0000937834 srt:MinimumMember us-gaap:USStatesAndPoliticalSubdivisionsMemberResidentialMortgageBackedSecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1MemberMeasurementInputQuotedPriceMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2019-09-30MarketApproachValuationTechniqueMember 2019-12-31
 
 
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 ______________________________________
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)
☑QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019MARCH 31, 2020
or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
Commission file number: 000-55029
 ________________________________________
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 New York 13-5581829
 
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
     
 200 Park Avenue,New York,NY 10166-0188
 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(212) 578-9500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
NoneN/AN/A
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☑    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes ☑   No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☐Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☑Smaller reporting company☐
  Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐    No ☑
At November 6, 2019,May 12, 2020, 494,466,664 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share, were outstanding, all of which were owned directly by MetLife, Inc.
REDUCED DISCLOSURE FORMAT
The registrant meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction H(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q and is, therefore, filing this Form 10-Q with the reduced disclosure format.
 
 


Table of Contents
  Page
Part I — Financial Information
 
Item 1.Financial Statements (Unaudited) (at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 20182019 and for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018)2019) 
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
3
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
4
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity
5
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
6
 
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:
 
 
Note 1 — Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
7
 
Note 2 — Segment Information
1112
 
Note 3 — Insurance
1615
 
Note 4 — Closed Block
1817
 
Note 5 — Investments
2120
 
Note 6 — Derivatives
37
 
Note 7 — Fair Value
5149
 
Note 8 — LeasesEquity
6864
 
Note 9 — EquityOther Revenues and Other Expenses
7066
 
Note 10 — Other Revenues and Other ExpensesEmployee Benefit Plans
7367
 
Note 11 — Employee Benefit PlansIncome Tax
7467
 
Note 12 — Income TaxContingencies, Commitments and Guarantees
7567
 
Note 13 — Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees
75
Note 14 — Related Party Transactions
8072
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
8375
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
9386
   
Part II — Other Information
 
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
9487
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
9487
Item 6. 
Exhibits
9589
   
Signatures
9690

As used in this Form 10-Q, “MLIC,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, a New York corporation incorporated in 1868, and its subsidiaries. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. (MetLife, Inc., together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “MetLife”).
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements give expectations or forecasts of future events. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They use words and terms such as “anticipate,” “assume,” “become,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “emerging,” “estimate,” “evolve,” “expect,” “project,“forecast,” “future,” “if,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “believe,“possible,” “potential,” “probable,” “project,” “remain,” “risk,” “scheduled,” “target,” “ultimate,” “vary,” “when,” “will,” “would” and other words and terms of similar meaning, in each of their forms of speech, or that are tied to future periods in connection with a discussion of future performance. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions, prospective services or products, future performance or results of current and anticipated services or products, sales efforts, expenses, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings, trends in operations and financial results.
Many factors will be important in determining the results of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates. Forward-looking statements are based on our assumptions and current expectations, which may be inaccurate, and on the current economic environment, which may change. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. They involve a number of risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties, and other factors that might cause such differences include the risks, uncertainties and other factors identified in Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These factors include: (1) the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, and responses to it, which may also precipitate or exacerbate the remaining risks; (2) difficult economic conditions, including risks relating to interest rates, credit spreads, equity, real estate, obligors and counterparties, derivatives, and derivatives; (2)terrorism and security; (3) adverse global capital and credit market conditions, which may affect our ability to meet liquidity needs and access capital, including through credit facilities; (3)(4) downgrades in our claims paying ability, financial strength or credit ratings; (4)(5) availability and effectiveness of reinsurance, hedging or indemnification arrangements; (5)(6) the impact on us of changes to and implementation of the wide variety of laws and regulations to which we are subject; (6)(7) regulatory, legislative or tax changes relating to our operations that may affect the cost of, or demand for, our products or services; (7)(8) adverse results or other consequences from litigation, arbitration or regulatory investigations; (8)(9) investment losses, defaults and volatility; (9)(10) potential liquidity and other risks resulting from our participation in a securities lending program and other transactions; (10)(11) differences between actual claims experience and underwriting and reserving assumptions; (11)(12) the impact of technological changes on our businesses; (12)(13) catastrophe losses; (13)(14) a deterioration in the experience of the closed block established in connection with the reorganization of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; (14)(15) changes in assumptions related to deferred policy acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements or value of business acquired; (15)(16) exposure to losses related to guarantees in certain products; (16)(17) ineffectiveness of risk management policies and procedures or models; (17)(18) a failure in MetLife’s cybersecurity systems or other information security systems or MetLife’s disaster recovery plans; (18)(19) any failure to protect the confidentiality of client information; (26)(20) changes in accounting standards; (19)(21) MetLife associates taking excessive risks; (20)(22) difficulties in or complications from marketing and distributing products through our distribution channels; (21)(23) difficulties, unforeseen liabilities, asset impairments, or rating agency actions arising from business acquisitions and dispositions, joint ventures, or other legal entity reorganizations; and (22)(24) other risks and uncertainties described from time to time in Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly correct or update any forward-looking statement if Metropolitan Life Insurance Company later becomes aware that such statement is not likely to be achieved. Please consult any further disclosures Metropolitan Life Insurance Company makes on related subjects in reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts
See “Exhibits — Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts” for information regarding agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Part I — Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 20182019 (Unaudited)
(In millions, except share and per share data)
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assets        
Investments:        
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (amortized cost: $154,409 and $155,175, respectively) $170,440
 $159,073
Equity securities, at estimated fair value 632
 773
Mortgage loans (net of valuation allowances of $290 and $291, respectively; includes $210 and $210, respectively, relating to variable interest entities; includes $218 and $299, respectively, under the fair value option) 64,917
 63,687
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (amortized cost: $159,542 and $154,397, respectively; allowance for credit loss of $50 and $0, respectively) $170,882
 $169,564
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit loss of $417 and $289, respectively; includes $198 and $210, respectively, relating to variable interest entities; includes $180 and $188, respectively, under the fair value option and $0 and $59, respectively, of mortgage loans held-for-sale) 66,041
 65,549
Policy loans 6,092
 6,061
 6,103
 6,100
Real estate and real estate joint ventures (includes $1,392 and $1,394, respectively, relating to variable interest entities; includes $250 and $0, respectively, of real estate held-for-sale) 6,256
 6,152
Real estate and real estate joint ventures (includes $1,410 and $1,378, respectively, relating to variable interest entities; and $144 and $127, respectively, under the fair value option) 6,859
 6,659
Other limited partnership interests 4,850
 4,481
 5,242
 4,954
Short-term investments, principally at estimated fair value 1,622
 1,506
Other invested assets (includes $1,115 and $1,130, respectively, of leveraged and direct financing leases and $105 and $113, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 18,714
 15,690
Short-term investments at estimated fair value 4,274
 1,883
Other invested assets (includes $1,050 and $1,085, respectively, of leveraged and direct financing leases and $95 and $94, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 24,230
 16,979
Total investments 273,523
 257,423
 283,631
 271,688
Cash and cash equivalents, principally at estimated fair value (includes $32 and $14, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 10,537
 6,882
Cash and cash equivalents, principally at estimated fair value (includes $11 and $5, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 14,372
 8,927
Accrued investment income (includes $1 and $1, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 2,073
 2,050
 2,359
 1,987
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables (includes $3 and $2, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 23,149
 21,829
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables (includes $2 and $3, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 23,384
 22,435
Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired 3,496
 4,117
 3,395
 3,453
Current income tax recoverable 28
 —
Deferred income tax asset —
 43
Other assets (includes $2 and $2, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) 4,501
 3,723
 4,432
 4,460
Separate account assets 120,438
 110,850
 111,541
 117,867
Total assets $437,745
 $406,917
 $443,114
 $430,817
Liabilities and Equity        
Liabilities        
Future policy benefits $128,602
 $126,099
 $127,741
 $128,304
Policyholder account balances 91,060
 90,656
 95,116
 91,708
Other policy-related balances 7,907
 7,264
 7,755
 7,732
Policyholder dividends payable 518
 494
 495
 495
Policyholder dividend obligation 2,370
 428
 1,677
 2,020
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions 20,850
 18,472
 27,883
 20,365
Short-term debt 128
 129
 127
 128
Long-term debt (includes $5 and $5, respectively, at estimated fair value, relating to variable interest entities) 1,551
 1,567
 1,626
 1,548
Current income tax payable —
 611
 413
 388
Deferred income tax liability 2,402
 —
 2,598
 1,568
Other liabilities 27,295
 24,620
 29,219
 26,082
Separate account liabilities 120,438
 110,850
 111,541
 117,867
Total liabilities 403,121
 381,190
 406,191
 398,205
Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (Note 13) 

 

Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (Note 12) 

 

Equity        
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company stockholder’s equity:        
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 494,466,664 shares issued and outstanding 5
 5
 5
 5
Additional paid-in capital 12,454
 12,450
 12,456
 12,455
Retained earnings 10,356
 9,512
 12,986
 9,943
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 11,605
 3,562
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") 11,291
 10,025
Total Metropolitan Life Insurance Company stockholder’s equity 34,420
 25,529
 36,738
 32,428
Noncontrolling interests 204
 198
 185
 184
Total equity 34,624
 25,727
 36,923
 32,612
Total liabilities and equity $437,745
 $406,917
 $443,114
 $430,817
See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)
(In millions)
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
Revenues            
Premiums $6,356
 $5,925
 $16,562
 $21,794
 $5,248
 $5,052
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 513
 510
 1,537
 1,570
 528
 503
Net investment income 2,749
 2,786
 8,188
 8,171
 2,644
 2,645
Other revenues 372
 401
 1,176
 1,203
 373
 401
Net investment gains (losses) 88
 205
 100
 (21) (182) (54)
Net derivative gains (losses) 732
 (76) 630
 289
 3,555
 (310)
Total revenues 10,810
 9,751
 28,193
 33,006
 12,166
 8,237
Expenses            
Policyholder benefits and claims 7,016
 6,576
 18,443
 23,642
 5,679
 5,662
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 668
 628
 1,993
 1,821
 611
 662
Policyholder dividends 257
 282
 774
 812
 248
 257
Other expenses 1,297
 1,361
 3,680
 3,992
 1,291
 1,148
Total expenses 9,238
 8,847
 24,890
 30,267
 7,829
 7,729
Income (loss) before provision for income tax 1,572
 904
 3,303
 2,739
 4,337
 508
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 233
 88
 389
 244
 790
 —
Net income (loss) 1,339
 816
 2,914
 2,495
 3,547
 508
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 1
 2
 2
 10
 (2) 1
Net income (loss) attributable to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company $1,338
 $814
 $2,912
 $2,485
 $3,549
 $507
Comprehensive income (loss) $3,954
 $(244) $10,940
 $(2,130) $4,813
 $3,446
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of income tax 1
 2
 2
 10
 (2) 1
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company $3,953
 $(246) $10,938
 $(2,140) $4,815
 $3,445
See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.


Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity
For the NineThree Months Ended September 30,March 31, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)
(In millions)
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Total
Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company
Stockholder’s Equity
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Total
Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company
Stockholder’s Equity
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018 $5
 $12,450
 $9,512
 $3,562
 $25,529
 $198
 $25,727
Balance at December 31, 2019 $5
 $12,455
 $9,943
 $10,025
 $32,428
 $184
 $32,612
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting
principles, net of income tax (Note 1)		     78
 17
 95
   95
     (113)   (113)   (113)
Balance at January 1, 2019 5
 12,450
 9,590
 3,579
 25,624
 198
 25,822
Balance at January 1, 2020 5
 12,455
 9,830
 10,025
 32,315
 184
 32,499
Capital contributions from MetLife, Inc.   2
 
   2
   2
   1
 
   1
   1
Dividends to MetLife, Inc.     (2,146)   (2,146)   (2,146)     (393)   (393)   (393)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests     
   —
 8
 8
     
   —
 3
 3
Net income (loss)     1,574
   1,574
 1
 1,575
     3,549
   3,549
 (2) 3,547
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax     
 5,411
 5,411
   5,411
     
 1,266
 1,266
   1,266
Balance at June 30, 2019 5
 12,452
 9,018
 8,990
 30,465
 207
 30,672
Capital contributions from MetLife, Inc.   2
     2
   2
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests         —
 (4) (4)
Net income (loss)     1,338
   1,338
 1
 1,339
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax       2,615
 2,615
   2,615
Balance at September 30, 2019 $5
 $12,454
 $10,356
 $11,605
 $34,420
 $204
 $34,624
Balance at March 31, 2020 $5
 $12,456
 $12,986
 $11,291
 $36,738
 $185
 $36,923
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Total
Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company
Stockholder’s Equity
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Total
Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company
Stockholder’s Equity
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017 $5
 $14,150
 $10,035
 $5,428
 $29,618
 $143
 $29,761
Balance at December 31, 2018 $5
 $12,450
 $9,512
 $3,562
 $25,529
 $198
 $25,727
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting
principles, net of income tax		     (917) 924
 7
   7
     78
 17
 95
   95
Balance at January 1, 2018 5
 14,150
 9,118
 6,352
 29,625
 143
 29,768
Capital contributions from MetLife, Inc.

   3
     3
   3
Returns of capital   (2)     (2)   (2)
Dividends to MetLife, Inc.

     (1,705)   (1,705)   (1,705)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests         —
 53
 53
Net income (loss)     1,671
   1,671
 8
 1,679
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax       (3,565) (3,565)   (3,565)
Balance at June 30, 2018 5
 14,151
 9,084
 2,787
 26,027
 204
 26,231
Balance at January 1, 2019 5
 12,450
 9,590
 3,579
 25,624
 198
 25,822
Capital contributions from MetLife, Inc.   70
     70
   70
   1
     1
   1
Dividends to MetLife, Inc.     (719)   (719)   (719)     (2,146)   (2,146)   (2,146)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests         —
 (9) (9)         —
 (4) (4)
Net income (loss)     814
   814
 2
 816
     507
   507
 1
 508
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax       (1,060) (1,060)   (1,060)       2,938
 2,938
   2,938
Balance at September 30, 2018 $5
 $14,221
 $9,179
 $1,727
 $25,132
 $197
 $25,329
Balance at March 31, 2019 $5
 $12,451
 $7,951
 $6,517
 $26,924
 $195
 $27,119
See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.


5
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the NineThree Months Ended September 30,March 31, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)
(In millions)

Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		Three Months
Ended
March 31,
2019 20182020 2019
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$4,661
 $6,850
$766
 $1,191
Cash flows from investing activities      
Sales, maturities and repayments of:      
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale38,243
 48,348
10,343
 14,382
Equity securities116
 112
58
 47
Mortgage loans7,514
 6,365
2,410
 1,497
Real estate and real estate joint ventures529
 466
41
 83
Other limited partnership interests386
 355
115
 158
Purchases and originations of:      
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale(36,826) (48,036)(14,777) (12,900)
Equity securities(39) (117)(28) (9)
Mortgage loans(8,879) (8,856)(3,005) (3,637)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures(697) (321)(293) (278)
Other limited partnership interests(685) (558)(226) (233)
Cash received in connection with freestanding derivatives1,809
 1,582
3,762
 579
Cash paid in connection with freestanding derivatives(1,795) (2,179)(850) (575)
Net change in policy loans(31) (44)(3) 7
Net change in short-term investments(102) 334
(2,399) (954)
Net change in other invested assets(93) 328
33
 9
Net change in property, equipment and leasehold improvements17
 185
5
 (7)
Other, net11
 4
12
 1
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(522) (2,032)(4,802) (1,830)
Cash flows from financing activities      
Policyholder account balances:      
Deposits55,564
 58,488
20,246
 18,826
Withdrawals(56,201) (60,701)(17,837) (17,928)
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions2,378
 382
7,518
 (158)
Long-term debt issued—
 24
78
 —
Long-term debt repaid(23) (49)(5) (10)
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net(64) (75)(127) (30)
Dividends paid to MetLife, Inc.(2,146) (2,424)(393) (1,400)
Other, net1
 (57)1
 (6)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(491) (4,412)9,481
 (706)
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents balances7
 (1)—
 1
Change in cash and cash equivalents3,655
 405
5,445
 (1,344)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period6,882
 5,069
8,927
 6,882
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$10,537
 $5,474
$14,372
 $5,538
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information      
Net cash paid (received) for:      
Interest$64
 $65
$11
 $12
Income tax$456
 $581
$8
 $12
Non-cash transactions:      
Capital contributions from MetLife, Inc.$4
 $73
$1
 $1
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale received in connection with pension risk transfer transaction$—
 $3,016
Reclassification of certain equity securities to other invested assets$—
 $733
Dividends to MetLife, Inc. declared and unpaid$—
 $746
Operating lease liability associated with the recognition of right-of-use assets$—
 $141

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

6
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, “MLIC” or the “Company”) is a provider of insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management and is organized into 2 segments: U.S. and MetLife Holdings. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. (MetLife, Inc., together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “MetLife”).
Basis of Presentation
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain.uncertain, including the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to the Company’s business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and reflect all adjustments (including normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented in conformity with GAAP. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of full year performance. The December 31, 20182019 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements included in Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20182019 (the “2018“2019 Annual Report”), which include all disclosures required by GAAP. Therefore, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the 20182019 Annual Report.
Consolidation
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and its subsidiaries, as well as partnerships and joint ventures in which the Company has control, and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
The Company uses the equity method of accounting or the fair value option (“FVO”) for real estate joint ventures and other limited partnership interests (“investee”) when it has more than a minor ownership interest or more than a minor influence over the investee’s operations. The Company generally recognizes its share of the investee’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag in instances where the investee’s financial information is not sufficiently timely or when the investee’s reporting period differs from the Company’s reporting period.
Since the Company is a member of a controlled group of affiliated companies, its results may not be indicative of those of a stand-alone entity.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the prior year periods’ interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related footnotes thereto have been reclassified to conform to the 20192020 presentation as discussed throughout the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Recent Accounting PronouncementsThe following are the Company’s significant accounting policies updated for the January 1, 2020 adoption of new accounting pronouncements related to investments.
Changes to GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”)Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains (Losses)
Income from investments is reported within net investment income, unless otherwise stated herein. Gains and losses on sales of investments, intent-to-sell impairments, as well as provisions for credit loss in the form of accounting standards updatesallowance for credit loss (“ASUs”ACL”) toon fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”), mortgage loans and investments in leases and subsequent changes in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The Company considersACL or for impairment losses on real estate investments, are reported within net investment gains (losses), unless otherwise stated herein. Accrued investment income is presented separately on the applicabilityconsolidated balance sheet and impact of all ASUs. The following tables provide a description of new ASUs issued byexcluded from the FASB and the impactcarrying value of the adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.related investments, primarily fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans.

