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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC  20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark
One)
 
[X]QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the quarterly period ended March 31,September 30, 2018
 OR
[   ]TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission file number 1-12626

EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware62-1539359
(State or other jurisdiction of(I.R.S. employer
incorporation or organization)identification no.)
  
200 South Wilcox Drive 
Kingsport, Tennessee37662
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (423) 229-2000

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
YES [X]  NO  [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
YES [X]  NO  [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer[X] Accelerated filer[  ]
Non-accelerated filer[   ](Do not check if a smaller reporting company)Smaller reporting company[  ]
   Emerging growth company[  ]
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
YES [  ]  NO  [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
YES [  ]  NO  [X]

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
ClassNumber of Shares Outstanding at March 31,September 30, 2018
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share142,635,082140,042,105
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ITEM PAGE
 

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

  
  
  
  
  

PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION

   
   
   

EXHIBIT INDEX

   
   
   

SIGNATURES

 

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements made or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Forward-looking statements are all statements, other than statements of historical fact, that may be made by Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman" or the "Company") from time to time. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "may," "plans," "projects," "will," "would,""anticipates", "believes", "estimates", "expects", "intends", "may", "plans", "projects", "will", "would", and similar expressions or expressions of the negative of these terms. Forward-looking statements may relate to, among other things, such matters as planned and expected capacity increases and utilization; anticipated capital spending; expected depreciation and amortization; environmental matters; exposure to, and effects of hedging of, raw material and energy prices and costs; foreign currencies and interest rates; disruption or interruption of operations and of raw material or energy supply; global and regional economic, political, and business conditions; competition; growth opportunities; supply and demand, volume, price, cost, margin and sales; pending and future legal proceedings; earnings, cash flow, dividends, stock repurchases and other expected financial results, events, and conditions; expectations, strategies, and plans for individual assets and products, businesses, and operating segments, as well as for the whole of Eastman; cash requirements and uses of available cash; financing plans and activities; pension expenses and funding; credit ratings; anticipated and other future restructuring, acquisition, divestiture, and consolidation activities; cost reduction and control efforts and targets; the timing and costs of, and benefits from, the integration of, and expected business and financial performance of, acquired businesses; strategic and technology and product innovation initiatives and development, production, commercialization and acceptance of new products, services and technologies and related costs; asset, business, and product portfolio changes; and expected tax rates and net interest costs.

Forward-looking statements are based upon certain underlying assumptions as of the date such statements were made. Such assumptions are based upon internal estimates and other analyses of current market conditions and trends, management expectations, plans, and strategies, economic conditions, and other factors. Forward-looking statements and the assumptions underlying them are necessarily subject to risks and uncertainties inherent in projecting future conditions and results. Actual results could differ materially from expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements if one or more of the underlying assumptions and expectations proves to be inaccurate or is unrealized. The most significant known factors, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are identified and discussed under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report. Other factors, risks or uncertainties of which management is not aware, or presently deems immaterial, could also cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.

The Company cautions you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date such statements are made. Except as may be required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update or alter these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further public Company disclosures (such as filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in Company press releases) on related subjects.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS,
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND RETAINED EARNINGS
First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
Sales$2,607
 $2,303
$2,547
 $2,465
 $7,775
 $7,187
Cost of sales2,026
 1,698
1,819
 1,794
 5,762
 5,281
Gross profit581
 605
728
 671
 2,013
 1,906
Selling, general and administrative expenses190
 179
175
 180
 554
 540
Research and development expenses56
 57
60
 59
 176
 174
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net2
 

 
 6
 
Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net(30) (28)(30) (28) (90) (86)
Other (income) charges, net(46) (4)6
 (4) (50) (7)
Earnings before interest and taxes409
 401
517
 464
 1,417
 1,285
Net interest expense59
 60
58
 61
 178
 182
Earnings before income taxes350
 341
459
 403
 1,239
 1,103
Provision for income taxes60
 62
46
 79
 190
 206
Net earnings290
 279
413
 324
 1,049
 897
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest
 1
1
 1
 3
 4
Net earnings attributable to Eastman$290
 $278
$412
 $323
 $1,046
 $893
          
Basic earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.03
 $1.90
$2.93
 $2.24
 $7.38
 $6.15
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.00
 $1.89
$2.89
 $2.22
 $7.28
 $6.10
Comprehensive Income        
  
Net earnings including noncontrolling interest$290
 $279
$413
 $324
 $1,049
 $897
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 



 

  
  
Change in cumulative translation adjustment27
 7
(21) 17
 (28) 60
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:        
  
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits included in net periodic (credit) cost(7) (7)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits(7) (7) (22) (20)
Derivatives and hedging:        
  
Unrealized gain (loss) during period(23) (21)37
 31
 78
 (8)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net
 (4)(10) 7
 (13) 11
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(3) (25)(1) 48
 15
 43
Comprehensive income including noncontrolling interest287
 254
412
 372
 1,064
 940
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 1
1
 1
 3
 4
Comprehensive income attributable to Eastman$287
 $253
$411
 $371
 $1,061
 $936
Retained Earnings 
  
 
  
  
  
Retained earnings at beginning of period$6,802
 $5,721
$7,292
 $6,142
 $6,802
 $5,721
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from adoption of new accounting standards16
 

 
 16
 
Net earnings attributable to Eastman290
 278
412
 323
 1,046
 893
Cash dividends declared(82) (74)(78) (74) (238) (223)
Retained earnings at end of period$7,026
 $5,925
$7,626
 $6,391
 $7,626
 $6,391

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
March 31, December 31,September 30, December 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)2018 20172018 2017
Assets      
Current assets      
Cash and cash equivalents$194
 $191
$193
 $191
Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts1,430
 1,026
1,404
 1,026
Miscellaneous receivables319
 360
368
 360
Inventories1,476
 1,509
1,625
 1,509
Other current assets64
 57
57
 57
Total current assets3,483
 3,143
3,647
 3,143
Properties      
Properties and equipment at cost12,520
 12,370
12,604
 12,370
Less: Accumulated depreciation6,888
 6,763
7,034
 6,763
Net properties5,632
 5,607
5,570
 5,607
Goodwill4,540
 4,527
4,509
 4,527
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization2,349
 2,373
2,231
 2,373
Other noncurrent assets362
 349
405
 349
Total assets$16,366
 $15,999
$16,362
 $15,999
   
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity      
Current liabilities      
Payables and other current liabilities$1,440
 $1,589
$1,425
 $1,589
Borrowings due within one year589
 393
728
 393
Total current liabilities2,029
 1,982
2,153
 1,982
Long-term borrowings6,311
 6,147
5,898
 6,147
Deferred income tax liabilities914
 893
944
 893
Post-employment obligations951
 963
901
 963
Other long-term liabilities541
 534
471
 534
Total liabilities10,746
 10,519
10,367
 10,519
Stockholders' equity      
Common stock ($0.01 par value – 350,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued – 219,032,630 and 218,369,992 for 2018 and 2017, respectively)2
 2
Common stock ($0.01 par value – 350,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued – 219,119,060 and 218,369,992 for 2018 and 2017, respectively)2
 2
Additional paid-in capital2,004
 1,983
2,036
 1,983
Retained earnings7,026
 6,802
7,626
 6,802
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(212) (209)(194) (209)
8,820
 8,578
9,470
 8,578
Less: Treasury stock at cost (76,448,346 shares for 2018 and 75,454,111 shares for 2017)3,275
 3,175
Less: Treasury stock at cost (79,127,753 shares for 2018 and 75,454,111 shares for 2017)3,550
 3,175
Total Eastman stockholders' equity5,545
 5,403
5,920
 5,403
Noncontrolling interest75
 77
75
 77
Total equity5,620
 5,480
5,995
 5,480
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$16,366
 $15,999
$16,362
 $15,999

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
First Three MonthsFirst Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172018 2017
Operating activities      
Net earnings$290
 $279
$1,049
 $897
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:

 



 

Depreciation and amortization152
 145
451
 440
Gain from sale of business
 (3)
Gain from property insurance(50) 
(65) 
Provision for deferred income taxes11
 31
15
 70
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions and divestitures:      
(Increase) decrease in trade receivables(223) (149)(229) (188)
(Increase) decrease in inventories(80) (82)(261) (143)
Increase (decrease) in trade payables8
 (26)7
 (20)
Pension and other postretirement contributions (in excess of) less than expenses(36) (36)(112) (81)
Variable compensation (in excess of) less than expenses(77) (84)23
 18
Other items, net(30) (26)(75) 21
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(35) 52
Net cash provided by operating activities803
 1,011
Investing activities      
Additions to properties and equipment(128) (133)(381) (438)
Proceeds from property insurance50
 
65
 
Proceeds from sale of assets
 1
Proceeds from sale of business and assets
 14
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 (4)
 (4)
Other items, net1
 (2)
Net cash used in investing activities(78) (136)(315) (430)
Financing activities      
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper and other borrowings199
 
339
 71
Proceeds from borrowings275
 250
490
 600
Repayment of borrowings(175) 
(693) (750)
Dividends paid to stockholders(80) (75)(240) (223)
Treasury stock purchases(100) (75)(375) (275)
Proceeds from stock option exercises and other items, net(3) 2
Net cash provided by financing activities116
 102
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest(3) (5)
Other items, net
 14
Net cash used in financing activities(482) (568)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 (2)(4) 1
Net change in cash and cash equivalents3
 16
2
 14
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period191
 181
191
 181
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$194
 $197
$193
 $195

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


  Page
   
Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments
Environmental Matters and Asset Retirement Obligations

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared by Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman" or the "Company") in accordance and consistent with the accounting policies stated in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K,that report, with the exception of the items noted below. The December 31, 2017 financial position data included herein was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP").

In the opinion of management, the unaudited consolidated financial statements include all normal recurring adjustments necessary for fair statement of the interim financial information in conformity with GAAP. These statements contain some amounts that are based upon management estimates and judgments. Future actual results could differ from such current estimates. The unaudited consolidated financial statements include assets, liabilities, sales revenue, and expenses of all majority-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures in which a controlling interest is maintained. Eastman accounts for other joint ventures and investments where it exercises significant influence on the equity basis. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Certain prior period data has been reclassified in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes to conform to current period presentation. As of January 1, 2018:
Eastman's primary measure of operating performance for all periods presented is earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT") on a consolidated and segment basis. Previously, the Company's primary measure of operating performance was operating earnings.
As discussed below, the new accounting standard for the presentation of net periodic benefit costs requires the Company to present non-service cost components of net periodic benefit costs (interest cost, expected return on plan assets, curtailment gains or losses, amortization of prior service costs or credits, and mark-to-market gains or losses) separately from service cost. These non-service cost components were reclassified from "Cost of sales", "Selling, general and administrative expenses", and "Research and development expenses" line items and are now included in a new line item, "Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net" on the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for all periods presented. This reclassification does not change prior period EBIT, earnings before income taxes, or net earnings and, accordingly, management does not consider this change to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09 Revenue Recognition (Accounting Standards Codification "ASC" 606): On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard under the modified retrospective method, such that revenue for all periods prior to January 1, 2018 continue to be reported under the previous standard, which resulted in an increase to retained earnings of $53 million after tax for products shipped but not delivered as of December 31, 2017.

Under the new standard, the Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations of the sale are satisfied. The majority of the Company's terms of sale have a single performance obligation to transfer products. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when control has been transferred to the customer, generally at the time of shipment of products. Under the previous revenue recognition accounting standard, the Company recognized revenue upon transfer of title and risk of loss, generally upon the delivery of goods.

Management does not expect that changes in its accounting required by this new standard will materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures when comparing 2018 under the new revenue standard to previous years under the prior standard. However, the difference in timing of revenue recognition under the current and former accounting standards is expected to have some impact on seasonal revenue and EBIT trends during 2018 compared to previous years. For further information, see Note 18, "Revenue Recognition".


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard relating to the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. This standard requires equity investments (except equity method and consolidated investments) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Management has concluded that changes in its accounting required by the new standard willdid not materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures. In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2018-03 as an update to the standard described above which is effective for the Companywas adopted on July 1, 2018. Management does not expecthas concluded that changes in its accounting required by the update willdid not materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2016-16 Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard under the modified retrospective method resulting in a beginning retained earnings decrease of $39 million. Under this standard, the Company is required to recognize the income tax consequence of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs.

ASU 2017-05 Other Income - Gains and Losses from Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard in conjunction with the revenue recognition standard mentioned above. This standard clarifies the scope of nonfinancial asset derecognition and the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. This adoption had no impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures in the current period.

ASU 2017-07 Compensation - Retirement Benefits: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard retrospectively for income statement effects and prospectively for balance sheet effects. This standard is intended to improve the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs by requiring the reporting of the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net periodic benefit costs (interest cost, expected return on plan assets, curtailment gains or losses, amortization of prior service costs or credits, and mark-to-market gains or losses) are to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside the subtotal of income from operations, if presented. Management has concluded that changes in its accounting required by this new standard willdid not materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard on a modified retrospective basis for income statement impacts and prospectively for presentation and disclosure resulting in a beginning retained earnings increase of $2 million related to the elimination of ineffectiveness recognized in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" ("AOCI") locatedwhich was recognized in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position under the previous standard. This standard is intended to simplify the application of hedge accounting and improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in the financial statements. Management has included the additional disclosures required by this standard in Note 6, "Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments".

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Adopted as of March 31,September 30, 2018

ASU 2016-02 Leases: In February 2016, the FASB issued athis standard on lease accounting. The new standard establishes two types of leases for lessees: finance and operating. Both finance and operating leases will have associated right-of-use assets and liabilities initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period and early adoption is permitted. The new standard is to be applied under a modified retrospective approach wherein practical expedients have been allowed that will not require reassessment of current leases at the effective date. In January 2018, the FASB issued an update to the new standard above in ASU 2018-01 that sets forth the requirement to assess land easements to determine if the arrangement should be accounted for as a lease. In July 2018, the FASB issued update ASU 2018-10 that provides narrow-scope improvements to the leases standard above including clarification on reassessment, change in a reference index or rate, and periods included in the lease term. Also in July 2018, the FASB issued update ASU 2018-11 to the leases standard above. This update allows entities to initially apply the new leases standard prospectively at the adoption date with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption as necessary. The effective date for this amended standard isthese updates are the same as that of the leaseleases standard stated above. Management is currently evaluatingIn preparation for adoption, management continues accounting system testing, development of internal controls, and the evaluation of implementation options and impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: In June 2016, the FASB issued athis standard relating to credit losses. The amendments require a financial asset (including trade receivables) to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected through the use of allowances for credit losses valuation account. The income statement will reflect the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets, as well as the expected increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that reporting period and early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, beginning after December 15, 2018. The new standard application is mixed among the various elements that include modified retrospective and prospective transition methods. Management does not expect that changes in its accounting required by the new standard will materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: In January 2017, the FASB issued athis standard as a part of its simplification initiative that bases the impairment of goodwill on any difference for which the carrying value is greater than the fair value of the reporting unit. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods, or interim period testing performed, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment testing performed after January 1, 2017. This standard is to be applied on a prospective basis for goodwill testing that occur after the effective date. Management does not expect that changes in its accounting required by the new standard will materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2018-02 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income: In February 2018, the FASB issued athis standard that allows the reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive incomeAOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 "TaxTax Cuts and Jobs Act"Act ("Tax Reform Act"). The amount of the reclassification is the difference betweeneffect of the historicalchange in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on the gross deferred tax amounts and the newly enacted tax rate.related valuation allowances related to items remaining in AOCI. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. The new standard is to be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effects of the change in the income tax rate in the Tax Reform Act isare recognized. Management is currently evaluating implementation options and impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

2.INVENTORIES
 March 31, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Finished goods$1,031
 $1,114
Work in process241
 213
Raw materials and supplies504
 470
Total inventories at FIFO or average cost1,776
 1,797
Less: LIFO reserve300
 288
Total inventories$1,476
 $1,509
ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement: In August 2018, the FASB issued this update as a part of its disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption was permitted upon issuance of this update and an entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until the effective date. Certain disclosure amendments are to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented, while other amendments are to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. Management is currently evaluating implementation options and impact on the Company's related disclosures.

Inventories valuedASU 2018-14 Retirement Benefits - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans: In August 2018, the FASB issued this update as a part of its disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. This standard is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, this update is to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. Management is currently evaluating the impact on the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method were approximately 55 percentCompany's related disclosures.

