~~false--12-31Q32019000089817438882168000107721000150384000493800027374000600160070019000.010.0114000000014000000079137758791377586281436862609201“~~

false--12-31Q3202000008981741500000055000000467530000000027000000700190070021000.010.0114000000014000000079137758853105986265610267935859“A- (excellent)”0.101.001.000.017.50.050.010.010.100.000.000.005.90.000.010.000.030.020.010.016.50.010.010.010.101.001.000.046.10.050.010.010.100.000.000.005.20.000.000.000.030.020.010.015.80.010.010.010.040.050.351.000.050.020.000.000.000.000.020.010.100.020.030.040.050.351.000.050.020.000.000.000.000.020.010.120.020.030.351.000.050.040.050.250.271.000.070.000.000.000.020.000.000.000.000.000.100.020.030.020.010.050.130.010.050.351.000.050.040.050.250.271.000.070.000.000.000.020.000.000.000.000.000.120.020.030.020.010.050.120.010.0512.30.046.90.047.90.049.30.046.90.047.90.04552000000.010.011000000010000000000016323390165285570.047.10.020.010.010.005.20.000.000.000.016.70.010.010.010.1870.010.000.010.015.20.000.000.000.016.40.010.000.010.040.050.351.000.050.020.000.000.000.000.020.010.130.020.030.040.050.351.000.050.020.000.000.000.000.020.010.130.030.030.351.000.050.040.050.250.271.000.070.000.000.000.020.000.000.000.000.000.100.020.030.020.010.050.120.010.050.351.000.050.040.050.250.271.000.070.000.000.000.020.000.000.000.000.000.130.030.030.020.010.040.130.020.059.30.046.90.047.80.0410.60.006.90.007.90.00190000000.010.01100000001000000000001648165617374739 0000898174 rga:InterestSensitiveContractLiabilitiesEmbeddedDerivativesMember us-gaap:OtherIncomeMember 2019-01-01 2019-09-30

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 1-11848

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)



Missouri		43-1627032
(State or other jurisdiction		(IRS employer
of incorporation or organization)		identification number)

16600 Swingley Ridge Road

Chesterfield, Missouri 63017

(Address of principal executive offices)

(636) 736-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o

Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

~~Table of Contents~~

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01	RGA	New York Stock Exchange
6.20% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2042	RZA	New York Stock Exchange
5.75% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2056	RZB	New York Stock Exchange

As of October 31, ~~2019, 62,610,856~~2020, 67,937,026 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Item		Page		Page

	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION		PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

1	Financial Statements		Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	3	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) Three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	4	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) Three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	5	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) Three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	6	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) Three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	7	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):	8	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):	8
	1. Business and Basis of Presentation	8	1. Business and Basis of Presentation	8
	2. Earnings Per Share	8	2. Earnings Per Share	10
	3. Equity	9	3. Equity	10
	4. Investments	11	4. Investments	13
	5. Derivative Instruments	20	5. Derivative Instruments	22
	6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	26	6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	28
	7. Segment Information	36	7. Segment Information	36
	8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees	38	8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees	38
	9. Income Tax	40	9. Income Tax	40
	10. Employee Benefit Plans	41	10. Employee Benefit Plans	40
	11. Reinsurance	41	11. Reinsurance	41
	12. Policy Claims and Benefits	42	12. Policy Claims and Benefits	41
	13. Financing Activities	42	13. Financing Activities	42
	14. New Accounting Standards	43	14. New Accounting Standards	42
2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	45	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	45
3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	73	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	59
4	Controls and Procedures	73	Controls and Procedures	59

	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION		PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

1	Legal Proceedings	73	Legal Proceedings	60
1A	Risk Factors	73	Risk Factors	61
2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	74	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	64
6	Exhibits	74	Exhibits	64
	Index to Exhibits	75	Index to Exhibits	65
	Signatures	76	Signatures	66

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018			September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
	(Dollars in thousands, except share data)						(Dollars in millions, except share data)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost $44,860,441 and $38,882,168)	$	49,481,267		$	39,992,346
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $150,384 and $107,721)	134,453			82,197
Mortgage loans on real estate (net of allowances of $11,775 and $11,286)	5,647,265			4,966,298
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost $48,661 and $46,753; allowance for credit losses of $19 at September 30, 2020)							$	54,652		$	51,121
Equity securities, at fair value							135			320
Mortgage loans on real estate (net of allowances for credit losses of $64 and $12)							5,907			5,706
Policy loans	1,289,868			1,344,980			1,259			1,319
Funds withheld at interest	5,614,363			5,761,471			5,403			5,662
Short-term investments	107,503			142,598			154			64
Other invested assets	2,215,275			1,915,297			2,645			2,363
Total investments	64,489,994			54,205,187			70,155			66,555
Cash and cash equivalents	2,635,596			1,889,733			3,256			1,449
Accrued investment income	520,301			427,893			547			493
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	2,817,709			3,017,868			2,792			2,940
Reinsurance ceded receivables	863,027			757,572			950			904
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,411,481			3,397,770			3,534			3,512
Other assets	1,035,877			839,222			893			878
Total assets	$	75,773,985		$	64,535,245		$	82,127		$	76,731
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Future policy benefits	$	27,085,728		$	25,285,400		$	30,331		$	28,672
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	22,345,126			18,004,526			23,208			22,711
Other policy claims and benefits	6,147,432			5,642,755			6,242			5,711
Other reinsurance balances	512,883			487,177			524			557
Deferred income taxes	2,761,726			1,798,800			3,016			2,712
Other liabilities	1,405,704			1,396,200			1,611			1,188
Long-term debt	3,381,406			2,787,873			3,573			2,981
Collateral finance and securitization notes	610,246			681,961			408			598
Total liabilities	64,250,251			56,084,692			68,913			65,130
Commitments and contingent liabilities (See Note 8)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock - par value $.01 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding	—			—
Common stock - par value $.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 79,137,758 shares issued at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	791			791
Preferred stock – par value $.01 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding							0			0
Common stock – par value $.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 85,310,598 shares issued at September 30, 2020 and 79,137,758 shares issued at December 31, 2019							1			1
Additional paid-in capital	1,927,943			1,898,652			2,421			1,937
Retained earnings	7,765,678			7,284,949			8,066			7,952
Treasury stock, at cost - 16,528,557 and 16,323,390 shares	(1,429,024		)	(1,370,602		)
Treasury stock, at cost – 17,373,572 and 16,481,656 shares							(1,563		)	(1,426		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	3,258,346			636,763			4,289			3,137
Total stockholders’ equity	11,523,734			8,450,553			13,214			11,601
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	75,773,985		$	64,535,245		$	82,127		$	76,731

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020		2019			2020			2019
Revenues:	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)												(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net premiums	$	2,809,641		$	2,562,042		$	8,311,240		$	7,739,053		$	2,825	$	2,809		$	8,434		$	8,311
Investment income, net of related expenses	678,805			572,742			1,842,760			1,617,132			654		679			1,893			1,843
Investment related gains (losses), net:
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities	(8,539		)	(10,705		)	(17,992		)	(14,055		)
Impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities													13		(9		)	(21		)	(18		)
Other investment related gains (losses), net	57,323			(9,312		)	87,036			(17,004		)	53		58			(117		)	87
Total investment related gains (losses), net	48,784			(20,017		)	69,044			(31,059		)	66		49			(138		)	69
Other revenues	90,335			112,764			291,960			272,020			98		91			264			292
Total revenues	3,627,565			3,227,531			10,515,004			9,597,146			3,643		3,628			10,453			10,515
Benefits and Expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,469,981			2,209,920			7,493,516			6,851,614			2,530		2,470			7,894			7,494
Interest credited	226,262			143,292			517,293			333,068			196		226			529			517
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	321,855			310,639			894,081			987,817			374		322			912			894
Other operating expenses	209,348			200,262			634,330			586,495			211		210			594			634
Interest expense	45,927			33,290			129,383			107,769			43		46			126			129
Collateral finance and securitization expense	7,102			7,467			22,670			22,509			4		7			14			23
Total benefits and expenses	3,280,475			2,904,870			9,691,273			8,889,272			3,358		3,281			10,069			9,691
Income before income taxes	347,090			322,661			823,731			707,874			285		347			384			824
Provision for income taxes	84,325			21,462			188,761			102,071			72		84			101			189
Net income	$	262,765		$	301,199		$	634,970		$	605,803		$	213	$	263		$	283		$	635
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share	$	4.19		$	4.76		$	10.13		$	9.47		$	3.13	$	4.19		$	4.39		$	10.13
Diluted earnings per share	$	4.12		$	4.68		$	9.93		$	9.30		$	3.12	$	4.12		$	4.36		$	9.93

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019
Comprehensive income (loss)	(Dollars in thousands)												(Dollars in millions)
Net income	$	262,765		$	301,199		$	634,970		$	605,803		$	213		$	263		$	283		$	635
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(34,465		)	25,462			11,524			(30,375		)	39			(35		)	(79		)	12
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	656,656			(215,986		)	2,616,390			(1,218,309		)	453			657			1,243			2,616
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments	(5,958		)	931			(6,331		)	431			(4		)	(6		)	(12		)	(6		)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	616,233			(189,593		)	2,621,583			(1,248,253		)	488			616			1,152			2,622
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	878,998		$	111,606		$	3,256,553		$	(642,450	)	$	701		$	879		$	1,435		$	3,257

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in ~~thousands~~millions except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018															Three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
	Common Stock		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total			Common Stock		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
Balance, June 30, 2019	$	791	$	1,920,144	$	7,549,737		$	(1,403,774	)	$	2,642,113	$	10,709,011
Balance, June 30, 2020																$	1	$	2,413	$	7,901		$	(1,563	)	$	3,801	$	12,553
Net income					262,765								262,765							213								213
Total other comprehensive income (loss)											616,233		616,233													488		488
Dividends to stockholders, $0.70 per share					(43,886		)						(43,886		)					(47		)						(47		)
Purchase of treasury stock								(30,487		)			(30,487		)								0					0
Reissuance of treasury stock			7,799		(2,938		)	5,237					10,098					8		(1		)	0					7
Balance, September 30, 2019	$	791	$	1,927,943	$	7,765,678		$	(1,429,024	)	$	3,258,346	$	11,523,734
Balance, September 30, 2020																$	1	$	2,421	$	8,066		$	(1,563	)	$	4,289	$	13,214

Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 791
$ 1,887,336
$ 6,952,170
$ (1,243,566 ) $ 1,004,971
$ 8,601,702
Adoption of new accounting standards 2,573
(2,573 ) —
Net income 301,199
301,199
Total other comprehensive income (loss) (189,593 ) (189,593 )
Dividends to stockholders, $0.60 per share (38,071 ) (38,071 )
Purchase of treasury stock (108,804 ) (108,804 )
Reissuance of treasury stock 11,808
(2,345 ) 3,427
12,890
Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 791
$ 1,899,144
$ 7,215,526
$ (1,348,943 ) $ 812,805
$ 8,579,323



Balance, June 30, 2019	$	1	$	1,920	$	7,550		$	(1,404	)	$	2,642	$	10,709
Net income					263								263
Total other comprehensive income (loss)											616		616
Dividends to stockholders, $0.70 per share					(44		)						(44		)
Purchase of treasury stock								(30		)			(30		)
Reissuance of treasury stock			8		(3		)	5					10
Balance, September 30, 2019	$	1	$	1,928	$	7,766		$	(1,429	)	$	3,258	$	11,524


	Nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018															Nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
	Common Stock		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total			Common Stock		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	791	$	1,898,652	$	7,284,949		$	(1,370,602	)	$	636,763	$	8,450,553
Balance, December 31, 2019																$	1	$	1,937	$	7,952		$	(1,426	)	$	3,137	$	11,601
Adoption of new accounting standards					(87		)						(87		)					(12		)						(12		)
Net income					634,970								634,970							283								283
Total other comprehensive income (loss)											2,621,583		2,621,583													1,152		1,152
Dividends to stockholders, $1.90 per share					(119,233		)						(119,233		)
Dividends to stockholders, $2.10 per share																				(134		)						(134		)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses																		481										481
Purchase of treasury stock								(98,231		)			(98,231		)								(162		)			(162		)
Reissuance of treasury stock			29,291		(34,921		)	39,809					34,179					3		(23		)	25					5
Balance, September 30, 2019	$	791	$	1,927,943	$	7,765,678		$	(1,429,024	)	$	3,258,346	$	11,523,734
Balance, September 30, 2020																$	1	$	2,421	$	8,066		$	(1,563	)	$	4,289	$	13,214

Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 791
$ 1,870,906
$ 6,736,265
$ (1,102,058 ) $ 2,063,631
$ 9,569,535
Adoption of new accounting standards 553
(2,573 ) (2,020 )
Net income 605,803
605,803
Total other comprehensive income (loss) (1,248,253 ) (1,248,253 )
Dividends to stockholders, $1.60 per share (102,441 ) (102,441 )
Purchase of treasury stock (273,873 ) (273,873 )
Reissuance of treasury stock 28,238
(24,654 ) 26,988
30,572
Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 791
$ 1,899,144
$ 7,215,526
$ (1,348,943 ) $ 812,805
$ 8,579,323



Balance, December 31, 2018	$	1	$	1,899	$	7,285		$	(1,371	)	$	636	$	8,450
Adoption of new accounting standards													0
Net income					635								635
Total other comprehensive income (loss)											2,622		2,622
Dividends to stockholders, $1.90 per share					(119		)						(119		)
Purchase of treasury stock								(98		)			(98		)
Reissuance of treasury stock			29		(35		)	40					34
Balance, September 30, 2019	$	1	$	1,928	$	7,766		$	(1,429	)	$	3,258	$	11,524

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Nine months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
	(Dollars in thousands)						(Dollars in millions)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	634,970		$	605,803		$	283		$	635
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income	(40,160		)	23,473			(57		)	(40		)
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	182,018			(519,107		)	138			182
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(130,305		)	23,682			(54		)	(130		)
Reinsurance ceded receivable balances	(124,290		)	37,468			(45		)	(124		)
Future policy benefits, other policy claims and benefits, and other reinsurance balances	1,174,427			920,492			2,290			1,174
Deferred income taxes	200,653			(8,136		)	(25		)	201
Other assets and other liabilities, net	(253,405		)	(47,978		)	72			(253		)
Amortization of net investment premiums, discounts and other	(44,386		)	(55,154		)	(33		)	(44		)
Depreciation and amortization expense	33,624			32,153			33			33
Investment related (gains) losses, net	(69,044		)	31,059
Investment related losses (gains), net							138			(69		)
Other, net	199,148			56,408			39			199
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,763,250			1,100,163			2,779			1,764
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	10,544,915			6,314,968			5,088			10,545
Maturities of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	614,489			461,764			670			614
Sales of equity securities	35,840			44,952			181			36
Principal payments and sales of mortgage loans on real estate	308,694			290,450			378			309
Principal payments on policy loans	73,705			43,995			66			74
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(11,377,473		)	(6,041,665		)	(7,532		)	(11,377		)
Purchases of equity securities	(77,553		)	(12,578		)	(22		)	(78		)
Cash invested in mortgage loans on real estate	(986,709		)	(671,956		)	(631		)	(987		)
Cash invested in policy loans	(4,942		)	(6,422		)	(6		)	(5		)
Cash invested in funds withheld at interest	(51,623		)	(61,969		)	(71		)	(52		)
Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired of $27,374 and $4,938	3,561			(31,441		)
Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired of $27							0			4
Purchases of property and equipment	(23,967		)	(20,478		)	(17		)	(24		)
Change in short-term investments	154,332			34,856			(85		)	154
Change in other invested assets	(193,475		)	(313,464		)	(233		)	(194		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(980,206		)	31,012
Net cash used in investing activities							(2,214		)	(981		)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Dividends to stockholders	(119,233		)	(102,441		)	(134		)	(119		)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net							481			0
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	(76,516		)	(75,146		)	(188		)	(77		)
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	598,524			—			598			599
Debt issuance costs	(4,750		)	—			(5		)	(5		)
Principal payments of long-term debt	(2,091		)	(2,007		)	(2		)	(2		)
Purchases of treasury stock	(98,231		)	(273,873		)	(162		)	(98		)
Exercise of stock options, net	4,259			2,336			1			4
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	(67,069		)	(21,288		)	28			(67		)
Deposits on universal life and other investment type policies and contracts	318,510			320,871			1,259			319
Withdrawals on universal life and other investment type policies and contracts	(572,996		)	(520,649		)	(642		)	(573		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(19,593		)	(672,197		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities							1,234			(19		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(17,588		)	(32,013		)	8			(18		)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	745,863			426,965			1,807			746
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	1,889,733			1,303,524			1,449			1,890
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	2,635,596		$	1,730,489		$	3,256		$	2,636
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	124,154		$	124,575		$	117		$	124
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	$	14,115		$	99,554		$	58		$	14
Non-cash investing activities:
Transfer of invested assets	$	6,198,117		$	3,763,195		$	0		$	6,198
Right-of-use assets acquired through operating losses	$	986		$	—
Right-of-use assets acquired through operating leases							$	0		$	1
Purchase of businesses:
Assets acquired, excluding cash acquired	$	8,303		$	69,853		$	0		$	8
Liabilities assumed	(11,864		)	(38,412		)	0			(12		)
Net cash (received) paid on purchase	$	(3,561	)	$	31,441
Net cash received on purchase							$	0		$	(4	)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Table of Contents

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)


1.	Business and Basis of Presentation

Business

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) is engaged in providing traditional reinsurance, which includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. The Company also provides financial solutions, which includes longevity reinsurance, ~~financial reinsurance, stable value products and~~ asset-intensive products, primarily ~~annuities.~~annuities, financial reinsurance, capital solutions and stable value products.

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, ~~2019~~2020 (the ~~“2018~~“2019 Annual Report”).

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

Consolidation

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries and all intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported under the equity method of accounting.


2.	~~Earnings Per Share~~

~~The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in thousands, except per share information):~~

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Earnings:
Net income (numerator for basic and diluted calculations) $ 262,765
$ 301,199
$ 634,970
$ 605,803
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares (denominator for basic calculation) 62,666
63,279
62,701
63,941
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock options 1,123
1,017
1,218
1,189
Denominator for diluted calculation 63,789
64,296
63,919
65,130
Earnings per share:
Basic $ 4.19
$ 4.76
$ 10.13
$ 9.47
Diluted $ 4.12
$ 4.68
$ 9.93
$ 9.30

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of options having a strike or conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period, as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance contingent shares, as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period. The following table presents approximate amounts of stock options and performance contingent shares excluded from the calculation of common equivalent shares (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Excluded from common equivalent shares:
Stock options 139
227
416
349
Performance contingent shares 258
276
182
256

~~Table of Contents~~


3.	~~Equity~~

~~Common Stock~~

~~The changes in the number of common stock issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:~~

Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2018 79,137,758
16,323,390
62,814,368
Common stock acquired —
546,614
(546,614 )
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾
—
(341,447 ) 341,447
Balance, September 30, 2019 79,137,758
16,528,557
62,609,201

Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2017 79,137,758
14,685,663
64,452,095
Common stock acquired —
1,750,295
(1,750,295 )
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾
—
(249,068 ) 249,068
Balance, September 30, 2018 79,137,758
16,186,890
62,950,868


~~(1)~~	~~Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s equity-based compensation programs.~~

~~Common Stock Held in Treasury~~

Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are credited to additional paid-in capital. Losses resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are charged first to additional paid-in capital to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to retained earnings.

In January 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a repurchase program for up to $400.0 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. Repurchases would be made in accordance with applicable securities laws and would be made through market transactions, block trades, privately negotiated transactions or other means or a combination of these methods, with the timing and number of shares repurchased dependent on a variety of factors, including share price, corporate and regulatory requirements and market and business conditions. Repurchases may be commenced or suspended from time to time without prior notice. In connection with this new authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2017. During the first nine months of 2019, RGA repurchased 0.5 million shares of common stock under this program for $79.8 million. During the first nine months of 2018, RGA repurchased 1.8 million shares of common stock under the 2017 repurchase program for $258.5 million.

~~Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)~~

~~The balance of and changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):~~

Accumulated
Currency
Translation
Adjustments

Unrealized
Appreciation
(Depreciation)
of Investments⁽¹⁾

Pension and
Postretirement
Benefits
Total
Balance, December 31, 2018 $ (168,698 ) $ 856,159
$ (50,698 ) $ 636,763
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 16,155
3,526,151
(11,735 ) 3,530,571
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI —
(170,531 ) 3,728
(166,803 )
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (4,631 ) (739,230 ) 1,676
(742,185 )
Balance, September 30, 2019 $ (157,174 ) $ 3,472,549
$ (57,029 ) $ 3,258,346

Accumulated
Currency
Translation
Adjustments

Unrealized
Appreciation
(Depreciation)
of Investments⁽¹⁾

Pension and
Postretirement
Benefits
Total
Balance, December 31, 2017 $ (86,350 ) $ 2,200,661
$ (50,680 ) $ 2,063,631
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (24,977 ) (1,638,146 ) (3,391 ) (1,666,514 )
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI —
79,505
3,986
83,491
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (5,398 ) 340,332
(164 ) 334,770
Adoption of new accounting standard (2,573 ) —
—
(2,573 )
Balance, September 30, 2018 $ (119,298 ) $ 982,352
$ (50,249 ) $ 812,805


~~(1)~~	Includes cash flow hedges of $(47,202) and $8,788 as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and $29,043 and $2,619 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands):~~

Amount Reclassified from AOCI
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
Details about AOCI Components 2019 2018 2019 2018
Affected Line Item in
Statements of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities $ 50,537
$ (21,249 ) $ 70,513
$ (60,347 ) Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges - Interest rate 255
234
1,107
(108 ) (1)
Cash flow hedges - Currency/Interest rate (38 ) 50
(19 ) 270
(1)
Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses 21,275
(4,893 ) 98,930
(19,320 ) (2)
Total 72,029
(25,858 ) 170,531
(79,505 )
Provision for income taxes (14,808 ) 5,355
(35,087 ) 16,978

Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax $ 57,221
$ (20,503 ) $ 135,444
$ (62,527 )
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service cost (credit) $ 267
$ 246
$ 804
$ 739
(3)
Actuarial gains/(losses) (1,102 ) (1,866 ) (4,532 ) (4,725 ) (3)
Total (835 ) (1,620 ) (3,728 ) (3,986 )
Provision for income taxes 175
340
783
837

Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax $ (660 ) $ (1,280 ) $ (2,945 ) $ (3,149 )

Total reclassifications for the period $ 56,561
$ (21,783 ) $ 132,499
$ (65,676 )


~~(1)~~	~~See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.~~


~~(2)~~	~~This AOCI component is included in the computation of the deferred policy acquisition cost. See Note 8 – “Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs” of the 2018 Annual Report for additional details.~~


~~(3)~~	~~This AOCI component is included in the computation of the net periodic pension cost. See Note 10 – “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional details.~~

~~Equity Based Compensation~~

Equity compensation expense was $29.3 million and $28.4 million in the first nine months of 2019 and 2018, respectively. In the first quarter of 2019, the Company granted 0.2 million stock appreciation rights at $145.25 weighted average exercise price per share and 0.1 million performance contingent units to employees. Additionally, non-employee directors were granted a total of 8,472 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2019, 1.4 million share options at a weighted average strike price per share of $76.08 were vested and exercisable, with a remaining weighted average exercise period of 4.1 years. As of September 30, 2019, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements was $26.5 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 0.9 years.

~~Table of Contents~~


4.	~~Investments~~

~~Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale~~

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”).

~~The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by sector as of~~Significant Accounting Policies ~~September 30, 2019~~– ~~and December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):~~

September 30, 2019: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value % of Total Other-than-
temporary Impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate $ 28,154,301
$ 2,277,070
$ 78,152
$ 30,353,219
61.3 % $ —
Canadian government 2,962,729
1,670,680
190
4,633,219
9.4
—
RMBS �� 2,360,691
81,367
2,216
2,439,842
4.9
—
ABS 2,809,008
27,621
13,994
2,822,635
5.7
275
CMBS 1,698,334
84,345
461
1,782,218
3.6
—
U.S. government 1,570,540
98,193
228
1,668,505
3.4
—
State and political subdivisions 1,078,019
113,684
1,600
1,190,103
2.4
—
Other foreign government 4,226,819
370,109
5,402
4,591,526
9.3
—
Total fixed maturity securities $ 44,860,441
$ 4,723,069
$ 102,243
$ 49,481,267
100.0 % $ 275

December 31, 2018: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value % of Total Other-than-
temporary Impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate $ 24,006,407
$ 530,804
$ 555,092
$ 23,982,119
59.9 % $ —
Canadian government 2,768,466
1,126,227
2,308
3,892,385
9.7
—
RMBS 1,872,236
22,267
25,282
1,869,221
4.7
—
ABS 2,171,254
10,779
32,829
2,149,204
5.4
275
CMBS 1,428,115
9,153
18,234
1,419,034
3.5
—
U.S. government 2,233,537
10,204
57,867
2,185,874
5.5
—
State and political subdivisions 721,290
39,914
9,010
752,194
1.9
—
Other foreign government 3,680,863
109,320
47,868
3,742,315
9.4
—
Total fixed maturity securities $ 38,882,168
$ 1,858,668
$ 748,490
$ 39,992,346
100.0 % $ 275

Update

The ~~Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral. Pledged fixed maturity securities~~Company’s significant accounting policies are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Fixed maturity securities received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of ~~September 30, 2019~~ and December 31, 2018, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged. The Company also holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties. The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2018~~ ~~(dollars in thousands):~~

September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018

Amortized
Cost

Estimated
Fair Value

Amortized
Cost

Estimated
Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral $ 95,387
$ 99,393
$ 80,891
$ 83,950
Fixed maturity securities received as collateral n/a
696,435
n/a
616,584
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements 26,332,915
28,368,125
20,072,735
20,366,170

~~Table of Contents~~

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio that limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies as well as the securities disclosed below as of ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands).~~

September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018

Amortized
Cost

Estimated
Fair Value

Amortized
Cost

Estimated
Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Canadian province of Quebec $ 1,167,744
$ 2,153,434
$ 1,091,018
$ 1,757,087
Canadian province of Ontario 981,279
1,371,571
913,642
1,187,526

~~The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale at~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in thousands). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Asset and mortgage-backed securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.

Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less $ 1,538,152
$ 1,547,966
Due after one year through five years 8,318,044
8,656,979
Due after five years through ten years 9,485,912
10,275,538
Due after ten years 18,650,300
21,956,089
Asset and mortgage-backed securities 6,868,033
7,044,695
Total $ 44,860,441
$ 49,481,267

~~Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities~~

~~The tables below show the major industry types of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2018~~ ~~(dollars in thousands):~~

September 30, 2019: Estimated
Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total
Finance $ 10,604,290
$ 11,327,324
37.3 %
Industrial 14,099,496
15,213,256
50.1
Utility 3,450,515
3,812,639
12.6
Total $ 28,154,301
$ 30,353,219
100.0 %

December 31, 2018: Estimated
Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total
Finance $ 8,793,742
$ 8,730,568
36.3 %
Industrial 12,336,857
12,342,111
51.6
Utility 2,875,808
2,909,440
12.1
Total $ 24,006,407
$ 23,982,119
100.0 %

~~Other-Than-Temporary Impairments - Fixed Maturity Securities~~

As discussed in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the ~~2018~~2019 Annual ~~Report,~~Report. The significant accounting policies discussed below reflect the impact of the adoption of Financial Instruments - Credit Losses on January 1, 2020.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

Beginning on January 1, 2020, credit losses are recognized through an allowance account. The Company identifies fixed maturity securities that could potentially have an allowance for credit losses by monitoring market events that could impact issuers’ credit ratings, business climates, management changes, litigation, government actions and other similar factors. The Company also monitors late payments, pricing levels, rating agency actions, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.

The Company reviews all securities on a ~~portion~~case-by-case basis to determine whether a decline in value exists and whether an allowance for credit losses or impairment for non-credit losses should be recognized. The Company considers relevant facts and circumstances in evaluating whether a security is impaired due to credit or non-credit components. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include: (1) the reasons for the decline in fair value; (2) the issuer’s financial position and access to capital; and (3) the Company’s intent to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of ~~certain other-than-temporary~~its amortized cost that, in some cases, may extend to maturity. To the extent the Company determines a security is deemed to be impaired, an allowance is recorded for credit losses and an impairment loss is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“~~OTTI”~~AOCI”) for non-credit losses.

Impairment losses on fixed maturity securities is recognized in ~~AOCI. For these securities,~~ the financial statements are dependent on the facts and circumstances related to the specific security. If the Company intends to sell a security or it is more likely than not that it would be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost, less any recorded credit loss, it recognizes an impairment loss in investment related gains (losses), net ~~amount recognized in~~on the condensed consolidated statements of income ~~(“credit loss impairments”) represents~~for the difference between amortized cost and fair value.

The Company estimates the amount of the credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The Company excludes accrued interest from the amortized cost ~~of the security~~ and the ~~net~~ present value of ~~its projected future~~the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit into the ~~debt~~ security ~~prior~~at the date of purchase or the current yield to impairment. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI. The amount of pre-tax credit loss impairments on fixed maturity securities held by the Company, for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in AOCI, was $3.7 million as of ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and 2018. There were no changes in these amounts from their respective prior-year ending balances~~.

128

Table of Contents

~~Unrealized Losses~~accrete an asset-backed or floating rate security. The techniques and assumptions for ~~Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale~~establishing the best estimate cash flows vary depending on the type of security. The asset-backed securities’ cash flow estimates are based on security-specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. The corporate fixed maturity security cash flow estimates are derived from scenario-based outcomes of expected corporate restructurings or the disposition of assets using security specific facts and circumstances including timing, security interests and loss severity.

The ~~following table presents the total gross unrealized losses for the 856 and 3,109~~Company writes off uncollectible fixed maturity securities when (1) it has sufficient information to determine that the issuer of the security is insolvent or (2) it has received notice that the issuer of the security has filed for bankruptcy, and the collectability of the asset is expected to be adversely impacted by the bankruptcy.

In periods after an impairment loss is recognized for non-credit loss components on a fixed maturity security, the Company will report the impaired security as of ~~September 30, 2019~~if it had been purchased on the date it was impaired and ~~December 31, 2018, respectively, where~~will continue to estimate the present value of the estimated ~~fair value had declined~~cash flows of the security. Accordingly, the discount (or reduced premium) based on the new cost basis is accreted into net investment income over the remaining term of the fixed maturity security in a prospective manner based on the amount and ~~remained below amortized cost by the indicated amount (dollars in thousands):~~timing of estimated future cash flows.

September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018

Gross
Unrealized
Losses
% of Total
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
% of Total
Less than 20% $ 75,658
74.0 % $ 721,015
96.3 %
20% or more for less than six months 10,064
9.8
21,336
2.9
20% or more for six months or greater 16,521
16.2
6,139
0.8
Total $ 102,243
100.0 % $ 748,490
100.0 %

Impairments – Other Invested Assets

The ~~Company’s determination~~Company considers its cost method investments for impairment when the carrying value of ~~whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary includes an analysis of~~these investments exceeds the ~~underlying credit and~~net asset value. The Company takes into consideration the ~~extent~~severity and duration of ~~a decline in value. The Company’s credit analysis of an~~this excess when deciding if the cost method investment ~~includes determining whether the issuer~~ is ~~current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that~~impaired. For equity method investments (including real estate joint ventures), the Company ~~will be able to collect all amounts due according to~~considers financial and other information provided by the ~~contractual terms of~~investee, other known information and inherent risks in the ~~security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment.~~

The following tables present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, for 856 and 3,109 fixed maturity securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost as of ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and December 31, 2018, respectively (dollars in thousands). These~~underlying investments, ~~are presented by class and grade of security,~~ as well as ~~the length of time the related fair value~~future capital commitments, in determining whether an impairment has ~~remained below amortized cost.~~occurred.

Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total
Gross Gross Gross
September 30, 2019: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate $ 1,570,113
$ 25,598
$ 410,462
$ 11,576
$ 1,980,575
$ 37,174
Canadian government 867
10
17,509
180
18,376
190
RMBS 222,644
987
116,037
1,218
338,681
2,205
ABS 765,223
4,861
413,297
9,133
1,178,520
13,994
CMBS 48,699
218
32,638
232
81,337
450
U.S. government 2,758
7
65,220
221
67,978
228
State and political subdivisions 11,129
97
13,838
1,503
24,967
1,600
Other foreign government 198,170
3,474
45,430
761
243,600
4,235
Total investment grade securities 2,819,603
35,252
1,114,431
24,824
3,934,034
60,076

Below investment grade securities:

Corporate 206,108
24,561
122,670
16,417
328,778
40,978
RMBS —
—
939
11
939
11
CMBS 1,042
11
—
—
1,042
11
Other foreign government 12,914
290
13,173
877
26,087
1,167
Total below investment grade securities 220,064
24,862
136,782
17,305
356,846
42,167
Total fixed maturity securities $ 3,039,667
$ 60,114
$ 1,251,213
$ 42,129
$ 4,290,880
$ 102,243

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Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total
Gross Gross Gross
December 31, 2018: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate $ 8,505,371
$ 302,604
$ 3,611,266
$ 195,082
$ 12,116,637
$ 497,686
Canadian government 25,169
419
131,806
1,612
156,975
2,031
RMBS 269,558
2,488
836,741
22,760
1,106,299
25,248
ABS 1,102,677
24,271
381,609
8,523
1,484,286
32,794
CMBS 384,259
4,304
414,719
13,930
798,978
18,234
U.S. government 8,616
80
1,086,694
57,787
1,095,310
57,867
State and political subdivisions 103,504
1,538
157,330
7,472
260,834
9,010
Other foreign government 789,859
24,509
472,934
17,446
1,262,793
41,955
Total investment grade securities 11,189,013
360,213
7,093,099
324,612
18,282,112
684,825
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate 755,679
42,760
122,559
14,646
878,238
57,406
Canadian government 443
34
1,770
243
2,213
277
RMBS —
—
1,026
34
1,026
34
ABS —
—
1,063
35
1,063
35
Other foreign government 128,725
5,574
7,479
339
136,204
5,913
Total below investment grade securities 884,847
48,368
133,897
15,297
1,018,744
63,665
Total fixed maturity securities $ 12,073,860
$ 408,581
$ 7,226,996

$ 339,909
$ 19,300,856
$ 748,490

The Company has no intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, the securities outlined in the table above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in interest rates.

~~Investment Income, Net of Related Expenses~~

~~Major categories of investment income, net of related expenses, consist of the following (dollars in thousands):~~

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale $ 464,431
$ 378,669
$ 1,307,359
$ 1,121,496
Equity securities 1,709
1,319
3,600
3,710
Mortgage loans on real estate 67,071
54,424
187,142
155,083
Policy loans 14,580
14,730
43,083
44,285
Funds withheld at interest 81,862
108,232
209,568
270,094
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents 6,152
3,067
20,517
9,276
Other invested assets 66,611
35,594
140,757
80,207
Investment income 702,416
596,035
1,912,026
1,684,151
Investment expense (23,611 ) (23,293 ) (69,266 ) (67,019 )
Investment income, net of related expenses $ 678,805
$ 572,742
$ 1,842,760
$ 1,617,132

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~~Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net~~

~~Investment related gains (losses), net, consist of the following (dollars in thousands):~~

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Other-than-temporary impairment losses $ (8,539 ) $ (10,705 ) $ (17,992 ) $ (14,055 )
Gain on investment activity 67,980
20,040
116,409
52,146
Loss on investment activity (12,996 ) (37,880 ) (38,589 ) (94,194 )
Equity securities:
Gain on investment activity 432
3,932
506
4,429
Loss on investment activity —
(174 ) (1 ) (1,124 )
Change in unrealized gains (losses) recognized in earnings 3,396
3,539
9,813
(7,564 )
Other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision (4,030 ) (6,566 ) (11,498 ) (8,235 )
Derivatives and other, net 2,541
7,797
10,396
37,538
Total investment related gains (losses), net $ 48,784
$ (20,017 ) $ 69,044
$ (31,059 )

~~The fixed maturity impairments for the three months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ and 2018 are primarily related to high-yield securities. The fixed maturity impairments for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily related to a U.S. utility company and high-yield securities. The fixed maturity impairments for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were primarily related to high-yield securities. The other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision for the three months ended September 30, 2019 includes impairments on limited partnerships. The other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision for the three months ended September 30, 2018 includes impairments on real estate joint ventures and limited partnerships. The other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 includes impairments on real estate joint ventures and limited partnerships. The fluctuations in investment related gains (losses) for derivatives and other for the three and nine months ended ~~September 30, 2019, compared to the same periods in 2018, are primarily due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives and interest rate swaps.~~

~~During the three months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and 2018, the Company sold fixed maturity securities with fair values of $1,313.7 million and $1,345.3 million at losses of $13.0 million and $37.9 million, respectively. During the nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ and 2018, the Company sold fixed maturity securities with fair values of $3,026.5 million and $3,783.3 million at losses of $38.6 million and $94.2 million, respectively. The Company did not sell any equity securities at losses during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold equity securities with fair values of $3.1 million at losses of $0.2 million. During the nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~, the Company sold equity securities for immaterial losses. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold equity securities with fair values $31.5 million at losses of $1.1 million. The Company generally does not buy and sell securities on a short-term basis.

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~~Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other~~

The following table includes the amount of borrowed securities, securities lent and securities collateral received as part of the securities lending program and repurchased/reverse repurchased securities pledged and received as of ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2018~~ ~~(dollars in thousands).~~

September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018

Amortized
Cost

Estimated
Fair Value

Amortized
Cost

Estimated
Fair Value
Borrowed securities $ 335,408
$ 372,617
$ 335,781
$ 366,663
Securities lending:
Securities loaned 97,606
104,191
101,981
102,618
Securities received n/a
107,000
n/a
112,000
Repurchase program/reverse repurchase program:
Securities pledged 610,701
644,471
554,806
554,589
Securities received n/a
624,348
n/a
530,932

~~The Company also held cash collateral for repurchase/reverse repurchase programs of $27.5 million and $28.6 million as of~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and December 31, 2018, respectively. No cash or securities have been pledged by the Company for its securities borrowing program as of~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and December 31, 2018.~~

~~The following tables present information on the Company’s securities lending and repurchase transactions as of~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ and December 31, 2018, respectively (dollars in thousands). Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within the table, as the collateral pledged to each counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.

September 30, 2019
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate $ —
$ —
$ —
$ 104,191
$ 104,191
Total —
—
—
104,191
104,191
Repurchase transactions:
Corporate —
—
—
324,033
324,033
U.S. government —
—
66,264
142,124
208,388
Foreign government —
—
—
112,050
112,050
Other —
—
—
—
—
Total —
—
66,264
578,207
644,471
Total borrowings $ —
$ —
$ 66,264
$ 682,398
$ 748,662

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table $ 758,883
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure $ 10,221

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December 31, 2018
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate $ —
$ —
$ —
$ 102,618
$ 102,618
Total $ —
$ —
$ —
$ 102,618
$ 102,618
Repurchase transactions:
Corporate $ —
$ —
$ —
$ 254,151
$ 254,151
U.S. government —
—
—
221,572
221,572
Foreign government —
—
—
78,866
78,866
Total —
—
—
554,589
554,589
Total borrowings $ —
$ —
$ —
$ 657,207
$ 657,207

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table $ 671,492
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure $ 14,285

The Company has elected to offset amounts recognized as receivables and payables resulting from the repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. After the effect of offsetting, the net amount presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheets was a liability of $0.5 million and $0.4 million as of ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and December 31, 2018, respectively. As of~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ and December 31, 2018, the Company recognized payables resulting from cash received as collateral associated with a repurchase agreement as discussed above. Amounts owed to and due from the counterparties may be settled in cash or offset, in accordance with the agreements.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage loans ~~represented~~on real estate are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any unamortized premium or discount and valuation allowances. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the mortgage loan based on its contractual interest rate. Amortization of premiums and discounts is recorded using the effective yield method. The Company accrues interest on loans until it is probable the Company will not receive interest, or the loan is 90 days past due. Interest income, amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts and prepayment fees are reported in investment income, net of related expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Valuation allowances on mortgage loans are computed on an expected loss basis using a model that utilizes probability of default and loss given default methods over the lifetime of the loan. Accrued interest is excluded from the calculation of valuation allowances. Within the reasonable and supportable forecast period (i.e. typically two years), valuation allowances for mortgage loans are established based on several pool-level loan assumptions, defaults and loss severity, loss expectations for loans with similar risk characteristics and industry statistics. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The model also includes the impact of expected changes in future macro-economic conditions. The Company reverts to historical loss information for periods beyond which it believes it is able to develop or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions.

A mortgage loan is considered to be impaired when, based on the current information and events, it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the mortgage agreement. Although all available and applicable factors are considered in the Company’s analysis, loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios are the most critical factors in determining impairment. Impairments are based on the excess carrying value of the loan over the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, the value of the loan’s collateral if the loan is in the process of foreclosure or is otherwise collateral-dependent, or the loan’s market value if the loan is being sold.

Any interest accrued or received on the net carrying amount of the impaired loan will be included in investment income or applied to the principal of the loan, depending on the assessment of the collectability of the loan. Mortgage loans deemed to be uncollectible or that have been foreclosed are charged off against the valuation allowances and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the valuation allowances. Changes in valuation allowances are reported in investment related gains (losses), net on the condensed consolidated statements of income.

The Company evaluates whether a mortgage loan modification represents a troubled debt restructuring. In a troubled debt restructuring, the Company grants concessions related to the borrower’s financial difficulties. Generally, the types of concessions include: reduction of the contractual interest rate, extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than current market interest rates and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The Company considers the amount, timing and extent of the concession granted in determining any impairment or changes in the specific valuation allowance recorded in connection with the troubled debt restructuring. Through the continuous monitoring process, the Company may have recorded a specific valuation allowance prior to when the mortgage loan is modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Accordingly, the carrying value (after specific valuation

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allowance) before and after modification through a troubled debt restructuring may not change significantly, or may increase if the expected recovery is higher than the pre-modification recovery assessment.


2.	Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in millions, except per share information):



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Earnings:
Net income	$	213	$	263	$	283	$	635
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares	68		63		65		63
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock options	0		1		0		1
Denominator for diluted calculation	68		64		65		64
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	3.13	$	4.19	$	4.39	$	10.13
Diluted	$	3.12	$	4.12	$	4.36	$	9.93

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of options having a strike or conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period, as the result would be anti-dilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance contingent shares, as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period. The following table presents approximate amounts of stock options and performance contingent shares excluded from the calculation of common equivalent shares (in thousands):



	Three months ended September 30,		Nine months ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Excluded from common equivalent shares:
Stock options	1,692	139	993	416
Performance contingent shares	82	258	27	182


3.	Equity

On June 5, 2020, the Company completed a public offering of 6,172,840 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, at a public offering price of $81.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately ~~8.8%~~$481 million. The Company granted the underwriters an option to purchase from the Company, within 30 days after the Underwriting Agreement dated June 2, 2020, up to an additional 925,926 shares of common stock at the offering price of $81.00 per share. The underwriters’ option was not exercised and ~~9.1%~~expired on July 2, 2020. The Company anticipates using the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes.

Common Stock

The changes in the number of common stock issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:



	Issued	Held In Treasury		Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2019	79,137,758	16,481,656		62,656,102
Issuance of common stock	6,172,840	0		6,172,840
Common stock acquired	0	1,074,413		(1,074,413	)
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾	0	(182,497	)	182,497
Balance, September 30, 2020	85,310,598	17,373,572		67,937,026



	Issued	Held In Treasury		Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2018	79,137,758	16,323,390		62,814,368
Common stock acquired	0	546,614		(546,614	)
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾	0	(341,447	)	341,447
Balance, September 30, 2019	79,137,758	16,528,557		62,609,201


(1)	Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s equity-based compensation programs.

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Common Stock Held in Treasury

In January 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. During the first nine months of 2020, RGA repurchased 1,074,413 shares of common stock under this program for $153 million. During the first nine months of 2019, RGA repurchased 546,614 shares of common stock under this program for $80 million. On May 6, 2020, the Company announced that it has suspended stock repurchases until further notice.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The balance of and changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (dollars in millions):



	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments			Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments⁽¹⁾			Pension and Postretirement Benefits			Total
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	(92	)	$	3,299		$	(70	)	$	3,137
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(82		)	1,610			(18		)	1,510
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	0			(12		)	3			(9		)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	3			(355		)	3			(349		)
Balance, September 30, 2020	$	(171	)	$	4,542		$	(82	)	$	4,289



	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments			Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments⁽¹⁾			Pension and Postretirement Benefits			Total
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	(169	)	$	856		$	(51	)	$	636
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	16			3,526			(12		)	3,530
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	0			(171		)	4			(167		)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(4		)	(739		)	2			(741		)
Balance, September 30, 2019	$	(157	)	$	3,472		$	(57	)	$	3,258


(1)	Includes cash flow hedges of $(57) and $(26) as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and $(47) and $9 as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions):



	Amount Reclassified from AOCI
	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
Details about AOCI Components	2020			2019			2020			2019			Affected Line Item in Statements of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities	$	8		$	51		$	(20	)	$	70		Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges – Interest rate	(1		)	0			(3		)	1			(1)
Cash flow hedges – Currency/Interest rate	0			0			0			0			(1)
Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses	6			21			35			99			(2)
Total	13			72			12			170
Provision for income taxes	(3		)	(15		)	(5		)	(35		)
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax	$	10		$	57		$	7		$	135
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service (cost) credit	$	0		$	0		$	1		$	1		(3)
Actuarial gains (losses)	(1		)	(1		)	(4		)	(4		)	(3)
Total	(1		)	(1		)	(3		)	(3		)
Provision for income taxes	1			—			1			1
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax	$	0		$	(1	)	$	(2	)	$	(2	)

Total reclassifications for the period	$	10		$	56		$	5		$	133


(1)	See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.


(2)	This AOCI component is included in the computation of the deferred policy acquisition cost. See Note 8 – “Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs” of the 2019 Annual Report for additional details.


(3)	This AOCI component is included in the computation of the net periodic benefit cost. See Note 10 – “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional details.

Equity Based Compensation

Equity compensation expense was $3 million and $29 million in the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. In the first quarter of 2020, the Company granted 456,301 stock appreciation rights at $117.85 weighted average exercise price per share, 175,047 performance contingent units and 30,129 restricted stock units to employees. Additionally, non-employee directors were granted a total of 16,665 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2020, 1,263,304 share options at a weighted average strike price per share of $87.78 were vested and exercisable, with a remaining weighted average exercise period of 4.1 years. As of September 30, 2020, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements was $21 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 1.0 year.

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4.	Investments

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by type as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in millions):



September 30, 2020:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	31,044	$	19	$	3,455	$	221	$	34,259	62.7	%	$	0
Canadian government	2,985		0		1,912		0		4,897		9.0		0
RMBS	1,927		0		101		1		2,027		3.7		0
ABS	2,966		0		28		72		2,922		5.3		0
CMBS	1,871		0		81		22		1,930		3.5		0
U.S. government	1,392		0		238		0		1,630		3.0		0
State and political subdivisions	1,233		0		154		4		1,383		2.5		0
Other foreign government	5,243		0		411		50		5,604		10.3		0
Total fixed maturity securities	$	48,661	$	19	$	6,380	$	370	$	54,652	100.0	%	$	0



December 31, 2019:	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	29,205	$	2,269	$	81	$	31,393	61.4	%	$	0
Canadian government	3,016		1,596		0		4,612		9.0		0
RMBS	2,339		62		3		2,398		4.7		0
ABS	2,973		19		14		2,978		5.8		0
CMBS	1,841		61		3		1,899		3.7		0
U.S. government	2,096		57		1		2,152		4.2		0
State and political subdivisions	1,074		93		3		1,164		2.3		0
Other foreign government	4,209		321		5		4,525		8.9		0
Total fixed maturity securities	$	46,753	$	4,478	$	110	$	51,121	100.0	%	$	0

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral. Pledged fixed maturity securities are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Fixed maturity securities received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged. The Company also holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties. The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in millions):



	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral	$	132	$	143	$	113	$	116
Fixed maturity securities received as collateral	n/a		1,421		n/a		727
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	27,702		30,432		27,290		29,239

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from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s ~~total investments~~stockholders’ equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies as well as the securities disclosed below as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019 (dollars in millions).



	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Government of Japan	$	1,429	$	1,430	$	813	$	852
Canadian province of Quebec	1,226		2,347		1,205		2,163
Canadian province of Ontario	1,012		1,470		1,014		1,379

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2020, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.



	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	1,417	$	1,416
Due after one year through five years	8,267		8,751
Due after five years through ten years	10,389		11,456
Due after ten years	21,824		26,150
Structured securities	6,764		6,879
Total	$	48,661	$	54,652

Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

The tables below show the major sectors of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in millions):



September 30, 2020:			Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	11,550	$	12,658	37.0	%
Industrial	15,709		17,280		50.4
Utility	3,785		4,321		12.6
Total	$	31,044	$	34,259	100.0	%

December 31, 2019:			Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	10,896	$	11,653	37.2	%
Industrial	14,692		15,803		50.3
Utility	3,617		3,937		12.5
Total	$	29,205	$	31,393	100.0	%

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Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

As discussed in Note 1 – “Business and Basis of Presentation,” allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net on the condensed consolidated statements of income. For these securities, the net amount recognized represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the fixed maturity security prior to the allowance for credit losses. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses in fixed maturity securities by type for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (dollars in millions):



	Corporate			Other Foreign Government			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	0		$	0		$	0
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	38			2			40
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(19		)	(2		)	(21		)
Balance, end of period	$	19		$	0		$	19

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The following table presents the total gross unrealized losses for the 1,289 and 1,072 fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by the indicated amount (dollars in millions):



	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total		Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total
Less than 20%	$	276	74.6	%	$	76	69.1	%
20% or more for less than six months	34		9.2		20		18.2
20% or more for six months or greater	60		16.2		14		12.7
Total	$	370	100.0	%	$	110	100.0	%

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment.

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The following tables present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses for fixed maturity securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has remained below amortized cost.



	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
September 30, 2020:	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	2,446	$	108	$	83	$	10	$	2,529	$	118
RMBS	225		1		0		0		225		1
ABS	1,304		37		552		20		1,856		57
CMBS	355		19		0		0		355		19
U.S. government	0		0		0		0		0		0
State and political subdivisions	84		2		15		2		99		4
Other foreign government	955		35		11		2		966		37
Total investment grade securities	5,369		202		661		34		6,030		236
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	672		94		60		9		732		103
ABS	19		14		4		1		23		15
CMBS	22		3		0		0		22		3
Other foreign government	93		9		13		4		106		13
Total below investment grade securities	806		120		77		14		883		134
Total fixed maturity securities	$	6,175	$	322	$	738	$	48	$	6,913	$	370



	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
December 31, 2019:	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	1,936	$	29	$	293	$	7	$	2,229	$	36
RMBS	367		2		84		1		451		3
ABS	773		5		739		9		1,512		14
CMBS	253		3		0		0		253		3
U.S. government	49		1		0		0		49		1
State and political subdivisions	103		2		12		1		115		3
Other foreign government	278		4		0		0		278		4
Total investment grade securities	3,759		46		1,128		18		4,887		64
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	220		38		100		7		320		45
ABS	0		0		0		0		0		0
CMBS	0		0		0		0		0		0
Other foreign government	0		0		10		1		10		1
Total below investment grade securities	220		38		110		8		330		46
Total fixed maturity securities	$	3,979	$	84	$	1,238	$	26	$	5,217	$	110

The Company has no intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, the securities outlined in the tables above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in interest rates.

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Investment Income, Net of Related Expenses

Major categories of investment income, net of related expenses, consist of the following (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	483		$	464		$	1,437		$	1,307
Equity securities	2			1			5			3
Mortgage loans on real estate	66			67			199			187
Policy loans	13			14			42			43
Funds withheld at interest	95			82			217			210
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	1			7			7			21
Other invested assets	17			67			53			141
Investment income	677			702			1,960			1,912
Investment expense	(23		)	(23		)	(67		)	(69		)
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	654		$	679		$	1,893		$	1,843

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Investment related gains (losses), net, consist of the following (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Impairments and change in allowance for credit losses	$	13		$	(9	)	$	(21	)	$	(18	)
Gain on investment activity	16			68			89			116
Loss on investment activity	(22		)	(13		)	(76		)	(39		)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities	4			4			(11		)	11
Other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision	(19		)	(4		)	(54		)	(12		)
Derivatives and other, net	74			3			(65		)	11
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	66		$	49		$	(138	)	$	69

The impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were primarily due to an increase in the allowance for credit losses related to high-yield securities as result of the uncertainty in the global markets due to the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic. The fixed maturity impairment losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, were primarily related to a U.S. utility company and high yield securities. The other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were primarily due to an increase in the mortgage loan valuation allowance due to the current market conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and impairments on limited partnerships. The other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily relates to impairments on real estate joint ventures and limited partnerships. The fluctuations in investment related gains (losses) for derivatives and other for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods in 2019, were primarily due to the changes in fair value of embedded derivatives related to modified coinsurance and funds withheld treaties as a result of changes in interest rates and credit spreads, both of which are a result of COVID-19.

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Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other

The following table includes the amount of borrowed securities, securities loaned and securities collateral received as part of the securities lending program and repurchased/reverse repurchased securities pledged and received as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in millions).



	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Borrowed securities	$	273	$	314	$	339	$	369
Securities lending:
Securities loaned	94		104		98		104
Securities received	n/a		102		n/a		107
Repurchase program/reverse repurchase program:
Securities pledged	365		405		356		384
Securities received	n/a		378		n/a		370

The Company held cash collateral for repurchase/reverse repurchase programs of $4 million and $1 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. No cash or securities have been pledged by the Company for its securities borrowing program as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

The following tables present information on the Company’s securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (dollars in millions). Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within the tables, as the collateral pledged to each counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.



	September 30, 2020
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	104	$	104
Total	0		0		0		104		104
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:									��
Corporate	0		0		0		298		298
Other foreign government	0		0		0		107		107
Total	0		0		0		405		405
Total transactions	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	509	$	509

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions in preceding table									$	484
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure									$	25



	December 31, 2019
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	104	$	104
Total	0		0		0		104		104
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	0		0		0		286		286
Other foreign government	0		0		0		98		98
Total	0		0		0		384		384
Total borrowings	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	488	$	488

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions in preceding table									$	478
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure									$	10

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The Company has elected to offset amounts recognized as receivables and payables resulting from the repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. After the effect of offsetting, the net amount presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheets was a liability of $4 million and $1 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019,, the Company recognized payables resulting from cash received as collateral associated with a repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements as discussed above. Amounts owed to and due from the counterparties may be settled in cash or offset, in accordance with the agreements.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

As of September 30, 2020, mortgage loans ~~were~~are geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest concentrations in California ~~(17.0%~~(14.6%), Texas ~~(12.9%~~(14.5%) and Washington ~~(7.4%~~(8.7%). In addition, the Company held mortgage loans secured by properties in Canada ~~(2.9%~~(3.0%) and United Kingdom ~~(0.5%~~(0.9%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans on real estate presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and valuation allowances.

The distribution of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans by property type as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in millions) is as ~~follows as of~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2018~~ ~~(dollars in thousands):~~follows:


	September 30, 2019					December 31, 2018					September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
Property type:	Carrying Value			% of Total		Carrying Value			% of Total		Carrying Value			% of Total		Carrying Value			% of Total
Office building	$	1,787,871		31.6	%	$	1,725,748		34.6	%
Office											$	1,736		29.0	%	$	1,771		31.0	%
Retail	1,645,521			29.0		1,432,394			28.7		1,700			28.4		1,686			29.4
Industrial	1,137,598			20.1		961,924			19.3		1,235			20.7		1,169			20.4
Apartment	748,392			13.2		571,291			11.5		870			14.5		766			13.4
Other commercial	347,972			6.1		291,997			5.9		440			7.4		335			5.8
Recorded investment	5,667,354			100.0	%	4,983,354			100.0	%	5,981			100.0	%	5,727			100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(8,314		)			(5,770		)			(10		)			(9		)
Valuation allowances	(11,775		)			(11,286		)			(64		)			(12		)
Total mortgage loans on real estate	$	5,647,265				$	4,966,298				$	5,907				$	5,706

The maturities of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018				September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	1,750,771	30.9	%	$	1,425,598	28.6	%	$	2,315	38.7	%	$	1,841	32.2	%
Due after five years through ten years	3,001,527		53.0		2,686,264		53.9		2,739		45.8		2,944		51.4
Due after ten years	915,056		16.1		871,492		17.5		927		15.5		942		16.4
Total	$	5,667,354	100.0	%	$	4,983,354	100.0	%	$	5,981	100.0	%	$	5,727	100.0	%

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The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Recorded Investment														Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction Loans								Debt Service Ratios								Construction Loans
	>1.20x		1.00x - 1.20x		<1.00x				Total			% of Total		>1.20x			1.00x - 1.20x			<1.00x			Construction Loans		Total			% of Total
September 30, 2019:							Construction Loans
September 30, 2020:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% - 59.99%	$	2,912,673	$	91,954	$	12,932	$	21,434		$	3,038,993		53.6	%	$	2,884		$	137		$	19	$	4		$	3,044		50.9	%
60% - 69.99%	1,889,981		83,814		37,321		—			2,011,116			35.5		1,965			48			30		0			2,043			34.2
70% - 79.99%	395,599		—		32,586		—			428,185			7.6		581			67			27		0			675			11.3
Greater than 80%	116,605		49,087		23,368		—			189,060			3.3
80% or greater															180			22			17		0			219			3.6
Total	$	5,314,858	$	224,855	$	106,207	$	21,434		$	5,667,354		100.0	%	$	5,610		$	274		$	93	$	4		$	5,981		100.0	%

Recorded Investment
Debt Service Ratios
Construction
Loans

>1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x <1.00x Total % of Total
December 31, 2018:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% - 59.99% $ 2,410,556
$ 61,246
$ 38,177
$ 13,691
$ 2,523,670
50.6 %
60% - 69.99% 1,618,374
73,908
38,120
18,929
1,749,331
35.1
70% - 79.99% 414,269
48,438
54,440
—
517,147
10.4
Greater than 80% 117,978
49,668
25,560
—
193,206
3.9
Total $ 4,561,177
$ 233,260
$ 156,297
$ 32,620
$ 4,983,354
100.0 %

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	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction Loans
	>1.20x		1.00x - 1.20x		<1.00x		Construction Loans		Total		% of Total
December 31, 2019:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% - 59.99%	$	3,025	$	52	$	7	$	0	$	3,084	53.8	%
60% - 69.99%	1,841		53		11		0		1,905		33.3
70% - 79.99%	492		13		39		0		544		9.5
80% or greater	96		61		37		0		194		3.4
Total	$	5,454	$	179	$	94	$	0	$	5,727	100.0	%

The ~~age analysis~~following table sets forth credit quality grades by year of origination of the Company’s ~~past due~~ recorded ~~investments~~investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 (dollars in millions):



	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Total
September 30, 2020:
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	331	$	656	$	522	$	360	$	588	$	1,068	$	3,525
Investment grade	285		525		407		360		279		406		2,262
Average	0		0		9		43		27		74		153
Watch list	0		0		0		0		0		4		4
In or near default	0		0		0		0		0		37		37
Total	$	616	$	1,181	$	938	$	763	$	894	$	1,589	$	5,981

The following table presents the current and past due composition of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018 is as follows~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
31-60 days past due	$	21,065	$	—	$	0	$	0
61-90 days past due					0		0
Greater than 90 days					20		0
Total past due	21,065		—		20		0
Current	5,646,289		4,983,354		5,961		5,727
Total	$	5,667,354	$	4,983,354	$	5,981	$	5,727

The following table presents the recorded investment in mortgage loans, by method of measuring impairment, and the related valuation allowances as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Mortgage loans:
Individually measured for impairment	$	17,016	$	30,635	$	37	$	17
Collectively measured for impairment	5,650,338		4,952,719		5,944		5,710
Recorded investment	$	5,667,354	$	4,983,354	$	5,981	$	5,727
Valuation allowances:
Individually measured for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	0	$	0
Collectively measured for impairment	11,775		11,286		64		12
Total valuation allowances	$	11,775	$	11,286	$	64	$	12

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Information regarding the Company’s loan valuation allowances for mortgage loans for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 is as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018		2019		2018			2020		2019
Balance, beginning of period	$	11,692		$	9,706	$	11,286	$	9,384		$	12	$	11
Adoption of new accounting standard, see Note 13											14		0
Provision (release)	88			656		485		986			38		1
Translation adjustment	(5		)	4		4		(4		)
Balance, end of period	$	11,775		$	10,366	$	11,775	$	10,366		$	64	$	12

Information regarding the portion of the Company’s mortgage loans that were impaired as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 is as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Carrying Value			Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Carrying Value
September 30, 2019:
September 30, 2020:
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	17,017	$	17,016	$	—	$	17,016		$	37	$	37	$	0	$	37
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		—		—			0		0		0		0
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	17,017	$	17,016	$	—	$	17,016		$	37	$	37	$	0	$	37
December 31, 2018:
December 31, 2019:
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	30,660	$	30,635	$	—	$	30,635		$	17	$	17	$	0	$	17
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		—		—			0		0		0		0
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	30,660	$	30,635	$	—	$	30,635		$	17	$	17	$	0	$	17

The Company’s average investment balance of impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
The Company’s average investment balance of impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):									The Company’s average investment balance of impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):
	Three months ended September 30,									Three months ended September 30,
	2019				2018					2020				2019
	Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income			Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	17,015	$	170	$	30,641	$	346		$	27	$	0	$	17	$	1
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		—		—			0		0		0		0
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	17,015	$	170	$	30,641	$	346		$	27	$	0	$	17	$	1

	Nine months ended September 30,									Nine months ended September 30,
	2019				2018					2020				2019
	Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income			Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Interest Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded	$	20,436	$	669	$	22,641	$	650		$	22	$	0	$	20	$	1
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	—		—		—		—			0		0		0		0
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	20,436	$	669	$	22,641	$	650		$	22	$	0	$	20	$	1

(1) Average recorded investment represents the average loan balances as of the beginning of period and all subsequent quarterly end of period balances.

The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018.~~2019. The Company had $20 million of mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances, that were on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2020. The Company had no mortgage loans that were on a nonaccrual status at as of December 31, 2019.

For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020, the Company modified the payment terms of approximately 50 commercial mortgage loans, with a carrying value of approximately $620 million in response to COVID-19. These loans met the criteria established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and were not considered a troubled debt restructuring. In accordance with the CARES Act criteria, these loans were not more than 30 days past due at December 31, ~~2018~~.2019, and the modifications included deferral or delayed payments of principal or interest on the loan.

Policy Loans

~~Policy loans comprised approximately 2.0% and 2.5% of the Company’s total investments as of~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and December 31, 2018, respectively, the~~The majority of ~~which~~policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk ~~because~~as the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

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Funds Withheld at Interest

~~Funds withheld at interest comprised approximately 8.7% and 10.6%~~As of ~~the Company’s total investments as of~~ September 30, ~~2019~~ ~~and December 31, 2018, respectively. Of~~2020, $3.2 billion of the ~~$5.6 billion~~ funds withheld at interest ~~balance, net of embedded derivatives, as of~~ ~~September 30, 2019, $3.6 billion of the~~ balance is associated with one client. For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance (“modco”) basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets ~~represented approximately 3.4%~~include limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts and ~~3.5% of~~fair value option (“FVO”) contractholder-directed unit-linked investments. Other invested assets also includes FHLB common stock, which is included in Other in the ~~Company’s total investments~~table below. The allowance for credit losses for lifetime mortgages as of both September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018, respectively.~~2019, was $2 million. Carrying values of these assets as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018 were~~2019 are as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures	$	1,059,025	$	965,094	$	1,249	$	1,134
Lifetime mortgages	669,981		475,905		863		775
Derivatives	142,099		180,699		174		117
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	252,277		197,770		258		260
Other	91,893		95,829		101		77
Total other invested assets	$	2,215,275	$	1,915,297	$	2,645	$	2,363

5. Derivative Instruments

Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for additional disclosures related to the fair value hierarchy for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives.

Types of Derivatives Used by the Company

Commonly used derivative instruments include, but are not necessarily limited to: credit default swaps, financial futures, equity options, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency forwards, interest rate swaps, synthetic guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”), consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps, longevity swaps, ~~mortality swaps~~ and embedded derivatives.