7
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

AdoptionFixed Maturity Securities
The majority of New Accounting Pronouncementsthe Company’s fixed maturity securities are classified as AFS and are reported at their estimated fair value. Unrealized investment gains and losses on these securities are recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), net of policy-related amounts and deferred income taxes. All security transactions are recorded on a trade date basis. Sales of securities are determined on a specific identification basis.
ExceptInterest income and prepayment fees are recognized when earned. Interest income is recognized using an effective yield method giving effect to amortization of premium and accretion of discount and is based on the estimated economic life of the securities, which for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities considers the estimated timing and amount of prepayments of the underlying loans. See also Note 7 “— Fixed Maturity Securities AFS — Methodology for Amortization of Premium and Accretion of Discount on Structured Products” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Annual Report. The amortization of premium and accretion of discount also takes into consideration call and maturity dates.
The Company periodically evaluates its fixed maturity securities AFS for impairment. The assessment of whether impairments have occurred is based on management’s case-by-case evaluation of the underlying reasons for the decline in estimated fair value as noted below,described in Note 5 “— Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale — Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss.”
Prior to January 1, 2020, the ASUsCompany applied other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) guidance for securities in an unrealized loss position. An OTTI was recognized in earnings within net investment gains (losses) when it was anticipated that the amortized cost would not be recovered. When either: (i) the Company had the intent to sell the security, or (ii) it was more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the security before recovery, the reduction of amortized cost and the OTTI recognized in earnings was the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost and estimated fair value. If neither of these conditions existed, the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected was recognized as a reduction of amortized cost and an OTTI in earnings. If the estimated fair value was less than the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected, this portion of OTTI related to other-than-credit factors was recorded in OCI.
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted accounting standards update (“ASU”) 2016-13,Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments(“ASU 2016-13”) using a modified retrospective approach. Under ASU 2016-13, for securities in an unrealized loss position, a credit loss is recognized in earnings within net investment gains (losses) when it is anticipated that the amortized cost will not be recovered. When either: (i) the Company has the intent to sell the security, or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery, the reduction of amortized cost and the loss recognized in earnings is the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost and estimated fair value. If neither of these conditions exists, the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected is recognized as a “credit loss” by establishing an ACL with a corresponding charge to earnings in net investment gains (losses). However, the ACL is limited by the Company effective January 1, 2019amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. This limitation is known as the “fair value floor”. If the estimated fair value is less than the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected, this portion of the decline in value related to other-than-credit factors (“noncredit loss”) is recorded in OCI.
The new guidance also replaces the model for purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) fixed maturity securities AFS and financing receivables and requires the establishment of an ACL at acquisition, which is added to the purchase price to establish the initial amortized cost of the investment. Upon adoption, the replacement of the PCI model did not have a material impact on itsthe Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
Mortgage Loans
StandardDescriptionEffective Date and Method of AdoptionImpact on Financial Statements
ASU 2017-12,Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, as clarified and amended by ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments
The new guidance simplifies the application of hedge accounting in certain situations and amends the hedge accounting model to enable entities to better portray the economics of their risk management activities in their financial statements.
January 1, 2019. The Company adopted using a modified retrospective approach.


The adoption of the guidance resulted in an $18 million, net of income tax, increase to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) with a corresponding decrease to retained earnings due to the reclassification of hedge ineffectiveness for cash flow hedging relationships existing as of January 1, 2019. The Company has included the expanded disclosures within Note 6.
ASU 2016-02,Leases (Topic 842), as clarified and amended by ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, andASU 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors
The new guidance requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Leases are classified as finance or operating leases and both types of leases are recognized on the balance sheet. Lessor accounting remains largely unchanged from previous guidance except for certain targeted changes. The new guidance also requires new qualitative and quantitative disclosures. In July 2018, two amendments to the new guidance were issued. The amendments provide the option to adopt the new guidance prospectively without adjusting comparative periods. Also, the amendments provide lessors with a practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components for certain operating leases. In December 2018, an amendment was issued to clarify lessor accounting relating to taxes, certain lessor’s costs and variable payments related to both lease and non-lease components.


January 1, 2019. The Company adopted using a modified retrospective approach.

The Company elected the package of practical expedients allowed under the transition guidance. This allowed the Company to carry forward its historical lease classification. In addition, the Company elected all other practical expedients that were allowed under the new guidance and were applicable, including the practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components into one lease component for certain real estate leases.


The adoption of this guidance resulted in the recording of additional net right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities of approximately $818 million and $902 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The reduction of the ROU assets was a result of adjustments for prepaid/deferred rent, unamortized initial direct costs and impairment of certain ROU assets based on the net present value of the remaining minimum lease payments and sublease revenues. In addition, retained earnings increased by $95 million, net of income tax, as a result of the recognition of deferred gains on previous sale leaseback transactions. The guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated net income and cash flows. The Company has included expanded disclosures on the consolidated balance sheets and in Notes 5 and 8.

ASU 2016-13 requires an ACL based on the expectation of lifetime credit loss on financing receivables carried at amortized cost, including, but not limited to, mortgage loans and leveraged and direct financing leases, as described in Note 5.

The Company disaggregates its mortgage loan investments into three portfolio segments: commercial, agricultural and residential. Also included in commercial mortgage loans are revolving line of credit loans collateralized by commercial properties. The accounting policies that are applicable to all portfolio segments are presented below and the accounting policies related to each of the portfolio segments are included in Note 5.

8
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Mortgage loans are stated at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or expenses, and are net of ACL. Interest income and prepayment fees are recognized when earned. Interest income is recognized using an effective yield method giving effect to amortization of premium and accretion of discount.
The Company ceases to accrue interest when the collection of interest is not considered probable, which is based on a current evaluation of the status of the borrower including the number of days past due. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, uncollected past due accrued interest income that is considered uncollectible is charged-off against net investment income. Generally, the accrual of interest income resumes after all delinquent amounts are paid and management believes all future principal and interest payments will be collected. The Company records cash receipts on non-accruing loans in accordance with the loan agreement. The Company records charge-offs upon the realization of a credit loss, typically through foreclosure or after a decision is made to sell a loan, or for residential loans when, after considering the individual consumer’s financial status, management believes amounts are not collectible. Gain or loss upon charge-off is recorded, net of previously established ACL, in net investment gains (losses). Cash recoveries on principal amounts previously charged-off are generally recorded in net investment gains.
Also included in mortgage loans are residential mortgage loans for which the FVO was elected, and which are stated at estimated fair value. Changes in estimated fair value are recognized in net investment income.


9
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Changes to GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of ASUs to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. The following tables provide a description of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
Except as noted below, the ASUs adopted by the Company effective January 1, 2020 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
StandardDescriptionEffective Date and Method of AdoptionImpact on Financial Statements
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting

The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, with certain exceptions.

Effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022

The new guidance will reduce the operational and financial impacts of contract modifications that replace a reference rate, such as London InterBank Offered Rate (LIBOR), affected by reference rate reform. The adoption of the new guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company will continue to evaluate the impacts of reference rate reform on contract modifications and hedging relationships through December 31, 2022.
ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
The new guidance simplifies the former two-step goodwill impairment test by eliminating Step 2 of the test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The new guidance requires a one-step impairment test in which an entity compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, if any.January 1, 2020, the Company adopted, using a prospective approach.The adoption of the new guidance reduced the complexity involved with the evaluation of goodwill for impairment. The impact of the new guidance will depend on the outcomes of future goodwill impairment tests.
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as clarified and amended by ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses; ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments; ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief; and ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses
This new guidance requires an ACL based on the expectation of lifetime credit loss on financing receivables carried at amortized cost, including, but not limited to, mortgage loans, premium receivables, reinsurance receivables and leveraged and direct financing leases.

The former model for OTTI on fixed maturity securities AFS has been modified and requires the recording of an ACL instead of a reduction of the amortized cost. Any improvements in expected future cash flows will no longer be reflected as a prospective yield adjustment, but instead will be reflected as a reduction in the ACL. The new guidance also replaces the model for PCI fixed maturity securities AFS and financing receivables and requires the establishment of an ACL at acquisition, which is added to the purchase price to establish the initial amortized cost of the investment.

The new guidance also requires enhanced disclosures.
January 1, 2020 for substantially all financial assets, the Company adopted using a modified retrospective approach. For previously impaired fixed maturity securities AFS and certain fixed maturity securities AFS acquired with evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination, the Company adopted prospectively on January 1, 2020.The adoption of this guidance resulted in a $113 million, net of income tax, decrease to retained earnings primarily related to the Company’s mortgage loan investments. The Company has included the required disclosures within Note 5.


10
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
ASUs not listed below were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.statements or disclosures. ASUs issued but not yet adopted as of September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 that are currently being assessed and may or may not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures are summarized in the table below.
StandardDescriptionEffective Date and Method of AdoptionImpact on Financial Statements
ASU 2018-15,2019-12, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40)Income Taxes (Topic 740): Customer’sSimplifying the Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
The new guidance requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset and which costs to expense as incurred. Implementation costs that are capitalized under the new guidance are required to be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the module or component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use.

January 1, 2020. The new guidance can be applied either prospectively to eligible costs incurred on or after the guidance is first applied, or retrospectively to all periods presented.
The new guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and will be adopted prospectively.

ASU 2018-14,Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit PlansIncome Taxes

The new guidance simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the tax accounting guidance and providing clarification to other specific tax accounting guidance to eliminate variations in practice. Specifically, it removes certain disclosuresthe exceptions related to the a) incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items, b) recognition of a deferred tax liability when foreign investment ownership changes from equity method investment to consolidated subsidiary and vice versa and c) use of interim period tax accounting for year-to-date losses that no longerexceed anticipated losses. The guidance also simplifies the application of the income tax guidance for franchise taxes that are considered cost beneficial,partially based on income and the accounting for tax law changes during interim periods, clarifies the specific requirementsaccounting for transactions that result in a step-up in tax basis of disclosures,goodwill, provides for the option to elect allocation of consolidated income taxes to entities disregarded by taxing authorities for their stand-alone reporting, and adds disclosure requirements identified as relevant for employersrequires that sponsor defined benefit pensionan entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or other postretirement plans.rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date.

December 31, 2020, to
January 1, 2021. The new guidance should be applied either on a retrospective, modified retrospective or prospective basis to all periods presented (with early adoption permitted).
The new guidance will not have a material impactbased on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2018-13,Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changesitems to which the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurementamendments relate. Early adoption is permitted.

The new guidance modifiesCompany has started its implementation efforts and is currently evaluating the disclosure requirements on fair value by removing some requirements, modifying others, adding changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements, and under certain circumstances, providing the option to disclose certain other quantitative information with respect to significant unobservable inputs in lieu of a weighted average.

January 1, 2020. Amendments related to changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively.As of December 31, 2018, the Company early adopted the provisions of the guidance that removed the requirements relating to transfers between fair value hierarchy levels and certain disclosures about valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The Company will adopt the remainderimpact of the new guidance at the effective date. The new guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’sits consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts,as amended by ASU 2019-09, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date
The new guidance (i) prescribes the discount rate to be used in measuring the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited payment long-duration contracts, and requires assumptions for those liability valuations to be updated after contract inception, (ii) requires more market-based product guarantees on certain separate account and other account balance long-duration contracts to be accounted for at fair value, (iii) simplifies the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) for virtually all long-duration contracts, and (iv) introduces certain financial statement presentation requirements, as well as significant additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2019-09 defer the effective date of the amendments in ASU 2018-12 for all entities.January 1, 2021,2022, to be applied retrospectively to January 1, 20192020 (with early adoption permitted).
The Company has started its implementation efforts of the Company and is currently evaluatingthe evaluation of the impact of the new guidance.guidance are in progress. Given the nature and extent of the required changes to a significant portion of the Company’s operations, the adoption of this guidance is expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.



9
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

StandardDescriptionEffective Date and Method of AdoptionImpact on Financial Statements
ASU 2017-04,Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

The new guidance simplifies the current two-step goodwill impairment test by eliminating Step 2 of the test. The new guidance requires a one-step impairment test in which an entity compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, if any.

January 1, 2020, to be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017.
The new guidance will reduce the complexity involved with the evaluation of goodwill for impairment. The impact of the new guidance will depend on the outcomes of future goodwill impairment tests.

ASU 2016-13,Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as clarified and amended by ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments andASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief

This new guidance requires an allowance for credit losses based on the expectation of lifetime credit losses on financing receivables carried at amortized cost, including, but not limited to, mortgage loans, premium receivables, reinsurance receivables and certain leases.

The current model for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities has been modified and requires the recording of an allowance for credit losses rather than a reduction of the carrying value. Any improvements in expected future cash flows will no longer be reflected as a prospective yield adjustment, but rather as a reduction in the allowance. The new guidance also replaces the model for purchased credit impaired debt securities and financing receivables and requires the establishment of an allowance for credit losses at acquisition, which is added to the purchase price to establish the initial amortized cost.

The new guidance also requires enhanced disclosures.

January 1, 2020, to be applied on a modified retrospective basis, which requires transition adjustments to be recorded as a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings. 
The Company is finalizing the development of the credit loss models for its financing receivables carried at amortized cost. The development of these credit loss models has resulted in data input validations, enhanced policies and controls and continued updates to information systems. The Company has begun testing these models and information systems and expects to complete testing in the fourth quarter of 2019. At September 30, 2019, the allowance for credit losses was approximately 0.50% of the amortized cost of financing receivables in scope. The Company estimates that if the new guidance was effective at September 30, 2019, the allowance for credit losses would have been less than 1.00% of the amortized cost of financing receivables in scope. The increase in the allowance for credit losses primarily relates to the Company’s residential mortgage loan portfolio.

The Company continues to evaluate the transition requirements for purchased credit impaired debt securities. Additionally, the Company is in the process of preparing the required disclosures.



1011
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information
The Company is organized into 2 segments: U.S. and MetLife Holdings. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other.
U.S.
The U.S. segment offers a broad range of protection products and services aimed at serving the financial needs of customers throughout their lives. These products are sold to corporations and their respective employees, other institutions and their respective members, as well as individuals. The U.S. segment is organized into two businesses: Group Benefits and Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”).
The Group Benefits business offers life, dental, group short- and long-term disability, individual disability, accidental death and dismemberment, vision and accident & health coverages, as well as prepaid legal plans. This business also sells administrative services-only arrangements to some employers.
The RIS business offers a broad range of life and annuity-based insurance and investment products, including stable value and pension risk transfer products, institutional income annuities, tort settlements, and capital markets investment products, as well as solutions for funding postretirement benefits and company-, bank- or trust-owned life insurance.
MetLife Holdings
The MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses, previously included in MLIC’s former retail business, that the Company no longer actively markets, such as variable, universal, term and whole life insurance, variable, fixed and index-linked annuities, and long-term care insurance.
Corporate & Other
Corporate & Other contains various start-up, developing and run-off businesses. Also included in Corporate & Other are: the excess capital, as well as certain charges and activities, not allocated to the segments including(including enterprise-wide strategic initiative restructuring charges and various start-up businesses. Additionally, Corporate & Other includes run-off businesses,charges), the Company’s ancillary internationalnon-U.S. operations, and interest expense related to the majority of the Company’s outstanding debt, as well as expenses associated with certain legal proceedings and income tax audit issues. In addition, Corporate & Other includesissues, and the elimination of intersegment amounts which(which generally relate to affiliated reinsurance and intersegment loans, which bearbearing interest rates commensurate with related borrowings.borrowings).
Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies
Adjusted earnings is used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is also the Company’s GAAP measure of segment performance and is reported below. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). The Company believes the presentation of adjusted earnings, as the Company measures it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of its performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business.
Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax.
The financial measures of adjusted revenues and adjusted expenses focus on the Company’s primary businesses principally by excluding the impact of market volatility, which could distort trends, and revenues and costs related to non-core products and certain entities required to be consolidated under GAAP. Also, these measures exclude results of discontinued operations under GAAP and other businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MLIC but do not meet the discontinued operations criteria under GAAP and are referred to as divested businesses. Divested businesses also includesinclude the net impact of transactions with exited businesses that have been eliminated in consolidation under GAAP and costs relating to businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MLIC that do not meet the criteria to be included in results of discontinued operations under GAAP. Adjusted revenues also excludes net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses).

1112
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

The following additional adjustments are made to revenues, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted revenues:
•
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees excludes the amortization of unearned revenue related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and certain variable annuity guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”) fees (“GMIB fees”); and
Net investment income: (i) includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of investments or that are used to replicate certain investments, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, (ii) excludes post-tax adjusted earnings adjustments relating to insurance joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, (iii) excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are VIEs consolidated under GAAP and (iv) includes distributions of profits from certain other limited partnership interests that were previously accounted for under the cost method, but are now accounted for at estimated fair value, where the change in estimated fair value is recognized in net investment gains (losses) under GAAP.
The following additional adjustments are made to expenses, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted expenses:
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends excludes: (i) amortization of basis adjustments associated with de-designated fair value hedges of future policy benefits, (ii) changes in the policyholder dividend obligation related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (iii) amounts associated with periodic crediting rate adjustments based on the total return of a contractually referenced pool of assets and other pass-through adjustments, (iv) benefits and hedging costs related to GMIBs (“GMIB costs”) and (v) market value adjustments associated with surrenders or terminations of contracts (“Market value adjustments”);
Interest credited to policyholder account balances includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of policyholder account balances but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment;
•
Amortization of DAC and value of business acquired (“VOBA”) excludes amounts related to: (i) net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (ii) GMIB fees and GMIB costs and (iii) Market value adjustments;
Interest expense on debt excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are VIEs consolidated under GAAP; and
Other expenses excludes: (i) noncontrolling interests, (ii) acquisition, integration and other costs, and (iii) goodwill impairments.
The tax impact of the adjustments mentioned above are calculated net of the U.S. or foreign statutory tax rate, which could differ from the Company’s effective tax rate. Additionally, the provision for income tax (expense) benefit also includes the impact related to the timing of certain tax credits, as well as certain tax reforms.
Set forth in the tables below is certain financial information with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020 and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019and2018.2019. The segment accounting policies are the same as those used to prepare the Company’s consolidated financial statements, except for adjusted earnings adjustments as defined above. In addition, segment accounting policies include the method of capital allocation described below.
Economic capital is an internally developed risk capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model accounts for the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in MetLife’s and the Company’s business.
MetLife’s economic capital model, coupled with considerations of local capital requirements, aligns segment allocated equity with emerging standards and consistent risk principles. The model applies statistics-based risk evaluation principles to the material risks to which the Company is exposed. These consistent risk principles include calibrating required economic capital shock factors to a specific confidence level and time horizon while applying an industry standard method for the inclusion of diversification benefits among risk types. MetLife’s management is responsible for the ongoing production and enhancement of the economic capital model and reviews its approach periodically to ensure that it remains consistent with emerging industry practice standards.
Segment net investment income is credited or charged based on the level of allocated equity; however, changes in allocated equity do not impact the Company’s consolidated net investment income, net income (loss), or adjusted earnings.