ASU 2018-15 Internal-Use Software - Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract: In August 2018, the FASB issued this update. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and 60 percentinterim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. This standard is to be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of total inventories at March 31, 2018adoption. Management is currently evaluating implementation options and December 31, 2017, respectively.impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2.INVENTORIES
 September 30, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Finished goods$1,118
 $1,114
Work in process271
 213
Raw materials and supplies554
 470
Total inventories at FIFO or average cost1,943
 1,797
Less: LIFO reserve318
 288
Total inventories$1,625
 $1,509

Inventories valued on the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method were approximately 55 percent and 60 percent of total inventories at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

3.PAYABLES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
March 31, December 31,September 30, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172018 2017
Trade creditors$838
 $842
$823
 $842
Accrued payrolls, vacation, and variable-incentive compensation120
 199
Accrued payrolls, vacation, and variable compensation191
 199
Accrued taxes67
 111
82
 111
Other415
 437
329
 437
Total payables and other current liabilities$1,440
 $1,589
$1,425
 $1,589

"Other" consists primarily of accruals for dividends payable, post-employment obligations, dividends payable, interest payable, derivative hedging liabilities, the current portion of environmental liabilities, and miscellaneous accruals.

4.INCOME TAXES
First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
$ % $ %$ % $ % $ % $ %
Provision for income taxes and tax rate$60
 17% $62
 18%$46
 10% $79
 20% $190
 15% $206
 19%

The third quarter and first quarternine months 2018 effective tax rate includesrates include the impact of the U.S. corporate tax rate reduction resulting from the Tax Reform Act. In third quarter and first nine months 2018, the Company also recognized a decrease of $14 million and $4 million, respectively, to the provision for income taxes resulting from adjustments to the provisional net tax benefit recognized in fourth quarter 2017 resulting from the Tax Reform Act and tax impact of outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Third quarter and first nine months 2018 adjustments resulting from the Tax Reform Act were due to a decrease to the provision for income taxes related to foreign income inclusion and associated foreign tax credits partially offset by an increase to the provision for income taxes for a remeasurement of the deferred tax assets as a result of additional guidance released in the third quarter 2018. Third quarter and first nine months 2018 effective tax rates also include a $14 million decrease to the provision for income taxes related to prior year income tax returns and a $17 million decrease to the provision for income taxes related to current year estimates of business tax credits. In addition, first nine months 2018, adjustment included a $10 million increase to the one-time transition tax on deferred foreign income resulting from the Tax Reform Act.

The first quarternine months 2017 effective tax rate included adjustmentsa $22 million tax decrease to the tax provision to reflect planned amendments to and finalization of prior years' income tax returns and a $22 million tax decrease due to planned amendments to prior years' income tax returns.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As previously reported, the Company recognized an estimateda provisional net tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily resulting from the Tax Reform Act. The provisional net tax benefit included a benefit from the one-time revaluation of deferred tax liabilities, partially offset by a one-time transition tax on deferred foreign income and changes in valuation of deferred tax assets. The provisional net tax benefit was updated in 2018, as described above. As of March 31,September 30, 2018, the Company continues to consider the accounting for the following impacts of the Tax Reform Act to be provisional and, accordingly, subject to adjustment in future periods: the transition tax on deferred foreign income (which consists of post-1986 accumulated earnings and profits of controlled foreign corporations and the determination of cash versus non-cash balances), the impact of the change in income tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the evaluation of gross foreign tax credit carryforwards and related valuation allowances. In preparing the provisional estimates as of March 31,September 30, 2018, the Company has considered notices and revenue procedures issued by the Internal Revenue Service and authoritative accounting guidance.

Certain of the provisional amounts will be finalized in conjunction withthe fourth quarter 2018 following the filing of the Company's U.S. federal income tax return for the year ended December 31, 2017 that will not be finalized until later in 2018.2017. While historically differences between amounts reported in the Company's consolidated financial statements and the Company's U.S. federal income tax return have resulted in offsetting changes in estimates in current and deferred taxes for items which are timing related, the reduction of the U.S. tax rate will result in adjustments to the Company's income tax (benefit) provision when recognized. The Company also considers it likely that further technical guidance regarding certain aspects of the new provisions included in the Tax Reform Act, as well as clarity regarding state income tax conformity to current federal tax code, may be issued which could result in changes to the provisional amounts reported as of March 31, 2018 and related state income tax effects.September 30, 2018.

Additionally, the Company continues to consider the future impact of the Tax Reform Act for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018, including the new provisions known as the base erosion anti-abuse tax ("BEAT") and global intangible low-tax income ("GILTI") tax, as well as other provisions. Under U.S. GAAP, companies can make an accounting policy election to either treat taxes resulting from GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred or factor such amounts into the measurement of deferred taxes. The Company has not completed its analysis of the effects of the GILTI provisions and will further consider the accounting policy election within the measurement period as provided under Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, "Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act".


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

5.BORROWINGS
March 31, December 31,September 30, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172018 2017
Borrowings consisted of:      
5.5% notes due November 2019$250
 $250
$250
 $250
2.7% notes due January 2020798
 797
798
 797
4.5% notes due January 2021 (1)
192
 185
185
 185
3.6% notes due August 2022 (1)
753
 738
739
 738
1.50% notes due May 2023 (2)(1)
920
 895
865
 895
7 1/4% debentures due January 2024197
 197
198
 197
7 5/8% debentures due June 202443
 43
43
 43
3.8% notes due March 2025689
 690
688
 690
1.875% notes due November 2026 (2)(1)
609
 592
572
 592
7.60% debentures due February 2027195
 195
195
 195
4.8% notes due September 2042493
 493
493
 493
4.65% notes due October 2044871
 871
872
 871
Commercial paper and short term borrowings588
 389
Commercial paper and short-term borrowings727
 389
Credit facilities borrowings300
 200

 200
Capital leases and other2
 5
1
 5
Total borrowings6,900
 6,540
6,626
 6,540
Borrowings due within one year589
 393
728
 393
Long-term borrowings$6,311
 $6,147
$5,898
 $6,147
(1)
In January 2018, the Company entered into fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps with $180 million maturing 2021 and $320 million maturing 2022 and designated these swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in a euro functional currency denominated subsidiary against foreign currency fluctuations. The hedged portion of the carrying value of the U.S. denominated 4.5% notes due January 2021 and 3.6% notes due August 2022 will fluctuate with changes in the euro exchange rate. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, pre-tax losses of $11 million were recognized in "Other comprehensive income (loss)" ("OCI") for revaluation of the hedged portion of these notes.
(2) 
The carrying value of the euro-denominated 1.50% notes due May 2023 and 1.875% notes due November 2026 will fluctuate with changes in the euro exchange rate. The carrying value of these euro-denominated borrowings have been designated as non-derivative net investment hedges of a portion of the Company's net investments in euro functional-currency denominated subsidiaries to offset foreign currency fluctuations. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, pre-tax losses of $42 million were recognized in OCI for revaluation of these notes.

Credit Facilities and Commercial Paper Borrowings

In December 2016, the Company borrowed $300 million under a five-year term loan agreement ("2021 Term Loan"). As of March 31, 2018, the 2021 Term Loan agreement balance outstanding was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.90 percent. As of December 31, 2017, the 2021 Term Loan agreement balance outstanding was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.60 percent. Borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan agreement are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates. As of December 31, 2017, the 2021 Term Loan outstanding balance was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.60 percent. In second quarter 2018, $100 million of the borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan were repaid using available cash. In third quarter 2018, the Company repaid the remaining balance of $100 million using available cash.

The Company has access to a $1.25 billion revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Facility") expiring October 2021. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates and a commitment fee is paid on the total unused commitment. The Credit Facility provides available liquidity for general corporate purposes and supports commercial paper borrowings. Commercial paper borrowings are classified as short-term. At March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At March 31,September 30, 2018, the Company's commercial paper borrowings were $452$605 million with a weighted average interest rate of 2.302.36 percent. At December 31, 2017, the Company's commercial paper borrowings were $280 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.61 percent. In October 2018, the Company amended the Credit Facility to increase the available borrowing amount to $1.50 billion and extend the maturity to October 2023.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In April 2018, theThe Company amended itshas access to a $250 million accounts receivable securitization agreement (the "A/R Facility") to extend the maturity tothat expires April 2020. Eastman Chemical Financial Corporation ("ECFC"), a subsidiary of the Company, has an agreement to sell interests in trade receivables under the A/R Facility to a third party purchaser. Third party creditors of ECFC have first priority claims on the assets of ECFC before those assets would be available to satisfy the Company's general obligations. Borrowings under the A/R Facility are subject to interest rates based on a spread over the lender's borrowing costs, and ECFC pays a fee to maintain availability of the A/R Facility. In first quarter 2018, $100 million available under the A/R Facility was borrowed and repaid in second quarter 2018. In second quarter 2018, $25 million available under the A/R Facility was borrowed and remained outstanding at March 31,June 30, 2018. In third quarter 2018, with an interest ratethe outstanding balance of 2.69 percent.$25 million under the A/R Facility was repaid. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the A/R Facility.

The Credit and A/R Facilities and other borrowing agreements contain customary covenants and events of default, some of which require the Company to maintain certain financial ratios that determine the amounts available and terms of borrowings. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The Company has access to borrowings of up to €150 million ($185174 million) under a receivables facility based on the discounted value of selected customer accounts receivable. This facility expires December 2020 and renews for another one year period if not terminated with 90 days notice by either party. These arrangements include receivables in the United States, Belgium, and Finland, and are subject to various eligibility requirements. Borrowings under this facility are subject to interest at an agreed spread above EURIBOR for euro denominated drawings and the counterparty's cost of funds for drawings in any other currencies, plus administration and insurance fees and are classified as short-term. At March 31,September 30, 2018, the Company's amount of outstanding borrowings under this facility were $136$122 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.321.50 percent. At December 31, 2017, the Company's amount of outstanding borrowings under this facility were $109 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.31 percent.

The Credit and A/R Facilities and other borrowing agreements contain customary covenants and events of default, some of which require the Company to maintain certain financial ratios that determine the amounts available and terms of borrowings. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Fair Value of Borrowings

Eastman has classified its total borrowings at March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 under the fair value hierarchy as defined in the accounting policies in Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The fair value for fixed-rate debt securities is based on current market prices and is classified as Level 1. The fair value for the Company's other borrowings primarily under the Term Loan, commercial paper A/R Facility, and a receivables facility equals the carrying value and is classified as Level 2. The Company had no borrowings classified as Level 3 as of March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.



   Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2018   Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018
(Dollars in millions) Recorded Amount
March 31, 2018
 Total Fair Value  Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Recorded Amount Total Fair Value  Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Total borrowings $6,900
 $7,192
 $6,303
 $889
 $6,626
 $6,791
 $6,062
 $729

   Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017   Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
(Dollars in millions) Recorded Amount December 31, 2017 Total Fair Value  Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Recorded Amount Total Fair Value  Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Total borrowings $6,540
 $6,980
 $6,386
 $594
 $6,540
 $6,980
 $6,386
 $594


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

6.DERIVATIVE AND NON-DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Overview of Hedging Programs

Eastman is exposed to market risks, such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and interest rates. To mitigate these market risks and their effects on the cash flows of the underlying transactions and investments in foreign subsidiaries, the Company uses various derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, when appropriate, in accordance with the Company's hedging strategy and policies. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes.

For further information on hedging programs, see Note 9, "Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cash Flow Hedges

Cash flow hedges are derivative instruments designated and used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that are attributable to a particular risk. The derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge are reported on the balance sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole by corresponding changes in the anticipated cash flows of the underlying exposures being hedged. The net of the change in the hedge instrument and item being hedged for qualifying cash flow hedges is reported as a component of AOCI located in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and reclassified intorecognized in earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Fair Value Hedges

Fair value hedges are defined as derivative or non-derivative instruments designated as and used to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset or a liability or an identified portion thereof that is attributable to a particular risk. The derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recordedrecognized on the balance sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole by corresponding changes in the anticipated cash flowsfair value of the underlying exposures being hedged. The net of the change in the hedge instrument and item being hedged for qualifying fair value hedges is reclassified intorecognized in earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Net Investment Hedges

Net investment hedges are defined as derivative or non-derivative instruments designated as and used to hedge the foreign currency exposure of the net investments in certain foreign operations. The net of the change in the hedge instrument and item being hedged for qualifying net investment hedges is reported as a component of the "Cumulative Translation Adjustment" ("CTA") within AOCI located in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Recognition in earnings of amounts previously recorded torecognized in CTA is limited to circumstances such as complete or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the hedged foreign operation.

For derivative cross-currency interest rate swap net investment hedges, gains and losses representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in CTA within AOCI and recognized in earnings through the periodic swap interest accruals. The foreign currency-denominated borrowings and cross-currency interest rate swaps designated as net investment hedges are included as part of "Long-term borrowings""Other long-term liabilities" or "Other noncurrent assets" within the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

In January 2018, Eastman entered into fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps and designated these swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in a euro functional currency denominated subsidiary against foreign currency fluctuations. These contracts involve the exchange of fixed U.S. dollars with fixed euro interest payments periodically over the life of the contracts and an exchange of the notional amounts at maturity. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps include €150 million ($180 million) maturing January 2021 and €266 million ($320 million) maturing August 2022.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Summary of Financial Position and Financial Performance of Hedging Instruments

The following table presents the notional amounts outstanding at March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 associated with Eastman's hedging programs.
Notional OutstandingNotional Outstanding March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017Notional Outstanding September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
        
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:    Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:    
Foreign Exchange Forward and Option Contracts (in millions)Foreign Exchange Forward and Option Contracts (in millions)    Foreign Exchange Forward and Option Contracts (in millions)    
EUR/USD (in EUR) €498 €525EUR/USD (in EUR) €338 €525
Commodity Forward and Collar ContractsCommodity Forward and Collar Contracts    Commodity Forward and Collar Contracts    
Feedstock (in million barrels) 7
 7
Feedstock (in million barrels) 7
 7
Energy (in million million british thermal units) 20
 23
Energy (in million million british thermal units) 31
 23
         
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:    Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:    
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps (in millions)Fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps (in millions) $75 $75Fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps (in millions) $75 $75
         
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Cross-currency interest rate swaps (in millions)Cross-currency interest rate swaps (in millions)    Cross-currency interest rate swaps (in millions)    
EUR/USD (in EUR) €416 
EUR/USD (in EUR) €416 
         
Non-derivatives designated as net investment hedges:Non-derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    Non-derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Foreign Currency Net Investment Hedges (in millions)Foreign Currency Net Investment Hedges (in millions)    Foreign Currency Net Investment Hedges (in millions)    
EUR/USD (in EUR) €1,241 €1,240EUR/USD (in EUR) €1,241 €1,240

Fair Value Measurements

All the Company's derivative assets and liabilities are currently classified as Level 2. Level 2 fair value is based on estimates using standard pricing models. These standard pricing models use inputs that are derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as interest rate yield curves and currency spot and forward rates. The fair value of commodity contracts is derived using forward curves supplied by an industry recognized and unrelated third party. In addition, on an ongoing basis, the Company tests a subset of its valuations against valuations received from the transaction's counterparty to validate the accuracy of its standard pricing models. Counterparties to these derivative contracts are highly rated financial institutions which the Company believes carry minimal risk of nonperformance, and the Company diversifies its positions among such counterparties to reduce its exposure to counterparty risk and credit losses. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties on an on-going basis. The Company did not recognize a credit loss during firstthird quarter 2018 and 2017.

All the Company's derivative contracts are subject to master netting arrangements, or similar agreements, which provide for the option to settle contracts on a net basis when they settle on the same day and in the same currency. In addition, these arrangements provide for a net settlement of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event that the arrangement is terminated due to the occurrence of default or a termination event. The Company does not have any cash collateral due under such agreements.

