credit rating and average life of the loan, corresponding to the market spreads. The valuation of mortgage loans on real estate is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~Policy Loans~~ – Policy loans typically carry an interest rate that is adjusted annually based on an observable market index and therefore carrying value approximates fair value. The valuation of policy loans is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~Funds Withheld at Interest~~ – The carrying value of funds withheld at interest approximates fair value except where the funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement. When funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement, the fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying assets which are held by the ceding company. Ceding companies use a variety of sources and pricing methodologies, which are not transparent to the Company and may include significant unobservable inputs, to value the securities that are held in distinct portfolios, therefore the valuation of these funds withheld assets are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments~~ – The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximates fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments and are considered Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~Other Invested Assets~~ – This primarily includes limited partnership interests accounted for using the cost method, structured loans, FHLB common stock, cash collateral and equity release mortgages. The fair value of limited partnership interests and other investments accounted for using the cost method is determined using the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Company’s ownership interest as provided in the financial statements of the investees. The fair value of structured loans is estimated based on a discounted cash flow analysis using discount rates applicable to each structured loan, this is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s common stock investment in the FHLB is considered to be the carrying value and it is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s cash collateral is considered to be the carrying value and considered to be Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s equity release mortgage loan portfolio, considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using a risk free rate plus an illiquidity premium. The cash flow analysis considers future expenses, changes in property prices, and actuarial analysis of borrower behavior, mortality and morbidity.

~~Accrued Investment Income~~ ~~– The carrying value for accrued investment income approximates fair value as there are no adjustments made to the carrying value. This is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.~~

~~Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities~~ – The carrying and fair values of interest-sensitive contract liabilities reflected in the table above exclude contracts with significant mortality risk. The fair value of the Company’s interest-sensitive contract liabilities utilizes a market standard technique with both capital market inputs and policyholder behavior assumptions, as well as cash values adjusted for recapture fees. The capital market inputs to the model, such as interest rates, are generally observable. Policyholder behavior assumptions are generally not observable and may require use of significant management judgment. The valuation of interest-sensitive contract liabilities is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~Long-term Debt/Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes~~ – The fair value of the Company’s long-term, debt and collateral finance and securitization notes is generally estimated by discounting future cash flows using market rates currently available for debt with similar remaining maturities and reflecting the credit risk of the Company, including inputs when available, from actively traded debt of the Company or other companies with similar credit quality. The valuation of long-term debt, and collateral finance and securitization notes are generally obtained from brokers and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

~~Table of Contents~~


7.	Segment Information

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements accompanying the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report. The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is attributed to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes and total assets of the Company for each reportable segment are summarized below (dollars in thousands).

Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
Revenues: 2017 2016 2017 2016
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional $ 1,522,698
$ 1,494,003
$ 3,011,201
$ 2,894,820
Financial Solutions 271,976
305,077
570,822
343,982
Total 1,794,674
1,799,080
3,582,023
3,238,802
Canada:
Traditional 269,273
288,912
533,548
546,912
Financial Solutions 12,003
11,854
23,810
22,538
Total 281,276
300,766
557,358
569,450
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional 345,920
301,642
664,006
591,276
Financial Solutions 73,405
80,977
153,394
148,733
Total 419,325
382,619
817,400
740,009
Asia Pacific:
Traditional 561,529
477,571
1,066,759
871,770
Financial Solutions 17,984
17,045
38,436
37,116
Total 579,513
494,616
1,105,195
908,886
Corporate and Other 54,488
61,987
76,040
94,489
Total $ 3,129,276
$ 3,039,068
$ 6,138,016
$ 5,551,636

Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30,
Income (loss) before income taxes: 2017 2016 2017 2016
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional $ 90,594
$ 111,430
$ 120,554
$ 162,528
Financial Solutions 106,985
108,854
210,571
93,958
Total 197,579
220,284
331,125
256,486
Canada:
Traditional 32,836
43,309
52,164
63,404
Financial Solutions 4,425
2,128
8,017
2,720
Total 37,261
45,437
60,181
66,124
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional 11,354
6,834
25,330
5,718
Financial Solutions 28,905
27,469
60,823
52,893
Total 40,259
34,303
86,153
58,611
Asia Pacific:
Traditional 53,322
34,482
95,010
75,642
Financial Solutions 5,377
(73 ) 11,249
8,480
Total 58,699
34,409
106,259
84,122
Corporate and Other 5,517
18,790
(36,559 ) (4,540 )
Total $ 339,315
$ 353,223
$ 547,159
$ 460,803

4239

Table of Contents


Assets:	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
					Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
Revenues:					2018		2017		2018		2017
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	18,588,924	$	18,140,825	$	1,564,147	$	1,522,698	$	3,053,841	$	3,011,201
Financial Solutions	16,370,238		13,712,106		229,948		271,976		443,300		570,822
Total	34,959,162		31,852,931		1,794,095		1,794,674		3,497,141		3,582,023
Canada:
Traditional	3,965,235		3,846,682		312,199		269,273		614,518		533,548
Financial Solutions	104,804		85,405		12,089		12,003		24,866		23,810
Total	4,070,039		3,932,087		324,288		281,276		639,384		557,358
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	2,852,309		2,559,124		372,538		345,920		766,320		664,006
Financial Solutions	4,016,788		3,876,131		100,675		73,405		188,818		153,394
Total	6,869,097		6,435,255		473,213		419,325		955,138		817,400
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	4,449,350		3,968,081		570,520		561,529		1,185,059		1,066,759
Financial Solutions	1,179,010		676,281		17,992		17,984		37,838		38,436
Total	5,628,360		4,644,362		588,512		579,513		1,222,897		1,105,195
Corporate and Other	6,611,414		6,233,244		15,800		54,488		55,055		76,040
Total	$	58,138,072	$	53,097,879	$	3,195,908	$	3,129,276	$	6,369,615	$	6,138,016



	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
Income (loss) before income taxes:	2018			2017		2018			2017
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	71,978		$	90,594	$	74,870		$	120,554
Financial Solutions	82,388			106,985		149,809			210,571
Total	154,366			197,579		224,679			331,125
Canada:
Traditional	21,805			32,836		45,512			52,164
Financial Solutions	3,544			4,425		6,735			8,017
Total	25,349			37,261		52,247			60,181
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	6,468			11,354		21,889			25,330
Financial Solutions	65,369			28,905		104,533			60,823
Total	71,837			40,259		126,422			86,153
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	58,862			53,322		81,749			95,010
Financial Solutions	4,138			5,377		8,159			11,249
Total	63,000			58,699		89,908			106,259
Corporate and Other	(67,264		)	5,517		(108,043		)	(36,559		)
Total	$	247,288		$	339,315	$	385,213		$	547,159



Assets:	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	19,038,145	$	18,603,423
Financial Solutions	16,043,393		15,959,206
Total	35,081,538		34,562,629
Canada:
Traditional	4,203,344		4,161,452
Financial Solutions	141,581		126,372
Total	4,344,925		4,287,824
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	3,335,264		3,099,495
Financial Solutions	4,829,194		5,274,993
Total	8,164,458		8,374,488
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	5,159,546		4,915,442
Financial Solutions	1,156,371		1,198,585
Total	6,315,917		6,114,027
Corporate and Other	5,859,659		7,175,850
Total	$	59,766,497	$	60,514,818

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8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments

Funding of Investments

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 are presented in the following table (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures	$	328,739	$	332,169
Limited partnership interests and joint ventures					$	490,601	$	485,197
Commercial mortgage loans	84,685		126,248		113,992		40,815
Bank loans and private placements	51,627		58,318		98,652		60,472
Equity release mortgages	173,203		130,324		157,069		153,937

The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Investments in limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures are carried at cost or reported using the equity method and included in other invested assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Bank loans and private placements are ~~carried at fair value and~~ included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale. ~~Equity release mortgages are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any amortized premium or discount and valuation allowance and included in other invested assets.~~

Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to litigation in the normal course of its business. The Company currently has no material litigation. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand or litigation or is notified that an arbitration demand or litigation is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Other Contingencies

The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

Guarantees

Statutory Reserve Support

RGA, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, has committed to provide statutory reserve support to third parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). The third parties have recourse to RGA should the subsidiary fail to provide the required funding,

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however, as of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 (dollars in millions):


Commitment Period:	Maximum Potential Obligation		Maximum Potential Obligation
2023	$	500.0	$	500.0
2033	450.0		450.0
2034	2,000.0		2,000.0
2035	1,314.2		1,314.2
2036	2,932.0		1,932.0
2037	5,657.4		6,750.0
2038			800.0

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Other Guarantees

RGA has issued guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries for the payment of amounts due under certain securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements, financing arrangements and office lease obligations, whereby, if a subsidiary fails to meet an obligation, RGA or one of its other subsidiaries will make a payment to fulfill the obligation. Additionally, in limited circumstances, treaty guarantees are granted to ceding companies in order to provide them additional security, particularly in cases where RGA’s subsidiary is relatively new, unrated, or not of a significant size, relative to the ceding company. Liabilities supported by the treaty guarantees, before consideration for any legally offsetting amounts due from the guaranteed party are reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets in future policy benefits. Potential guaranteed amounts of future payments will vary depending on production levels and underwriting results. Guarantees related to securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements provide additional security to third parties should a subsidiary fail to provide securities when due. RGA’s guarantees issued as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 are reflected in the following table (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Treaty guarantees	$	964,978	$	902,216	$	913,902	$	1,047,449
Treaty guarantees, net of assets in trust	833,654		780,786		802,073		926,393
Securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements	207,140		263,820		289,210		294,325
Financing arrangements	106,681		119,073		74,864		86,183
Lease obligations	2,162		2,428		1,137		1,662


9.	Income Tax

~~Provision for income~~The Company's effective tax ~~expense~~rates differed from the ~~amounts computed by applying the~~applicable U.S. federal income tax statutory ~~rate~~rates of ~~35.0% to pre-tax income~~21% and 35% as a result of the following for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, ~~and 2016~~respectively (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018			2017			2018			2017
Tax provision at U.S. statutory rate	$	118,760		$	123,628		$	191,506		$	161,281		$	51,931		$	118,760		$	80,895		$	191,506
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:
U.S. Tax Reform provisional adjustments													(4,314		)	—			(3,539		)	—
Foreign tax rate differing from U.S. tax rate	(4,261		)	(8,398		)	(10,413		)	(12,282		)	(330		)	(4,261		)	1,103			(10,413		)
Differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions	(13,375		)	(5,553		)	(16,759		)	(14,489		)	(1,132		)	(13,375		)	(6,892		)	(16,759		)
Deferred tax valuation allowance	13,031			4,288			14,213			9,287			3,079			13,031			10,501			14,213
Amounts related to tax audit contingencies	(1,783		)	3,288			(1,172		)	3,889			(2,036		)	(1,783		)	(1,201		)	(1,172		)
Corporate rate changes	44			—			(1,193		)	—			145			44			417			(1,193		)
Subpart F	1,140			738			1,326			1,433			(348		)	1,140			310			1,326
Foreign tax credits	(1,938		)	(427		)	(2,064		)	(721		)	113			(1,938		)	(459		)	(2,064		)
Global intangible low-taxed income, net of credit													(119		)	—			4,291			—
Equity compensation excess benefit	(2,609		)	—			(4,464		)	—			(3,135		)	(2,609		)	(4,250		)	(4,464		)
Return to provision adjustments	(633		)	(442		)	(403		)	(316		)	(503		)	(633		)	(139		)	(403		)
Other, net	(1,251		)	(2		)	(1,120		)	146			(437		)	(1,251		)	(428		)	(1,120		)
Total provision for income taxes	$	107,125		$	117,120		$	169,457		$	148,228		$	42,914		$	107,125		$	80,609		$	169,457
Effective tax rate	31.6		%	33.2		%	31.0		%	32.2		%	17.4		%	31.6		%	20.9		%	31.0		%

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“U.S. Tax Reform”) was signed into law. U.S. Tax Reform makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; (2) requiring companies to pay a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries; (3) generally eliminating U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries; (4) eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized; (5) creating the base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”), a new minimum tax; (6) establishing a new provision designed to tax global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”), which allows for the possibility of using foreign tax credits and a deduction of up to 50 percent to offset the income tax liability (subject to some limitations); and (7) changing rules related to uses and limitations of net operating loss carryforwards created in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

Companies subject to GILTI have the option to account for the GILTI tax as a period cost if and when incurred, or to recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences including outside basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI. The Company has not yet made a policy election to account for GILTI, but included an estimate of the current GILTI impact in the tax provision.

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As of June 30, 2018, the Company has not yet completed its accounting for the tax effects of the enactment of U.S. Tax Reform. The Company continues to gather additional information to account for the effects of U.S. Tax Reform such as information to more precisely compute the pretax deferred tax items upon which the change in rate was applied and refine the necessary valuation allowance. The Company also continues to monitor the issuance of new guidance in the form of Treasury Regulations which could impact the provisional balances recorded as of December 31, 2017.

The Company continues to evaluate the effects of the BEAT and is currently restructuring existing business flows to reduce the risk that the Company will be subject to the BEAT for 2018. The Company has estimated that the annual deductible payments to foreign affiliates as a percentage of annual estimated total deductions to be below the threshold for application of the BEAT; therefore, the Company has not established an additional BEAT liability as of June 30, 2018.

The effective tax rates for the second quarter and first six months of 2018 were lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of U.S. Tax Reform related adjustments, the effective settlement of an uncertain tax position, benefits from differences in bases in foreign jurisdictions and excess tax benefits related to equity compensation. These benefits were partially offset by valuation allowances established on losses in foreign jurisdictions. The effective tax rates for the second quarter and first six months of 2017 were lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of ~~35.0%~~35% primarily as a result of tax benefits from income ~~generated~~ in non-U.S. jurisdictions, ~~predominately~~mostly related to ~~income earned in~~ RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada and the United Kingdom Branch of RGA International Reinsurance Company dac, with statutory rates of ~~approximately~~ 26.6% and 19.3%, respectively. Further, tax benefits derived from differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions and benefits related to the filing of an amended tax return also lowered the effective tax rate. These ~~items~~benefits were partially offset with a valuation allowance established related to the amended return filing. The effective tax rates for the second quarter and first six months of 2016 were lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35.0% primarily as a result of tax benefits from income in non-U.S. jurisdictions, mostly related to RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada, with lower tax rates than the U.S. and differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions. These benefits were partially offset by an accrual related to an uncertain tax position.

10. Employee Benefit Plans

The components of net periodic benefit costs, included in other operating expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of income, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 were as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits					Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	Three months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,					Three months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016		2018			2017			2018			2017
Service cost	$	2,819		$	2,652		$	721		$	1,015	$	3,570		$	2,819		$	636		$	721
Interest cost	1,431			1,076			565			643		1,357			1,431			529			565
Expected return on plan assets	(1,823		)	(1,345		)	—			—		(2,213		)	(1,823		)	—			—
Amortization of prior service cost	95			75			(155		)	—
Amortization of prior actuarial loss	1,082			1,224			457			617
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)												82			95			(329		)	(155		)
Amortization of prior actuarial losses												769			1,082			498			457
Settlements	256			—			—			—		—			256			—			—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	3,860		$	3,682		$	1,588		$	2,275	$	3,565		$	3,860		$	1,334		$	1,588


	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits					Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	Six months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016		2018			2017			2018			2017
Service cost	$	5,399		$	4,958		$	1,442		$	2,031	$	6,224		$	5,399		$	1,272		$	1,442
Interest cost	2,629			2,335			1,130			1,286		2,687			2,629			1,059			1,130
Expected return on plan assets	(3,108		)	(2,569		)	—			—		(3,767		)	(3,108		)	—			—
Amortization of prior service cost	169			153			(311		)	—
Amortization of prior actuarial loss	2,163			2,081			914			1,233
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)												165			169			(658		)	(311		)
Amortization of prior actuarial losses												1,863			2,163			996			914
Settlements	513			—			—			—		—			513			—			—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	7,765		$	6,958		$	3,175		$	4,550	$	7,172		$	7,765		$	2,669		$	3,175

The Company ~~has~~ made $5.0 million in pension contributions during the first six months of ~~2017~~2018 and expects to make total pension contributions between ~~$5.0~~$8.0 million and $10.0 million in ~~2017.~~2018.


11.	Reinsurance

Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. At June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, no allowances were deemed necessary. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance.

Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A- (excellent)” or ~~better.~~better, except for one pool member that was rated “B++”. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or

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trust assets has been posted. In addition, the Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. In addition to its third party retrocessionaires, various RGA reinsurance subsidiaries retrocede amounts in excess of their retention to affiliated subsidiaries.

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The following table presents information for the Company’s reinsurance ceded receivable assets, including the respective amount and A.M. Best rating for each reinsurer representing in excess of five percent of the total as of June 30, ~~2017 and~~2018 or December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):


		June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016					June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
Reinsurer	A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total		A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Reinsurer A	A+	$	291,029	36.4	%	$	240,894	35.2	%	A+	$	312,405	39.6		$	301,478	38.6	%
Reinsurer B	A+	195,222		24.4		183,881		26.9		A+	198,782		25.2		203,898		26.1
Reinsurer C	A+	67,691		8.5		68,832		10.1		A	67,699		8.6		67,723		8.7
Reinsurer D	A++	47,520		6.0		36,202		5.3		A+	41,807		5.3		40,528		5.2
Reinsurer E	A	42,808		5.4		35,484		5.2		A++	38,935		4.9		40,592		5.2
Other reinsurers		154,095		19.3		118,679		17.3			129,801		16.4		127,808		16.2
Total		$	798,365	100.0	%	$	683,972	100.0	%		$	789,429	100.0	%	$	782,027	100.0	%

Included in the total reinsurance ceded receivables balance were ~~$257.6~~$271.2 million and ~~$242.0~~$243.8 million of claims recoverable, of which ~~$3.8~~$3.1 million and ~~$4.0~~$1.9 million were in excess of 90 days past due, as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.


12.	New Accounting Standards

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

~~Adoption of New Accounting Standards~~



Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters
Standards adopted:
Reporting Comprehensive Income This updated guidance requires reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted U.S. federal corporate income tax rate. The amount of the reclassification would be the difference between the historical U.S. federal corporate income tax rate and the newly enacted 21 percent tax rate.	December 31, 2017	The Company adopted the new guidance by reclassifying certain income tax effects of items within accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The impact of adopting this standard was an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income and a reduction in retained earnings of approximately $156.4 million.
Stock Compensation ~~In March 2016, the FASB updated the general accounting principal for Stock Compensation which changed how companies account for certain aspects of share-based payment awards to employees. The~~This updated guidance requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies from share-based payment awards be recorded in income tax expense in the income statement. Previously, excess tax benefits and deficiencies were recognized in shareholders’ equity or deferred taxes on the balance sheet depending on the tax situation of the Company. In addition, the updated guidance also changes the accounting for forfeitures and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as the classification in the statement of cash flows. The new standard generally requires a modified retrospective transition through a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the period of adoption, with certain provisions requiring either a prospective or retrospective transition. The Company adopted the new guidance on	January 1, ~~2017.~~ 2017	Upon adoption, the Company recognized excess tax benefits of approximately $17.7 million in deferred tax assets that were previously not recognized in a cumulative-effect adjustment increasing retained earnings by $17.7 million. The Company also recorded excess tax benefits of approximately ~~$2.6 million and $4.5~~$10.5 million in the provision for income taxes for the ~~three and six months~~year ended ~~June 30, 2017, respectively.~~December 31, 2017. The number of weighted average diluted shares outstanding were also adjusted to exclude excess tax benefits from the assumed proceeds in the diluted shares calculation resulting in an immaterial increase in the number of dilutive shares outstanding. The Company also elected to continue estimating forfeitures for purposes of recognizing share-based compensation. Other aspects of the adoption of the updated guidance did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ~~Future Adoption of New Accounting Standards~~
Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement ~~In January 2016,~~This guidance requires equity investments that are not accounted for under the ~~FASB amended the general~~equity method of accounting ~~principle for Financial Instruments, effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The amendment revises the accounting related~~ to ~~(1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities, (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities~~be measured at fair value ~~(3)~~with changes recognized in net income and also updates certain presentation and disclosure ~~requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The new~~requirements.	January 1, 2018	This guidance ~~should be applied by means of~~required a cumulative-effect adjustment for certain items upon adoption. The adoption of the new guidance was not material to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values (including disclosure requirements) should be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its condensedCompany's consolidated financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB amended the existing impairment guidance of Financial Instruments. The amendment adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For traditional and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments entities will be required 46

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to use the new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses similar to what they do today, except the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reduction to the amortized cost of the securities. This guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The guidance will be adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its consolidated financial statements.