1213
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Net investment income is based upon the actual results of each segment’s specifically identifiable investment portfolios adjusted for allocated equity. Other costs are allocated to each of the segments based upon: (i) a review of the nature of such costs;costs, (ii) time studies analyzing the amount of employee compensation costs incurred by each segment;segment, and (iii) cost estimates included in the Company’s product pricing.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 U.S. MetLife
Holdings		 Corporate
& Other		 Total Adjustments Total
Consolidated
  (In millions)
Revenues            
Premiums $4,510
 $738
 $—
 $5,248
 $—
 $5,248
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 262
 244
 —
 506
 22
 528
Net investment income 1,634
 1,166
 (70) 2,730
 (86) 2,644
Other revenues 214
 26
 133
 373
 —
 373
Net investment gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 (182) (182)
Net derivative gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 3,555
 3,555
Total revenues 6,620
 2,174
 63
 8,857
 3,309
 12,166
Expenses            
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 4,561
 1,397
 —
 5,958
 (31) 5,927
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 442
 173
 —
 615
 (4) 611
Capitalization of DAC (14) 4
 —
 (10) —
 (10)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 14
 79
 —
 93
 10
 103
Interest expense on debt 2
 2
 21
 25
 —
 25
Other expenses 794
 200
 178
 1,172
 1
 1,173
Total expenses 5,799
 1,855
 199
 7,853
 (24) 7,829
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 175
 62
 (147) 90
 700
 790
Adjusted earnings $646
 $257
 $11
 914
    
Adjustments to:            
Total revenues       3,309
    
Total expenses       24
    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit       (700)    
Net income (loss) $3,547
   $3,547
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 U.S. 
MetLife
Holdings
 
Corporate
& Other
 Total Adjustments 
Total
Consolidated
  (In millions)
Revenues            
Premiums $5,588
 $767
 $1
 $6,356
 $—
 $6,356
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 252
 238
 —
 490
 23
 513
Net investment income 1,660
 1,167
 (6) 2,821
 (72) 2,749
Other revenues 206
 45
 121
 372
 —
 372
Net investment gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 88
 88
Net derivative gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 732
 732
Total revenues 7,706
 2,217
 116
 10,039
 771
 10,810
Expenses            
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 5,701
 1,559
 —
 7,260
 13
 7,273
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 492
 182
 —
 674
 (6) 668
Capitalization of DAC (14) 1
 —
 (13) —
 (13)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 13
 71
 —
 84
 —
 84
Interest expense on debt 3
 2
 22
 27
 —
 27
Other expenses 721
 194
 287
 1,202
 (3) 1,199
Total expenses 6,916
 2,009
 309
 9,234
 4
 9,238
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 164
 39
 (131) 72
 161
 233
Adjusted earnings $626
 $169
 $(62) 733
    
Adjustments to:            
Total revenues       771
    
Total expenses       (4)    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit       (161)    
Net income (loss) $1,339
   $1,339


1314
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 U.S. 
MetLife
Holdings
 
Corporate
& Other
 Total Adjustments 
Total
Consolidated
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 U.S. MetLife
Holdings		 Corporate
& Other		 Total Adjustments Total
Consolidated
 (In millions) (In millions)
Revenues                        
Premiums $5,125
 $783
 $17
 $5,925
 $—
 $5,925
 $4,302
 $750
 $—
 $5,052
 $—
 $5,052
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 248
 239
 —
 487
 23
 510
 264
 217
 —
 481
 22
 503
Net investment income 1,707
 1,218
 (53) 2,872
 (86) 2,786
 1,638
 1,139
 (57) 2,720
 (75) 2,645
Other revenues 189
 66
 146
 401
 —
 401
 204
 63
 134
 401
 —
 401
Net investment gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 205
 205
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (54) (54)
Net derivative gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 (76) (76) —
 —
 —
 —
 (310) (310)
Total revenues 7,269
 2,306
 110
 9,685
 66
 9,751
 6,408
 2,169
 77
 8,654
 (417) 8,237
Expenses                        
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 5,227
 1,500
 12
 6,739
 119
 6,858
 4,438
 1,398
 —
 5,836
 83
 5,919
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 443
 187
 —
 630
 (2) 628
 487
 178
 —
 665
 (3) 662
Capitalization of DAC (8) 1
 —
 (7) —
 (7) (15) 3
 —
 (12) —
 (12)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 27
 (2) —
 25
 79
 104
 14
 47
 —
 61
 (42) 19
Interest expense on debt 3
 2
 22
 27
 —
 27
 3
 2
 22
 27
 —
 27
Other expenses 700
 254
 285
 1,239
 (2) 1,237
 723
 200
 191
 1,114
 —
 1,114
Total expenses 6,392
 1,942
 319
 8,653
 194
 8,847
 5,650
 1,828
 213
 7,691
 38
 7,729
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 187
 70
 (142) 115
 (27) 88
 157
 67
 (128) 96
 (96) —
Adjusted earnings $690
 $294
 $(67) 917
     $601
 $274
 $(8) 867
    
Adjustments to:                        
Total revenues       66
           (417)    
Total expenses       (194)           (38)    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit       27
           96
    
Net income (loss)Net income (loss) $816
   $816
Net income (loss) $508
   $508


14
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 U.S. MetLife
Holdings		 Corporate
& Other		 Total Adjustments Total
Consolidated
  (In millions)
Revenues            
Premiums $14,270
 $2,291
 $1
 $16,562
 $—
 $16,562
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 780
 690
 —
 1,470
 67
 1,537
Net investment income 4,999
 3,497
 (89) 8,407
 (219) 8,188
Other revenues 612
 159
 405
 1,176
 —
 1,176
Net investment gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 100
 100
Net derivative gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 630
 630
Total revenues 20,661
 6,637
 317
 27,615
 578
 28,193
Expenses            
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 14,661
 4,413
 —
 19,074
 143
 19,217
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 1,467
 540
 —
 2,007
 (14) 1,993
Capitalization of DAC (48) 6
 —
 (42) —
 (42)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 40
 178
 —
 218
 (74) 144
Interest expense on debt 8
 6
 66
 80
 —
 80
Other expenses 2,168
 600
 733
 3,501
 (3) 3,498
Total expenses 18,296
 5,743
 799
 24,838
 52
 24,890
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 490
 173
 (385) 278
 111
 389
Adjusted earnings $1,875
 $721
 $(97) 2,499
    
Adjustments to:            
Total revenues       578
    
Total expenses       (52)    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit       (111)    
Net income (loss) $2,914
   $2,914
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 U.S. MetLife
Holdings		 Corporate
& Other		 Total Adjustments Total
Consolidated
  (In millions)
Revenues            
Premiums $19,425
 $2,351
 $18
 $21,794
 $—
 $21,794
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 758
 742
 —
 1,500
 70
 1,570
Net investment income 4,945
 3,599
 (95) 8,449
 (278) 8,171
Other revenues 581
 199
 423
 1,203
 —
 1,203
Net investment gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 (21) (21)
Net derivative gains (losses) —
 —
 —
 —
 289
 289
Total revenues 25,709
 6,891
 346
 32,946
 60
 33,006
Expenses            
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 19,970
 4,331
 3
 24,304
 150
 24,454
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 1,262
 562
 —
 1,824
 (3) 1,821
Capitalization of DAC (30) 4
 —
 (26) —
 (26)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 59
 149
 —
 208
 63
 271
Interest expense on debt 9
 6
 66
 81
 —
 81
Other expenses 2,124
 754
 797
 3,675
 (9) 3,666
Total expenses 23,394
 5,806
 866
 30,066
 201
 30,267
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 493
 208
 (425) 276
 (32) 244
Adjusted earnings $1,822
 $877
 $(95) 2,604
    
Adjustments to:            
Total revenues       60
    
Total expenses       (201)    
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit       32
    
Net income (loss) $2,495
   $2,495


15
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

The following table presents total assets with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, at:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
U.S.$250,695
 $233,998
$252,519
 $246,319
MetLife Holdings157,563
 147,498
153,301
 156,327
Corporate & Other29,487
 25,421
37,294
 28,171
Total$437,745
 $406,917
$443,114
 $430,817

Revenues derived from one U.S. segment customer were $740 million and $2.3 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, which represented 10% and 12%, respectively, of consolidated premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues.
Revenues derived from two U.S. segment customers exceeded 10% of consolidated premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.Revenues derived from the first U.S. segment customer were$6.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which represented 24% of consolidated premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues. The revenue was from a single premium received for a pension risk transfer. Revenues derived from the second U.S. customer were $730 million and $2.4 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, which represented 11% and 10%, respectively, of consolidated premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues.
Revenues derived from any other customer did not exceed 10% of consolidated premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.
3. Insurance
Guarantees
As discussed in Notes 1 and 43 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20182019 Annual Report, the Company issues directly and assumes through reinsurance variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits. Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”), the non-life-contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”) and certain non-life contingent portions of GMIBs are accounted for as embedded derivatives in policyholder account balances and are further discussed in Note 6.6.
The Company also issues other annuity contracts that apply a lower rate on funds deposited if the contractholder elects to surrender the contract for cash and a higher rate if the contractholder elects to annuitize. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death, maturity or at annuitization. Certain other annuity contracts contain guaranteed annuitization benefits that may be above what would be provided by the current account value of the contract. Additionally, the Company issues universal and variable life contracts where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a secondary guarantee or a guaranteed paid-up benefit.

1615
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
3. Insurance (continued)

Information regarding the Company’s guarantee exposure, which includes direct business, but excludes offsets from hedging or reinsurance, if any, was as follows at:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 In the
Event of Death		 At
Annuitization		 In the
Event of Death		 At
Annuitization		 In the
Event of Death		 At
Annuitization		 In the
Event of Death		 At
Annuitization
 (Dollars in millions)  (Dollars in millions) 
Annuity Contracts:                        
Variable Annuity Guarantees:                        
Total account value (1), (2) $48,538
  $21,243
  $47,393
  $20,692
  $42,277
  $18,200
  $49,207
  $21,472
 
Separate account value (1) $38,858
  $20,425
  $37,342
  $19,839
  $32,768
  $17,376
  $39,679
  $20,666
 
Net amount at risk $1,322
(3) $603
(4) $2,433
(3) $418
(4) $2,972
(3) $1,035
(4) $1,195
(3) $524
(4)
Average attained age of contractholders 68 years
  66 years
  67 years
  65 years
  68 years
  66 years
  68 years
  66 years
 
Other Annuity Guarantees:                        
Total account value (1), (2) N/A
  $145
  N/A
  $144
  N/A
  $142
  N/A
  $143
 
Net amount at risk N/A
  $82
(5) N/A
  $85
(5) N/A
  $77
(5) N/A
  $80
(5)
Average attained age of contractholders N/A
  54 years
  N/A
  53 years
  N/A
  54 years
  N/A
  54 years
 
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Secondary
Guarantees		 Paid-Up
Guarantees		 Secondary
Guarantees		 Paid-Up
Guarantees		Secondary
Guarantees		 Paid-Up
Guarantees		 Secondary
Guarantees		 Paid-Up
Guarantees
(Dollars in millions)(Dollars in millions)
Universal and Variable Life Contracts:              
Total account value (1), (2)$4,728
 $908
 $4,614
 $937
$4,304
 $887
 $4,909
 $899
Net amount at risk (6)$41,960
 $5,981
 $44,596
 $6,290
$41,387
 $5,782
 $41,385
 $5,884
Average attained age of policyholders57 years
 64 years
 55 years
 63 years
57 years
 64 years
 57 years
 64 years
__________________
(1)The Company’s annuity and life contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed above may not be mutually exclusive.
(2)Includes the contractholder’s investments in the general account and separate account, if applicable.
(3)Defined as the death benefit less the total account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date and includes any additional contractual claims associated with riders purchased to assist with covering income taxes payable upon death.
(4)Defined as the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. This amount represents the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date, even though the contracts contain terms that allow annuitization of the guaranteed amount only after the 10th anniversary of the contract, which not all contractholders have achieved.
(5)Defined as either the excess of the upper tier, adjusted for a profit margin, less the lower tier, as of the balance sheet date or the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. These amounts represent the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date.
(6)Defined as the guarantee amount less the account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date.

1716
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
3. Insurance (continued)

Liabilities for Unpaid Claims and Claim Expenses
Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses
Information regarding the liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses was as follows:


Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
Three Months
Ended
March 31,


2019
2018
2020
2019


(In millions)
(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period
$12,590
 $12,090

$13,140
 $12,590
Less: Reinsurance recoverables
1,497
 1,401

1,525
 1,497
Net balance, beginning of period
11,093
 10,689

11,615
 11,093
Incurred related to:
   
   
Current period
13,138
 12,623

4,734
 4,295
Prior periods (1)
(50) 118

(64) 87
Total incurred
13,088
 12,741

4,670
 4,382
Paid related to:
   
   
Current period
(8,868) (8,566)
(2,240) (1,931)
Prior periods
(3,667) (3,609)
(2,409) (2,201)
Total paid
(12,535) (12,175)
(4,649) (4,132)
Net balance, end of period
11,646
 11,255

11,636
 11,343
Add: Reinsurance recoverables
1,594
 1,381

1,661
 1,537
Balance, end of period (included in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances)
$13,240
 $12,636

$13,297
 $12,880
__________________
(1)For the ninethree months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, claims and claim adjustment expenses associated with prior periods decreased due to favorable claims experience in the current period. For the ninethree months ended September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, claims and claim adjustment expenses associated with prior periods increased due to events incurred in prior periods but reported in the current period.
4. Closed Block
On April 7, 2000 (the “Demutualization Date”), Metropolitan Life Insurance Company converted from a mutual life insurance company to a stock life insurance company and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. The conversion was pursuant to an order by the New York Superintendent of Insurance approving Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s plan of reorganization, as amended (the “Plan of Reorganization”). On the Demutualization Date, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company established a closed block for the benefit of holders of certain individual life insurance policies of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.
Experience within the closed block, in particular mortality and investment yields, as well as realized and unrealized gains and losses, directly impact the policyholder dividend obligation. Amortization of the closed block DAC, which resides outside of the closed block, is based upon cumulative actual and expected earnings within the closed block. Accordingly, the Company’s net income continues to be sensitive to the actual performance of the closed block.
Closed block assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses are combined on a line-by-line basis with the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses outside the closed block based on the nature of the particular item.

1817
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Closed Block (continued)

Information regarding the closed block liabilities and assets designated to the closed block was as follows at:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 (In millions) (In millions)
Closed Block Liabilities        
Future policy benefits $39,477
 $40,032
 $39,214
 $39,379
Other policy-related balances 438
 317
 340
 423
Policyholder dividends payable 453
 431
 431
 432
Policyholder dividend obligation 2,370
 428
 1,677
 2,020
Deferred income tax liability 61
 28
 82
 79
Other liabilities 116
 328
 169
 81
Total closed block liabilities 42,915
 41,564
 41,913
 42,414
Assets Designated to the Closed Block        
Investments:        
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value 26,365
 25,354
 25,332
 25,977
Equity securities, at estimated fair value 63
 61
Contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities, at estimated fair value 50
 43
Mortgage loans 6,910
 6,778
 6,995
 7,052
Policy loans 4,493
 4,527
 4,478
 4,489
Real estate and real estate joint ventures 540
 544
 556
 544
Other invested assets 822
 643
 934
 416
Total investments 39,243
 37,950
 38,295
 38,478
Cash and cash equivalents 154
 —
 148
 448
Accrued investment income 438
 443
 427
 419
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables 66
 83
 67
 75
Current income tax recoverable 81
 69
 90
 91
Total assets designated to the closed block 39,982
 38,545
 39,027
 39,511
Excess of closed block liabilities over assets designated to the closed block 2,933
 3,019
 2,886
 2,903
Amounts included in AOCI:    
AOCI:    
Unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax 2,596
 1,089
 2,008
 2,453
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of income tax 169
 86
 314
 97
Allocated to policyholder dividend obligation, net of income tax (1,872) (338) (1,325) (1,596)
Total amounts included in AOCI 893
 837
 997
 954
Maximum future earnings to be recognized from closed block assets and liabilities $3,826
 $3,856
 $3,883
 $3,857

Information regarding the closed block policyholder dividend obligation was as follows:
 Nine Months
Ended
September 30, 2019		 Year 
 Ended 
 December 31, 2018		 Three Months
Ended
March 31, 2020		 Year 
 Ended 
 December 31, 2019
 (In millions) (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period $428
 $2,121
 $2,020
 $428
Change in unrealized investment and derivative gains (losses) 1,942
 (1,693) (343) 1,592
Balance, end of period $2,370
 $428
 $1,677
 $2,020


1918
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Closed Block (continued)

Information regarding the closed block revenues and expenses was as follows:
Three Months 
 Ended 
September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
(In millions) (In millions)
Revenues           
Premiums$396
 $405
 $1,153
 $1,202
 $367
 $367
Net investment income428
 443
 1,303
 1,318
 407
 428
Net investment gains (losses)3
 7
 (2) (46) (19) (1)
Net derivative gains (losses)11
 2
 23
 12
 26
 3
Total revenues838
 857
 2,477
 2,486
 781
 797
Expenses           
Policyholder benefits and claims564
 641
 1,666
 1,808
 550
 539
Policyholder dividends229
 241
 688
 723
 219
 228
Other expenses27
 29
 84
 88
 27
 29
Total expenses820
 911
 2,438
 2,619
 796
 796
Revenues, net of expenses before provision for income tax expense (benefit)18
 (54) 39
 (133) (15) 1
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)3
 (12) 7
 (29) (3) —
Revenues, net of expenses and provision for income tax expense (benefit)$15
 $(42) $32
 $(104) $(12) $1

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company charges the closed block with federal income taxes, state and local premium taxes and other state or local taxes, as well as investment management expenses relating to the closed block as provided in the Plan of Reorganization. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company also charges the closed block for expenses of maintaining the policies included in the closed block.

2019
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

5. Investments
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale by Sector
The following table presents the fixed maturity securities AFS by sector. U.S. corporate and foreign corporate sectors include redeemable preferred stock. Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) includes Agency,agency, prime, alternative and sub-prime mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) includes securities collateralized by corporate loans and consumer loans. Municipals includes taxable and tax-exempt revenue bonds and, to a much lesser extent, general obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) primarily includes securities collateralized by multiple properties.commercial mortgage loans. RMBS, ABS and CMBS are collectively, “Structured Securities.Products.” In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020 regarding expected credit loss, securities that incurred a credit loss after December 31, 2019 and were still held as of March 31, 2020, are presented net of ACL. In accordance with previous guidance, both the temporary loss and OTTI loss are presented for securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019.
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Amortized
Cost		 Gross Unrealized Estimated
Fair
Value		 Amortized
Cost		 Gross Unrealized Estimated
Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		 
 Gross Unrealized Estimated
Fair
Value		 Amortized
Cost		 Gross Unrealized Estimated
Fair
Value

Gains		 Temporary
Losses		 OTTI
Losses (1)		 
Gains		 Temporary
Losses		 OTTI
Losses (1)		 ACL 
Gains		 Losses 
Gains		 Temporary
Losses		 OTTI
Losses (1)		 
(In millions)(In millions)
U.S. corporate$52,531
 $6,355
 $241
 $—
 $58,645
 $53,927
 $2,440
 $1,565
 $—
 $54,802
$52,744
 $(44) $4,839
 $1,704
 $55,835
 $52,446
 $6,236
 $223
 $—
 $58,459
U.S. government and agency25,180
 4,561
 3
 —
 29,738
 28,139
 2,388
 366
 —
 30,161
26,491
 —
 7,248
 4
 33,735
 25,568
 3,706
 26
 —
 29,248
Foreign corporate28,369
 2,127
 837
 —
 29,659
 26,592
 674
 1,303
 —
 25,963
28,400
 —
 1,144
 1,898
 27,646
 28,421
 2,397
 517
 —
 30,301
RMBS22,440
 1,461
 57
 (36) 23,880
 22,186
 831
 305
 (25) 22,737
23,297
 —
 1,285
 329
 24,253
 21,476
 1,324
 59
 (32) 22,773
ABS10,026
 62
 62
 —
 10,026
 8,599
 40
 112
 —
 8,527
11,395
 —
 23
 838
 10,580
 10,215
 47
 61
 —
 10,201
Municipals5,942
 1,685
 —
 —
 7,627
 6,070
 907
 30
 —
 6,947
6,830
 —
 1,491
 28
 8,293
 6,419
 1,450
 13
 —
 7,856
CMBS5,578
 289
 17
 —
 5,850
 5,471
 48
 75
 —
 5,444
5,944
 —
 105
 276
 5,773
 5,523
 214
 17
 —
 5,720
Foreign government4,343
 727
 55
 —
 5,015
 4,191
 408
 107
 —
 4,492
4,441
 (6) 509
 177
 4,767
 4,329
 724
 47
 —
 5,006
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$154,409

$17,267

$1,272

$(36)
$170,440

$155,175

$7,736

$3,863

$(25)
$159,073
$159,542

$(50)
$16,644

$5,254

$170,882

$154,397

$16,098

$963

$(32)
$169,564
__________________
(1)Noncredit OTTI losses included in AOCI in an unrealized gain position are due to increases in estimated fair value subsequent to initial recognition of noncredit lossesloss on such securities. See also “— Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses).”
The Company held non-income producing fixed maturity securities AFS with an estimated fair value of $25 million and $14 million, and unrealized gains (losses) of $1 million and ($1) million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
The amortized cost net of ACL, and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities AFS, by contractual maturity date, were as follows at September 30, 2019:March 31, 2020:
Due in One
Year or Less
 
Due After
 One Year
Through
Five Years
 
Due After
Five Years
Through Ten
Years
 Due After Ten Years 
Structured
Securities
 
Total Fixed
Maturity
Securities AFS
Due in One
Year or Less
 
Due After
 One Year
Through
Five Years
 
Due After
Five Years
Through Ten
Years
 Due After Ten Years 
Structured
Products
 
Total Fixed
Maturity
Securities AFS
(In millions)(In millions)
Amortized cost$10,597
 $23,514
 $26,941
 $55,313
 $38,044
 $154,409
Amortized cost net of ACL$10,463
 $22,630
 $27,851
 $57,912
 $40,636
 $159,492
Estimated fair value$10,530
 $23,984
 $29,065
 $67,105
 $39,756
 $170,440
$10,466
 $22,191
 $28,620
 $68,999
 $40,606
 $170,882

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to the exercise of call or prepayment options. Fixed maturity securities AFS not due at a single maturity date have been presented in the year of final contractual maturity. Structured SecuritiesProducts are shown separately, as they are not due at a single maturity.