The Company has elected to present derivative contracts on a gross basis within the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The following table presents the financial assets and liabilities valued on a recurring and gross basis and includes where the financial assets and liabilities are located within the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Financial Position and Fair Value Measurements of Hedging Instruments on a Gross Basis
(Dollars in millions)            
Derivative Type 
Statements of Financial
Position Classification
 
March 31, 2018
Level 2
 
December 31, 2017
Level 2
 
Statements of Financial
Position Classification
 
September 30, 2018
Level 2
 
December 31, 2017
Level 2
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:            
Commodity contracts Other current assets $5
 $9
 Other current assets $46
 $9
Commodity contracts Other noncurrent assets 2
 4
 Other noncurrent assets 16
 4
Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets 15
 23
 Other current assets 18
 23
Foreign exchange contracts Other noncurrent assets 1
 2
 Other noncurrent assets 3
 2
        
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:        
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swap Other current assets 
 1
 Other current assets 
 1
    
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Cross-currency interest rate swaps Other noncurrent assets 6
 
Total Derivative Assets $23
 $39
 $89
 $39
        
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:        
Commodity contracts Payables and other current liabilities $31
 $28
 Payables and other current liabilities $3
 $28
Commodity contracts Other long-term liabilities 10
 10
 Other long-term liabilities 2
 10
Foreign exchange contracts Payables and other current liabilities 10
 6
 Payables and other current liabilities 
 6
Foreign exchange contracts Other long-term liabilities 9
 4
 Other long-term liabilities 
 4
        
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:        
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swap Long-term borrowings 5
 4
 Long-term borrowings 6
 4
    
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Cross-currency interest rate swaps Long-term borrowings 22
 
Total Derivative Liabilities $87
 $52
 $11
 $52
Total Net Derivative Liabilities   $64
 $13
Total Net Derivative Assets (Liabilities)   $78
 $(13)

In addition to the fair value associated with derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, and fair value hedges, and net investment hedges noted in the table above, the Company had a carrying value of $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion associated with non-derivative instruments designated as foreign currency net investment hedges at both March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.2017, respectively. The designated foreign currency-denominated borrowings are included in the "Long-term borrowings" line item of the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For additional fair value measurement information, see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", and Note 9, "Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As of March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the following amounts were included on the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges.
(Dollars in millions) Carrying amount of the hedged liabilities Cumulative amount of fair value hedging loss adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged liability Carrying amount of the hedged liabilities Cumulative amount of fair value hedging loss adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged liability
Line item in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position in which the hedged item is included March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Long-term borrowings (1)
 $(758) $(760) $12
 $10
 $757
 $760
 $(14) $(10)

(1) 
At March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the cumulative amount of fair value hedging loss adjustment remaining for hedged liabilities for which hedge accounting has been discontinued was $7 million and $6 million, respectively.

The following table presents the effect of cash flow and net investment hedge accounting on OCI"Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax" ("OCI") for third quarter and first quarternine months 2018 and 2017:
 Change in amount of after tax gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives Pre-tax amount of gain (loss) reclassified from OCI into earnings
(Dollars in millions) Change in amount of after tax gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives Pre-tax amount of gain (loss) reclassified from OCI into earnings Third Quarter First Nine Months Third Quarter First Nine Months
 March 31, March 31,
Hedging Relationships 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:                        
Commodity contracts $(11) $(16) $(2) $(7) $28
 $49
 $57
 $42
 $8
 $(15) $3
 $(42)
Foreign exchange contracts (13) (10) 3
 12
 (2) (12) 5
 (42) 7
 6
 18
 28
Forward starting interest rate and treasury lock swap contracts 1
 1
 (1) (1) 1
 
 3
 2
 (2) (2) (4) (4)
Non-derivatives in net investment hedging relationships (pre-tax):                        
Net investment hedges (42) (18) 
 
 12
 (49) 51
 (158) 
 
 
 
Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships (pre-tax):                        
Cross-currency interest rate swaps (11) 
 
 
 3
 
 18
 
 
 
 
 
Cross-currency interest rate swaps excluded component (11) 
 
 
 (1) 
 (12) 
 
 
 
 


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for third quarter 2018 and 2017.
Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
  Third quarter
  2018 2017
(Dollars in millions) Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recognized $2,547
 $1,819
 $58
 $2,465
 $1,794
 $61
             
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging:            
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps):            
Hedged items     
     (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments     
     1
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (forward starting interest rate and treasury lock swap contracts):            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings     (2)     (2)
Commodity Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings   8
     (15)  
Foreign Exchange Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings 7
     6
    




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for first quarternine months 2018 and 2017.
Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
 First Quarter First Nine Months
 2018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions) Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recognized $2,607
 $2,026
 $59
 $2,303
 $1,698
 $60
 $7,775
 $5,762
 $178
 $7,187
 $5,281
 $182
                        
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging:                        
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20:            
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps):                        
Hedged items     
     (1)     
     (3)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments     
     1
     
     3
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20:            
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (forward starting interest rate and treasury lock swap contracts):                        
Amount of loss reclassified from AOCI into earnings     (1)     (1)
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings     (4)     (4)
Commodity Contracts:                        
Amount of loss reclassified from AOCI into earnings   (2)     (7)  
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings   3
     (42)  
Foreign Exchange Contracts:                        
Amount of gain reclassified from AOCI into earnings 3
     12
    
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings 18
     28
    

The Company enters into foreign exchange derivatives denominated in multiple currencies which are transacted and settled in the same quarter. These derivatives are not designated as hedges due to the short-term nature and the gains or losses on these derivatives are marked-to-market in line item "Other (income) charges, net" of the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. The Company recognized a net losses on these derivativesgain of $8$2 million and $6a net loss of $2 million during firstthird quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively.respectively, and recognized a net loss of $4 million and net gain of $2 million during first nine months 2018 and 2017, respectively, on these derivatives.

Pre-tax monetized positions and mark-to-market gains and losses from raw materials and energy, currency, and certain interest rate hedges that were included in AOCI included net losses of $308$72 million and $214 million at March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Losses in AOCI increased March 31,decreased September 30, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of an increase in commodity prices, particularly propane, and a decrease in foreign currency exchange rates associated with the euro. If realized, approximately $27$51 million in pre-tax losses,gains, as of March 31,September 30, 2018, would be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

7.RETIREMENT PLANS

Defined Benefit Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Eastman maintains defined benefit pension plans that provide eligible employees with retirement benefits. In addition, Eastman provides life insurance for eligible retirees hired prior to January 1, 2007. Eastman provides a subsidy for pre-Medicare health care and dental benefits to eligible retirees hired prior to January 1, 2007 that will end on December 31, 2021. Company funding is also provided for eligible Medicare retirees hired prior to January 1, 2007 with a health reimbursement arrangement. Costs recognized for these benefits are estimated amounts, which may change as actual costs derived for the year are determined.

For additional information regarding retirement plans, see Note 10, "Retirement Plans", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Components of net periodic benefit (credit) cost were as follows:
First QuarterThird Quarter
Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit PlansPension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
2018 2017 2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.    U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.    
Service cost$9
 $4
 $9
 $3
 $
 $1
$9
 $3
 $10
 $3
 $
 $
Interest cost17
 5
 17
 5
 6
 6
16
 5
 16
 5
 6
 6
Expected return on assets(37) (9) (35) (8) (2) (2)(36) (9) (35) (8) (2) (1)
Amortization of:                      
Prior service credit, net
 
 (1) 
 (10) (10)
 
 (1) 
 (10) (10)
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost$(11) $
 $(10) $
 $(6) $(5)$(11) $(1) $(10) $
 $(6) $(5)
           
First Nine Months
Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
2018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.    
Service cost$26
 $11
 $28
 $10
 $
 $2
Interest cost50
 15
 49
 14
 17
 18
Expected return on assets(110) (28) (105) (25) (4) (4)
Amortization of:           
Prior service credit, net
 
 (3) 
 (30) (30)
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost$(34) $(2) $(31) $(1) $(17) $(14)

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-07 resulting in non-service cost components of the net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit plans being presented in the "Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net" line item of the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", for additional information.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

8.COMMITMENTS AND OFF BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

Purchase Obligations and Lease Commitments
 
The Company had various purchase obligations at March 31,September 30, 2018, totaling approximately $2.9$2.8 billion over a period of approximately 30 years for materials, supplies, and energy incident to the ordinary conduct of business. The Company also had various lease commitments for property and equipment under cancelable, noncancelable and month-to-month operating leases totaling $254$262 million over a period of approximately 40 years. Of the total lease commitments, approximately 50 percent relate to real property, including office space, storage facilities, and land; approximately 40 percent relate to railcars; and approximately 10 percent relate to machinery and equipment, including computer and communications equipment and production equipment.

Guarantees

The Company has operating leases with terms that require the Company to guarantee a portion of the residual value of the leased assets upon termination of the lease as well as other guarantees. Disclosures about each group of similar guarantees are provided below.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Residual Value Guarantees

The Company has operating leases with terms that require the Company to guarantee a portion of the residual value of the leased assets upon termination of the lease. These residual value guarantees totaled $71$68 million at March 31,September 30, 2018 and consist primarily of leases for railcars that will expire beginning in thirdsecond quarter 2018.2019. Residual guarantee payments that become probable and estimable are recognized as rent expense over the remaining life of the applicable lease. Management's current expectation is that the likelihood of material residual guarantee payments is remote.

Other Guarantees

Guarantees and claims also arise during the ordinary course of business from relationships with customers, suppliers, joint venture partners, and other parties when the Company undertakes an obligation to guarantee the performance of others if specified triggering events occur. Non-performance under a contract could trigger an obligation of the Company. The Company's current other guarantees include guarantees relating to intellectual property, environmental matters, and other indemnifications and have arisen through the normal course of business. The ultimate effect on future financial results is not subject to reasonable estimation because considerable uncertainty exists as to the final outcome of these claims, if they were to occur. These other guarantees have terms up to 30 years with maximum potential future payments of approximately $35 million in the aggregate, with none of these guarantees being individually significant to the Company's operating results, financial position, or liquidity. Management's current expectation is that future payment or performance related to non-performance under other guarantees is remote.

Other Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has off balance sheet uncommitted non-recourse factoring facilities with various commitment dates. These arrangementsthat include customer specific receivables in the United States and Europe. The Company sells the receivables at face value, less a transaction fee, which substantially equals the carrying value and fair value and thuswith no gain or loss is recognized. There is no continuing involvement with these receivables once sold and no credit loss exposure. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in firstthird quarter 2018 and 2017 were $39$38 million and $3$10 million, respectively. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in first nine months 2018 and 2017 were $123 million and $15 million, respectively.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

9.ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS AND ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS

Certain Eastman manufacturing sites generate hazardous and nonhazardous wastes, the treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal of which are regulated by various governmental agencies. In connection with the cleanup of various hazardous waste sites, the Company, along with many other entities, has been designated a potentially responsible party ("PRP") by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, which potentially subjects PRPs to joint and several liability for certain cleanup costs. In addition, the Company will incur costs for environmental remediation and closure and post-closure under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Reserves for environmental contingencies have been established in accordance with Eastman's policies described in Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Although the resolution of uncertainties related to these environmental matters may have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations in the period recognized, because of the availability of legal defenses, the Company's preliminary assessment of actions that may be required, and, if applicable, the expected sharing of costs, management does not believe that the Company's liability for these environmental matters, individually or in the aggregate, will be material to the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. The Company's total reserve for environmental loss contingencies was $302$297 million and $304 million at March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The environmental reserve includes costs related to sites previously closed and impaired by Eastman and sites that have been divested by Eastman but for which the Company retains the environmental liability related to these sites of $7 million at both March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Environmental Remediation and Environmental Asset Retirement Obligations

The Company's total environmental reserve that management believes to be probable and reasonably estimable for environmental contingencies, including remediation costs and asset retirement obligations, is included as part of "Payables and other current liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as follows:
(Dollars in millions)March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Environmental contingent liabilities, current$25
 $25
$25
 $25
Environmental contingent liabilities, long-term277
 279
272
 279
Total$302
 $304
$297
 $304

Environmental Remediation

Estimated future environmental expenditures for undiscounted remediation costs ranged from the best estimate or minimum of $278$273 million to the maximum of $478$513 million at March 31,September 30, 2018 and from the best estimate or minimum of $280 million to the maximum of $483 million at December 31, 2017. The best estimate or minimum estimated future environmental expenditures are considered to be probable and reasonably estimable and include the amounts recognized at both March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Reserves for environmental remediation include liabilities expected to be paid within approximately 30 years. The amounts charged to pre-tax earnings for environmental remediation and related charges are included within "Cost of sales" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. Changes in the reserves for environmental remediation liabilities during first threenine months 2018 are summarized below:
(Dollars in millions)Environmental Remediation LiabilitiesEnvironmental Remediation Liabilities
Balance at December 31, 2017$280
$280
Changes in estimates recognized in earnings and other1
6
Cash reductions(3)(13)
Balance at March 31, 2018$278
Balance at September 30, 2018$273


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Environmental Asset Retirement Obligations

An asset retirement obligation is an obligation for the retirement of a tangible long-lived asset that is incurred upon the acquisition, construction, development, or normal operation of that long-lived asset. The Company recognizes asset retirement obligations in the period in which they are incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. The asset retirement obligations are discounted to expected present value and subsequently adjusted for changes in fair value. The associated estimated asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying value of the long-lived assets and depreciated over their useful life. Environmental asset retirement obligations consist primarily of closure and post-closure costs. For sites that have environmental asset retirement obligations, the best estimate recognized to date for these environmental asset retirement obligation costs was $24 million at both March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. 

Non-Environmental Asset Retirement Obligations

The Company has contractual asset retirement obligations not associated with environmental liabilities. Eastman's non-environmental asset retirement obligations are primarily associated with the future closure of leased manufacturing assets at Pace, Florida and Oulu, Finland. These recognized non-environmental asset retirement obligations were $46 million and $49 million at both March 31,September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

2017, respectively, and is included as part of "Other long-term liabilities" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

10.LEGAL MATTERS

From time to time, Eastman and its operations are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which are handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome of these matters, it does not believe, based upon currently available facts, that the ultimate resolution of any such pending matters will have a material adverse effect on its overall financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

11.STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

A reconciliation of the changes in stockholders' equity for first threenine months 2018 is provided below:
(Dollars in millions)Common Stock at Par Value Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock at Cost Total Eastman Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total EquityCommon Stock at Par Value Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock at Cost Total Eastman Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017$2
 $1,983
 $6,802
 $(209) $(3,175) $5,403
 $77
 $5,480
$2
 $1,983
 $6,802
 $(209) $(3,175) $5,403
 $77
 $5,480
Cumulative Effect of Adoption of New Accounting Standards (1)

 
 16
 
 
 16
 
 16

 
 16
 
 
 16
 
 16
Net Earnings
 
 290
 
 
 290
 
 290

 
 1,046
 
 
 1,046
 3
 1,049
Cash Dividends Declared (2)
($0.56 per share)

 
 (82) 
 
 (82) 
 (82)
Cash Dividends Declared (2)
($1.68 per share)

 
 (238) 
 
 (238) 
 (238)
Other Comprehensive Income
 
 
 (3) 
 (3) 
 (3)
 
 
 15
 
 15
 
 15
Share-Based Compensation Expense (3)

 24
 
 
 
 24
 
 24

 53
 
 
 
 53
 
 53
Stock Option Exercises
 13
 
 
 
 13
 
 13

 17
 
 
 
 17
 
 17
Other (4)

 (16) 
 
 
 (16) 
 (16)
 (17) 
 
 
 (17) 
 (17)
Share Repurchases
 
 
 
 (100) (100) 
 (100)
 
 
 
 (375) (375) 
 (375)
Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 (2) (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 (5) (5)
Balance at March 31, 2018$2
 $2,004
 $7,026
 $(212) $(3,275) $5,545
 $75
 $5,620
Balance at September 30, 2018$2
 $2,036
 $7,626
 $(194) $(3,550) $5,920
 $75
 $5,995

(1) 
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new accounting standards for revenue recognition, income taxes, and derivatives and hedging, which resulted in adjustments to beginning retained earnings. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", for specific amounts related to each standard.
(2) 
Cash dividends declared includes cash dividends paid and dividends declared but unpaid.
(3) 
Share-based compensation expense is the fair value of share-based awards.
(4) 
IncludesAdditional paid-in capital includes value of shares withheld for employees' taxes on vesting of share-based compensation awards.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
(Dollars in millions)
Cumulative Translation Adjustment Benefit Plans Unrecognized Prior Service Credits Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments Unrealized Losses on Investments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Cumulative Translation Adjustment Benefit Plans Unrecognized Prior Service Credits Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments Unrealized Losses on Investments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2016$(381) $163
 $(62) $(1) $(281)$(381) $163
 $(62) $(1) $(281)
Period change85
 (27) 14
 
 72
85
 (27) 14
 
 72
Balance at December 31, 2017(296) 136
 (48) (1) (209)(296) 136
 (48) (1) (209)
Period change27
 (7) (23) 
 (3)(28) (22) 65
 
 15
Balance at March 31, 2018$(269) $129
 $(71) $(1) $(212)
Balance at September 30, 2018$(324) $114
 $17
 $(1) $(194)

Amounts of other comprehensive income (loss) are presented net of applicable taxes. Eastman records deferred income taxes
on the CTA related to branch operations and income from other entities included in the Company's consolidated U.S. tax return. No deferred income taxes are provided on the CTA of other subsidiaries outside the United States, as the CTA is considered to be a component of indefinitely invested, unremitted earnings of these foreign subsidiaries.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Components of other comprehensive income recognized in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings are presented below, before tax and net of tax effects:
First QuarterThird Quarter
2018 20172018 2017
(Dollars in millions)Before Tax Net of Tax Before Tax Net of TaxBefore Tax Net of Tax Before Tax Net of Tax
Other comprehensive income (loss)              
Change in cumulative translation adjustment$27
 $27
 $7
 $7
$(21) $(21) $17
 $17
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:              
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits included in net periodic benefit costs(10) (7) (11) (7)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits(10) (7) (11) (7)
Derivatives and hedging:              
Unrealized gain (loss) during period(31) (23) (34) (21)50
 37
 49
 31
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net
 
 (6) (4)(14) (10) 10
 7
Total other comprehensive income (loss)$(14) $(3) $(44) $(25)$5
 $(1) $65
 $48
12.EARNINGS AND DIVIDENDS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS"):
 First Quarter
(In millions, except per share amounts)2018 2017
Numerator   
Earnings attributable to Eastman, net of tax$290
 $278
    
Denominator   
Weighted average shares used for basic EPS142.8
 146.2
Dilutive effect of stock options and other awards2.0
 1.0
Weighted average shares used for diluted EPS144.8
 147.2
    
(Calculated using whole dollars and shares)   
EPS   
Basic$2.03
 $1.90
Diluted$2.00
 $1.89

Stock options excluded from the first quarter 2018 and 2017 calculations of diluted earnings per share were 407,573 and 1,008,667, respectively, because the market value of option exercises for these awards were less than the cash proceeds that would be received from these exercises. First quarter 2018 and 2017 reflect the impact of share repurchases of 994,235 and 943,699, respectively.