Standards not yet adopted:
Leases ~~In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance which will replace most existing lease accounting guidance. The~~This new standard, based on the principle that entities should recognize assets and liabilities arising from leases, does not significantly change the lessees’ recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows from the previous accounting standard. Leases are classified as finance or operating. The new standard’s primary change is the requirement for entities to recognize a lease liability for payments and a right of use asset representing the right to use the leased asset during the term of operating lease arrangements. Lessees are permitted to make an accounting policy election to not recognize the asset and liability for leases with a term of twelve months or less. Lessors’ accounting is largely unchanged from the previous accounting standard. In addition, the new standard expands the disclosure requirements of lease arrangements. ~~Lessees and lessors~~Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2019	This new standard will ~~use~~be adopted by applying a modified retrospective transition approach, which includes a number of practical expedients. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its consolidated financial statements; however, it does not expect the adoption of the new standard to have a material impact on its results of operations or balance sheet as a result of the recognition of right-to-use assets and lease liabilities related to operating leases. Contractual obligations related to operating leases totaled approximately $38.2 million as of December 31, 2017.
Derivatives and Hedging This updated guidance improves the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements and make certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting in current GAAP related to the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2019	This new guidance will be adopted by applying a modified retrospective approach to existing hedging relationships as of the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this updated guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses This guidance adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For traditional and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments entities will be required to use the new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses similar to what they do today, except the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reduction to the amortized cost of the securities. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2020	This guidance will be adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective ~~for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted.~~(that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its consolidated financial statements. ~~Income Taxes~~ In October 2016, the FASB amended the general accounting principal for Income Taxes, effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The amendment requires entities to recognize the tax consequences of intercompany asset transfers, except for inventory, at the transaction date. Current U.S. GAAP prohibits entities from recognizing the income tax consequences from intercompany asset transfers. The seller defers any net tax effect, and the buyer is prohibited from recognizing a deferred tax asset on the difference between the newly created tax basis of the asset in its tax jurisdiction and its financial statement carrying amount as reported in the consolidated financial statements. The amendment requires entities to recognize these tax consequences in the period in which the transfer occurred. There will be an immediate effect on earnings if the tax rates in the seller’s and buyer’s tax jurisdictions are different. This amendment will be applied using a modified retrospective transition method with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its consolidated financial statements. 47 ~~Table of Contents~~ ~~ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS~~ ~~Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements~~ This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including, among others, statements relating to projections of the strategies, earnings, revenues, income or loss, ratios, future financial performance, and growth potential of the Company. The words “intend,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “should,” “believe,” and other similar expressions also are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results, performance, and achievements could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by, or underlying the forward-looking statements. Numerous important factors could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements including, without limitation, (1) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (2) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (3) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (4) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (5) adverse changes in mortality, morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (6) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (7) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (8) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (9) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (10) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities, that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (11) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (12) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (13) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (14) adverse litigation or arbitration results, (15) the adequacy of reserves, resources and accurate information relating to settlements, awards and terminated and discontinued lines of business, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of U.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (18) the success of the Company’s clients, (19) successful execution of the Company’s entry into new markets, (20) successful development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities, (21) the Company’s ability to successfully integrate acquired blocks of business and entities, (22) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (23) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (24) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, epidemics or pandemics anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (25) interruption or failure of the Company’s telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems, or the Company’s failure to maintain adequate security to protect the confidentiality or privacy of personal or sensitive data stored on such systems, (26) changes in laws, regulations, and accounting standards applicable to the Company, its subsidiaries, or its business, (27) the effect of the Company’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, and (28) other risks and uncertainties described in this document and in the Company’s other filings with the SEC. Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligations to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the 2016 Annual Report. ~~Overview~~ The Company is one of the leading life reinsurers in North America based on premiums and the amount of life reinsurance in force, providing traditional reinsurance and financial solutions to its clients. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Financial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, and financial reinsurance. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from financial solutions business and income earned on invested assets. Historically, the Company’s primary business has been traditional life reinsurance, which involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a 48 ~~Table of Contents~~ period of 10 to 30 years. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of insureds, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company has expanded its financial solutions business, including significant asset-intensive transactions, which allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk. The Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims become less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis. As is customary in the reinsurance business, clients continually update, refine, and revise reinsurance information provided to the Company. Such revised information is used by the Company in preparation of its condensed consolidated financial statements and the financial effects resulting from the incorporation of revised data are reflected in the current period. ~~Segment Presentation~~ The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a consistent basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in RGA’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Segment investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments. ~~Segment premium~~

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including, among others, statements relating to projections of the strategies, earnings, revenues, income or loss, ratios, future financial performance, and growth potential of the Company. The words “intend,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “should,” “believe,” and other similar expressions also are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results, performance, and achievements could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by, or underlying the forward-looking statements.

Numerous important factors could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements including, without limitation, (1) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (2) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (3) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (4) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (5) adverse changes in mortality, morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (6) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (7) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (8) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (9) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (10) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities, that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (11) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (12) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (13) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (14) adverse litigation or arbitration results, (15) the adequacy of reserves, resources and accurate information relating to settlements, awards and terminated and discontinued lines of business, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of U.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (18) the success of the Company’s clients, (19) successful execution of the Company’s entry into new markets, (20) successful development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities, (21) the Company’s ability to successfully integrate acquired blocks of business and entities, (22) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (23) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (24) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, epidemics or pandemics anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (25) interruption or failure of the Company’s telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems, or the Company’s failure to maintain adequate security to protect the confidentiality or privacy of personal or sensitive data stored on such systems, (26) changes in laws, regulations, and accounting standards applicable to the Company, its subsidiaries, or its business, (27) the benefits or burdens associated with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 may be different than expected, (28) the effect of the Company’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, and (29) other risks and uncertainties described in this document and in the Company’s other filings with the SEC.

Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligations to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the 2017 Annual Report.

Overview

The Company is among the leading global providers of life reinsurance and financial solutions, with $3.3 trillion of life reinsurance in force. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Financial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, and financial reinsurance. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from financial solutions business and income earned on invested assets.

Historically, the Company’s primary business has been traditional life reinsurance, which involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a period of 10 to 30 years. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other

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things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of insureds, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company has expanded its financial solutions business, including significant asset-intensive and longevity risk transactions, which allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk.

The Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims become less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.

As is customary in the reinsurance business, clients continually update, refine, and revise reinsurance information provided to the Company. Such revised information is used by the Company in preparation of its condensed consolidated financial statements and the financial effects resulting from the incorporation of revised data are reflected in the current period.

Segment Presentation

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a consistent basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in RGA’s businesses.

As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Segment investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.

Segment revenue levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix of business and reporting practices of ceding companies, and therefore may fluctuate from period to period. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, segment claims experience can be volatile over shorter periods. See “Results of Operations by Segment” below for further information about the Company’s segments.

Consolidated Results of Operations


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,					Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016			2018			2017		2018			2017
Revenues:	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)									(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net premiums	$	2,480,451	$	2,346,945	$	4,846,147	$	4,503,950		$	2,594,460		$	2,480,451	$	5,177,011		$	4,846,147
Investment income, net of related expenses	518,538		507,666		1,032,902		924,932			528,061			518,538		1,044,390			1,032,902
Investment related gains (losses), net	56,295		118,264		116,818		(2,622		)	(10,572		)	56,295		(11,042		)	116,818
Other revenues	73,992		66,193		142,149		125,376			83,959			73,992		159,256			142,149
Total revenues	3,129,276		3,039,068		6,138,016		5,551,636			3,195,908			3,129,276		6,369,615			6,138,016
Benefits and Expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,164,363		1,997,502		4,270,508		3,884,266			2,279,593			2,164,363		4,641,694			4,270,508
Interest credited	115,285		95,849		222,969		183,754			109,327			115,285		189,776			222,969
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	319,832		405,681		699,221		639,444			320,276			319,832		677,178			699,221
Other operating expenses	154,356		159,895		312,862		317,319			194,959			154,356		386,233			312,862
Interest expense	29,352		20,331		71,754		53,138			37,025			29,352		74,479			71,754
Collateral finance and securitization expense	6,773		6,587		13,543		12,912			7,440			6,773		15,042			13,543
Total benefits and expenses	2,789,961		2,685,845		5,590,857		5,090,833			2,948,620			2,789,961		5,984,402			5,590,857
Income before income taxes	339,315		353,223		547,159		460,803			247,288			339,315		385,213			547,159
Provision for income taxes	107,125		117,120		169,457		148,228			42,914			107,125		80,609			169,457
Net income	$	232,190	$	236,103	$	377,702	$	312,575		$	204,374		$	232,190	$	304,604		$	377,702
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share	$	3.60	$	3.68	$	5.86	$	4.86		$	3.19		$	3.60	$	4.74		$	5.86
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.54	$	3.64	$	5.76	$	4.81		$	3.13		$	3.54	$	4.65		$	5.76
Dividends declared per share	$	0.41	$	0.37	$	0.82	$	0.74		$	0.50		$	0.41	$	1.00		$	0.82

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Consolidated income before income taxes decreased ~~$13.9~~$92.0 million, or ~~3.9%~~27.1%, and ~~increased $86.4~~$161.9 million, or ~~18.7%~~29.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The decrease in income for the second quarter of ~~2017~~2018 was primarily due to unfavorable claims experience in the U.S. group and individual mortality businesses and an increase in operating expenses related to the Company’s strategic initiatives. In addition, the decrease in income for the first six months of 2018 reflects an unfavorable change in investment related gains (losses), net and an increase in interest expense, partially offset by higher investment income. The increase in income for the first six months of 2017 was primarily due to a favorable change in investment related gains (losses), net and higher investment income, partially offset by an increase in interest expense. The changes in investment related gains (losses), net for the second quarter and first six months were largely due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties within the U.S. segment primarily related to changes in interest rates and credit spreads. The effect of the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives on income is discussed below. ~~The increases in interest expense for the second quarter and first six months are discussed within the Corporate and Other section.~~ Foreign currency fluctuations relative to the prior year ~~unfavorably affected~~resulted in an increase in income before income taxes by approximately ~~$6.5~~$6.0 million and ~~$9.3~~$14.8 million for the second quarter and first six months of ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

The Company recognizes in consolidated income, any changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties, equity-indexed annuity treaties (“EIAs”) and variable ~~annuity products.~~annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The ~~combined~~Company utilizes freestanding derivatives to minimize the income statement volatility due to changes in ~~these three types~~the fair value of embedded derivatives ~~after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs and retrocession, resulted in an increase in consolidated income before income taxes~~associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The following table presents the effect of approximately $37.3 million and $227.1 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2017, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2016. This fluctuation does not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these embedded derivatives ~~net of~~and related hedging activity and deferred acquisition costs, and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income, and interest credited. The individual effectfreestanding derivatives on income before income taxes for ~~these three types of embedded derivatives is as follows:~~the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

The change in the value of embedded derivatives related to reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are subject to the general accounting principles for derivatives and hedging related to embedded derivatives. The unrealized gains and losses associated with these embedded derivatives, after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs, resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of $24.4 million in the second quarter of 2017 and an increase of $56.5 million in the first six months of 2017, as compared to the same periods in 2016.

Changes in risk-free rates used in the fair value estimates of embedded derivatives associated with EIAs affect the amount of unrealized gains and losses the Company recognizes. The unrealized gains and losses associated with EIAs, after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs and retrocession, resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of $4.7 million in the second quarter of 2017 and an increase of $20.0 million in the first six months of 2017, as compared to the same periods in 2016.

The change in the Company’s liability for variable annuities associated with guaranteed minimum living benefits affects the amount of unrealized gains and losses the Company recognizes. The unrealized gains and losses associated with guaranteed minimum living benefits, after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs, increased income before income taxes by $66.4 million and $150.6 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2017, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2016. After consideration of the change in fair value of freestanding derivatives used to hedge this liability, income before income taxes increased by $1.5 million and $9.1 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2017, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2016.



	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Modco/Funds withheld:
Unrealized gains (losses)	$	8,805		$	15,108		$	22,416		$	83,810
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	405			(10,585		)	(2,668		)	(39,526		)
Net effect	9,210			4,523			19,748			44,284
EIAs:
Unrealized gains (losses)	(565		)	7,340			27,998			35,298
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	(418		)	(4,699		)	(15,711		)	(21,214		)
Net effect	(983		)	2,641			12,287			14,084
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders:
Unrealized gains (losses)	15,324			360			30,109			22,723
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	3,864			4,291			6,195			26,292
Net effect	19,188			4,651			36,304			49,015
Related freestanding derivatives	(18,805		)	(2,730		)	(41,304		)	(51,706		)
Net effect after related freestanding derivatives	383			1,921			(5,000		)	(2,691		)

Total net effect of embedded derivatives	27,415			11,815			68,339			107,383
Related freestanding derivatives	(18,805		)	(2,730		)	(41,304		)	(51,706		)
Total net effect after freestanding derivatives	$	8,610		$	9,085		$	27,035		$	55,677

Consolidated net premiums increased ~~$133.5~~$114.0 million, or ~~5.7%~~4.6%, and ~~$342.2~~$330.9 million, or ~~7.6%~~6.8%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016,~~2017, primarily due to growth in life reinsurance in force. ~~Foreign~~Additionally, foreign currency fluctuations ~~unfavorably affected~~contributed to the increases in net premiums by approximately ~~$30.5~~$40.9 million and ~~$35.6~~$120.2 million for the second quarter and first six months of ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. Consolidated assumed life insurance in force increased to $3,340.6 billion as of June 30, 2018 from $3,233.1 billion as of June 30, 2017 ~~from $3,090.3 billion as of June 30, 2016~~ due to new business production and in force transactions. The Company added new business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of ~~$122.5~~$99.7 billion and ~~$107.3~~$122.5 billion during the second quarter of ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, and ~~$214.1~~$196.4 billion and ~~$215.1~~$214.1 billion during the first six months of 2018 and 2017, ~~and 2016,~~ respectively. Management believes industry consolidation, regulatory changes and the established practice of reinsuring mortality and morbidity risks should continue to provide opportunities for growth, albeit at rates less than historically experienced in some markets.

Consolidated investment income, net of related expenses, increased ~~$10.9~~$9.5 million, or ~~2.1%~~1.8%, and ~~$108.0~~$11.5 million, or ~~11.7%~~1.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016. Market~~2017. The increases are primarily attributable to an increase in the average invested asset base largely offset by a decrease in the average investment yield, lower variable investment income and an unfavorable change in the fair value ~~changes related to~~of the Company’s funds withheld at interest ~~investment~~assets associated with the reinsurance of certain ~~EIAs increased (decreased)~~EIA products. The re-measurement of these funds withheld assets decreased investment income by ~~$(4.4)~~$19.2 million and ~~$74.6~~$62.5 million in the second quarter and first six months of ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The effect on investment income of the EIA's market value changes is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited to policyholder account balances resulting in an insignificant effect on net income.

~~Also contributing to the increase in investment income is a larger average invested asset base, excluding spread related business, partially offset by a decrease in the average investment yield.~~ Average invested assets at amortized cost, excluding spread related

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business, for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 totaled ~~$25.1~~$26.8 billion, a ~~10.5%~~7.0% increase over June 30, ~~2016.~~2017. The average yield earned on investments, excluding spread related business, was ~~4.60%~~4.32% and ~~4.71%~~4.60% for the second quarter of ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, and ~~4.50%~~4.39% and ~~4.59%~~4.50% for the six months ended June 30,

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2018 and 2017, ~~and 2016,~~ respectively. The average yield will vary from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on a number of variables, including the prevailing interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees and make-whole premiums, changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash balances, and the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. A continued low interest rate environment is expected to put downward pressure on this yield in future reporting periods.

Total investment related gains (losses), net ~~changed favorably (unfavorably) by $(62.0)~~were $(10.6) million and ~~$119.4~~$56.3 million for the ~~three~~second quarter of 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $(11.0) million and $116.8 million for the first six months ~~ended June 30,~~of 2018 and 2017, ~~as compared~~respectively. The unfavorable changes are largely due to ~~the same periods~~asset repositioning related to reinsurance transactions occurring in ~~2016.~~late 2017 and early 2018. A ~~significant~~ portion of ~~theses variances in~~ the ~~second quarter and first six months~~investment related gains (losses) are due to changes in the value of embedded derivatives related to reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis, reflecting the impact of changes in interest rates and credit spreads on the calculation of fair value. ~~During~~Changes in the ~~second quarter and first six months of 2017, the favorable (unfavorable) changes in the~~fair value of these embedded derivatives ~~was $(24.4)~~increased investment related gains by $8.8 million and ~~$56.5~~$15.1 million for the second quarter of 2018 and 2017, respectively, ~~as compared to~~and $22.4 million and $83.8 million for the ~~same periods in 2016.~~first six months of 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition, impairments on fixed maturity securities decreased by ~~$14.1~~$17.2 million in the first six months of ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same period in ~~2016.~~2017. See Note 4 - “Investments” and Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the impairment losses and derivatives.

The effective tax rate on a consolidated basis was ~~31.6%~~17.4% and ~~33.2%~~31.6% for the second quarter ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, and ~~31.0%~~20.9% and ~~32.2%~~31.0% for the first six months of ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The effective tax rate for the second quarter and the first six months of 2017 was lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35% primarily as a result of income generated in non-U.S. jurisdictions with lower tax rates than the U.S., and differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions. The second quarter of 2017 also includes a valuation allowance established related to amended return filings, which was partially offset with a tax benefit from these amended tax returns. The2018 effective tax rates ~~for the second quarter and first six months of 2016 effective were lower than~~reflect changes to the U.S. ~~Statutory rate of 35.0% primarily as a result of~~ tax ~~benefits from income in non-U.S. jurisdictions with lower tax rates than the U.S. and differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions. These benefits were partially offset by an accrual~~code related to ~~an uncertain~~the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. See Note 9 - “Income Tax” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company’s consolidated effective tax ~~position.~~rates.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with ~~accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”)~~GAAP requires the application of accounting policies that often involve a significant degree of judgment. Management, on an ongoing basis, reviews estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements. If management determines that modifications in assumptions and estimates are appropriate given current facts and circumstances, results of operations and financial position as reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements could change significantly.

Management believes the critical accounting policies relating to the following areas are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions:

Premiums receivable;

Deferred acquisition costs;

Liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims;

Valuation of investments and other-than-temporary impairments to specific investments;

Valuation of embedded derivatives; and

Income taxes.

A discussion of each of the critical accounting policies may be found in the Company’s ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies.”