2120
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Continuous Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS by Sector
The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities AFS in an unrealized loss position by sector and aggregated by length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. Included in the table below are securities without an ACL as of March 31, 2020, in accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020. Also included in the table below are all securities in an unrealized loss position at:as of December 31, 2019, in accordance with previous guidance.
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Less than 12 Months Equal to or Greater
than 12 Months		 Less than 12 Months Equal to or Greater
than 12 Months		Less than 12 Months Equal to or Greater
than 12 Months		 Less than 12 Months Equal to or Greater
than 12 Months
Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		 Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		 Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		 Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		 Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		 Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses		 Estimated
Fair
Value		 Gross
Unrealized
Losses
(Dollars in millions)(Dollars in millions)
U.S. corporate$2,579
 $92
 $1,313
 $149
 $23,398
 $1,176
 $3,043
 $389
$14,778
 $1,569
 $357
 $130
 $2,036
 $77
 $1,304
 $146
U.S. government and agency657
 3
 —
 —
 4,322
 29
 7,948
 337
419
 4
 —
 —
 1,552
 26
 29
 —
Foreign corporate2,470
 150
 4,617
 687
 12,911
 893
 2,138
 410
13,684
 1,776
 654
 123
 1,368
 93
 3,499
 424
RMBS1,471
 8
 717
 13
 5,611
 107
 4,482
 173
4,718
 314
 197
 16
 1,479
 15
 524
 12
ABS3,517
 25
 2,471
 37
 5,958
 105
 223
 7
7,248
 591
 2,251
 247
 2,428
 13
 3,778
 48
Municipals35
 —
 —
 —
 675
 22
 94
 8
621
 28
 1
 —
 508
 13
 1
 —
CMBS534
 1
 201
 16
 2,455
 45
 344
 30
2,824
 250
 156
 26
 857
 5
 212
 12
Foreign government207
 15
 239
 40
 1,364
 83
 191
 24
1,313
 132
 154
 42
 149
 6
 215
 41
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$11,470
 $294
 $9,558
 $942
 $56,694
 $2,460
 $18,463
 $1,378
$45,605
 $4,664
 $3,770
 $584
 $10,377
 $248
 $9,562
 $683
Investment grade$37,895
 $3,403
 $3,470
 $448
 $9,288
 $190
 $8,233
 $530
Below investment grade7,710
 1,261
 300
 136
 1,089
 58
 1,329
 153
Total fixed maturity securities AFS$45,605
 $4,664
 $3,770
 $584
 $10,377
 $248
 $9,562
 $683
Total number of securities in an
unrealized loss position
1,234
 
 771
 
 5,263
 
 1,125
 
4,708
   458
   1,059
   802
  



21
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss
Evaluation and Measurement Methodologies
Management considers a wide range of factors about the security issuer and uses its best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. Inherent in management’s evaluation of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. Considerations used in the credit loss evaluation process include, but are not limited to: (i) the extent to which the estimated fair value has been below amortized cost, (ii) adverse conditions specifically related to a security, an industry sector or sub-sector, or an economically depressed geographic area, adverse change in the financial condition of the issuer of the security, changes in technology, discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect future earnings, and changes in the quality of credit enhancement, (iii) payment structure of the security and likelihood of the issuer being able to make payments, (iv) failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest and principal payments, (v) the issuer, or series of issuers or an industry has suffered a catastrophic loss or has exhausted natural resources, (vi) whether the Company has the intent to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell a particular security before the decline in estimated fair value below amortized cost recovers, (vii) with respect to Structured Products, changes in forecasted cash flows after considering the changes in the financial condition of the underlying loan obligors and quality of underlying collateral, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, consideration of the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security, and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security, (viii) changes in the rating of the security by a rating agency, and (ix) other subjective factors, including concentrations and information obtained from regulators.
The methodology and significant inputs used to determine the amount of credit loss are as follows:
The Company calculates the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the present value of future cash flows. The discount rate is generally the effective interest rate of the security at the time of purchase for fixed-rate securities and the spot rate at the date of evaluation of credit loss for floating-rate securities.
When determining collectability and the period over which value is expected to recover, the Company applies considerations utilized in its overall credit loss evaluation process which incorporates information regarding the specific security, fundamentals of the industry and geographic area in which the security issuer operates, and overall macroeconomic conditions. Projected future cash flows are estimated using assumptions derived from management’s single best estimate, the most likely outcome in a range of possible outcomes, after giving consideration to a variety of variables that include, but are not limited to: payment terms of the security; the likelihood that the issuer can service the interest and principal payments; the quality and amount of any credit enhancements; the security’s position within the capital structure of the issuer; possible corporate restructurings or asset sales by the issuer; any private and public sector programs to restructure foreign government securities and municipals; and changes to the rating of the security or the issuer by rating agencies.
Additional considerations are made when assessing the unique features that apply to certain Structured Products including, but not limited to: the quality of underlying collateral, historical performance of the underlying loan obligors, historical rent and vacancy levels, changes in the financial condition of the underlying loan obligors, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, consideration of the payment terms of the underlying loans or assets backing a particular security, changes in the quality of credit enhancement and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security.
With respect to securities that have attributes of debt and equity (“perpetual hybrid securities”), consideration is given in the credit loss analysis as to whether there has been any deterioration in the credit of the issuer and the likelihood of recovery in value of the securities that are in a severe unrealized loss position. Consideration is also given as to whether any perpetual hybrid securities with an unrealized loss, regardless of credit rating, have deferred any dividend payments.

22
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

After the adoption of new guidance on January 1, 2020, in periods subsequent to the recognition of an initial ACL on a security, the Company reassesses credit loss quarterly. Subsequent increases or decreases in the expected cash flow from the security result in corresponding decreases or increases in the ACL which are recorded within net investment gains (losses); however, the previously recorded ACL is not reduced to an amount below zero. Full or partial write-offs are deducted from the ACL in the period the security, or a portion, is considered uncollectible. Recoveries of amounts previously written off are recorded to the ACL in the period received. When the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, any ACL is written off and the amortized cost is written down to estimated fair value through a charge within net investment gains (losses), which becomes the new amortized cost of the security.
In accordance with the previous guidance, methodologies to evaluate the recoverability of a security in an unrealized loss position were similar, except: (i) the length of time estimated fair value had been below amortized cost was considered for securities, and (ii) for non-functional currency denominated securities, the impact from weakening non-functional currencies on securities that were near maturity was considered in the evaluation. In addition, measurement methodologies were similar, except: (i) a fair value floor was not utilized to limit the credit loss recognized, (ii) the amortized cost of securities was adjusted for the OTTI to the expected recoverable amount and Evaluating Temporarily Impairedan ACL was not utilized, (iii) subsequent to a credit loss being recognized, increases in expected cash flows from the security did not result in an immediate increase in valuation recognized in earnings through net investment gains (losses) from reduction of the ACL instead such increases in value were recorded as unrealized gains in OCI, and (iv) in periods subsequent to the recognition of OTTI on a security, the Company accounted for the impaired security as if it had been purchased on the measurement date of the impairment; accordingly, the discount (or reduced premium) based on the new cost basis was accreted over the remaining term of the security in a prospective manner based on the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows.
Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS in an Unrealized Loss Position
Gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL increased $4.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2020 to $5.2 billion. The increase in gross unrealized losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily attributable to widening credit spreads and movement in foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by decreases in interest rates.
Gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater were $584 million at March 31, 2020, or 11% of the total gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL.
Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
As described more fullyOf the $584 million of gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in Notes 1a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater, $448 million, or 77%, were related to 371 investment grade securities. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to widening credit spreads since purchase and, 8with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase.
Below Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Of the $584 million of gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater, $136 million, or 23%, were related to 87 below investment grade securities. Unrealized losses on below investment grade securities are principally related to U.S. and foreign corporate securities (primarily industrial and consumer), foreign government securities and ABS and are the result of significantly wider credit spreads resulting from higher risk premiums since purchase, largely due to economic and market uncertainty, as well as with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase. Management evaluates U.S. corporate and foreign corporate securities based on factors such as expected cash flows, financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issuers. Management evaluates foreign government securities based on factors impacting the issuers such as expected cash flows, financial condition of the issuers and any country-specific economic conditions or public sector programs to restructure foreign government securities. Management evaluates ABS based on actual and projected cash flows after considering the quality of underlying collateral, credit enhancements, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security.

23
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2018 Annual Report, the Company performs a regular evaluation of all investment classes for impairment, including fixed maturity securities AFS and perpetual hybrid securities, in accordance with its impairment policy, in order to evaluate whether such investments are other-than-temporarily impaired.(Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Current Period Evaluation
At March 31, 2020, with respect to securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company does not intend to sell these securities, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost. Based on the Company’s current evaluation of its securities in an unrealized loss position in accordance with its impairment policy, and the Company’s current intentions and assessments (as applicable to the type of security) about holding, selling and any requirements to sell these securities,without an ACL, the Company concluded that these securities werehad not other-than-temporarily impairedincurred a credit loss and should not have an ACL at September 30, 2019. March 31, 2020.
Future OTTIprovisions for credit loss will depend primarily on economic fundamentals, issuer performance (including changes in the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected), and changes in credit ratings and collateral valuation and foreign currency exchange rates. If economic fundamentals deteriorate or if there are adverse changes in the above factors, OTTI may be incurred in upcoming periods.valuation.
Gross unrealized losses onRollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS By Sector
The rollforwardof ACL for fixed maturity securities AFS decreased $2.6 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to $1.2 billion. The decrease in gross unrealized losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily attributable to decreases in interest rates, narrowing credit spreads, and to a lesser extent, the impact of weakening foreign currencies on certain foreign currency denominated fixed maturity securities AFS.
At September 30, 2019, $137 million of the total $1.2 billion of gross unrealized losses were from 24 fixed maturity securities AFS with an unrealized loss position of 20% or more of amortized cost for six months or greater.


by sector is as follows:
22
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Of the $137 million of gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities AFS with an unrealized loss of 20% or more of amortized cost for six months or greater, $96 million, or 70%, were related to gross unrealized losses on 12 investment grade fixed maturity securities AFS. Unrealized losses on investment grade fixed maturity securities AFS are principally related to widening credit spreads since purchase and, with respect to fixed-rate fixed maturity securities AFS, rising interest rates since purchase.
Below Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Of the $137 million of gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities AFS with an unrealized loss of 20% or more of amortized cost for six months or greater, $41 million, or 30%, were related to gross unrealized losses on 12 below investment grade fixed maturity securities AFS. Unrealized losses on below investment grade fixed maturity securities AFS are principally related to U.S. and foreign corporate securities (primarily industrial) and CMBS and are the result of significantly wider credit spreads resulting from higher risk premiums since purchase, largely due to economic and market uncertainty. Management evaluates U.S. corporate and foreign corporate securities based on factors such as expected cash flows, financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issuers. Management evaluates CMBS based on actual and projected cash flows after considering the quality of underlying collateral, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security.
Equity Securities
Equity securities are summarized as follows at:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
% of
Total
 
 (Dollars in millions)
Common stock$314
 49.7% $442
 57.2%
Non-redeemable preferred stock318
 50.3
 331
 42.8
Total equity securities$632
 100.0% $773
 100.0%
 U.S. Corporate Foreign Government Total
 (In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020     
Balance, beginning of period$—
 $—
 $—
Additions:     
Securities for which credit loss was not previously recorded(44) (6) (50)
Balance, end of period$(44) $(6) $(50)

Mortgage Loans
Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment
Mortgage loans are summarized as follows at:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Carrying
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Carrying
Value
 
% of
Total
Carrying
Value
 
% of
Total
 
Carrying
Value
 % of
Total
(Dollars in millions)(Dollars in millions)
Mortgage loans:              
Commercial$38,075
 58.6 % $38,123
 59.9 %$37,845
 57.3 % $37,311
 56.9 %
Agricultural14,852
 22.9
 14,164
 22.2
15,497
 23.4
 15,705
 23.9
Residential12,062
 18.6
 11,392
 17.9
12,936
 19.6
 12,575
 19.2
Total recorded investment64,989
 100.1
 63,679
 100.0
Valuation allowances(290) (0.4) (291) (0.5)
Total amortized cost66,278
 100.3
 65,591
 100.0
Allowance for credit loss(417) (0.6) (289) (0.4)
Subtotal mortgage loans, net64,699
 99.7
 63,388
 99.5
65,861
 99.7
 65,302
 99.6
Residential — FVO (1)218
 0.3
 299
 0.5
180
 0.3
 188
 0.3
Total mortgage loans held-for-investment, net$66,041
 100.0 % $65,490
 99.9 %
Mortgage loans held-for-sale—

—

59

0.1
Total mortgage loans, net$64,917
 100.0 % $63,687
 100.0 %$66,041

100.0 %
$65,549

100.0 %

__________________

23
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes toInformation on commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans is presented in the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

(1)
Information on residential mortgage loans — fair value option (“FVO”) is presented in Note 7.tables below. Information on residential mortgage loans - FVO is presented in Note 7. The Company elects the FVO for certain residential mortgage loans that are managed on a total return basis.
The amount of net discounts, included within total recorded investment, primarily residential, was $861 million and $907 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Purchases of mortgage loans, primarily residential, were $815 million and $2.6 billion for the three months and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019, respectively, and$724 million and $1.7 billion for the three monthsandnine months endedSeptember 30, 2018, respectively.

Mortgage Loans, Valuation Allowance and Impaired Loans by Portfolio Segment
Mortgage loans by portfolio segment, by method of evaluation of credit loss, impaired mortgage loans including those modified in a troubled debt restructuring, and the related valuation allowances, were as follows at:
 Evaluated Individually for Credit Losses 
Evaluated Collectively for
Credit Losses
 
Impaired
Loans
 
Impaired Loans with a
Valuation Allowance
 
Impaired Loans without a
Valuation Allowance
      
 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 
Recorded
Investment
 Valuation
Allowances		 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 Recorded
Investment		 Recorded
Investment		 Valuation
Allowances		 Carrying
Value
 (In millions)
September 30, 2019               
Commercial$—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $38,075
 $189
 $—
Agricultural13
 13
 1
 195
 194
 14,645
 44
 206
Residential—
 —
 —
 517
 414
 11,648
 56
 414
Total$13

$13

$1

$712

$608

$64,368

$289

$620
December 31, 2018               
Commercial$—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $38,123
 $190
 $—
Agricultural31
 31
 3
 169
 169
 13,964
 41
 197
Residential—
 —
 —
 431
 386
 11,006
 57
 386
Total$31

$31

$3

$600

$555

$63,093

$288

$583

The average recorded investment for impaired commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans was $0, $214 million and $409 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and $0, $188 million and $401 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
The average recorded investment for impaired commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans was $0, $124 million and $369 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and $0, $104 million and $350 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

24
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Valuation The amount of net discounts, included within total amortized cost, primarily attributable to residential mortgage loans was $873 million and $852 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The accrued interest income excluded from total amortized cost for commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $150 million and $155 million; $148 million and $176 million; and $85 million and $89 million, respectively.
Purchases of mortgage loans, primarily residential, were $1.0 billion and $1.3 billion for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Allowance for Credit Loss Rollforward by Portfolio Segment
The changes in the valuation allowance,ACL, by portfolio segment, were as follows:

Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		Three Months
Ended
March 31,
2019
20182020
2019
Commercial
Agricultural
Residential
Total
Commercial
Agricultural
Residential
TotalCommercial
Agricultural
Residential
Total
Commercial
Agricultural
Residential
Total
(In millions)(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$190

$44

$57

$291

$173

$40

$58

$271
$186

$49

$54

$289

$190

$44

$57

$291
Adoption of new credit loss guidance(87) 32
 154
 99
 —
 —
 —
 —
Provision (release)(1)
6

6

11

13

1

8

22
14

(5)
23

32

4

1

1

6
Charge-offs, net of recoveries—

(5)
(7)
(12)
—

—

(6)
(6)—

—

(3)
(3)
—

—

(2)
(2)
Balance, end of period$189

$45

$56

$290

$186

$41

$60

$287
$113

$76

$228

$417

$194

$45

$56

$295

Allowance for Credit QualityLoss Methodology
After the adoption of Commercial Mortgage Loans
Thenew guidance on January 1, 2020, the Company records an allowance for expected credit qualityloss in an amount that represents the portion of commercialthe amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In determining the Company’s ACL, management: (i) pools mortgage loans that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers lifetime credit loss expected over the contractual term of its mortgage loans adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions, and (iii) considers past events, current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Each of the Company’s commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan portfolio segments are evaluated separately. The ACL is calculated for each mortgage loan portfolio segment based on inputs unique to each loan portfolio segment. On a quarterly basis, mortgage loans within a portfolio segment that share similar risk characteristics, such as internal risk ratings or consumer credit scores, are pooled for calculation of ACL. On an ongoing basis, mortgage loans with dissimilar risk characteristics (i.e., loans with significant declines in credit quality), collateral dependent mortgage loans (i.e., when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is reasonable possible or probable) and reasonably expected troubled debt restructurings (i.e., the Company grants concessions to borrower that is experiencing financial difficulties) are evaluated individually for credit loss. The ACL for loans evaluated individually are established using the same methodologies for all three portfolio segments. For example, the ACL for a collateral dependent loan is established as the excess of amortized cost over the estimated fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral, less selling cost when foreclosure is probable. Accordingly, the change in the estimated fair value of collateral dependent loans, which are evaluated individually for credit loss, is recorded as a change in the ACL which is recorded on a quarterly basis as a charge or credit to earnings in net investment gains (losses).
In accordance with the previous guidance, evaluation and measurement methodologies in determining the ACL were similar, except: (i) credit loss was as follows at:
 Recorded Investment Estimated
Fair
Value		 % of
Total
 Debt Service Coverage Ratios   % of
Total		 
 > 1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x < 1.00x Total 
 (Dollars in millions)
September 30, 2019             
Loan-to-value ratios:             
Less than 65%$31,171
 $618
 $408
 $32,197
 84.6% $33,624
 84.9%
65% to 75%4,438
 54
 159
 4,651
 12.2
 4,810
 12.1
76% to 80%306
 —
 265
 571
 1.5
 562
 1.4
Greater than 80%461
 195
 —
 656
 1.7
 634
 1.6
Total$36,376

$867

$832

$38,075

100.0%
$39,630

100.0%
December 31, 2018             
Loan-to-value ratios:             
Less than 65%$31,282
 $723
 $85
 $32,090
 84.2% $32,440
 84.3%
65% to 75%4,759
 —
 21
 4,780
 12.5
 4,829
 12.6
76% to 80%340
 210
 56
 606
 1.6
 585
 1.5
Greater than 80%480
 167
 —
 647
 1.7
 613
 1.6
Total$36,861

$1,100

$162

$38,123

100.0%
$38,467

100.0%

recognized when incurred (when it was probable, based on current information and events, that all amounts due under the loan agreement would not be collected), (ii) pooling of loans with similar risk characteristics was permitted, but not required, (iii) forecasts of future economic conditions were not considered in the evaluation, (iv) measurement of the expected credit loss over the contractual term, or expected term, was not considered in the measurement, and (v) the credit loss for loans evaluated individually could also be determined using either discounted cash flows using the loans original effective interest rate or observable market prices.