For detailed information on these derivative instruments and the related strategies, see Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” of the Company’s ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

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Summary of Derivative Positions

Derivatives, except for embedded derivatives and longevity and mortality swaps, are carried on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Longevity and mortality swaps, which have been discontinued or matured in 2019 are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets in other assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on ~~modified coinsurance (“modco”)~~modco or funds withheld arrangements are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity and variable annuity products are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


			September 30, 2019												December 31, 2018													September 30, 2020												December 31, 2019
	Primary Underlying Risk		Notional				Carrying Value/Fair Value								Notional				Carrying Value/Fair Value							Primary Underlying Risk		Notional				Carrying Value/Fair Value								Notional				Carrying Value/Fair Value
		Amount				Assets				Liabilities				Amount				Assets				Liabilities					Amount				Assets				Liabilities				Amount				Assets				Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps		Interest rate		$	929,963			$	84,306			$	2,778			$	1,040,588			$	47,652			$	961		Interest rate		$	1,162			$	102			$	4			$	909			$	70			$	3
Financial futures	Equity		361,030				—				—				325,620				—				—			Equity		322				0				0				307				0				0
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency		149,698				—				12,454				149,698				504				4,659			Foreign currency		150				0				17				150				0				9
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency		125,000				337				—				25,000				—				234			Foreign currency		297				3				1				175				1				0
Consumer price index swaps	CPI		422,068				360				33,245				385,580				—				11,384
CPI swaps																										CPI		573				10				33				441				0				28
Credit default swaps	Credit		1,337,800				5,888				139				1,338,300				6,003				1,166			Credit		1,307				3				0				1,306				5				0
Equity options	Equity		386,536				24,844				—				439,158				42,836				—			Equity		361				34				0				364				15				0
Longevity swaps	Longevity		871,920				51,620				—				917,360				47,789				—
Mortality swaps	Mortality		25,000				—				853				25,000				—				369
Synthetic guaranteed investment contracts	Interest rate		13,919,866				—				—				13,397,729				—				—
Synthetic GICs																										Interest rate		15,881				0				0				13,823				0				0
Embedded derivatives in:
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements			—				121,275				—				—				109,597				—
Modco or funds withheld arrangements																												0				7				0				0				121				0
Indexed annuity products			—				—				779,128				—				—				776,940					0				0				767				0				0				767
Variable annuity products			—				—				210,041				—				—				167,925					0				0				213				0				0				163
Total non-hedging derivatives			18,528,881				288,630				1,038,638				18,044,033				254,381				963,638					20,053				159				1,035				17,475				212				970
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Foreign currency/Interest rate		435,000				—				34,467				435,000				—				27,257			Foreign currency/Interest rate		625				2				34				535				1				29
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency		366,193				26,384				7,615				494,461				51,311				—			Foreign currency		253				8				5				342				17				2
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency		1,025,548				43,441				—				911,197				50,974				—			Foreign currency		1,140				48				0				1,094				28				2
Total hedging derivatives			1,826,741				69,825				42,082				1,840,658				102,285				27,257					2,018				58				39				1,971				46				33
Total derivatives			$	20,355,622			$	358,455			$	1,080,720			$	19,884,691			$	356,666			$	990,895				$	22,071			$	217			$	1,074			$	19,446			$	258			$	1,003

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Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and reports certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related foreign currency swaps as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019 were (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


Type of Fair Value Hedge		Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives			Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items			Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives			Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items
			Investment Related Gains (Losses)							Investment Related Gains (Losses)
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:								For the three months ended September 30, 2020:
Foreign currency swaps									Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	6		$	(5	)
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:	For the three months ended September 30, 2019:							For the three months ended September 30, 2019:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(5,995	)	$	4,088		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(6	)	$	5
For the three months ended September 30, 2018:
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:								For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(2,258	)	$	2,832		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(2	)	$	(3	)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:	For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:							For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(10,422	)	$	4,503		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(10	)	$	5
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Foreign currency swaps		Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(5,284	)	$	9,666

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets and liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; and (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps.

The following ~~table presents~~tables present the components of AOCI, before income tax, and the condensed consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Three months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Balance beginning of period	$	(14,862	)	$	22,656
Balance, beginning of period							$	(74	)	$	(15	)
Gains (losses) deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(32,123		)	6,671			16			(32		)
Amounts reclassified to investment income	38			(50		)	0			0
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	(255		)	(234		)	1			0
Balance end of period	$	(47,202	)	$	29,043
Balance, end of period							$	(57	)	$	(47	)

	Nine months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Balance beginning of period	$	8,788		$	2,619
Balance, beginning of period							$	(26	)	$	9
Gains (losses) deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(54,902		)	26,586			(34		)	(55		)
Amounts reclassified to investment income	19			(270		)	0			0
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	(1,107		)	108			3			(1		)
Balance end of period	$	(47,202	)	$	29,043
Balance, end of period							$	(57	)	$	(47	)

As of September 30, ~~2019, the~~2020, approximately $6 million of before-tax deferred net ~~gains (losses)~~losses on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI ~~that~~ are expected to be reclassified to ~~earnings~~interest expense during the next twelve ~~months are approximately $0.1 million and $(0.8) million in~~months. For the same time period, there was an immaterial amount of before-tax deferred net gains to be reclassified to investment income ~~and interest expense, respectively.~~during the next twelve months.

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The following table presents the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the condensed consolidated statements of income and the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


Derivative Type	Gain (Loss) Deferred in AOCI			Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from AOCI						Gain (Loss) Deferred in AOCI			Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from AOCI
				Investment Income			Interest Expense						Investment Income		Interest Expense
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:
Interest rate										$	8		$	0	$	(1	)
Currency										8			0		0
Total										$	16		$	0	$	(1	)
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:
Interest rate	$	(24,846	)	$	—		$	255		$	(25	)	$	0	$	0
Currency/Interest rate	(7,277		)	(38		)	—			(7		)	0		0
Total	$	(32,123	)	$	(38	)	$	255		$	(32	)	$	0	$	0
For the three months ended September 30, 2018:

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
Interest rate	$	7,490		$	—		$	234		$	(29	)	$	0	$	(3	)
Currency/Interest rate	(819		)	50			—
Currency										(5		)	0		0
Total	$	6,671		$	50		$	234		$	(34	)	$	0	$	(3	)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:
Interest rate	$	(46,816	)	$	—		$	1,107		$	(47	)	$	0	$	1
Currency/Interest rate	(8,086		)	(19		)	—			(8		)	0		0
Total	$	(54,902	)	$	(19	)	$	1,107		$	(55	)	$	0	$	1
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Interest rate	$	27,217		$	—		$	(108	)
Currency/Interest rate	(631		)	270			—
Total	$	26,586		$	270		$	(108	)

Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

The Company uses foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):



	Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI
	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
Type of NIFO Hedge	2020			2019		2020		2019
Foreign currency swaps	$	(3	)	$	5	$	6	$	(5	)
Foreign currency forwards	(22		)	16		24		(8		)
Total	$	(25	)	$	21	$	30	$	(13	)

Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI
For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
Type of NIFO Hedge ⁽¹⁾
2019 2018 2019 2018
Foreign currency swaps $ 3,930
$ (5,877 ) $ (5,563 ) $ 11,125
Foreign currency forwards 16,427
(11,562 ) (7,669 ) 11,737
Total $ 20,357
$ (17,439 ) $ (13,232 ) $ 22,862


~~(1)~~	There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into investment income during the periods presented.

The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was ~~$187.8~~$198 million and ~~$201.0~~$168 million at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~,2019, respectively. If a hedged foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the condensed consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a hedged foreign operation. There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into investment income during the periods presented.

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been qualified for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net in the condensed consolidated statements of income, except where otherwise noted.

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A summary of the effect of non-hedging derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 is as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


		Gain (Loss) for the three months ended September 30,							Three months ended September 30,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2019			2018			Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2020			2019
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	38,701		$	(12,228	)	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(11	)	$	38
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	322			(6,544		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(15		)	0
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	867			—			Investment related gains (losses), net	4			0
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	337			(58		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	4			1
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(8,235		)	(4,223		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	11			(8		)
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	1,961			4,689			Investment related gains (losses), net	1			1
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	243			(9,793		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(12		)	1
Longevity swaps	Other revenues	2,063			2,426			Other revenues	0			2
Mortality swaps	Other revenues	—			473
Subtotal		36,259			(25,258		)		(18		)	35
Embedded derivatives in:
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	8,508			(2,081		)
Modco or funds withheld arrangements								Investment related gains (losses), net	116			9
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	(44,972		)	(25,347		)	Interest credited	(29		)	(45		)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	(42,233		)	32,133			Investment related gains (losses), net	(29		)	(42		)
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	(42,438	)	$	(20,553	)		$	40		$	(43	)

		Gain (Loss) for the nine months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2019			2018			Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2020			2019
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	96,079		$	(47,399	)	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	98		$	96
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	(29,641		)	(7,312		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(19		)	(30		)
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(4,790		)	—			Investment related gains (losses), net	(6		)	(5		)
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	571			3			Investment related gains (losses), net	2			1
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(23,898		)	(996		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	(3		)	(24		)
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	21,539			5,371			Investment related gains (losses), net	(6		)	21
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	(27,269		)	(15,207		)	Investment related gains (losses), net	16			(27		)
Longevity swaps	Other revenues	6,390			6,983			Other revenues	0			6
Mortality swaps	Other revenues	(484		)	(326		)
Subtotal		38,497			(58,883		)		82			38
Embedded derivatives in:
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	11,678			20,335
Modco or funds withheld arrangements								Investment related gains (losses), net	(113		)	12
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	(50,361		)	6,523			Interest credited	(30		)	(50		)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	(42,116		)	62,242			Investment related gains (losses), net	(50		)	(42		)
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	(42,302	)	$	30,217			$	(111	)	$	(42	)

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Credit Derivatives

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019					December 31, 2018						September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations⁽¹⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps			Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps⁽²⁾		Weighted Average Years to Maturity⁽³⁾
AAA/AA+/AA/AA-/A+/A/A-
Single name credit default swaps	$	1,018	$	117,500	1.6	$	1,953		$	152,000	2.2	$	1	$	87	1.5	$	2	$	142	1.7
Credit default swaps referencing indices	342		240,000		10.2	—			—		0.0
Subtotal	1,360		357,500		7.4	1,953			152,000		2.2	1		87		1.5	2		142		1.7
BBB+/BBB/BBB-
Single name credit default swaps	4,103		337,700		2.0	2,930			353,700		2.2	2		222		1.7	3		291		1.9
Credit default swaps referencing indices	111		632,600		2.9	(76		)	817,600		6.4	0		988		4.2	0		873		4.7
Subtotal	4,214		970,300		2.6	2,854			1,171,300		5.1	2		1,210		3.7	3		1,164		4.0
BB+/BB/BB-
Single name credit default swaps	175		10,000		2.7	30			15,000		0.7	0		10		1.0	0		0		0.0
Subtotal	175		10,000		2.7	30			15,000		0.7	0		10		1.0	0		0		0.0
Total	$	5,749	$	1,337,800	3.9	$	4,837		$	1,338,300	4.7	$	3	$	1,307	3.6	$	5	$	1,306	3.7


(1)	The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).


(2)	Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.


(3)	The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

Netting Arrangements ~~and Credit Risk~~

Certain of the Company’s derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

The Company has elected to include all derivatives, except embedded derivatives, in the ~~tables~~table below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 4 – “Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending, ~~repurchase~~ and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs.

The following table provides information relating to the Company’s derivative instruments as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


								Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Balance Sheet																Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Balance Sheet
	Gross Amounts Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet			Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments ⁽¹⁾			Cash Collateral Pledged/ Received			Net Amount			Gross Amounts Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet			Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments ⁽¹⁾			Cash Collateral Pledged/ Received			Net Amount
September 30, 2019:
September 30, 2020:
Derivative assets	$	237,180	$	(43,461	)	$	193,719	$	—		$	(205,890	)	$	(12,171	)	$	210	$	(36	)	$	174	$	0		$	(164	)	$	10
Derivative liabilities	91,551		(43,461		)	48,090		(81,090		)	(60,080		)	(93,080		)	94		(36		)	58		(128		)	(60		)	(130		)
December 31, 2018:
December 31, 2019:
Derivative assets	$	247,069	$	(18,581	)	$	228,488	$	—		$	(235,611	)	$	(7,123	)	$	137	$	(20	)	$	117	$	0		$	(119	)	$	(2	)
Derivative liabilities	46,030		(18,581		)	27,449		(71,376		)	(24,080		)	(68,007		)	73		(20		)	53		(92		)	(52		)	(91		)


(1)	Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner.

Credit Risk

The Company had $12 million in credit exposure related to its derivative contracts as of September 30, 2020. As of December 31, 2019, there was no credit exposure. The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments with a positive fair value. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value at the reporting date plus or minus any collateral posted or held by the Company. The Company had no credit exposure related to its derivative contracts, as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, as the net amount of collateral pledged to the Company from counterparties exceeded the fair value of the derivative contracts.

Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”) and others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties. The Company manages its credit risk related to OTC derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. The Company is only exposed to the default of the central clearing counterparties for OTC cleared derivatives, and these transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings. Exchange-traded derivatives are

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settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing the credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.

6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair Value Measurement

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 -– Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets and liabilities are traded in active exchange markets.

Level 2 -– Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 -– Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities. Additionally, the Company’s embedded derivatives, all of which are associated with reinsurance treaties and longevity and mortality swaps, are classified in Level 3 since their values include significant unobservable inputs.

For a discussion of the Company’s valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy, see Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

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Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are summarized below (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


September 30, 2019:				Fair Value Measurements Using:
September 30, 2020:													Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	30,353,219		$	—	$	28,547,959		$	1,805,260	$	34,259	$	0	$	31,732	$	2,527
Canadian government	4,633,219			—		3,942,376			690,843		4,897		0		4,897		0
RMBS	2,439,842			—		2,416,762			23,080		2,027		0		2,023		4
ABS	2,822,635			—		2,719,526			103,109		2,922		0		2,772		150
CMBS	1,782,218			—		1,752,250			29,968		1,930		0		1,878		52
U.S. government	1,668,505			1,541,294		110,070			17,141		1,630		1,520		95		15
State and political subdivisions	1,190,103			—		1,180,150			9,953		1,383		0		1,374		9
Other foreign government	4,591,526			—		4,575,383			16,143		5,604		0		5,587		17
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	49,481,267			1,541,294		45,244,476			2,695,497		54,652		1,520		50,358		2,774
Equity securities	134,453			86,968		—			47,485		135		75		0		60
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	121,275			—		—			121,275		7		0		0		7
Cash equivalents	927,175			922,291		4,884			—		1,835		1,825		10		0
Short-term investments	89,130			17,375		68,898			2,857		101		20		75		6
Other invested assets:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	73,085			—		73,085			—
Foreign currency forwards	43,654			—		43,654			—
Credit default swaps	(7,174		)	—		(7,174		)	—
Equity options	6,150			—		6,150			—
Foreign currency swaps	26,384			—		26,384			—
Derivatives											174		0		174		0
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	252,277			197,195		55,082			—		258		201		57		0
Other											4		0		4		0
Total other invested assets	394,376			197,195		197,181			—		436		201		235		0
Other assets - longevity swaps	51,620			—		—			51,620
Total	$	51,199,296		$	2,765,123	$	45,515,439		$	2,918,734	$	57,166	$	3,641	$	50,678	$	2,847
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	989,170		$	—	$	—		$	989,170
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives											$	980	$	0	$	0	$	980
Other liabilities:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	26,024			—		26,024			—
Foreign currency swaps - non-hedged	12,454			—		12,454			—
Foreign currency forwards	(124		)	—		(124		)	—
CPI swaps	32,885			—		32,885			—
Credit default swaps	(12,923		)	—		(12,923		)	—
Equity options	(18,694		)	—		(18,694		)	—
Foreign currency swaps	7,615			—		7,615			—
Mortality swaps	853			—		—			853
Derivatives											58		0		58		0
Total	$	1,037,260		$	—	$	47,237		$	990,023	$	1,038	$	0	$	58	$	980

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December 31, 2018:				Fair Value Measurements Using:
December 31, 2019:													Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	23,982,119		$	—	$	22,651,194		$	1,330,925	$	31,393	$	0	$	29,207	$	2,186
Canadian government	3,892,385			—		3,364,261			528,124		4,612		0		3,908		704
RMBS	1,869,221			—		1,862,366			6,855		2,398		0		2,349		49
ABS	2,149,204			—		2,053,632			95,572		2,978		0		2,865		113
CMBS	1,419,034			—		1,419,012			22		1,899		0		1,853		46
U.S. government	2,185,874			2,067,529		100,320			18,025		2,152		2,030		106		16
State and political subdivisions	752,194			—		741,992			10,202		1,164		0		1,155		9
Other foreign government	3,742,315			—		3,737,309			5,006		4,525		0		4,509		16
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	39,992,346			2,067,529		35,930,086			1,994,731		51,121		2,030		45,952		3,139
Equity securities	82,197			48,737		—			33,460		320		243		0		77
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	109,597			—		—			109,597		121		0		0		121
Cash equivalents	485,167			473,509		11,658			—		274		274		0		0
Short-term investments	105,991			4,989		98,774			2,228		32		4		26		2
Other invested assets:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	37,976			—		37,976			—
Foreign currency forwards	50,740			—		50,740			—
Credit default swaps	4,466			—		4,466			—
Equity options	36,206			—		36,206			—
Foreign currency swaps	51,311			—		51,311			—
Derivatives											117		0		117		0
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	197,770			196,781		989			—		260		207		53		0
Other											0		0		0		0
Total other invested assets	378,469			196,781		181,688			—		377		207		170		0
Other assets - longevity swaps	47,789			—		—			47,789
Total	$	41,201,556		$	2,791,545	$	36,222,206		$	2,187,805	$	52,245	$	2,758	$	46,148	$	3,339
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	944,865		$	—	$	—		$	944,865
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives											$	930	$	0	$	0	$	930
Other liabilities:
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	18,542			—		18,542			—
Foreign currency swaps - non-hedged	4,155			—		4,155			—
CPI swaps	11,384			—		11,384			—
Credit default swaps	(371		)	—		(371		)	—
Equity options	(6,630		)	—		(6,630		)	—
Mortality swaps	369			—		—			369
Derivatives											53		0		53		0
Total	$	972,314		$	—	$	27,080		$	945,234	$	983	$	0	$	53	$	930

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~~Transfers between Levels 1 and 2~~

Transfers between Levels 1 and 2 are made to reflect changes in observability of inputs and market activity. The Company recognizes transfers of assets and liabilities into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy at the beginning of the quarter in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or 2018.

Quantitative Information Regarding Internally - Priced Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Estimated Fair Value				Valuation Technique		Unobservable Inputs		Range (Weighted Average)					Estimated Fair Value							Valuation Technique		Unobservable Inputs		Range (Weighted Average)
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018				Unobservable Inputs	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019					September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Assets:
Corporate	$	888,946	$	642,647	Valuation Technique	Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		0-5% (1%)			0-5% (1%)		$	57			$	1,070	Valuation Technique		Unobservable Inputs	Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium	0-1% (1%)		0-2% (1%)
							EBITDA Multiple		5.2x-6.1x (5.8x)			5.9x-7.5x (6.5x)											EBITDA Multiple		5.2x-7.0x (6.4x)		5.2x-7.1x (6.7x)
ABS	102,027		77,842		Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		0-4% (1%)			0-1% (1%)		80				101			Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		1-18% (1%)		0-4% (1%)
U.S. government	17,141		18,025		Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		0-1% (1%)			0-1% (1%)		15				16			Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		0-1% (1%)		0-1% (1%)
Other foreign government	16,143		5,006		Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		0-1% (1%)			1	%	0				16			Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		—		0-1% (1%)
Equity securities	30,681		25,007		Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		4	%		4	%	11				32			Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium		—		4	%
							EBITDA Multiple		6.9x-9.3x (7.9x)			6.9x-12.3x (7.9x)											EBITDA Multiple		6.9x-10.6x (7.9x)		6.9x-9.3x (7.8x)

Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives	121,275		109,597		Total return swap		Mortality		0-100% (2%)			0-100% (2%)
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives														7				121			Total return swap		Mortality		0-100% (3%)		0-100% (2%)
							Lapse		0-35% (12%)			0-35% (10%)											Lapse		0-35% (13%)		0-35% (13%)
							Withdrawal		0-5% (3%)			0-5% (3%)											Withdrawal		0-5% (3%)		0-5% (3%)
							CVA		0-5% (1%)			0-5% (1%)											CVA		0-5% (1%)		0-5% (1%)
							Crediting rate		2-4% (2%)			2-4% (2%)											Crediting rate		2-4% (2%)		2-4% (2%)
Longevity swaps	51,620		47,789		Discounted cash flow		Mortality		0-100% (2%)			0-100% (2%)
							Mortality improvement		(10%)-10% (3%)			(10%)-10% (3%)
Liabilities:
Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- indexed annuities	779,128		776,940		Discounted cash flow		Mortality		0-100% (2%)			0-100% (2%)
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – indexed annuities														767				768			Discounted cash flow		Mortality		0-100% (3%)		0-100% (2%)
							Lapse		0-35% (12%)			0-35% (10%)											Lapse		0-35% (13%)		0-35% (10%)
							Withdrawal		0-5% (3%)			0-5% (3%)											Withdrawal		0-5% (3%)		0-5% (3%)
							Option budget projection		2-4% (2%)			2-4% (2%)											Option budget projection		2-4% (2%)		2-4% (2%)
Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- variable annuities	210,041		167,925		Discounted cash flow		Mortality		0-100% (1%)			0-100% (1%)
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – variable annuities														213				163			Discounted cash flow		Mortality		0-100% (2%)		0-100% (1%)
							Lapse		0-25% (5%)			0-25% (5%)											Lapse		0-25% (4%)		0-25% (5%)
							Withdrawal		0-7% (5%)			0-7% (5%)											Withdrawal		0-7% (5%)		0-7% (5%)
							CVA		0-5% (1%)			0-5% (1%)											CVA		0-5% (1%)		0-5% (1%)
							Long-term volatility		0-27% (12%)			0-27% (13%)											Long-term volatility		0-27% (13%)		0-27% (12%)
Mortality swaps	853		369		Discounted cash flow		Mortality		0-100% (1%)			0-100% (1%)

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Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Transfers out of Level 3 are primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities. ~~In 2018,~~

For further information on the ~~Company transferred equity securities with a fair value~~Company’s valuation processes, see Note 6 – “Fair Value of ~~approximately $38.9 million into Level 3 as a result of the adoption of the new accounting guidance for the recognition~~Assets and ~~measurement of equity securities (see “New Accounting Pronouncements - Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement” in Note 2 - “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements”~~Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s ~~2018~~2019 Annual ~~Report).~~

~~For further information on the Company’s valuation processes, see Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2018 Annual~~ Report.

The reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):

For the three months ended September 30, 2019: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
Corporate Canadian government RMBS ABS
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,644,364
$ 671,027
$ 16,032
$ 110,322
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses 318
3,713
(113 ) 3
Included in other comprehensive income 17,090
16,103
150
(51 )
Purchases⁽¹⁾
214,025
—
—
10,764
Sales⁽¹⁾
(34,363 ) —
—
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(63,216 ) —
(2,370 ) (17,929 )
Transfers into Level 3 27,042
—
15,421
—
Transfers out of Level 3 —
—
(6,040 ) —
Fair value, end of period $ 1,805,260
$ 690,843
$ 23,080
$ 103,109
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ 344
$ 3,713
$ (113 ) $ 3

For the three months ended September 30, 2019 (continued): Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
CMBS U.S. government State
and political
subdivisions Other foreign government Equity securities
Fair value, beginning of period $ 19
$ 17,406
$ 9,855
$ 15,686
$ 44,807
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses —
(90 ) 6
—
—
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
—
—
2,737
Included in other comprehensive income (975 ) 79
132
457
—
Purchases⁽¹⁾
1,155
104
—
—
821
Sales⁽¹⁾
—
—
—
—
(880 )
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(3 ) (358 ) (40 ) —
—
Transfers into Level 3 29,772
—
—
—
—
Fair value, end of period $ 29,968
$ 17,141
$ 9,953
$ 16,143
$ 47,485
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ —
$ (90 ) $ 6
$ —
$ —
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
—
—
2,638

~~Table of Contents~~

For the three months ended September 30, 2019 (continued):
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
Short-term Investments Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $ 112,767
$ 28,387
$ 51,755
$ (908,491 ) $ (853 )
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses —
133
—
—
—
Investment related gains (losses), net 8,508
—
—
(42,233 ) —
Interest credited —
—
—
(44,972 ) —
Included in other comprehensive income —
(266 ) (2,198 ) —
—
Other revenues —
—
2,063
—
—
Purchases⁽¹⁾
—
1,656
—
(16,887 ) —
Sales⁽¹⁾
—
—
—
—
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
—
(11 ) —
23,413
—
Transfers out of Level 3 —
(27,042 ) —
—
—
Fair value, end of period $ 121,275
$ 2,857
$ 51,620
$ (989,170 ) $ (853 )
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ —
$ 133
$ —
$ —
$ —
Investment related gains (losses), net 8,508
—
—
(44,965 ) —
Other revenues —
—
2,063
—
—
Interest credited —
—
—
(68,385 ) —

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
Corporate Canadian government RMBS ABS
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,330,925
$ 528,124
$ 6,855
$ 95,572
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses 478
10,775
(132 ) 25
Investment related gains (losses), net 15
—
—
110
Included in other comprehensive income 53,222
151,944
221
1,972
Purchases⁽¹⁾
604,897
—
3,018
50,511
Sales⁽¹⁾
(59,000 ) —
—
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(166,865 ) —
(3,945 ) (45,081 )
Transfers into Level 3 43,083
—
23,103
—
Transfers out of Level 3 (1,495 ) —
(6,040 ) —
Fair value, end of period $ 1,805,260
$ 690,843
$ 23,080
$ 103,109
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ 580
$ 10,775
$ (132 ) $ 24

~~Table of Contents~~

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (continued): Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
CMBS U.S. government State
and political
subdivisions Other foreign government Equity securities
Fair value, beginning of period $ 22
$ 18,025
$ 10,202
$ 5,006
$ 33,460
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses —
(265 ) 16
—
—
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
—
—
8,284
Included in other comprehensive income (975 ) 668
164
1,137
—
Purchases⁽¹⁾
1,155
290
—
10,000
6,621
Sales⁽¹⁾
—
—
—
—
(880 )
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(6 ) (1,577 ) (429 ) —
—
Transfers into Level 3 29,772
—
—
—
—
Fair value, end of period $ 29,968

$ 17,141
$ 9,953
$ 16,143
$ 47,485
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ —
$ (265 ) $ 16
$ —
$ —
Investment related gains (losses), net —
—
—
—
8,185

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (continued):
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
Cash equivalents Short-term Investments Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $ 109,597
$ —
$ 2,228
$ 47,789
$ (944,865 ) $ (369 )
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)

Included in earnings, net:

Investment income, net of related expenses —
—
221
—
—
—
Investment related gains (losses), net 11,678
—
17
—
(42,116 ) —
Interest credited —
—
—
—
(50,361 ) —
Included in other comprehensive income —
—
(134 ) (2,559 ) —
—
Other revenues —
—
—
6,390
—
(484 )
Purchases⁽¹⁾
—
19
29,664
—
(12,904 ) —
Sales⁽¹⁾
—
—
(1,517 ) —
—
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
—
—
(558 ) —
61,076
—
Transfers out of Level 3 —
(19 ) (27,064 ) —
—
—
Fair value, end of period $ 121,275
$ —
$ 2,857
$ 51,620
$ (989,170 ) $ (853 )
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ —
$ —
$ 221
$ —
$ —
$ —
Investment related gains (losses), net 11,678
—
—
—
(48,041 ) —
Other revenues —
—
—
6,390
—
(484 )
Interest credited —
—
—
—
(111,436 ) —



For the three months ended September 30, 2020:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale															Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives			Other assets and liabilities, net – longevity and mortality swaps		Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate			Foreign govt		Structured securities			U.S. and local govt		Equity securities			Short-term investments		Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives
Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,308		$	17	$	153		$	24	$	62		$	5	$	(109	)	$	0	$	(930	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	0			0		0			0		0			0		0			0		0
Investment related gains (losses), net	3			0		0			0		(2		)	0		116			0		(28		)
Interest credited	0			0		0			0		0			0		0			0		(29		)
Included in other comprehensive income	(9		)	0		(2		)	0		0			0		0			0		0
Other revenues	0			0		0			0		0			0		0			0		0
Purchases⁽¹⁾	341			0		63			0		0			1		0			0		(9		)
Sales⁽¹⁾	(70		)	0		(1		)	0		0			0		0			0		0
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(53		)	0		(8		)	0		0			0		0			0		16
Transfers into Level 3	7			0		7			0		0			0		0			0		0
Transfers out of Level 3	0			0		(6		)	0		0			0		0			0		0
Fair value, end of period	$	2,527		$	17	$	206		$	24	$	60		$	6	$	7		$	0	$	(980	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	0		$	0	$	0		$	0	$	0		$	0	$	0		$	0	$	0
Investment related gains (losses), net	3			0		0			0		(2		)	0		116			0		(31		)
Other revenues	0			0		0			0		0			0		0			0		0
Interest credited	0			0		0			0		0			0		0			0		(46		)
Included in other comprehensive income	(8		)	0		(2		)	0		0			0		0			0		0

Table of Contents

For the three months ended September 30, 2018: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
Corporate Canadian government RMBS ABS
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,367,154
$ 572,698
$ 54,839
$ 70,686
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses (156 ) 3,520
3
20
Investment related gains (losses), net 239
—
—
626
Included in other comprehensive income (4,858 ) (27,476 ) (1 ) (130 )
Purchases⁽¹⁾
123,808
—
—
11,099
Sales⁽¹⁾
(62,047 ) —
—
(462 )
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(101,868 ) —
(3 ) (24,166 )
Transfers into Level 3 2,782
—
—
64,009
Transfers out of Level 3 (69,119 ) —
(54,838 ) (38,915 )
Fair value, end of period $ 1,255,935
$ 548,742
$ —
$ 82,767
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ (180 ) $ 3,520
$ —
$ 13
Investment related gains (losses), net (1,430 ) —
—
—

For the three months ended September 30, 2018 (continued): Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
CMBS U.S. government State
and political
subdivisions Other foreign government
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,867
$ 20,735
$ 16,505
$ 5,044
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses —
(107 ) 6
—
Included in other comprehensive income 7
(122 ) (544 ) (32 )
Purchases⁽¹⁾
—
120
—
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(1 ) (374 ) (37 ) —
Transfers into Level 3 1,752
—
9,859
—
Transfers out of Level 3 (1,843 ) —
(12,144 ) —
Fair value, end of period $ 1,782
$ 20,252
$ 13,645
$ 5,012
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ —
$ (107 ) $ 6
$ —


For the three months ended September 30, 2018 (continued):	Equity securities			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives			Short-term Investments			Other assets - longevity swaps			Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:																				Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale																		Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives			Other assets and liabilities, net – longevity and mortality swaps			Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
																				Corporate			Foreign govt			Structured securities			U.S. and local govt			Equity securities			Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	42,937		$	144,610		$	3,217		$	43,971		$	(928,797	)	$	(782	)		$	2,186		$	720		$	208		$	25		$	77		$	2		Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	$	121		$	0		$	(930	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses																				1			0			0			0			0			0			0			0			0
Investment related gains (losses), net	5,532			(2,081		)	—			—			32,133			—				(22		)	0			0			0			(6		)	0			(114		)	0			(50		)
Interest credited	—			—			—			—			(25,348		)	—				0			0			0			0			0			0			0			0			(30		)
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—			47			(307		)	—			1				(12		)	1			(12		)	1			0			0			0			0			0
Other revenues	—			—			—			2,426			—			473				0			0			0			0			0			0			0			0			0
Purchases⁽¹⁾	863			—			1,721			—			(4,231		)	—				651			0			87			0			3			6			0			0			(28		)
Sales⁽¹⁾	(5,847		)	—			—			—			—			—				(132		)	0			(5		)	0			0			0			0			0			0
Settlements⁽¹⁾	—			—			—			—			20,044			—				(149		)	0			(39		)	(2		)	0			(1		)	0			0			58
Transfers into Level 3																				8			0			28			0			0			0			0			0			0
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—			(2,782		)	—			—			—				(4		)	(704		)	(61		)	0			(14		)	(1		)	0			0			0
Fair value, end of period	$	43,485		$	142,529		$	2,203		$	46,090		$	(906,199	)	$	(308	)		$	2,527		$	17		$	206		$	24		$	60		$	6		$	7		$	0		$	(980	)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period																			Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses																				$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0
Investment related gains (losses), net	$	2,178		$	(2,081	)	$	—		$	—		$	30,433		$	—			(23		)	0			0			0			(6		)	0			(114		)	0			58
Other revenues	—			—			—			2,426			—			473				0			0			0			0			0			0			0			0			0
Interest credited	—			—			—			—			(45,393		)	—				0			0			0			0			0			0			0			0			(89		)
Included in other comprehensive income																				(37		)	1			(13		)	1			0			0			0			0			0