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Results of Operations by Segment

U.S. and Latin America Operations

The U.S. and Latin America operations include business generated by its offices in the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. The offices in Mexico and Brazil provide services to clients in other Latin American countries. U.S. and Latin America operations consist of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily specializes in individual mortality-risk reinsurance and to a lesser extent, group, health and long-term care reinsurance. The Financial Solutions segment consists of Asset-Intensive and Financial Reinsurance. Asset-Intensive within the Financial Solutions segment provides coinsurance of annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies and to a lesser extent also issues fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts, which include investment-only, stable value contracts. Financial Reinsurance within the Financial Solutions segment primarily involves assisting ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements by enhancing the ceding companies’ financial strength and regulatory surplus position through relatively low risk reinsurance transactions. ~~Typically these~~Due to the low-risk nature of financial reinsurance transactions, they typically do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP, ~~due to the low-risk nature of the transactions,~~ so only the related net fees are reflected in other revenues on the condensed consolidated statements of income.


For the three months ended June 30, 2018:													Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)													Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
										Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums										$	1,373,548		$	6,699	$	—	$	1,380,247
Investment income, net of related expenses										180,478			171,810		1,504		353,792
Investment related gains (losses), net										3,725			776		—		4,501
Other revenues										6,396			24,065		25,094		55,555
Total revenues										1,564,147			203,350		26,598		1,794,095
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits										1,255,007			22,590		—		1,277,597
Interest credited										20,992			74,810		—		95,802
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses										182,064			37,939		2,609		222,612
Other operating expenses										34,106			7,171		2,441		43,718
Total benefits and expenses										1,492,169			142,510		5,050		1,639,729
Income before income taxes										$	71,978		$	60,840	$	21,548	$	154,366

For the three months ended June 30, 2017:				Financial Solutions									Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America					Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional									Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,335,316		$	7,128	$	—	$	1,342,444	$	1,335,316		$	7,128	$	—	$	1,342,444
Investment income, net of related expenses	183,713			177,957		1,853		363,523		183,713			177,957		1,853		363,523
Investment related gains (losses), net	(654		)	32,626		—		31,972		(654		)	32,626		—		31,972
Other revenues	4,323			26,211		26,201		56,735		4,323			26,211		26,201		56,735
Total revenues	1,522,698			243,922		28,054		1,794,674		1,522,698			243,922		28,054		1,794,674
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,194,917			24,503		—		1,219,420		1,194,917			24,503		—		1,219,420
Interest credited	20,838			87,664		—		108,502		20,838			87,664		—		108,502
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	186,375			38,211		5,619		230,205		186,375			38,211		5,619		230,205
Other operating expenses	29,974			6,542		2,452		38,968		29,974			6,542		2,452		38,968
Total benefits and expenses	1,432,104			156,920		8,071		1,597,095		1,432,104			156,920		8,071		1,597,095
Income before income taxes	$	90,594		$	87,002	$	19,983	$	197,579	$	90,594		$	87,002	$	19,983	$	197,579

For the three months ended June 30, 2016:				Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,307,395		$	5,662	$	—	$	1,313,057
Investment income, net of related expenses	182,238			177,681		2,386		362,305
Investment related gains (losses), net	(882		)	76,830		—		75,948
Other revenues	5,252			24,555		17,963		47,770
Total revenues	1,494,003			284,728		20,349		1,799,080
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,149,665			19,507		—		1,169,172
Interest credited	20,845			68,436		—		89,281
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	182,285			97,078		3,085		282,448
Other operating expenses	29,778			5,728		2,389		37,895
Total benefits and expenses	1,382,573			190,749		5,474		1,578,796
Income before income taxes	$	111,430		$	93,979	$	14,875	$	220,284

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For the six months ended June 30, 2018:														Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)														Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
												Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums												$	2,672,970	$	11,891	$	—	$	2,684,861
Investment income, net of related expenses												363,538		329,722		3,326		696,586
Investment related gains (losses), net												5,408		1,452		—		6,860
Other revenues												11,925		47,024		49,885		108,834
Total revenues												3,053,841		390,089		53,211		3,497,141
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits												2,509,968		38,535		—		2,548,503
Interest credited												41,272		129,022		—		170,294
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses												359,704		99,974		6,609		466,287
Other operating expenses												68,027		14,456		4,895		87,378
Total benefits and expenses												2,978,971		281,987		11,504		3,272,462
Income before income taxes												$	74,870	$	108,102	$	41,707	$	224,679

For the six months ended June 30, 2017:				Financial Solutions										Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive			Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America					Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional											Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	2,639,661		$	11,763		$	—	$	2,651,424		$	2,639,661	$	11,763	$	—	$	2,651,424
Investment income, net of related expenses	362,708			365,110			3,517		731,335			362,708		365,110		3,517		731,335
Investment related gains (losses), net	1,311			90,397			—		91,708			1,311		90,397		—		91,708
Other revenues	7,521			49,425			50,610		107,556			7,521		49,425		50,610		107,556
Total revenues	3,011,201			516,695			54,127		3,582,023			3,011,201		516,695		54,127		3,582,023
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,420,557			42,039			—		2,462,596			2,420,557		42,039		—		2,462,596
Interest credited	41,127			166,821			—		207,948			41,127		166,821		—		207,948
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	367,185			121,864			11,560		500,609			367,185		121,864		11,560		500,609
Other operating expenses	61,778			13,199			4,768		79,745			61,778		13,199		4,768		79,745
Total benefits and expenses	2,890,647			343,923			16,328		3,250,898			2,890,647		343,923		16,328		3,250,898
Income before income taxes	$	120,554		$	172,772		$	37,799	$	331,125		$	120,554	$	172,772	$	37,799	$	331,125

For the six months ended June 30, 2016:				Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive			Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	2,541,789		$	11,881		$	—	$	2,553,670
Investment income, net of related expenses	347,261			294,896			4,993		647,150
Investment related gains (losses), net	(2,982		)	(51,721		)	—		(54,703		)
Other revenues	8,752			47,389			36,544		92,685
Total revenues	2,894,820			302,445			41,537		3,238,802
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,269,107			39,340			—		2,308,447
Interest credited	42,245			130,994			—		173,239
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	359,363			57,422			5,653		422,438
Other operating expenses	61,577			11,540			5,075		78,192
Total benefits and expenses	2,732,292			239,296			10,728		2,982,316
Income before income taxes	$	162,528		$	63,149		$	30,809	$	256,486

Income before income taxes decreased by ~~$22.7~~$43.2 million, or ~~10.3%~~21.9%, and ~~increased by $74.6~~$106.4 million, or ~~29.1%~~32.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The decrease in income inbefore income taxes for the second quarter was primarily due to a decrease in investment related gains and unfavorable claims experience in the ~~Traditional segment related to~~ group disability and ~~long-term care~~healthcare excess lines of business. The ~~increase~~decrease in income before income taxes for the first six months was primarily due to the aforementioned unfavorable claims experience from group business and the individual mortality business due partially to a severe influenza season in 2018. Also contributing to the year over year decline in income were lower investment related gains and changes in the value of the embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld ~~basis combined with a decrease in other-than-temporary impairments. The increase in income was partially offset by unfavorable claims experience in the U.S. Traditional segment.~~basis.

Traditional Reinsurance

The U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment provides life and health reinsurance to clients for a variety of products through yearly renewable term, coinsurance and modified coinsurance agreements. These reinsurance arrangements may involve either facultative or automatic agreements.

Income before income taxes for the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment decreased by ~~$20.8~~$18.6 million, or ~~18.7%~~20.5%, and ~~$42.0~~$45.7 million, or ~~25.8%~~37.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The decrease in the second quarter and first six months is primarily due to unfavorable claims experience ~~primarily~~ in the group ~~line~~disability and healthcare excess lines of business ~~as well as variations in amount at risk~~ and ~~lapse activity as reported by the clients. Offsetting this somewhat was favorable~~higher individual ~~life~~ mortality ~~experience. A majority of the increase year to date is attributed to large claim volatility; specifically an increase in the number of large individual life~~claims. Mortality claims ~~reported~~increased significantly in the first quarter of ~~2017.~~2018 due to a severe influenza season.

Net premiums increased ~~$27.9~~$38.2 million, or ~~2.1%~~2.9%, and ~~$97.9~~$33.3 million, or ~~3.9%~~1.3%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increases in net premiums in the second quarter and first six months were ~~primarily~~reduced by $28.8 million and $51.8 million, respectively, due to the restructure of a health treaty. After adjusting for the treaty restructure, net premiums increased 5.1% and 3.3% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017, due to expected organic ~~premium~~ growth mainly in the Mortality and ~~additional premiums associated with a large global health treaty.~~Group lines of business. The segment added new individual life business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force of ~~$23.5~~$29.3 billion and ~~$32.0~~$23.5 billion for the second quarter and ~~$50.3~~$52.6 billion and ~~$73.3~~$50.3 billion for the first six months of ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

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Net investment income ~~increased $1.5~~decreased $3.2 million, or ~~0.8%~~1.8%, and ~~$15.4~~increased by $0.8 million, or ~~4.4%~~0.2%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increases were~~decrease in the second quarter was primarily due to ~~both an increase~~lower variable investment income. For the first six months, investment income was relatively flat as the effect of less variable investment income was offset by growth in the ~~average invested~~ asset base. Investment related gains (losses), net increased ~~$0.2~~$4.4 million and ~~$4.3~~$4.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”) were ~~89.5%~~91.4% and ~~87.9%~~89.5% for the second quarter and ~~91.7%~~93.9% and ~~89.3%~~91.7%, for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The ~~increase~~increases in the loss ~~ratio~~ratios for the second quarter and first six months of ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same ~~period~~periods in ~~2016 was~~2017 were primarily due to ~~higher~~unfavorable claims experience in both the group and mortality lines of business. Management believes a portion of the unfavorable variance is the normal volatility associated with ~~the segment’s individual and group health lines of business and variations in amounts at risk and lapse activity as reported by the clients. The increase in the loss ratio~~influenza season.

Interest credited expense remained flat for the ~~first~~three and six months ~~of 2017,~~ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same ~~period~~periods in ~~2016 was primarily due to a higher number of individual mortality claims in excess of $1.0 million.~~

~~Interest credited expense decreased $1.1 million, or 2.6%, for the six months ended June 30, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016.~~2017. Interest credited in this segment relates to amounts credited on cash value products which also have a significant mortality component. Income before income taxes is affected by the spread between the investment income and the interest credited on the underlying products.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~14.0%~~13.3% and ~~13.9%~~14.0% for the second quarter and ~~13.9%~~13.5% and ~~14.1%~~13.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, ~~and 2016,~~ respectively. ~~Overall, while~~While these ratios are expected to remain in a predictable range, they may fluctuate from period to period due to varying allowance levels within coinsurance-type arrangements. In addition, the amortization pattern of previously capitalized amounts, which are subject to the form of the reinsurance agreement and the underlying insurance policies, may vary. Also, the mix of first year coinsurance business versus yearly renewable term business can cause the percentage to fluctuate from period to period

Other operating expenses increased $4.1 million, or 13.8%, and $6.2 million, or 10.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017. The increase in operating expenses, for both periods, is primarily related to expense growth associated with key business line initiatives focused on enhancing the services and reinsurance options for clients. Other operating expenses, as a percentage of net premiums ~~remained constant at~~were 2.5% and 2.2% ~~and 2.3%~~ for the second quarter and ~~2.3%~~2.5% and ~~2.4%~~2.3% first six months of ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The expense ratio tends to fluctuate only slightly from period to period due to the maturity and scale of this segment.

Financial Solutions - Asset-Intensive Reinsurance

Asset-Intensive reinsurance within the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment primarily involves assuming investment risk within underlying annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies. Most of these agreements are coinsurance, coinsurance with funds withheld or modco. The Company recognizes profits or losses primarily from the spread between the investment income earned and the interest credited on the underlying deposit liabilities, income associated with longevity risk, and fees associated with variable annuity account values and guaranteed investment contracts.

Impact of certain derivatives:

Income from the asset-intensive business tends to be volatile due to changes in the fair value of certain derivatives, including embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, as well as embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including risk-free rates and credit spreads), implied volatility, the Company’s own credit risk and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives, net of related hedging activity, and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues), and interest credited. These fluctuations are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties.

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The following table summarizes the asset-intensive results and quantifies the impact of these embedded derivatives for the periods presented. Revenues before certain derivatives, benefits and expenses before certain derivatives, and income before income taxes and certain derivatives, should not be viewed as substitutes for GAAP revenues, GAAP benefits and expenses, and GAAP income before income taxes.

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(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Total revenues	$	243,922		$	284,728		$	516,695		$	302,445		$	203,350		$	243,922		$	390,089		$	516,695
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	15,762			77,848			82,500			(12,366		)	5,039			15,762			16,957			82,500
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	3,017			2,923			(3,877		)	(12,063		)	2,077			3,017			(2,512		)	(3,877		)
Revenues before certain derivatives	225,143			203,957			438,072			326,874			196,234			225,143			375,644			438,072
Benefits and expenses:
Total benefits and expenses	156,920			190,749			343,923			239,296			142,510			156,920			281,987			343,923
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	10,585			48,033			39,526			(3,021		)	(405		)	10,585			2,668			39,526
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	1,096			2,545			(1,186		)	(304		)	1,694			1,096			2,488			(1,186		)
Equity-indexed annuities	(2,641		)	(7,359		)	(14,084		)	5,901			983			(2,641		)	(12,287		)	(14,084		)
Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives	147,880			147,530			319,667			236,720			140,238			147,880			289,118			319,667
Income before income taxes:
Income before income taxes	87,002			93,979			172,772			63,149			60,840			87,002			108,102			172,772
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	5,177			29,815			42,974			(9,345		)	5,444			5,177			14,289			42,974
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	1,921			378			(2,691		)	(11,759		)	383			1,921			(5,000		)	(2,691		)
Equity-indexed annuities	2,641			7,359			14,084			(5,901		)	(983		)	2,641			12,287			14,084
Income before income taxes and certain derivatives	$	77,263		$	56,427		$	118,405		$	90,154		$	55,996		$	77,263		$	86,526		$	118,405

Embedded Derivatives - Modco/Funds Withheld Treaties - Represents the change in the fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis. The fair value changes of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016.~~2017.

The change in fair value of the embedded derivatives - modco/funds withheld treaties increased ~~(decreased)~~ income before income taxes by ~~$5.2~~$5.4 million and ~~$29.8~~$5.2 million for the second quarter and ~~$43.0~~$14.3 million and ~~$(9.3)~~$43.0 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The ~~increases~~increase in income for the second quarter of ~~2016~~2018 was primarily the result of interest rate movements, partially offset by repositioning in the funds withheld portfolio. The increase in income for the second quarter of 2017 and for the first six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were primarily due to tightening credit spreads. The increase in income for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was primarily due to tightening credit spreads. The decrease in income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was primarily due to widening credit spreads.

Guaranteed Minimum Benefit Riders - Represents the impact related to guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable annuities. The fair value changes of the guaranteed minimum benefits along with the changes in fair value of the free standing derivatives (interest rate swaps, financial futures and equity options), purchased by the Company to substantially hedge the liability are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016.~~2017.

The change in fair value of the guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated free standing derivatives, increased ~~(decreased)~~ income before income taxes by ~~$1.9~~$0.4 million and ~~$0.4~~$1.9 million for the second quarter and ~~$(2.7)~~decreased by $5.0 million and ~~$(11.8)~~$2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The ~~increase~~increases in income for the ~~three months ended June 30,~~second quarter of 2018 and 2017 ~~and 2016 was~~were primarily due to favorable hedging results. The decrease in income for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017 and 2016 is~~2018 was primarily ~~due to shifts~~the result of interest rate movements. The decrease in income for the first six months of2017 was primarily the result of lower policyholder ~~behavior.~~

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lapses.

Equity-Indexed Annuities - Represents changes in the liability for equity-indexed annuities in excess of changes in account value, after adjustments for related deferred acquisition expenses. The change in fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with equity-indexed annuities increased (decreased) income before income taxes by ~~$2.6~~$(1.0) million and ~~$7.4~~$2.6 million for the second quarter and ~~$14.1~~$12.3 million and ~~$(5.9)~~$14.1 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The ~~increase~~decrease in income for the second quarter of ~~2017 and 2016~~2018 was primarily ~~due to rising equity markets.~~the result of interest rate movements. The increase in income for the first six months of 2018 was primarily due to lower policyholder lapses and withdrawals. The increase in income for the second quarter and first six months of 2017 was primarily due to ~~rising~~changes in the domestic equity markets. ~~The decrease in income for the first six months~~

Table of ~~2016 was primarily due to increasing short-term interest rates.~~Contents

The changes in derivatives discussed above are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including benchmark rates and credit spreads), credit valuation adjustments, implied volatility and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues) and interest credited.

Discussion and analysis before certain derivatives:

Income before income taxes and certain derivatives ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$20.8~~$21.3 million and ~~$28.3~~$31.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increases~~decreases in the second quarter and first six months were primarily due to ~~higher~~lower investment related gains (losses), net of the corresponding impact to deferred acquisition costs, associated with coinsurance ~~and funds withheld~~ portfolios. ~~Funds withheld capital gains (losses) are reported in investment income.~~

Revenue before certain derivatives ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$21.2~~$28.9 million and ~~$111.2~~$62.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increase~~decreases in the second quarter ~~was primarily due to the impact to investment income from a new coinsurance transaction in 2017~~ and ~~higher investment related gains (losses) associated with coinsurance and funds withheld portfolios. The increase in the~~ first six months ~~was~~were primarily due to the change in fair value of equity options associated with the reinsurance of ~~certain~~ EIAs and ~~higher~~lower investment related gains (losses) associated with coinsurance ~~and funds withheld~~ portfolios. The effect on investment income related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited.

Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$0.4~~$7.6 million and ~~$82.9~~$30.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same period in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increase~~decreases in the second quarter ~~was~~and first six months were primarily due to ~~the impact to interest credited of a new coinsurance transaction in 2017 which was offset by~~ lower ~~interest credited associated with the reinsurance of EIAs. The increase in the first six months was primarily due to higher~~ interest credited associated with the reinsurance of EIAs. The effect on interest credited related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding change in investment income.

The invested asset base supporting this segment increased to $15.8 billion as of June 30, 2018 from $15.7 billion as of June 30, ~~2017 from $13.1 billion as~~2017. As of June 30, ~~2016. The increase in the asset base was due primarily to the aforementioned new coinsurance transaction in 2017, partially offset by the expected run-off from closed block transactions. As of~~ ~~June 30, 2017, $4.1~~2018, $4.0 billion of the invested assets were funds withheld at interest, of which greater than 90% is associated with one client.

Financial Solutions - Financial Reinsurance

Financial Reinsurance within the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment income before income taxes consists primarily of net fees earned on financial reinsurance transactions. Additionally, a portion of the business is brokered business in which the Company does not participate in the assumption of risk. The fees earned from financial reinsurance contracts and brokered business are reflected in other revenues, and the fees paid to retrocessionaires are reflected in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

Income before income taxes increased ~~$5.1~~$1.6 million, or ~~34.3%~~7.8%, and ~~$7.0~~$3.9 million, or ~~22.7%~~10.3%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increases were primarily due to growth in new ~~transactions and organic growth on existing transactions which was partially offset by the termination of certain agreements.~~transactions.

At June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial structures was ~~$12.4~~$13.7 billion and ~~$7.7~~$12.4 billion, respectively. The increase was primarily due to ~~a number of~~ new transactions, as well as organic growth on existing transactions. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and therefore can fluctuate from period to period.

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Canada Operations

The Company conducts reinsurance business in Canada primarily through RGA Canada, which assists clients with capital management activity and mortality and morbidity risk management. The Canada operations are primarily engaged in Traditional reinsurance, which consists mainly of traditional individual life reinsurance, as well as creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance. Creditor insurance covers the outstanding balance on personal, mortgage or commercial loans in the event of death, disability or critical illness and is generally shorter in duration than traditional individual life insurance. The Canada Financial Solutions segment consists of longevity and financial reinsurance.