25
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Credit Quality ofCommercial and Agricultural Mortgage LoansLoan Portfolio Segments
TheCommercial and agricultural mortgage loan ACL are calculated in a similar manner. Within each loan portfolio segment, commercial and agricultural, loans are pooled by internal risk rating. Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by internal risk rating, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan, excluding accrued investment income, on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. Internal risk ratings are based on an assessment of the loan’s credit quality, which can change over time. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several loan portfolio segment-specific factors, including (i) the Company’s experience with defaults and loss severity, (ii) expected default and loss severity over the forecast period, (iii) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, (iv) loan specific characteristics including loan-to-value ratios, and (v) internal risk ratings. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses its several decades of historical default and loss severity experience which capture multiple economic cycles. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its commercial and agricultural mortgage loans, while a one-year period is used for loans originated in certain markets. After the applicable forecast period, the Company reverts to its historical loss experience using a straight-line basis over two years. For evaluations of commercial mortgage loans, in addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include the impact of a rapid change to the economy, which may not be reflected in the loan portfolio, recent loss and recovery trend experience as compared to historical loss and recovery experience, and loan specific characteristics including debt service coverage ratios. In estimating lifetime credit loss expected over the term of its commercial mortgage loans, the Company adjusts for expected prepayment and extension experience during the forecast period using historical prepayment and extension experience considering the expected position in the economic cycle and the loan profile (i.e., floating rate, shorter-term fixed rate and longer-term fixed rate) and after the forecast period using long-term historical prepayment experience. For evaluations of agricultural mortgage loans, wasin addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include increased stress in certain sectors, which may be evidenced by higher delinquency rates, or a change in the number of higher risk loans. In estimating lifetime credit loss expected over the term of its agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s experience is much less sensitive to the position in the economic cycle and by loan profile; accordingly historical prepayment experience is used, while extension terms are not prevalent with the Company’s agricultural mortgage loans.
Commercial mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, an analysis of the property financial statements and rent roll, lease rollover analysis, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, loan-to-value ratios, debt service coverage ratios and tenant creditworthiness. The monitoring process focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are classified as follows at:restructured, delinquent or in foreclosure, as well as loans with higher loan-to-value ratios and lower debt service coverage ratios. Agricultural mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, loan-to-value ratios and borrower creditworthiness, as well as reviews on a geographic and property-type basis. The monitoring process for agricultural mortgage loans also focuses on higher risk loans.
For commercial mortgage loans, the primary credit quality indicator is the debt service coverage ratio, which compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan. Generally, the lower the debt service coverage ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The Company also reviews the loan-to-value ratio of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio. Loan-to-value ratios compare the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. Generally, the higher the loan-to-value ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The debt service coverage ratio and the values utilized in calculating the ratio are updated routinely. In addition, the loan-to-value ratio is routinely updated for all but the lowest risk loans as part of the Company’s ongoing review of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio.
For agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is the loan-to-value ratio. The values utilized in calculating this ratio are developed in connection with the ongoing review of the agricultural mortgage loan portfolio and are routinely updated.

 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
 
Recorded
Investment
 
% of
Total
 
Recorded
Investment
 
% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Loan-to-value ratios:       
Less than 65%$13,953
 94.0% $13,075
 92.3%
65% to 75%810
 5.4
 1,034
 7.3
76% to 80%78
 0.5
 32
 0.2
Greater than 80%11
 0.1
 23
 0.2
Total$14,852
 100.0% $14,164
 100.0%
26
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Commitments to lend: After loans are approved, the Company makes commitments to lend and, typically, borrowers draw down on some or all of the commitments. The timing of mortgage loan funding is based on the commitment expiration dates. A liability for expected credit loss for unfunded commercial and agricultural mortgage loan commitments is recorded within net investment gains (losses). The liability is based on estimated lifetime loss rates as described above and the amount of the outstanding commitments, which for lines of credit, considers estimated utilization rates. When the commitment is funded or expires, the liability is adjusted accordingly.
Residential Mortgage Loan Portfolio Segment
The Company’s residential mortgage loan portfolio is comprised primarily of purchased closed end, amortizing residential mortgage loans, including both performing loans purchased within 12 months of origination and reperforming loans purchased after they have been performing for at least 12 months post-modification. Residential mortgage loans are pooled by loan type (i.e., new origination and reperforming) and pooled by similar risk profiles (including consumer credit score and loan-to-value ratios). Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by loan type and risk profile, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan excluding accrued investment income on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several factors, including (i) industry historical experience and expected results over the forecast period for defaults, (ii) loss severity, (iii) prepayment rates, (iv) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, and (v) loan pool specific characteristics including consumer credit scores, loan-to-value ratios, payment history and home prices. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses industry historical experience which captures multiple economic cycles as the Company has purchased most of its residential mortgage loans in the last five years. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its residential mortgage loans. After the applicable forecast period, the Company immediately reverts to industry historical loss experience.
For residential mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is whether the loan is performing or nonperforming. The Company generally defines nonperforming residential mortgage loans as those that are 60 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status which is assessed monthly. Generally, nonperforming residential mortgage loans have a higher risk of experiencing a credit loss.
Credit Quality of Residential Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment
The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2020:
  2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total % of Total
  (Dollars in millions)
Loan-to-value ratios:                  
Less than 65% $819
 $4,016
 $4,837
 $3,557
 $4,073
 $10,344
 $2,886
 $30,532
 80.7%
65% to 75% 372
 1,749
 1,213
 888
 791
 987
 —
 6,000
 15.8
76% to 80% —
 —
 —
 288
 103
 326
 —
 717
 1.9
Greater than 80% —
 —
 —
 401
 28
 167
 —
 596
 1.6
Total $1,191
 $5,765
 $6,050
 $5,134
 $4,995
 $11,824
 $2,886
 $37,845
 100.0%
Debt service coverage ratios:                  
> 1.20x $1,185
 $5,496
 $5,811
 $4,688
 $4,765
 $10,979
 $2,886
 $35,810
 94.6%
1.00x - 1.20x —
 —
 38
 77
 192
 749
 —
 1,056
 2.8
<1.00x 6
 269
 201
 369
 38
 96
 —
 979
 2.6
Total $1,191
 $5,765
 $6,050
 $5,134
 $4,995
 $11,824
 $2,886
 $37,845
 100.0%


27
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

The amortized cost of agricultural mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2020:
  2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total % of Total
  (Dollars in millions)
Loan-to-value ratios:                  
Less than 65% $257
 $2,173
 $2,723
 $1,056
 $2,754
 $5,026
 $847
 $14,836
 95.7%
65% to 75% 8
 182
 61
 77
 27
 237
 11
 603
 3.9
76% to 80% —
 —
 8
 —
 —
 6
 2
 16
 0.1
Greater than 80% —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 42
 —
 42
 0.3
Total $265
 $2,355
 $2,792
 $1,133
 $2,781
 $5,311
 $860
 $15,497
 100.0%

The amortized cost of residential mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at:at March 31, 2020:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
 
Recorded
Investment
 
% of
Total
 
Recorded
Investment
 
% of
Total
 (Dollars in millions)
Performance indicators:       
Performing$11,700
 97.0% $10,990
 96.5%
Nonperforming (1)362
 3.0
 402
 3.5
Total$12,062
 100.0% $11,392
 100.0%

  2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total % of Total
  (Dollars in millions)
Performance indicators:                  
Performing $160
 $2,155
 $1,321
 $404
 $170
 $8,355
 $—
 $12,565
 97.1%
Nonperforming (1) —
 3
 5
 —
 1
 362
 —
 371
 2.9
Total $160
 $2,158
 $1,326
 $404
 $171
 $8,717
 $—
 $12,936
 100.0%
__________________
(1)Includes residential mortgage loans in process of foreclosure of $118$119 million and $140$117 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.
Past Due and Nonaccrual Mortgage Loans
The Company has a high quality, well performing mortgage loan portfolio, with over 99% of all mortgage loans classified as performing at both September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018.2019. The Company defines delinquency consistent with industry practice, when mortgage loans are past due more than two or more months, as follows: commercial and residential mortgage loans — 60 days and agricultural mortgage loans — 90 days.applicable, by portfolio segment. The past due and nonaccrual mortgage loans at recorded investment,amortized cost, prior to valuation allowances,ACL, by portfolio segment, were as follows at:
Past Due Greater than 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest NonaccrualPast Due Greater than 90 Days Past Due
and Still Accruing Interest		 Nonaccrual
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
Commercial$—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $167
 $167
$—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $167
 $167
Agricultural197
 204
 124
 109
 88
 105
267
 124
 121
 2
 161
 137
Residential362
 402
 —
 —
 362
 402
371
 377
 —
 —
 371
 377
Total$559
 $606
 $124
 $109
 $617
 $674
$638
 $501
 $121
 $2
 $699
 $681

The amortized cost for nonaccrual commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at beginning of year 2019 was $167 million, $105 million and $402 million, respectively. The amortized cost for nonaccrual agricultural mortgage loans with no ACL at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $110 million and $93 million, respectively. There were no nonaccrual commercial or residential mortgage loans without an ACL at either March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.


2628
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures
The Company’s real estate investment portfolio is diversified by property type, geography and income stream, including income from operating leases, operating income and equity in earnings from equity method income from real estate joint ventures. Real estate investments, by income type, as well as income earned, are as follows at and for the periods indicated:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Three Months 
 Ended 
September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Three Months 
 Ended 
March 31,
 2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
Carrying Value IncomeCarrying Value Income
(In millions)(In millions)
Leased real estate investments$1,235
 $1,134
 $40
 $55
 $121
 $168
$1,602
 $1,586
 $46
 $41
Other real estate investments487
 460
 46
 43
 126
 127
418
 419
 34
 30
Real estate joint ventures4,534
 4,558
 18
 20
 36
 76
4,839
 4,654
 7
 (5)
Total real estate and real estate joint ventures$6,256
 $6,152
 $104
 $118
 $283
 $371
$6,859
 $6,659
 $87
 $66

The carrying value of real estate investments acquired through foreclosure was $42$32 million and $34 million at both September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018.2019, respectively. Depreciation expense on real estate investments was $16 million and $48$15 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $16 million and $50 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Real estate investments were net of accumulated depreciation of $709$667 million and $671$652 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.
Leases
Leased Real Estate Investments - Operating Leases
The Company, as lessor, leases investment real estate, principally commercial real estate for office and retail use, through a variety of operating lease arrangements, which typically include tenant reimbursement for property operating costs and options to renew or extend the lease. In some circumstances, leases may include an option for the lessee to purchase the property. In addition, certain leases of retail space may stipulate that a portion of the income earned is contingent upon the level of the tenants’ revenues. The Company has elected a practical expedient of not separating non-lease components related to reimbursement of property operating costs from associated lease components. These property operating costs have the same timing and pattern of transfer as the related lease component, because they are incurred over the same period of time as the operating lease. Therefore, the combined component is accounted for as ana single operating lease. Risk is managed through lessee credit analysis, property type diversification, and geographic diversification, primarily across the United States. diversification.
Leased real estate investments and income earned by property type, are as follows atwas $46 million and for the periods indicated:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Three Months 
 Ended 
September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
   2019 2018 2019 2018
 Carrying Value Income
 (In millions)
Leased real estate investments:           
Office$372
 $373
 $12
 $14
 $38
 $48
Retail525
 450
 17
 16
 52
 49
Apartment (1)—
 —
 —
 15
 —
 44
Industrial241
 209
 10
 10
 30
 27
Other97
 102
 1
 —
 1
 —
Total leased real estate investments$1,235
 $1,134
 $40
 $55
 $121
 $168
__________________

27
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

(1)    The Company sold its investment in apartment properties in the fourth quarter of 2018.
Future contractual receipts under operating leases at September 30, 2019 are $32$41 million for the remainder ofthree months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 $120 million in 2020, $97 million in 2021, $77 million in 2022, $60 million in 2023, $149 million thereafter, and in total $535 million.respectively.
Leveraged and Direct Financing Leases
The Company has diversified leveraged lease and direct financing lease portfolios. Its leveraged leases principally include renewable energy generation facilities, rail cars, commercial real estate and commercial aircraft, and its direct financing leases principally include renewable energy generation facilities. These assets are leased through a variety of lease arrangements, which may include options to renew or extend the lease and options for the lessee to purchase the property. Residual values are estimated using available third-party data at inception of the lease. Risk is managed through lessee credit analysis, asset allocation, geographic diversification, and ongoing reviews of estimated residual values, using available third-party data.data and, in certain leases, linking the amount of future rental receipts to changes in inflation rates. Generally, estimated residual values are not guaranteed by the lessee or a third party.
Investment in leveraged and direct financing leases consisted of the following at:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
 Leveraged
Leases		 Direct
Financing
Leases		 Leveraged
Leases		 Direct
Financing
Leases
 (In millions)
Lease receivables, net (1)$700
 $236
 $715
 $256
Estimated residual values597
 42
 618
 42
Subtotal1,297
 278
 1,333
 298
Unearned income(372) (88) (401) (100)
Investment in leases$925
 $190
 $932
 $198
__________________
(1)Future contractual receipts under direct financing leases at September 30, 2019 are $5 million for the remainder of 2019, $23 million in 2020, $21 million in 2021, $21 million in 2022, $21 million in 2023, $145 million thereafter, and in total $236 million.
Lease receivables are generally due in periodic installments, withinstallments. The payment periods for leveraged leases generally rangingrange from one to 1512 years, but in certain circumstances can be over 2512 years, while the payment periods for direct financing leases generally range from one to 17 years. . For

29
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020 regarding expected credit loss, the Company records an allowance for expected credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the investment in leases that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in the investment in leases being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In determining the ACL, management: (i) pools leases that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers lifetime credit loss expected over the contractual term of the lease, and (iii) considers past events, current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Leases with dissimilar risk characteristics are evaluated individually for credit loss. Lifetime credit loss on leveraged and direct financing lease receivables is estimated using a probability of default and loss given default model, where the primaryprobability of default incorporates third party credit quality indicator is whetherratings of the lessee and the related historical default data. The Company also assesses the non-guaranteed residual values for recoverability by comparison to the current estimated fair value of the leased asset and considering other relevant market information such as independent third-party forecasts, consulting, asset brokerage and investment banking reports and data, comparable market transactions, and factors such as the competitive dynamics impacting specific industries, technological change and obsolescence, government and regulatory rules, tax policy, potential environmental liabilities and litigation.
Prior to the adoption of the new guidance regarding expected credit loss, lease impairment losses were recorded as incurred. Under the incurred loss model, if all amounts due under the lease receivable is performing or nonperforming, which is assessed monthly.agreement would not be collected, based on current information and events, an impairment loss was recorded. The Company generally defines nonperformingimpairment loss was recorded as a reduction of the investment in lease receivables as those that are 90 days or more past due. At both September 30, 2019 and within net investment gains (losses).
The investment in leveraged and direct financing leases, net of ACL, was $867 million and $183 million, respectively, at March 31, 2020. The ACL for leveraged and direct financing leases was $29 million at March 31, 2020. The investment in leveraged and direct financing leases was $896 million and $189 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018, all lease receivables were performing.
The Company’s deferred income tax liability related to leveraged leases was $451 million and $465 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.2019.
Cash Equivalents
The carrying value of cash equivalents, which includes securities and other investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase, was $7.7$8.1 billion and $5.0$5.5 billion at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.

28
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives and the effect on DAC, VOBA, deferred sales inducements (“DSI”), future policy benefits and the policyholder dividend obligation, that would result from the realization of the unrealized gains (losses), are included in net unrealized investment gains (losses) in AOCI.
The components of net unrealized investment gains (losses), included in AOCI, were as follows:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS$16,009
 $3,890
$11,406
 $15,145
Fixed maturity securities AFS with noncredit OTTI losses included in AOCI36
 25
—
 32
Total fixed maturity securities AFS16,045
 3,915
11,406
 15,177
Derivatives3,317
 1,742
5,773
 2,043
Other200
 231
346
 210
Subtotal19,562
 5,888
17,525
 17,430
Amounts allocated from:      
Future policy benefits(1,031) (5)(55) (1,121)
DAC, VOBA and DSI(1,103) (571)(1,011) (1,051)
Policyholder dividend obligation(2,370) (428)(1,677) (2,020)
Subtotal(4,504) (1,004)(2,743) (4,192)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI(8) (5)—
 (7)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(3,119) (982)(3,038) (2,735)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)$11,931
 $3,897
$11,744
 $10,496


30
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

The changes in net unrealized investment gains (losses) were as follows:
Nine Months
Ended
September 30, 2019		Three Months
Ended
March 31, 2020
(In millions)(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$3,897
$10,496
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax (Note 1)17
Fixed maturity securities AFS on which noncredit OTTI losses have been recognized11
(32)
Unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period13,641
127
Unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to:  
Future policy benefits(1,026)1,066
DAC, VOBA and DSI(532)40
Policyholder dividend obligation(1,942)343
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) related to noncredit OTTI losses recognized in AOCI(3)7
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(2,132)(303)
Balance, end of period$11,931
$11,744
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses)$8,034
$1,248

Concentrations of Credit Risk
There were 0 investments in any counterparty that were greater than 10% of the Company’s equity, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, at both September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018.2019.

29
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements
Securities, Collateral and Reinvestment Portfolio
A summary of the outstanding securities lending and repurchase agreements transactions is as follows:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Securities on Loan (1)     Securities on Loan (1)   Securities (1)     Securities (1)  
Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2), (3) Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2), (3) Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value Estimated Fair Value Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2), (3) Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value Estimated Fair Value Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2), (3) Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value
      (In millions)       (In millions)
Securities lending$11,472
 $13,470
 $13,678
 $13,984
 $12,521
 $13,138
 $13,351
 $13,376
 $14,338
 $14,743
 $14,610
 $12,455
 $12,791
 $12,847
Repurchase agreements$1,553
 $1,802
 $1,760
 $1,798
 $974
 $1,020
 $1,000
 $1,001
 $2,746
 $2,700
 $2,676
 $2,333
 $2,310
 $2,320
__________________
(1)Securities on loan in connection with securities lendingthese programs are included within fixed maturitiesmaturity securities AFS, and short-term investments and securities on loan in connection with repurchase agreements are included within fixed maturities securities AFS, cash equivalents and short-term investments.equivalents.
(2)In connection with securities lending, in addition to cash collateral received, the Company received from counterparties security collateral of $89$21 million and $64 million$0 at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively, which may not be sold or re-pledged, unless the counterparty is in default, and is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements.
(3)The securities lending liability for cash collateral for these programs is included within payables for collateral under securities loaned, and other transactions, and the repurchase agreements liability for cash collateral is included within payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions and other liabilities.
Contractual Maturities
A summary of the remaining contractual maturities of securities lending agreements and repurchase agreements is as follows:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
 Remaining Maturities   Remaining Maturities  
 Open (1) 
1 Month
or Less
 
Over
 1 to 6
Months
 Total Open (1) 
1 Month
or Less
 
Over
1 to 6
Months
 Total
 (In millions)
Cash collateral liability by loaned security type:               
Securities lending:               
U.S. government and agency$2,798
 $6,189
 $4,691
 $13,678
 $1,970
 $7,426
 $3,955
 $13,351
                
Repurchase agreements:               
U.S. government and agency$—
 $1,760
 $—
 $1,760
 $—
 $1,000
 $—
 $1,000
__________________
(1)The related loaned security could be returned to the Company on the next business day, which would require the Company to immediately return the cash collateral. The estimated fair value of the securities on loan related to this cash collateral at September 30, 2019 was $2.7 billion, all of which were U.S. government and agency securities which, if put back to the Company, could be immediately sold to satisfy the cash requirement.