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2018: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
Corporate
Canadian government RMBS ABS
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,337,272
$ 593,942
$ 107,882
$ 123,474
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses (822 ) 10,432
(132 ) 202
Investment related gains (losses), net (2,902 ) —
312
1,910
Included in other comprehensive income (35,532 ) (55,632 ) (1,782 ) (821 )
Purchases⁽¹⁾
379,476
—
45,328
22,099
Sales⁽¹⁾
(79,316 ) —
(4,961 ) (462 )
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(245,342 ) —
(4,538 ) (46,449 )
Transfers into Level 3 9,948
—
3,031
68,977
Transfers out of Level 3 (106,847 ) —
(145,140 ) (86,163 )
Fair value, end of period $ 1,255,935
$ 548,742
$ —
$ 82,767
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ (845 ) $ 10,432
$ —
$ 187
Investment related gains (losses), net (4,571 ) —
—
—

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (continued): Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
CMBS U.S. government State
and political
subdivisions Other foreign government
Fair value, beginning of period $ 3,234
$ 22,511
$ 41,203
$ 5,092
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses —
(324 ) 4
—
Included in other comprehensive income (56 ) (635 ) 46
(80 )
Purchases⁽¹⁾
—
334
—
—
Settlements⁽¹⁾
(4 ) (1,634 ) (158 ) —
Transfers into Level 3 1,752
—
9,859
—
Transfers out of Level 3 (3,144 ) —
(37,309 ) —
Fair value, end of period $ 1,782
$ 20,252
$ 13,645
$ 5,012
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses $ —
$ (325 ) $ 3
$ —



For the three months ended September 30, 2019:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale																Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives		Other assets and liabilities, net – longevity and mortality swaps			Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate			Foreign govt		Structured securities			U.S. and local govt		Equity securities			Short-term investments			Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives
Fair value, beginning of period	$	1,644		$	687	$	126		$	27	$	45		$	28		$	113	$	51		$	(908	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	0			4		0			0		0			0			0		0			0
Investment related gains (losses), net	0			0		0			0		2			0			8		0			(42		)
Interest credited	0			0		0			0		0			0			0		0			(45		)
Included in other comprehensive income	17			16		(1		)	0		0			0			0		(2		)	0
Other revenues	0			0		0			0		0			0			0		2			0
Purchases⁽¹⁾	214			0		11			0		1			2			0		0			(17		)
Sales⁽¹⁾	(34		)	0		0			0		(1		)	0			0		0			0
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(63		)	0		(20		)	0		0			0			0		0			23
Transfers into Level 3	27			0		46			0		0			0			0		0			0
Transfers out of Level 3	0			0		(6		)	0		0			(27		)	0		0			0
Fair value, end of period	$	1,805		$	707	$	156		$	27	$	47		$	3		$	121	$	51		$	(989	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	1		$	4	$	0		$	0	$	0		$	0		$	0	$	0		$	0
Investment related gains (losses), net	0			0		0			0		2			0			8		0			45
Other revenues	0			0		0			0		0			0			0		2			0
Interest credited	0			0		0			0		0			0			0		0			(68		)

Table of Contents


For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (continued):	Equity securities			Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives		Short-term Investments			Other assets - longevity swaps			Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives			Other liabilities - mortality swaps
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:																			Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale																	Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives			Other assets and liabilities, net – longevity and mortality swaps			Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
																			Corporate			Foreign govt		Structured securities			U.S. and local govt			Equity securities			Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	—		$	122,194	$	3,096		$	40,659		$	(1,014,228	)	$	(1,683	)		$	1,331		$	533	$	103		$	28		$	33		$	2		Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	$	110		$	47		$	(945	)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses																			0			11		0			0			0			0			0			0			0
Investment related gains (losses), net	(2,067		)	20,335		—			—			62,242			—				0			0		0			0			8			0			11			0			(42		)
Interest credited	—			—		—			—			6,523			—				0			0		0			0			0			0			0			0			(50		)
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—		1			(1,552		)	—			1				53			153		1			1			0			0			0			(2		)	0
Other revenues	—			—		—			6,983			—			(326		)		0			0		0			0			0			0			0			6			0
Purchases⁽¹⁾	13,111			—		2,202			—			(16,946		)	—				605			10		54			0			7			30			0			0			(13		)
Sales⁽¹⁾	(6,416		)	—		—			—			—			—				(59		)	0		0			0			(1		)	(1		)	0			0			0
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(48		)	—		(314		)	—			56,210			1,700				(167		)	0		(49		)	(2		)	0			(1		)	0			0			61
Transfers into Level 3	38,905			—		—			—			—			—				43			0		53			0			0			0			0			0			0
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—		(2,782		)	—			—			—				(1		)	0		(6		)	0			0			(27		)	0			0			0
Fair value, end of period	$	43,485		$	142,529	$	2,203		$	46,090		$	(906,199	)	$	(308	)		$	1,805		$	707	$	156		$	27		$	47		$	3		$	121		$	51		$	(989	)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period																		Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses																			$	1		$	11	$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0		$	0
Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(5,527	)	$	20,335	$	—		$	—		$	56,808		$	—			0			0		0			0			8			0			11			0			(48		)
Other revenues	—			—		—			6,983			—			(326		)		0			0		0			0			0			0			0			6			0
Interest credited	—			—		—			—			(49,688		)	—				0			0		0			0			0			0			0			0			(111		)


(1)	The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The ~~following table (dollars in thousands) presents information for~~Company has certain assets ~~measured~~subject to measurement at ~~an estimated~~ fair value on a nonrecurring basis, ~~during~~in periods subsequent to their initial recognition if they are determined to be impaired. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018 periods presented and still held~~the Company did not have any material assets that were measured at ~~the reporting date (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The estimated~~ fair ~~values for these assets were determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).~~

Carrying Value After Measurement Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net
At September 30, Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018
Limited partnership interests ⁽¹⁾
$ 17,785
$ 2,246
$ (3,537 ) $ (1,860 ) $ (8,586 ) $ (1,860 )


~~(1)~~	The impaired limited partnership interests presented above were accounted for using the cost method. Impairments on these cost method investments were recognized at estimated fair value determined using the net asset values of the Company’s ownership interest as provided in the financial statements of the investees. The market for these investments has limited activity and price transparency.

value due to impairment.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions). For additional information regarding the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company to estimate these fair values, see Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report. This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

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September 30, 2019:	Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
					Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
September 30, 2020:													Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
																	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
Assets:
Mortgage loans on real estate	$	5,647,265	$	5,936,051	$	—	$	—	$	5,936,051	$	—	$	5,907	$	6,354	$	0	$	0	$	6,354	$	0
Policy loans	1,289,868		1,289,868		—		1,289,868		—		—		1,259		1,259		0		1,259		0		0
Funds withheld at interest	5,476,148		5,873,575		—		—		5,873,575		—		5,373		5,737		0		0		5,737		0
Cash and cash equivalents	1,708,421		1,708,421		1,708,421		—		—		—		1,421		1,421		1,421		0		0		0
Short-term investments	18,373		18,373		18,373		—		—		—		53		53		53		0		0		0
Other invested assets	1,147,167		1,205,284		5,208		82,360		737,064		380,652		1,387		1,492		4		90		958		440
Accrued investment income	520,301		520,301		—		520,301		—		—		547		547		0		547		0		0
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	18,747,630	$	20,446,240	$	—	$	—	$	20,446,240	$	—	$	17,983	$	19,845	$	0	$	0	$	19,845	$	0
Long-term debt	3,381,406		3,564,595		—		—		3,564,595		—		3,573		3,816		0		0		3,816		0
Collateral finance and securitization notes	610,246		561,011		—		—		561,011		—		408		368		0		0		368		0

December 31, 2018:	Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
					Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
December 31, 2019:													Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
																	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
Assets:
Mortgage loans on real estate	$	4,966,298	$	4,917,416	$	—	$	—	$	4,917,416	$	—	$	5,706	$	5,935	$	0	$	0	$	5,935	$	0
Policy loans	1,344,980		1,344,980		—		1,344,980		—		—		1,319		1,319		0		1,319		0		0
Funds withheld at interest	5,655,055		5,802,518		—		—		5,802,518		—		5,526		5,870		0		0		5,870		0
Cash and cash equivalents	1,404,566		1,404,566		1,404,566		—		—		—		1,175		1,175		1,175		0		0		0
Short-term investments	36,607		36,607		36,607		—		—		—		32		32		32		0		0		0
Other invested assets	945,731		941,449		4,640		83,203		477,214		376,392		1,259		1,278		5		68		803		402
Accrued investment income	427,893		427,893		—		427,893		—		—		493		493		0		493		0		0
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	14,547,436	$	14,611,011	$	—	$	—	$	14,611,011	$	—	$	19,163	$	21,542	$	0	$	0	$	21,542	$	0
Long-term debt	2,787,873		2,752,047		—		—		2,752,047		—		2,981		3,179		0		0		3,179		0
Collateral finance and securitization notes	681,961		626,731		—		—		626,731		—		598		551		0		0		551		0


(1)	Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.


7.	Segment Information

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in ~~the~~ Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and ~~Pronouncements in Note 2~~Pronouncements” of the ~~consolidated financial statements accompanying the 2018~~Company’s 2019 Annual Report. The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is attributed to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

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The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes and total assets of the Company for each reportable segment are summarized below (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions).


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,				Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
Revenues:	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019		2020		2019
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	1,609,866	$	1,547,790	$	4,735,208	$	4,601,631	$	1,599	$	1,610	$	4,774	$	4,735
Financial Solutions	382,672		290,848		938,589		734,148		399		383		861		939
Total	1,992,538		1,838,638		5,673,797		5,335,779		1,998		1,993		5,635		5,674
Canada:
Traditional	324,851		295,962		955,326		910,480		309		325		916		955
Financial Solutions	24,204		12,168		71,707		37,034		23		24		69		72
Total	349,055		308,130		1,027,033		947,514		332		349		985		1,027
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	378,110		357,059		1,131,615		1,123,379		390		378		1,168		1,132
Financial Solutions	116,800		91,664		340,207		280,482		110		117		324		340
Total	494,910		448,723		1,471,822		1,403,861		500		495		1,492		1,472
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	685,886		578,035		1,992,475		1,763,094		680		685		1,983		1,992
Financial Solutions	45,702		16,167		159,788		54,005		66		46		209		160
Total	731,588		594,202		2,152,263		1,817,099		746		731		2,192		2,152
Corporate and Other	59,474		37,838		190,089		92,893		67		60		149		190
Total	$	3,627,565	$	3,227,531	$	10,515,004	$	9,597,146	$	3,643	$	3,628	$	10,453	$	10,515


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
Income (loss) before income taxes:	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	112,542		$	116,328		$	179,371		$	191,198		$	14		$	113		$	(206	)	$	180
Financial Solutions	118,876			87,073			294,171			236,882			74			119			176			294
Total	231,418			203,401			473,542			428,080			88			232			(30		)	474
Canada:
Traditional	43,684			21,149			140,222			66,661			30			43			97			140
Financial Solutions	3,108			1,646			8,269			8,381			6			3			13			8
Total	46,792			22,795			148,491			75,042			36			46			110			148
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	25,342			18,370			56,887			40,259			7			25			40			57
Financial Solutions	61,246			56,205			151,437			160,738			92			61			220			151
Total	86,588			74,575			208,324			200,997			99			86			260			208
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	21,453			62,007			92,852			143,756			78			22			149			93
Financial Solutions	1,886			206			9,887			8,365			10			2			11			10
Total	23,339			62,213			102,739			152,121			88			24			160			103
Corporate and Other	(41,047		)	(40,323		)	(109,365		)	(148,366		)	(26		)	(41		)	(116		)	(109		)
Total	$	347,090		$	322,661		$	823,731		$	707,874		$	285		$	347		$	384		$	824

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Assets:	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	19,035,387	$	19,235,781	$	19,929	$	19,353
Financial Solutions	25,522,131		19,870,388		25,123		25,117
Total	44,557,518		39,106,169		45,052		44,470
Canada:
Traditional	4,248,447		4,200,792		4,458		4,361
Financial Solutions	81,684		154,000		13		64
Total	4,330,131		4,354,792		4,471		4,425
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	3,774,565		3,643,174		4,288		4,032
Financial Solutions	6,094,334		4,737,529		6,711		6,502
Total	9,868,899		8,380,703		10,999		10,534
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	6,440,974		5,680,978		7,815		6,800
Financial Solutions	1,671,502		1,180,745		4,115		2,557
Total	8,112,476		6,861,723		11,930		9,357
Corporate and Other	8,904,961		5,831,858		9,675		7,945
Total	$	75,773,985	$	64,535,245	$	82,127	$	76,731

8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments

Funding of Investments

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are presented in the following table (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Limited partnership interests and joint ventures	$	619,582	$	523,903	$	634	$	685
Commercial mortgage loans	111,110		22,605		66		243
Bank loans and private placements	188,648		137,076		226		181
Lifetime mortgages	44,910		264,858		28		87

The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Bank loans and private placements are included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale.

The Company has a liability for expected credit losses associated with unfunded commitments of approximately $1 million as of September 30, 2020, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to litigation in the normal course of its business. The Company currently has no material litigation. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand or litigation or is notified that an arbitration demand or litigation is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Other Contingencies

The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

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Guarantees

Statutory Reserve Support

RGA, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, has committed to provide statutory reserve support to third parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). ~~The third parties have recourse to~~In addition, RGA ~~should the subsidiary fail~~has also committed to provide capital support to a third-party, in exchange for a fee, by agreeing to assume real estate leases in the ~~required funding, however, as~~event of a severe and prolonged decline in the commercial lease market. Upon assumption of a lease, RGA would recognize a right-of-use asset and lease obligation. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 (dollars in millions):


Commitment Period:	Maximum Potential Obligation		Maximum Potential Obligation
2023	$	500.0
2034	2,000.0		1,243
2035	1,314.2		2,639
2036	2,658.0		3,408
2037	5,750.0		2,850
2038	1,800.0		2,300
2039	1,750.0		11,350

Other Guarantees

RGA has issued guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries for the payment of amounts due under certain securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements, financing arrangements and office lease obligations, whereby, if a subsidiary fails to meet an obligation, RGA or one of its other subsidiaries will make a payment to fulfill the obligation. Additionally, in limited circumstances, treaty guarantees are granted to ceding companies in order to provide them additional security, particularly in cases where RGA’s subsidiary is relatively new, unrated, or not of a significant size, relative to the ceding company. Liabilities supported by the treaty guarantees, before consideration of any legally offsetting amounts due from the guaranteed party are reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets in future policy benefits. Potential guaranteed amounts of future payments will vary depending on production levels and underwriting results. Guarantees related to securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements provide additional security to third parties should a subsidiary fail to provide securities when due. RGA’s guarantees issued as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are reflected in the following table (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Treaty guarantees	$	1,764,146	$	1,392,352	$	1,777	$	1,821
Treaty guarantees, net of assets in trust	902,008		1,291,445		852		891
Securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements	273,295		269,980		273		275
Financing arrangements	41,246		61,273		0		42
Lease obligations	—		392

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9.	Income Tax

The provision for income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax statutory rate of 21.0% to pre-tax income as a result of the following for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019
Tax provision at U.S. statutory rate	$	72,889		$	67,759		$	172,984		$	148,654		$	60		$	73		$	81		$	173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:
U.S. Tax Reform provisional adjustments	—			664			—			(2,685		)
U.S. Tax Reform valuation allowance adjustments	—			(58,949		)	—			(59,139		)
Foreign tax rate differing from U.S. tax rate	84			7,537			1,373			8,795
Tax rate differences on income in other jurisdictions													3			0			17			1
Differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions	(9,550		)	(2,371		)	(30,626		)	(9,264		)	(4		)	(10		)	(17		)	(31		)
Deferred tax valuation allowance	27,721			(5,334		)	50,607			5,357			(2		)	28			0			51
Amounts related to tax audit contingencies	3,259			1,851			6,223			650
Amounts related to uncertain tax positions													2			3			9			6
Corporate rate changes	116			(166		)	(1,621		)	30			13			0			13			(1		)
Subpart F	(26		)	(99		)	440			211
Foreign tax credits	(651		)	(544		)	(759		)	(1,003		)
Global intangible low-taxed income, net of credit	—			7,624			—			11,916
Equity compensation excess benefit	(1,034		)	(817		)	(6,189		)	(5,067		)
GILTI, net of credits													4			0			4			0
Equity based compensation													0			(1		)	0			(6		)
Return to provision adjustments	(8,362		)	4,213			(4,400		)	4,108			(3		)	(8		)	(4		)	(4		)
Accrued Expenses													(1		)	0			(1		)	0
Other, net	(121		)	94			729			(492		)	0			(1		)	(1		)	0
Total provision for income taxes	$	84,325		$	21,462		$	188,761		$	102,071		$	72		$	84		$	101		$	189
Effective tax rate	24.3		%	6.7		%	22.9		%	14.4		%	25.5		%	24.3		%	26.3		%	22.9		%

The effective tax rate for the third quarter and first nine months of 2020 was higher than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of corporate rate changes, primarily in the United Kingdom, global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) and income earned in jurisdictions with tax rates higher than the U.S. Statutory rate. These expenses were partially offset by differences in tax bases of foreign jurisdictions and return to provision adjustments.

The effective tax rates for the third quarter and first nine months of 2019 were higher than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of valuation allowances established on deferred tax assets in foreign jurisdictions and the accrual of uncertain tax positions, which ~~was~~were partially offset by differences in tax bases of foreign jurisdictions, return to provision adjustments, and tax benefits related to equity compensation.

10. Employee Benefit Plans

The ~~effective tax rates~~components of net periodic benefit cost, included in other operating expenses on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income, for the ~~third quarter~~three and ~~first~~ nine months ~~of 2018~~ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were ~~lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily~~ as ~~a result of the release of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits, which was partially offset by income earned~~follows (dollars in jurisdictions with statutory rate higher than the U.S. tax rate and a tax expense related to global intangible low-taxed income. During the third quarter of 2018 the Company released an uncertain tax position due to the expiration of the statute of limitations and established a new position. The foreign tax credits were used to offset the new uncertain tax liability, resulting in a valuation allowance no longer being necessary. $58.9 million of the release of the valuation allowance was previously established as part of U.S. Tax Reform.millions):



	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	Three months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020		2019
Service cost	$	4		$	3		$	1	$	0
Interest cost	1			2			0		1
Expected return on plan assets	(2		)	(2		)	0		0
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	0			0			0		0
Amortization of prior actuarial losses	1			1			0		0
Net periodic benefit cost	$	4		$	4		$	1	$	1



	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	Nine months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Service cost	$	11		$	9		$	2		$	2
Interest cost	4			5			2			2
Expected return on plan assets	(7		)	(5		)	0			0
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	0			0			(1		)	(1		)
Amortization of prior actuarial losses	3			3			1			1
Net periodic benefit cost	$	11		$	12		$	4		$	4

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~~10. Employee Benefit Plans~~

The components of net periodic benefit costs, included in other operating expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of income, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Pension Benefits Other Benefits
Three months ended September 30, Three months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Service cost $ 3,158
$ 3,106
$ 461
$ 999
Interest cost 1,662
1,341
827
680
Expected return on plan assets (1,788 ) (1,884 ) —
—
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 61
82
(328 ) (328 )
Amortization of prior actuarial losses 1,073
929
29
937
Net periodic benefit cost $ 4,166
$ 3,574
$ 989
$ 2,288

Pension Benefits Other Benefits
Nine months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Service cost $ 9,465
$ 9,330
$ 1,975
$ 2,271
Interest cost 4,979
4,028
1,986
1,739
Expected return on plan assets (5,364 ) (5,651 ) —
—
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 182
247
(986 ) (986 )
Amortization of prior actuarial losses 3,215
2,792
1,317
1,933
Net periodic benefit cost $ 12,477
$ 10,746
$ 4,292
$ 4,957


11.	Reinsurance

Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. At September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, no allowances were deemed necessary. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance.

Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A- (excellent)” or better. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or trust assets has been posted. In addition, the Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance.

The following table presents information for the Company’s reinsurance ceded receivable assets, including the respective amount and A.M. Best rating for each reinsurer representing in excess of five percent of the total as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 or December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


		September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018					September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
Reinsurer	A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total		A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Reinsurer A	A+	$	358,845	41.6	%	$	303,036	40.0	%	A+	$	403	42.4	%	$	367	40.6	%
Reinsurer B	A+	201,011		23.3		193,324		25.5		A+	207		21.8		208		23.0
Reinsurer C	A	76,807		8.9		69,885		9.2		A	63		6.6		84		9.3
Reinsurer D	A++	57,247		6.6		36,600		4.8		A++	53		5.6		53		5.9
Reinsurer E	A+	40,816		4.7		40,004		5.3		A+	46		4.8		43		4.8
Other reinsurers		128,301		14.9		114,723		15.2			178		18.8		149		16.4
Total		$	863,027	100.0	%	$	757,572	100.0	%		$	950	100.0	%	$	904	100.0	%

Included in the total reinsurance ceded receivables balance were ~~$189.9~~$262 million and ~~$242.8~~$223 million of claims recoverable, of which ~~$15.6~~$16 million and ~~$17.4~~$15 million were in excess of 90 days past due, as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

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12.	Policy Claims and Benefits

The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and other ~~policy-related balances within~~policy claims and benefits on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet.~~sheets. Activity associated with unpaid claims is summarized below (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Nine months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
Balance at beginning of year	$	6,584,668		$	5,896,469		$	6,786		$	6,585
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(432,582		)	(455,547		)	(564		)	(433		)
Net balance at beginning of year	6,152,086			5,440,922			6,222			6,152
Incurred:
Current year	8,203,842			7,534,297			8,382			8,204
Prior years	108,023			97,336			162			108
Total incurred	8,311,865			7,631,633			8,544			8,312
Payments:
Current year	(2,937,099		)	(2,748,547		)	(3,394		)	(2,937		)
Prior years	(4,774,623		)	(4,222,550		)	(4,683		)	(4,775		)
Total payments	(7,711,722		)	(6,971,097		)	(8,077		)	(7,712		)
Other changes:
Interest accretion	19,887			18,550			27			20
Foreign exchange adjustments	(99,788		)	(153,247		)	(28		)	(100		)
Total other changes	(79,901		)	(134,697		)	(1		)	(80		)

Net balance at end the period	6,672,328			5,966,761			6,688			6,672
Plus: reinsurance recoverable	508,003			424,545			627			508
Balance at end of the period	$	7,180,331		$	6,391,306		$	7,315		$	7,180

Incurred claims associated with prior periods are primarily due to events, related to long-duration business, which were incurred in prior ~~years reflected~~periods but were reported in the ~~table above resulted in part from developed~~current period, and to a lesser extent, the development of short-duration business claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims.

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13.	Financing Activities

On June 9, 2020, RGA issued 3.15% Senior Notes due June 15, 2030, with a face amount of $600 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $593 million and will be used in part to repay the Company’s $400 million 5.000% Senior Notes due in 2021, and the remainder will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $5 million.

On May 15, 2019, RGA issued 3.9% Senior Notes due May 15, 2029, with a face amount of ~~$600.0~~$600 million. The net proceeds were approximately ~~$593.8~~$594 million and ~~will be~~were used in part to repay ~~upon maturity~~ the Company’s ~~$400.0~~$400 million 6.45% Senior Notes that ~~mature~~matured in November 2019. The remainder ~~will be~~was used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately ~~$4.8~~$5 million.

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14.	New Accounting Standards

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on the ~~financial statements or other significant matters~~Consolidated Financial Statements
Standards adopted:
~~Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement~~ This guidance requires equity investments that are not accounted for under the equity method of accounting to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income and also updates certain presentation and disclosure requirements.	~~January 1, 2018~~	~~This guidance required a cumulative-effect adjustment for certain items upon adoption. The adoption of the new guidance was not material to the Company's financial position.~~
~~Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General~~ This guidance is part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project and eliminates certain disclosure requirements for defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. Early adoption is permitted.	~~December 31, 2018~~	~~This guidance was applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the year of adoption. The adoption of the new guidance was not material to the Company’s financial position.~~
Leases This new standard, based on the principle that entities should recognize assets and liabilities arising from leases, does not significantly change the lessees’ recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows from the previous accounting standard. Leases are classified as finance or operating. The new standard’s primary change is the requirement for entities to recognize a lease liability for payments and a right of use asset representing the right to use the leased asset during the term of operating lease arrangements. Lessees are permitted to make an accounting policy election to not recognize the asset and liability for leases with a term of twelve months or less. Lessors’ accounting is largely unchanged from the previous accounting standard. In addition, the new standard expands the disclosure requirements of lease arrangements. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2019	This guidance was adopted by applying the optional transition method. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial position. The adoption of the updated guidance resulted in the Company recognizing a right-to-use asset and lease liability of ~~$55.2~~$55 million included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Derivatives and Hedging This updated guidance improves the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements and make certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting in current GAAP related to the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2019	This guidance was adopted by applying a modified retrospective approach to existing hedging relationships as of the date of adoption. The adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial position. Upon adoption of the guidance, the Company recorded an immaterial adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance was effective and modified some disclosures.
Financial Instruments – Credit Losses This guidance adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For traditional and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments entities will be required to use the new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses similar to what they do today, except the losses will be recognized through an allowance for credit losses and adjusted each period for changes in credit risks. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2020	For asset classes within the scope of the CECL model, this guidance was adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). For available-for-sale debt securities, this guidance was applied prospectively. The allowance for credit losses increased when this guidance was adopted to include expected losses over the lifetime of commercial mortgages and other loans, including reasonable and supportable forecasts and expected changes in future economic conditions. The overall impact was an approximate $15 million increase in the allowance for credit losses. This increase was reflected as a decrease to opening retained earnings, net of income taxes, as of January 1, 2020. See Note 1 – “Business and Basis of Presentation” for more information.
Fair Value Measurement This guidance is part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project and eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurement, requires entities to disclose new information and modifies existing disclosure requirements. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2020	Certain disclosure changes in the new guidance were applied prospectively in the year of adoption. The remaining changes in the new guidance were applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the year of adoption. As of December 31, 2019, the Company early adopted the guidance that removed the requirements relating to transfers between fair value hierarchy levels and certain disclosures about valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The Company adopted the remainder of the guidance on January 1, 2020. The adoption of the new guidance was not material to the Company’s financial position.
Reference Rate Reform On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”) after December 31, 2021. In addition, separate workstreams are underway in Europe and the U.S. to reform existing reference rates and provide a fall back rate upon discontinuation of LIBOR. During 2019, the Alternative Rates Committee of the Federal Reserve Board proposed the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as an alternative rate to replace U.S. Dollar LIBOR, and the European Central Bank recommended the Euro Short-term Rate (“ESTER”) as the new risk-free rate. Other jurisdictions are conducting similar exercises as well. This new guidance eases the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, reference rate reform on financial reporting. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP modification to contracts and hedge accounting relationships affected by reference rate reform on financial reporting. Under the new guidance, a change in the reference rate for a contract that meets certain criteria will be accounted for as a continuation of that contract rather than the creation of a new contract. The new guidance applies to debt, insurance contracts, leases, derivative contracts and other arrangements.	January 1, 2020	This guidance does not have any accounting consequences. The Company has put together a team that is currently assessing the effects of the discontinuation of LIBOR on existing contracts that extend beyond 2021, by analyzing contractual fallback provisions, evaluating alternative rate ramifications, and assessing the effects on current hedging strategies.

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Description	Anticipated Date of Adoption	Effect on the ~~financial statements or other significant matters~~Consolidated Financial Statements
Standards not yet adopted:
Financial Services -– Insurance This guidance significantly changes how insurers account for long-duration insurance contracts. The new guidance also significantly expands the disclosure requirements of long-duration insurance contracts. The new guidance is currently effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2022. The FASB has ~~tentatively~~ agreed to defer the ~~original~~ effective date by one year. Upon issuance of a final standard, the new guidance will be effective for annual and interim ~~reporting~~ periods beginning January 1, ~~2022.~~2023. Below are the most significant areas of change:	January 1, ~~2022~~2023	See each significant area of change below for the method of adoption and expected impact to the Company’s results of operations and financial position.
Cash flow assumptions for measuring liability for future policy benefits The new guidance requires insurers to review, and if necessary, update the cash flow assumptions used to measure liabilities for future policy benefits periodically. The change in the liability estimate as a result of updating cash flow assumptions will be recognized in net income.		Cash flow assumptions for measuring liability for future policy benefits The Company will likely adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.
Discount rate assumption for measuring liability for future policy benefits The new guidance requires insurers to update the discount rate assumption used to measure liabilities for future policy benefits at each reporting period, and the discount rate utilized must be based on an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield. The change in the liability estimate as a result of updating the discount rate assumption will be recognized in other comprehensive income.		Discount rate assumption for measuring liability for future policy benefits The Company will likely adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.
Market risk benefits The new guidance created a new category of benefit features called market risk benefits that will be measured at fair value with changes in fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk recognized in other comprehensive income.		Market risk benefits The Company will adopt this guidance on a retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other balances The new guidance requires DAC and other balances to be amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts.		Amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other balances The Company will likely adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.
~~Financial Instruments - Credit Losses~~ Financial Instruments - Credit Losses This guidance adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For traditional and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments entities will be required to use the new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses similar to what they do today, except the losses will be recognized through an allowance for credit losses and adjusted each period for changes in credit risks. Early adoption is permitted.	~~January 1, 2020~~	For asset classes within the scope of the CECL model, this guidance will be adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). For available-for-sale debt securities, this guidance will be applied prospectively. The Company is developing its expected credit loss models and related system processes and controls for assets held at amortized costs, the most significant of which are commercial mortgages and other loans. The allowance for credit losses will increase when this guidance is adopted to include expected losses over the lifetime of commercial mortgages and other loans, including reasonable and supportable forecasts and expected changes in future economic conditions. Based on a preliminary analysis performed in the third quarter of 2019 and forecasts of macroeconomic conditions and exposures at that time, the overall impact is estimated to be an approximate $15 million to $25 million increase in the allowance for credit losses. This increase will be reflected as a decrease to opening retained earnings, net of income taxes, as of January 1, 2020. The extent of the impact of the adoption of this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements will depend on various factors including the economic environment, the size and type of commercial loans and the nature and size of transactions closed in the fourth quarter of 2019.
~~Fair Value Measurement~~ This guidance is part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project and eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurement, requires entities to disclose new information and modifies existing disclosure requirements. Early adoption is permitted.	~~January 1, 2020~~	Certain disclosure changes in this guidance will be applied prospectively in the year of adoption. The remaining changes in this guidance will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the year of adoption. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its financial position.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including, among others, statements relating to projections of the future operations, strategies, earnings, revenues, income or loss, ratios, financial performance and growth potential of the Company. Forward-looking statements often contain words and phrases such as “intend,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “should,” “believe” and other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. Forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results, performance, and achievements could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by or underlying the forward-looking statements.

~~Numerous~~The effects of the ongoing novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and the response thereto on economic conditions, the financial markets and insurance risks, and the resulting effects on the Company’s financial results, liquidity, capital resources, financial metrics, investment portfolio and stock price, could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. Further, any estimates, projections, illustrative scenarios or frameworks used to plan for potential effects of the pandemic are dependent on numerous underlying assumptions and estimates that may not materialize. Additionally, numerous other important factors (whether related to, resulting from or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise) could also cause actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements including, without limitation: (1) adverse changes in mortality, morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (2) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (3) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (4) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (5) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (6) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (7) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (8) the effect of the Company parent’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, (9) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (10) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (11) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (12) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities, that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (13) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (14) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (15) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of U.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (18) financial performance of the Company’s clients, (19) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, epidemics or pandemics anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (20) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (21) development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities, (22) execution of the Company’s entry into new markets, (23) integration of acquired blocks of business and entities, (24) interruption or failure of the Company’s telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems, or the Company’s failure to maintain adequate security to protect the confidentiality or privacy of personal or sensitive data and intellectual property stored on such systems, (25) adverse litigation or arbitration results, (26) the adequacy of reserves, resources and accurate information relating to settlements, awards and terminated and discontinued lines of business, (27) changes in laws, regulations, and accounting standards applicable to the Company or its business, (28) the effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 may be different than expected and (29) other risks and uncertainties described in this document and in the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A -– “Risk Factors” in the ~~2018~~2019 Annual ~~Report.~~Report, as may be supplemented by Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

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Overview

The Company is among the leading global providers of life reinsurance and financial solutions, with $3.4 trillion of life reinsurance in force and assets of ~~$75.8~~$82.1 billion as of September 30, ~~2019.~~2020. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Financial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, capital solutions, including financial reinsurance, and stable value products. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from financial solutions business and income earned on invested assets.

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Historically, the Company’s primary business has been traditional life reinsurance, which involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a period of 10 to 30 years. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of insureds, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company has expanded its financial solutions business, including significant asset-intensive and longevity risk transactions, which allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk.

~~The~~For its traditional business, the Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of ~~death- and~~death-and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims become less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. For longevity business, the Company’s profitability depends on the lifespan of the underlying contract holders and the investment performance for certain contracts. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from capital solutions transactions, such as financial reinsurance, ~~transactions,~~ which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.