The Company declared cash dividends of $0.56 and $0.51 per share in first quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively.
 First Nine Months
 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)Before Tax Net of Tax Before Tax Net of Tax
Other comprehensive income (loss)       
Change in cumulative translation adjustment$(28) $(28) $60
 $60
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:       
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits(30) (22) (33) (20)
Derivatives and hedging:      

Unrealized gain (loss) during period103
 78
 (13) (8)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net(17) (13) 17
 11
Total other comprehensive income (loss)$28
 $15
 $31
 $43


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

12.EARNINGS AND DIVIDENDS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS"):
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(In millions, except per share amounts)2018 2017 2018 2017
Numerator       
Earnings attributable to Eastman, net of tax$412
 $323
 $1,046
 $893
        
Denominator       
Weighted average shares used for basic EPS140.6
 144.3
 141.7
 145.2
Dilutive effect of stock options and other awards1.8
 1.2
 2.0
 1.3
Weighted average shares used for diluted EPS142.4
 145.5
 143.7
 146.5
        
(Calculated using whole dollars and shares)       
EPS       
Basic$2.93
 $2.24
 $7.38
 $6.15
Diluted$2.89
 $2.22
 $7.28
 $6.10

In both third quarter and first nine months 2018, options to purchase 619,706 shares of common stock were excluded from the shares treated as outstanding for computation of diluted EPS because the market value of option exercises for these awards were less than the cash proceeds that would be received from these exercises. Third quarter and first nine months 2018 reflect the impact of share repurchases of 1,263,868 and 3,673,642, respectively.

In third quarter and first nine months 2017, options to purchase 727,111 and 781,011 shares of common stock, respectively, were excluded from the shares treated as outstanding for computation of diluted EPS because the market value of option exercises for these awards were less than the cash proceeds that would be received from these exercises. Third quarter and first nine months 2017 reflect the impact of share repurchases of 1,184,107 and 3,360,783, respectively.

The Company declared cash dividends of $0.56 and $0.51 per share in third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1.68 and $1.53 per share in first nine months 2018 and 2017, respectively.

13.ASSET IMPAIRMENTS AND RESTRUCTURING CHARGES, NET
    
In first quarter 2018, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $2 million for corporate severance. There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in third quarter 2018. In first nine months 2018, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $6 million for corporate severance costs. There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in third quarter and first nine months 2017.

Changes in Reserves

The following table summarizes the changes in asset impairments and restructuring charges and gains, the non-cash reductions attributable to asset impairments, and the cash reductions in restructuring reserves for severance costs and site closure costs paid in first threenine months 2018 and full year 2017:
(Dollars in millions)Balance at January 1, 2018 Provision/ Adjustments Non-cash Reductions/
Additions
 Cash Reductions Balance at March 31, 2018Balance at January 1, 2018 Provision/ Adjustments Non-cash Reductions/
Additions
 Cash Reductions Balance at September 30, 2018
Severance costs$19
 $2
 $
 $(3) $18
$19
 $6
 $
 $(17) $8
Site closure and restructuring costs10
 
 
 
 10
10
 
 
 (1) 9
Total$29
 $2
 $
 $(3) $28
$29
 $6
 $
 $(18) $17


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


(Dollars in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2017 Provision/ Adjustments 
Non-cash Reductions/
Additions
 Cash Reductions Balance at December 31, 2017
Non-cash charges$
 $1
 $(1) $
 $
Severance costs42
 6
 
 (29) 19
Site closure and restructuring costs13
 1
 1
 (5) 10
Total$55
 $8
 $
 $(34) $29

Substantially all severance costs remaining are expected to be applied to the reserves within one year.

14.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AWARDS

The Company utilizes share-based awards under employee and non-employee director compensation programs. These share-based awards have included restricted and unrestricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, and performance shares. In firstthird quarter 2018 and 2017, $24$15 million and $14$13 million, respectively, of compensation expense before tax were recognized in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for all share-based awards of which $5 million and $3 million, respectively, related to stock options. The compensation expense is recognized over the substantive vesting period, which may be shorter time period than the stated vesting period for qualifying termination eligible employees as defined in the forms of award notice. For first quarter 2018 and 2017, $3 million and $2 million, respectively, of stock option compensation expense was recognized due to qualifying termination eligibility preceding the requisite service period.awards. The impact on firstthird quarter 2018 and 2017 net earnings of $18$12 million and $9$8 million, respectively, is net of deferred tax expense related to share-based award compensation for each period.

Stock Option Grants

In first quarternine months 2018 and 2017, the number of stock options granted under the 2017 and 2012 Omnibus Stock Compensation Plans, respectively, were approximately 620,000 and 746,000, respectively. Options have an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of grant. The term of options is 10 years with vesting periods that vary up to three years. Vesting usually occurs ratably over the vesting period or at the end of the vesting period. The Company utilizes the Black Scholes Merton option valuation model which relies on certain assumptions to estimate an option's fair value.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The assumptions used in the determination of fair value for stock options granted in first quarter 2018 and 2017 are provided in the table below:
  First Quarter
Assumptions 2018 2017
Expected volatility rate 19.03% 20.45%
Expected dividend yield 2.48% 2.64%
Average risk-free interest rate 2.61% 1.91%
Expected term years 5.1 5.1

The grant date exercise price and fair value of options granted during first quarter 2018 were $104.21 and $15.90, respectively, and first quarter 2017 were $80.25 and $11.79, respectively.

For options unvested at March 31, 2018, $8 million in compensation expense will be recognized over the next three years.

Other Share-Based Compensation Awards

In addition to stock option grants, the Company has awarded long-term performance share awards, restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards, and stock appreciation rights. The long-term performance share awards are based upon actual return on capital compared to a target return on capital and total stockholder return compared to a peer group ranking by total stockholder return over a three year performance period and pay out in unrestricted shares of common stock at the end of the performance period. The awards are valued using a Monte Carlo Simulation based model and vest pro-ratably over the three year performance period. The number of long-term performance share target awards during first quarter 2018 and 2017 for the 2018-2020 and 2017-2019 periods were approximately 310,000 and 360,000, respectively. The target shares awarded are assumed to be 100 percent. At the end of the three-year performance period, the actual number of shares awarded can range from zero percent to 250 percent of the target shares based on the award notice. The number of restricted stock unit awards, which pay out in unrestricted shares of common stock at the end of the vesting and performance (if any) period, during first quarter 2018 and 2017 were approximately 135,000 and 150,000, respectively. The fair value of a restricted stock unit award is equal to the closing stock price of the Company's stock on the award date and normally vests over a period of three years. In first quarter 2018 and 2017, $19$53 million and $11$40 million, respectively, was recognized asof compensation expense before tax for these other share-based awardswere recognized in "Selling, general and was includedadministrative expenses" in the total compensation expense noted aboveUnaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for all share-based awards. The unrecognized compensation expense before tax for these same type awards at March 31,impact on first nine months 2018 was approximately $100and 2017 net earnings of $40 million and will be recognized primarily over a period$25 million, respectively, is net of three years.

deferred tax expense related to share-based award compensation for each period.
For additional information regarding share-based compensation plans and awards, see Note 17, "Share-Based Compensation Plans and Awards", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

15.OTHER (INCOME) CHARGES, NET
First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
Foreign exchange transaction (gains) losses, net$
 $(1)$6
 $1
 $13
 $3
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations
 
 13
 
(Income) loss from equity investments and other investment (gains) losses, net(5) (3)(3) (4) (15) (10)
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations8
 
Proceeds from property insurance(50) 
Coal gasification incident property insurance
 
 (65) 
Gain from sale of business


 (3) 
 (3)
Other, net1
 
3
 2
 4
 3
Other (income) charges, net$(46) $(4)$6
 $(4) $(50) $(7)

First quarternine months 2018 includes a $50 million gain from insurance for property damage from the disruption of the Kingsport site's coal gasification operations area resulting from the previously reported October 4, 2017 incident and $8 million currency translationtransaction costs resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center.center of $13 million. First nine months 2018 also includes insurance for property damage of $65 million from the disruption of the Kingsport site's coal gasification operations area resulting from the previously reported October 4, 2017 incident (the "coal gasification incident"). Third quarter and first nine months 2017 other (income) charges, net includes a $3 million gain from the sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

16.SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Included in the line item "Other items, net" of the "Operating activities" section of the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are the following changes to Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position:
(Dollars in millions)First Three MonthsFirst Nine Months
2018 20172018 2017
Other current assets(1)$(29) $5
$(93) $25
Other noncurrent assets14
 9
25
 7
Payables and other current liabilities(14) (36)28
 2
Long-term liabilities and equity(1) (4)(35) (13)
Total$(30) $(26)$(75) $21

(1)    First nine months 2018 includes a $65 million insurance receivable from final settlement of the coal gasification incident.

The above changes resulted primarily from accrued taxes, deferred taxes, environmental liabilities, monetized positions from raw material and energy, currency, and certain interest rate hedges, prepaid insurance, miscellaneous deferrals, value-added taxes, and other miscellaneous receivables and accruals.

17.SEGMENT INFORMATION

Eastman's products and operations are managed and reported in four operating segments: Additives & Functional Products ("AFP"), Advanced Materials ("AM"), Chemical Intermediates ("CI"), and Fibers. Beginning January 1, 2018:
Eastman's primary measure of operating performance for all periods presented is EBIT on a consolidated and segment basis. Previously, the Company's primary measure of operating performance was operating earnings;
As a result of recent changes in the management of products and operations to better align resources for growth initiatives, certain products previously reported in the CI operating segment are reported in the AFP operating segment; and
Sales revenue and innovation costs from the textilesnonwovens and nonwovens fibertextiles innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" are reported in the Fibers operating segment due to accelerating commercial progress of growth initiatives.

For additional financial and product information for each segment, see Part I, Item 1, "Business - Business Segments" and Part II, Item 8, Note 19, "Segment Information", in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(Dollars in millions)First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
Sales by Segment2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
Additives & Functional Products$939
 $773
$915
 $886
 $2,796
 $2,489
Advanced Materials693
 634
709
 646
 2,131
 1,937
Chemical Intermediates730
 670
703
 696
 2,142
 2,069
Fibers245
 213
220
 224
 706
 652
Total Sales by Operating Segment2,607
 2,290
2,547
 2,452
 7,775
 7,147
Other
 13

 13
 

40
Total Sales$2,607
 $2,303
$2,547
 $2,465
 $7,775
 $7,187




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions)First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes by Segment2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
Additives & Functional Products$176
 $153
$186
 $189
 $554
 $503
Advanced Materials135
 121
153
 142
 438
 400
Chemical Intermediates70
 82
109
 81
 264
 246
Fibers43
 52
84
 68
 210
 176
Total Earnings Before Interest and Taxes by Operating Segment424
 408
532
 480
 1,466
 1,325
Other 
  
 
  
    
Growth initiatives and businesses not allocated to operating segments(26) (28)(26) (32) (79) (92)
Pension and other postretirement benefits income (expense), net not allocated to operating segments21
 18
20
 18
 61
 54
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net(2) 

 
 (6) 
Other income (charges), net not allocated to operating segments(8) 3
(9) (2) (25) (2)
Total Earnings Before Interest and Taxes$409
 $401
$517
 $464
 $1,417
 $1,285

(Dollars in millions)March 31, December 31,September 30, December 31,
Assets by Segment (1)
2018 20172018 2017
Additives & Functional Products$6,784
 $6,648
$6,721
 $6,648
Advanced Materials4,555
 4,379
4,561
 4,379
Chemical Intermediates3,017
 3,000
2,996
 3,000
Fibers999
 929
986
 929
Total Assets by Operating Segment15,355
 14,956
15,264
 14,956
Corporate Assets1,011
 1,043
1,098
 1,043
Total Assets$16,366
 $15,999
$16,362
 $15,999

(1) 
Segment assets include accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets, goodwill, and intangible assets.
(Dollars in millions)First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
Sales by Customer Location2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
United States and Canada$1,100
 $1,066
$1,083
 $1,057
 $3,291
 $3,211
Asia Pacific642
 512
665
 612
 1,946
 1,705
Europe, Middle East, and Africa727
 600
649
 658
 2,101
 1,882
Latin America138
 125
150
 138
 437
 389
Total Sales$2,607
 $2,303
$2,547
 $2,465
 $7,775
 $7,187

18.REVENUE RECOGNITION

On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted ASU 2014-09 Revenue Recognition ("ASC"(ASC 606). Under this standard, the Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations of the sale are satisfied. Eastman sells to customers through master sales agreements or standalone purchase orders. The majority of the Company's terms of sale have a single performance obligation to transfer products. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when control has been transferred to the customer, generally at the time of shipment of products. Under the previous revenue recognition accounting standard, the Company recognized revenue upon the transfer of title and risk of loss, generally upon delivery of goods. For further information, see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies".


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company's arrangement with a customer may include the act of shipping product to customers after the performance obligation related to that product has been satisfied. The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good and has not allocated revenue to the shipping activity. All related shipping and handling costs are recognized at the time of shipment. Further, the Company's sales arrangements may include the collection of sales and other similar taxes that are then remitted to the related taxing authority. The Company has elected to present the amounts collected for these taxes net of the related tax expense rather than presenting them as additional revenue.

The Company has elected to adopt several practical expedients as part of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 / ASC 606. The Company has elected the practical expedient to recognize the incremental cost of obtaining a sale (selling expense) as an expense when incurred given the potential amortization period for such asset is one year or less. Further, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient that allows the Company to ignore the possible existence of a significant financing component within sales arrangements where the time between cash collection and performance is less than one year. Finally, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not disclose unfulfilled obligations as customer purchase order commitments have an original expected duration of one year or less and no consideration from customers was excluded from the transaction price.