3031
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Contractual Maturities
A summary of the remaining contractual maturities of securities lending agreements and repurchase agreements is as follows:
 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 Remaining Maturities   Remaining Maturities  
 Open (1) 
1 
Month
or Less
 
Over
 1 to 6
Months
 Over 6 Months to 1 Year Total Open (1) 
1 Month
or Less
 
Over
1 to 6
Months
 Over 6 Months to 1 Year Total
 (In millions)
Cash collateral liability by loaned security type:                   
Securities lending:                   
U.S. government and agency$3,335
 $5,926
 $5,482
 $—
 $14,743
 $2,260
 $5,040
 $5,491
 $—
 $12,791
                    
Repurchase agreements:                   
U.S. government and agency$—
 $2,700
 $—
 $—
 $2,700
 $—
 $2,310
 $—
 $—
 $2,310
__________________
(1)The related loaned security could be returned to the Company on the next business day, which would require the Company to immediately return the cash collateral.
If the Company is required to return significant amounts of cash collateral on short notice and is forced to sell securities to meet the return obligation, it may have difficulty selling such collateral that is invested in securities in a timely manner, be forced to sell securities in a volatile or illiquid market for less than what otherwise would have been realized under normal market conditions, or both.
The securities lending and repurchase agreements reinvestment portfolios acquired with the cash collateral consist principally of high quality, liquid, publicly-traded fixed maturity securities AFS, short-term investments, cash equivalents or held in cash. If the securities on loan or the reinvestment portfolio become less liquid, the Company has the liquidity resources of most of itswithin the general account are available to meet any potential cash demands when securities on loan are put back toby the Company.counterparty.
Invested Assets on Deposit and Pledged as Collateral
Invested assets on deposit and pledged as collateral are presented below at estimated fair value for all asset classes, except mortgage loans, which are presented at carrying value at:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits)$47
 $47
$111
 $62
Invested assets pledged as collateral (1)20,746
 20,207
23,158
 20,659
Total invested assets on deposit and pledged as collateral$20,793

$20,254
$23,269

$20,721
__________________
(1)
The Company has pledged invested assets in connection with various agreements and transactions, including funding agreements (see Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20182019 Annual Report) and derivative transactions (see Note 6)6).
See “— Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements” for information regarding securities supporting securities lending and repurchase agreement transactions and Note 4 for information regarding investments designated to the closed block. In addition, the restrictedCompany’s investment in Federal Home Loan Bank common stock, which is considered restricted until redeemed by the issuers, was $728$773 million and $724$737 million, at redemption value, at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.

32
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Variable Interest Entities
The Company has invested in legal entities that are VIEs. In certain instances, the Company holds both the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity, as well as an economic interest in the entity and, as such, is deemed to be the primary beneficiary or consolidator of the entity. The determination of the VIE’s primary beneficiary requires an evaluation of the contractual and implied rights and obligations associated with each party’s relationship with or involvement in the entity, an estimate of the entity’s expected losses and expected residual returns and the allocation of such estimates to each party involved in the entity.
Consolidated VIEs
Creditors or beneficial interest holders of VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, as the Company’s obligation to the VIEs is limited to the amount of its committed investment.

31
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

The following table presents the total assets and total liabilities relating to investment-related VIEs for which the Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary and which are consolidated at:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Total
Assets
 
Total
Liabilities
 
Total
Assets
 
Total
Liabilities
Total
Assets
 
Total
Liabilities
 
Total
Assets
 
Total
Liabilities
(In millions)(In millions)
Real estate joint ventures (1)$1,392
 $—
 $1,394
 $—
$1,410
 $—
 $1,378
 $—
Renewable energy partnership (2)101
 —
 102
 —
Investment fund (primarily mortgage loans) (3)232
 —
 219
 —
Investment fund (primarily mortgage loans) (2)204
 —
 211
 —
Renewable energy partnership (3)95
 —
 94
 —
Other investments(3)20
 5
 21
 5
10
 5
 10
 5
Total$1,745

$5

$1,736

$5
$1,719

$5

$1,693

$5
__________________
(1)The Company’s investment in these affiliated real estate joint ventures was $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion at both September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018.2019, respectively. Other affiliates’ investments in these affiliated real estate joint ventures were $131$133 million and $123$129 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.
(2)Assets of the renewable energy partnership primarily consisted of other invested assets.
(3)The Company’s investment in this affiliated investment fund was $189$166 million and $178$172 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively. An affiliate had an investment in this affiliated investment fund of $43$38 million and $41$39 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.
(3)Assets of the renewable energy partnership and other investments primarily consisted of other invested assets.
Unconsolidated VIEs
The carrying amount and maximum exposure to loss relating to VIEs in which the Company holds a significant variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary and which have not been consolidated were as follows at:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Carrying
Amount
 
Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
 
Carrying
Amount
 
Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
Carrying
Amount
 
Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
 
Carrying
Amount
 
Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
(In millions)(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS:              
Structured Securities (2)$37,921
 $37,921
 $35,112
 $35,112
Structured Products (2)$39,108
 $39,108
 $37,119
 $37,119
U.S. and foreign corporate1,079
 1,079
 669
 669
1,055
 1,055
 1,098
 1,098
Other limited partnership interests4,350
 7,203
 3,979
 6,405
4,734
 7,766
 4,461
 7,423
Other invested assets1,571
 1,701
 1,914
 2,066
1,503
 1,608
 1,554
 1,677
Real estate joint ventures26
 28
 33
 37
11
 14
 25
 28
Total$44,947

$47,932

$41,707

$44,289
$46,411

$49,551

$44,257

$47,345
__________________

33
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

(1)The maximum exposure to loss relating to fixed maturity securities AFS is equal to their carrying amounts or the carrying amounts of retained interests. The maximum exposure to loss relating to other limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments. For certain of its investments in other invested assets, the Company’s return is in the form of income tax credits which are guaranteed by creditworthy third parties. For such investments, the maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments, reduced by income tax credits guaranteed by third parties of $12$7 million and $93$6 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively. Such a maximum loss would be expected to occur only upon bankruptcy of the issuer or investee.
(2)For these variable interests, the Company’s involvement is limited to that of a passive investor in mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities issued by trusts that do not have substantial equity.

32
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

As described in Note 13,12, the Company makes commitments to fund partnership investments in the normal course of business. Excluding these commitments, the Company did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for both the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.
The Company securitizes certain residential mortgage loans and acquires an interest in the related RMBS issued. While the Company has a variable interest in the issuer of the securities, it is not the primary beneficiary of the issuer of the securities since it does not have any rights to remove the servicer or veto rights over the servicer’s actions. The resulting gain (loss) from the securitization is included within net investment gains (losses). The estimated fair value of the related RMBS acquired in connection with the securitizations is included in the carrying amount and maximum exposure to loss for Structured Securities presented in the table above.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the carrying value and the estimated fair value of mortgage loans securitized were $443 million and $467 million, respectively, resulting in a gain of $24 million. The estimated fair value of the RMBS acquired in connection with the securitizations was $136 million at September 30, 2019.
For botheither the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the carrying value and the estimated fair value of mortgage loans securitized were $451 million and $478 million, respectively, resulting in a gain of $27 million. The estimated fair value of the RMBS acquired in connection with the securitizations was $102 million at September 30, 2018.
See Note 7 for information on how the estimated fair value of mortgage loans and RMBS is determined, the valuation approaches and key inputs, their placement in the fair value hierarchy, and for certain RMBS, quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs and the sensitivity of their estimated fair value to changes in those inputs.March 31, 2020 or 2019.
Net Investment Income
The components of net investment income were as follows:
Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
(In millions) (In millions)
Investment income:           
Fixed maturity securities AFS$1,724
 $1,849
 $5,272
 $5,450
 $1,658
 $1,768
Equity securities8
 8
 27
 29
 9
 9
Mortgage loans772
 728
 2,322
 2,087
 718
 764
Policy loans77
 79
 230
 224
 77
 76
Real estate and real estate joint ventures104
 118
 283
 371
 87
 66
Other limited partnership interests171
 153
 429
 388
 215
 85
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments57
 38
 144
 87
 43
 43
FVO Securities (1)25
 —
 58
 —
 (34) 23
Operating joint venture10
 2
 55
 23
Operating joint ventures 21
 11
Other59
 63
 150
 206
 75
 59
Subtotal3,007
 3,038
 8,970

8,865
 2,869

2,904
Less: Investment expenses258
 252
 782
 694
 225
 259
Net investment income$2,749
 $2,786
 $8,188

$8,171
 $2,644

$2,645
__________________
(1)
Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for FVO securities (“FVO Securities”)investments still held as of September 30, 2019the end of the respective periods and included in net investment income were $25principally from equity linked notes included within securities for which the FVO has been elected (“FVO Securities”) and were ($34) million and $58$23 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. There were 0 changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for FVO Securities still held as of September 30, 2018 included in net investment income for both the three monthsMarch 31, 2020 andnine months ended September 30, 2018. 2019, respectively.

33
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

See “— Related Party Investment Transactions” for discussion of affiliated net investment income and investment expenses.
The Company invests in real estate joint ventures, other limited partnership interests and tax credit and renewable energy partnerships, and also does business through ancertain operating joint venture,ventures, the majority of which isare accounted for under the equity method. Net investment income from (i) other limited partnership interests and the operating joint venture,ventures, accounted for under the equity method, and (ii) real estate joint ventures and tax credit and renewable energy partnerships, primarily accounted for under the equity method, totaled $144$198 million and $337$36 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $98 million andMarch 31, 2020 $288 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
Net Investment Gains (Losses)
Components of Net Investment Gains (Losses)
The components of net investment gains (losses) were as follows:
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018 2019 2018
 (In millions)
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS:       
Total OTTI losses recognized — by sector and industry:       
U.S. and foreign corporate securities — by industry:       
Industrial$(7) $—
 $(13) $—
Total U.S. and foreign corporate securities(7) —
 (13) —
RMBS—
 —
 (2) —
OTTI losses on fixed maturity securities AFS recognized in earnings(7) —
 (15) —
Fixed maturity securities AFS — net gains (losses) on sales and disposals9
 137
 58
 28
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS2
 137
 43

28
Total gains (losses) on equity securities:    
 
Equity securities — net gains (losses) on sales and disposals3
 8
 14
 16
Change in estimated fair value of equity securities (1)(15) 1
 30
 (38)
Total gains (losses) on equity securities(12) 9
 44

(22)
Mortgage loans(13) 8
 (9) (25)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures98
 39
 100
 139
Other limited partnership interests3
 —
 3
 8
Other (2) (3)(12) 8
 (71) (171)
Subtotal66
 201
 110

(43)
Change in estimated fair value of other limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures(2) 12
 (14) 5
Non-investment portfolio gains (losses)24
 (8) 4
 17
Subtotal22
 4
 (10)
22
Total net investment gains (losses)$88
 $205
 $100

$(21)

__________________
(1)
Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for equity securities still held as of the end of the period included in net investment gains (losses) were ($9) million and $25 million for thethree months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $5 million and ($22) million for the three months and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018, respectively.

34
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Net Investment Gains (Losses)
Components of Net Investment Gains (Losses)
The components of net investment gains (losses) were as follows:
  Three Months
Ended
March 31,
  2020 2019
 (In millions)
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS:    
Net credit loss (provision) release (1) $(77) $(8)
Net gains (losses) on sales and disposals (4) (32)
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS (81)
(40)
Total gains (losses) on equity securities: 
 
Net gains (losses) on sales and disposals 9
 9
Change in estimated fair value (2) (145) 57
Total gains (losses) on equity securities (136)
66
Mortgage loans (45) (14)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures 1
 3
Other (3) 30
 (50)
Subtotal (231)
(35)
Change in estimated fair value of other limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures 1
 (16)
Non-investment portfolio gains (losses) 48
 (3)
Subtotal 49

(19)
Total net investment gains (losses) $(182)
$(54)

__________________
(1)Net credit loss provision by sector for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $6 million Industrial and $2 million RMBS. See “— Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS By Sector.” Due to the adoption of new guidance on January 1, 2020, prior period OTTI loss is presented as credit loss.
(2)
Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for equity securities still held as of the end of the period included in net investment gains (losses) were ($138) million and $56 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(3)Other gains (losses) included tax credit partnership impairment losses of $92($78) million and a renewable energy partnership disposal gain of $46 million for the ninethree months endedSeptember 30, 2019. March 31, 2019.
(3)
Other gains (losses) included renewable energy partnership disposal losses of $83 million and leveraged lease impairment losses of$105 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
See “— Related Party Investment Transactions” for discussion of affiliated net investment gains (losses) related to transfers of invested assets to affiliates.
Gains (losses) from foreign currency transactions included within net investment gains (losses) were$17 millionand$6 millionfor thethree monthsandnine months endedSeptember 30, 2019, respectively, and ($11) $49 million and $7($1) million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020 and nine months ended2019September 30, 2018,, respectively.
Sales or Disposals and Impairments of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
Sales of securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Proceeds from sales or disposals and the components of net investment gains (losses) were as shown in the table below:
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018 2019 2018
 (In millions)
Proceeds$6,134
 $12,289
 $26,993
 $37,129
Gross investment gains$42
 $206
 $346
 $297
Gross investment losses(33) (69) (288) (269)
OTTI losses(7) —
 (15) —
Net investment gains (losses)$2
 $137
 $43
 $28

Credit Loss Rollforward of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
The table below presents a rollforward of the cumulative credit loss component of OTTI loss recognized in earnings on fixed maturity securities AFS still held for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in OCI:
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018 2019 2018
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$58
 $92
 $70
 $110
Sales (maturities, pay downs or prepayments) of securities previously impaired as credit loss OTTI(3) (4) (14) (21)
Increase in cash flows — accretion of previous credit loss OTTI—
 —
 (1) (1)
Balance, end of period$55
 $88
 $55

$88


35
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Investments (continued)

Fixed Maturity Securities AFS - Sales and Disposals and Credit Loss
Sales of securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Proceeds from sales or disposals and the components of net investment gains (losses) were as shown in the table below:
 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2020 2019
 (In millions)
Proceeds$5,464
 $10,665
Gross investment gains$61
 $135
Gross investment losses(65) (167)
Net credit loss (provision) release(77) (8)
Net investment gains (losses)$(81) $(40)

Related Party Investment Transactions
The Company transfers invested assets primarily consisting of fixed maturity securities AFS and mortgage loans to and from affiliates. Invested assets transferred to and from affiliates were as follows:
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018 2019 2018
 (In millions)
Estimated fair value of invested assets transferred from affiliates$46
 $—
 $46
 $77

Recurring related party investments and related net investment income were as follows at and for the periods ended:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Three Months 
 Ended 
September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
Investment Type/Balance Sheet Category Related Party Carrying Value Net Investment Income Related Party Carrying Value Net Investment Income
 (In millions) (In millions)
Affiliated investments (1) MetLife, Inc. $1,822
 $1,798
 $9
 $8
 $26
 $23
 MetLife, Inc. $1,821
 $1,810
 $9
 $8
Affiliated investments (2) American Life Insurance Company 100
 100
 —
 —
 2
 2
 American Life Insurance Company 100
 100
 1
 1
Affiliated investments (3) Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company 315
 315
 3
 3
 8
 7
 Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company 315
 315
 2
 3
Other invested assets $2,237
 $2,213
 $12
 $11
 $36
 $32
 $2,236
 $2,225
 $12
 $12
Money market pool (4) Metropolitan Money Market Pool $34
 $52
 $—
 $—
 $1
 $1
Short-term investments $34
 $52
 $—
 $—
 $1
 $1
________________
(1)
Represents an investment in affiliated senior notes. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2018 Annual Report for a description of the redenomination of each of these affiliated senior notes in 2018 from U.S. dollar to Japanese yen, and the respective maturity dates, interest rates and interest payment terms of each of the redenominated affiliated senior notes. The affiliated senior notes have maturity dates from October 2019September 2020 to July 2026October 2029 and bear interest, payable semi-annually, at a rate per annum ranging from 0.82% to 3.14%. In OctoberSee Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019, a ¥26.5 billion 1.72% affiliated senior note matured and was refinanced with a ¥26.5 billion 1.81% affiliated senior note due October 2029. Annual Report for further information.
(2)Represents an investment in an affiliated surplus note. The surplus note, which bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.17%, payable semiannually, is due June 2020.
(3)Represents an investment in affiliated preferred stock. Dividends are payable quarterly at a variable rate.
(3)Represents an investment in affiliated preferred stock. Dividends are payable quarterly at a variable rate.
(4)The investment has a variable rate of return.
ThroughFor the three months ended March 31, 2018,2020 and 2019, the Company provided investment administrative services to certain affiliates. The related investment administrative service charges to these affiliates were $19 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Effective April 1, 2018, the Company receives investment advisory services from an affiliate. The related affiliatedincurred investment advisory charges to the Company were $75from an affiliate of $69 million and $223$76 million, for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $71 million and $140 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
See “— Variable Interest Entities” for information on investments in affiliated real estate joint ventures and an affiliated investment fund.

36
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Derivatives
Accounting for Derivatives
Freestanding Derivatives
Freestanding derivatives are carried on the Company’s balance sheet either as assets within other invested assets or as liabilities within other liabilities at estimated fair value. The Company does not offset the estimated fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement.
Accruals on derivatives are generally recorded in accrued investment income or within other liabilities. However, accruals that are not scheduled to settle within one year are included with the derivative’s carrying value in other invested assets or other liabilities.
If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivative are reported in net derivative gains (losses) except as follows:
Statement of Operations Presentation:Derivative:
Policyholder benefits and claims• 
Economic hedges of variable annuity guarantees included in
future policy benefits
Net investment income• 
Economic hedges of equity method investments in joint
ventures
Hedge Accounting
To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge. Hedge designation and financial statement presentation of changes in estimated fair value of the hedging derivatives are as follows:
•
Fair value hedge - a hedge of the estimated fair value of a recognized asset or liability - in the same line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. The carrying value of the hedged recognized asset or liability is adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk.
•
Cash flow hedge - a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability - in OCI and reclassified into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.
The changes in estimated fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported on the statement of operations within interest income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item.
In its hedge documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and at least quarterly throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship. Assessments of hedge effectiveness are also subject to interpretation and estimation and different interpretations or estimates may have a material effect on the amount reported in net income.
The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item;item, (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised;exercised, (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur;occur, or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.
When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in net derivative gains (losses). The carrying value of the hedged recognized asset or liability under a fair value hedge is no longer adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk, and the cumulative adjustment to its carrying value is amortized into income over the remaining life of the hedged item. Provided the hedged forecasted transaction is still probable of occurring, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.