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended June 30,													Three months ended June 30,
	2017						2016							2018						2017
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional			Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada
Net premiums	$	221,380	$	9,314	$	230,694	$	240,107		$	10,192	$	250,299	$	260,750	$	10,955	$	271,705	$	221,380	$	9,314	$	230,694
Investment income, net of related expenses	44,830		1,351		46,181		46,859			228		47,087		49,535		330		49,865		44,830		1,351		46,181
Investment related gains (losses), net	2,598		—		2,598		2,285			—		2,285		446		—		446		2,598		—		2,598
Other revenues	465		1,338		1,803		(339		)	1,434		1,095		1,468		804		2,272		465		1,338		1,803
Total revenues	269,273		12,003		281,276		288,912			11,854		300,766		312,199		12,089		324,288		269,273		12,003		281,276
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	181,197		7,099		188,296		176,478			8,834		185,312		223,935		7,915		231,850		181,197		7,099		188,296
Interest credited	5		—		5		7			—		7		21		—		21		5		—		5
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	47,597		206		47,803		60,021			513		60,534		58,541		292		58,833		47,597		206		47,803
Other operating expenses	7,638		273		7,911		9,097			379		9,476		7,897		338		8,235		7,638		273		7,911
Total benefits and expenses	236,437		7,578		244,015		245,603			9,726		255,329		290,394		8,545		298,939		236,437		7,578		244,015
Income before income taxes	$	32,836	$	4,425	$	37,261	$	43,309		$	2,128	$	45,437	$	21,805	$	3,544	$	25,349	$	32,836	$	4,425	$	37,261


(dollars in thousands)	Six months ended June 30,													Six months ended June 30,
	2017						2016							2018								2017
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional			Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional			Financial Solutions		Total Canada			Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada
Net premiums	$	437,142	$	18,724	$	455,866	$	455,570		$	19,143	$	474,713	$	513,473		$	22,260	$	535,733		$	437,142	$	18,724	$	455,866
Investment income, net of related expenses	89,336		2,395		91,731		88,882			612		89,494		100,119			445		100,564			89,336		2,395		91,731
Investment related gains (losses), net	6,441		—		6,441		3,925			—		3,925		(285		)	—		(285		)	6,441		—		6,441
Other revenues	629		2,691		3,320		(1,465		)	2,783		1,318		1,211			2,161		3,372			629		2,691		3,320
Total revenues	533,548		23,810		557,358		546,912			22,538		569,450		614,518			24,866		639,384			533,548		23,810		557,358
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	372,249		14,718		386,967		348,879			18,438		367,317		436,760			17,030		453,790			372,249		14,718		386,967
Interest credited	9		—		9		9			—		9		26			—		26			9		—		9
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	93,279		350		93,629		117,159			717		117,876		115,573			388		115,961			93,279		350		93,629
Other operating expenses	15,847		725		16,572		17,461			663		18,124		16,647			713		17,360			15,847		725		16,572
Total benefits and expenses	481,384		15,793		497,177		483,508			19,818		503,326		569,006			18,131		587,137			481,384		15,793		497,177
Income before income taxes	$	52,164	$	8,017	$	60,181	$	63,404		$	2,720	$	66,124	$	45,512		$	6,735	$	52,247		$	52,164	$	8,017	$	60,181

Income before income taxes decreased by ~~$8.2~~$11.9 million, or ~~18.0%~~32.0%, and ~~$5.9~~$7.9 million, or ~~9.0%~~13.2%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decrease~~decreases in income for the second quarter and first six months isare primarily due to unfavorable traditional individual life mortality experience as compared to ~~favorable experience in~~ the same periods in ~~2016, partially offset by favorable experience on longevity business.~~2017. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in income before income taxes of ~~$1.5~~$0.7 million and ~~$0.1~~$2.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Traditional Reinsurance

Income before income taxes for the Canada Traditional segment decreased by ~~$10.5~~$11.0 million, or ~~24.2%~~33.6%, and ~~$11.2~~$6.7 million, or ~~17.7%~~12.8%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decrease~~decreases in income before income taxes for the second quarter and first six months iswere primarily due to unfavorable traditional individual life mortality ~~experience compared to favorable experience in the same periods in 2016.~~experience. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in income before income taxes of ~~$1.3 million and $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, as compared to the same periods in 2016.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

Net premiums decreased $18.7 million, or 7.8%, and $18.4 million, or 4.0%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, as compared to the same periods in 2016. The decreases in net premiums were primarily due to an anticipated decrease in creditor premiums of $20.2 million and $39.3 million for the second quarter and first six months, respectively, and foreign currency exchange fluctuation. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in traditional individual life business premiums where the underlying yearly renewable term structure on a significant portion of this block of business generally increases over time. Foreign currency exchange fluctuation in the Canadian dollar resulted in a decrease in net premiums of approximately $9.5$0.6 million and $2.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Table of Contents

Net ~~investment income decreased $2.0~~premiums increased $39.4 million, or ~~4.3%~~17.8%, and ~~increased $0.5~~$76.3 million, or ~~0.5%~~17.5%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decrease~~increases in net premiums were primarily due to a new in force block transaction during the first quarter of 2018. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in an increase in net premiums of approximately $10.2 million and $21.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017.

Net investment income increased $4.7 million, or 10.5%, and $10.8 million, or 12.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017. The increases in investment income for the second quarter ~~is primarily due to foreign currency exchange fluctuation, while the increase for~~and the first six months ~~was~~were primarily the result of an increase in the invested asset base due to growth in the underlying business volume ~~offset by a decrease~~and an increase in investment yields ~~and~~from a higher level of variable investment income in the first quarter. Additionally, foreign ~~currency exchange fluctuation. Foreign~~ currency exchange fluctuation in the Canadian dollar resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in net investment income of approximately ~~$1.9~~$2.0 million and ~~$0.4~~$4.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Other revenues increased by ~~$0.8~~$1.0 million and ~~$2.1~~$0.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016. The increases in other revenues for the three and six months of 2017 is~~2017. These variances are primarily due to ~~income from the recapture of a previously assumed block of individual life business during the second quarter of 2017.~~gains and losses related to foreign currency transactions.

Loss ratios for this segment were ~~81.8%~~85.9% and ~~73.5%~~81.8% for the second quarter and ~~85.2%~~85.1% and ~~76.6%~~85.2% for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The ~~increases~~increase in the loss ratio for the three ~~and six~~ months of ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2016, are~~2017, is due to unfavorable traditional individual life mortality ~~experience compared to favorable experience in the same periods in 2016, and a decrease in creditor business premiums.~~experience. Loss ratios for the traditional individual life mortality business were ~~94.3%~~97.8% and ~~87.2%~~94.3% for the second quarter and ~~98.3%~~94.6% and ~~92.9%~~98.3% for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. Historically, the loss ratio increased primarily as the result of several large permanent level premium in force blocks assumed in 1997 and 1998. These blocks are mature blocks of long-term permanent level premium business in which mortality as a percentage of net premiums is expected to be higher than historical ratios. The nature of permanent level premium policies requires the Company to set up actuarial liabilities and invest the amounts received in excess of early-year claims costs to fund claims in later years when premiums, by design, continue to be level as compared to expected increasing mortality or claim costs. As such, investment income becomes a more significant component of profitability of these in force blocks. Excluding creditor business, claims and other policy benefits, as a percentage of net premiums and investment income were ~~74.6%~~77.5% and ~~69.3%~~74.6% for the second quarter and ~~77.7%~~76.3% and ~~73.5%~~77.7% for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~21.5%~~22.5% and ~~25.0%~~21.5% for the second quarter and ~~21.3%~~22.5% and ~~25.7%~~21.3% for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. Overall, while these ratios are expected to remain in a predictable range, they may fluctuate from period to period due to varying allowance levels and product mix. ~~The decrease for the second quarter and first six months reflects a lower level of creditor business.~~ In addition, the amortization patterns of previously capitalized amounts, which are subject to the form of the reinsurance agreement and the underlying insurance policies, may vary.

Other operating expenses ~~decreased $1.5~~increased $0.3 million, or ~~16.0%~~3.4%, and ~~$1.6~~$0.8 million, or ~~9.2%~~5.0%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016, primarily due to a decrease in allocated corporate expenses.~~2017. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~3.5%~~3.0% and ~~3.8%~~3.5% for the second quarter and ~~3.6%~~3.2% and ~~3.8%~~3.6% for the six month periods ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

Financial Solutions Reinsurance

Income before income taxes ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$2.3~~$0.9 million, or ~~107.9%~~19.9%, and ~~$5.3~~$1.3 million, or ~~194.7%~~16.0%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increases~~decreases in income for both the three and six month periods are primarily due to a decrease in net investment income as a result of a decrease in the invested asset base partially offset by favorable experience on longevity business. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~had a negligible effect on~~in the Canadian dollar resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Net premiums ~~decreased $0.9~~increased $1.6 million, or ~~8.6%~~17.6%, and ~~$0.4~~$3.5 million, or ~~2.2%~~18.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016. A weaker~~2017. The increases were primarily due to longevity business, where the premium structure generally increases over time. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in net premiums of approximately $0.4 million and ~~$0.1~~$0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Net investment income ~~increased $1.1~~decreased $1.0 million, or 75.6%, and ~~$1.8~~$2.0 million, or 81.4%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~2017 primarily due to ~~an increase~~a decrease in the invested asset base.

Claims and other policy benefits ~~decreased $1.7~~increased $0.8 million, or ~~19.6%~~11.5%, and ~~$3.7~~$2.3 million, or ~~20.2%~~15.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decreases~~increases for the second quarter and first six months ~~are~~were primarily ~~due to favorable experience on~~a result of normal aging of the longevity block of business.

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Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations

The Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) ~~segment includes~~operations include business generated by its offices principally in the United Kingdom (“UK”), South Africa, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the ~~United Arab Emirates.~~Middle East region. EMEA consists of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily provides reinsurance through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements on a variety of life, health and critical illness products. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and, in some markets, group risks. The Financial Solutions segment consists of reinsurance and other transactions associated with longevity closed blocks, payout annuities, capital management solutions and financial reinsurance.


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended June 30,														Three months ended June 30,
	2017								2016						2018						2017
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total EMEA			Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total EMEA
Net premiums	$	330,850	$	38,520		$	369,370		$	286,861	$	43,484	$	330,345	$	354,534	$	49,135	$	403,669	$	330,850	$	38,520		$	369,370
Investment income, net of related expenses	13,585		28,029			41,614			13,321		33,417		46,738		17,087		40,330		57,417		13,585		28,029			41,614
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		2,458			2,458			—		1,468		1,468		—		5,858		5,858		—		2,458			2,458
Other revenues	1,485		4,398			5,883			1,460		2,608		4,068		917		5,352		6,269		1,485		4,398			5,883
Total revenues	345,920		73,405			419,325			301,642		80,977		382,619		372,538		100,675		473,213		345,920		73,405			419,325
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	295,004		36,797			331,801			252,336		44,004		296,340		310,187		21,854		332,041		295,004		36,797			331,801
Interest credited	—		(291		)	(291		)	—		2,966		2,966		—		4,127		4,127		—		(291		)	(291		)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	15,349		454			15,803			17,550		723		18,273		29,961		1,054		31,015		15,349		454			15,803
Other operating expenses	24,213		7,540			31,753			24,922		5,815		30,737		25,922		8,271		34,193		24,213		7,540			31,753
Total benefits and expenses	334,566		44,500			379,066			294,808		53,508		348,316		366,070		35,306		401,376		334,566		44,500			379,066
Income before income taxes	$	11,354	$	28,905		$	40,259		$	6,834	$	27,469	$	34,303	$	6,468	$	65,369	$	71,837	$	11,354	$	28,905		$	40,259


(dollars in thousands)	Six months ended June 30,												Six months ended June 30,
	2017						2016						2018						2017
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA
Net premiums	$	635,522	$	80,515	$	716,037	$	563,296	$	79,090	$	642,386	$	730,263	$	97,114	$	827,377	$	635,522	$	80,515	$	716,037
Investment income, net of related expenses	26,305		57,710		84,015		25,489		62,101		87,590		32,851		72,262		105,113		26,305		57,710		84,015
Investment related gains (losses), net	7		7,033		7,040		5		464		469		9		9,210		9,219		7		7,033		7,040
Other revenues	2,172		8,136		10,308		2,486		7,078		9,564		3,197		10,232		13,429		2,172		8,136		10,308
Total revenues	664,006		153,394		817,400		591,276		148,733		740,009		766,320		188,818		955,138		664,006		153,394		817,400
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	561,405		72,733		634,138		503,579		80,447		584,026		636,989		64,325		701,314		561,405		72,733		634,138
Interest credited	—		3,822		3,822		—		3,374		3,374		—		1,475		1,475		—		3,822		3,822
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	30,512		743		31,255		32,332		530		32,862		55,513		2,134		57,647		30,512		743		31,255
Other operating expenses	46,759		15,273		62,032		49,647		11,489		61,136		51,929		16,351		68,280		46,759		15,273		62,032
Total benefits and expenses	638,676		92,571		731,247		585,558		95,840		681,398		744,431		84,285		828,716		638,676		92,571		731,247
Income before income taxes	$	25,330	$	60,823	$	86,153	$	5,718	$	52,893	$	58,611	$	21,889	$	104,533	$	126,422	$	25,330	$	60,823	$	86,153

Income before income taxes increased by ~~$6.0~~$31.6 million, or ~~17.4%~~78.4%, and ~~$27.5~~increased by $40.3 million, or ~~47.0%~~46.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increase in income for the second quarter was primarily due to growth in traditional business and favorable individual mortality experience partially offset by unfavorable morbidity experience. The increaseincreases in income before income taxes ~~for the first six months was~~were primarily due to favorable ~~individual mortality and financial solutions~~performance in the closed block longevity and payout annuity businesses partly offset by unfavorable mortality experience. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in income before income taxes of ~~$3.8~~$4.3 million and ~~$9.3~~$10.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Traditional Reinsurance

Income before income taxes ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$4.5~~$4.9 million, or ~~66.1%~~43.0%, and ~~$19.6~~$3.4 million, or ~~343.0%~~13.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~2017. The ~~increases~~decrease in income ~~before income taxes were~~for the second quarter was primarily due to ~~business growth and favorable~~unfavorable individual life mortality ~~experience partially offset by~~experience. The decrease in income for the first six months was primarily due to unfavorable ~~morbidity~~individual life mortality experience. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in income before income taxes of ~~$0.5~~$1.0 million and ~~$1.2~~$2.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

5957

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Net premiums increased ~~$44.0~~$23.7 million, or ~~15.3%~~7.2%, and ~~$72.2~~$94.7 million, or ~~12.8%~~14.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increase~~increases in net premiums for the three and six months ~~was~~were primarily due to increased individual life and health business ~~volumes, most notably in the Middle East, Italy and South Africa related to new treaties in 2017 and favorable growth from existing treaties. Unfavorable foreign~~volumes. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~decreased~~increased net premiums by approximately ~~$17.2~~$18.7 million and ~~$35.1~~$59.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

A portion of the net premiums for the segment, in each period presented, relates to reinsurance of critical illness coverage, primarily in the UK. This coverage provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness. Net premiums earned from this coverage totaled ~~$49.2~~$47.9 million and ~~$53.8~~$49.2 million for the second quarter and ~~$95.2~~$96.7 million and ~~$107.5~~$95.2 million for the first six months of ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

Net investment income increased ~~$0.3~~$3.5 million, or ~~2.0%~~25.8%, and ~~$0.8~~$6.5 million, or ~~3.2%~~24.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increases in net investment income were primarily due to an increase in the invested asset base ~~related to increased~~resulting from business ~~volumes.~~growth. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in net investment income of approximately ~~$0.5~~$1.0 million and ~~$1.2~~$2.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Loss ratios for this segment were ~~89.2%~~87.5% and ~~88.0%~~89.2% for the second quarter and ~~88.3%~~87.2% and ~~89.4%~~88.3% for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The ~~increase~~decreases in loss ratio for the second quarter is due in part to the mix of business reflecting higher volume of new single premium business in the second quarter of 2017, which has higher initial reserves at inception. This is somewhat offset with lower acquisition costs as reflected in the decline in the second quarter 2017 policy acquisition cost ratio below. The decrease in loss ratio for the six months isratios were primarily due to ~~favorable UK~~changes in business mix and normal claims ~~experience relative to the prior year.~~variability.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~4.6%~~8.5% and ~~6.1%~~4.6% for the second quarter and ~~4.8%~~7.6% and ~~5.7%~~4.8% for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. ~~These percentages fluctuate~~The increases in policy acquisition cost ratios are due primarily to ~~timing of client company reporting,~~ variations in the mixture of ~~business and the relative maturity~~business. A small number of ~~the business.~~recent larger new treaties have included higher than average ceding allowances.

Other operating expenses ~~decreased $0.7~~increased $1.7 million, or ~~2.8%~~7.1%, and ~~$2.9~~$5.2 million, or ~~5.8%~~11.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decreases were~~increase in the second quarter and first six months was primarily due to ~~expense timing variability and the effect of~~ foreign currency ~~exchange fluctuations. Foreign currency exchange~~ fluctuations, which resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in operating expenses of approximately ~~$0.6~~$1.4 million and ~~$1.2~~$4.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums totaled 7.3% and ~~8.7%~~7.3% for the second quarter and ~~7.4%~~7.1% and ~~8.8%~~7.4% for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

Financial Solutions Reinsurance

Income before income taxes increased by ~~$1.4~~$36.5 million, or ~~5.2%~~126.2%, and ~~$7.9~~$43.7 million, or ~~15.0%~~71.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~2017. The increases in income before income taxes were primarily due to favorable performance in the closed block longevity ~~experience. Unfavorable foreign~~and payout annuity businesses. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in income before income taxes totaling $3.3 million and ~~$8.1~~$7.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Net premiums ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$5.0~~$10.6 million, or ~~11.4%~~27.6%, and ~~increased by $1.4~~$16.6 million, or ~~1.8%~~20.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decrease~~increases in the second quarter was due to a new retrocession contract, executed for risk management purposes effective in the first quarter of 2017, which cedes longevity risk to third parties, partially offset by an increase from new transactions. The increase in the first six months wasnet premiums were due to increased volumes of closed block longevity ~~business, offset by a decrease related to the aforementioned new longevity retrocession contract. Unfavorable foreign~~business. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~decreased~~increased net premiums by approximately ~~$4.4~~$3.0 million and ~~$10.5~~$8.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Net investment income ~~decreased $5.4~~increased $12.3 million, or ~~16.1%~~43.9%, and ~~$4.4~~$14.6 million, or ~~7.1%~~25.2%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decreases~~increases in investment income ~~for the second quarter and first six months are primarily~~were due to ~~foreign currency exchange fluctuations and a decrease in the~~an increased invested asset base ~~while the first six months decrease was partially offset by an increase in investment yields.~~resulting from business growth. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in net investment income of approximately ~~$3.4~~$2.3 million and ~~$7.4~~$5.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Other revenues increased by ~~$1.8~~$1.0 million, or ~~68.6%~~21.7%, and ~~$1.1~~$2.1 million, or ~~14.9%~~25.8%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increases ~~were due to increased fee income business. Fees~~in fees earned from this business are due to new transactions. Fees earned can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in other revenues of approximately $0.3 million and $0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017.

Claims and other policy benefits decreased $14.9 million, or 40.6%, and $8.4 million, or 11.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017. The decreases in the second quarter and first six months were primarily due to the closed block longevity business resulting from higher terminations. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in claims and other policy benefits of approximately $1.8 million and $6.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017.