As is customary in the reinsurance business, clients continually update, refine, and revise reinsurance information provided to the Company. Such revised information is used by the Company in preparation of its condensed consolidated financial statements and the financial effects resulting from the incorporation of revised data are reflected in the current period.

The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact and Update

The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic continues to cause increases in mortality, morbidity and other insurance risks, as well as significant disruption in the international and U.S. economies and financial markets. The extent to which the Company’s future results continue to be affected by COVID-19 will largely depend on, among other factors, country-specific circumstances, measures by public and private institutions, COVID-19’s impact on all other causes of death and the timing of effective treatments and/or a vaccine for COVID-19. Given these many variables, the Company cannot reliably predict the future impact of the pandemic on its business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, clients’ ability to write new business in this environment may result in a slowdown in the Company’s new business temporarily; however, much of the Company’s premiums and other revenues are contractually recurring for many years to come.

One of the Company’s priorities continues to be the safety and well-being of its employees and clients, as such its business continuity plans are still activated and the actions taken to protect both employees and clients, such as working from home, restricting travel, conducting meetings remotely, and reinforcing the importance of face coverings, good hygiene and social distancing, also continue. The Company’s offices worldwide are at a minimum adhering to local government mandates and guidelines regarding occupancy levels; however, in certain situations the Company’s guidelines are more restrictive than those of local governments.

The Company has not currently experienced any significant disruptions to its daily operations, despite most of its workforce working remotely. Expenses incurred to implement its business continuity plans, including work from home arrangements, are not material and have been more than offset by reduced travel and other expenses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. However, COVID-19 may heighten operational risks and related impacts, which may include a reduction in new business volumes from slower sales, impacts to the Company’s workforce productivity due to travel restrictions, temporary office closures and increased remote working situations, and potential client delays in paying premiums and reporting claims. The Company is heavily reliant on timely reporting from its clients and other third parties. While operational risks, including privacy and cybersecurity risks, are heightened during remote working situations the Company has implemented increased communication and training related to these risks to all its workforce and continues to monitor its programs, processes and procedures designed to manage these risks.

An infectious pandemic will negatively impact the profitability of the Company’s life and health business due to increased claims; however, given the many variables and uncertainties in the amounts and timing of claims, the Company is unable to reliably predict the ultimate claims it will experience as a result of the pandemic. However, the Company’s longevity business is expected to act as a modest offset to excess life insurance claims. These variables and uncertainties include age, gender, comorbidities, other

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insured versus general population characteristics, geography-specific institutional and individual mitigating actions, medical capacity, and other factors. To date, general population COVID-19 deaths have been heavily concentrated in individuals aged 70 and older and with pre-existing comorbidities. The Company’s insured population has lower exposure to older ages than the general population and covers a generally healthier population due to underwriting and socioeconomic factors of those purchasing insurance.

The Company’s COVID-19 projection and financial impact models continue to be updated and refined based on updated external data and the Company’s claim experience to date and are subject to the many variables and uncertainties noted above. The financial impact of COVID-19 on the Company is currently projected to be at the low end of previous estimates for the same level of general population deaths as there continues to be significant differences between general and insured population mortality. The U.S. is the key driver of mortality claim costs, followed by the UK and Canada. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company estimates it has incurred approximately $440 million of COVID-19 related life and health claim costs, including amounts incurred but not reported, with approximately $340 million of that amount being associated with U.S. Individual Mortality. The Company estimates that every additional 10,000 population deaths in the U.S., UK or Canada as a result of COVID-19 would result in the following corresponding excess mortality claims of approximately:

$15 million to $25 million in the U.S.,

$4 million to $6 million in the UK, and

$10 million to 15 million in Canada.

The global financial markets continue to be in a state of uncertainty due to COVID-19 mandated economic shutdowns and historically large and rapid central bank and fiscal policies meant to offset the economic impact of the pandemic. The economic weakness and uncertainty caused by these events may also adversely affect the Company’s financial performance. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement, are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. The current market environment may result in certain investments being downgraded which can affect conformance with these limits. The level of potential impairments will depend on broad economic conditions and the pace at which global economies recover from the effects of COVID-19. In addition, the Company may experience a short-term decrease in cash flows from its commercial mortgage loan portfolio as it assists borrowers that are affected by the current economic environment. See “Investments” for more information.

The Company’s liquidity is monitored and managed on a daily basis to ensure all current and future liquidity demands can be met, and that it maintains access to liquidity resources to meet even extreme tail risk liquidity needs. In addition, RGA maintains a number of arm’s length arrangements for mobilizing liquidity throughout the group. Liquidity has been enhanced by holding more cash received in the course of its normal operating and investing activities. The Company also suspended common stock repurchases until further notice.

Key liquidity resources available to the group include:

Holdings of cash and cash equivalents of $3.3 billion as of September 30, 2020,

Cash flows from investments, which is approximately $2 billion per year,

Access to $850 million of cash through the Company’s committed syndicated credit facility, and

Access to over $500 million of cash through the membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines.

In order to further enhance its capital and liquidity position, the Company executed two capital market transactions during the year. On June 5, 2020, the Company completed an offering of its common stock and received net proceeds of approximately $481 million. On June 9, 2020, the Company completed the offering of $600 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.150% Senior Notes due 2030 (the “Senior Notes”), which will be used to repay the $400 million 5.000% senior notes due 2021 and for general corporate purposes. The public offering price of the Senior Notes was 99.472% of the principal amount, and the Company received net proceeds of approximately $593 million.

Additional sources of liquidity for RGA’s operating subsidiaries include near-term reinsurance cash flows, sales of invested assets, and potentially other forms of borrowing.

RGA’s operating subsidiaries continue to be well capitalized and the Company continues to monitor its solvency position under multiple capital regimes on a regular basis while considering both its developing experience and economic conditions. In addition, the Company utilizes its internal capital model to assess its ability to meet its long-term obligations under a range of stress scenarios on a consolidated basis. This internal capital model is also used as the capital basis for RGA’s consolidated Own Risk and Solvency Assessment.

The Company’s primary insurance subsidiaries’ financial strength ratings are strong, with all having an S&P rating of AA-, and some of those also having a Moody’s rating of A1, and an A.M. Best rating of A+. In addition, even though the insurance subsidiaries’

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various capital ratios and solvency measures may be somewhat weakened due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic environment, RGA believes its various subsidiaries would remain financially solvent under such a pandemic scenario. Reinsurance treaties, whether facultative or automatic, generally provide recapture provisions. Most U.S. based reinsurance treaties include a recapture right for ceding companies, generally after 10 years. Outside of the U.S., treaties primarily include a mutually agreed-upon recapture provision. Recapture rights permit the ceding company to reassume all or a portion of the risk formerly ceded to the reinsurer. In some situations, the Company has the right to place assets in trust for the benefit of the ceding company in lieu of recapture. Additionally, certain treaties may grant recapture rights to ceding companies in the event of a significant decrease in RGA Reinsurance Company’s NAIC risk based capital ratio or financial strength rating. The RBC ratio trigger varies by treaty, with the majority between 125% and 225% of the NAIC’s company action level. Financial strength rating triggers vary by reinsurance treaty with the majority of the triggers reached if the specific legal entity’s financial strength rating falls five notches from its current rating of “AA-” to the “BBB” level on the S&P scale. Similar solvency and ratings based on recapture rights exist on treaties with other operating companies. Recapture of business previously ceded does not affect premiums ceded prior to the recapture of such business but would reduce premiums and insurance liabilities in subsequent periods. Upon recapture, the Company would reflect a net gain or loss on the settlement of the assets and liabilities associated with the reinsurance treaty. In some cases, the ceding company is required to pay the Company a recapture fee.

Globally, regulators continue to closely monitor the COVID-19 pandemic and its possible impact on the insurance industry. Various regulators and other authorities have been requiring regulated entities to review their business continuity plans and to address potential pandemic risk in their contingency plans. In addition, some regulators have adopted or are considering adopting measures to provide temporary relief in respect to certain regulatory requirements and also to policyholders. These regulatory initiatives have accompanied a range of measures by governments and central banks, such as interest rate cuts and other measures, in a number of jurisdictions to support and stimulate the economy. The Company expects that regulators and other authorities will continue monitoring the spread and effects of COVID-19 closely and adapt their guidance and additional requirements.

Segment Presentation

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a consistent basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in RGA’s businesses.

As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Segment investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.

Segment revenue levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix of business and reporting practices of ceding companies, and therefore may fluctuate from period to period. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, segment claims experience can be volatile over shorter periods. See “Results of Operations by Segment” below for further information about the Company’s segments.

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Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the application of accounting policies that often involve a significant degree of judgment. Management, on an ongoing basis, reviews estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements. If management determines that modifications in assumptions and estimates are appropriate given current facts and circumstances, results of operations and financial position as reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements could change significantly.

Management believes the critical accounting policies relating to the following areas are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions:

Premiums receivable;

Deferred acquisition costs;

Liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims;

Valuation of investments and impairments to specific investments;

Valuation of embedded derivatives; and

Income taxes.

A discussion of each of the critical accounting policies may be found in the Company’s 2019 Annual Report under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies.”

~~Consolidated~~Critical Accounting Policies

Management believes the critical accounting policies relating to the following areas are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions:

Premiums receivable;

Deferred acquisition costs;

Liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims;

Valuation of investments and impairments to specific investments;

Valuation of embedded derivatives; and

Income taxes.

~~The following table summarizes net income for the periods presented.~~

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Revenues: (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net premiums $ 2,809,641
$ 2,562,042
$ 8,311,240
$ 7,739,053
Investment income, net of related expenses 678,805
572,742
1,842,760
1,617,132
Investment related gains (losses), net:
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities (8,539 ) (10,705 ) (17,992 ) (14,055 )
Other investment related gains (losses), net 57,323
(9,312 ) 87,036
(17,004 )
Investment related gains (losses), net 48,784
(20,017 ) 69,044
(31,059 )
Other revenues 90,335
112,764
291,960
272,020
Total revenues 3,627,565
3,227,531
10,515,004
9,597,146
Benefits and Expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits 2,469,981
2,209,920
7,493,516
6,851,614
Interest credited 226,262
143,292
517,293
333,068
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 321,855
310,639
894,081
987,817
Other operating expenses 209,348
200,262
634,330
586,495
Interest expense 45,927
33,290
129,383
107,769
Collateral finance and securitization expense 7,102
7,467
22,670
22,509
Total benefits and expenses 3,280,475
2,904,870
9,691,273
8,889,272
Income before income taxes
347,090
322,661
823,731
707,874
Provision for income taxes 84,325
21,462
188,761
102,071
Net income $ 262,765
$ 301,199
$ 634,970
$ 605,803
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share $ 4.19
$ 4.76
$ 10.13
$ 9.47
Diluted earnings per share $ 4.12
$ 4.68
$ 9.93
$ 9.30

Consolidated income before income taxes increased $24.4 million, or 7.6%, and $115.9 million, or 16.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2018. The increase in income for the third quarter of 2019 was primarily due to improved claims experience in the Canada and Europe, Middle East, and Africa segments, as well as favorable experience in the various Financial Solutions segments. The favorable experience was partially offset by unfavorable results in the Asia Pacific Traditional segment, primarily in Australia, and the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment. In addition, income for the first nine months of 2019 reflects unfavorable changes in investment related gain (losses) resulting from changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties within the U.S. segment due to changes in interest rates and credit spreads. The effect of the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives on income is discussed below. Foreign currency fluctuations relative to the prior year decreased income before income taxes by $1.8 million in the third quarter and decreased income by $15.7 million in the first nine months of 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.

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The Company recognizes in consolidated income, any changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties, equity-indexed annuity treaties (“EIAs”) and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The Company utilizes freestanding derivatives to minimize the income statement volatility due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The following table presents the effect of embedded derivatives and related freestanding derivatives on income before income taxes for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018
Modco/Funds withheld:
Unrealized gains (losses) $ 8,508
$ (2,081 ) $ 11,678
$ 20,335
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession (9,157 ) 51
(17,575 ) (2,617 )
Net effect (649 ) (2,030 ) (5,897 ) 17,718
EIAs:
Unrealized gains (losses) (35,883 ) 1,602
(55,940 ) 29,600
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession 16,682
(1,285 ) 27,192
(16,997 )
Net effect (19,201 ) 317
(28,748 ) 12,603
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders:
Unrealized gains (losses) (42,233 ) 32,133
(42,116 ) 62,242
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession (17,784 ) (17,575 ) (40,633 ) (11,379 )
Net effect (60,017 ) 14,558
(82,749 ) 50,863
Related freestanding derivatives 57,085
(9,393 ) 81,998
(50,697 )
Net effect after related freestanding derivatives (2,932 ) 5,165
(751 ) 166

Total net effect of embedded derivatives (79,867 ) 12,845
(117,394 ) 81,184
Related freestanding derivatives 57,085
(9,393 ) 81,998
(50,697 )
Total net effect after freestanding derivatives $ (22,782 ) $ 3,452
$ (35,396 ) $ 30,487

Consolidated net premiums increased $247.6 million, or 9.7%, and $572.2 million, or 7.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018, primarily due to growth in life reinsurance in force. Foreign currency fluctuations decreased net premiums by $34.9 million and $173.7 million in the third quarter and the first nine months of 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018. Consolidated assumed life insurance in force increased to $3,359.8 billion as of September 30, 2019 from $3,307.2 billion as of September 30, 2018 due to new business production and in force transactions. The Company added new business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $98.3 billion and $95.7 billion during the third quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $248.0 billion and $292.1 billion during the first nine months of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Consolidated investment income, net of related expenses, increased $106.1 million, or 18.5%, and $225.6 million, or 14.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018. The increases are primarily attributable to an increase in the average invested asset base and higher variable investment income associated with joint venture and limited partnership investments. Investment income is affected by changes in the fair value of the Company’s funds withheld at interest assets associated with the reinsurance of certain EIA products. The re-measurement of these funds withheld assets decreased investment income by $19.5 million in the third quarter and decreased investment income by $29.6 million in the first nine months of 2019, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2018. The effect on investment income of the EIA's market value changes is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited to policyholder account balances resulting in an insignificant effect on net income.

Average invested assets at amortized cost, excluding spread related business, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were $28.2 billion, a 5.7% increase over September 30, 2018. The average yield earned on investments, excluding spread related business, was 4.83% and 4.57% for the third quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, and 4.57% and 4.45% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The average yield will vary from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on a number of variables, including the prevailing interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees, make-whole premiums and changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash balances, and the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. Investment yields in 2019 benefited from higher distributions from joint ventures and limited partnerships. A continued low interest rate environment is expected to put downward pressure on this yield in future reporting periods.

Total investment related gains (losses), net were $48.8 million and $(20.0) million for the third quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $69.0 million and $(31.1) million for the first nine months of 2019 and 2018, respectively. A portion of the increase in investment related gains (losses) was offset by changes in the value of embedded derivatives related to reinsurance

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treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis, reflecting the impact of changes in interest rates and credit spreads on the calculation of fair value. Changes in the fair value of these embedded derivatives increased (decreased) investment related gains by $8.5 million and $(2.1) million for the third quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $11.7 million and $20.3 million for the first nine months of 2019 and 2018, respectively. In addition, impairments on fixed maturity securities decreased by $2.2 million in the third quarter and increased by $3.9 million in the first nine months of 2019, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2018. See Note 4 - “Investments” and Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the impairment losses and derivatives.

The effective tax rate on a consolidated basis was 24.3% and 6.7% for the third quarter 2019 and 2018, respectively, and 22.9% and 14.4% for the first nine months of 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 9 - “Income Tax” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company’s consolidated effective tax rates.

Critical Accounting Policies

Management believes the critical accounting policies relating to the following areas are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions:

Premiums receivable;

Deferred acquisition costs;

Liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims;

Valuation of investments and ~~other-than-temporary~~ impairments to specific investments;

Valuation of embedded derivatives; and

Income taxes.

A discussion of each of the critical accounting policies may be found in the Company’s ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies.”

Consolidated Results of Operations



	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019			2020			2019
Revenues:	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net premiums	$	2,825	$	2,809		$	8,434		$	8,311
Investment income, net of related expenses	654		679			1,893			1,843
Investment related gains (losses), net:
Impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities	13		(9		)	(21		)	(18		)
Other investment related gains (losses), net	53		58			(117		)	87
Investment related gains (losses), net	66		49			(138		)	69
Other revenues	98		91			264			292
Total revenues	3,643		3,628			10,453			10,515
Benefits and Expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	2,530		2,470			7,894			7,494
Interest credited	196		226			529			517
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	374		322			912			894
Other operating expenses	211		210			594			634
Interest expense	43		46			126			129
Collateral finance and securitization expense	4		7			14			23
Total benefits and expenses	3,358		3,281			10,069			9,691
Income before income taxes	285		347			384			824
Provision for income taxes	72		84			101			189
Net income	$	213	$	263		$	283		$	635
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share	$	3.13	$	4.19		$	4.39		$	10.13
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.12	$	4.12		$	4.36		$	9.93

Consolidated income before income taxes decreased $62 million, and $440 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2019. The decrease in income for the third quarter of 2020 was primarily the result of increased mortality claims in the U.S. and Latin America, Canada and Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) Traditional segments, some of which are primarily attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. The unfavorable mortality claims were partially offset by favorable claim experience in the Asia Pacific Traditional segment and an increase in income before taxes in the Company’s Financial Solutions business. The decrease in income for the first nine months of 2020 was primarily due to unfavorable claim experience across all Traditional segments and lower variable investment; partially offset by an increase in income before taxes in the Company’s Financial Solutions business. In addition to an increase in mortality claims in the U.S. and

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Latin America Traditional segment, income for the first nine months of 2020 reflects unfavorable changes in investment related gain (losses) resulting from changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties within the U.S. segment due to changes in interest rates and credit spreads primarily attributable to the disruption and volatility in the global financial markets caused by COVID-19. The effects of the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives on income is discussed below. As discussed in “The COVID-19 Impact and Update” above, the Company estimates it has incurred approximately $440 million of COVID-19 related life and health claim costs, including amounts incurred but not reported, with approximately $340 million of that amount being associated with U.S. Individual Mortality. The Company did experience a higher incidence of older age death claims in the U.S. during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, while the cause of death information is not yet available for all claims, the Company’s analysis attributes excess claim costs primarily to COVID-19 or COVID-19 related factors and therefore additional analysis and information from clients will allow the Company to refine the impact of COVID-19 on current quarter and year to date results. Foreign currency fluctuations relative to the prior year increased income before income taxes by $7 million in the third quarter and increased income by $5 million in the first nine months of 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019.

Consolidated net premiums increased $16 million, or less than 1.0%, and $123 million, or 1.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019, primarily due to growth in life reinsurance in force. Foreign currency fluctuations increased net premiums by $11 million and decreased net premiums by $67 million in the third quarter and the first nine months of 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019. Consolidated assumed life insurance in force increased to $3,369.6 billion as of September 30, 2020, from $3,359.8 billion as of September 30, 2019, due to new business production and in force transactions. The Company added new business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $68.3 billion and $98.3 billion during the third quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $279.2 billion and $248.0 billion during the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Consolidated investment income, net of related expenses, decreased $25 million, or 3.7%, and increased $50 million, or 2.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019. The decrease for the three month period ended September 30, 2020, is primarily the result of a decrease in variable investment income associated with joint venture and limited partnership investments and a decrease in yields in the current period as compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in investment income, net of related expenses in the first nine months is primarily attributable to an increase in the average invested asset base. Investment income is affected by changes in the fair value of the Company’s funds withheld at interest assets associated with the reinsurance of certain equity-indexed annuity (“EIA”) products. The re-measurement of these funds withheld assets decreased investment income by $5 million in the third quarter and decreased investment income by $25 million in the first nine months of 2020. The effect on investment income of the EIA's market value changes is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited to policyholder account balances resulting in an insignificant effect on net income.

Average invested assets at amortized cost, excluding spread related business, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were $30.5 billion, an 8.0% increase over September 30, 2019. The average yield earned on investments, excluding spread related business, was 3.66% and 4.83% for the third quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, and 3.93% and 4.57% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The average yield will vary from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on a number of variables, including the prevailing interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees, make-whole premiums and changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash balances, and the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. A continued low interest rate environment is expected to put downward pressure on this yield in future reporting periods in addition to higher cash balances held by the Company during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Total investment related gains (losses), net were $66 million and $49 million for the third quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $(138) million and $69 million for the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. A portion of investment related gains (losses) was offset by changes in the value of embedded derivatives related to reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis, reflecting the impact of changes in interest rates and credit spreads on the calculation of fair value, which fluctuated significantly during the year as a result of the economic uncertainty and market disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in the fair value of these embedded derivatives increased (decreased) investment related gains by $116 million and $9 million for the third quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $(113) million and $12 million for the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company recognized $21 million of impairment losses and changes in the credit allowance for its available-for-sale fixed maturities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, For the third quarter of 2020, the Company recognized a $13 million gain related to impairment losses and changes in the credit allowance for its available-for-sale fixed maturities as new allowances were offset by sales and improved fair values on previously impaired securities. The valuation allowance on mortgage loans increased by $8 million and $38 million for the three and nine month ended September 30, 2020, respectively. The change in both the credit allowance for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities and the valuation allowance on mortgage loans is primarily attributable to the economic uncertainty caused by COVID-19. See the Investment section within Management Discussion and Analysis, Note 4 – “Investments” and Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the impairment losses and derivatives.

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The effective tax rate on a consolidated basis was 25.5% and 24.3% for the third quarter 2020 and 2019, respectively, and 26.3% and 22.9% for the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. See Note 9 – “Income Tax” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company’s consolidated effective tax rates.

The Company recognizes in consolidated income, any changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties, EIA treaties and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The Company utilizes freestanding derivatives to minimize the income statement volatility due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The following table presents the effect of embedded derivatives and related freestanding derivatives on income before income taxes for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Modco/Funds withheld:
Unrealized gains (losses)	$	116		$	9		$	(113	)	$	12
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	(65		)	(9		)	50			(18		)
Net effect	51			—			(63		)	(6		)
EIAs:
Unrealized gains (losses)	(5		)	(36		)	(25		)	(56		)
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	—			17			10			27
Net effect	(5		)	(19		)	(15		)	(29		)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders:
Unrealized gains (losses)	(29		)	(42		)	(50		)	(42		)
Related freestanding derivatives, net of deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	(30		)	39			63			41
Net effect	(59		)	(3		)	13			(1		)
Total net effect after freestanding derivatives	$	(13	)	$	(22	)	$	(65	)	$	(36	)

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Results of Operations by Segment

U.S. and Latin America Operations

The U.S. and Latin America operations include business generated by its offices in the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. The offices in Mexico and Brazil provide services to clients in other Latin American countries. U.S. and Latin America operations consist of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily specializes in the reinsurance of individual mortality-risk, health and long-term care and to a lesser extent, group reinsurance. The Financial Solutions segment consists of Asset-Intensive and ~~Financial Reinsurance.~~Capital Solutions. Asset-Intensive within the Financial Solutions segment includes coinsurance of annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies and to a lesser extent fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts, which include investment-only, stable value contracts and other longevity type products. ~~Financial Reinsurance within the Financial~~Capital Solutions ~~segment~~ primarily involves assisting ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements by enhancing the ceding companies’ financial strength and regulatory surplus position through relatively low risk reinsurance transactions. ~~Due to the low-risk nature of financial reinsurance~~Typically these transactions ~~they typically~~ do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP, sodue to their low-risk nature, as such only the related net fees are reflected in other revenues on the condensed consolidated statements of income.


For the three months ended September 30, 2019:				Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:													Financial Solutions
(dollars in millions)													Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional			Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America		Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,404,164		$	12,298	$	—	$	1,416,462	$	1,420		$	13	$	—	$	1,433
Investment income, net of related expenses	209,874			254,264		1,002		465,140		180			272		1		453
Investment related gains (losses), net	(9,587		)	56,840		—		47,253		(8		)	59		—		51
Other revenues	5,415			36,422		21,846		63,683		7			26		28		61
Total revenues	1,609,866			359,824		22,848		1,992,538		1,599			370		29		1,998
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,241,332			49,438		—		1,290,770		1,343			50		—		1,393
Interest credited	19,518			183,295		—		202,813		19			163		—		182
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	201,784			19,642		672		222,098		189			99		2		290
Other operating expenses	34,690			7,788		2,961		45,439		34			8		3		45
Total benefits and expenses	1,497,324			260,163		3,633		1,761,120		1,585			320		5		1,910
Income before income taxes	$	112,542		$	99,661	$	19,215	$	231,418	$	14		$	50	$	24	$	88

For the three months ended September 30, 2018:				Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
For the three months ended September 30, 2019:													Financial Solutions
(dollars in millions)													Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional			Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America		Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,360,076		$	6,885	$	—	$	1,366,961	$	1,404		$	12	$	—	$	1,416
Investment income, net of related expenses	181,396			200,397		1,491		383,284		210			254		1		465
Investment related gains (losses), net	(33		)	581		—		548		(10		)	58		—		48
Other revenues	6,351			53,735		27,759		87,845		6			36		22		64
Total revenues	1,547,790			261,598		29,250		1,838,638		1,610			360		23		1,993
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,191,489			46,995		—		1,238,484		1,241			49		—		1,290
Interest credited	20,321			110,673		—		130,994		20			183		—		203
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	183,433			30,519		5,324		219,276		201			21		—		222
Other operating expenses	36,219			7,921		2,343		46,483		35			7		4		46
Total benefits and expenses	1,431,462			196,108		7,667		1,635,237		1,497			260		4		1,761
Income before income taxes	$	116,328		$	65,490	$	21,583	$	203,401	$	113		$	100	$	19	$	232

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:				Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:													Financial Solutions
(dollars in millions)													Asset-Intensive			Capital Solutions		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional			Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America		Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	4,171,549		$	27,728	$	—	$	4,199,277	$	4,247		$	40		$	—	$	4,287
Investment income, net of related expenses	568,718			655,379		3,047		1,227,144		518			746			4		1,268
Investment related gains (losses), net	(20,009		)	75,386		—		55,377		(8		)	(86		)	—		(94		)
Other revenues	14,950			109,338		67,711		191,999		17			78			79		174
Total revenues	4,735,208			867,831		70,758		5,673,797		4,774			778			83		5,635
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	3,834,249			146,200		—		3,980,449		4,268			152			—		4,420
Interest credited	58,909			395,791		—		454,700		56			431			—		487
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	557,734			64,532		5,233		627,499		559			68			4		631
Other operating expenses	104,945			23,995		8,667		137,607		97			22			8		127
Total benefits and expenses	4,555,837			630,518		13,900		5,200,255		4,980			673			12		5,665
Income before income taxes	$	179,371		$	237,313	$	56,858	$	473,542	$	(206	)	$	105		$	71	$	(30	)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018:				Financial Solutions
(dollars in thousands)				Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019:													Financial Solutions
(dollars in millions)													Asset-Intensive			Capital Solutions		Total U.S. and Latin America
	Traditional			Asset-Intensive		Financial Reinsurance		Total U.S. and Latin America		Traditional
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	4,033,046		$	18,776	$	—	$	4,051,822	$	4,171		$	28		$	—	$	4,199
Investment income, net of related expenses	544,934			530,119		4,817		1,079,870		569			655			3		1,227
Investment related gains (losses), net	5,375			2,033		—		7,408		(20		)	76			—		56
Other revenues	18,276			100,759		77,644		196,679		15			109			68		192
Total revenues	4,601,631			651,687		82,461		5,335,779		4,735			868			71		5,674
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	3,701,457			85,530		—		3,786,987		3,834			146			—		3,980
Interest credited	61,593			239,695		—		301,288		59			396			—		455
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	543,137			130,493		11,933		685,563		557			65			5		627
Other operating expenses	104,246			22,377		7,238		133,861		105			24			9		138
Total benefits and expenses	4,410,433			478,095		19,171		4,907,699		4,555			631			14		5,200
Income before income taxes	$	191,198		$	173,592	$	63,290	$	428,080	$	180		$	237		$	57	$	474

Income before income taxes ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$28.0~~$144 million, ~~or 13.8%,~~ and ~~$45.5~~$504 million, ~~or 10.6%,~~ for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increase~~decrease in income before income taxes ~~for the third quarter~~ was primarily ~~due~~related to a significant increase in claim frequency within the individual mortality business. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company believes the excess claim costs are primarily attributable to COVID-19 or COVID-19 related factors as the Company did experience a higher incidence of older age death claims in the U.S. during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2020, and the highest mortality ratios were in states with the highest general population COVID-19 deaths. Also, contributing to the ~~income from asset-intensive transactions executed since the third quarter of 2018, including~~three and nine months variance were lower investment related ~~gains recognized during portfolio repositioning. The increase in income before income taxes for~~losses. For the ~~first~~ nine months ~~was primarily due~~ended September 30, 2020, changes in the value of the embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis also contributed to the ~~impact of higher investment related gains (losses)~~variance. The volatility in the ~~Asset-Intensive segment.~~financial markets as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, was the primary driver of this change.

Traditional Reinsurance

Income before income taxes for the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment decreased by ~~$3.8~~$99 million, and $386 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019. The decreases were primarily related to unfavorable individual mortality experience from a higher than expected count of claims. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company believes the excess claims are primarily attributable to COVID-19 or COVID-19 related factors. In addition, the segment reported lower variable investment income year over year.

Net premiums increased $16 million, or ~~3.3%~~1.1%, and ~~$11.8~~$76 million, or ~~6.2%~~1.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in 2018. The decrease in the third quarter and first nine months was primarily due to unfavorable claims experience within the individual mortality business as well as changes in the value of embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis. The unfavorable individual mortality claims experience was partially offset by an increase in variable investment income and improved claims experience within the Group and Individual Health lines of business.

~~Net premiums increased $44.1 million, or 3.2%, and $138.5 million, or 3.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The increases in net premiums in the third quarter and first nine months were due to organic growth as well as new sales. The segment added new individual life business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force of ~~$23.9~~$24.6 billion and ~~$27.6~~$23.9 billion for the third quarter and ~~$77.4~~$83.9 billion and ~~$80.2~~$77.4 billion for the first nine months of ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

Net investment income ~~increased $28.5~~decreased $30 million, or ~~15.7%~~14.3%, and ~~$23.8~~$51 million, or ~~4.4%~~9.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decrease in the third quarter and first nine months ~~were~~was primarily ~~due~~related to ~~an increase in~~less variable investment income ~~from real estate joint ventures~~ and ~~limited partnerships as well as a higher asset base.~~lower overall yields. Investment related gains (losses), net ~~decreased $9.6~~increased $2 million and ~~$25.4~~$12 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019 as result of changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives related to modified coinsurance and funds withheld treaties as a result of changes in interest rates and credit spreads.

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Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”) were ~~88.4%~~94.6% and ~~87.6%~~88.4% for the third quarter and ~~91.9%~~100.5% and ~~91.8%~~91.9%, for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The increase in the loss ratio for the third quarter was primarily due to ~~unfavorable~~a high frequency of claims ~~experience~~ in the individual mortality line of business. As explained above, while the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $100 million and $340 million of individual mortality excess claims, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, were attributable to COVID-19 and COVID-19 related factors.

Interest credited expense decreased ~~$0.8~~$1 million, or ~~4.0%~~5.0%, and ~~$2.7~~$3 million, or ~~4.4%~~5.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. Interest credited in this segment relates to amounts credited on cash value products which also have a significant mortality component. Income before income taxes is affected by the spread between the investment income and the interest credited on the underlying products.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~14.4%~~13.3% and ~~13.5%~~14.4% for the third quarter and ~~13.4%~~13.2% and ~~13.5%~~13.4% for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. While these ratios are expected to remain in a predictable range, they may fluctuate from period to period due to varying allowance levels within coinsurance-type arrangements. In addition, the amortization pattern of previously capitalized amounts, which are subject to the form of the reinsurance agreement and the underlying insurance policies, may vary. Also, the mix of first year coinsurance business versus yearly renewable term business can cause the percentage to fluctuate from period to period.

Other operating expenses decreased ~~$1.5~~$1 million, or ~~4.2%~~2.9%, and ~~increased by $0.7~~$8 million, or ~~0.7%~~7.6%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The decrease in the third quarter and first nine months was primarily due to lower salaries and fringe costs related to ~~the timing of incentive based~~incentive-based compensation ~~adjustments.~~accruals. Other operating expenses, as a percentage of net premiums were ~~2.5%~~2.4% and ~~2.7%~~2.5% for the third quarter and ~~2.5%~~2.3% and ~~2.6%~~2.5% first nine months of ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The expense ratio tends to fluctuate only slightly from period to period due to the maturity and scale of this segment.