37
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is no longer probable that the forecasted transactions will occur on the anticipated date or within two months of that date, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized currently in net derivative gains (losses). Deferred gains and losses of a derivative recorded in OCI pursuant to the discontinued cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction that is no longer probable of occurring are recognized immediately in net investment gains (losses).
In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value on the balance sheet, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as net derivative gains (losses).
Embedded Derivatives
The Company issues certain products, which include variable annuities and investment contracts, and is a party to certain reinsurance agreements that have embedded derivatives. The Company assesses each identified embedded derivative to determine whether it is required to be bifurcated. The embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as a freestanding derivative if:
the combined instrument is not accounted for in its entirety at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value recorded in earnings;
the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract; and
a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would qualify as a derivative instrument.
Such embedded derivatives are carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value with the host contract and changes in their estimated fair value are generally reported in net derivative gains (losses). If the Company is unable to properly identify and measure an embedded derivative for separation from its host contract, the entire contract is carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in the current period in net investment gains (losses) or net investment income. Additionally, the Company may elect to carry an entire contract on the balance sheet at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in the current period in net investment gains (losses) or net investment income if that contract contains an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation. At inception, the Company attributes to the embedded derivative a portion of the projected future guarantee fees to be collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of projected future guaranteed benefits. Any additional fees represent “excess” fees and are reported in universal life and investment-type product policy fees.
See Note 7 for information about the fair value hierarchy for derivatives.
Derivative Strategies
The Company is exposed to various risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. The Company uses a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives.
Derivatives are financial instruments with values derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and/or other financial indices. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC-cleared”), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“OTC-bilateral”). The types of derivatives the Company uses include swaps, forwards, futures and option contracts. To a lesser extent, the Company uses credit default swaps and structured interest rate swaps to synthetically replicate investment risks and returns which are not readily available in the cash markets.
Interest Rate Derivatives
The Company uses a variety of interest rate derivatives to reduce its exposure to changes in interest rates, including interest rate swaps, interest rate total return swaps, caps, floors, swaptions, futures and forwards.
Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). In an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company utilizes interest rate swaps in fair value, cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

38
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The Company uses structured interest rate swaps to synthetically create investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and a cash instrument such as a U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. Structured interest rate swaps are included in interest rate swaps and are not designated as hedging instruments.
Interest rate total return swaps are swaps whereby the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Interest rate total return swaps are used by the Company to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). The Company utilizes interest rate total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company purchases interest rate caps primarily to protect its floating rate liabilities against rises in interest rates above a specified level, and against interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities, and interest rate floors primarily to protect its minimum rate guarantee liabilities against declines in interest rates below a specified level. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased caps and floors by entering into offsetting written caps and floors. The Company utilizes interest rate caps and floors in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of interest rate securities, to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures are used primarily to hedge mismatches between the duration of assets in a portfolio and the duration of liabilities supported by those assets, to hedge against changes in value of securities the Company owns or anticipates acquiring, to hedge against changes in interest rates on anticipated liability issuances by replicating Treasury or swap curve performance, and to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded interest rate futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Swaptions are used by the Company to hedge interest rate risk associated with the Company’s long-term liabilities and invested assets. A swaption is an option to enter into a swap with a forward starting effective date. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased swaptions by entering into offsetting written swaptions. The Company pays a premium for purchased swaptions and receives a premium for written swaptions. The Company utilizes swaptions in nonqualifying hedging relationships. Swaptions are included in interest rate options.
The Company enters into interest rate forwards to buy and sell securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at a specified future date. The Company utilizes interest rate forwards in cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
A synthetic guaranteed interest contract (“GIC”) is a contract that simulates the performance of a traditional GIC through the use of financial instruments. Under a synthetic GIC, theThe contractholder owns the underlying assets.assets, and the Company provides a guarantee (or “wrap”) on the participant funds for an annual risk charge. The Company guaranteesCompany’s maximum exposure to loss on synthetic GICs is the notional amount, in the event the values of all of the underlying assets were reduced to zero. The Company’s risk is substantially lower due to contractual provisions that limit the portfolio to high quality assets, which are pre-approved and monitored for compliance, as well as the collection of risk charges. In addition, the crediting rates reset periodically to amortize market value gains and losses over a rateperiod equal to the duration of return on those assets forthe wrapped portfolio, subject to a premium.0% floor. While plan participants may transact at book value, contractholder withdrawals may only occur immediately at market value, or at book value paid over a period of time per contract provisions. Synthetic GICs are not designated as hedging instruments.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Derivatives
The Company uses foreign currency exchange rate derivatives, including foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards, to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

39
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

In a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a fixed exchange rate, generally set at inception, calculated by reference to an agreed upon notional amount. The notional amount of each currency is exchanged at the inception and termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company utilizes foreign currency swaps in fair value, cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

39
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

In a foreign currency forward transaction, the Company agrees with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. The Company utilizes foreign currency forwards in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Credit Derivatives
The Company enters into purchased credit default swaps to hedge against credit-related changes in the value of its investments. In a credit default swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to pay, at specified intervals, a premium to hedge credit risk. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the delivery of par quantities of the referenced investment equal to the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the payment of cash amounts by the counterparty equal to the par value of the investment surrendered. Credit events vary by type of issuer but typically include bankruptcy, failure to pay debt obligations and involuntary restructuring for corporate obligors, as well as repudiation, moratorium or governmental intervention for sovereign obligors. In each case, payout on a credit default swap is triggered only after the Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) deems that a credit event has occurred. The Company utilizes credit default swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company enters into written credit default swaps to synthetically create credit investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and one or more cash instruments, such as U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. These credit default swaps are not designated as hedging instruments.
The Company enters into forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of certain securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for the contract is made at a specified future date. When the primary purpose of entering into these transactions is to hedge against the risk of changes in purchase price due to changes in credit spreads, the Company designates these transactions as credit forwards. The Company utilizes credit forwards in cash flow hedging relationships.
Equity Derivatives
The Company uses a variety of equity derivatives to reduce its exposure to equity market risk, including equity index options, equity variance swaps, exchange-traded equity futures and equity total return swaps.
Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company enters into contracts to sell the underlying equity index within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts will be net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. Certain of these contracts may also contain settlement provisions linked to interest rates. In certain instances, the Company may enter into a combination of transactions to hedge adverse changes in equity indices within a pre-determined range through the purchase and sale of options. The Company utilizes equity index options in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Equity variance swaps are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. In an equity variance swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange amounts in the future, based on changes in equity volatility over a defined period. The Company utilizes equity variance swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

40
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

In exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of equity securities, to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded equity futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

40
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

In an equity total return swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. The Company uses equity total return swaps to hedge its equity market guarantees in certain of its insurance products. Equity total return swaps can be used as hedges or to synthetically create investments. The Company utilizes equity total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

41
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

Primary Risks Managed byCredit Derivatives
The following table presentsCompany enters into purchased credit default swaps to hedge against credit-related changes in the primary underlying risk exposure,value of its investments. In a credit default swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to pay, at specified intervals, a premium to hedge credit risk. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the delivery of par quantities of the referenced investment equal to the specified swap notional amount and estimated fairin exchange for the payment of cash amounts by the counterparty equal to the par value of the Company’sinvestment surrendered. Credit events vary by type of issuer but typically include bankruptcy, failure to pay debt obligations and involuntary restructuring for corporate obligors, as well as repudiation, moratorium or governmental intervention for sovereign obligors. In each case, payout on a credit default swap is triggered only after the Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) deems that a credit event has occurred. The Company utilizes credit default swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company enters into written credit default swaps to synthetically create credit investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and one or more cash instruments, such as U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. These credit default swaps are not designated as hedging instruments.
The Company enters into forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of certain securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for the contract is made at a specified future date. When the primary purpose of entering into these transactions is to hedge against the risk of changes in purchase price due to changes in credit spreads, the Company designates these transactions as credit forwards. The Company utilizes credit forwards in cash flow hedging relationships.
Equity Derivatives
The Company uses a variety of equity derivatives excludingto reduce its exposure to equity market risk, including equity index options, equity variance swaps, exchange-traded equity futures and equity total return swaps.
Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded derivatives, held at:in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company enters into contracts to sell the underlying equity index within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts will be net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. Certain of these contracts may also contain settlement provisions linked to interest rates. In certain instances, the Company may enter into a combination of transactions to hedge adverse changes in equity indices within a pre-determined range through the purchase and sale of options. The Company utilizes equity index options in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
    September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018
  Primary Underlying Risk Exposure Gross
Notional
Amount		 Estimated Fair Value Gross
Notional
Amount		 Estimated Fair Value
  Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
    (In millions)
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:            
Fair value hedges:              
Interest rate swaps Interest rate $2,304
 $2,847
 $3
 $2,446
 $2,197
 $2
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 1,113
 65
 —
 1,191
 49
 —
Subtotal   3,417
 2,912
 3
 3,637
 2,246
 2
Cash flow hedges:              
Interest rate swaps Interest rate 3,389
 175
 —
 3,181
 139
 1
Interest rate forwards Interest rate 6,983
 242
 16
 3,023
 —
 216
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 26,699
 1,789
 1,355
 26,239
 1,218
 1,318
Subtotal   37,071
 2,206
 1,371
 32,443
 1,357
 1,535
Total qualifying hedges   40,488
 5,118
 1,374
 36,080
 3,603
 1,537
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:            
Interest rate swaps Interest rate 37,144
 2,453
 137
 36,238
 1,507
 85
Interest rate floors Interest rate 12,701
 212
 —
 12,701
 102
 —
Interest rate caps Interest rate 55,638
 14
 6
 54,576
 154
 1
Interest rate futures Interest rate 446
 —
 —
 794
 —
 1
Interest rate options Interest rate 27,569
 1,150
 —
 24,340
 185
 —
Interest rate total return swaps Interest rate 1,048
 48
 8
 1,048
 33
 2
Synthetic GICs Interest rate 16,349
 —
 —
 18,006
 —
 —
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 5,668
 678
 88
 5,986
 700
 79
Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency exchange rate 1,190
 20
 4
 943
 15
 14
Credit default swaps — purchased Credit 775
 8
 3
 858
 24
 4
Credit default swaps — written Credit 8,436
 165
 2
 7,864
 67
 13
Equity futures Equity market 1,925
 1
 9
 1,006
 1
 6
Equity index options Equity market 24,453
 545
 446
 23,162
 706
 396
Equity variance swaps Equity market 1,946
 35
 88
 1,946
 32
 81
Equity total return swaps Equity market 791
 3
 2
 886
 89
 —
Total non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives 196,079
 5,332
 793
 190,354
 3,615
 682
Total   $236,567
 $10,450
 $2,167
 $226,434
 $7,218
 $2,219

Equity variance swaps are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. In an equity variance swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange amounts in the future, based on changes in equity volatility over a defined period. The Company utilizes equity variance swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

4140
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

BasedIn exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of equity securities, to post variation margin on gross notional amounts, a substantial portiondaily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the Company’s derivatives was not designatedexchange. Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded equity futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In an equity total return swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or did not qualify as part of a hedging relationshipmarket index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at both September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The Company’s use of derivatives includes (i) derivatives that serve as macro hedgesthe outset of the Company’s exposure to various riskscontract. Cash is paid and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting due toreceived over the criteria required under the portfolio hedging rules; (ii) derivatives that economically hedge insurance liabilities that contain mortality or morbidity risk and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting because the lack of these risks in the derivatives cannot support an expectation of a highly effective hedging relationship; (iii) derivatives that economically hedge embedded derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting because the changes in estimated fair valuelife of the embedded derivatives are already recordedcontract based on the terms of the swap. The Company uses equity total return swaps to hedge its equity market guarantees in net income; and (iv) written credit defaultcertain of its insurance products. Equity total return swaps and interest rate swaps that arecan be used as hedges or to synthetically create investments and that do not qualify for hedge accounting because they do not involve ainvestments. The Company utilizes equity total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationship. For these nonqualified derivatives, changes in market factors can lead to the recognition of fair value changes on the statement of operations without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged.

relationships.

4241
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The Effects of Derivatives on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table presents the consolidated financial statement location and amount of gain (loss) recognized on fair value, cash flow, nonqualifying hedging relationships and embedded derivatives:


  Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
  Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Policyholder Benefits and Claims Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances Other Expenses OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(1) $—
 $—
 $223
 $1
 $—
 N/A
Hedged items —
 —
 —
 (237) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) 36
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Hedged items (29) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal 6
 —
 —
 (14) 1
 —
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $521
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 5
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (5)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 165
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 (344) —
 —
 —
 —
 344
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 342
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 —
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Subtotal 5
 (2) —
 —
 —
 —
 1,025
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (2) —
 977
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) —
 —
 175
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) —
 —
 (4) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) —
 —
 (3) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) —
 —
 (22) (3) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 (32) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal (2) —
 1,091
 (3) —
 —
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 70
 —
 65
 35
 (42) —
 —
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 (424) —
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $79
 $(2) $732
 $18
 $(41) $—
 $1,025

43
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

  Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
  Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Policyholder Benefits and Claims Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances Other Expenses OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $—
 $—
 $(107) $—
 $—
 $—
 N/A
Hedged items —
 —
 108
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) —
 —
 4
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Hedged items —
 —
 (7) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal —
 —
 (2) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $(176)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 5
 —
 (2) —
 —
 —
 (3)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 22
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income (1) —
 24
 —
 —
 —
 (23)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 (23) —
 —
 —
 —
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 —
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Subtotal 4
 —
 (1) —
 —
 —
 (180)
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) —
 —
 (200) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) —
 —
 54
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) —
 —
 (6) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) —
 —
 48
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) —
 —
 (186) (25) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 (69) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal —
 —
 (359) (25) —
 —
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 92
 —
 87
 2
 (27) —
 —
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 199
 —
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $96
 $—
 $(76) $(23) $(27) $—
 $(180)



44
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

  Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
  Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Policyholder Benefits and Claims Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances Other Expenses OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(5) $—
 $—
 $555
 $1
 $—
 N/A
Hedged items 5
 —
 —
 (571) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) 16
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Hedged items (11) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal 5
 —
 —
 (16) 1
 —
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $1,114
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 16
 (1) —
 —
 —
 —
 (15)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 211
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income (2) (263) —
 —
 —
 —
 265
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 249
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 —
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Subtotal 14
 (15) —
 —
 —
 —
 1,575
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (4) —
 1,725
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) —
 —
 191
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) —
 —
 (16) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) —
 —
 125
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) —
 —
 (651) (92) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 (101) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal (4) —
 1,273
 (92) —
 —
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 204
 —
 204
 98
 (110) —
 —
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 (847) —
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $219
 $(15) $630
 $(10) $(109) $—
 $1,575

45
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

  Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
  Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Policyholder Benefits and Claims Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances Other Expenses OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $—
 $—
 $(385) $—
 $—
 $—
 N/A
Hedged items —
 —
 388
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) —
 —
 51
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Hedged items —
 —
 (55) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal —
 —
 (1) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $(511)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 15
 —
 18
 —
 —
 —
 (33)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 28
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income (2) —
 (214) —
 —
 —
 216
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 217
 —
 —
 —
 —
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 —
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Subtotal 13
 —
 21
 —
 —
 —
 (300)
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) 4
 —
 (541) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) —
 —
 234
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) —
 —
 6
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) —
 —
 (7) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) 1
 —
 (287) (40) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 (127) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal 5
 —
 (722) (40) —
 —
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 268
 —
 253
 6
 (79) —
 —
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 738
 —
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $286
 $—
 $289
 $(34) $(79) $—
 $(300)
__________________
(1)Excludes earned income on derivatives.
(2)The valuation of guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were $20 million and $9 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $0 and ($21) million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as fair value hedges when they have met the requirements of fair value hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate assets and liabilities to floating rate assets and liabilities; and (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.

46
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The following table presents the balance sheet classification, carrying amount and cumulative fair value hedging adjustments for items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges:
  September 30, 2019
Balance Sheet Line Item Carrying Amount of the
Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities)		 Cumulative Amount
of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments
Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities) (1)
  (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS $315
 $(1)
Mortgage loans $898
 $14
Future policy benefits $(4,623) $(1,110)
__________________
(1)Includes ($1) million of hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships.
All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the requirements of cash flow hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert floating rate assets and liabilities to fixed rate assets and liabilities; (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities; (iii) interest rate forwards and credit forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of investments; and (iv) interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards to hedge the forecasted purchases of fixed-rate investments.
In certain instances, the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring. Because certain of the forecasted transactions also were not probable of occurring within two months of the anticipated date, the Company reclassified amounts from AOCI into net investment gains (losses). These amounts were $2 million and $51 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $0 and losses of less than $1 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed nine years and four years, respectively.
At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the balance in AOCI associated with cash flow hedges was $3.3 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively.
All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
At September 30, 2019,the Company expected to reclassify $92 millionof deferred net gains (losses) on derivatives in AOCI to earnings within the next 12 months.
Credit Derivatives
The Company enters into purchased credit default swaps to hedge against credit-related changes in the value of its investments. In a credit default swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to pay, at specified intervals, a premium to hedge credit risk. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the delivery of par quantities of the referenced investment equal to the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the payment of cash amounts by the counterparty equal to the par value of the investment surrendered. Credit events vary by type of issuer but typically include bankruptcy, failure to pay debt obligations and involuntary restructuring for corporate obligors, as well as repudiation, moratorium or governmental intervention for sovereign obligors. In each case, payout on a credit default swap is triggered only after the Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) deems that a credit event has occurred. The Company utilizes credit default swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
The Company enters into written credit default swaps to synthetically create credit investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and one or more cash instruments, such as U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. These credit default swaps are not designated as hedging instruments.
The Company enters into forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of certain securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for the contract is made at a specified future date. When the primary purpose of entering into these transactions is to hedge against the risk of changes in purchase price due to changes in credit spreads, the Company designates these transactions as credit forwards. The Company utilizes credit forwards in cash flow hedging relationships.
Equity Derivatives
The Company uses a variety of equity derivatives to reduce its exposure to equity market risk, including equity index options, equity variance swaps, exchange-traded equity futures and equity total return swaps.
Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company enters into contracts to sell the underlying equity index within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts will be net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. Certain of these contracts may also contain settlement provisions linked to interest rates. In certain instances, the Company may enter into a combination of transactions to hedge adverse changes in equity indices within a pre-determined range through the purchase and sale of options. The Company utilizes equity index options in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Equity variance swaps are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. In an equity variance swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange amounts in the future, based on changes in equity volatility over a defined period. The Company utilizes equity variance swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

40
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

In exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of equity securities, to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded equity futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In an equity total return swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. The Company uses equity total return swaps to hedge its equity market guarantees in certain of its insurance products. Equity total return swaps can be used as hedges or to synthetically create investments. The Company utilizes equity total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

41
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

Primary Risks Managed by Derivatives
The following table presents the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount, and estimated fair value of the Company’s derivatives, excluding embedded derivatives, held at:
    March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Primary Underlying Risk Exposure Gross
Notional
Amount		 Estimated Fair Value Gross
Notional
Amount		 Estimated Fair Value
  Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
    (In millions)
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:            
Fair value hedges:              
Interest rate swaps Interest rate $3,231
 $3,393
 $10
 $2,370
 $2,668
 $2
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 1,250
 64
 —
 1,250
 12
 17
Subtotal   4,481
 3,457
 10
 3,620
 2,680
 19
Cash flow hedges:              
Interest rate swaps Interest rate 4,734
 156
 27
 3,324
 125
 27
Interest rate forwards Interest rate 6,259
 969
 —
 6,793
 75
 142
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 27,392
 3,102
 1,758
 27,240
 1,199
 1,103
Subtotal   38,385
 4,227
 1,785
 37,357
 1,399
 1,272
Total qualifying hedges   42,866
 7,684
 1,795
 40,977
 4,079
 1,291
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:            
Interest rate swaps Interest rate 50,562
 4,319
 635
 38,820
 2,296
 133
Interest rate floors Interest rate 12,701
 424
 —
 12,701
 156
 —
Interest rate caps Interest rate 55,006
 21
 —
 42,622
 18
 5
Interest rate futures Interest rate 724
 —
 —
 745
 —
 —
Interest rate options Interest rate 25,105
 772
 —
 24,944
 427
 —
Interest rate total return swaps Interest rate 1,048
 180
 —
 1,048
 5
 49
Synthetic GICs Interest rate 17,201
 —
 —
 16,498
 —
 —
Foreign currency swaps Foreign currency exchange rate 6,009
 721
 85
 6,124
 419
 97
Foreign currency forwards Foreign currency exchange rate 846
 18
 14
 1,001
 12
 8
Credit default swaps — purchased Credit 863
 39
 1
 888
 4
 11
Credit default swaps — written Credit 8,518
 26
 76
 8,711
 200
 1
Equity futures Equity market 561
 7
 1
 2,039
 —
 5
Equity index options Equity market 21,783
 997
 184
 23,104
 447
 417
Equity variance swaps Equity market 637
 12
 10
 637
 17
 17
Equity total return swaps Equity market 716
 175
 1
 716
 —
 68
Total non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives 202,280
 7,711
 1,007
 180,598
 4,001
 811
Total   $245,146
 $15,395
 $2,802
 $221,575
 $8,080
 $2,102

Based on gross notional amounts, a substantial portion of the Company’s derivatives was not designated or did not qualify as part of a hedging relationship at both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The Company’s use of derivatives includes (i) derivatives that serve as macro hedges of the Company’s exposure to various risks and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting due to the criteria required under the portfolio hedging rules, (ii) derivatives that economically hedge insurance liabilities that contain mortality or morbidity risk and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting because the lack of these risks in the derivatives cannot support an expectation of a highly effective hedging relationship, (iii) derivatives that economically hedge embedded derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting because the changes in estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives are already recorded in net income, and (iv) written credit default swaps and interest rate swaps that are used to synthetically create investments and that do not qualify for hedge accounting because they do not involve a hedging relationship. For these nonqualified derivatives, changes in market factors can lead to the recognition of fair value changes on the statement of operations without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged.