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~~Claims and other policy benefits decreased $7.2 million, or 16.4%, and $7.7 million, or 9.6%, for the~~ ~~three and six~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~June 30, 2017~~, as compared to the same periods in 2016. The decrease in the second quarter and first six months was primarily due to favorable claims experience and the aforementioned new longevity retrocession contract that cedes longevity risk to third parties, net of an increase from new transactions. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in claims and other policy benefits of approximately $4.2Interest credited expense increased by $4.4 million and ~~$9.6~~decreased by $2.3 million ~~for~~or the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~

~~Interest credited expense decreased by $3.3 million, or 109.8%, and increased by $0.4 million, or 13.3%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, as compared to the same periods in 2016.~~2017. Interest credited in this segment relates to amounts credited to the contractholders of unit-linked products. ~~This amount will vary according to contractholder investment selections, equity returns and interest rates.~~ The effect on interest credited related to unit-linked products is substantially offset by a corresponding change in investment income.

Other operating expenses increased ~~$1.7~~$0.7 million, or ~~29.7%~~9.7%, and ~~$3.8~~$1.1 million, or ~~32.9%~~7.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~,2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increases are primarily due to ~~increased administration costs related to longevity transactions and are offset partially by the effect of~~ foreign currency exchange ~~fluctuations. Foreign currency exchange~~ fluctuations, which resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in operating expenses of approximately $0.5 million and ~~$1.2~~$1.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Asia Pacific Operations

The Asia Pacific operations include business generated by its offices principally in Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. The Traditional segment’s principal types of reinsurance include individual and group life and health, critical illness, disability and superannuation. Superannuation is the Australian government mandated compulsory retirement savings program. Superannuation funds accumulate retirement funds for employees, and, in addition, typically offer life and disability insurance coverage. The Financial Solutions segment includes financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability and life blocks. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and in some markets, group risks.


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended June 30,													Three months ended June 30,
	2017						2016							2018						2017
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific		Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total Asia Pacific		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums	$	537,352	$	549	$	537,901	$	454,629	$	(1,493	)	$	453,136	$	538,799	$	30	$	538,829	$	537,352	$	549	$	537,901
Investment income, net of related expenses	22,345		8,570		30,915		20,461		5,885			26,346		24,076		10,184		34,260		22,345		8,570		30,915
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		3,582		3,582		—		6,527			6,527		—		1,904		1,904		—		3,582		3,582
Other revenues	1,832		5,283		7,115		2,481		6,126			8,607		7,645		5,874		13,519		1,832		5,283		7,115
Total revenues	561,529		17,984		579,513		477,571		17,045			494,616		570,520		17,992		588,512		561,529		17,984		579,513
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	423,294		1,565		424,859		338,447		8,237			346,684		435,592		2,405		437,997		423,294		1,565		424,859
Interest credited	—		5,572		5,572		—		3,136			3,136		—		6,660		6,660		—		5,572		5,572
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	51,259		1,541		52,800		67,908		1,667			69,575		37,584		728		38,312		51,259		1,541		52,800
Other operating expenses	33,654		3,929		37,583		36,734		4,078			40,812		38,482		4,061		42,543		33,654		3,929		37,583
Total benefits and expenses	508,207		12,607		520,814		443,089		17,118			460,207		511,658		13,854		525,512		508,207		12,607		520,814
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	53,322	$	5,377	$	58,699	$	34,482	$	(73	)	$	34,409	$	58,862	$	4,138	$	63,000	$	53,322	$	5,377	$	58,699



(dollars in thousands)	Six months ended June 30,
	2018						2017
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums	$	1,128,312	$	708	$	1,129,020	$	1,020,659	$	2,075	$	1,022,734
Investment income, net of related expenses	48,676		20,578		69,254		44,247		14,106		58,353
Investment related gains (losses), net	8		5,371		5,379		—		10,767		10,767
Other revenues	8,063		11,181		19,244		1,853		11,488		13,341
Total revenues	1,185,059		37,838		1,222,897		1,066,759		38,436		1,105,195
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	930,786		6,873		937,659		778,733		8,060		786,793
Interest credited	—		13,054		13,054		—		8,569		8,569
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	96,366		1,925		98,291		124,116		3,458		127,574
Other operating expenses	76,158		7,827		83,985		68,900		7,100		76,000
Total benefits and expenses	1,103,310		29,679		1,132,989		971,749		27,187		998,936
Income before income taxes	$	81,749	$	8,159	$	89,908	$	95,010	$	11,249	$	106,259

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(dollars in thousands) Six months ended June 30,
2017 2016
Revenues: Traditional Financial Solutions Total Asia Pacific Traditional Financial Solutions Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums $ 1,020,659
$ 2,075
$ 1,022,734
$ 828,771
$ 4,193
$ 832,964
Investment income, net of related expenses 44,247
14,106
58,353
40,328
12,259
52,587
Investment related gains (losses), net —
10,767
10,767
14
8,214
8,228
Other revenues 1,853
11,488
13,341
2,657
12,450
15,107
Total revenues 1,066,759
38,436
1,105,195
871,770
37,116
908,886
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits 778,733
8,060
786,793
612,745
11,710
624,455
Interest credited —
8,569
8,569
—
6,166
6,166
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 124,116
3,458
127,574
112,275
2,954
115,229
Other operating expenses 68,900
7,100
76,000
71,108
7,806
78,914
Total benefits and expenses 971,749
27,187
998,936
796,128
28,636
824,764
Income before income taxes $ 95,010
$ 11,249
$ 106,259
$ 75,642
$ 8,480
$ 84,122

Income before income taxes increased by ~~$24.3~~$4.3 million, or ~~70.6%~~7.3%, and ~~$22.1~~decreased by $16.4 million, or ~~26.3%~~15.4%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increases~~increase in income before income taxes ~~are~~for the second quarter was due to business growth across the region. The decrease in income before income taxes for the first six months was primarily due to ~~higher income from offices~~unfavorable claims experience, notably in ~~Asia driven by~~Australia and new business ~~growth.~~mix. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~resulted in an increase (decrease) to~~had a negligible effect on income before income taxes ~~totaling approximately $(0.4) million and $0.6 million~~ for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Traditional Reinsurance

Income before income taxes increased by ~~$18.8~~$5.5 million, or ~~54.6%~~10.4%, and ~~$19.4~~decreased by $13.3 million, or ~~25.6%~~14.0%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~2017. The ~~increases~~increase in income before income taxes ~~are~~in the second quarter was primarily due to ~~higher~~business growth across the region. The decrease in income ~~from offices~~before income taxes for the first six months was primarily due to unfavorable claims experience, largely in ~~Asia driven by~~Australia, and new business ~~growth.~~mix. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~resulted in~~had a ~~decrease to~~negligible effect on income before income taxes ~~totaling approximately $0.3 million and an increase of $0.6 million~~ for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~.2017.

Net premiums increased by ~~$82.7~~$1.4 million, or ~~18.2%~~0.3%, and ~~$191.9~~$107.7 million, or ~~23.2%~~10.5%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increases were driven by ~~both~~ new ~~and existing~~ business written ~~throughout the segment.~~in Asian markets and currency fluctuations. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in net premiums of approximately ~~$1.3~~$9.2 million and ~~$13.1~~$30.5 million for the three and six months of ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

A portion of the net premiums for the segment, in each period presented, relates to reinsurance of critical illness coverage. This coverage provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness. Reinsurance of critical illness in the segment is offered primarily in South Korea, Australia and Hong Kong. Net premiums earned from this coverage totaled ~~$174.3~~$180.9 million and ~~$113.3~~$174.3 million for the second quarter and ~~$316.2~~$416.6 million and ~~$211.7~~$316.2 million for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017, respectively.

Net investment income increased ~~$1.9~~$1.7 million, or ~~9.2%~~7.7%, and ~~$3.9~~$4.4 million, or ~~9.7%~~10.0%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increases were primarily due to a higher invested asset base. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in net investment income of approximately ~~$0.1~~$0.2 million and ~~$0.9~~$1.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Other revenues ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$0.6~~$5.8 million, or ~~26.2%~~317.3%, and ~~$0.8~~$6.2 million, or ~~30.3%~~335.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. These variances are primarily due to gains and losses related to foreign currency transactions.

Loss ratios for this segment were ~~78.8%~~80.8% and ~~74.4%~~78.8% for the second quarter and ~~76.3%~~82.5% and ~~73.9%~~76.3% for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The increases in the loss ratios for the second quarter and first six months of ~~2017~~2018 were primarily due to ~~slightly less favorable~~unfavorable claims experience, largely in ~~the segment compared to the prior year.~~Australia and new business mix.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~9.5%~~7.0% and ~~14.9%~~9.5% for the second quarter and ~~12.2%~~8.5% and ~~13.5%~~12.2% for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. These percentages fluctuate due to timing of client company reporting, premium refunds, variations in the mixture of business and the relative maturity of the business. In addition, as the segment grows, renewal premiums, which have lower allowances than first-year premiums, represent a greater percentage of the total net premiums.

~~Table of Contents~~

Other operating expenses ~~decreased $3.1~~increased $4.8 million, or ~~8.4%~~14.3%, and ~~$2.2~~$7.3 million, or ~~3.1%~~10.5%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~2017 mainly due to ~~the timing of travel~~growth in operations in Asia and consultant expenditures. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums totaled ~~6.3%~~7.1% and ~~8.1%~~6.3% for the second quarter and ~~6.8%~~6.7% and ~~8.6%~~6.8% for the first six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The timing of premium flows and the level of costs associated with the entrance into and development of new markets within the segment may cause other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums to fluctuate over periods of time.

Financial Solutions Reinsurance

Income before income taxes ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$5.5~~$1.2 million, or 23.0%, and ~~$2.8~~$3.1 million, or 27.5%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~2017. The ~~increases~~decreases in income before income taxes ~~are~~were primarily due to ~~higher income from~~a decline in investment related gains (losses) associated with a closed ~~block of business~~treaty in ~~Japan as less policies lapsed during the period.~~Japan. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations had a negligible effect on income before income taxes for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~.2017.

Table of Contents

Net premiums ~~increased $2.0~~decreased $0.5 million or ~~136.8%~~94.5%, and ~~decreased by $2.1~~$1.4 million, or ~~50.5%~~65.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~,2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~increase compared to prior~~decreases for the second quarter ~~is mainly due to lower lapses from policies from the above mentioned closed block of business in Japan. However, the lower policy base caused a decrease in premiums in the~~and first six months ~~compared~~were due to ~~the same period~~policy lapses on a closed treaty in ~~2016.~~Japan. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations had a negligible effect on net premiums for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Net investment income increased ~~$2.7~~$1.6 million, or ~~45.6%~~18.8%, and ~~$1.8~~$6.5 million, or ~~15.1%~~45.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016~~2017 mainly due to growth in the invested asset base. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~resulted in an increase in~~had a negligible effect on net investment income ~~of approximately $0.1 million and $0.3 million~~ for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Other revenues increased by $0.6 million, or 11.2%, and decreased by ~~$0.8~~$0.3 million, or ~~13.8%, and $1.0 million, or 7.7%~~2.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. At June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures was ~~$1.4~~$2.8 billion and ~~$1.0~~$1.4 billion, respectively. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period.

Claims and other policy benefits increased by $0.8 million, or 53.7%, and decreased by ~~$6.7~~$1.2 million, or ~~81.0%, and $3.7 million, or 31.2%~~14.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016. These decreases are~~2017. The increase in the second quarter was primarily due to new treaties in Asia entered in the second quarter of 2018. The decrease in the first six months is attributable to lower lapses on the aforementioned closed treaty in Japan, partially offset by higher claims and policy benefits from ~~policies from the above mentioned closed block of business in Japan.~~new business.

Other operating expenses ~~decreased~~increased by $0.1 million, or ~~3.7%~~3.4%, and decreased by $0.7 million, or ~~9.0%~~10.2%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The timing of ~~premium flows~~transactions and the level of costs associated with the entrance into and development of new markets within the segment may cause other operating expenses to fluctuate over periods of time.

~~Table of Contents~~

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets and investment related gains and losses. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s collateral finance and securitization transactions. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results from certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, such as RGAx, and joint ventures that, among other activities, develop and market technology, and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance ~~industry.~~and reinsurance industries.


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	42		$	108		$	86		$	217		$	10		$	42		$	20		$	86
Investment income, net of related expenses	36,305			25,190			67,468			48,111			32,727			36,305			72,873			67,468
Investment related gains (losses), net	15,685			32,036			862			39,459			(23,281		)	15,685			(32,215		)	862
Other revenues	2,456			4,653			7,624			6,702			6,344			2,456			14,377			7,624
Total revenues	54,488			61,987			76,040			94,489			15,800			54,488			55,055			76,040
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	(13		)	(6		)	14			21			108			(13		)	428			14
Interest credited	1,497			459			2,621			966			2,717			1,497			4,927			2,621
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance income	(26,779		)	(25,149		)	(53,846		)	(48,961		)	(30,496		)	(26,779		)	(61,008		)	(53,846		)
Other operating expenses	38,141			40,975			78,513			80,953			66,270			38,141			129,230			78,513
Interest expense	29,352			20,331			71,754			53,138			37,025			29,352			74,479			71,754
Collateral finance and securitization expense	6,773			6,587			13,543			12,912			7,440			6,773			15,042			13,543
Total benefits and expenses	48,971			43,197			112,599			99,029			83,064			48,971			163,098			112,599
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	5,517		$	18,790		$	(36,559	)	$	(4,540	)	$	(67,264	)	$	5,517		$	(108,043	)	$	(36,559	)

~~Income before income taxes decreased by $13.3 million, or 70.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016.~~ Loss before income taxes increased by ~~$32.0~~$72.8 million ~~705.3%,~~and $71.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same ~~period~~periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~decrease~~increase in ~~income~~loss before income taxes for the second quarter and ~~the increase in loss before income taxes for~~ the first six months is primarily due to decreased net investment related gains and higher ~~interest expense~~other operating expenses partially offset by increased other revenue.

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Net investment ~~income.~~

~~Total revenues~~income decreased by ~~$7.5~~$3.6 million, or ~~12.1%~~9.9%, and ~~$18.4~~increased by $5.4 million, or ~~19.5%~~8.0%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The decrease ~~for~~in the second quarter ~~is primarily~~was mainly due to a decrease of $16.4 million in investment related gains (losses), net, largely caused by an increase in other-than-temporary impairments of $9.0 million and a decrease in net gains on the sale of securities of $7.4 million. The second quarter decrease was partially offset by an increase of $11.1 million in investment income related to an increase in unallocated invested assets and higherlower investment yields. The ~~decrease for~~increase in the first six months is primarily due to a decrease of $38.6 million in investment related gains (losses), net, mainly related to an increase in other-than-temporary impairments of $9.6 million and a decrease in net gains on the sale of securities of $29.0 million. The second quarter decrease was ~~partially offset by an increase of $19.4 million in investment income~~ related to an increase in unallocated invested assets and higher investment yields.

~~Total benefits~~Net investment related gains (losses) decreased by $39.0 million and ~~expenses~~$33.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017. The unfavorable change in the second quarter was largely caused by an increase in net losses on the sale of securities of $40.0 million and a $6.9 million reduction in fair value of equity securities, which was partially offset by a $7.2 million decrease in impairments on fixed maturity securities and other investments. The decrease in the first six months was primarily due to a $43.0 million increase in net losses on the sale of securities and an $11.1 million decrease in fair value of equity securities, which was partially offset by a $21.0 million reduction in other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities and other investments.

Other revenues increased by ~~$5.8~~$3.9 million, or ~~13.4%~~158.3%, and ~~$13.6~~$6.8 million, or ~~13.7%~~88.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, as compared to the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017. The increase in the second quarter was mainly due to the Company’s January 2018 acquisition of LOGiQ3 Inc., a group of companies providing technology, consulting and outsourcing solutions primarily to the North American life insurance and reinsurance industry, which contributed $5.2 million to other revenues in the current quarter. The acquisition of LOGiQ3 Inc. contributed $10.0 million to other revenues in the first six months.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance income increased by $3.7 million, or 13.9%, and $7.2 million, or 13.3%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017. Fluctuations period over period were attributable to the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments.

Other operating expenses increased by $28.1 million, or 73.8%, and $50.7 million, or 64.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the same periods in 2017. The increase in operating expenses, for both periods presented, was primarily related to increased consulting and compensation expenses due to increased compliance costs, strategic initiatives, acquisitions and increased incentive-based compensation. The aforementioned acquisition of LOGiQ3 Inc. contributed $7.1 million and $13.9 million of other operating expenses in the current quarter and first six months, ~~is primarily due~~respectively.

Interest expense increased by $7.7 million, or 26.1%, and $2.7 million, or 3.8%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to ~~an increase~~the same periods in ~~interest expense partially offset by a decrease in other operating expenses and an increase in other insurance income.~~2017. The increase in interest expense for both periods presented was primarily caused by a lower reduction in tax-related interest expense, which, specifically for the ~~second quarter and first~~ six ~~months is primarily due to the issuance of $800.0 million in long-term debt in June 2016, which~~month period, was partially offset by the repayment of ~~$300~~$300.0 million of long-term debt in 2017, and a lower reduction in tax-related interest expense primarily resulting from settlement with the taxing authority. The reduction in tax-related interest expense resulting from settlement with the taxing authority was $10.0 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2017, and $15.4 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2016.2017.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

The Company believes that cash flows from the source of funds available to it will provide sufficient cash flows for the next twelve months to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of RGA, Inc. and its subsidiaries under various scenarios that include the potential risk of early recapture of reinsurance treaties, market events and higher than expected claims. The Company performs

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periodic liquidity stress testing to ensure its asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster its liquidity position under stress scenarios. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed. The Company’s liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be funded through net cash flows from operations. However, in the event of significant unanticipated cash requirements beyond normal liquidity needs, the Company has multiple liquidity alternatives available based on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These alternatives include borrowings under committed credit facilities, secured borrowings, the ability to issue long-term debt, preferred securities or common equity and, if necessary, the sale of invested assets subject to market conditions.

Current Market Environment

The current low interest rate environment in select markets, primarily the U.S. and Canada, continues to ~~negatively affect~~put downward pressure on the Company’s ~~earnings.~~investment yield. The Company’s average investment yield, excluding spread business, for the six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 was ~~4.60%~~4.39%, 11 basis points below the same period in ~~2016.~~2017. The Company’s insurance liabilities, in particular its annuity products, are sensitive to changing market factors. ~~Gross~~Due to recent increases in risk free interest rates, gross unrealized gains on fixed maturity ~~and equity~~ securities available-for-sale ~~increased~~decreased from ~~$2,246.5~~$2,982.8 million at December 31, ~~2016~~2017 to ~~$2,780.5~~$2,143.2 million at June 30, ~~2017. Similarly, gross~~2018. Gross unrealized losses ~~decreased~~increased from ~~$374.9~~$113.3 million at December 31, ~~2016~~2017 to ~~$179.1~~$592.2 million at June 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

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The Company continues to be in a position to hold any investment security showing an unrealized loss until recovery, provided it remains comfortable with the credit of the issuer. As indicated above, gross unrealized gains on ~~investment~~fixed maturity securities of ~~$2,780.5~~$2,143.2 million remain well in excess of gross unrealized losses of ~~$179.1~~$592.2 million as of June 30, ~~2017. Historically low interest rates continued to put pressure on the Company’s investment yield.~~2018. The Company does not rely on short-term funding or commercial paper and to date it has experienced no liquidity pressure, nor does it anticipate such pressure in the foreseeable future.

The Company projects its reserves to be sufficient, and it would not expect to write down deferred acquisition costs or be required to take any actions to augment capital, even if interest rates remain at current levels for the next five years, assuming all other factors remain constant. While the Company has felt the pressures of sustained low interest rates and volatile equity markets and may continue to do so, its business operations are not overly sensitive to these risks. Although management believes the Company’s current capital base is adequate to support its business at current operating levels, it continues to monitor new business opportunities and any associated new capital needs that could arise from the changing financial landscape.