Financial Solutions -– Asset-Intensive Reinsurance

Asset-Intensive reinsurance within the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment primarily involves assuming investment risk within underlying annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies. Most of these agreements are coinsurance, coinsurance with funds withheld or modco. The Company recognizes profits or losses primarily from the spread between the investment income earned and the interest credited on the underlying deposit liabilities, income associated with longevity risk, and fees associated with variable annuity account values and guaranteed investment contracts.

Impact of certain derivatives:

Income from the asset-intensive business tends to be volatile due to changes in the fair value of certain derivatives, including embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, as well as embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including risk-free rates and credit spreads), implied volatility, the Company’s own credit risk and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives, net of related hedging activity, and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues), and interest credited. These fluctuations are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties.

The following table summarizes the asset-intensive results and quantifies the impact of these embedded derivatives for the periods presented. Revenues before certain derivatives, benefits and expenses before certain derivatives, and income before income taxes and certain derivatives, should not be viewed as substitutes for GAAP revenues, GAAP benefits and expenses, and GAAP income before income taxes.

~~Table of Contents~~


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)													Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenues:
Total revenues	$	359,824		$	261,598		$	867,831		$	651,687		$	370		$	360		$	778		$	868
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	18,160			(2,138		)	31,799			14,819			124			18			(105		)	32
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	(769		)	8,067			307			5,556			(63		)	(1		)	50			—
Revenues before certain derivatives	342,433			255,669			835,725			631,312			309			343			833			836
Benefits and expenses:
Total benefits and expenses	260,163			196,108			630,518			478,095			320			260			673			631
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	9,157			(51		)	17,575			2,617			66			9			(50		)	18
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	2,163			2,902			1,058			5,390			(4		)	2			37			1
Equity-indexed annuities	19,201			(317		)	28,748			(12,603		)	5			19			15			29
Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives	229,642			193,574			583,137			482,691			253			230			671			583
Income before income taxes:
Income before income taxes	99,661			65,490			237,313			173,592			50			100			105			237
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	9,003			(2,087		)	14,224			12,202			58			9			(55		)	14
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	(2,932		)	5,165			(751		)	166			(59		)	(3		)	13			(1		)
Equity-indexed annuities	(19,201		)	317			(28,748		)	12,603			(5		)	(19		)	(15		)	(29		)
Income before income taxes and certain derivatives	$	112,791		$	62,095		$	252,588		$	148,621		$	56		$	113		$	162		$	253

Embedded Derivatives -– Modco/Funds Withheld Treaties -– Represents the change in the fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis. The fair value changes of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018.~~2019.

The change in fair value of the embedded derivatives - modco/funds withheld treaties increased (decreased) income before income taxes by ~~$9.0~~$58 million and ~~$(2.1)~~$9 million for the third quarter and ~~$14.2~~$(55) million and ~~$12.2~~$14 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The increase in income for the third quarter ~~and first nine months of 2019~~ was primarily ~~the result of repositioning in the funds withheld portfolio, partially offset by widening~~due to tightening credit spreads. The ~~increase in income for the third quarter of 2018 was primarily the result of interest rate movements. The increase~~decrease in income for the first nine months of ~~2018 were~~2020 was primarily due to ~~tightening~~widening credit spreads, partially offset by ~~repositioning~~lower interest rates, both of which were primarily attributable to the recent disruption in the ~~funds withheld portfolio.~~global financial markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Guaranteed Minimum Benefit Riders -– Represents the impact related to guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable annuities. The fair value changes of the guaranteed minimum benefits along with the changes in fair value of the free standing derivatives (interest rate swaps, financial futures and equity options), purchased by the Company to substantially hedge the liability are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. ~~The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change~~Changes in fair ~~value~~values of ~~these~~the embedded derivatives on guaranteed minimum benefits are net of an increase (decrease) in investment related gains (losses), net of $(49) million and $3 million for the third quarter and $79 million and $1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018.~~respectively, associated with the Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment.

The change in fair value of the guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated free standing derivatives, increased (decreased) income before income taxes by ~~$(2.9)~~$(59) million and ~~$5.2~~$(3) million for the third quarter and ~~$(0.8)~~$13 million and ~~$0.2~~$(1) million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The decrease in income for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 was due to the decrease in credit valuation adjustment, which was primarily attributable to the recent disruption in the global financial markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the annual update of best estimate actuarial ~~policyholder~~ assumptions to account for lower policyholder lapse ~~experience, partially offset by favorable hedging results.~~experience. The ~~increases~~increase in income for the ~~third quarter and for the first~~ nine months ofended September 30, ~~2018 were primarily~~2020, was due to ~~favorable hedging results.~~the increase in credit valuation adjustment, which was primarily attributable to the recent disruption in the global financial markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by the annual update of best estimate actuarial assumptions to account for lower policyholder lapse experience.

Equity-Indexed Annuities -– Represents changes in the liability for equity-indexed annuities in excess of changes in account value, after adjustments for related deferred acquisition expenses. The change in fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with equity-indexed annuities ~~increased (decreased)~~decreased income before income taxes by ~~$(19.2)~~$5 million and ~~$0.3~~$19 million for the third quarter and ~~$(28.7)~~$15 million and ~~$12.6~~$29 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The decreases in income for the third quarter and first nine months of ~~2019~~2020 were primarily due to declining interest ~~rate movements. The increases in income for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 were primarily due to lower policyholder lapses and withdrawals.~~rates.

~~Table of Contents~~

The changes in derivatives discussed above are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including benchmark rates and credit spreads), credit valuation adjustments, implied volatility and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues) and interest credited.

Discussion and analysis before certain derivatives:

Income before income taxes and certain derivatives ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$50.7~~$57 million and ~~$104.0~~$91 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases in~~decrease for the ~~third quarter~~three months and ~~the first~~ nine months ~~were~~ended September 30, 2020, was primarily due to ~~income from asset-intensive transactions executed since the third quarter of 2018, including~~lower investment related gains ~~recognized during portfolio repositioning~~(losses), net in coinsurance and ~~favorable longevity experience during the first nine months of 2019.~~funds withheld portfolios. Funds withheld capital gains (losses) are reported in investment income.

Revenue before certain derivatives ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$86.8~~$34 million and ~~$204.4~~by $3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decrease in the third quarter ~~and first nine months were~~was primarily due to ~~income from asset-intensive transactions executed since the third quarter of 2018, including~~lower investment related gains ~~recognized during portfolio repositioning,~~(losses), net, partially offset by ~~lower interest credited~~the change in fair value of equity options associated with the reinsurance of EIAs. The effect on investment income related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited. The decrease in the first nine months of 2020 was primarily due to lower investment related gains (losses), net, partially offset by full year contributions from asset-intensive transactions executed in 2019.

Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives increased by ~~$36.1~~$23 million and ~~$100.4~~$88 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same period in ~~2018.~~2019. The increases in the third quarter and first nine months were primarily due to ~~benefits and expenses~~full year contributions from asset-intensive transactions executed ~~since the third quarter of 2018, including investment related gains recognized during portfolio repositioning, partially offset~~in 2019 and by ~~lower~~higher interest credited associated with the reinsurance of EIAs. The effect on interest credited related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding change in investment income.

The invested asset base supporting this segment ~~increased~~decreased to $23.6 billion as of September 30, 2020 from $24.7 billion as of September 30, ~~2019 from $19.0 billion as of September 30, 2018.~~2019. As of September 30, ~~2019, $3.6~~2020, $3.2 billion of the invested assets were funds withheld at interest, of which greater than 90% is associated with one client.

Financial Solutions ~~- Financial Reinsurance~~– Capital Solutions

~~Financial Reinsurance~~Capital Solutions within the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment income before income taxes consists primarily of net fees earned on financial reinsurance transactions. Additionally, a portion of the business is brokered business in which the Company does not participate in the assumption of risk. The fees earned from financial reinsurance contracts and brokered business are reflected in other revenues, and the fees paid to retrocessionaires are reflected in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

Income before income taxes ~~decreased $2.4~~increased $5 million, or ~~11.0%~~26.3%, and ~~$6.4~~$14 million, or ~~10.2%~~24.6%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~decreases in the third quarter and first nine months~~increases were primarily due to the ~~termination of certain agreements.~~growth from new transactions and organic growth on existing transactions.

At September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial structures was ~~$15.9~~$20.4 billion and ~~$13.7~~$15.9 billion, respectively. The increase was primarily due to ~~a number of~~ new transactions offsetting the termination of certain agreements, as well as organic growth on existing transactions. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and therefore can fluctuate from period to period.

~~Table of Contents~~

Canada Operations

The Company conducts reinsurance business in Canada primarily through RGA Canada. The Canada operations are primarily engaged in Traditional reinsurance, which consists mainly of traditional individual life reinsurance, and to a lesser extent creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance. Creditor insurance covers the outstanding balance on personal, mortgage or commercial loans in the event of death, disability or critical illness and is generally shorter in duration than traditional individual life insurance. The Canada Financial Solutions segment consists of longevity and financial reinsurance.


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)														Three months ended September 30,
	2019							2018						2020						2019
Revenues:	Traditional			Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada
Net premiums	$	270,749		$	22,432	$	293,181	$	243,105	$	10,681	$	253,786	$	254	$	21	$	275	$	271	$	22	$	293
Investment income, net of related expenses	53,162			960		54,122		50,145		415		50,560		52		—		52		53		1		54
Investment related gains (losses), net	1,067			—		1,067		2,484		—		2,484		2		—		2		1		—		1
Other revenues	(127		)	812		685		228		1,072		1,300		1		2		3		—		1		1
Total revenues	324,851			24,204		349,055		295,962		12,168		308,130		309		23		332		325		24		349
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	215,950			20,127		236,077		210,292		10,003		220,295		225		17		242		216		20		236
Interest credited	31			—		31		6		—		6		—		—		—		—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	56,528			453		56,981		56,224		190		56,414		44		—		44		57		—		57
Other operating expenses	8,658			516		9,174		8,291		329		8,620		10		—		10		9		1		10
Total benefits and expenses	281,167			21,096		302,263		274,813		10,522		285,335		279		17		296		282		21		303
Income before income taxes	$	43,684		$	3,108	$	46,792	$	21,149	$	1,646	$	22,795	$	30	$	6	$	36	$	43	$	3	$	46


(dollars in thousands)	Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)													Nine months ended September 30,
	2019						2018						2020								2019
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada		Traditional			Financial Solutions		Total Canada			Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Canada
Net premiums	$	790,188	$	66,877	$	857,065	$	756,578	$	32,941	$	789,519	$	768		$	62	$	830		$	790	$	67	$	857
Investment income, net of related expenses	152,857		2,466		155,323		150,264		860		151,124		151			1		152			153		2		155
Investment related gains (losses), net	11,035		—		11,035		2,199		—		2,199		(4		)	—		(4		)	11		—		11
Other revenues	1,246		2,364		3,610		1,439		3,233		4,672		1			6		7			1		3		4
Total revenues	955,326		71,707		1,027,033		910,480		37,034		947,514		916			69		985			955		72		1,027
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	622,078		60,502		682,580		647,052		27,033		674,085		661			54		715			622		61		683
Interest credited	159		—		159		32		—		32		—			—		—			—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	167,485		1,349		168,834		171,797		578		172,375		131			1		132			168		1		169
Other operating expenses	25,382		1,587		26,969		24,938		1,042		25,980		27			1		28			25		2		27
Total benefits and expenses	815,104		63,438		878,542		843,819		28,653		872,472		819			56		875			815		64		879
Income before income taxes	$	140,222	$	8,269	$	148,491	$	66,661	$	8,381	$	75,042	$	97		$	13	$	110		$	140	$	8	$	148

Income before income taxes ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$24.0~~$10 million, or ~~105.3%~~21.7%, and ~~$73.4~~$38 million, or ~~97.9%~~25.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decrease in income before income taxes for the third quarter ~~and~~is primarily due to unfavorable individual life mortality experience compared to favorable experience for the same period in 2019. The decrease in income before income taxes for the first nine months ~~are~~is primarily due to less favorable individual life mortality experience as compared to the same period in ~~2018.~~2019. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of ~~$0.5~~$1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019.

Traditional Reinsurance

Income before income taxes for the Canada Traditional segment decreased by $13 million, or 30.2%, and ~~$4.9~~$43 million, or 30.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~

~~Traditional Reinsurance~~

~~Income before income taxes for the Canada Traditional segment increased by $22.5 million, or 106.6%, and $73.6 million, or 110.4%, for the~~ ~~three and nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decrease in income before income taxes for the third quarter ~~and~~is primarily due to unfavorable individual life mortality experience compared to favorable experience for the same period in 2019. The decrease in income before income taxes for the first nine months ~~were~~is primarily due to less favorable individual life mortality experience as compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2018.~~2019. See “The COVID-19 Impact and Update” above for more information regarding the impact of COVID-19. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of ~~$0.5 million and $4.6~~$1 million for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2018.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

2019.

Net premiums ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$27.6~~$17 million, or ~~11.4%~~6.3%, and ~~$33.6~~$22 million, or ~~4.4%~~2.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decreases in net premiums in ~~2019~~2020 were primarily due to ~~a new~~foreign currency losses, an anticipated reduction in ~~force block transaction completed during~~ the ~~last quarter~~base of ~~2018 as well as~~the offshore creditors business and a non-recurring payment received ~~during~~in the third quarter of 2019 relating to a block of existing ~~business.~~business, partially offset by a new inforce block transaction effective January 1, 2020. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in a decrease in net premiums of ~~$2.9~~$2 million and ~~$25.1~~$14 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019.

Net investment income ~~increased $3.0~~decreased $1 million, or ~~6.0%~~1.9%, and ~~$2.6~~$2 million, or ~~1.7%~~1.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in 2018. The increases in net investment income for the third quarter and first nine months of 2019 were primarily a result of an increase in the invested asset base due to growth in the underlying business volume, partially offset by foreign currency exchange fluctuations.2019. Foreign currency exchange fluctuation in the Canadian dollar resulted in a decrease in net investment income of ~~$0.6~~$3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019.

Other revenues increased by $1 million and ~~$4.9 million~~were unchanged for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~

~~Other revenues decreased by $0.4 million and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018. These variances are~~2019. The variance was primarily due to gains and losses related to foreign currency transactions.

Loss ratios for this segment were ~~79.8%~~88.6% and ~~86.5%~~79.7% for the third quarter and ~~78.7%~~86.1% and ~~85.5%~~78.7% for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The ~~decrease~~increase in the loss ~~ratios~~ratio for the third quarter is primarily due to unfavorable individual life mortality experience as compared to favorable experience for the same period in 2019. The increase in the loss ratio for the first nine months is primarily due to less favorable individual life mortality experience compared to the same period in 2019. Approximately $3 million and $11 million of claims for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, were identified as ~~compared~~COVID-19 related and contributed to the ~~same periods~~higher loss ratios in 2018, is due to favorable individual mortality experience. Loss ratios for the traditional individual life mortality business were 85.2% and 96.7% for the third quarter and 84.0% and 95.3% for the first nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Excluding creditor business, claims as a percentage of net premiums for this segment were 65.0% and 81.2% for the third quarter and 68.5% and 79.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Excluding creditor business, claims and other policy benefits, as a percentage of net premiums and investment income were 70.5% and 77.2% for the third quarter and 70.0% and 76.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.2020.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~20.9%~~17.3% and ~~23.1%~~20.9% for the third quarter and ~~21.2%~~17.1% and ~~22.7%~~21.2% for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Overall, while these ratios are expected to remain in a predictable range, they may fluctuate from period to period due to varying allowance levels and product mix. The decreases in the policy acquisition and other insurance expenses as percentage of net premiums was the result of a reduction in creditor business which has higher allowances than other businesses. In addition, the amortization patterns of previously capitalized amounts, which are subject to the form of the reinsurance agreement and the underlying insurance policies, may vary.

Other operating expenses increased ~~$0.4~~$1 million, or ~~4.4%~~11.1%, and ~~$0.4~~$2 million, or ~~1.8%~~8.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~3.2%~~3.9% and ~~3.4%~~3.2% for the third quarter and ~~3.2%~~3.5% and ~~3.3%~~3.2% for the nine month periods ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

Financial Solutions Reinsurance

Income before income taxes increased ~~by $1.5~~$3 million, or ~~88.8%~~100%, and ~~decreased by $0.1~~$5 million, or ~~1.3%~~62.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increase~~increases in income ~~for the third quarter was~~were primarily due to ~~favorable experience on longevity business and favorable investment revenues. The decrease in income for~~a new transaction completed at the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily due to more favorable experience on longevity business in 2018 compared to~~end of 2019. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in a negligible difference and a decrease in income before income taxes of $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.

Net premiums ~~increased $11.8~~decreased $1 million, or ~~110.0%~~4.5%, and ~~$33.9~~$5 million, or ~~103.0%~~7.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decreases were primarily due to ~~a new transaction completed~~decreases of in ~~the first three months of 2019.~~force longevity premiums. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in a decrease in net premiums of ~~$0.2 million and $2.1~~$1 million for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2018.~~2019.

~~Net investment income increased $0.5~~Claims and other policy benefits decreased $3 million, or ~~131.3%~~15.0%, and ~~$1.6~~$7 million, or ~~186.7%~~11.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018 primarily due to an increase in the invested asset base.~~

~~Claims and other policy benefits increased $10.1 million, or 101.2%, and $33.5 million, or 123.8%, for the three and nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The ~~increases for the third quarter and first nine months~~decreases were primarily a result of ~~the aforementioned new transaction completed~~more favorable claims experience in the ~~first three months~~longevity block of ~~2019.~~business compared to the same period last year.

Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations

The ~~Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”)~~EMEA operations include business generated by its offices principally in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Middle East, the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Spain and the United Kingdom (“UK”). EMEA consists of

~~Table of Contents~~

two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily provides reinsurance through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements on a variety of life, health and critical illness products. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and, in some markets, group risks. The Financial Solutions segment consists of reinsurance and other transactions associated with longevity closed blocks, payout annuities, capital management solutions and financial reinsurance.


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)																Three months ended September 30,
	2019							2018								2020								2019
Revenues:	Traditional			Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total EMEA			Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total EMEA			Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA
Net premiums	$	359,394		$	54,692	$	414,086	$	340,414	$	49,104		$	389,518		$	371	$	58		$	429		$	359	$	55	$	414
Investment income, net of related expenses	17,514			54,937		72,451		16,190		37,548			53,738			18		46			64			17		55		72
Investment related gains (losses), net	(112		)	2,165		2,053		—		(87		)	(87		)	—		4			4			—		2		2
Other revenues	1,314			5,006		6,320		455		5,099			5,554			1		2			3			2		5		7
Total revenues	378,110			116,800		494,910		357,059		91,664			448,723			390		110			500			378		117		495
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	297,289			33,333		330,622		291,442		24,211			315,653			331		5			336			297		34		331
Interest credited	—			11,916		11,916		—		2,402			2,402			—		(1		)	(1		)	—		12		12
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	26,538			562		27,100		21,817		814			22,631			28		1			29			27		—		27
Other operating expenses	28,941			9,743		38,684		25,430		8,032			33,462			24		13			37			29		10		39
Total benefits and expenses	352,768			55,554		408,322		338,689		35,459			374,148			383		18			401			353		56		409
Income before income taxes	$	25,342		$	61,246	$	86,588	$	18,370	$	56,205		$	74,575		$	7	$	92		$	99		$	25	$	61	$	86


(dollars in thousands)	Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)													Nine months ended September 30,
	2019						2018						2020								2019
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA		Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total EMEA			Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total EMEA
Net premiums	$	1,074,162	$	163,453	$	1,237,615	$	1,070,677	$	146,218	$	1,216,895	$	1,113	$	168		$	1,281		$	1,074	$	164	$	1,238
Investment income, net of related expenses	54,261		150,195		204,456		49,041		109,810		158,851		55		135			190			54		150		204
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		8,079		8,079		9		9,123		9,132		—		14			14			—		8		8
Other revenues	3,192		18,480		21,672		3,652		15,331		18,983		—		7			7			4		18		22
Total revenues	1,131,615		340,207		1,471,822		1,123,379		280,482		1,403,861		1,168		324			1,492			1,132		340		1,472
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	905,085		129,762		1,034,847		928,431		88,536		1,016,967		966		71			1,037			905		130		1,035
Interest credited	—		26,538		26,538		—		3,877		3,877		—		(2		)	(2		)	—		27		27
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	84,085		2,374		86,459		77,330		2,948		80,278		90		3			93			84		2		86
Other operating expenses	85,558		30,096		115,654		77,359		24,383		101,742		72		32			104			86		30		116
Total benefits and expenses	1,074,728		188,770		1,263,498		1,083,120		119,744		1,202,864		1,128		104			1,232			1,075		189		1,264
Income before income taxes	$	56,887	$	151,437	$	208,324	$	40,259	$	160,738	$	200,997	$	40	$	220		$	260		$	57	$	151	$	208

Income before income taxes increased by ~~$12.0~~$13 million, or ~~16.1%~~15.1%, and ~~$7.3~~$52 million, or 25.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019. The increases in income before income taxes were primarily due to favorable performance on closed block longevity business offset by poor mortality experience mainly from the impact of COVID-19. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of $6 million and $2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019.

Traditional Reinsurance

Income before income taxes decreased $18 million and $17 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019. Poor mortality experience, primarily due to the impact of COVID-19, as well as poor morbidity experience was partially offset by a decrease in general expenses. The decrease in income for the first nine months was primarily due to a worsening of mortality experience, mainly due to COVID-19 claims as well as poor morbidity experience, partially offset by lower general expenses. See “The COVID-19 Impact and Update” above for more information regarding the impact of COVID-19. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of $2 million and $1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019.

Net premiums increased $12 million, or 3.3%, and $39 million, or 3.6%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in 2018. The increases in income before income taxes were primarily due to favorable performance in the individual mortality, closed block longevity and payout annuity businesses, as well as increased business volumes. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of $4.7 million and $13.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.

~~Traditional Reinsurance~~

~~Income before income taxes increased by $7.0 million, or 38.0%, and $16.6 million, or 41.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in~~ ~~2018~~. The increase in income for the quarter was primarily due to an improvement in individual mortality experience. The increase in income for the first nine months was primarily due to an improvement in individual mortality and morbidity experience. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of $1.2 million and $3.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Net premiums increased $19.0 million, or 5.6%, and $3.5 million, or 0.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The increase in net premiums for the three and nine months ~~was primarily~~were due to an increase in business ~~volumes on existing treaties partially offset by treaty terminations and unfavorable~~volume from new treaties. Additionally, foreign ~~exchange fluctuations. Foreign~~ currency exchange fluctuations increased net premiums by $6 million and decreased net premiums by ~~$17.1 million and $73.0~~$27 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019.

A portion of the net premiums for the segment, in each period presented, relates to reinsurance of critical illness coverage (morbidity risk), primarily in the UK. This coverage provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness. Net premiums earned from this coverage totaled ~~$48.6~~$43 million and ~~$45.6~~$49 million for the third quarter and ~~$136.1~~$125 million and ~~$142.4~~$136 million for the first nine months of ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

Net investment income increased ~~$1.3~~$1 million, or ~~8.2%~~5.9%, and ~~$5.2~~$1 million, or ~~10.6%~~1.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases in net investment income were~~increase is primarily due to an increase in the invested asset base ~~resulting~~ from business ~~growth.~~growth, partially offset by a decrease in investment yields. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in net investment income of ~~$0.9 million and $3.9~~$2 million for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2018.~~2019.

Loss ratios for this segment were ~~82.7%~~89.2% and ~~85.6%~~82.7% for the third quarter and ~~84.3%~~86.8% and ~~86.7%~~84.3% for the first nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The ~~decreases~~increases in loss ratios were due to normal claims variability ~~associated with individual mortality~~ and ~~morbidity business and changes in business mix.~~the impact of approximately $13 million of COVID-19 related claims reported during the third quarter of 2020. Approximately $42 million of COVID-19 related claims have been reported for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~7.4%~~7.5% and ~~6.4%~~7.4% for the third quarter and ~~7.8%~~8.1% and ~~7.2%~~7.8% for the first nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively. ~~The increases~~Changes in the percentages are due primarily to variations in the mixture of business.

Other operating expenses ~~increased $3.5~~decreased $5 million, or ~~13.8%~~17.2%, and ~~$8.2~~$14 million, or ~~10.6%~~16.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increase is in line with expected expense levels needed~~current periods have benefited from reduced incentive-based compensation and travel expenses primarily attributable to ~~support the business as well as higher incentive-based compensation.~~COVID-19. Foreign currency fluctuations resulted in a decrease in operating expenses of ~~$1.3~~$2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums totaled 6.5% and 8.1% for the third quarter and 6.5% and 8.0% for the first nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Financial Solutions Reinsurance

Income before income taxes increased by $31 million, or 50.8%, and $69 million, or 45.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019. The increases were primarily due to favorable termination experience on closed longevity blocks. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of $4 million and ~~$5.7~~$1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net~~2019.

Net premiums ~~totaled 8.1% and 7.5% for the third quarter and 8.0% and 7.2% for the first nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~ ~~and 2018, respectively.~~

~~Financial Solutions~~ ~~Reinsurance~~

~~Income before income taxes~~ increased by ~~$5.0~~$3 million, or ~~9.0%~~5.5%, and ~~decreased by $9.3~~$4 million, or ~~5.8%~~2.4%, ~~for the~~ ~~three and nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in~~ ~~2018~~. The increase in the third quarter was primarily due to favorable longevity performance and increased business volumes. The decrease in income before income taxes for the first nine months was primarily due to the normalization of performance on closed longevity blocks after a positive 2018. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of $3.4 million and $9.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~

~~Net premiums increased by $5.6 million, or 11.4%, and $17.2 million, or 11.8%, for the~~ ~~three and nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The increases in net premiums were due to higher new business volumes of closed longevity business. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~decreased~~increased net premiums by ~~$3.1~~$3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019.

Net investment income decreased by $9 million, or 16.4%, and ~~$10.1~~by $15 million, or 10.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~

~~Net investment income increased $17.4 million, or 46.3%, and $40.4 million, or 36.8%, for the~~ ~~three and nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The ~~increase~~decreases in investment income ~~for the three months was~~were primarily due to an increased invested asset yield and an increased invested asset base resulting from business growth. The increase for the nine months was due to an increased invested asset yield, an increased invested asset base from business growth as well as an increasea decrease in investment income associated with unit-linked policies which fluctuate with market ~~performance.~~performance partly offset by an increase in the invested asset base from business growth. The effect on investment income related to unit-linked products is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in net investment income of ~~$3.2~~$2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019.

Investment related gains (losses) net, increased by $2 million and ~~$9.4~~$6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The increases were primarily due to increases in the fair market value of derivative hedging instruments.

Other revenues decreased by ~~$0.1~~$3 million, or ~~1.8%~~60.0%, and ~~increased by $3.1~~$11 million, or ~~20.5%~~61.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increase~~decreases in other revenues ~~for~~primarily relates to fees from a treaty that terminated in the ~~first nine months~~fourth quarter of 2019 ~~was primarily due to fees~~and a one-time fee received related to a new ~~closed block~~payout annuity ~~transaction.~~transaction completed in the second quarter of 2019. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in other revenues of ~~$0.2~~$1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019.

Claims and ~~$1.4~~other policy benefits decreased $29 million, or 85.3%, and $59 million, or 45.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Claims and other policy benefits increased $9.1 million, or 37.7%, and $41.2 million, or 46.6%, for the three and nine months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The ~~increase~~decrease in the third quarter and the first nine months was primarily due to ~~increased volumes of~~favorable termination experience on closed block longevity ~~block business as well as a normalization of performance compared to favorable performance in 2018.~~business. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in claims and other policy benefits of ~~$1.9~~$2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019.

Interest credited expense decreased by $13 million and ~~$8.2~~$29 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~

~~Interest credited expense increased by $9.5 million and $22.7 million or the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. Interest credited in this segment relates to amounts credited to the contractholders of unit-linked products. The effect on interest credited related to unit-linked products is substantially offset by a corresponding change in investment income.

Other operating expenses increased ~~$1.7~~$3 million, or ~~21.3%~~30.0%, and ~~$5.7~~$2 million, or ~~23.4%~~6.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018~~2019. The increase is due to ~~normal~~ growth in operations and ~~an increase~~is in ~~acquisition related costs. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in operating expenses of $0.5 million and $1.9 million for~~line with expected expense levels needed to support the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~business.

Asia Pacific Operations

The Asia Pacific operations include business generated by its offices principally in Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. The Traditional segment’s principal types of reinsurance include individual and group life and health, critical illness, disability and superannuation. Superannuation is the Australian government mandated compulsory retirement savings program. Superannuation funds accumulate retirement funds for employees, and, in addition, typically offer life and disability insurance coverage. The Financial Solutions segment includes financial reinsurance and asset-intensive transactions including certain disability, life and health blocks with significant investment risk. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and in some markets, group risks.



(dollars in millions)	Three months ended September 30,
	2020						2019
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific		Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums	$	653	$	35	$	688	$	656	$	30		$	686
Investment income, net of related expenses	22		22		44		27		10			37
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		—		—		—		(1		)	(1		)
Other revenues	5		9		14		2		7			9
Total revenues	680		66		746		685		46			731
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	525		33		558		585		28			613
Interest credited	—		13		13		—		7			7
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	33		5		38		40		5			45
Other operating expenses	44		5		49		38		4			42
Total benefits and expenses	602		56		658		663		44			707
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	78	$	10	$	88	$	22	$	2		$	24

(dollars in thousands) Three months ended September 30,
2019 2018
Revenues: Traditional Financial Solutions Total Asia Pacific Traditional Financial Solutions Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums $ 655,911
$ 29,995
$ 685,906
$ 551,695
$ 75
$ 551,770
Investment income, net of related expenses 26,643
10,482
37,125
23,169
10,145
33,314
Investment related gains (losses), net (1 ) (1,062 ) (1,063 ) —
(438 ) (438 )
Other revenues 3,333
6,287
9,620
3,171
6,385
9,556
Total revenues 685,886
45,702
731,588
578,035
16,167
594,202
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits 584,005
28,399
612,404
431,570
3,894
435,464
Interest credited —
6,081
6,081
—
6,875
6,875
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 40,114
5,095
45,209
42,063
786
42,849
Other operating expenses 40,314
4,241
44,555
42,395
4,406
46,801
Total benefits and expenses 664,433
43,816
708,249
516,028
15,961
531,989
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 21,453
$ 1,886
$ 23,339
$ 62,007
$ 206
$ 62,213

~~Table of Contents~~


(dollars in thousands)	Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)													Nine months ended September 30,
	2019						2018						2020								2019
Revenues:	Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific		Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific		Traditional		Financial Solutions			Total Asia Pacific			Traditional		Financial Solutions		Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums	$	1,909,070	$	108,243	$	2,017,313	$	1,680,007	$	783	$	1,680,790	$	1,896	$	140		$	2,036		$	1,909	$	108	$	2,017
Investment income, net of related expenses	76,710		31,134		107,844		71,845		30,723		102,568		76		60			136			77		31		108
Investment related gains (losses), net	7		2,191		2,198		8		4,933		4,941		—		(18		)	(18		)	—		2		2
Other revenues	6,688		18,220		24,908		11,234		17,566		28,800		11		27			38			6		19		25
Total revenues	1,992,475		159,788		2,152,263		1,763,094		54,005		1,817,099		1,983		209			2,192			1,992		160		2,152
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,698,453		97,225		1,795,678		1,362,356		10,767		1,373,123		1,594		127			1,721			1,699		97		1,796
Interest credited	—		19,513		19,513		—		19,929		19,929		—		37			37			—		20		20
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	78,853		20,004		98,857		138,429		2,711		141,140		116		24			140			79		20		99
Other operating expenses	122,317		13,159		135,476		118,553		12,233		130,786		124		10			134			121		13		134
Total benefits and expenses	1,899,623		149,901		2,049,524		1,619,338		45,640		1,664,978		1,834		198			2,032			1,899		150		2,049
Income before income taxes	$	92,852	$	9,887	$	102,739	$	143,756	$	8,365	$	152,121	$	149	$	11		$	160		$	93	$	10	$	103

Income before income taxes ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$38.9~~$64 million, or ~~62.5%~~266.7%, and ~~$49.4~~$57 million, or ~~32.5%~~55.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~decreases~~increase in income before income taxes ~~are~~for the ~~result~~three months ended September 30, 2020, was primarily due to favorable claims experience in Asia and a modest profit in Australia compared to losses in the prior period, as well as continued growth of anFinancial Solutions Reinsurance in Asia. The increase in income before income taxes for the ~~loss incurred in Australia and unfavorable~~first nine months is primarily attributable to net favorable claims experience ~~and assumption updates in Asia as compared to~~across the ~~prior periods.~~segment. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of ~~$3.5~~$1 million and ~~$2.2~~$3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019.