The timing of billings dodoes not always match the timing of revenue recognition. When the Company is entitled to bill a customer in advance of the recognition of revenue, deferred revenuea contract liability is recognized. When the Company is not entitled to bill a customer until a period after the related recognition of revenue, a contract asset is recognized. Contract assets represent the Company's right to consideration for completed performance obligationsthe exchange of goods under a contract but which are not yet billable to a customer for consignment inventory or pursuant to certain shipping terms. Deferred revenue wasContract liabilities were not material as of January 1, 2018 or March 31,September 30, 2018. Contract assets were $42 million as of January 1, 2018 and $57$67 million as of March 31,September 30, 2018 and are included as a component of "Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts""Miscellaneous receivables" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

The economic factors that impact the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows vary between the Company's business operating segments and the geographical regions in which they serve. For disaggregation of revenue by major product lines for each business operating segment, see "Business - Business Segments" in Part I, Item 1 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The tables below summarize the impact of adopting the new standard on third quarter and first quarternine months 2018 financial statements:
First Quarter 2018Third Quarter 2018 First Nine Months 2018
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)Current Standard Change Previous StandardCurrent Standard Change Previous Standard Current Standard Change Previous Standard
Sales$2,607
 $(30) $2,577
$2,547
 $(19) $2,528
 $7,775
 $(54) $7,721
Cost of sales2,026
 (13) 2,013
1,819
 (15) 1,804
 5,762
 (29) 5,733
Gross profit581
 (17) 564
728
 (4) 724
 2,013
 (25) 1,988
Earnings before interest and taxes409
 (17) 392
517
 (4) 513
 1,417
 (25) 1,392
Net earnings attributable to Eastman290
 (14) 276
412
 (3) 409
 1,046
 (21) 1,025
                
Basic earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.03
 $(0.10) $1.93
$2.93
 $(0.02) $2.91
 $7.38
 $(0.15) $7.23
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.00
 $(0.10) $1.90
$2.89
 $(0.02) $2.87
 $7.28
 $(0.14) $7.14



NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

First Quarter 2018Third Quarter 2018 First Nine Months 2018
(Dollars in millions)Current Standard Change Previous StandardCurrent Standard Change Previous Standard Current Standard Change Previous Standard
Additives & Functional Products    

    

      
Sales$939
 $3
 $942
$915
 $(1) $914
 $2,796
 $(7) $2,789
Earnings before interest and taxes176
 (3) 173
186
 2
 188
 554
 (7) 547
Advanced Materials                
Sales693
 (20) 673
709
 (11) 698
 2,131
 (30) 2,101
Earnings before interest and taxes135
 (10) 125
153
 (4) 149
 438
 (14) 424
Chemical Intermediates                
Sales730
 17
 747
703
 (13) 690
 2,142
 7
 2,149
Earnings before interest and taxes70
 6
 76
109
 (1) 108
 264
 7
 271
Fibers                
Sales245
 (30) 215
220
 6
 226
 706
 (24) 682
Earnings before interest and taxes43
 (10) 33
84
 (1) 83
 210
 (11) 199
Other                
Sales
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
Earnings before interest and taxes(15) 
 (15)(15) 
 (15) (49) 
 (49)

As of March 31, 2018As of September 30, 2018
(Dollars in millions)Current Standard Change Previous StandardCurrent Standard Change Previous Standard
Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts$1,430
 $(30) $1,400
$1,404
 $(191) $1,213
Miscellaneous receivables319
 (2) 317
368
 (50) 318
Inventories1,476
 15
 1,491
1,625
 154
 1,779
Total current assets3,483
 (17) 3,466
3,647
 (87) 3,560


eastmanlogoa01.jpg
 

ITEM 2.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 Page
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is based upon the consolidated financial statements of Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman" or the "Company"), which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted ("GAAP") in the United States ("GAAP"), and should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements, including related notes, and MD&A contained in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements, including related notes, included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All references to earnings per share ("EPS") contained in this report are diluted EPS unless otherwise noted. Beginning January 1, 2018, Eastman's primary measure of operating performance for all periods presented is earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT") on a consolidated and segment basis. Previously, the Company's primary measure of operating performance was operating earnings.
 
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make decisions which impact the reported amounts and the related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and assumptions on which to base estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, Eastman evaluates its estimates, including those related to impairment of long-lived assets, environmental costs, pension and other postretirement benefits, litigation and contingent liabilities, and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company's managementManagement believes the critical accounting estimates described in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K are the most important to the fair presentation of the Company's financial condition and results. These estimates require management's most significant judgments in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

Non-GAAP financial measures, and the accompanying reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measures, are presented in this section and in "Overview", "Results of Operations", "Summary by Operating Segment", and "Outlook" in this MD&A.

Company Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Non-Core Items and any Unusual or Non-Recurring Items

In addition to evaluating Eastman's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and cash flows as reported in accordance with GAAP, Eastman management also evaluates Company and operating segment performance, and makes resource allocation and performance evaluation decisions, excluding the effect of transactions, costs, and losses or gains that do not directly result from Eastman's normal, or "core", business and operations or are otherwise of an unusual or non-recurring nature.
Non-core transactions, costs, and losses or gains relate to, among other things, cost reductions, growth and profitability improvement initiatives, and other events outside of core business operations, and have included asset impairments and restructuring charges and gains, costs of and related to acquisitions, gains and losses from and costs related to dispositions of businesses, financing transaction costs, and mark-to-market losses or gains for pension and other postretirement benefit plans.
In third quarter and first quarternine months 2018, the Company incurredrecognized unusual income from insurance in excess of costs net of insurance,the disruption, repairs, and reconstruction of the Kingsport site's coal gasification operations area resulting from the fourth quarter 2017 coal gasification incident described below. As previously reported managementOctober 4, 2017 explosion (the "coal gasification incident"). Management considers the coal gasification incident unusual because of the Company's operational and safety history and the magnitude of the unplanned disruption.
In third quarter and first quarternine months 2018, the Company incurredrecognized unusual costs resulting from the fourth quarter 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Reform Act") and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Additionally, in third quarter and first nine months 2018, the Company recognized unusual increases to earnings from adjustments of the provisional net tax decrease to the provision for income taxes recognized in fourth quarter 2017 resulting from the tax law changes and tax impact of the related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Management considers these actions and associated costs and resulting benefitsincome unusual because of the infrequent nature of such changes in tax law and resulting actions and the significant one-time impactimpacts on earnings.

Because non-core, unusual, or non-recurring transactions, costs, and losses or gains may materially affect the Company's, or any particular operating segment's, financial condition or results in a specific period in which they are recognized, Eastman believes it is appropriate to evaluate both the financial measures prepared and calculated in accordance with GAAP and the related non-GAAP financial measures excluding the effect on the Company's results of these non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items. In addition to using such measures to evaluate results in a specific period, management evaluates such non-GAAP measures, and believes that investors may also evaluate such measures, because such measures may provide more complete and consistent comparisons of the Company's and its segments', operational performance on a period-over-period historical basis and, as a result, provide a better indication of expected future trends.

Adjusted Tax Rate and Provision for Income Taxes

In interim periods, Eastman discloses non-GAAP earnings with an adjusted effective tax rate and a resulting adjusted provision for income taxes using the Company's forecasted tax rate for the full year as of the end of the interim period. The adjusted effective tax rate and resulting adjusted provision for income taxes are equal to the Company's projected full year effective tax rate and provision for income taxes on earnings excluding non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items for completed periods. The adjusted effective tax rate and resulting adjusted provision for income taxes may fluctuate during the year for changes in events and circumstances that change the Company's forecasted annual effective tax rate and resulting provision for income taxes excluding non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items. Management discloses this adjusted effective tax rate, and the related reconciliation to the GAAP effective tax rate, to provide investors more complete and consistent comparisons of the Company's operational performance on a period-over-period interim basis and on the same basis as management evaluates quarterly financial results to provide a better indication of expected full year results.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Management discloses these non-GAAP measures, and the related reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, because it believes investors use these metrics in evaluating longer term period-over-period performance, and to allow investors to better understand and evaluate the information used by management to assess the Company's and its operating segments', performances, make resource allocation decisions, and evaluate organizational and individual performances in determining certain performance-based compensation. Non-GAAP measures do not have definitions under GAAP, and may be defined differently by, and not be comparable to, similarly titled measures used by other companies. As a result, management cautions investors not to place undue reliance on any non-GAAP measure, but to consider such measures with the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Non-GAAP Measures in this Quarterly Report

The following non-core item isitems are excluded by management in its evaluation of certain results in this Quarterly Report:
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net.net, and
Gain from sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business, which was part of the Additives & Functional Products segment.

The following unusual items are excluded by management in its evaluation of certain results in this Quarterly Report:
Costs, net of insurance, of the disruption, repairs, and reconstruction of the Kingsport site'sGains from coal gasification operations area resulting from the previously reported October 4, 2017 explosion (the "coal gasification incident"), andincident insurance income in excess of costs,
Costs of currency translationtransaction and professionprofessional fees resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations, as partand
Increases to earnings from adjustments of the transitionprovisional net decrease to an international treasury services center.the provision for income taxes recognized in fourth quarter 2017 resulting from the Tax Reform Act and tax impact of related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations.

Excluded Non-Core and Unusual Items and Adjustments to Provision for Income Taxes
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Non-core item impacting earnings before interest and taxes:   
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net$2
 $
Unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes:   
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident37
 
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations11
 
Total non-core and unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes50
 
Less: Items impacting provision for income taxes:   
Tax effect of non-core and unusual items11
 
Adjustment to tax provision5
 9
Total items impacting provision for income taxes16
 9
Total items impacting net earnings attributable to Eastman$34
 $(9)

This MD&A includes an analysis of the effect of the foregoing on the following GAAP financial measures:

Gross profit,
Selling, general and administrative expenses,
Other (income) charges, net,
EBIT,
Provision for income taxes,
Net earnings attributable to Eastman, and
Diluted earnings per share.
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 2018 2017
Non-core items impacting earnings before interest and taxes:       
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net$
 $
 $6
 $
Gain from sale of business
 (3) 
 (3)
Unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes:       
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(67) 
 (86) 
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations1
 
 20
 
Total non-core and unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes(66) (3) (60) (3)
Less: Items impacting provision for income taxes:       
Tax effect of non-core and unusual items(12) (2) (10) (2)
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes14
 
 4
 
Interim adjustment to tax provision11
 3
 16
 15
Total items impacting provision for income taxes13
 1
 10
 13
Total items impacting net earnings attributable to Eastman$(79) $(4) $(70) $(16)

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


This MD&A includes an analysis of the effect of the foregoing on the following GAAP financial measures:

Gross profit,
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A"),
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net,
Other (income) charges, net,
EBIT,
Provision for income taxes,
Net earnings attributable to Eastman, and
Diluted EPS.

Other Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Alternative Non-GAAP Cash Flow Measures

In addition to the non-GAAP measures presented in this Quarterly Report and other periodic reports, from time to time management evaluatesoccasionally has evaluated and disclosesdisclosed to investors and securities analysts the non-GAAP measure cash provided by operating activities excluding certain non-core, unusual, or non-recurring sources or uses of cash or including cash from or used by activities that are managed as part of core business operations ("adjusted cash provided by operating activities") when analyzing, among other things, business performance, liquidity and financial position, and performance-based compensation. Management useshas used this non-GAAP measure in conjunction with the GAAP measure cash provided by operating activities because it believes it is a more appropriate metric to evaluate the cash flows from Eastman's core operations that are available for organic and inorganic growth initiatives and because it allows for a more consistent period-over-period presentation of such amounts. In its evaluation, management generally excludes the impact of certain non-core activities and decisions of management because such activities and decisions are not considered core, ongoing components of operations and the decisions to undertake or not to undertake such activities may be made irrespective of the cash generated from operations, and generally includes cash from or used in activities that are managed as operating activities and in business operating decisions. From time to time management disclosesManagement has disclosed this non-GAAP measure and the related reconciliation to investors and securities analysts to allow them to better understand and evaluate the information used by management in its decision-making processes and because management believes investors and securities analysts use similar measures to assess Company performance, liquidity, and financial position over multiple periods and to compare these with other companies.

From time to time Eastman regularly evaluates and discloses to investors and securities analysts an alternative non-GAAP measure of "free cash flow", which management defines as cash provided by operating activities (or adjusted cash provided by operating activities, described above,above), less the amount of net capital expenditures (typically the GAAP measure additions to properties and equipment, and in third quarter and first quarternine months 2018, net of proceeds from property insurance). Such net capital expenditures are generally funded from available cash and, as such, management believes they should be considered in determining free cash flow. Management believes this is an appropriate metric to assess the Company's ability to fund priorities for uses of available cash. The priorities for cash after funding operations include payment of quarterly dividends, repayment of debt, funding targeted growth opportunities, and repurchasing shares. Management believes this metric is useful to investors and securities analysts in order to provide them with information similar to that used by management in evaluating financial performance and potential future cash available for various initiatives and assessing organizational performance in determining certain performance-based compensation and because management believes investors and securities analysts often use a similar measure of free cash flow to compare the results, and value, of comparable companies. In addition, Eastman may disclose to investors and securities analysts an alternative non-GAAP measure of "free cash flow yield", which management defines as annual free cash flow divided by the Company's market capitalization. Management believes this metric is useful to investors and securities analysts in comparing cash flow generation with that of peer and other companies.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Alternative Non-GAAP Earnings Measures

From time to time, Eastman may also disclose to investors and securities analysts the non-GAAP earnings measures "Adjusted EBITDA", "EBITDA Margin", and "Return on Invested Capital" (or "ROIC"). Management defines Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA (net earnings or net earnings per share before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) adjusted to exclude the same non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items as are excluded from the Company's other non-GAAP earnings measures for the same periods. EBITDA Margin is Adjusted EBITDA divided by the GAAP measure sales revenue in the Company's income statement for the same periods. Management defines ROIC as net earnings plus interest expense after tax divided by average total borrowings plus average stockholders' equity for the periods presented, each derived from the GAAP measures in the Company's financial statements for the periods presented. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and ROIC are useful as supplemental measures in evaluating the performance of and returns from Eastman's operating businesses, and, from time to time, uses such measures in internal performance calculations. Further, management understands that investors and securities analysts often use similar measures of Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and ROIC to compare the results, returns, and value of the Company with those of peer and other companies.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


OVERVIEW

Eastman's products and operations are managed and reported in four operating segments: Additives & Functional Products ("AFP"), Advanced Materials ("AM"), Chemical Intermediates ("CI"), and Fibers. Eastman uses an innovation-driven growth model which consists of leveraging world class scalable technology platforms, delivering differentiated application development capabilities, and relentlessly engaging the market. The Company's world class technology platforms form the foundation of sustainable growth by differentiated products through significant scale advantages in research and development ("R&D") and advantaged global market access. Differentiated application development converts market complexity into opportunities for growth and accelerates innovation by enabling a deeper understanding of the value of Eastman's products and how they perform within customers' and end user products. Key areas of application development include thermoplastic processing, functional films, coatings formulations, rubber additive formulations, adhesives formulations, non-wovensnonwovens and textiles, and animal nutrition. The Company engages the market by working directly with customers and downstream users, targeting attractive niche markets, and leveraging disruptive macro trends such as health and wellness, natural resource efficiency, an increasing middle class in emerging economies, and feeding a growing population. Management believes that these elements of the Company's innovation-driven growth model combined with disciplined portfolio management and balanced capital deployment will result in consistent, sustainable earnings growth and strong cash flow.

The Company generated sales revenue of $2.6$2.55 billion and $2.3$2.47 billion in firstthird quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively. Sales revenue increased $304$82 million as a result of increases in the AM, AFP, and CI operating segments partially offset by a decrease in the Fibers operating segment.

The Company generated sales revenue of $7.8 billion and $7.2 billion in first quarternine months 2018 compared to first quarterand 2017, respectively. Sales revenue increased $588 million as a result of increases in all operating segments.

EBIT was $409$517 million and $464 million in firstthird quarter 2018 compared with $401 million in first quarter 2017.and 2017, respectively. Excluding the non-core and unusual items identified in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures", adjusted EBIT was $451 million and $461 million in firstthird quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively. Adjusted EBIT decreased as a result of decreases in the Fibers, AFP, and CI operating segments more than offsetting an increase the AM operating segment.

EBIT was $459 million$1.4 billion and $401 million,$1.3 billion in first nine months 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding the non-core and unusual items identified in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures", adjusted EBIT was $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion in first nine months 2018 and 2017, respectively. Adjusted EBIT increased in first quarter 2018 as a result of increases in allthe AFP and AM operating segments more than offset declines in the CI and Fibers operating segments.

Further discussion on sales revenue and EBIT changes by operating segment is presented in "Summary by Operating Segment" in this MD&A.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Net earnings and EPS attributable to Eastman and adjusted net earnings and EPS attributable to Eastman were as follows:
First QuarterThird Quarter
2018 20172018 2017
(Dollars in millions, except EPS)$ EPS $ EPS$ EPS $ EPS
Net earnings attributable to Eastman$290
 $2.00
 $278
 $1.89
$412
 $2.89
 $323
 $2.22
Total non-core and unusual items, net of tax (1)(2)
39
 0.27
 
 
(68) (0.48) (1) (0.01)
Adjustment to tax provision (1)
(5) (0.04) (9) (0.06)
Interim adjustment to tax provision (1)
(11) (0.07) (3) (0.02)
Adjusted net earnings$324
 $2.23
 $269
 $1.83
$333
 $2.34
 $319
 $2.19
       
First Nine Months
2018 2017
(Dollars in millions, except diluted EPS)
 $
 EPS 
 $
 EPS
Net earnings attributable to Eastman$1,046
 $7.28
 $893
 $6.10
Total non-core and unusual items, net of tax (1)(2)
(54) (0.38) (1) (0.01)
Interim adjustment to tax provision (1)
(16) (0.11) (15) (0.10)
Adjusted net earnings$976
 $6.79
 $877
 $5.99

(1) 
See "Results of Operations - Provision for Income Taxes" for adjusted provision for income taxes for third quarter and first quarternine months 2018 and 2017.
(2) 
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items are calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.