The Holding Company

RGA is an insurance holding company whose primary uses of liquidity include, but are not limited to, the immediate capital needs of its operating companies, dividends paid to its shareholders, repurchase of common stock and interest payments on its indebtedness. The primary sources of RGA’s liquidity include proceeds from its capital-raising efforts, interest income on undeployed corporate investments, interest income received on surplus notes with RGA Reinsurance, RCM and Rockwood Re and dividends from operating subsidiaries. As the Company continues its expansion efforts, RGA will continue to be dependent upon these sources of liquidity. The following tables provide comparative information for RGA (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,				Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2018		2017		2018		2017
Interest expense	$	37,100	$	28,351	$	87,321	$	68,874	$	47,250	$	37,100	$	92,694	$	87,321
Capital contributions to subsidiaries	11,000		41,000		18,500		41,000		12,000		11,000		23,000		18,500
Dividends to shareholders	26,434		23,727		52,815		47,746		32,129		26,434		64,370		52,815
Interest and dividend income	27,748		32,844		52,281		55,893		232,473		27,748		264,020		52,281
Issuance of unaffiliated debt	—		799,984		—		799,984

June 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Cash and invested assets $ 962,405
$ 1,443,755



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Cash and invested assets	$	644,472	$	779,996

See Item 15, Schedule II - “Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant” in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report for additional financial information related to RGA.

The undistributed earnings of substantially all of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries have been reinvested indefinitely in ~~such~~those non-U.S. operations, as described in Note 9 - “Income Tax” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report. ~~Under current tax laws, should~~As U.S. Tax Reform generally eliminates U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries, the Company ~~repatriate such earnings, it may be subject~~does not expect to ~~additional U.S.~~incur material income taxes ~~and foreign withholding taxes.~~if these funds are repatriated.

RGA endeavors to maintain a capital structure that provides financial and operational flexibility to its subsidiaries, credit ratings that support its competitive position in the financial services marketplace, and shareholder returns. As part of the Company’s

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capital deployment strategy, isit has in recent years repurchased shares of RGA common stock and paid dividends to RGA shareholders, as authorized by the board of directors. RGA’s current share repurchase program, which was approved by the board of directors in January 2017, authorizes the repurchase of up to $400.0 million of common stock. The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

Details underlying dividend and share repurchase program activity were as follows (in thousands, except share data):


	Six months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2018		2017
Dividends to shareholders	$	52,815	$	47,746	$	64,370	$	52,815
Repurchases of treasury stock	—		116,088		150,000		—
Total amount paid to shareholders	$	52,815	$	163,834	$	214,370	$	52,815

Number of shares repurchased	—		1,352,211		991,477		—
Average price per share	$	—	$	85.85	$	151.29	$	—

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In July ~~2017,~~2018, RGA’s board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of ~~$0.50~~$0.60 per share. All future payments of dividends are at the discretion of RGA’s board of directors and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, insurance regulatory conditions, operating conditions, and other such factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. The amount of dividends that RGA can pay will depend in part on the operations of its reinsurance subsidiaries. See Note 3 - “Equity” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the Company’s share repurchase program.

Debt

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. The Company is required to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, as defined in the debt agreements, of $3.5 billion, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter. Also, consolidated indebtedness, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, cannot exceed 35% of the sum of the Company’s consolidated indebtedness plus adjusted consolidated stockholders’ equity. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-default covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of $100.0 million, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event which results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness.

As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~,2017, the Company had $2.8 billion ~~and $3.1 billion, respectively,~~ in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the average net interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was 5.24%. The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, available liquidity at the holding company, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds.

The Company enters into derivative agreements with counterparties that reference either the Company’s debt rating or its financial strength rating. If either rating is downgraded in the future, it could trigger certain terms in the Company’s derivative agreements, which could negatively affect overall liquidity. For the majority of the Company’s derivative agreements, there is a termination event, at the Company’s option, should the long-term senior debt ratings drop below either BBB+ (S&P) or Baa1 (Moody’s) or the financial strength ratings drop below either A- (S&P) or A3 (Moody’s).

The Company may borrow up to $850.0 million in cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies on aits revolving credit facility that ~~expires~~matures in September 2019. As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018, the Company had no cash borrowings outstanding and ~~$94.0~~$80.4 million in issued, but undrawn, letters of credit under this facility. ~~As of~~ ~~June 30, 2017~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2016, the average interest rate on short-term and long-term debt outstanding was 5.14% and 5.16%, respectively.~~

Based on the historic cash flows and the current financial results of the Company, management believes RGA’s cash flows will be sufficient to enable RGA to meet its obligations for at least the next 12 months.

Credit and Committed Facilities

At June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, the Company maintained an $850.0 million syndicated revolving credit facility and certain committed letter of credit facilities aggregating ~~$1,353.8~~$1,263.8 million. See Note 13 - “Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report for further information about these facilities.

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The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions similar to those described in the “Debt” discussion above. At June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, there were approximately ~~$147.9~~$103.7 million of outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, in accordance with applicable regulations, the Company utilizes letters of credit to secure statutory reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and the UK. The Company believes the capital required to support the business in the affiliates reflects more realistic expectations than the original jurisdiction of the business, where capital requirements are often considered to be quite conservative. As of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, $1.4 billion in letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, but undrawn, backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company.

Cash Flows

The Company’s principal cash inflows from its reinsurance operations include premiums and deposit funds received from ceding companies. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are early recapture of the reinsurance contract by the ceding company and lapses of annuity products reinsured by the Company. The Company’s principal cash inflows from its invested assets result from investment income and the maturity and sales of invested assets. The primary liquidity ~~concern~~concerns with respect to these cash inflows relates to the risk of default by debtors and interest rate volatility. The Company manages these risks very closely. See “Investments” and “Interest Rate Risk” below.

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Additional sources of liquidity to meet unexpected cash outflows in excess of operating cash inflows and current cash and equivalents on hand include selling short-term investments or fixed maturity securities and drawing funds under a revolving credit facility, under which the Company had availability of ~~$756.0~~$769.6 million as of June 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The Company also has ~~$1,057.6 million~~$1.1 billion of funds available through collateralized borrowings from the FHLB as of June 30, ~~2017.~~2018. As of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, the Company could have borrowed these additional amounts without violating any of its existing debt covenants.

The Company’s principal cash outflows relate to the payment of claims liabilities, interest credited, operating expenses, income taxes, dividends to shareholders, purchases of treasury stock and principal and interest under debt and other financing obligations. The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises or reinsurers under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts (See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report). The Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires nor to the recoverability of future claims. The Company’s management believes its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next 12 months.

Summary of Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital

The Company’s primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:

For the six months ended June 30,
2017 2016
(Dollars in thousands)
Sources:
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 655,974
$ 594,446
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance —
799,984
Exercise of stock options, net 2,527
5,219
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements —
57,055
Cash provided by changes in universal life and other
investment type policies and contracts 515,147
304,936
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 34,137
19,795
Total sources 1,207,785
1,781,435

Uses:
Net cash used in investing activities 889,675
2,058,207
Dividends to stockholders 52,815
47,746
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes 23,761
35,369
Debt issuance costs —
9,026
Principal payments of long-term debt 301,278
1,227
Purchases of treasury stock 10,578
120,806
Change in cash collateral for derivatives and other arrangements 7,046
—
Total uses 1,285,153
2,272,381
Net change in cash and cash equivalents $ (77,368 ) $ (490,946 )

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		For the six months ended June 30,
		2018		2017
		(Dollars in thousands)
Sources:
	Net cash provided by operating activities	$	583,588	$	655,974
	Exercise of stock options, net	1,252		2,527
	Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	17,578		—
	Cash provided by changes in universal life and other
	investment type policies and contracts	—		515,147
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—		34,137
	Total sources	602,418		1,207,785

Uses:
	Net cash used in investing activities	100,615		889,675
	Dividends to stockholders	64,370		52,815
	Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	53,102		23,761
	Principal payments of long-term debt	1,331		301,278
	Repurchase and repayment of collateral finance facility securities	—		—
	Purchases of treasury stock	165,069		10,578
	Change in cash collateral for derivatives and other arrangements	—		7,046
	Cash used for changes in universal life and other
	investment type policies and contracts	104,023		—
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	19,753		—
	Total uses	508,263		1,285,153
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		$	94,155	$	(77,368	)

Cash Flows from Operations - The principal cash inflows from the Company’s reinsurance activities come from premiums, investment and fee income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows relate to the liabilities associated with various life and health insurance, annuity and disability products, operating expenses, income tax payments and interest on outstanding debt obligations. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of shortfalls in premiums and investment income, particularly in periods with abnormally high claims levels.

Cash Flows from Investments - The principal cash inflows from the Company’s investment activities come from repayments of principal on invested assets, proceeds from maturities of invested assets, sales of invested assets and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The Company typically has a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with its asset/liability management discipline to fund insurance liabilities. The Company closely monitors and manages these risks through its credit risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market ~~disruption.~~disruption, which could make it difficult for the Company to sell investments.

Financing Cash Flows - The principal cash inflows from the Company’s financing activities come from issuances of RGA debt and equity securities, and deposit funds associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. The principal

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cash outflows come from repayments of debt, payments of dividends to stockholders, purchases of treasury stock, and withdrawals associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contractholder and policyholder withdrawal.

Contractual Obligations

The Company’s obligation related to future policy benefits and interest-sensitive contract liabilities increased by $1.0 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively, since December 31, 2016 due to a large annuity reinsurance transaction executed during the second quarter of 2017. There were no ~~other~~ material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations from those previously reported in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report.

Asset / Liability Management

The Company actively manages its cash and invested assets using an approach that is intended to balance quality, diversification, asset/liability matching, liquidity and investment return. The goals of the investment process are to optimize after-tax, risk-adjusted investment income and after-tax, risk-adjusted total return while managing the assets and liabilities on a cash flow and duration basis.

The Company has established target asset portfolios for ~~each major insurance product,~~its operating segments, which represent the investment strategies intended to profitably fund its liabilities within acceptable risk parameters. These strategies include objectives and limits for effective duration, yield curve sensitivity and convexity, liquidity, asset sector concentration and credit quality.

The Company’s asset-intensive products are primarily supported by investments in fixed maturity securities reflected on the Company’s balance sheet and under funds withheld arrangements with the ceding company. Investment guidelines are established to structure the investment portfolio based upon the type, duration and behavior of products in the liability portfolio so as to achieve targeted levels of profitability. The Company manages the asset-intensive business to provide a targeted spread between the interest rate earned on investments and the interest rate credited to the underlying interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The Company periodically reviews models projecting different interest rate scenarios and their effect on profitability. Certain of these asset-intensive agreements, primarily in the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions operating segment, are generally funded by fixed maturity securities that are withheld by the ceding company.

The Company’s liquidity position (cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments) was ~~$1,246.7~~$1,520.7 million and ~~$1,277.4~~$1,396.8 million at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents includes cash collateral received from derivative counterparties of ~~$183.2~~$194.1 million and ~~$254.5~~$185.9 million as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. This unrestricted cash collateral is included in cash and cash equivalents and the obligation to return it is included in other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Liquidity needs are determined from valuation analyses conducted by operational units and are driven by product portfolios. Periodic evaluations of demand liabilities and short-term liquid assets are designed to adjust specific portfolios, as well as their durations and maturities, in response to anticipated liquidity needs.

See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other” in Note 4 - “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. In addition to its security agreements with third parties, certain RGA’s subsidiaries have entered into intercompany securities lending agreements to more efficiently source securities for lending to third parties and to provide for more efficient regulatory capital management.

The Company is a member of the FHLB and holds ~~$66.5~~$71.8 million of FHLB common stock, which is included in other invested assets on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Membership provides the Company access to borrowing

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arrangements (“advances”) and funding agreements, discussed below, with the FHLB. The Company did not have any advances from the FHLB at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017. The ~~Company’s average~~Company had no outstanding balance of advances during the second quarter and the first six months of 2018, respectively, and was $39.5 million and $21.4 million during the second quarter and the first six months of 2017, ~~respectively, and was $52.8 million and $44.2 million during the second quarter and the first six months of 2016,~~ respectively. Interest on advances is reflected in interest expense on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income.

In addition, the Company has also entered into funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts whereby the Company has issued the funding agreements in exchange for cash and for which the FHLB has been granted a blanket lien on the Company’s commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans used to collateralize the Company’s obligations under the funding agreements. The Company maintains control over these pledged assets, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. The funding agreements and the related security agreements represented by this blanket lien provide that upon any event of default by the Company, the FHLB’s recovery is limited to the amount of the Company’s liability under the outstanding funding agreements. The amount of the Company’s liability for the funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts was ~~$1.3~~$1.5 billion and ~~$1.1~~$1.4 billion at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, which is included in interest sensitive contract liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The advances on these agreements are collateralized primarily by commercial and residential

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mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage loans, and U.S. Treasury and government agency securities. The amount of collateral exceeds the liability and is dependent on the type of assets collateralizing the guaranteed investment contracts.

Investments

Management of Investments

The Company’s investment and derivative strategies involve matching the characteristics of its reinsurance products and other obligations and to seek to closely approximate the interest rate sensitivity of the assets with estimated interest rate sensitivity of the reinsurance liabilities. The Company achieves its income objectives through strategic and tactical asset allocations, security and derivative strategies within an asset/liability management and disciplined risk management framework. Derivative strategies are employed within the Company’s risk management framework to help manage duration, currency, and other risks in assets and/or liabilities and to replicate the credit characteristics of certain assets. For a discussion of the Company’s risk management process see “Market and Credit Risk” in the “Enterprise Risk Management” section below.

The Company’s portfolio management groups work with the Enterprise Risk Management function to develop the investment policies for the assets of the Company’s domestic and international investment portfolios. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement, are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. See Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s investments.

Portfolio Composition

The Company had total cash and invested assets of ~~$50.6~~$51.9 billion and ~~$46.0~~$53.0 billion at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, as illustrated below (dollars in thousands):

June 30, 2017 % of Total December 31, 2016 % of Total
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 36,345,426
71.9 % $ 32,093,625
69.6 %
Mortgage loans on real estate 4,104,487
8.1
3,775,522
8.2
Policy loans 1,406,774
2.8
1,427,602
3.1
Funds withheld at interest 5,968,856
11.8
5,875,919
12.8
Short-term investments 123,308
0.2
76,710
0.2
Other invested assets 1,498,370
3.0
1,591,940
3.5
Cash and cash equivalents 1,123,350
2.2
1,200,718
2.6
Total cash and invested assets $ 50,570,571
100.0 % $ 46,042,036
100.0 %

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	June 30, 2018		% of Total		December 31, 2017		% of Total
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	36,784,954	70.9	%	$	38,150,820	71.9	%
Equity securities	108,070		0.2		100,152		0.2
Mortgage loans on real estate	4,558,669		8.8		4,400,533		8.3
Policy loans	1,339,252		2.6		1,357,624		2.6
Funds withheld at interest	5,981,092		11.5		6,083,388		11.5
Short-term investments	123,028		0.2		93,304		0.2
Other invested assets	1,605,562		3.1		1,505,332		2.8
Cash and cash equivalents	1,397,679		2.7		1,303,524		2.5
Total cash and invested assets	$	51,898,306	100.0	%	$	52,994,677	100.0	%

Investment Yield

The following table presents consolidated average invested assets at amortized cost, net investment income and investment yield, excluding spread related business. Spread related business is primarily associated with contracts on which the Company earns an interest rate spread between assets and liabilities. To varying degrees, fluctuations in the yield on other spread related business is generally subject to corresponding adjustments to the interest credited on the liabilities (dollars in thousands).


	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			Increase/ (Decrease)		2017			2016			Increase/ (Decrease)		2018			2017			Increase/ (Decrease)		2018			2017			Increase/ (Decrease)
Average invested assets at amortized cost	$	25,172,367		$	23,216,459		8.4	%	$	25,052,849		$	22,669,219		10.5	%	$	26,899,416		$	25,172,367		6.9	%	$	26,816,599		$	25,052,849		7.0	%
Net investment income	284,884			268,747			6.0	%	558,092			514,046			8.6	%	285,832			284,884			0.3	%	582,305			558,092			4.3	%
Investment yield (ratio of net investment income to average invested assets)	4.60		%	4.71		%	(11) bps		4.50		%	4.59		%	(9) bps		4.32		%	4.60		%	(28 bps)		4.39		%	4.50		%	(11 bps)

Investment yield decreased for the three ~~and six~~ months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 in comparison to the same period in the prior year primarily due to decreased income from limited partnership and joint venture investments, both of which are included in other invested assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, and the effect of the low interest rate environment. Investment yield decreased for the six months ended June 30, 2018 in comparison to the same period in the prior year primarily due to decreased income from make-whole premiums and the effect of the low interest rate environment.

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Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale

See “Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that provide the amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, estimated fair value of ~~fixed maturity and equity~~these securities, and the other-than-temporary impairments in AOCI by sector as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.

The ~~Company’s~~Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities ~~are invested primarily in~~available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate ~~bonds, mortgage-~~securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign ~~government securities.~~government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, approximately ~~95.6%~~95.5% and ~~95.0%~~95.6%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated investment portfolio of fixed maturity securities were investment grade.

Important factors in the selection of investments include diversification, quality, yield, call protection and total rate of return potential. The relative importance of these factors is determined by market conditions and the underlying reinsurance liability and existing portfolio characteristics. The largest asset class in which fixed maturity securities were invested was corporate securities, which represented approximately ~~61.5%~~61.2% and ~~61.1%~~60.9% of total fixed maturity securities as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. See “Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the major industry types, which comprise the corporate fixed maturity holdings at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.

As of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, the Company’s investments in Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities represented 11.0% of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities compared to ~~11.4%~~11.1% of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities at December 31, ~~2016.~~2017. These assets are primarily high quality, long duration provincial strips, the valuation of which is closely linked to the interest rate curve. These assets are longer in duration and held primarily for asset/liability management to meet Canadian regulatory requirements. See “Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the various sectors as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.

The Company references rating agency designations in some of its investments disclosures. These designations are based on the ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, primarily ~~those assigned by S&P. In instances where a~~Moody’s, S&P ~~rating is not available the Company references the rating provided by Moody’s~~ and in the absence of both the Company will assign equivalent ratings based on information from the NAIC. The NAIC assigns securities quality ratings and uniform valuations called “NAIC Designations” which are used by insurers when preparing their U.S. statutory filings.Fitch. Structured securities (mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities) held by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting utilize the NAIC rating methodology. The NAIC assigns designations to publicly traded as well as privately placed securities. The designations assigned by the NAIC range from class 1 to class 6, with designations in classes 1 and 2 generally considered investment grade (BBB or higher rating agency designation). NAIC designations in classes 3 through 6 are generally considered below investment grade (BB or lower rating agency designation).