Traditional Reinsurance

Income before income taxes ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$40.6~~$56 million, or ~~65.4%~~254.5%, and ~~$50.9~~$56 million, or ~~35.4%~~60.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020 as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~decreases~~increase in income before income taxes ~~are~~for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was the result of ~~an increase in the loss incurred in Australia and unfavorable~~net favorable claims experience ~~and assumption updates~~ in Asia as compared to the ~~prior periods.~~same period in 2019, and a modest profit in Australia compared to losses in the same period in 2019. Income before income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, increased due to net favorable claims experience across the segment. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of ~~$3.1~~$1 million and ~~$1.5~~$2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019.

Net premiums ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$104.2~~$3 million, or ~~18.9%~~0.5%, and ~~$229.1~~$13 million, or ~~13.6%~~0.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018. The increases were driven by~~2019. Premiums for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2020, are reflective of new business ~~written~~growth in Asia, partially offset by premium reductions in Australia group business as ~~well as in force growth across~~a result of the ~~segment.~~non-renewal of two large group treaties effective June 30, 2020. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in ~~a decrease~~an increase in net premiums of ~~$11.9~~$6 million and ~~$62.3~~a decrease of $22 million for the three and nine months of ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019.

~~A portion of~~Net premiums earned from the ~~net premiums for the segment, in each period presented, relates to~~ reinsurance of critical illness ~~coverage. This~~(morbidity risk) in the segment, which is offered primarily in South Korea, Australia, China and Hong Kong, totaled $294 million and $294 million for the third quarter and $796 million and $789 million for the first nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Critical illness coverage provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness. ~~Reinsurance of critical illness in the segment is offered primarily in South Korea, Australia, China~~

Net investment income decreased by $5 million, or 18.5%, and ~~Hong Kong. Net premiums earned from this coverage totaled $294.4~~$1 million, ~~and $191.1 million~~or 1.3%, for the ~~third quarter~~three and ~~$789.3 million and $607.7 million for the first~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~ ~~and~~ ~~2018, respectively.~~

~~Net investment income increased by $3.5 million, or 15.0%, and $4.9 million, or 6.8%, for the~~ ~~three and nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018~~.2019. The ~~increases were~~decrease for the third quarter was due to ~~an increase in invested asset base, partially offset by~~ a lower investment ~~yield and foreign currency exchange fluctuations.~~yields. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in net investment income of ~~$0.8 million and $3.7~~$2 million for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2018.~~2019.

Other revenues increased by ~~$0.2~~$3 million, or ~~5.1%~~150.0%, and ~~decreased by $4.5~~$5 million, or ~~40.5%~~83.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~decrease in the first nine months of 2019 was~~increases are primarily related to ~~variances~~recapture fees in Asia. Fluctuations in other revenues are driven by foreign currency gains and losses ~~recognized~~ in each period. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in other revenues of $0.3 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.

Loss ratios for this segment were ~~89.0%~~80.4% and ~~78.2%~~89.0% for the third quarter and ~~89.0%~~84.1% and ~~81.1%~~89.0% for the ~~first~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The ~~increases~~decreases in the loss ~~ratios~~ratio for the third quarter and for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019, were primarily due to ~~unfavorable~~favorable claims experience ~~in several markets, as well as~~across the segment. Based on client reporting received to date, the impact of ~~experience adjustments in Asia.~~COVID-19 claims was not material to the segment during the third quarter of 2020.

~~Table of Contents~~

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were ~~6.1%~~5.1% and ~~7.6%~~6.1% for the third quarter and ~~4.1%~~6.1% and ~~8.2%~~4.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The ratio of policy acquisition costs and ~~2018, respectively. These percentages fluctuate~~other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums fluctuates periodically due to timing of client company reporting ~~premium refunds,~~and variations in the mixture of ~~business and the relative maturity of the~~ business.In addition, as the segment grows, renewal premiums, which have lower allowances than first-year premiums, represent a greater percentage of the total net premiums. Experience adjustments in Asia resulted in reduced policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Favorability in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses was offset by an increase to claims and other policy benefits.

Other operating expenses ~~decreased $2.1~~increased $6 million, or ~~4.9%~~15.8%, and ~~increased by $3.8~~$3 million, or ~~3.2%~~2.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The increase infor the ~~first nine~~three months ~~was mainly due~~ended September 30, 2020 is primarily attributable to growth in ~~operations~~headcount across Asia to manage the business growth in ~~Asia.~~the region, partially offset by lower travel expenses primarily attributable to COVID-19. The nine months ended September 30, 2020 also benefited from lower incentive-based compensation expense. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums totaled ~~6.1%~~6.7% and ~~7.7%~~6.1% for the third quarter and ~~6.4%~~6.5% and ~~7.1%~~6.4% for the first nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The timing of premium flows and the level of costs associated with the entrance into and development of new markets within the segment may cause other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums to fluctuate over periods of time.

Financial Solutions Reinsurance

Income before income taxes increased by ~~$1.7~~$8 million and ~~$1.5~~$1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018~~.2019. The increase in income before income taxes for the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2019~~third quarter was primarily due to new business growth in Asia. The increase in income for the ~~segment.~~nine months ended September 30, 2020, was due to new business growth in Asia, partially offset by a decline in investment related gains (losses), net. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of ~~$0.4~~$1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019.

Net premiums increased $5 million and ~~$0.8~~$32 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~

~~Net premiums increased $29.9 million and $107.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.~~2019. The ~~increase for the third quarter and first nine months was due~~increases were attributable to new asset-intensive transactions in Asia. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~had a negligible effect on~~increased net premiums by $1 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same period in 2018. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations increased net premiums by $0.8 million and decreased net premiums by $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018.2019.

Net investment income increased ~~$0.3~~$12 million, or ~~3.3%~~120.0%, and ~~$0.4~~$29 million, or ~~1.3%~~93.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018 mainly~~2019 primarily due to an increase in invested asset base, partially offset by a lower investment ~~yield and foreign currency exchange fluctuations.~~yields. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations ~~resulted in~~had a ~~decrease in~~negligible impact on net investment income ~~of $0.2 million and $1.0 million~~ for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019.

Other revenues, ~~decreased~~which primarily represents fees earned on financial reinsurance transactions, increased by ~~$0.1~~$2 million, or ~~1.5%~~28.6%, and ~~increased by $0.7~~$8 million, or ~~3.7%~~42.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. At September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures was ~~$3.3~~$2.9 billion and ~~$2.9~~$3.3 billion, respectively. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period.

Claims and other policy benefits increased by ~~$24.5~~$5 million and ~~$86.5~~$30 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The increases ~~in the third quarter and first nine months~~ were attributable to new asset-intensive transactions in Asia.

Other operating expenses increased by ~~$0.2~~$1 million, or ~~3.7%~~25.0%, and ~~$0.9~~decreased by $3 million, or ~~7.6%~~23.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The increase in other operating expense is primarily due to new business growth partially offset by lower travel and other expenses primarily attributable to COVID-19. The decrease in the first nine months is related to lower travel expenses primarily attributable to COVID-19 as well as lower incentive-based compensation expense. The timing of transactions and the level of costs associated with the entrance into and development of new markets and new transactions within the segment may cause other operating expenses to fluctuate over periods of time.

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets, investment related gains and losses and service fees. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s collateral finance and securitization transactions and service business expenses. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results from certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, such as RGAx, and joint ventures that, among other activities, develop and market technology, and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance and reinsurance industries. ~~In the past two years, the~~The Company has increased its investment and expenditures in this area in an effort to both support its clients and accelerate the development of new solutions and services to increase consumer engagement within the life insurance industry.

~~Table of Contents~~


(dollars in thousands)	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)													Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	6		$	7		$	(30	)	$	27		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Investment income, net of related expenses	49,967			51,846			147,993			124,719			41			51			147			149
Investment related gains (losses), net	(526		)	(22,524		)	(7,645		)	(54,739		)	9			(1		)	(36		)	(8		)
Other revenues	10,027			8,509			49,771			22,886			17			10			38			49
Total revenues	59,474			37,838			190,089			92,893			67			60			149			190
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	108			24			(38		)	452			1			—			1			—
Interest credited	5,421			3,015			16,383			7,942			2			4			7			15
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance income	(29,533		)	(30,531		)	(87,568		)	(91,539		)	(27		)	(29		)	(84		)	(87		)
Other operating expenses	71,496			64,896			218,624			194,126			70			73			201			219
Interest expense	45,927			33,290			129,383			107,769			43			46			126			129
Collateral finance and securitization expense	7,102			7,467			22,670			22,509			4			7			14			23
Total benefits and expenses	100,521			78,161			299,454			241,259			93			101			265			299
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(41,047	)	$	(40,323	)	$	(109,365	)	$	(148,366	)	$	(26	)	$	(41	)	$	(116	)	$	(109	)

~~Loss~~Income (loss) before income taxes increased by ~~$0.7~~$15 million and decreased by ~~$39.0~~$7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The increase in ~~loss~~income (loss) before income taxes for the third quarter was primarily due to ~~increased interest expense~~increases in investment related gains and other ~~operating~~revenues, and a decrease in total benefits and expenses, partially offset by lower investment ~~losses.~~income. The decrease in ~~loss~~income (loss) before income taxes for the first nine months was primarily due to ~~decreased net~~an increase in investment related losses and ~~higher investment income~~a decrease in other revenue, partially offset by ~~increased~~lower other operating ~~expenses and interest expense.~~expenses.

Net investment income decreased by ~~$1.9~~$10 million, or ~~3.6%~~19.6%, and ~~increased by $23.3~~$2 million, or ~~18.7%~~1.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~decrease~~decreases in the third quarter ~~was~~and first nine months were largely attributable to lower yield on unallocated invested ~~assets. The~~assets and higher cash balances, partially offset by an increase ~~in the first nine months was largely attributable to increases~~ in unallocated invested ~~assets and a higher average investment yield.~~asset base.

Net investment related ~~losses~~gains (losses) increased by $10 million and decreased by ~~$22.0 million and $47.1~~$28 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The increase in the third quarter gains was primarily due to a decrease in the allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities available-for-sale of $12 million and favorable fluctuations in the fair value of derivatives, partially offset by losses on the sale of fixed maturity securities and lower variable investment income from limited partnerships, which can be highly variable from period to period. The decrease in the ~~third quarter losses~~first nine months of 2020 was primarily due to an increase in ~~net gains~~the valuation allowance on mortgage loans of $16 million, primarily attributable to the ~~sale of fixed maturity securities of $20.2 million and an increase~~economic uncertainty caused by COVID-19, decreases in the fair value of equity securities ~~of $0.4 million, as well as a decrease of $4.9 million in~~and lower variable investment ~~impairments. The increase in the first nine months of 2019 was primarily due~~income from limited partnerships, which can be highly variable from period to ~~an increase in net gains on the sale of fixed maturity securities of $47.4 million and an increase~~period, partially offset by favorable fluctuations in the fair value of ~~equity securities of $17.1 million, which were offset by a $1.5 million increase in other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities and other investments.~~derivatives.

Other revenues increased by ~~$1.5~~$7 million and ~~$26.9~~decreased by $11 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The increase in the third quarter was ~~mainly related~~primarily due to ~~the Company’s RGAx operations, which contributed $5.1 million to the variance in other revenues, and was partially offset by losses primarily in~~favorable foreign ~~currency~~ exchange ~~of $2.3 million.~~rate fluctuations. The ~~increase~~decrease in the first nine months of ~~2019~~2020 was mainly due to changes in the cash surrender value of corporate owned life insurance policies, partially offset by favorable foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Additionally, prior year results included a recapture of a collateral finance transaction, which resulted in a ~~$12.9~~$13 million ~~gain. In addition,~~fee paid to the Company. The Company’s RGAx operations contributed ~~$38.0~~$12 million and $31 million to other revenues infor the ~~first~~three and nine months ~~of 2019~~ended September 30, 2020 compared to ~~$22.0~~$12 million and $38 million in the ~~same period in 2018.~~prior year periods.

Policy acquisition costs and other insurance ~~income decreased by $1.0~~expense increased $2 million, or ~~3.3%~~6.9%, and ~~$4.0~~$3 million, or ~~4.3%~~3.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. Fluctuations period over period were attributable to the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments.

Other operating expenses ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$6.6~~$3 million, or ~~10.2%~~4.1%, and ~~$24.5~~$18 million, or ~~12.6%~~8.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decrease in other operating expenses ~~were~~for both periods presented was primarily due to ~~growth in strategic initiatives, such~~lower incentive-based compensation expense as ~~RGAx,~~well as lower travel expenses, consulting fees and ~~increased incentive-based compensation.~~contract labor expenses.

Interest expense ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$12.6~~$3 million, or ~~38.0%~~6.5%, and ~~$21.6~~$3 million, or ~~20.1%~~2.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, as compared to the same periods in ~~2018.~~2019. The ~~increases~~decrease in interest expense ~~resulted~~was primarily ~~from the issuance of $600.0 million in long-term debt in May 2019 and the variability~~due to decreases in tax-related interest ~~expense.~~expense, partially offset by higher interest expense due the 2020 debt issuance.

~~Table of Contents~~

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

The Company believes that cash flows from the ~~various sources~~source of funds available to it will provide sufficient cash flows for the next twelve months to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of the Company under various scenarios that include the potential risk of early recapture of reinsurance treaties, market events and higher than expected ~~claims.~~claims associated with the pandemic. Given the uncertainty associated with COVID-19 and the related volatility in the financial markets, the Company increased its cash and cash equivalents to $3.3 billion as of September 30, 2020, compared to $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2019, an increase of $1.9 billion. The Company performs periodic liquidity stress testing to ensure its asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster its liquidity position under stress scenarios. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed. The Company’s liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be funded through net cash flows from operations. However, in the event of significant unanticipated cash requirements, ~~beyond normal liquidity needs,~~ the Company has multiple liquidity alternatives available based on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These alternatives include borrowings under committed credit facilities, secured borrowings, the ability to issue long-term debt, preferred securities or common equity, and ~~if necessary,~~ the sale of invested assets subject to market conditions.

In order to enhance the Company’s strong capital and liquidity position, the Company executed two capital market transactions during the second quarter. On June 5, 2020, the Company completed an offering of its common stock and received net proceeds of $481 million, and on June 9, 2020, completed a senior debt offering and received net proceeds of $593 million.

Current Market Environment

The current low interest rate environment in ~~select~~the Company’s primary geographical markets ~~primarily the U.S., Canada and Europe,~~ continues to put downward pressure on the Company’s investment yield. ~~However, the~~The Company’s average investment yield, excluding spread business, for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020, was ~~4.57%~~3.93%, 1264 basis points ~~above~~below the same period in ~~2018~~2019 due to ~~higher~~the continuing low interest rate environment, high cash balances and lower income from limited partnerships. The Company’s insurance liabilities, in particular its annuity products, are sensitive to changing market factors. Gross unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities available-for-sale increased from ~~$1,858.7~~$4.5 billion at December 31, 2019 to $6.4 billion at September 30, 2020. Similarly, gross unrealized losses increased from $110 million at December 31, ~~2018~~2019 to ~~$4,723.1~~$370 million at September 30, ~~2019. Similarly, gross unrealized losses decreased from $748.5 million at December 31, 2018 to $102.2 million at September 30, 2019.~~2020.

The Company continues to be in a position to hold any investment security showing an unrealized loss until recovery, provided it remains comfortable with the credit of the issuer. As indicated above, gross unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities of ~~$4,723.1 million~~$6.4 billion remain well in excess of gross unrealized losses of ~~$102.2~~$370 million as of September 30, ~~2019.~~2020. The Company does not rely on short-term funding or commercial paper and to date it has experienced no liquidity pressure, nor does it anticipate such pressure in the foreseeable future.

The Company projects its reserves to be sufficient, and it would not expect to write down deferred acquisition costs or be required to take any actions to augment capital, even if interest rates remain at current levels for the next five years, assuming all other factors remain constant. While the Company has felt the pressures of sustained low interest rates and volatile equity markets and may continue to do so, its business operations are not overly sensitive to these risks. Although management believes the Company’s current capital base is adequate to support its business at current operating levels, it continues to monitor new business opportunities and any associated new capital needs that could arise from the changing financial landscape.

The Holding Company

RGA is an insurance holding company whose primary uses of liquidity include, but are not limited to, the immediate capital needs of its operating companies, dividends paid to its shareholders, repurchase of common stock and interest payments on its indebtedness. The primary sources of RGA’s liquidity include proceeds from its capital-raising efforts, interest income on undeployed corporate investments, interest income received on surplus notes with RGA Reinsurance, RCM and Rockwood Re and dividends from operating subsidiaries. Total interest and dividend income increased by $327 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019 primarily due to cash dividends received from operating subsidiaries during the first half of the current year. As the Company continues its growth efforts, RGA will continue to be dependent upon these sources of liquidity. The following tables provide comparative information for RGA (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,				Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest and dividend income									$	21	$	36	$	429	$	102
Interest expense	$	54,036	$	40,924	$	154,034	$	133,618	35		54		135		154
Capital contributions to subsidiaries	12,000		17,850		50,768		40,850		13		12		46		51
Issuance of unaffiliated debt									—		—		598		599
Dividends to shareholders	43,886		38,071		119,233		102,441		47		44		134		119
Interest and dividend income	35,758		132,035		101,676		396,055
Issuance of unaffiliated debt	—		—		598,524		—
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses									—		—		481		—
Repurchases of treasury stock									—		30		153		80

September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
Cash and invested assets $ 814,504
$ 658,850



	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Cash and invested assets	$	1,414	$	554

See Item 15, Schedule II -– “Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant” in the ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report for additional financial information related to RGA.

~~Table of Contents~~

The undistributed earnings of substantially all of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries have been reinvested indefinitely in those non-U.S. operations, as described in Note 9 -– “Income Tax” ofin the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report. As U.S. Tax Reform generally eliminates U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries, the Company does not expect to incur material income taxes if these funds are repatriated.

RGA endeavors to maintain a capital structure that provides financial and operational flexibility to its subsidiaries, credit ratings that support its competitive position in the financial services marketplace, and shareholder returns. As part of the Company’s capital deployment strategy, it has in recent years repurchased shares of RGA common stock and paid dividends to RGA shareholders, as authorized by the board of directors. RGA’s current share repurchase program, which was approved by the board of directors in January 2019, authorizes the repurchase of up to ~~$400.0~~$400 million of common stock. On May 6, 2020, the Company announced that is has suspended stock repurchases until further notice. The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

Details underlying dividend and share repurchase program activity were as follows (in ~~thousands,~~millions, except share data):


	Nine months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2020		2019
Dividends to shareholders	$	119,233	$	102,441	$	134	$	119
Repurchases of treasury stock	79,804		258,524		153		80
Total amount paid to shareholders	$	199,037	$	360,965	$	287	$	199

Number of shares repurchased	546,614		1,750,295		1,074		547
Average price per share	$	146.00	$	147.70	$	142.05	$	146.00

On June 5, 2020, the Company completed a public offering of 6,172,840 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, at a public offering price of $81.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $481 million. The Company granted the underwriters an option to purchase from the Company, within 30 days after the underwriting Agreement dated June 2, 2020, up to an additional 925,926 shares of common stock at the offering price of $81.00 per share. The underwriters’ option was not exercised and expired on July 2, 2020. The Company anticipates using the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes.

In October ~~2019,~~2020, RGA’s board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.70 per share. All future payments of dividends are at the discretion of RGA’s board of directors and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, insurance regulatory conditions, operating conditions, and other such factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. The amount of dividends that RGA can pay will depend in part on the operations of its reinsurance subsidiaries. See Note 3 -– “Equity” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the Company’s share repurchase program.

Debt

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. The Company is required to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, as defined in the debt agreements, of $5.3 billion, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter. Also, consolidated indebtedness, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, cannot exceed 35% of the sum of the Company’s consolidated indebtedness plus adjusted consolidated stockholders’ equity. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain ~~cross-default~~cross-acceleration covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of ~~a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to,~~ non-payment of certain other indebtedness when ~~due for an amount in excess of the amounts set forth in those agreements, bankruptcy proceedings, or~~demanded, and any other event ~~that~~which results in the acceleration of the maturity of such other indebtedness.

As of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had ~~$3.4~~$3.6 billion and ~~$2.8~~$3.0 billion, respectively, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the average net interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was ~~5.01%~~4.54% and ~~5.24%~~4.82%, respectively. The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, available liquidity at the holding company, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds.

On June 9, 2020, RGA issued 3.15% Senior Notes due June 15, 2030, with a face amount of $600 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $593 million and will be used in part to repay the Company’s $400 million 5.000% senior notes due in 2021, and the remainder will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $5 million.

On May 15, 2019, RGA issued 3.9% Senior Notes due May 15, 2029, with a face amount of ~~$600.0~~$600 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately ~~$593.8~~$594 million and ~~will be~~were used in part to repay upon maturity the Company’s ~~$400.0~~$400 million 6.45% Senior Notes that mature in November 2019. The remainder will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately ~~$4.8~~$5 million.

~~Table of Contents~~

The Company enters into derivative agreements with counterparties that reference either the Company’s debt rating or its financial strength rating. If either rating is downgraded in the future, it could trigger certain terms in the Company’s derivative agreements, which could negatively affect overall liquidity. For the majority of the Company’s derivative agreements, there is a termination event ~~at the Company’s option,~~ should the long-term senior debt ratings drop below either BBB+ (S&P) or Baa1 (Moody’s) or the financial strength ratings drop below either A- (S&P) or A3 (Moody’s).

The Company may borrow up to ~~$850.0~~$850 million in cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies on its revolving credit facility that matures in August 2023. As of September 30, ~~2019~~,2020, the Company had no cash borrowings outstanding and ~~$19.5~~$21 million in issued, but undrawn, letters of credit under this facility.

Based on the historic cash flows and the current financial results of the Company, management believes RGA’s cash flows will be sufficient to enable RGA to meet its obligations for at least the next 12 months.

Credit and Committed Facilities

At September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company maintained an ~~$850.0~~$850 million syndicated revolving credit facility and certain committed letter of credit facilities aggregating to ~~$1,070.6 million.~~$1.1 billion. See Note 13 -– “Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report for further information about these facilities.

The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions similar to those described in the “Debt” discussion above. At September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, there were approximately ~~$84.8~~$23 million of outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, in accordance with applicable regulations, the Company utilizes letters of credit to secure statutory reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and the UK. The Company believes the capital required to support the business in the affiliates reflects more realistic expectations than the original jurisdiction of the business, where capital requirements are often considered to be quite conservative. As of September 30, ~~2019, $1.1~~2020, $1.5 billion in letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, but undrawn, backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company.

Cash Flows

The Company’s principal cash inflows from its reinsurance operations include premiums and deposit funds received from ceding companies. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are early recapture of the reinsurance contract by the ceding company and lapses of annuity products reinsured by the Company. The Company’s principal cash inflows from its invested assets result from investment income and the maturity and sales of invested assets. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash inflows relates to the risk of default by debtors and interest rate volatility. The Company manages these risks very closely. See “Investments” and “Interest Rate Risk” below.

Additional sources of liquidity to meet unexpected cash outflows in excess of operating cash inflows and current cash and equivalents on hand include selling short-term investments or fixed maturity securities and drawing funds under a revolving credit facility, under which the Company had availability of ~~$830.5~~$829 million as of September 30, ~~2019.~~2020. The Company also has ~~$901.1~~$544 million of funds available through collateralized borrowings from the FHLB as of September 30, ~~2019.~~2020. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company could have borrowed these additional amounts without violating any of its existing debt covenants.

The Company’s principal cash outflows relate to the payment of claims liabilities, interest credited, operating expenses, income taxes, dividends to shareholders, purchases of treasury stock and principal and interest under debt and other financing obligations. The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises or reinsurers under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts (See Note 2 –“Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report). The Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires nor to the recoverability of future claims. The Company’s management believes its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next 12 months.

~~Table of Contents~~

Summary of Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital

The Company’s primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:


		For the nine months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
		2019		2018			2020		2019
		(Dollars in thousands)					(Dollars in millions)
Sources:	Sources:					Sources:
						Net cash provided by operating activities	$	2,779	$	1,764
						Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	481		—
	Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,763,250	$	1,100,163	Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	598		599
	Net cash provided by investing activities	—		31,012		Exercise of stock options, net	1		4
	Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	598,524		—		Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	28		—
	Exercise of stock options, net	4,259		2,336		Cash provided by changes in universal life and other
	Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	—		—		investment type policies and contracts	617		—
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—		—		Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	8		—
	Total sources	2,366,033		1,133,511		Total sources	4,512		2,367

Uses:	Uses:					Uses:
	Net cash used in investing activities	980,206		—		Net cash used in investing activities	2,214		981
	Dividends to stockholders	119,233		102,441		Dividends to stockholders	134		119
	Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	76,516		75,146		Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	188		77
	Debt issuance costs	4,750		—		Debt issuance costs	5		5
	Principal payments of long-term debt	2,091		2,007		Principal payments of long-term debt	2		2
	Purchases of treasury stock	98,231		273,873		Purchases of treasury stock	162		98
	Change in cash collateral for derivatives and other arrangements	67,069		21,288		Change in cash collateral for derivatives and other arrangements	—		67
	Cash used for changes in universal life and other					Cash used for changes in universal life and other
	investment type policies and contracts	254,486		199,778		investment type policies and contracts	—		254
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	17,588		32,013		Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—		18
	Total uses	1,620,170		706,546		Total uses	2,705		1,621
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	745,863	$	426,965	Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	1,807	$	746

Cash Flows from Operations -– The principal cash inflows from the Company’s reinsurance activities come from premiums, investment and fee income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows relate to the liabilities associated with various life and health insurance, annuity and disability products, operating expenses, income tax payments and interest on outstanding debt obligations. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of shortfalls in premiums and investment income, particularly in periods with abnormally high claims levels.

Cash Flows from Investments -– The principal cash inflows from the Company’s investment activities come from repayments of principal on invested assets, proceeds from maturities of invested assets, sales of invested assets and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The Company typically has a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with its asset/liability management discipline to fund insurance liabilities. The Company closely monitors and manages these risks through its credit risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption, which could make it difficult for the Company to sell investments.

Financing Cash Flows -– The principal cash inflows from the Company’s financing activities come from issuances of RGA debt and equity securities, and deposit funds associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt, payments of dividends to stockholders, purchases of treasury stock, and withdrawals associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contractholder and policyholder withdrawal.

Contractual Obligations

The Company’s obligation for long-term debt, including interest, increased by ~~$725.1~~$492 million since December 31, ~~2018~~2019, primarily related to the ~~May 2019~~June 2020 issuance of senior notes as previously discussed. The Company’s obligation for ~~interest sensitive contracts increased~~collateral financing decreased by ~~$7.5 billion~~$222 million since December 31, ~~2018~~2019, as a result of ~~several large asset-intensive transactions closed~~a repayment during ~~2019.~~2020. The Company’s obligation for other investment related commitments decreased by $191 million since December 31, 2019, primarily related to a decrease in the Company’s commitment to fund investments of commercial mortgage loans as well as bank loans and private placements. There were no other material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations from those reported in the ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

Asset / Liability Management

The Company actively manages its cash and invested assets using an approach that is intended to balance quality, diversification, asset/liability matching, liquidity and investment return. The goals of the investment process are to optimize after-tax, risk-adjusted investment income and after-tax, risk-adjusted total return while managing the assets and liabilities on a cash flow and duration basis.

~~Table of Contents~~

The Company has established target asset portfolios for its operating segments, which represent the investment strategies intended to profitably fund its liabilities within acceptable risk parameters. These strategies include objectives and limits for effective duration, yield curve sensitivity and convexity, liquidity, asset sector concentration and credit quality.

The Company’s asset-intensive products are primarily supported by investments in fixed maturity securities reflected on the Company’s balance sheet and under funds withheld arrangements with the ceding company. Investment guidelines are established to structure the investment portfolio based upon the type, duration and behavior of products in the liability portfolio so as to achieve targeted levels of profitability. The Company manages the asset-intensive business to provide a targeted spread between the interest rate earned on investments and the interest rate credited to the underlying interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The Company periodically reviews models projecting different interest rate scenarios and their effect on profitability. Certain of these asset-intensive agreements, primarily in the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions operating segment, are generally funded by fixed maturity securities that are withheld by the ceding company.

The Company’s liquidity position (cash and cash ~~equivalents~~equivalents) was $3.3 billion and ~~short-term investments) was $2,743.1 million and $2,032.3 million~~$1.4 billion at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Liquidity needs are determined from valuation analyses conducted by operational units and are driven by product portfolios. Periodic evaluations of demand liabilities and short-term liquid assets are designed to adjust specific portfolios, as well as their durations and maturities, in response to anticipated liquidity needs.

See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other” in Note 4 -– “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. In addition to its security agreements with third parties, certain RGA’s subsidiaries have entered into intercompany securities lending agreements to more efficiently source securities for lending to third parties and to provide for more efficient regulatory capital management.

The Company is a member of the FHLB and holds ~~$82.4~~$89 million of FHLB common stock, which is included in other invested assets on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has entered into funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts whereby the Company has issued the funding agreements in exchange for cash and for which the FHLB has been granted a blanket lien on the Company’s commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans used to collateralize the Company’s obligations under the funding agreements. The Company maintains control over these pledged assets, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. The funding agreements and the related security agreements represented by this blanket lien provide that upon any event of default by the Company, the FHLB’s recovery is limited to the amount of the Company’s liability under the outstanding funding agreements. The amount of the Company’s liability for the funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts was ~~$1.7~~$1.9 billion and $1.4 billion at September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively, which is included in ~~interest sensitive~~interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The advances on these agreements are collateralized primarily by commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage loans, and U.S. Treasury and government agency securities. The amount of collateral exceeds the liability and is dependent on the type of assets collateralizing the guaranteed investment contracts.

Investments

Management of Investments

The Company’s investment and derivative strategies involve matching the characteristics of its reinsurance products and other obligations and to seek to closely approximate the interest rate sensitivity of the assets with estimated interest rate sensitivity of the reinsurance liabilities. The Company achieves its income objectives through strategic and tactical asset allocations, security and derivative strategies within an asset/liability management and disciplined risk management framework. Derivative strategies are employed within the Company’s risk management framework to help manage duration, currency, and other risks in assets and/or liabilities and to replicate the credit characteristics of certain assets. ~~For a discussion~~

Table of ~~the Company’s risk management process see “Market and Credit Risk” in the “Enterprise Risk Management” section of the Company’s 2018 Annual Report.~~Contents

The Company’s portfolio management groups work with the Enterprise Risk Management function to develop the investment policies for the assets of the Company’s domestic and international investment portfolios. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement, are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. See Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s investments.

Effects of COVID-19

~~Table~~The Company’s investment portfolios have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by the recent disruption in the global financial markets caused by COVID-19 and uncertainty regarding its outcome. Changes in interest rates, increased market volatility or a continued slowdown in U.S. or global economic conditions may also adversely affect the values and cash flows of ~~Contents~~

these assets in future periods. The Company’s corporate fixed income portfolio may be adversely impacted by ratings downgrades, increased bankruptcies and credit spread widening in distressed industries. The Company has exposure to some of the asset classes and industries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic such as commercial mortgage loans, emerging market debt, energy, and airlines; however, the Company’s primary exposure in these asset classes is of high quality assets. The Company recognized impairments on limited partnership investments and available-for-sale securities, and increased the credit allowance for its available-for-sale securities primarily related to high-yield energy, emerging market, and mezzanine debt securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. The Company also increased the valuation allowance on its commercial mortgage loan portfolio as result of the negative impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the Company’s borrowers.

Portfolio Composition

The Company had total cash and invested assets of ~~$67.1~~$73.4 billion and ~~$56.1~~$68.0 billion atas of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively, as illustrated below (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):

September 30, 2019 % of Total December 31, 2018 % of Total
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 49,481,267
73.7 % $ 39,992,346
71.3 %
Equity securities 134,453
0.2
82,197
0.1
Mortgage loans on real estate 5,647,265
8.4
4,966,298
8.8
Policy loans 1,289,868
1.9
1,344,980
2.4
Funds withheld at interest 5,614,363
8.4
5,761,471
10.3
Short-term investments 107,503
0.2
142,598
0.3
Other invested assets 2,215,275
3.3
1,915,297
3.4
Cash and cash equivalents 2,635,596
3.9
1,889,733
3.4
Total cash and invested assets $ 67,125,590
100.0 % $ 56,094,920
100.0 %



	September 30, 2020		% of Total		December 31, 2019		% of Total
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	54,652	74.5	%	$	51,121	75.3	%
Equity securities	135		0.2		320		0.5
Mortgage loans on real estate	5,907		8.0		5,706		8.3
Policy loans	1,259		1.7		1,319		1.9
Funds withheld at interest	5,403		7.4		5,662		8.3
Short-term investments	154		0.2		64		0.1
Other invested assets	2,645		3.6		2,363		3.5
Cash and cash equivalents	3,256		4.4		1,449		2.1
Total cash and invested assets	$	73,411	100.0	%	$	68,004	100.0	%

Investment Yield

The following table presents consolidated average invested assets at amortized cost, net investment income and investment yield, excluding spread related business. Spread related business is primarily associated with contracts on which the Company earns an interest rate spread between assets and liabilities. To varying degrees, fluctuations in the yield on other spread related business is generally subject to corresponding adjustments to the interest credited on the liabilities (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions).