Cash used inprovided by operating activities was $35$803 million in first threenine months 2018.

As previously reported, in fourth quarter 2017 an explosion in the Kingsport site's coal gasification area disrupted manufacturing operations, primarily for the Fibers and CI segments which are significant internal users of cellulose and acetyl stream intermediates. The total impact ofIn September 2018, Eastman reached a final settlement agreement with its insurer for the coal gasification incident and in October 2018, the Company received the final cash payment from the insurer of $65 million. The incident, net of insurance, recoveries, is expected to reducereduced 2017 earnings by a total of between $25$112 million and $50 million spread across 2017 and 2018. Costs in first quarterincreased 2018 earnings by $86 million. The cumulative net costs of the incident were $26 million. Insurance net of costs of the disruption, repairs, and reconstruction of coal gasification operations in third quarter and first nine months 2018 were $37$67 million net of insurance recoveries, impactingand $86 million, respectively, recognized in "Cost of sales" and "Other (income) charges, net" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. Cumulative net costs of the coal gasification incident through first quarter 2018 were $149 million, with additional insurance recoveries expected in the remainder of 2018.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Sales
First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
    Change    Change     Change
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017  $ %2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %
Sales$2,607
 $2,303
 $304
 13%$2,547
 $2,465
 $82
 3% $7,775
 $7,187
 $588
 8%
Volume / product mix effect    125
 6%    5
 %     220
 3%
Price effect    101
 4%    82
 3%     246
 3%
Exchange rate effect    78
 3%    (5) %     122
 2%

Sales revenue increased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 as a result of increases in the AM, AFP, and CI operating segments partially offset by a decrease in the Fibers operating segment. Sales revenue increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 as a result of increases in all operating segments.

Gross Profit
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change
Gross profit$581
 $605
 (4)%
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident87
 
  
Gross profit excluding unusual item$668
 $605
 10 %

Gross profit in 2018 included $87 million of net costs For the impact on sales from the coal gasification incident. Excluding this unusual item, gross profit increased as a resultadoption of increases in all operating segments.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change
Selling, general and administrative expenses$190
 $179
 6%
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations(3) 
  
Selling, general and administrative expenses excluding unusual item$187
 $179
 4%

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to higher performance-based variable compensation costs and costs of growth initiatives.

Research and Development Expenses
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change
Research and development expenses$56
 $57
 (2)%

Asset Impairments and Restructuring Charges, Net
In first quarter 2018,revenue recognition for the Company recognized restructuring charges of $2 million for corporate severance costs. There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in first quarter 2017.

For more information regarding asset impairments and restructuring charges and gainsby operating segment, see Note 13, "Asset Impairments and Restructuring Charges, Net"18, "Revenue Recognition", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Gross Profit
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change
Gross profit$728
 $671
 8 % $2,013
 $1,906
 6%
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(67) 
   (21)   
Gross profit excluding unusual item$661
 $671
 (1)% $1,992
 $1,906
 5%

Gross profit included $67 million business interruption insurance in excess of costs in third quarter 2018 from the coal gasification incident. Excluding this unusual item, gross profit decreased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 as decreases in the Fibers, AFP, and CI operating segments more than offset an increase in the AM operating segment.

Gross profit included $21 million business interruption insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018 from the coal gasification incident. Excluding this unusual item, gross profit increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 as increases in the AFP and AM operating segments more than offset a decline in the CI and Fibers operating segments.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change
Selling, general and administrative expenses$175
 $180
 (3)% $554
 $540
 3%
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations(1) 
  
 (7) 
  
Selling, general and administrative expenses excluding unusual item$174
 $180
 (3)% $547
 $540
 1%

SG&A expenses included $1 million of costs in third quarter 2018 of professional fees resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Excluding this unusual item, SG&A expenses decreased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to lower strategic initiative and variable compensation costs partially offset by higher costs of growth initiatives.

SG&A expenses included $7 million of costs in first nine months 2018 of professional fees resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Excluding this unusual item, SG&A expenses increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher costs of growth initiatives and variable compensation, partially offset by lower strategic initiative costs.

Research and Development Expenses
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change
Research and development expenses$60
 $59
 2% $176
 $174
 1%

R&D expenses increased in third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher costs of growth initiatives.

Asset Impairments and Restructuring Charges, Net
There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in third quarter 2018. In first nine months 2018, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $6 million for corporate severance costs. There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in third quarter and first nine months 2017.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


For more information regarding asset impairments and restructuring charges, net see Note 13, "Asset Impairments and Restructuring Charges, Net", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Other Components of Post-employment (Benefit) Cost, Net
First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change
Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net$(30) $(28) 7%$(30) $(28) 7% $(90) $(86) 5%

For more information regarding other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", and Note 7, "Retirement Plans", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Other (Income) Charges, Net
First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
Foreign exchange transaction (gains) losses, net$
 $(1)$6
 $1
 $13
 $3
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations (1)

 
 13
 
(Income) loss from equity investments and other investment (gains) losses, net(5) (3)(3) (4) (15) (10)
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations8
 
Proceeds from property insurance(50) 
Coal gasification incident property insurance
 
 (65) 
Gain from sale of business
 (3) 
 (3)
Other, net1
 
3
 2
 4
 3
Other (income) charges, net(46) (4)$6
 $(4) $(50) $(7)
Gain from sale of business
 3
 
 3
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations(8) 

 
 (13) 
Proceeds from property insurance50
 
Other (income) charges, net excluding unusual items$(4) $(4)
Coal gasification incident property insurance
 
 65
 
Other (income) charges, net excluding non-core and unusual items$6
 $(1) $2
 $(4)

(1)
Currency transaction costs.
First quarter 2018 includes a $50 million gain from insurance for property damage from the coal gasification incident and $8 million currency translation costs resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center.

Earnings Before Interest and Taxes
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change
Earnings before interest and taxes$409
 $401
 2%
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations11
    
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net2
 
  
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident37
 
  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items$459
 $401
 14%

Net Interest Expense
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change
Gross interest costs$61
 $62
  
Less: Capitalized interest1
 1
  
Interest expense60
 61
  
Less: Interest income1
 1
  
Net interest expense$59
 $60
 (2)%
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change
Earnings before interest and taxes$517
 $464
 11 % $1,417
 $1,285
 10%
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations1
 
   20
 
  
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
 
   6
 
  
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(67) 
   (86) 
  
Gain from sale of business
 (3)   
 (3)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items$451
 $461
 (2)% $1,357
 $1,282
 6%

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Net interest expense decreased as a result of entering into cross-currency interest rate swaps in January 2018 and prior year repayment of term loan borrowings, partially offset by increased commercial paper and credit facility borrowings in first quarter 2018. For further information on cross-currency interest rate swaps, see Note 6, "Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.Interest Expense
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change
Gross interest costs$59
 $63
   $184
 $189
  
Less: Capitalized interest1
 1
   3
 5
  
Interest expense58
 62
   181
 184
 

Less: Interest income
 1
  
 3
 2
  
Net interest expense$58
 $61
 (5)% $178
 $182
 (2)%

Provision for Income Taxes
First QuarterThird Quarter First Nine Months
2018 20172018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)$ % $ %$ % $ % $ % $ %
Provision for income taxes and effective tax rate$60
 17% $62
 18%$46
 10% $79
 20% $190
 15% $206
 19%
Tax provision for non-core and unusual items (1)
11
   
  (12)   (2)   (10)   (2)  
Adjustment to tax provision (2)
5
   9
  
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes14
   
   4
   
  
Interim adjustment to tax provision (2)
11
   3
   16
   15
  
Adjusted provision for income taxes and effective tax rate$76
 19% $71
 21%$59
 15% $80
 20% $200
 17% $219
 20%

(1) 
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.
(2) 
FirstThird quarter and first nine months 2018 provision for income taxes waswere adjusted to reflect the current forecasted full year effective tax rate. FirstThird quarter and first nine months 2017 provision for income taxes waswere adjusted to reflect the then forecasted full year effective tax rate. The adjusted provision for income taxes for first quarternine months 2018 and 2017 are calculated applying the forecasted full year effective tax rate as shown below.
First Three MonthsFirst Nine Months
2018 20172018 2017
Effective tax rate17 % 18 %15% 19%
Discrete tax items (1)
1 % 5 %1% 1%
Tax impact of non-core and unusual items (2)
2 %  %
Changes in tax contingencies and valuation allowances % (1)%
Forecasted full year impact of expected tax events(1)% (1)%1% %
Forecasted full year effective tax rate19 % 21 %17% 20%

(1) 
"Discrete tax items" are items that are excluded from a company's estimated annual effective tax rate and recognized entirely in the quarter in which the item occurs. First threenine months 2018 discrete items consistitem relates to an adjustment of excessprior year income tax benefits related to share-based compensation.returns. First threenine months 2017 discrete items consisted of planned amendments to and finalization of prior years' income tax returns.
(2)
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Net Earnings Attributable to Eastman and Diluted Earnings per Share
First QuarterThird Quarter
2018 20172018 2017
(Dollars in millions, except EPS)$ EPS $ EPS$ EPS $ EPS
Net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$290
 $2.00
 $278
 $1.89
$412
 $2.89
 $323
 $2.22
Non-core item, net of tax: (1)
              
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net2
 0.01
 
 
Gain from sale of business
 
 (1) (0.01)
Unusual items, net of tax: (1)
              
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident29
 0.20
 
 
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(55) (0.39) 
 
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations8
 0.06
 
 
1
 0.01
 
 
Adjustment to tax provision(5) (0.04) (9) (0.06)
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes(14) (0.10) 
 
Interim adjustment to tax provision(11) (0.07) (3) (0.02)
Adjusted net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$324
 $2.23
 $269
 $1.83
$333
 $2.34
 $319
 $2.19
 First Nine Months
 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions, except EPS)$ EPS $ EPS
Net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$1,046
 $7.28
 $893
 $6.10
Non-core items, net of tax: (1)
       
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net4
 0.03
 
 
Gain from sale of business
 
 (1) (0.01)
Unusual items, net of tax: (1)
       
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(69) (0.49) 
 
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations15
 0.11
 
 
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes(4) (0.03) 
 
Interim adjustment to tax provision(16) (0.11) (15) (0.10)
Adjusted net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$976
 $6.79
 $877
 $5.99

(1) 
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


SUMMARY BY OPERATING SEGMENT

Eastman's products and operations are managed and reported in four operating segments: Additives & Functional Products ("AFP"), Advanced Materials ("AM"), Chemical Intermediates ("CI"), and Fibers. For additional financial and product information for each operating segment, see Part I, Item 1, "Business - Business Segments" and Part II, Item 8, Note 19, "Segment Information", in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Additives & Functional Products Segment
Third Quarter First Nine Months
First Quarter    Change     Change
    Change2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017  $ %               
       
Sales$939
 $773
 $166
 21%$915
 $886
 $29
 3 % $2,796
 $2,489
 $307
 12%
Volume / product mix effect    81
 10%    13
 1 %  
  
 161
 6%
Price effect    43
 6%    18
 2 %  
  
 82
 3%
Exchange rate effect    42
 5%    (2)  %  
  
 64
 3%
                      
                      
Earnings before interest and taxes$176
 $153
 $23
 15%$186
 $189
 $(3) (2)% $554
 $503
 $51
 10%
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident2
 
 2
  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item
178
 153
 25
 16%
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(4) 
 (4)   (6) 
 (6)  
Gain from sale of business
 (3) 3
   
 (3) 3
  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items182
 186
 (4) (2)% 548
 500
 48
 10%

Sales revenue in third quarter 2018 increased compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to higher selling prices across most product lines, particularly for animal nutrition and coatings and inks additives, and higher sales volume, particularly for care chemicals and coatings and inks additives product lines partially offset by lower specialty fluids sales volume. The higher selling prices and higher sales volume for coatings and inks additives were primarily attributed to improved market conditions and enhanced commercial execution. The higher sales volume for care chemicals was primarily attributed to improved market conditions. Third quarter 2017 included higher specialty fluids revenue due to the timing of solar energy market customer completions.

Sales revenue in first nine months 2018 increased compared to first nine months 2017 due to higher sales volume, higher selling prices, and a favorable shift in foreign currency exchange rates. The higher sales volume and higher selling prices for most product lines, particularly animal nutrition care chemicals, and tirecoatings and inks additives, were primarily attributed to improved market conditions and enhanced commercial execution.

FirstEBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter 2018. EBIT also included a gain from sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business in third quarter 2017. Excluding these non-core and unusual items, EBIT decreased slightly in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to higher raw material and energy costs exceeding higher selling prices by $20 million and higher growth initiative costs, partially offset by higher sales volume of $11 million.

EBIT included $2 million of net costs from the coal gasification incident.incident insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018. EBIT also included a gain from sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business in first nine months 2017. Excluding thisthese non-core and unusual item,items, EBIT increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher sales volume of $24$59 million and a favorable shift in foreign exchange rates of $12$23 million, partially offset by higher costs of growth initiatives.initiative costs.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Advanced Materials Segment
Third Quarter First Nine Months
First Quarter    Change     Change
    Change2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017  $ %               
       
Sales$693
 $634
 $59
 9%$709
 $646
 $63
 10% $2,131
 $1,937
 $194
 10%
Volume / product mix effect    29
 4%    58
 9%  
  
 141
 7%
Price effect    7
 1%    7
 1%  
  
 15
 1%
Exchange rate effect    23
 4%    (2) %  
  
 38
 2%
                      
                      
Earnings before interest and taxes$135
 $121
 $14
 12%$153
 $142
 $11
 8% $438
 $400
 $38
 10%
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident3
 
 3
  
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(6) 
 (6)   (9) 
 (9)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item
138
 121
 17
 14%147
 142
 5
 4% 429
 400
 29
 7%

Sales revenue in third quarter and first nine months 2018 increased compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher sales volume and continued improvement in product mix across the segment, including of premium products such as Tritan copolyester, performance films, and Saflex® head-up displays ("HUD"), Saflex® acoustic interlayers, and automotive performance films, and a favorable shift in foreign currency exchange rates.displays.

First quarter 2018 EBIT included $3 million of net costs from the coal gasification incident.incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter and first nine months 2018. Excluding this unusual item, EBIT increased third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017 primarily due to the combined impact of higher sales volume and improved product mix of premium products of $26$39 million and a favorable shift in foreign currency exchange rates of $8$98 million, respectively, partially offset by higher raw material and energy costs of $19 million and $40 million, respectively, and higher growth initiatives.initiative costs in both periods.

Chemical Intermediates Segment
Third Quarter First Nine Months
First Quarter    Change     Change
    Change2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017  $ %               
       
Sales$730
 $670
 $60
 9 %$703
 $696
 $7
 1 % $2,142
 $2,069
 $73
 4 %
Volume / product mix effect    (10) (2)%    (59) (9)%  
  
 (120) (6)%
Price effect    58
 9 %    67
 10 %  
  
 175
 9 %
Exchange rate effect    12
 2 %    (1)  %  
  
 18
 1 %
                      
                      
Earnings before interest and taxes$70
 $82
 $(12) (15)%$109
 $81
 $28
 35 % $264
 $246
 $18
 7 %
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident19
 
 19
  
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(30) 
 (30)   (32) 
 (32)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item
89
 82
 7
 9 %79
 81
 (2) (2)% 232
 246
 (14) (6)%

Sales revenue in third quarter 2018 increased compared to third quarter 2017 due to higher selling prices across most product linesthe segment, particularly for acetyl derivatives attributed to favorable market conditions and for olefin derivatives due to higher raw material and energy prices and continued improvement in market conditions, higher functional aminesprices. Lower sales volume attributed to recovery in the energy and agriculture markets, and a favorable shift in foreign currency exchange rates. The increase was partially offset by lower sales volume and lower selling prices for merchant ethylene.

First quarter 2018 EBIT included $19 million of net costs from the coal gasification incident. Excluding this unusual item, EBIT increased primarily due to $14 millionlower merchant ethylene sales resulting from the decision to reduce operating rates of higher selling prices more than offsetting higher raw material and energy costs partially offset by lower sales volume.the olefins cracking units at the Longview, Texas manufacturing site due to spot ethylene prices.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Sales revenue in first nine months 2018 increased compared to first nine months 2017 due to higher selling prices across most product lines, particularly for acetyl derivatives attributed to favorable market conditions and for olefin derivatives due to higher raw material and energy prices. Lower sales volume was primarily due to lower merchant ethylene sales resulting from the decision to reduce operating rates of the olefins cracking units at the Longview, Texas manufacturing site due to the spot ethylene prices, and second quarter 2018 supplier operational disruptions at the Texas City and Longview, Texas manufacturing sites, partially offset by higher functional amines sales attributed to improvement in the agriculture and energy markets.

EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter 2018. Excluding this unusual item, EBIT decreased slightly third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 as lower sales volume of $18 million was mostly offset by higher selling prices exceeding higher raw material and energy costs of $17 million.

EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018. Excluding this unusual item, EBIT decreased first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to increased costs in second quarter 2018 resulting from supplier operational disruptions at the Texas City and Longview, Texas manufacturing sites of $25 million, higher planned manufacturing site maintenance shutdown costs in second quarter 2018 of $20 million, and lower sales volume of $16 million. The decrease was partially offset by higher selling prices exceeding higher raw material and energy costs of $47 million.

As previously announced, the Company is making changes to its Longview, Texas manufacturing site's olefins cracking units to allow for the use of refinery-grade propylene as a feedstock beginning in 2019 to increase polymer grade propylene production and decrease ethylene production and propane purchases.    

Fibers Segment
Third Quarter First Nine Months
First Quarter    Change     Change
    Change2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017  $ %               
       
Sales$245
 $213
 $32
 15 %$220
 $224
 $(4) (2)% $706
 $652
 $54
 8 %
Volume / product mix effect    38
 18 %    6
 2 %  
  
 78
 12 %
Price effect    (7) (3)%    (10) (4)%  
  
 (26) (4)%
Exchange rate effect    1
  %    
  %  
  
 2
  %
                      
                      
Earnings before interest and taxes$43
 $52
 $(9) (17)%$84
 $68
 $16
 24 % $210
 $176
 $34
 19 %
Net costs resulting from coal gasification incident13
 
 13
  
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(27) 
 (27)   (39) 
 (39)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item

56
 52
 4
 8 %57
 68
 (11) (16)% 171
 176
 (5) (3)%

Sales revenue increasedin third quarter 2018 decreased compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to higherlower acetate tow sales volume forattributed to customer buying patterns, and lower acetate tow and acetate flake resulting from timing of recognition of revenue under the new revenue recognition accounting standard of $30 million andselling prices attributed to lower industry capacity utilization. The lower sales revenue in first quarter 2018 from textiles andwas partially offset by sales of nonwovens fiber innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" of $14 million.million and increased textiles innovation platform products sales volume. See Note 17, "Segment Information" and Note 18 "Revenue Recognition", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Sales revenue in first nine months 2018 increased compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to sales of nonwovens innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" of $44 million, and higher sales volume, particularly for textiles innovation platform products and acetate tow. The higher sales volume for acetate tow was primarily a result of both the timing of recognition of revenue under the new revenue recognition accounting standard of $24 million and customer buying patterns. The higher sales revenue was partially offset by lower acetate tow selling prices attributed to lower industry capacity utilization.
First quarter 2018
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


EBIT included $13 million of net costs from the coal gasification incident.incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter. Excluding this unusual item, adjusted EBIT increaseddecreased third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to the net impact of $9$13 million resulting from higherof lower selling prices and lower sales volume, primarily from timing of recognition of revenue under the new revenue recognition accounting standard,particularly for acetate tow attributed to customer buying patterns, partially offset by continued higher textiles innovation platform products sales volume and earnings.
EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018. Excluding this unusual item, adjusted EBIT decreased first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to the net impact of $2 million of lower selling prices, particularly for acetate tow. Additionally, first quarter 2018 EBIT was negatively impactedtow attributed to customer buying patterns, partially offset by $4 millionhigher sales volume, particularly for a prior period inventory valuation adjustment.

acetate tow and continued higher textiles innovation platform products.
Other
Third Quarter First Nine Months
First Quarter2018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017       
   
Sales$
 $13
$
 $13
 $
 $40
          
Loss before interest and taxes          
Growth initiatives and businesses not allocated to operating segments$(26) $(28)$(26) $(32) $(79) $(92)
Pension and other postretirement benefits income (expense), net not allocated to operating segments21
 18
20
 18
 61
 54
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net(2) 

 
 (6) 
Other income (charges), net not allocated to operating segments(8) 3
(9) (2) (25) (2)
Loss before interest and taxes before non-core and unusual items(15) (7)$(15) $(16) $(49) $(40)
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations11
 
1
 
 20
 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net2
 

 
 6
 
Loss before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items$(2) $(7)(14) (16) (23) (40)

Sales revenue and costs related to growth initiatives, R&D costs, certain components of pension and other postretirement benefits, and other expenses and income not identifiable to an operating segment are not included in operating segment operating results for any of the periods presented and are included in "Other".

Sales revenue in third quarter and first quarternine months 2017 is primarily sales from the nonwovens innovation platform products. Beginning first quarter 2018, sales revenue and innovation costs from the textiles and nonwovens fiber innovation platform products.products previously reported in "Other" are reported in the Fibers operating segment due to accelerating commercial progress of growth initiatives. See Note 17, "Segment Information", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


SALES BY CUSTOMER LOCATION
 Sales Revenue
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
     Change    Change
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 $% 2018 2017  $%
United States and Canada$1,083
 $1,057
 $26
2 % $3,291
 $3,211
 $80
2%
Asia Pacific665
 612
 53
9 % 1,946
 1,705
 241
14%
Europe, Middle East, and Africa649
 658
 (9)(1)% 2,101
 1,882
 219
12%
Latin America150
 138
 12
9 % 437
 389
 48
12%
Total Eastman Chemical Company$2,547
 $2,465
 $82
3 % $7,775
 $7,187
 $588
8%

Sales revenue in United States and Canada increased in third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher CI, AFP, and AM segments selling prices and higher AFP and AM segments sales volume, partially offset by lower CI segment sales volume.

Sales revenue in Asia Pacific increased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to higher AM and AFP segments sales volume and higher CI and AFP segments selling prices, partially offset by lower CI segment sales volume. Sales revenue in Asia Pacific increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher AFP, AM, and CI segments sales volume and higher CI and AFP segments selling prices.

Sales revenue in Europe, Middle East, and Africa decreased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to lower AFP and Fibers segments sales volume, partially offset by higher CI and AM segments sales volume and higher CI and AFP segments selling prices. Sales revenue in Europe, Middle East, and Africa increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to a favorable shift in foreign exchange rates across the operating segments, higher AM, CI, and Fibers segments sales volume, and higher AFP and CI segments selling prices. This increase was partially offset by lower AFP segment sales volume and lower Fibers segment selling prices.

Sales revenue in Latin America increased in third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher AFP and AM segments sales volume and higher CI segment selling prices.

LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES, AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Cash Flows
 First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Net cash provided by (used in)   
Operating activities$803
 $1,011
Investing activities(315) (430)
Financing activities(482) (568)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(4) 1
Net change in cash and cash equivalents2
 14
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period191
 181
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$193
 $195
Cash provided by operating activities decreased $208 million in first nine months 2018 compared with first nine months 2017. The decrease in cash provided was partially due to increased working capital primarily from higher inventories. Net cash of $85 million was used in operating activities related to the coal gasification incident, primarily decreasing net earnings and payables.

Cash used in investing activities decreased $115 million in first nine months 2018 compared with first nine months 2017. The decrease was primarily due to $65 million net proceeds from coal gasification incident insurance for property damage and lower additions to properties and equipment.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS



Beginning first quarter 2018, sales revenue and innovation costs from the textiles and nonwovens fiber innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" are now reported in the Fibers operating segment due to accelerating commercial progress of growth initiatives. See Note 17 "Segment Information" to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In first quarter 2018, the Company recognized costs of $11 million resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center and restructuring charges of $2 million for corporate severance costs.

SALES BY CUSTOMER LOCATION
 Sales Revenue
 First Quarter
     Change
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 $%
United States and Canada$1,100
 $1,066
 $34
3%
Asia Pacific642
 512
 130
25%
Europe, Middle East, and Africa727
 600
 127
21%
Latin America138
 125
 13
10%
Total Eastman Chemical Company$2,607
 $2,303
 $304
13%

Sales revenue in United States and Canada increased primarily due to higher CI and AFP segments selling prices and higher AFP segment sales volume partially offset by lower CI segment sales volume.

Sales revenue in Asia Pacific increased primarily due to higher sales volume across the operating segments and higher AFP and CI segments selling prices.

Sales revenue in Europe, Middle East, and Africa increased primarily due to a favorable shift in foreign exchange rates for the AFP and AM segments and higher sales volume across the operating segments.

Sales revenue in Latin America increased primarily due to higher CI segment selling prices and higher AM segment sales volume.

LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES, AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Cash Flows
 First Three Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Net cash provided by (used in)   
Operating activities$(35) $52
Investing activities(78) (136)
Financing activities116
 102
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 (2)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents3
 16
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period191
 181
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$194
 $197
Cash used in operatingfinancing activities was $35decreased $86 million in first three months 2018 compared with $52 million cash provided by operating activities in first three months 2017. The increase in cash used was partially due to increased working capital primarily from higher trade receivables resulting from increased sales in all operating segments. Additionally, the coal gasification incident resulted in $110 million of net cash used in operating activities primarily decreasing net earnings and payables.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Cash used in investing activities decreased $58 million in first threenine months 2018 compared with first three months 2017 primarily due to $35 million net proceeds from insurance for property damage from the coal gasification incident and lower additions to properties and equipment.

Cash provided by financing activities increased $14 million in first three months 2018 compared with first threenine months 2017. The increasedecrease was primarily due to ana $215 million increase of $49 million in net proceeds from borrowings partially offset by increases in share repurchases and dividend payments.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

TheCash flows from operations, cash and cash equivalents, and other sources of liquidity are expected to be available and sufficient to meet foreseeable cash requirements. However, the Company's cash flows from operations can be affected by numerous factors including risks associated with global operations, raw material availability and cost, demand for and pricing of Eastman's products, capacity utilization, and other factors described under "Risk Factors" in this MD&A. Eastman management believes maintaining a financial profile consistent with an investment grade credit rating is important to its long-term strategic and financial flexibility.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company hashad access to a $1.25 billion revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Facility") that expiresexpiring October 2021. In October 2018, the Company amended the Credit Facility to increase the available borrowing amount to $1.50 billion and extend the maturity to October 2023. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates and a commitment fee is paid on the total unused commitment. The Credit Facility provides available liquidity for general corporate purposes and supports commercial paper borrowings. At September 30, 2018, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At September 30, 2018, the Company's commercial paper borrowings were $605 million with a weighted average interest rate of 2.36 percent. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In April 2018, theThe Company amended itshas access to a $250 million accounts receivable securitization agreement (the "A/R Facility") to extend the maturity tothat expires April 2020. Eastman Chemical Financial Corporation ("ECFC"), a subsidiary of the Company, has an agreement to sell interests in trade receivables under the A/R Facility to a third party purchaser. Third party creditors of ECFC have first priority claims on the assets of ECFC before those assets would be available to satisfy the Company's general obligations. Borrowings under the A/R Facility are subject to interest rates based on a spread over the lender's borrowing costs, and ECFC pays a fee to maintain availability of the A/R Facility. At September 30, 2018, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the A/R Facility. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The Credit and A/R Facilities and other borrowing arrangements contain customary covenants and events of default, some of which require the Company to maintain certain financial ratios that determine the amounts available and terms of borrowings. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The amount of available borrowings under the A/R and Credit Facilities was approximately $729 million as of March 31, 2018. The amount of available borrowings was limited by a financial ratio covenant under the Credit Facility. For additional information, see Section 5.03 of the Credit Facility at Exhibit 10.02 to the Company's 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company has access to borrowings of up to €150 million ($185174 million) under a receivables facility based on the discounted value of selected customer accounts receivable. This facility expires December 2020 and renews for another one year period if not terminated with 90 days notice by either party. These arrangements include receivables in the United States, Belgium, and Finland, and are subject to various eligibility requirements. Borrowings under this facility are subject to interest at an agreed spread above EURIBOR for euro denominated drawings and the counterparty's cost of funds for drawings in any other currencies, plus administration and insurance fees and are classified as short-term. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Cash flows from operations, cashThe Credit and cash equivalents,A/R Facilities and other sourcesborrowing agreements contain customary covenants and events of liquidity are expecteddefault, some of which require the Company to bemaintain certain financial ratios that determine the amounts available and sufficientterms of borrowings. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The amount of
available borrowings under the A/R and Credit Facilities was approximately $1.50 billion as of September 30, 2018. For additional information, see Section 5.03 of the Credit Facility at Exhibit 10.02 to meet foreseeable cash requirements. However, the Company's cash flows from operations can be affected by numerous factors including risks associated with global operations, raw material availability and cost, demand for and pricing of Eastman's products, capacity utilization, and other factors described under "Risk Factors" in this MD&A. Eastman management believes maintaining a financial profile consistent with an investment grade credit rating is important to its long-term strategic and financial flexibility.2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Debt and Other Commitments

At March 31,September 30, 2018, the Company's borrowings totaled $6.9$6.6 billion with various maturities. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In December 2016, the Company borrowed $300 million under a five-year term loan agreement ("2021 Term Loan"). As of March 31, 2018, the 2021 Term Loan agreement balance outstanding was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.90 percent. As of December 31, 2017, the 2021 Term Loan agreement balance outstanding was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.6 percent. Borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan agreement are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

As of December 31, 2017, the 2021 Term Loan outstanding balance was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.60 percent. In second quarter 2018, $100 million of the borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan were repaid using available cash. In third quarter 2018, the Company repaid the remaining balance of $100 million using available cash.

The resolution of uncertainties related to environmental matters included in other liabilities may have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations in the period recognized, however, because of the availability of legal defenses, the Company's preliminary assessment of actions that may be required, and, if applicable, the expected sharing of costs, management does not believe that the Company's liability for these environmental matters, individually or in the aggregate, will be material to the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Company's accounting policy for environmental costs and see Note 9, "Environmental Matters and Asset Retirement Obligations", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding outstanding environmental matters and asset retirement obligations.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

For information aboutThe Company has off balance sheet arrangements, see Note 8, "Commitmentsuncommitted non-recourse factoring facilities that include customer specific receivables in the United States and Off Balance Sheet Arrangements",Europe. The Company sells the receivables at face value, less a transaction fee, which substantially equals the carrying value and fair value with no gain or loss recognized. There is no continuing involvement with these receivables once sold and no credit loss exposure. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in third quarter 2018 and 2017 were $38 million and $10 million, respectively. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in first nine months 2018 and 2017 were $123 million and $15 million, respectively.

In October 2018, Eastman added an uncommitted non-recourse factoring facility which is expected to provide the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statementsCompany increased flexibility to manage working capital and serve as an additional source of liquidity. Under the facility, the Company plans to sell undivided interests in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Management's current expectation is that the likelihood of material residual guarantee payments or future payment or performance related to non-performance under other guarantees is remote.certain European receivables and provide servicing with no credit loss exposure.

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures were $128$381 million and $133$438 million in first threenine months 2018 and 2017, respectively. Capital expenditures in 2018 were primarily for an AM operating segment expansion of Tritan copolyester capacity in Kingsport, Tennessee, and manufacturing capacity debottlenecking and site modernization projects. The Company expects that 2018 capital expenditures will be approximatelybetween $525 million and $550 million.million, which excludes $65 million of insurance proceeds for property damage related to the coal gasification incident.

Stock Repurchases and Dividends

In February 2014, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1 billion of the Company's outstanding common stock at such times,stock. The Company completed the $1 billion repurchase authorization in such amounts, and on such terms, as determined to be in the best interests of the Company. As of March 31,May 2018, acquiring a total of 11,721,062 shares have been repurchased under this authorization for a total amount of $948 million.12,215,950 shares. In February 2018, Eastman'sthe Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $2 billion of the Company's outstanding common stock at such times, in such amounts, and on such terms, as determined by management to be in the best interests of the Company. NoAs of September 30, 2018, a total of 2,184,519 shares have been repurchased under the February 2018 authorization.authorization for a total amount of $223 million.

The Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.56 per share during the second quarter of 2018, payable on July 6, 2018 to stockholders of record on June 15, 2018.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Other

Eastman did not have any material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including special purpose entities, for the purpose of facilitating off balance sheet arrangements with contractually narrow or limited purposes. Thus, the Company is not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk related to any such relationships.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

For information regarding the impact of recently issued accounting standards, see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


OUTLOOK

Eastman uses an innovation-driven growth model which consistsSee the first paragraph of leveraging world class scalable technology platforms, delivering differentiated application development capabilities, and relentlessly engaging the market. The Company's world class technology platforms form the foundation of sustainable growth by differentiated products through significant scale advantages in R&D and advantaged global market access. Differentiated application development converts market complexity into opportunities for growth and accelerates innovation by enabling a deeper understanding of the value of Eastman's products and how they perform within customers' and end user products. Key areas of application development include thermoplastic processing, functional films, coatings formulations, rubber additive formulations, adhesives formulations, non-wovens and textiles, and animal nutrition. The Company engages the market by working directly with customers and downstream users, targeting attractive niche markets, and leveraging disruptive macro trends such as health and wellness, natural resource efficiency, an increasing middle class in emerging economies, and feeding a growing population."Overview" above. Management believes that these elements of the Company's innovation-driven growth model combined with disciplined portfolio management and balanced capital deployment will result in consistent, sustainable earnings growth and strong cash flow.

For 2018, management expects:

earnings to benefit from a robust portfolio of specialty businesses in attractive niche end-markets, strong growth in high margin, innovative products, and a modestly lower tax rate;
earnings to be negatively impacted by higher costs of strategic growth initiatives, higher scheduled maintenance costs, andglobal economic uncertainty, volatile market prices for commodity products and raw materials and energy, particularly for olefins;and increased investment in growth;
cash generated by operating activities of approximately $1.6 billion;
capital spending of approximatelyexpenditures between $525 million and $550 million; and
priorities for uses of available cash to include payment of the quarterly dividend, repayment of debt, funding targeted growth initiatives, and repurchasing shares.

The total impact of the coal gasification incident, net of insurance recoveries, is expected to reduce earnings by a total of between $25 million and $50 million spread across 2017 and 2018. The Company anticipates that in 2018 insurance recoveries will more than offset costs of the incident recognized in 2018.

Based on the foregoing expectations and assumptions, management expects adjusted 2018 earnings per share,EPS, excluding any non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items in the last three quartersquarter of 2018 and assuming an actual tax rate for full-year 2018 equal to the adjusted tax rate detailed in "Results of Operations - Provision for Income Taxes", to be ten to fourteen percent higher than adjusted 2017 earnings per shareEPS excluding non-core and unusual items of $7.61. The Company's 2018 financial results forecasts above do not include non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items.items in the last quarter of 2018. Accordingly, management is unable to reconcile projected full-year 2018 earnings excluding non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items to projected reported GAAP earnings without unreasonable efforts.

See "Risk Factors" below.
 
RISK FACTORS

In addition to factors described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, the following are the most significant known factors, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report and elsewhere from time to time. See "Forward-looking"Forward-Looking Statements".

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Continued uncertain conditions in the global economy and the financial markets could negatively impact the Company.

Continued uncertain conditions in the global economy and global capital markets may adversely affect Eastman's results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The Company's business and operating results were affected by the impact of the last global recession, and its related impacts, such as, the credit market crisis, declining consumer and business confidence, fluctuating commodity prices, volatile exchange rates, and other challenges that affected the global economy. Continuing uncertainty in the global economy and financial markets and uncertainty over timing and extent of recovery may adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. In addition, the Company's ability to access the credit and capital markets under attractive rates and terms could be constrained, which may negatively impact the Company's liquidity or ability to pursue certain growth initiatives.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Volatility in costs for strategic raw material and energy commodities or disruption in the supply of these commodities could adversely affect the Company's financial results.

Eastman is reliant on certain strategic raw material and energy commodities for its operations and utilizes risk management tools, including hedging, as appropriate, to mitigate market fluctuations in raw material and energy costs. These risk mitigation measures do not eliminate all exposure to market fluctuations and may limit the Company fully benefiting from lower raw material costs and, conversely, offset the impact of higher raw material costs. In addition, natural disasters, plant interruptions, changes in laws or regulations, war or other outbreak of hostilities or terrorism, and breakdown or degradation of transportation infrastructure used for delivery of strategic raw material and energy commodities, could adversely impact both the cost and availability of these commodities.

Loss or financial weakness of any of the Company's largest customers could adversely affect the Company's financial results.

Although Eastman has an extensive customer base, loss of, or material financial weakness of, certain of the Company's largest customers could adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations until such business is replaced. No assurances can be made that the Company would be able to regain or replace any lost customers.

The Company's business is subject to operating risks common to chemical manufacturing businesses, including cyber risks, any of which could disrupt manufacturing operations or related infrastructure and adversely affect results of operations.

As a global specialty chemicals manufacturing company, Eastman's business is subject to operating risks common to chemical manufacturing, storage, handling, and transportation including explosions, fires, inclement weather, natural disasters, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, transportation interruptions, remediation, chemical spills, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases. Significant limitation on the Company's ability to manufacture products due to disruption of manufacturing operations or related infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on the Company's sales revenue, costs, results of operations, credit ratings, and financial condition. Disruptions could occur due to internal factors such as computer or equipment malfunction (accidental or intentional), operator error, or process failures; or external factors such as computer or equipment malfunction at third-party service providers, natural disasters, pandemic illness, changes in laws or regulations, war or other outbreak of hostilities or terrorism, cyber attacks, or breakdown or degradation of transportation infrastructure used for delivery of supplies to the Company or for delivery of products to customers. The Company has in the past experienced cyber attacks and breaches of its computer information systems, and although none of these have had a material adverse effect on the Company's operations,operations. While the Company remains committed to managing cyber related risk, no assurances can be provided that any future disruptions due to these, or other, circumstances will not have a material effect on operations. Unplanned disruptions of manufacturing operations or related infrastructure could be significant in scale and could negatively impact operations, neighbors, and the environment, and could have a negative impact on the Company's results of operations. As previously reported, in fourth quarter 2017 the Company had an operational incident in the Kingsport manufacturing site coal gasification operations area that negatively impacted manufacturing operations and earnings.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Growth initiatives may not achieve desired business or financial objectives and may require a significant use of resources in excess of those estimated or budgeted for such initiatives.

Eastman continues to identify and pursue growth opportunities through both organic and inorganic initiatives. These growth opportunities include development and commercialization or licensing of innovative new products and technologies and related employee leadership, expertise, skill development and retention, expansion into new markets and geographic regions, alliances, ventures, and acquisitions that complement and extend the Company's portfolio of businesses and capabilities. There can be no assurance that such innovation, development and commercialization or licensing efforts, investments, or acquisitions and alliances (including integration of acquired businesses) will result in financially successful commercialization of products, or acceptance by existing or new customers, or successful entry into new markets or otherwise achieve their underlying strategic business objectives or that they will be beneficial to the Company's results of operations. There also can be no assurance that capital projects for growth efforts can be completed within the time or at the costs projected due, among other things, to demand for and availability of construction materials and labor and obtaining regulatory approvals and operating permits and reaching agreement on terms of key agreements and arrangements with potential suppliers and customers. Any such delays or cost overruns or the inability to obtain such approvals or to reach such agreements on acceptable terms could negatively affect the returns from any proposed or current investments and projects.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS



The Company's substantial global operations subject it to risks of doing business in other countries, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition, and results of operations.

More than half of Eastman's sales for 2017 were to customers outside of North America. The Company expects sales from international markets to continue to represent a significant portion of its sales. Also, a significant portion of manufacturing capacity is located outside of the United States. Accordingly, the Company's business is subject to risks related to the differing legal, political, cultural, social and regulatory requirements and economic conditions of many jurisdictions. Fluctuations in exchange rates may affect product demand and may adversely affect the profitability in U.S. dollars of products and services provided in foreign countries. In addition, the U.S. or foreign countries may impose additional taxes or otherwise tax Eastman's foreign income, or adopt or increase restrictions on foreign trade or investment, including currency exchange controls, tariffs or other taxes, or limitations on imports or exports.exports (including recent and proposed changes in U.S. trade policy and resulting retaliatory actions by other countries, including China, which may in turn reduce demand for and increase costs of impacted products or result in U.S.-based trade counterparties limiting trade with U.S.-based companies or non-U.S. customers limiting their purchases from U.S.-based companies). Certain legal and political risks are also inherent in the operation of a company with Eastman's global scope. For example, it may be more difficult for Eastman to enforce its agreements or collect receivables through foreign legal systems, and the laws of some countries may not protect the Company's intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.U.S. Failure of foreign countries to have laws to protect Eastman's intellectual property rights or an inability to effectively enforce such rights in foreign countries could result in loss of valuable proprietary information. There is also risk that foreign governments may nationalize private enterprises in certain countries where Eastman operates. Social and cultural norms in certain countries may not support compliance with Eastman's corporate policies including those that require compliance with substantive laws and regulations. Also, changes in general economic and political conditions in countries where Eastman operates are a risk to the Company's financial performance. As Eastman continues to operate its business globally, its success will depend, in part, on its ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other related risks. There can be no assurance that the consequences of these and other factors relating to its multinational operations will not have an adverse effect on Eastman's business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Legislative or regulatory actions could increase the Company's future compliance costs.

Eastman and its facilities and businesses are subject to complex health, safety, and environmental laws and regulations, both in the U.S. and internationally, which require and will continue to require significant expenditures to remain in compliance with such laws and regulations. The Company's accruals for such costs and associated liabilities are subject to changes in estimates on which the accruals are based. For example, any amount accrued for environmental matters reflects the Company's assumptions about remediation requirements at the contaminated site, the nature of the remedy, the outcome of discussions with regulatory agencies and other potentially responsible parties at multi-party sites, and the number of and financial viability of other potentially responsible parties. Changes in the estimates on which the accruals are based, unanticipated government enforcement action, or changes in health, safety, environmental, chemical control regulations, and testing requirements could result in higher costs. Specifically, future changes in U.S. Federal legislation and regulation may increase the likelihood that the Company's manufacturing sites will in the future be impacted by regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and energy policy, which legislation and regulation, if enacted, may result in capital expenditures, increases in costs for raw materials and energy, limitations on raw material and energy source and supply choices, and other direct compliance costs.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Significant acquisitions expose the Company to risks and uncertainties, the occurrence of any of which could materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.

While acquisitions have been and continue to be a part of Eastman's growth strategy, acquisitions of large companies (such as the previous acquisitions of Taminco Corporation and Solutia, Inc.) subject the Company to a number of risks and uncertainties, the occurrence of any of which could have a material adverse effect on Eastman. These include, but are not limited to, the possibilities that the financial performance of the acquired business may be significantly worse than expected; that significant additional indebtedness may constrain the Company's ability to access the credit and capital markets at attractive interest rates and favorable terms, which may negatively impact the Company's liquidity or ability to pursue certain growth initiatives; that the Company may not be able to achieve the cost, revenue, tax, or other "synergies" expected from any acquisition, or that there may be delays in achieving any such synergies; that management's time and effort may be dedicated to the new business resulting in a loss of focus on the successful operation of the Company's existing businesses; and that the Company may be required to expend significant additional resources in order to integrate any acquired business into Eastman or that the integration efforts will not achieve the expected benefits.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS



In addition to the foregoing most significant known risk factors to the Company, there may be other factors, not currently known to the Company, which could, in the future, materially adversely affect the Company, its business, financial condition, or results of operations. The foregoing discussion of the most significant risk factors to the Company does not necessarily present them in order of importance. This disclosure, including that under "Outlook" and other forward-looking statements and related disclosures made by the Company in this Quarterly Report and elsewhere, from time to time, represents management's best judgment as of the date the information is given. The Company does not undertake responsibility for updating any of such information, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further public Company disclosures (such as in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in Company press releases) on related subjects.

ITEM 3.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Currency Risk

In January 2018, Eastman entered into fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps and designated these swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in a euro functional currency denominated subsidiary against foreign currency fluctuations. These contracts involve the exchange of fixed U.S. dollars with fixed euro interest payments periodically over the life of the contracts and an exchange of the notional amounts at maturity. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps include €150 million ($180 million) maturing January 2021 and €266 million ($320 million) maturing August 2022.

At March 31,September 30, 2018, a 10% fluctuation in the euro currency rate would have an approximately $50 million impact on the designated net investment value in the foreign subsidiary. As a result of the designation of the cross-currency interest rate swapswaps as a hedge of the net investment, foreign currency translation gains and losses are recordedrecognized as a component of the "Change in cumulative translation adjustment" within "Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. Therefore, a foreign currency change in the designated investment value of the foreign subsidiary will generally be offset by the foreign currency change in the designated cross-currency interest rate swaps.
ExcludingOther than the derivative cross-currency interest rate swapswaps designated as net investment hedgehedges discussed above, there have been no other material changes to the Company's market risks from those disclosed in Part II, Item 7A of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 4.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of March 31,September 30, 2018 the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed was accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the firstthird quarter of 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II.OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

General

From time to time, Eastman and its operations are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which are handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome of these matters, it does not believe, based upon currently available facts, that the ultimate resolution of any such pending matters will have a material adverse effect on its overall financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Solutia Legacy Torts Claims Litigation

Pursuant to an Amended and Restated Settlement Agreement effective February 28, 2008 between Solutia, Inc. ("Solutia") and Monsanto Company ("Monsanto") in connection with Solutia's emergence from Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings (the "Monsanto Settlement Agreement"), Monsanto is responsible for the defense and indemnification of Solutia against any Legacy Tort Claims (as defined in the Monsanto Settlement Agreement) and Solutia has agreed to retain responsibility for certain tort claims, if any, that may arise from Solutia's conduct after its spinoff from Pharmacia Corporation (f/k/a Monsanto), which occurred on September 1, 1997. Solutia, which became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eastman upon Eastman's acquisition of Solutia in July 2012, has been named as a defendant in several such proceedings, and has submitted the matters to Monsanto, which was acquired by Bayer AG in June 2018, as Legacy Tort Claims. To the extent these matters are not within the meaning of Legacy Tort Claims, Solutia could potentially be liable thereunder. In connection with the completion of its acquisition of Solutia, Eastman guaranteed the obligations of Solutia and Eastman was added as an indemnified party under the Monsanto Settlement Agreement.

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS

For identification and discussion of the most significant risks applicable to the Company and its business, see "Risk Factors" in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(c) Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

In February 2014, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1 billion of the Company's outstanding common stock. As of March 31, 2018, a total of 11,721,062 shares have been repurchased under this authorization for a total amount of $948 million. During first three months 2018, the Company repurchased 994,235 shares of common stock for a cost of $100 million. In February 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $2 billion of Eastman'sCompany's outstanding common stock at such times, in such amounts, and on such terms, as determined by management to be in the best interests of the Company. NoAs of September 30, 2018, a total of 2,184,519 shares have been repurchased under the February 2018 authorization.authorization for a total amount of $223 million. During first nine months 2018, the Company repurchased 3,673,642 shares of common stock for a cost of $375 million. For additional information, see Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average Price Paid Per Share (1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs
Approximate Dollar
Value (in millions) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 1 - 31, 2018
$

$152
February 1 - 28, 2018637,901
$97.96
637,901
$2,090
March 1 - 31, 2018356,334
$105.23
356,334
$2,052
Total994,235
$100.57
994,235
 
Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average Price Paid Per Share (1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs
Approximate Dollar
Value (in millions) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1 - 31, 2018499,423
$100.10
499,423
$1,852
August 1 - 31, 2018377,894
$99.23
377,894
$1,815
September 1 - 30, 2018386,551
$97.01
386,551
$1,777
Total1,263,868
$98.89
1,263,868
 

(1) 
Average price paid per share reflects the weighted average purchase price paid for shares.

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ITEM 6.EXHIBITS

Exhibits filed as part of this report are listed in the Exhibit Index.

  EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number Description
   
3.01 
   
3.02 
   
4.01 
   
4.02 Indenture, dated as of January 10, 1994, between Eastman Chemical Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 10, 1994)
   
4.03 
   
4.04 Form of 7 1/4% Debentures due January 15, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(d) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 10, 1994)
   
4.05 Officers' Certificate pursuant to Sections 201 and 301 of the Indenture related to 7 5/8% Debentures due 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 1994)
   
4.06 Form of 7 5/8% Debentures due June 15, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(b) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 1994)
   
4.07 
   
4.08 
   
4.09 
   
4.10 
   
4.11 
   
4.12 
   
4.13 
   
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  EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number Description
4.14 
   
4.15 
   
4.16 
   
4.17 
   
10.01 * 
   
12.01 * 
   
31.01 * 
   
31.02 * 
   
32.01 * 
   
32.02 * 
   
101.INS * XBRL Instance Document
   
101.SCH * XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
   
101.CAL * XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
   
101.DEF * XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
   
101.LAB * XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
   
101.PRE * XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document

* Denotes exhibit filed or furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
   Eastman Chemical Company
    
    
    
Date:May 7,October 29, 2018By:/s/ Curtis E. Espeland
   Curtis E. Espeland
   Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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