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The quality of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as measured at fair value and by the percentage of fixed maturity securities invested in various ratings categories, relative to the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity security portfolio, at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):


		June 30, 2017						December 31, 2016							June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
NAIC Designation	Rating Agency Designation	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Rating Agency Designation	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
1	AAA/AA/A	$	22,039,025	$	24,093,110	66.4	%	$	19,813,653	$	21,369,081	66.5	%	AAA/AA/A	$	23,206,331	$	24,697,276	67.2	%	$	23,534,574	$	25,762,103	67.5	%
2	BBB	10,097,673		10,626,154		29.2		8,834,469		9,162,483		28.5		BBB	10,309,842		10,413,893		28.3		10,115,008		10,709,170		28.1
3	BB	1,140,073		1,167,968		3.2		944,839		955,735		3.0		BB	1,165,503		1,136,259		3.1		1,139,200		1,173,639		3.1
4	B	358,668		369,794		1.0		414,087		411,138		1.3		B	501,101		488,648		1.3		408,990		420,284		1.1
5	CCC and lower	94,473		79,662		0.2		187,744		177,481		0.6		CCC and lower	45,696		42,876		0.1		78,143		79,747		0.2
6	In or near default	8,422		8,738		—		16,995		17,707		0.1		In or near default	5,497		6,002		—		5,497		5,877		—
	Total	$	33,738,334	$	36,345,426	100.0	%	$	30,211,787	$	32,093,625	100.0	%	Total	$	35,233,970	$	36,784,954	100.0	%	$	35,281,412	$	38,150,820	100.0	%

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The Company’s fixed maturity portfolio includes structured securities. The following table shows the types of structured securities the Company held at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands):

June 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Amortized Cost
Estimated
Fair Value
Amortized Cost
Estimated
Fair Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency $ 784,648
$ 813,463
$ 579,686
$ 602,549
Non-agency 720,826
725,836
678,353
676,027
Total residential mortgage-backed securities 1,505,474
1,539,299
1,258,039
1,278,576
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,558,035
1,582,028
1,342,440
1,363,654
Asset-backed securities 1,630,499
1,641,841
1,443,822
1,429,344
Total $ 4,694,008
$ 4,763,168
$ 4,044,301
$ 4,071,574



	June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
RMBS:
Agency	$	840,284	$	833,587	$	878,559	$	896,977
Non-agency	997,032		987,627		816,567		822,903
Total RMBS	1,837,316		1,821,214		1,695,126		1,719,880
CMBS	1,249,616		1,242,509		1,285,594		1,303,387
ABS	1,711,099		1,708,824		1,634,758		1,648,362
Total	$	4,798,031	$	4,772,547	$	4,615,478	$	4,671,629

The ~~residential mortgage-backed securities~~Company’s RMBS include agency-issued pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. A majority of the agency-issued pass-through securities are guaranteed or otherwise supported by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association. The principal risks inherent in holding mortgage-backed securities are prepayment and extension risks, which will affect the timing of when cash will be received and are dependent on the level of mortgage interest rates. Prepayment risk is the unexpected increase in principal payments from the expected, primarily as a result of owner refinancing. Extension risk relates to the unexpected slowdown in principal payments from the expected. In addition, non-agency mortgage-backed securities face credit risk should the borrower be unable to pay the contractual interest or principal on their obligation. The Company monitors its mortgage-backed securities to mitigate exposure to the cash flow uncertainties associated with these risks.

~~Asset-backed securities~~The Company’s ABS include credit card ~~and automobile~~ receivables, railcar leasing, student loans, single-family rentals, home equity loans and collateralized debt obligations (primarily collateralized loan obligations). The Company owns floating rate securities that represent approximately ~~13.7%~~15.5% and ~~12.9%~~13.8% of the total fixed maturity securities at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. These investments have a higher degree of income variability than the other fixed income holdings in the portfolio due to the floating rate nature of the interest payments. The Company holds these investments to match specific floating rate liabilities primarily reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as collateral finance notes, as well as to enhance asset management strategies. In addition to the risks associated with floating rate securities, principal risks in holding asset-backed securities are structural, credit and capital market risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. Credit risks are mitigated by credit enhancements which include excess spread, over-collateralization and subordination. Capital market risks include general level of interest rates and the liquidity for these securities in the marketplace.

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The Company monitors its fixed maturity ~~and equity~~ securities to determine impairments in value and evaluates factors such as financial condition of the issuer, payment performance, the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been below amortized cost, compliance with covenants, general market and industry sector conditions, current intent and ability to hold securities, and various other subjective factors. Based on management’s judgment, securities determined to have an other-than-temporary impairment in value are written down to fair value. See “Investments – Other-than-Temporary Impairment” in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report for additional information. The table below summarizes other-than-temporary impairments and changes in the mortgage loan provision for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (dollars in thousands).


	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,					Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016			2017		2016			2018		2017		2018		2017
Impairment losses on fixed maturity securities	$	3,401	$	846		$	20,590	$	34,663		$	3,350	$	3,401	$	3,350	$	20,590
Other impairment losses	6,309		114			6,307		2,163			512		6,309		1,340		6,307
Change in mortgage loan provision	366		(325		)	467		(314		)	845		366		329		467
Total	$	10,076	$	635		$	27,364	$	36,512		$	4,707	$	10,076	$	5,019	$	27,364

The fixed maturity impairments for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 were largely related to high-yield corporate securities. In addition, other impairment losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 were primarily due to impairments on real estate joint ventures. Other impairment losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 ~~and 2016 are~~were primarily due to impairments on limited partnerships.

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At June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, the Company had ~~$179.1~~$592.2 million and ~~$374.9~~$113.3 million, respectively, of gross unrealized losses related to its fixed maturity ~~and equity~~ securities. The distribution of the gross unrealized losses related to these securities is shown below.


	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Sector:
Corporate securities	59.7	%	61.6	%
Canadian and Canada provincial governments	1.4		0.9
Residential mortgage-backed securities	4.9		3.6
Asset-backed securities	3.3		6.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	2.8		2.1
Corporate					69.2	%	48.8	%
Canadian government					0.7		1.5
RMBS					5.8		10.5
ABS					2.3		4.6
CMBS					2.7		4.3
U.S. government					11.2		19.4
State and political subdivisions	4.6		3.3		1.6		3.8
U.S. government and agencies	17.8		16.8
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises	5.5		5.3
Other foreign government					6.5		7.1
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%
Industry:
Finance	15.1	%	20.1	%	25.0	%	15.8	%
Asset-backed	3.3		6.4		2.3		4.6
Industrial	40.2		32.9		37.6		30.0
Mortgage-backed	7.7		5.7		8.5		14.8
Government	29.3		26.3		20.0		31.8
Utility	4.4		8.6		6.6		3.0
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the total gross unrealized losses for ~~fixed maturity and equity~~these securities at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by less than 20% or more than 20%.

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See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, for ~~fixed maturity and equity~~these securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost, by class and grade security, as well as the length of time the related market value has remained below amortized cost as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.

As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, the Company classified approximately ~~6.2%~~5.7% and ~~6.9%~~5.9%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category (refer to Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate securities, bank loans, Canadian provincial strips, below investment grade mortgage-backed securities ~~collateralized loan obligations~~ and subprime asset-backed securities with inactive trading markets.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage loans represented approximately ~~8.1%~~8.8% and ~~8.2%~~8.3% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The Company’s mortgage loan portfolio consists of U.S. and ~~Canada~~Canadian based investments primarily in commercial offices, light industrial properties and retail locations. The mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and property type. Additional information on geographic concentration and property type can be found under “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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As of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, the Company’s mortgage loans, gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and valuation allowances, were distributed geographically as follows (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
U.S. Region:
Pacific	$	1,218,762	29.6	%	$	1,112,636	29.4	%	$	1,331,967	29.0	%	$	1,258,753	28.6	%
South Atlantic	834,828		20.3		782,509		20.7		926,086		20.3		896,117		20.3
Mountain	684,634		16.7		615,915		16.3		625,485		13.7		694,324		15.7
East North Central	469,191		11.4		422,512		11.2		530,002		11.6		527,316		11.9
West North Central	307,889		7.5		318,212		8.4		314,855		6.9		309,326		7.0
West South Central	324,343		7.9		317,194		8.4		452,282		9.9		387,151		8.8
Middle Atlantic	95,363		2.3		92,683		2.4		171,788		3.8		137,600		3.1
East South Central	97,851		2.4		57,216		1.5		95,836		2.1		96,887		2.2
New England	9,230		0.2		9,346		0.2		5,664		0.1		5,700		0.1
Subtotal - U.S.	4,042,091		98.3		3,728,223		98.5		4,453,965		97.4		4,313,174		97.7
Canada	71,941		1.7		54,984		1.5		118,598		2.6		99,997		2.3
Total	$	4,114,032	100.0	%	$	3,783,207	100.0	%	$	4,572,563	100.0	%	$	4,413,171	100.0	%

Valuation allowances on mortgage loans are established based upon inherent losses expected by management to be realized in connection with future dispositions or settlement of mortgage loans, including foreclosures. The valuation allowances are established after management considers, among other things, the value of underlying collateral and payment capabilities of debtors. Any subsequent adjustments to the valuation allowances will be treated as investment gains or losses. See “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding valuation allowances and impairments.

Policy Loans

Policy loans comprised approximately ~~2.8% and 3.1%~~2.6% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016, respectively,~~2017, the majority of which are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

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Funds Withheld at Interest

Funds withheld at interest comprised approximately ~~11.8% and 12.8%~~11.5% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016, respectively.~~2017. For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company, and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed by the ceding company. Interest accrues to the total funds withheld at interest assets at rates defined by the treaty terms. Additionally, under certain treaties the Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. These assets are primarily fixed maturity investment securities and pose risks similar to the fixed maturity securities the Company owns. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding company and monitors compliance. Ceding companies with funds withheld at interest had an average financial strength rating of “A” at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017. Certain ceding companies maintain segregated portfolios for the benefit of the Company.

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include ~~equity securities,~~ limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), ~~structured loans,~~equity release mortgages, derivative contracts, FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments and FHLB common ~~stock and equity release mortgages.~~stock. Other invested assets represented approximately ~~3.0%~~3.1% and ~~3.5%~~2.8% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. See “Other Invested Assets” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the carrying value of the Company’s other invested assets by type as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.

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The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to protect the Company against possible changes in the fair value of its investment portfolio as a result of interest rate changes, to hedge against risk of changes in the purchase price of securities, to hedge liabilities associated with the reinsurance of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits and to manage the portfolio’s effective yield, maturity and duration. In addition, the Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company uses both exchange-traded, centrally cleared, and customized over-the-counter derivative financial instruments.

See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the notional amounts and fair value of investment related derivative instruments held at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value at the reporting date plus or minus any collateral posted or held by the Company. The Company had no net credit exposure related to its derivative contracts, excluding futures and mortality swaps, at June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, as the net amount of collateral pledged to the Company from counterparties exceeded the fair value of the derivative contracts.

The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared derivatives, which are bilateral transactions between the Company and a counterparty where the transactions are cleared through a clearinghouse, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of the clearinghouse. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments.

Enterprise Risk Management

RGA maintains a dedicated Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) function that is responsible for analyzing and reporting the Company’s risks on an aggregated basis; facilitating monitoring to ensure the Company’s risks remain within its appetites and limits; and ensuring, on an ongoing basis, that RGA’s ERM objectives are met. This includes ensuring proper risk controls are in place; risks are effectively identified, assessed, and managed; and key risks to which the Company is exposed are disclosed to appropriate stakeholders. The ERM function plays an important role in fostering the Company’s risk management culture and practices.

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Enterprise Risk Management Structure and Governance

The Board of Directors (“the Board”) oversees enterprise risk through its standing committees. The Finance, Investments, and Risk Management (“FIRM”) Committee of the Board oversees the management of the Company’s ERM program and policies. The FIRM receives regular reports and assessments which describe the Company’s key risk exposures and include quantitative and qualitative assessments and information about breaches, exceptions, and waivers.

The Company’s Global Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”) leads the dedicated ERM function. The CRO reports to the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and has direct access to the Board through the FIRM Committee with formal reporting occurring quarterly. The CRO is supported by a network of Business Unit Chief Risk Officers and Risk Management Officers throughout the business who are responsible for the analysis and management of risks within their scope. A Lead Risk Management Officer is assigned to each risk to take overall responsibility to monitor and assess the risk consistently across all markets.

In addition to leading the ERM function, the CRO also chairs the Company’s Risk Management Steering Committee (“RMSC”), which is made up of senior management executives, including the CEO, the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), and the Chief Operating Officer, among others. The RMSC provides oversight for the Insurance, Market and Credit, Capital, and Operational risk committees and retains direct risk oversight responsibilities for the following:

Company’s global ERM framework, activities, and issues.

Identification, assessments, and management of all known, new and emerging strategic risk exposures.

Risk appetite statement, including the ongoing alignment of the risk appetite statement with the Company’s strategy and capital plans.

Review, revise and approve RGA group-level strategic risk limits consistent with the risk appetite statement

The Insurance, Market and Credit, Capital, and Operational risk committees have direct oversight accountability for their respective risks areas including the identification, assessments, and management of known, new and emerging risk exposures and the review and approval of RGA group-level risk limits

To ensure appropriate oversight of enterprise-wide risk management issues without unnecessary duplication, as well as to foster cross-committee communication and coordination regarding risk issues, risk committee chairs attend RMSC meetings. In addition

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to the risk committees, their sub-committees and working groups, some RGA operating entities have risk management committees that oversee relevant risks related to segment-level risk limits.

Enterprise Risk Management Framework

RGA’s ERM framework provides a platform to assess the risk / return profiles of risks throughout the organization to enable enhanced decision making by business leaders. The ERM framework also guides the development and implementation of mitigation strategies to reduce exposures to these risks to acceptable levels.

RGA’s ERM framework includes the following elements:


1.	Risk Culture: Risk management is an integral part of the Company’s culture and is embedded in RGA’s business processes in accordance with RGA’s risk philosophy. As the cornerstone of the ERM framework, a culture of prudent risk management reinforced by senior management plays a preeminent role in the effective management of risks assumed by RGA.


2.	Risk Appetite Statement: A general and high level overview of the risk profile RGA aims to achieve to meet its strategic objectives. This statement is then supported by more granular risk limits guiding the businesses to achieve this Risk Appetite Statement.


3.	Risk Limits: Risk Limits establish the maximum amount of defined risk that the Company is willing to assume to remain within the Company’s overall risk appetite. These risks have been identified by the management of the Company as relevant to manage the overall risk profile of the Company while allowing achievement of strategic objectives.


4.	Risk Assessment Process: RGA uses qualitative and quantitative methods to assess key risks through a portfolio approach, which analyzes established and emerging risks in conjunction with other risks.


5.	Business Specific Limits/Controls: These limits/controls provide additional safeguards against undesired risk exposures and are embedded in business processes. Examples include maximum retention limits, pricing and underwriting reviews, per issuer limits, concentration limits, and standard treaty language.

Proactive risk monitoring and reporting enable early detection and mitigation of emerging risks. The RMSC and its subcommittees monitor adherence to risk limits through the ERM function, which reports regularly to the RMSC and FIRM Committee. The frequency of monitoring is tailored to the volatility assessment and relative priority of each risk. Risk escalation channels coupled with open communication lines enhance the mitigants explained above. The Company has devoted significant resources to

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developing its ERM program and expects to continue to do so in the future. Nonetheless, the Company’s policies and procedures to identify, manage, and monitor risks may not be fully effective. Many of the Company’s methods for managing risk are based on historical information, which may not be a good predictor of future risk exposures, such as the risk of a pandemic causing a large number of deaths. Management of operational, legal, and regulatory risk relies on policies and procedures which may not be fully effective under all scenarios.

Risk Categories

The Company ~~categorizes~~groups its ~~main~~ risks asinto the following categories: Insurance risk, Market and Credit risk, Capital risk, Operational risk and Strategic risk. Specific risk assessments and descriptions can be found below and in Item 1A -– “Risk Factors” of the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report.

Insurance Risk

Insurance risk is the risk of lower or negative earnings and potentially a reduction in enterprise value due to a greater amount of benefits and related expenses paid than expected, or from non-market related adverse policyholder or client behavior. The Company uses multiple approaches to managing insurance risk: active insurance risk assessment and pricing appropriately for the risks assumed, transferring undesired risks, and managing the retained exposure prudently. These strategies are explained below.

Insurance Risk Assessment and Pricing

The Company has developed extensive expertise in assessing insurance risks which ultimately forms an integral part of ensuring that it is compensated commensurately for the risks it assumes and that it does not overpay for the risks it transfers to third parties. This expertise includes a vast array of market and product knowledge supported by a large information database of historical experience which is closely monitored. Analysis and experience studies derived from this database help form the basis for the Company’s pricing assumptions which are used in developing rates for new risks. If actual mortality or morbidity experience is materially adverse, some reinsurance treaties allow for increases to future premium rates.

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Misestimation of any key risk can threaten the long term viability of the enterprise. Further, the pricing process is a key operational risk and significant effort is applied to ensuring the appropriateness of pricing assumptions. Some of the safeguards the Company uses to ensure proper pricing are: experience studies, strict underwriting, sensitivity and scenario testing, pricing guidelines and controls, authority limits and internal and external pricing reviews. In addition, the ERM function provides pricing oversight which includes periodic pricing audits.

Risk Transfer

To minimize volatility in financial results and reduce the impact of large losses, the Company transfers some of its insurance risk to third parties using vehicles such as retrocession and catastrophe coverage.

Individual Exposure Retrocession

In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of claims paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises (or retrocessionaires) under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts. In individual life markets, the Company retains a maximum of $8.0 million of coverage per individual life. In certain limited situations the Company has retained more than $8.0 million per individual life. The Company enters into agreements with other reinsurers to mitigate the residual risk related to the over-retained policies. Additionally, due to some lower face amount reinsurance coverages provided by the Company in addition to individual life, such as group life, disability and health, under certain circumstances, the Company could potentially incur claims totaling more than $8.0 million per individual life.

Catastrophic Excess Loss Retrocession

The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on its assumed catastrophic excess of loss reinsurance agreements by ceding a portion of its exposure to multiple retrocessionaires through retrocession line slips or directly to retrocession markets. The Company’s policy is to retain a maximum of $20.0 million of catastrophic loss exposure per agreement and to retrocede up to $30.0 million additional loss exposures to the retrocession markets. The Company limits its exposure on a country-by-country (and state-by-state in the U.S.) basis by managing its total exposure to all catastrophic excess of loss agreements bound within a given country to established maximum aggregate exposures. The maximum exposures are established and managed both on gross amounts issued prior to including retrocession and for amounts net of exposures retroceded.

Catastrophe Coverage

The Company accesses the markets each year for annual catastrophic coverages and reviews current coverage and pricing of current and alternate designs. The coverage may vary from year to year based on the Company’s perceived value of such protection. The current policy covers events involving 8 or more insured deaths from a single occurrence and covers $100.0 million of claims in excess of the Company’s $25.0 million deductible.

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Managing Retained Exposure

The Company retains most of the inbound insurance risk. The Company manages the retained exposure proactively using various mitigating factors such as diversification and limits. Diversification is the primary mitigating factor of short term volatility risk, but it also mitigates adverse impacts of changes in long term trends and catastrophic events. The Company’s insured populations are dispersed globally, diversifying the insurance exposure because factors that cause actual experience to deviate materially from expectations do not affect all areas uniformly and synchronously or in close sequence. A variety of limits mitigate retained insurance risk. Examples of these limits include geographic exposure limits, which set the maximum amount of business that can be written in a given country, and jumbo limits, which prevent excessive coverage on a given individual.

In the event that mortality or morbidity experience develops in excess of expectations, some reinsurance treaties allow for increases to future premium rates. Other treaties include experience refund provisions, which may also help reduce RGA’s mortality risk.

RGA has various methods to manage its insurance risks, including access to the capital and reinsurance markets.

Market and Credit Risk

Market and Credit risk is the risk of lower or negative earnings and potentially a reduction in enterprise value due to changes in the market prices of asset and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest Rate risk is risk that changes in the level and volatility of nominal interest rates affect the profitability, value or solvency position of the Company. This includes credit spread changes and inflation but excludes credit quality deterioration. This risk arises from many of the Company’s primary activities, as the Company invests substantial funds in interest-sensitive assets, primarily fixed maturity securities, and also has certain interest-sensitive contract liabilities. A prolonged period where market yields are significantly below the book yields of the Company’s asset portfolio puts downward pressure on portfolio book yields.