	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			Increase/ (Decrease)		2019			2018			Increase/ (Decrease)		2020			2019			Increase/ (Decrease)		2020			2019			Increase/ (Decrease)
Average invested assets at amortized cost	$	29,043,254		$	27,029,073		7.5	%	$	28,221,792		$	26,689,086		5.7	%	$	32,148		$	29,043		10.7	%	$	30,468		$	28,222		8.0	%
Net investment income	344,363			303,860			13.3	%	961,397			886,165			8.5	%	290			344			(15.7	)%	894			961			(7.0	)%
Investment yield (ratio of net investment income to average invested assets)	4.83		%	4.57		%	26 bps		4.57		%	4.45		%	12 bps		3.66		%	4.83		%	(117) bps		3.93		%	4.57		%	(64) bps

Investment yield ~~increased~~decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020, in comparison to the same ~~period~~periods in the prior year primarily due to ~~increased income from joint ventures and limited partnerships. Investment yield increased for~~ the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2019 in comparison to the same period in the prior year primarily due to increased~~low interest rate environment combined with decreased income from limited ~~partnerships. Joint~~partnerships and real estate joint ventures, ~~and limited partnerships,~~which are included in other invested assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

See “Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that provide the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses (as of September 30, 2020), unrealized gains and losses, estimated fair value of these securities, and ~~the other-than-temporary~~ impairments in AOCI by ~~sector~~type as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

Table of Contents

Important factors in the selection of investments include diversification, quality, yield, call protection and total rate of return potential. The relative importance of these factors is determined by market conditions and the underlying reinsurance liability and existing portfolio characteristics. The Company owns floating rate securities that represent approximately ~~5.9%~~5.5% and ~~6.2%~~6.3% of the total fixed maturity securities atas of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. These investments have a higher degree of income variability than the other fixed income holdings in the portfolio due to fluctuations in interest payments. The Company holds floating rate investments to match specific floating rate liabilities primarily reflected in the ~~condensed~~ consolidated balance sheets as collateral finance notes, as well as to enhance asset management strategies.

~~Table of Contents~~

The largest asset class in which fixed maturity securities were invested was corporate securities, which represented approximately ~~61.3%~~62.7% and ~~59.9%~~61.4% of total fixed maturity securities as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. See “Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the major industry types, which comprise the corporate fixed maturity holdings atas of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s investments in Canadian government securities represented ~~9.4%~~9.0% of the fair value of total fixed maturity ~~securities compared to 9.7% of the fair value of total fixed maturities at December 31, 2018.~~securities. These assets are primarily high quality, long duration provincial strips, the valuation of which is closely linked to the interest rate curve. These assets are longer in duration and held primarily for asset/liability management to meet Canadian regulatory requirements. See “Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the various sectors as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The Company references rating agency designations in some of its investments disclosures. These designations are based on the ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, primarily Moody’s, S&P and Fitch. Structured securities held by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting utilize the NAIC rating methodology. The NAIC assigns designations to publicly traded as well as privately placed securities. The designations assigned by the NAIC range from class 1 to class 6, with designations in classes 1 and 2 generally considered investment grade (BBB or higher rating agency designation). NAIC designations in classes 3 through 6 are generally considered below investment grade (BB or lower rating agency designation).

The quality of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as measured at fair value and by the percentage of fixed maturity securities invested in various ratings categories, relative to the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity security portfolio, atas of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 was as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


		September 30, 2019						December 31, 2018							September 30, 2020						December 31, 2019
NAIC Designation	Rating Agency Designation	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Rating Agency Designation	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
1	AAA/AA/A	$	28,621,572	$	32,128,170	64.9	%	$	24,904,526	$	26,180,440	65.5	%	AAA/AA/A	$	29,950	$	34,406	62.9	%	$	30,100	$	33,284	65.2	%
2	BBB	14,129,529		15,213,511		30.7		12,141,601		12,023,426		30.1		BBB	15,822		17,421		31.9		14,366		15,514		30.3
3	BB	1,585,829		1,610,553		3.3		1,409,235		1,371,328		3.4		BB	2,103		2,118		3.9		1,706		1,748		3.4
4	B	443,401		444,260		0.9		395,694		385,670		1.0		B	668		641		1.2		514		518		1.0
5	CCC and lower	29,558		29,186		0.1		13,183		12,860		—		CCC and lower	108		59		0.1		36		23		—
6	In or near default	50,552		55,587		0.1		17,929		18,622		—		In or near default	10		7		—		31		34		0.1
	Total	$	44,860,441	$	49,481,267	100.0	%	$	38,882,168	$	39,992,346	100.0	%	Total	$	48,661	$	54,652	100.0	%	$	46,753	$	51,121	100.0	%

Table of Contents

The Company’s fixed maturity portfolio includes structured securities. The following table shows the types of structured securities the Company held atas of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):


	September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018				September 30, 2020						December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
RMBS:
Agency	$	786,882	$	834,399	$	811,044	$	814,568	$	696	$	763	11.0	%	$	742	$	777	10.6	%
Non-agency	1,573,809		1,605,443		1,061,192		1,054,653		1,231		1,264		18.4		1,597		1,621		22.3
Total RMBS	2,360,691		2,439,842		1,872,236		1,869,221		1,927		2,027		29.4		2,339		2,398		32.9
ABS:
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)									1,607		1,563		22.7		1,750		1,743		24.0
ABS, excluding CLOs									1,359		1,359		19.8		1,223		1,235		17.0
Total ABS									2,966		2,922		42.5		2,973		2,978		41.0
CMBS	1,698,334		1,782,218		1,428,115		1,419,034		1,871		1,930		28.1		1,841		1,899		26.1
ABS	2,809,008		2,822,635		2,171,254		2,149,204
Total	$	6,868,033	$	7,044,695	$	5,471,605	$	5,437,459	$	6,764	$	6,879	100.0	%	$	7,153	$	7,275	100.0	%

The Company’s RMBS ~~include~~portfolio includes agency-issued pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. A majority of the agency-issued pass-through securities are guaranteed or otherwise supported by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, ~~the~~ Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association. The principal risks inherent in holding mortgage-backed securities are prepayment and extension risks, which will affect the timing of when cash will be received and are dependent on the level of mortgage interest rates. Prepayment risk is the unexpected increase in principal payments from the expected, primarily as a result of owner refinancing. Extension risk relates to the unexpected slowdown in principal payments from the expected. In addition, non-agency mortgage-backed securities face credit risk should the borrower be unable to pay the contractual interest or principal on their obligation. The Company monitors its mortgage-backed securities to mitigate exposure to the cash flow uncertainties associated with these risks.

~~Table of Contents~~

The Company’s ABS portfolio primarily consists of ~~collateralized loan obligations among other collateral types.~~CLOs, single-family rentals, container leasing, railcar leasing, aircraft and student loans. The principal risks in holding asset-backed securities are structural, credit, capital market and interest rate risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. Credit risks are mitigated by credit enhancements that include excess spread, over-collateralization and subordination. Capital market risks include general level of interest rates and the liquidity for these securities in the marketplace.

The Company’s CMBS portfolio primarily consists of large pool securitizations that are diverse by property type, borrower and geographic dispersion. The principal risks in holding CMBS are structural and credit risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. The Company focuses on investment grade rated tranches that provide additional credit support beyond the equity protection in the underlying loans. These assets are viewed as an attractive alternative to other fixed income asset classes.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had $370 million and $110 million, respectively, of gross unrealized losses related to its fixed maturity securities. The Company monitors its fixed maturity securities to determine impairments in value and evaluates factors such as financial condition of the issuer, payment performance, ~~the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been below amortized cost,~~ compliance with covenants, general market and industry sector conditions, current intent and ability to hold securities, and various other subjective factors. Based on management’s judgment, securities determined to have expected credit loss will record an other-than-temporary impairment in value are written down to fair value. See “Investments – Other-than-Temporary Impairment” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements”allowance for credit loss in the ~~Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in~~amount that the 2018 Annual Report for additional information. The table below summarizes other-than-temporary impairments and changes in the mortgage loan provision for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands).

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2019 2018 2019 2018

Impairment losses on fixed maturity securities $ 8,539
$ 10,705
$ 17,992
$ 14,055
Other impairment losses 3,942
5,910
11,013
7,249
Change in mortgage loan provision 88
656
485
986
Total $ 12,569
$ 17,271
$ 29,490
$ 22,290

The fixed maturity impairments for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, primarily related to high-yield securities. The fixed maturity impairments for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily related to a U.S. utility company and high-yield securities. The fixed maturity impairments for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were primarily related to high-yield securities. In addition, other impairment losses for the three months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily due to impairments on limited partnerships. Other impairment losses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were primarily due to impairments on real estate joint ventures and limited partnerships. Other impairment losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 were primarily due to impairments on real estate joint ventures and limited partnerships.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had $102.2 million and $748.5 million, respectively, of gross unrealized losses related to its fixed maturity securities. The distribution of the gross unrealized losses related to these securities is shown below.

September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
Sector:
Corporate 76.3 % 74.2 %
Canadian government 0.2
0.3
RMBS 2.2
3.4
ABS 13.7
4.4
CMBS 0.5
2.4
U.S. government 0.2
7.7
State and political subdivisions 1.6
1.2
Other foreign government 5.3
6.4
Total 100.0 % 100.0 %
Industry:
Finance 18.0 % 27.5 %
Asset-backed 13.7
4.4
Industrial 51.0
38.2
Mortgage-backed 2.7
5.8
Government 7.3
15.6
Utility 7.3
8.5
Total 100.0 % 100.0 %

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See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the total gross unrealized losses for these securities at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, where the estimated fair value ~~had declined and remained below amortized cost by~~is less than ~~20% or more than 20%.~~the amortized cost.

Impairments and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value ~~is other-than-temporary includes analysis of~~necessitates the ~~underlying credit and the extent and duration of a decline in value. The Company’s credit analysis~~recording of an ~~investment~~allowance for credit losses includes ~~determining~~an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 1 – “Business and Basis of Presentation” for additional information. The table below summarizes impairment losses and changes in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities, other impairment losses and changes in the mortgage loan provision for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions).

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	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019		2020		2019

Impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities	$	(13	)	$	9	$	21	$	18
Other impairment losses	11			4		16		11
Change in mortgage loan provision	8			—		38		1
Total	$	6		$	13	$	75	$	30

The impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily due to an increase in the allowance for credit losses related to high-yield securities as a result of the uncertainty in the global markets due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The fixed maturity impairment losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, were primarily related to a U.S. utility company and high yield securities. The other impairment losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily due to impairments on limited partnerships. The other impairment losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, were primarily due to impairments on real estate joint ventures and limited partnerships. The change in mortgage loan provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was due to an increase in the mortgage loan valuation allowance due to the current market conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including ~~other-than-temporary~~ impairment losses reported in AOCI, for ~~these~~ securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost, by class and grade, ~~security,~~ as well as the length of time the related ~~market~~estimated fair value has remained below amortized cost as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

As of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company classified approximately ~~5.4%~~5.1% and ~~5.0%~~6.1%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category (refer to Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate securities, bank loans, and Canadian provincial strips with inactive trading markets.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

~~Mortgage loans represented approximately 8.4% and 8.8% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.~~ The Company’s mortgage loan portfolio consists of U.S., Canada and United Kingdom based investments primarily in commercial offices, light industrial properties and retail locations. The mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and property ~~type. The mortgage loan portfolio was diversified by geographic region and property~~ type as discussed further under “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company increased its valuation allowance on its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by approximately $38 million to $64 million as result of the negative impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the Company’s borrowers. The Company continues to monitor and evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on its investment portfolio and is working closely with its borrowers to evaluate any short-term cash flow issues. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company modified the payment terms of approximately 50 commercial mortgage loans, with a carrying value of approximately $620 million in response to COVID-19. These loans met the criteria established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), and were not considered a troubled debt restructuring. In accordance with the CARES Act criteria, these loans were not more than 30 days past due at December 31, 2019, and the modifications included deferral or delayed payments of principal or interest on the loan.

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As of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans, gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and valuation allowances, were distributed geographically as follows (dollars in ~~thousands)~~millions):

September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018

Recorded
Investment
% of Total
Recorded
Investment
% of Total
U.S. Region:
Pacific $ 1,498,874
26.5 % $ 1,396,346
28.0 %
South Atlantic 1,017,068
17.9
964,174
19.3
Mountain 820,734
14.5
693,281
13.9
East North Central 727,264
12.8
605,608
12.2
West North Central 278,086
4.9
288,949
5.8
West South Central 757,446
13.4
567,541
11.4
Middle Atlantic 249,709
4.4
202,235
4.1
East South Central 126,203
2.2
117,588
2.4
New England —
—
5,609
0.1
Subtotal - U.S. 5,475,384
96.6
4,841,331
97.2
Canada 166,298
2.9
135,394
2.7
United Kingdom 25,672
0.5
6,629
0.1
Total $ 5,667,354
100.0 % $ 4,983,354
100.0 %



	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
U.S. Region:
West	$	2,309	38.6	%	$	2,302	40.2	%
South	2,094		35.0		1,929		33.6
Midwest	1,069		17.9		996		17.4
Northeast	274		4.6		262		4.6
Subtotal - U.S.	5,746		96.1		5,489		95.8
Canada	181		3.0		182		3.2
United Kingdom	54		0.9		56		1.0
Total	$	5,981	100.0	%	$	5,727	100.0	%

~~Table~~See “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 1 – “Business and Basis of ~~Contents~~

~~Valuation~~Presentation” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s policy for valuation allowances and impairments on mortgage loans are established based upon inherent losses expected by management to be realized in connection with future dispositions or settlement of mortgage loans, including foreclosures. The valuation allowances are established after management considers, among other things, the value of underlying collateral and payment capabilities of debtors. Any subsequent adjustments to the valuation allowances will be treated as investment gains or losses. loans.

See “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding valuation allowances and impairments.

Policy Loans

~~Policy loans comprised approximately 1.9% and 2.4% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, the~~The majority of ~~which~~policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

Funds Withheld at Interest

~~Funds withheld at interest comprised approximately 8.4% and 10.3% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.~~ For reinsurance agreements written on a ~~modified coinsurance~~modco basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company, and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed by the ceding company. Interest accrues to the total funds withheld at interest assets at rates defined by the treaty terms. The Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. These assets are primarily fixed maturity investment securities and pose risks similar to the fixed maturity securities the Company owns. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding company and monitors compliance. Ceding companies with funds withheld at interest had an average financial strength rating of “A” atas of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. Certain ceding companies maintain segregated portfolios for the benefit of the Company.

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts, FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments and FHLB common stock. ~~Other invested assets represented approximately 3.3% and 3.4% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.~~ See “Other Invested Assets” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the carrying value of the Company’s other invested assets by type as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to protect the Company against possible changes in the fair value of its investment portfolio as a result of interest rate changes, to hedge against risk of changes in the purchase price of securities, to hedge liabilities associated with the reinsurance of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits and to manage the portfolio’s effective yield, maturity and duration. In addition, the Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company uses exchange-traded, centrally cleared, and customized over-the-counter derivative financial instruments.

See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the notional amounts and fair value of investment related derivative instruments held as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

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The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value at the reporting date plus or minus any collateral posted or held by the Company. The Company had $12 million and no credit exposure as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments.

The Company holds beneficial interests in lifetime mortgages in the ~~United Kingdom.~~UK. Lifetime mortgages represent loans provided to individuals 55 years of age and older secured by the borrower’s residence. Lifetime mortgages are comparable to a home equity loan by allowing the borrower to utilize the equity in their home as collateral. The amount of the loan is dependent on the appraised value of the home at the time of origination, the borrower's age and interest rate. Unlike a home equity loan, no payment of principal or interest is required until the death of the borrower or sale of the home. Lifetime mortgages may also be either fully funded at origination, or the borrower can request periodic funding similar to a line of credit. Lifetime mortgages are subject to risks, including market, credit, interest rate, liquidity, operational, reputational and legal risks.

Other invested assets include ~~$670.0~~$863 million and ~~$475.9~~$775 million, net of valuation allowances, of lifetime mortgages as of September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. ~~Lifetime mortgage investment~~Investment income ~~was $8.8~~includes $12 million and ~~$5.4~~$8 million in interest income earned on lifetime mortgages for the three months ended September 30, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively, and ~~$24.5~~$32 million and ~~$12.6~~$24 million in interest income earned on lifetime mortgages for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.

See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the notional amounts and fair value of investment related derivative instruments held at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

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The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value at the reporting date plus or minus any collateral posted or held by the Company. The Company had no credit exposure related to its derivative contracts, excluding futures and mortality swaps, at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, as the net amount of collateral pledged to the Company from counterparties exceeded the fair value of the derivative contracts.

The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments.

New Accounting Standards

See Note 14 —– “New Accounting Standards” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of fluctuations in the value of financial instruments as a result of absolute or relative changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. To varying degrees, the Company products and services, and the investment activities supporting them, generate exposure to market risk. The market risk incurred, and the Company’s strategies for managing this risk, vary by product. As of September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, there have been no material changes in the Company’s economic exposure to market risk or the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management function from December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, a description of which may be found in its Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended September 30, ~~2019,~~2020, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of our workforce began working remotely in March 2020. These changes to the working environment did not have a material effect on our internal controls over financial reporting during the most recent quarter. The Company continues to monitor and assess the COVID-19 situation on its internal controls to minimize the impact on their design and operating effectiveness.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

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ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

~~There were~~In the risk factors below, we refer to the Company as “we,” “us,” or “our”. Other than the risk factors listed below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the ~~2018~~Company’s 2019 Annual Report.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition have been, and will likely continue to be, adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased mortality rates in certain jurisdictions and populations. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto has caused significant disruption in the international and U.S. economies and financial markets and has severely impacted, and will likely continue to severely impact, global economic conditions, resulting in substantial volatility in the global financial markets, increased unemployment and operational challenges such as the temporary closures of businesses, sheltering-in-place directives and increased remote work protocols. Governments and central banks around the world have reacted to the economic crisis caused by the pandemic by implementing stimulus and liquidity programs and cutting interest rates and are considering taking similar additional actions, though it is unclear whether any of these actions will be successful in countering the economic disruption. Depending on the length of the pandemic, the availability, effectiveness and use of treatments and vaccines, and the extent and success of actions by governments and central banks, the adverse mortality rates and impact on the global economy may deepen, and our results of operations and financial condition in future quarters will continue to be adversely affected. The COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto has adversely affected, and/or will likely adversely affect, us in the following areas:

Insurance risks, including mortality and morbidity claims. At this time, we cannot predict the ultimate number of claims and financial impact resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto. Actual claims and financial impact from these events could vary materially from current estimates due to several factors, including the inherent uncertainties in making such determinations and the evolving nature of the pandemic and the availability, effectiveness and use of treatments and vaccines. Mortality or morbidity experience that is less favorable than the assumptions used in pricing our reinsurance agreements, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, has negatively impacted and in the future could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, increased economic uncertainty and increased unemployment resulting from the economic impacts of the pandemic may result in policyholders seeking sources of liquidity and withdrawing at rates greater than previously expected. If policyholder lapse and surrender rates significantly exceed expectations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Degradation of general economic conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the extraordinary measures put in place to address it have caused significant economic and financial turmoil both in the U.S. and around the world. These conditions are expected to continue in the near term and may worsen. Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and statutory capital position are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and economy generally. Depending on the length of the pandemic, the availability, effectiveness and use of treatments and vaccines, and the extent and success of actions by governments and central banks to counter the economic disruption, the adverse impact on the global economy may deepen, and our business, results of operations and financial condition will continue to be adversely affected.

Investment results. Our investment portfolio (and, specifically, the valuations of investment assets we hold) has been, and may continue to be, adversely affected as a result of market developments from the COVID-19 pandemic and uncertainty regarding its outcome and related impacts on the economy. Moreover, changes in interest rates, reduced liquidity in the financial markets or a continued slowdown in the U.S. or in global economic conditions have and in the future may also adversely affect the values and cash flows of these assets. Our corporate fixed income portfolio has been and in the future may be adversely impacted by delayed principal or interest payments, ratings downgrades, increased bankruptcies and credit spread widening in distressed industries and individual companies. Our investments in mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities have been and in the future could be negatively affected by delays or failures of borrowers to make payments of principal and interest when due or delays or moratoriums on foreclosures or enforcement actions with respect to delinquent or defaulted mortgages. Further, a continued low interest rate environment, including as a result of market developments from the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto, would continue to put downward pressure on the average yield earned on our investments, negatively impacting our investment income and results of operations in the future. Market dislocations, decreases in observable market activity or unavailability of information, in each case, arising from the pandemic, may restrict our access to key inputs used to derive certain estimates and assumptions made in connection with financial reporting or otherwise, including estimates and changes in long term macro-economic assumptions relating to accounting for current expected credit losses, more commonly referred to as “CECL.”

Capital, liquidity and collateral. The severe impact on global economic conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto has negatively impacted and in the future could negatively impact our financial condition, including possible constraints on our capital and liquidity, as well as a higher cost of capital and possible changes or downgrades to our credit ratings. The current disruptions, uncertainty and volatility in the capital and credit markets may limit our access to capital required to operate our business, most significantly our reinsurance operations. The availability of collateral and the related cost of such collateral affects the type and volume of business we reinsure and could increase our costs.

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Possible ratings downgrade. A downgrade in our ratings or in the ratings of our reinsurance subsidiaries, whether caused by company-specific factors or factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic, general economic conditions and/or the insurance industry as a whole, could adversely affect us. A downgrade in the rating of RGA or any of our rated subsidiaries could increase our cost of capital and adversely affect our ability to raise capital to facilitate operations and growth. Upon certain downgrade events, some of our reinsurance contracts would either permit our client ceding insurers to terminate such reinsurance contracts or require us to post collateral to secure our obligations under these reinsurance contracts, either of which could negatively impact our ability to conduct business and our results of operations. Any downgrade in the ratings of our reinsurance subsidiaries could also adversely affect their ability to sell products, retain existing business and compete for attractive acquisition opportunities. Actions taken by ratings agencies, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the response thereto and the significant economic and financial turmoil caused thereby, may result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Adverse legislative or regulatory action. Government actions, both in the U.S. and internationally, to address and contain the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely affect us. Such actions could result in additional regulation or restrictions affecting the conduct of our business in the future. For example, our clients may be subject to legislative and regulatory action that impacts their ability to collect premiums or cancel policies, which may affect our clients’ performance under reinsurance agreements with us. It is also possible that changes in economic conditions and steps taken by governments in response to COVID-19 could require an increase in taxes, which would adversely impact our results of operations.

Premiums and other income. We expect the impact of COVID-19 on general economic activity to negatively impact our premiums, fee income and market-related revenues. The pandemic and government directives around the world responding thereto has and in the future may also negatively impact our ability to generate new business premiums and delay our planned entry into, or expansion of, investments in new and emerging markets.

Operations. We are taking precautions to protect the safety and well-being of our employees, service providers and clients. However, no assurance can be given that the steps being taken will be adequate or appropriate. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our workforce, or the workforce of our service providers or clients, are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. Having shifted to remote work arrangements, we may experience reductions in our operating effectiveness and face increased operational risk, including but not limited to cybersecurity attacks or data security incidents. In addition, we rely on the performance of others, including our insurance company clients, retrocessionaires and service providers, and their failure to perform in a satisfactory manner as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto could negatively affect our operations.

As a result of the above risks, COVID-19 and the response thereto could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operation and financial condition. The extent to which COVID-19, and the related global economic crisis, will affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition, and capital and liquidity over time, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and any recovery period, the availability, effectiveness and use of treatments and vaccines, future actions taken by governmental authorities, central banks and other third parties in response to the pandemic, and the effects on our clients, counterparties, employees and third-party service providers. Moreover, the effects of COVID-19 and the response thereto will heighten the other risks described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our 2019 Annual Report and any subsequent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K.

We utilize assumptions, estimates and models to evaluate the potential impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto. If actual events differ materially from those assumptions, estimates or models, our potential exposure to mortality claims and investment portfolio losses could be materially higher than those reflected in our capital plans, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We utilize assumptions, estimates and models to evaluate the potential impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition as a result of COVID-19 and the response thereto, including developing scenarios to evaluate our potential exposure to mortality claims, potential investment portfolio losses and other risks associated with our assets and liabilities. The scenarios and related analyses are subject to various assumptions, professional judgment, uncertainties and the inherent limitations of any statistical analysis, including the use and quality of historical internal and industry data. Consequently, actual losses from loss events may differ materially from what the scenarios may illustrate. This potential difference could be even greater for events with limited or no modeled annual frequency, such as COVID-19 and the response thereto.

More specifically, we evaluate our potential exposure to mortality claims by developing a range of scenarios involving assumptions and estimates relating to a number of variables, such as country-specific circumstances, measures by public and private institutions, impacts of COVID-19 on all other causes of death, the development and timing of effective treatments and/or a vaccine for COVID-19, comorbidities, number of deaths by region or country (and the variability thereof), the duration and pattern of the pandemic, geography-specific institutional and individual mitigation efforts, medical capacity, and other factors. We also estimated adjustments to reflect, among other factors, the favorable age distribution of our insured population and the better health profile and socio-economic status of insured lives as compared to the general population. However, a number of other factors have not

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been considered, such as smoking status, residential population density, geography-specific testing and interventions and their effectiveness or geography, culture or other country-specific factors. Further, the scenarios do not consider impacts on morbidity claims. Each assumption, estimate or risk not included in the scenarios introduces uncertainty. We also evaluate potential losses from our investment portfolio due to the pandemic based on stress scenarios based on assumptions and estimates relating to a range of factors that are subject to significant uncertainties, including, among others, the magnitude and duration of the economic downturn, ratings downgrades, bankruptcies and credit spread widening. In addition, we may not achieve the earnings generation that we expect, and we may not be able to issue additional debt or access other capital management tools on terms satisfactory to us, or at all. Actual events may differ materially from those assumptions and estimates; consequently, we could incur losses exceeding those reflected in our scenarios and related analysis, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We are operating in an unprecedented period of uncertainty, and while we are attempting to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic is impacting general population deaths, whether specifically attributed to COVID-19 or otherwise, and how such deaths will translate into mortality claims for our business over time, we are unable to predict the number of COVID-19 deaths that will ultimately occur worldwide, in any particular geography or in our insured population, or potential losses in our investment portfolio. Further, we do not currently have enough information to ascertain the likelihood of the assumptions or estimates related to our mortality and investment loss scenarios. Accordingly, any of our scenarios do not represent forecasts or projections of actual future events or performance. They should not be construed as financial guidance, and should not be relied on as such.

As a result of the factors, uncertainties and contingencies described above, our reliance on assumptions, estimates and data used to evaluate our potential exposure to mortality claims and potential losses from our investment portfolio related to the COVID-19 pandemic is subject to a high degree of uncertainty that could result in actual losses that are materially different from those reflected in the scenarios used to develop our capital plans, and our business, financial condition,and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

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ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes RGA’s repurchase activity of its common stock during the quarter ended September 30, ~~2019:~~

2020:

Total Number of Shares
Purchased ⁽¹⁾

Average Price Paid per
Share

Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs ⁽¹⁾

Maximum Number (or
Approximate Dollar
Value) of Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased Under
the Plan or Program
July 1, 2019 -
July 31, 2019 1,154
$ 158.86
—
$ 350,000,071
August 1, 2019 -
August 31, 2019 202,721
$ 147.27
202,377
$ 320,195,966
September 1, 2019 -
September 30, 2019 2,788
$ 160.71
—
$ 320,195,966



	Total Number of Shares Purchased ⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs ⁽¹⁾	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Program
July 1, 2020 - July 31, 2020	—	$	—	—	$	167,573,148
August 1, 2020 - August 31, 2020	150	$	96.38	—	$	167,573,148
September 1, 2020 - September 30, 2020	269	$	99.93	—	$	167,573,148

(1)

RGA had no repurchases of common stock under its share repurchase program for July, August and September ~~2019 and repurchased 202,377 of common stock under its share repurchase program for $29.8 million during August 2019.~~2020. The Company net settled - issuing ~~3,187, 1,154~~732 and ~~7,220~~854 shares from treasury and repurchased from recipients ~~1,154, 344~~150 and ~~2,788~~269 shares in ~~July,~~ August and September ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, in settlement of income tax withholding requirements incurred by the recipients of equity incentive awards.

On January 24, 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, with no expiration date, for up to ~~$400.0~~$400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. On May 6, 2020, the Company announced that it has suspended stock repurchases until further notice.

ITEM 6. Exhibits

See index to exhibits.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS




Exhibit Number		Description

~~3.1~~3.1(i)		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, ~~as amended by Amendment of Articles of Incorporation,~~ effective as of May ~~23, 2018,~~21, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit ~~3.1~~3.1(i) to ~~Quarterly~~Current Report on Form ~~10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018,~~8-K filed on ~~August 3, 2018.~~May 22, 2020.

3.1(ii)		Certificate of Designation Termination, effective as of May 21, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(ii) to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2020.

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of May 23, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 24, 2018.

~~10.1~~		Letter Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2019, by and between the Company and Anna Manning.*

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101).

* Represents a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

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Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated
Date: November ~~1, 2019~~6, 2020	By:	/s/ Anna Manning
		Anna Manning
		President & Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November ~~1, 2019~~6, 2020	By:	/s/ Todd C. Larson
		Todd C. Larson
		Senior Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

7666



Balance, June 30, 2018	$	791	$	1,887,336	$	6,952,170		$	(1,243,566	)	$	1,004,971		$	8,601,702
Adoption of new accounting standards					2,573						(2,573		)	—
Net income					301,199									301,199
Total other comprehensive income (loss)											(189,593		)	(189,593		)
Dividends to stockholders, $0.60 per share					(38,071		)							(38,071		)
Purchase of treasury stock								(108,804		)				(108,804		)
Reissuance of treasury stock			11,808		(2,345		)	3,427						12,890
Balance, September 30, 2018	$	791	$	1,899,144	$	7,215,526		$	(1,348,943	)	$	812,805		$	8,579,323



Balance, December 31, 2017	$	791	$	1,870,906	$	6,736,265		$	(1,102,058	)	$	2,063,631		$	9,569,535
Adoption of new accounting standards					553						(2,573		)	(2,020		)
Net income					605,803									605,803
Total other comprehensive income (loss)											(1,248,253		)	(1,248,253		)
Dividends to stockholders, $1.60 per share					(102,441		)							(102,441		)
Purchase of treasury stock								(273,873		)				(273,873		)
Reissuance of treasury stock			28,238		(24,654		)	26,988						30,572
Balance, September 30, 2018	$	791	$	1,899,144	$	7,215,526		$	(1,348,943	)	$	812,805		$	8,579,323



For the three months ended September 30, 2019:	Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
	Corporate			Canadian government		RMBS			ABS
Fair value, beginning of period	$	1,644,364		$	671,027	$	16,032		$	110,322
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	318			3,713		(113		)	3
Included in other comprehensive income	17,090			16,103		150			(51		)
Purchases⁽¹⁾	214,025			—		—			10,764
Sales⁽¹⁾	(34,363		)	—		—			—
Settlements⁽¹⁾	(63,216		)	—		(2,370		)	(17,929		)
Transfers into Level 3	27,042			—		15,421			—
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—		(6,040		)	—
Fair value, end of period	$	1,805,260		$	690,843	$	23,080		$	103,109
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	344		$	3,713	$	(113	)	$	3



	Carrying Value After Measurement				Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net
	At September 30,				Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019			2018			2019			2018
Limited partnership interests ⁽¹⁾	$	17,785	$	2,246	$	(3,537	)	$	(1,860	)	$	(8,586	)	$	(1,860	)



	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Sector:
Corporate	76.3	%	74.2	%
Canadian government	0.2		0.3
RMBS	2.2		3.4
ABS	13.7		4.4
CMBS	0.5		2.4
U.S. government	0.2		7.7
State and political subdivisions	1.6		1.2
Other foreign government	5.3		6.4
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%
Industry:
Finance	18.0	%	27.5	%
Asset-backed	13.7		4.4
Industrial	51.0		38.2
Mortgage-backed	2.7		5.8
Government	7.3		15.6
Utility	7.3		8.5
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%