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The Company has been proactive in its investment strategies, reinsurance structures and overall asset-liability management practices to reduce the risk of unfavorable consequences in this type of environment.

The Company manages interest rate risk to optimize the return on the Company’s capital and to preserve the value created by its business operations within certain constraints. For example, certain management and monitoring processes are designed to minimize the effect of sudden and/or sustained changes in interest rates on fair value, cash flows, and net interest income. The Company manages its exposure to interest rates principally by managing the relative matching of the cash flows of its liabilities and assets.

The Company’s exposure to interest rate price risk and interest rate cash flow risk is reviewed on a quarterly basis. Interest rate price risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the change in fair value of the Company’s financial instruments in the event of a hypothetical change in interest rates. Interest rate cash flow risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the Company’s variability in cash flows in the event of a hypothetical change in interest rates.

In order to reduce the exposure to changes in fair values from interest rate fluctuations, the Company has developed strategies to manage the net interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities. In addition, from time to time, the Company has utilized the swap market to manage the sensitivity of fair values to interest rate fluctuations.

Inflation can also have direct effects on the Company’s assets and liabilities. The primary direct effect of inflation is the increase in operating expenses. A large portion of the Company’s operating expenses consists of salaries, which are subject to wage increases at least partly affected by the rate of inflation.

The Company reinsures annuities with benefits indexed to the cost of living. Some of these benefits are hedged with a combination of CPI swaps and indexed bonds when material.

Long Term Care products have an inflation component linked to the future cost of such services. If health care costs increase at a much larger rate than what is prevalent in the nominal interest rates available in the markets, the Company may not earn enough investment yield to pay future claims on such products.

Foreign Currency Risk

Foreign currency risk is the risk of changes in level and volatility of currency exchange rates affect the profitability, value or solvency position of the Company. The Company manages its exposure to currency principally by currency matching invested assets with the underlying liabilities to the extent possible. The Company has in place net investment hedges for a portion of its investments in its Canadian operations to reduce excess exposure to these currencies. Translation differences resulting from translating foreign subsidiary balances to U.S. dollars are reflected in stockholders’ equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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The Company generally does not hedge the foreign currency exposure of its subsidiaries transacting business in currencies other than their functional currency (transaction exposure). However, the Company has entered into cross currency swaps to manage exposure to specific currencies. The majority of the Company’s foreign currency transactions are denominated in Australian dollars, British pounds, Canadian dollars, Euros, Japanese yen, Korean won, and the South African rand. The maximum amount of assets held in a specific currency (with the exception of the U.S. dollar) is measured relative to risk targets and is monitored regularly.

Real Estate Risk

Real Estate risk is the risk that changes in the level and volatility of real estate market valuations may impact the profitability, value or solvency position of the Company. The Company has investments in direct real estate equity and debt instruments collateralized by real estate (“real estate loans”). Real estate equity risks include significant reduction in valuations, which could be caused by downturns in the broad economy or in specific geographic regions or sectors. In addition, real estate loan risks include defaults, ~~natural disasters,~~ borrower or tenant bankruptcy and reduced liquidity. Real estate loan risks are partially mitigated by the excess of the value of the property over the loan principle, which provides a buffer should the value of the real estate decrease. The Company manages its real estate loan risk by diversifying by property type and geography and through exposure limits.

Equity Risk

Equity risk is the risk that changes in the level and volatility of equity market valuations affect the profitability, value or solvency position of the ~~company.~~Company. This risk includes Variable Annuity and other equity linked exposures and asset related equity exposure. The Company assumes equity risk from alternative investments, fixed indexed annuities and variable annuities. The Company uses derivatives to hedge its exposure to movements in equity markets that have a direct correlation with certain of its reinsurance products.

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Alternative Investments

Alternative investments are investments in non-traditional asset classes that primarily back the Company’s capital and surplus. The Company generally restricts the alternative investments portfolio to non-liability supporting assets: that is, free surplus. Alternative investments generally encompass: hedge funds, ~~owned commercial real estate,~~ emerging markets debt, distressed debt, commodities, infrastructure, tax credits, and equities, both public and private. The Company mitigates its exposure to alternative investments by limiting the size of the alternative investments holding and using per-issuer investment limits.

Fixed Indexed Annuities

The Company reinsures fixed indexed annuities (“FIAs”). Credits for FIAs are affected by changes in equity markets. Thus the fair value of the benefit is primarily a function of index returns and volatility. The Company hedges most of the underlying FIA equity ~~exposure.~~

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exposure with derivatives.

Variable Annuities

The Company reinsures variable annuities including those with guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”), guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”) and guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”). Strong equity markets, increases in interest rates and decreases in equity market volatility will generally decrease the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits. Conversely, a decrease in the equity markets along with a decrease in interest rates and an increase in equity market volatility will generally result in an increase in the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits, which has the effect of increasing reserves and lowering earnings. The Company maintains a customized dynamic hedging program that is designed to substantially mitigate the risks associated with income volatility around the change in reserves on guaranteed benefits, ignoring the Company’s own credit risk assessment. However, the hedge positions may not fully offset the changes in the carrying value of the guarantees due to, among other things, time lags, high levels of volatility in the equity and derivative markets, extreme swings in interest rates, unexpected contract holder behavior, and divergence between the performance of the underlying funds and hedging indices. These factors, individually or collectively, may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s net income, financial condition or liquidity. The table below provides a summary of variable annuity account values and the fair value of the guaranteed benefits as of June 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.


(dollars in millions)	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
No guarantee minimum benefits	$	939	$	731
No guaranteed minimum benefits					$	877	$	950
GMDB only	179		58		177		182
GMIB only	23		5		24		24
GMAB only	28		28		13		22
GMWB only	1,358		1,334		1,268		1,366
GMDB / WB	339		335		318		343
Other	35		19		24		31
Total variable annuity account values	$	2,901	$	2,510	$	2,701	$	2,918
Fair value of liabilities associated with living benefit riders	$	162	$	185	$	122	$	152

~~Investment~~ Credit Risk

~~Investment credit~~Credit risk, which includes default risk, is risk of loss due to credit quality deterioration of an individual financial ~~investment,~~asset, derivative or non-derivative contract or instrument. Credit quality deterioration may or may not be accompanied by a ratings downgrade. Generally, the ~~investment~~ credit exposure for ~~fixed maturity securities~~an asset is limited to the fair value, net of any collateral received, at the reporting date.

Investment Credit Risk

Investment credit risk is credit risk related to invested assets. The Company manages investment credit risk using per-issuer investment limits. In addition to per-issuer limits, the Company also limits the total amounts of investments per rating category. An automated compliance system checks for compliance for all investment positions and sends warning messages when there is a breach. The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. Because futures are transacted through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to such derivative instruments.

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The Company enters into various collateral arrangements, which require both the posting and accepting of collateral in connection with its derivative instruments. Collateral agreements contain attachment thresholds that vary depending on the posting party’s financial strength ratings. Additionally, a decrease in the Company’s financial strength rating to a specified level results in potential settlement of the derivative positions under the Company’s agreements with its counterparties. A committee is responsible for setting rules and approving and overseeing all transactions requiring collateral. See “Credit Risk” in Note 5 -– “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on credit risk related to derivatives.

Counterparty Risk

Counterparty risk is the potential for the Company to incur losses due to a client, retrocessionaire, or partner becoming distressed or insolvent. This includes run-on-the-bank risk and collection risk.

Run-on-the-Bank

The risk that a client’s in force block incurs substantial surrenders and/or lapses due to credit impairment, reputation damage or other market changes affecting the counterparty. Substantially higher than expected surrenders and/or lapses could result in inadequate in force business to recover cash paid out for acquisition costs.

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Collection Risk

For clients and retrocessionaires, this includes their inability to satisfy a reinsurance agreement because the right of offset is disallowed by the receivership court; the reinsurance contract is rejected by the receiver, resulting in a premature termination of the contract; and/or the security supporting the transaction becomes unavailable to RGA.

The Company manages counterparty risk by limiting the total exposure to a single counterparty and by only initiating contracts with creditworthy counterparties. In addition, some of the counterparties have set up trusts and letters of credit, reducing the Company’s exposure to these counterparties.

Generally, RGA’s insurance subsidiaries retrocede amounts in excess of their retention to certain other RGA insurance subsidiaries. External retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of its retention. As of June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, all retrocession pool members in this excess retention pool rated by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A-” or ~~better.~~better, except for one pool member that was rated “B++”. A rating of “A-” is the fourth highest rating out of sixteen possible ratings. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, letters of credit or trust assets have been given as additional security. In addition, the Company performs annual financial and in force reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance.

The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any material difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires or as to the recoverability of any such claims.

Aggregate Counterparty Limits

In addition to investment credit limits and counterparty limits, there are aggregate counterparty risk limits which include counterparty exposures from reinsurance, financing and investment activities at an aggregated level to control total exposure to a single counterparty. Counterparty risk aggregation is important because it enables the Company to capture risk exposures at a comprehensive level and under more extreme circumstances compared to analyzing the components individually.

All counterparty exposures are calculated on a quarterly basis, reviewed by management and monitored by the ERM function.

Capital Risk

Capital risk is the risk of ~~lower or~~ lower/negative earnings, ~~and a~~ potential reduction in enterprise value, and/or the loss of ability to conduct business due to insufficient financial ~~capacity. Collateral,~~capacity, including not having the appropriate amount of group or entity-level capital to conduct business today or in the future. The Company monitors capital risk exposure using relevant bases of measurement including but not limited to economic, rating agency, and local regulatory methodologies. Additionally, the Company regularly assesses risk related to collateral, financing, liquidity and tax.

Collateral Risk

Collateral risk is the risk that collateral will not be available at expected costs or in the capacity required to meet current and future needs. The Company monitors risks related to interest rate movement, collateral requirements and position and capital markets environment. Collateral demands and resources continue to be actively managed with available collateral sources being more than sufficient to cover stress level collateral demands.

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Financing Risk

Financing risk is the risk that capital will not be available at expected costs or in the capacity required. The Company continues to monitor financing risks related to regulatory financing, contingency financing, and debt capital and sees no immediate issues with its current structures, capacity and plans.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company is unable to meet payment obligations at expected costs or in the capacity required. The Company’s traditional liquidity demands include items such as claims, expenses, debt financing and investment purchases which are largely known or can be reasonably forecasted. The Company regularly performs liquidity risk modeling, including both market and Company specific stresses, to assess the sufficiency of available resources.

Tax Risk

Tax risk is the risk that current and future tax positions are different than expected. The Company monitors tax risks ~~are important~~related to the ~~operations of the Company~~evolving tax and ~~its ability to meet~~regulatory environment, business transactions, legal entity reorganizations, tax compliance obligations, ~~with its clients, shareholders~~ and ~~regulators.~~financial reporting.

Operational Risk

Operational risk is the risk of ~~lower or~~ lower/negative earnings and a potential reduction in enterprise value caused by ~~the~~unexpected losses associated with inadequacy or failure on the part of internal processes, people and systems, or from ~~the adverse impact of~~ external ~~events or actors.~~events. The Company regularly monitors and assesses the risks related to ~~human capital, fraud,~~ business conduct and governance, ~~disruption of operations, business operations and~~fraud, privacy and security, ~~related matters.~~business disruption, and business operations. Various insurance, market and credit, capital, and strategy risk obligations and concerns often intersect with the Company’s core operational process risk areas. Given the scope of the Company’s business and the number of countries in which it operates, this set of risks has the potential to affect the business locally, regionally, or globally. Operational risks are core to managing the Company’s brand and market confidence as well as maintaining its ability to acquire and retain the appropriate expertise to execute and operate the business.

~~Strategic~~Business Conduct and Governance

Business conduct and governance is the risk related to management oversight, compliance, market conduct, and legal matters. The Company’s Compliance Risk Management Program facilitates a proactive evaluation of present and potential compliance risks associated with both local and enterprise-wide regulatory requirements as well as compliance with Company policies and procedures.

Fraud Risk

~~Strategic~~Fraud risk is the risk related to the deliberate abuse of and/or taking of Company assets in order to secure gain for the perpetrator or inflict harm on the Company or other victim. Ongoing monitoring and an annual fraud risk assessment enables the Company to continually evaluate potential fraud risks within the organization.

Privacy and Security Risk

Privacy and security risk is the risk of ~~lower~~theft, loss, or ~~negative earnings~~unauthorized disclosure of physical or electronic assets resulting in a loss of asset value, confidentiality, or intellectual property. The Company’s privacy and security programs, processes, and procedures are designed to prevent unauthorized physical and electronic theft and the disclosure of confidential and personal data related to its customers, insured individuals or its employees. The Company employs technology, administrative related processes and procedural controls, security measures and other preventative actions to reduce the risk of such incidents.

Business Disruption Risk

Business disruption risk is the risk of impairment to operational capabilities due to the unavailability of people, systems, and/or facilities. The Company’s global business continuity process enables associates to identify potential impacts that threaten operations by providing the framework, policies and procedures and required recurring training for how the Company will recover and restore interrupted critical functions, within a ~~potential reduction in enterprise value~~predetermined time, after a disaster or extended disruption, until its normal facilities are restored.

Business Operations Risk

Business operations risk is the risk related to business processes and procedures. Business operations risk includes risk associated with the processing of transactions, data use and management, monitoring and reporting, the integrity and accuracy of models and the use of third party and advisory services.

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Human Capital Risk

Human capital risk is related to workforce management, including talent acquisition, development, retention, and employment relations/regulations. The Company actively monitors human capital risks using multiple practices which include but are not limited to human resource and compliance policies and procedures, regularly reviewing key risk indicators, performance evaluations, compensation and benefits benchmarking, succession planning, employee engagement surveys and associate exit interviews.

Strategic Risk

Strategic risk relates to the planning, implementation, and management of the Company’s business plans and ~~strategies. This includes~~strategies, including the risks associated ~~with~~with: the global environment in which it operates; future law and regulation changes; political ~~and sovereign~~ risks; and relationships with key external parties.

Strategy Risk

Strategy risk is the risk related to the design and execution of the Company’s strategic plan, including risks associated with merger and acquisition activity. Strategy risks are addressed by a multi-year planning process, regular business unit level assessments of strategy execution and active benchmarking of key performance and risk indicators across the Company’s portfolios of businesses. The Company’s risk appetites and limits are set consistently with strategic objectives.

External Environment Risk

External environment risk relates to external competition, macro trends, and client needs. Macro characteristics that drive market opportunities, risk and growth potential, the competitive landscape and client feedback are closely monitored.

Key Relationships Risk

Key relationships risk relates to areas of important interactions with parties external to the Company. The Company’s reputation is a critical asset in successfully conducting business and therefore relationships with its primary stakeholders (including but not limited to business partners, shareholders, clients, rating agencies, and regulators) are all carefully monitored.

Political and Regulatory Risk

Political and regulatory risk relates to future law and regulation changes and the impact of political changes or instability on the Company’s ability to achieve its objectives. Regulatory and political developments and related risks that may affect the Company are identified, assessed and monitored as part of regular oversight activities.

New Accounting Standards

See Note 12 — “New Accounting Standards” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There has been no significant change in the Company’s quantitative or qualitative aspects of market risk during the quarter ended June 30, ~~2017~~2018 from that disclosed in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report. See “Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Market and Credit Risk”, which is included herein, for additional information.

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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended June 30, ~~2017,~~2018, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

There were no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in the ~~2016~~2017 Annual Report.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes RGA’s repurchase activity of its common stock during the quarter ended June 30, ~~2017:~~2018:

Total Number of Shares
Purchased (1)

Average Price Paid per
Share

Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs (1)

Maximum Number (or
Approximate Dollar
Value) of Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased Under
the Plan or Program
April 1, 2017 -
April 30, 2017 1,409
$ 127.23
—
$ 400,000,000
May 1, 2017 -
May 31, 2017 56,278
$ 127.18
—
$ 400,000,000
June 1, 2017 -
June 30, 2017 1,201
$ 127.95
—
$ 400,000,000



	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Program
April 1, 2018 - April 30, 2018	5,794	$	153.58	—	$	373,103,074
May 1, 2018 - May 31, 2018	1,039,976	$	151.22	972,503	$	225,943,473
June 1, 2018 - June 30, 2018	29,014	$	148.26	18,974	$	223,103,279

(1)

RGA ~~had no repurchases~~repurchased 972,503 and 18,974 shares of common stock under its share repurchase program for ~~April,~~$147.2 million and $2.8 million during May and June ~~2017.~~2018, respectively. The Company net settled - issuing ~~4,146, 145,234~~16,084, 189,507 and ~~4,135~~25,067 shares from treasury and repurchasing from recipients ~~1,409, 56,278~~5,794, 67,473 and ~~1,201~~10,040 shares in April, May and June 2018, respectively, in settlement of income tax withholding requirements incurred by the recipients of an equity incentive award.

OnIn January ~~26,~~ 2017, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, with no expiration date, for up to $400.0 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. ~~In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2016.~~

ITEM 6. Exhibits

See index to exhibits.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS




Exhibit Number		Description

3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended by Amendment of Articles of Incorporation, effective as of May 23, 2018.

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of May 23, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 24, 2018.

10.1		Form of RGA Flexible Stock Plan Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, as amended and restated effective May 23, 2017.

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated
Date: August ~~2, 2017~~3, 2018	By:	/s/ Anna Manning
		Anna Manning
		President & Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August ~~2, 2017~~3, 2018	By:	/s/ Todd C. Larson
		Todd C. Larson
		Senior Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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~~INDEX TO EXHIBITS~~




~~Exhibit~~ ~~Number~~		~~Description~~

~~3.1~~		~~Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 25, 2008.~~

~~3.2~~		~~Amended and Restated Bylaws, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 18, 2014.~~

~~10.1~~		Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2017, by and between Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 19, 2017.

~~10.2~~		Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated Amended & Restated Flexible Stock Plan, effective May 23, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 24, 2017.

~~10.3~~		Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated Amended & Restated Flexible Stock Plan for Directors, effective May 23, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 24, 2017.

~~10.4~~		Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated Amended & Restated Phantom Stock Plan for Directors, effective May 23, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 24, 2017.

~~31.1~~		~~Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~

~~31.2~~		~~Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~

~~32.1~~		~~Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~

~~32.2~~		~~Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~

~~101.INS~~		~~XBRL Instance Document~~

~~101.SCH~~		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document~~

~~101.CAL~~		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document~~

~~101.LAB~~		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document~~

~~101.PRE~~		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document~~

~~101.DEF~~		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document~~



For the three months ended June 30, 2016 (continued):	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
	State and political subdivisions			Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives			Other assets - longevity swaps			Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period	$	34,624		$	13,936		$	(168,948	)	$	15,806		$	(1,118,069	)	$	(3,043	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	12			—			—			—			—			—
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			—			76,967			—			(28,137		)	—
Interest credited	—			—			—			—			(2,019		)	—
Included in other comprehensive income	837			95			—			(419		)	—			—
Other revenues	—			—			—			2,394			—			1,046
Purchases⁽¹⁾	—			—			—			—			4,703			—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(227		)	(325		)	—			—			18,142			—
Fair value, end of period	$	35,246		$	13,706		$	(91,981	)	$	17,781		$	(1,125,380	)	$	(1,997	)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	12		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			—			76,967			—			(31,333		)	—
Other revenues	—			—			—			2,394			—			1,046
Interest credited	—			—			—			—			(20,162		)	—



	Carrying Value After Measurement				Net Investment Gains (Losses)
	At June 30,				Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016		2017			2016			2017			2016
Mortgage loans⁽¹⁾	$	—	$	6,993	$	—		$	(400	)	$	—		$	(702	)
Limited partnership interests⁽²⁾	3,690		4,460		(6,308		)	(112		)	(6,308		)	(2,039		)