42
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The Effects of Derivatives on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table presents the consolidated financial statement location and amount of gain (loss) recognized on fair value, cash flow, nonqualifying hedging relationships and embedded derivatives:

  Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
  Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Policyholder Benefits and Claims Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances Other Expenses OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(10) $—
 $—
 $774
 $—
 $—
 N/A
Hedged items 4
 —
 —
 (769) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) 69
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Hedged items (62) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal 1
 —
 —
 5
 —
 —
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $2,002
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 6
 6
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (12)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 1,289
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 (451) —
 —
 —
 —
 451
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 457
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 —
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Subtotal 6
 12
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,730
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (4) —
 3,394
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) —
 —
 374
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) —
 —
 45
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) —
 —
 (234) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) —
 —
 1,081
 131
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 (112) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal (4) —
 4,548
 131
 —
 —
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 82
 —
 80
 38
 (44) —
 —
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 (1,073) —
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $85
 $12
 $3,555
 $174
 $(44) $—
 $3,730

43
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

  Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
  Net Investment Income Net Investment Gains (Losses) Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Policyholder Benefits and Claims Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances Other Expenses OCI
  (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives:              
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) $(3) $—
 $—
 $127
 $—
 $—
 N/A
Hedged items 3
 —
 —
 (128) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) (29) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Hedged items 28
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal (1) —
 —
 (1) —
 —
 N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:              
Interest rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 $242
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income 5
 (6) —
 —
 —
 —
 1
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 (126)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income (1) 47
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (46)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 (56) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Credit derivatives: (1)              
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 —
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Subtotal 4
 (15) —
 —
 —
 —
 71
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:              
Interest rate derivatives (1) (1) —
 141
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) —
 —
 (61) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) —
 —
 (10) —
 —
 —
 N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) —
 —
 92
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Equity derivatives (1) —
 —
 (482) (68) —
 —
 N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items —
 —
 37
 —
 —
 —
 N/A
Subtotal (1) —
 (283) (68) —
 —
 N/A
Earned income on derivatives 70
 —
 71
 31
 (32) —
 —
Embedded derivatives (2) N/A
 N/A
 (98) —
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Total $72
 $(15) $(310) $(38) $(32) $—
 $71
__________________
(1)Excludes earned income on derivatives.
(2)The valuation of guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were $111 million and ($11) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as fair value hedges when they have met the requirements of fair value hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate assets and liabilities to floating rate assets and liabilities and (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.

44
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The following table presents the balance sheet classification, carrying amount and cumulative fair value hedging adjustments for items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges:
Balance Sheet Line Item Carrying Amount of the
Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities)		 Cumulative Amount
of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments
Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged
Assets/(Liabilities) (1)
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS $380
 $404
 $(1) $(1)
Mortgage loans $1,019
 $1,127
 $15
 $2
Future policy benefits $(5,705) $(4,475) $(1,677) $(908)
__________________
(1)At both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships includes ($1) million.
All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the requirements of cash flow hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert floating rate assets and liabilities to fixed rate assets and liabilities, (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, (iii) interest rate forwards and credit forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of investments, and (iv) interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards to hedge the forecasted purchases of fixed-rate investments.
In certain instances, the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring. Because certain of the forecasted transactions also were not probable of occurring within two months of the anticipated date, the Company reclassified amounts from AOCI into income. These amounts were $1 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed nine years and eight years, respectively.
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the balance in AOCI associated with cash flow hedges was $5.8 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively.
All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
At March 31, 2020,the Company expected to reclassify ($16) millionof deferred net gains (losses) on derivatives in AOCI, to earnings within the next 12 months.
Credit Derivatives
In connection with synthetically created credit investment transactions, the Company writes credit default swaps for which it receives a premium to insure credit risk. Such credit derivatives are included within the nonqualifying derivatives and derivatives for purposes other than hedging table. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the Company paying the counterparty the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the delivery of par quantities of the referenced credit obligation. The Company’s maximum amount at risk, assuming the value of all referenced credit obligations is zero, was $8.4$8.5 billion and $7.9$8.7 billion at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively. The Company can terminate these contracts at any time through cash settlement with the counterparty at an amount equal to the then current estimated fair value of the credit default swaps. At September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, the Company would have received $163paid $50 million and $54received $199 million, respectively, to terminate all of these contracts.

4745
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of written credit default swaps at:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced
Credit Obligations (1)
 Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps		 Maximum
Amount of
Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps		 Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)		 Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps		 Maximum
Amount of
Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps		 Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)		 Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps		 Maximum
Amount of
Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps		 Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)		 Estimated
Fair Value
of Credit
Default
Swaps		 Maximum
Amount of
Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps		 Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity (2)
 (Dollars in millions) (Dollars in millions)
Aaa/Aa/A                        
Single name credit default swaps (3) $1
 $117
 1.6
 $2
 $154
 2.0
 $1
 $84
 1.1
 $1
 $94
 1.7
Credit default swaps referencing indices 34
 2,124
 2.5
 27
 2,079
 2.5
 —
 2,210
 2.2
 34
 2,099
 2.3
Subtotal 35
 2,241
 2.4
 29
 2,233
 2.5
 1
 2,294
 2.1
 35
 2,193
 2.2
Baa                        
Single name credit default swaps (3) 2
 152
 1.7
 1
 277
 1.6
 (2) 164
 2.2
 2
 124
 1.6
Credit default swaps referencing indices 111
 5,815
 5.4
 20
 5,124
 5.2
 (34) 5,814
 5.3
 141
 6,165
 5.0
Subtotal 113
 5,967
 5.3
 21
 5,401
 5.0
 (36) 5,978
 5.2
 143
 6,289
 5.0
Ba                        
Single name credit default swaps (3) —
 —
 —
 —
 10
 1.5
 (2) 20
 2.5
 —
 —
 —
Credit default swaps referencing indices —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Subtotal —
 —
 —
 —
 10
 1.5
 (2) 20
 2.5
 —
 —
 —
B                        
Single name credit default swaps (3) —
 10
 0.7
 —
 —
 —
 —
 10
 0.2
 —
 10
 0.5
Credit default swaps referencing indices 15
 218
 4.7
 4
 220
 5.0
 (13) 216
 4.7
 21
 219
 5.0
Subtotal 15
 228
 4.6
 4
 220
 5.0
 (13) 226
 4.5
 21
 229
 4.8
Total $163
 $8,436
 4.5
 $54
 $7,864
 4.3
 $(50) $8,518
 4.4
 $199
 $8,711
 4.3
__________________
(1)
The rating agency designations are based on availability and the midpoint of the applicable ratings among Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings. If no rating is available from a rating agency, then an internally developed rating is used.
(2)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average gross notional amounts.
(3)Single name credit default swaps may be referenced to the credit of corporations, foreign governments, or municipals.
Credit Risk on Freestanding Derivatives
The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by its counterparties to derivatives. Generally, the current credit exposure of the Company’s derivatives is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivatives at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of master netting or similar agreements and any collateral received pursuant to such agreements.
The Company manages its credit risk related to derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties and establishing and monitoring exposure limits. The Company’s OTC-bilateral derivative transactions are governed by ISDA Master Agreements which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties in the event of early termination of a transaction, which includes, but is not limited to, events of default and bankruptcy. In the event of an early termination, the Company is permitted to set off receivables from the counterparty against payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions. Substantially allAll of the Company’s ISDA Master Agreements also include Credit Support Annex provisions which require both the pledging and accepting of collateral in connection with its OTC-bilateral derivatives.


48
46
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The Company’s OTC-cleared derivatives are effected through central clearing counterparties and its exchange-traded derivatives are effected through regulated exchanges. Such positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to such derivatives.
See Note 7 for a description of the impact of credit risk on the valuation of derivatives.
The estimated fair values of the Company’s net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral were as follows at:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Derivatives Subject to a Master Netting Arrangement or a Similar Arrangement Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
 (In millions) (In millions)
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives:                
OTC-bilateral (1) $10,415
 $2,166
 $7,255
 $2,166
 $14,718
 $2,289
 $7,974
 $2,035
OTC-cleared (1) 142
 8
 52
 24
 816
 548
 191
 53
Exchange-traded 1
 9
 1
 7
 7
 1
 —
 5
Total gross estimated fair value of derivatives presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets (1) 10,558
 2,183
 7,308
 2,197
 15,541
 2,838
 8,165
 2,093
Gross amounts not offset on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: (2)                
OTC-bilateral (2,061) (2,061) (1,988) (1,988) (2,236) (2,236) (1,915) (1,915)
OTC-cleared (7) (7) (20) (20) (400) (400) (25) (25)
Exchange-traded —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Cash collateral: (3), (4)                
OTC-bilateral (5,236) —
 (4,000) —
 (10,270) —
 (4,808) —
OTC-cleared (125) —
 (26) —
 —
 (26) (165) —
Exchange-traded —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Securities collateral: (5)                
OTC-bilateral (2,843) (105) (1,136) (178) (2,178) (51) (1,246) (114)
OTC-cleared —
 —
 —
 (4) —
 (122) —
 (28)
Exchange-traded —
 (9) —
 (7) —
 (1) —
 (5)
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral $286
 $1
 $138
 $—
 $457
 $2
 $6
 $6
__________________
(1)
At September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, derivative assets included income or (expense) accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $108$146 million and $90$85 million, respectively, and derivative liabilities included (income) or expense accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $1636 million and ($22)9) million, respectively.
(2)Estimated fair value of derivatives is limited to the amount that is subject to set-off and includes income or expense accruals.
(3)Cash collateral received by the Company for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, where the centralized clearinghouse treats variation margin as collateral, is included in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments or in fixed maturity securities AFS, and the obligation to return it is included in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions on the balance sheet.
(4)The receivable for the return of cash collateral provided by the Company is inclusive of initial margin on exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives and is included in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the balance sheet. The amount of cash collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements. At September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, the Company received excess cash collateral of $51$170 million and $95$290 million, respectively, and provided no excess cash collateral of $0 and $1 million, respectively, which is not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.for either period.

4947
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

(5)Securities collateral received by the Company is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but at September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, NaN of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. Securities collateral pledged by the Company is reported in fixed maturity securities AFS on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the counterparties are permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral. The amount of securities collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements and cash collateral. At September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, the Company received excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $10$265 million and $28$97 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation. At September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, the Company provided excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $49$107 million and $94$48 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, $1.4 billion and $435 million and $231$462 million, respectively, for its OTC-cleared derivatives, and $90$85 million and $52$90 million, respectively, for its exchange-traded derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.
The Company’s collateral arrangements for its OTC-bilateral derivatives require the counterparty in a net liability position, after considering the effect of netting agreements, to pledge collateral when the collateral amount owed by that counterparty reaches a minimum transfer amount. All of the Company’s netting agreements for derivatives contain provisions that require both Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and the counterparty to maintain a specific investment grade financial strength or credit rating from each of Moody’s and S&P. If a party’s financial strength or credit ratings were to fall below that specific investment grade financial strength or credit rating, that party would be in violation of these provisions, and the other party to the derivatives could terminate the transactions and demand immediate settlement and payment based on such party’s reasonable valuation of the derivatives.
The following table presents the estimated fair value of the Company’s OTC-bilateral derivatives that were in a net liability position after considering the effect of netting agreements, together with the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the collateral pledged. OTC-bilateral derivatives that are not subject to collateral agreements are excluded from this table.
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 
Derivatives
Subject to
Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 
Derivatives
Not Subject
to Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 Total 
Derivatives
Subject to
Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 
Derivatives
Not Subject
to Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 Total 
Derivatives
Subject to
Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 
Derivatives
Not Subject
to Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 Total 
Derivatives
Subject to
Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 
Derivatives
Not Subject
to Financial
Strength-
Contingent
Provisions
 Total
 (In millions) (In millions)
Estimated Fair Value of Derivatives in a Net
Liability Position (1)
 $105
 $—
 $105
 $178
 $—
 $178
 $52
 $—
 $52
 $120
 $—
 $120
Estimated Fair Value of Collateral Provided:                        
Fixed maturity securities AFS $142
 $—
 $142
 $187
 $—
 $187
 $51
 $—
 $51
 $135
 $—
 $135
Cash $—
 $—
 $—
 $1
 $—
 $1
__________________
(1)After taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements.
Embedded Derivatives
The Company issues certain products or purchases certain investments that contain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and accounted for as freestanding derivatives.

5048
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Derivatives (continued)

The following table presents the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivatives that have been separated from their host contracts at:
 Balance Sheet Location September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Balance Sheet Location March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 (In millions) (In millions)
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts:        
Direct guaranteed minimum benefits Policyholder account balances $475
 $178
 Policyholder account balances $1,428
 $175
Assumed guaranteed minimum benefits Policyholder account balances 4
 3
 Policyholder account balances 7
 3
Funds withheld on ceded reinsurance (including affiliated) Other liabilities 1,108
 465
 Other liabilities 943
 1,017
Fixed annuities with equity indexed returns Policyholder account balances 108
 58
 Policyholder account balances 62
 130
Other guarantees Policyholder account balances 2
 —
Embedded derivatives within liability host contractsEmbedded derivatives within liability host contracts $1,695
 $704
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts $2,442
 $1,325

7. Fair Value
When developing estimated fair values, considerableConsiderable judgment is often required in interpreting the market data used to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

5149
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, including those items for which the Company has elected the FVO, are presented below at:
September 30, 2019March 31, 2020
Fair Value Hierarchy  Fair Value Hierarchy  
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 
Estimated
Fair Value		Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)(In millions)
Assets              
Fixed maturity securities AFS:              
U.S. corporate$—
 $54,550
 $4,095
 $58,645
$—
 $49,313
 $6,522
 $55,835
U.S. government and agency11,317
 18,421
 —
 29,738
11,591
 22,144
 —
 33,735
Foreign corporate—
 25,038
 4,621
 29,659
—
 21,190
 6,456
 27,646
RMBS7
 20,959
 2,914
 23,880
161
 21,689
 2,403
 24,253
ABS—
 9,523
 503
 10,026
—
 9,778
 802
 10,580
Municipals—
 7,620
 7
 7,627
—
 8,293
 —
 8,293
CMBS—
 5,810
 40
 5,850
—
 5,738
 35
 5,773
Foreign government—
 5,005
 10
 5,015
—
 4,734
 33
 4,767
Total fixed maturity securities AFS11,324
 146,926
 12,190
 170,440
11,752
 142,879
 16,251
 170,882
Equity securities228
 72
 332
 632
Short-term investments154
 1,105
 363
 1,622
2,159
 1,761
 354
 4,274
Residential mortgage loans — FVO—
 —
 218
 218
—
 —
 180
 180
Other investments179
 1
 322
 502
282
 155
 655
 1,092
Derivative assets: (1)              
Interest rate—
 6,850
 291
 7,141
—
 9,085
 1,149
 10,234
Foreign currency exchange rate—
 2,552
 —
 2,552
—
 3,895
 10
 3,905
Credit—
 141
 32
 173
—
 45
 20
 65
Equity market1
 540
 43
 584
7
 1,140
 44
 1,191
Total derivative assets1
 10,083
 366
 10,450
7
 14,165
 1,223
 15,395
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (2)—
 —
 —
 —
Separate account assets (3)24,436
 95,064
 938
 120,438
Total assets (4)$36,322
 $253,251
 $14,729
 $304,302
Separate account assets (2)22,995
 87,604
 942
 111,541
Total assets (3)$37,195
 $246,564
 $19,605
 $303,364
Liabilities              
Derivative liabilities: (1)              
Interest rate$—
 $146
 $24
 $170
$—
 $672
 $—
 $672
Foreign currency exchange rate—
 1,447
 —
 1,447
—
 1,857
 —
 1,857
Credit—
 5
 —
 5
—
 56
 21
 77
Equity market9
 448
 88
 545
1
 185
 10
 196
Total derivative liabilities9
 2,046
 112
 2,167
1
 2,770
 31
 2,802
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (2)—
 —
 1,695
 1,695
Separate account liabilities (3)1
 30
 9
 40
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (4)—
 —
 2,442
 2,442
Separate account liabilities (2)4
 46
 15
 65
Total liabilities$10
 $2,076
 $1,816
 $3,902
$5
 $2,816
 $2,488
 $5,309

5250
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

December 31, 2018December 31, 2019
Fair Value Hierarchy  Fair Value Hierarchy  
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 
Estimated
Fair Value		Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)(In millions)
Assets              
Fixed maturity securities AFS:              
U.S. corporate$—
 $51,676
 $3,126
 $54,802
$—
 $53,975
 $4,484
 $58,459
Foreign corporate—
 25,403
 4,898
 30,301
U.S. government and agency12,310
 17,851
 —
 30,161
11,484
 17,764
 —
 29,248
Foreign corporate—
 21,988
 3,975
 25,963
RMBS—
 19,719
 3,018
 22,737
3
 20,158
 2,612
 22,773
ABS—
 8,072
 455
 8,527
—
 9,459
 742
 10,201
Municipals—
 6,947
 —
 6,947
—
 7,849
 7
 7,856
CMBS—
 5,376
 68
 5,444
—
 5,679
 41
 5,720
Foreign government—
 4,482
 10
 4,492
—
 4,996
 10
 5,006
Total fixed maturity securities AFS12,310
 136,111
 10,652
 159,073
11,487
 145,283
 12,794
 169,564
Equity securities341
 76
 356
 773
Short-term investments698
 783
 25
 1,506
1,077
 789
 17
 1,883
Residential mortgage loans — FVO—
 —
 299
 299
—
 —
 188
 188
Other investments—
 1
 215
 216
396
 56
 799
 1,251
Derivative assets: (1)              
Interest rate—
 4,284
 33
 4,317
—
 5,690
 80
 5,770
Foreign currency exchange rate—
 1,982
 —
 1,982
—
 1,642
 —
 1,642
Credit—
 62
 29
 91
—
 172
 32
 204
Equity market1
 776
 51
 828
—
 439
 25
 464
Total derivative assets1
 7,104
 113
 7,218
—
 7,943
 137
 8,080
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (2)—
 —
 —
 —
Separate account assets (3)20,558
 89,348
 944
 110,850
Total assets (4)$33,908
 $233,423
 $12,604
 $279,935
Separate account assets (2)22,753
 94,192
 922
 117,867
Total assets (3)$35,713
 $248,263
 $14,857
 $298,833
Liabilities              
Derivative liabilities: (1)              
Interest rate$1
 $89
 $218
 $308
$—
 $167
 $191
 $358
Foreign currency exchange rate—
 1,410
 1
 1,411
—
 1,225
 —
 1,225
Credit—
 13
 4
 17
—
 11
 1
 12
Equity market6
 395
 82
 483
5
 485
 17
 507
Total derivative liabilities7
 1,907
 305
 2,219
5
 1,888
 209
 2,102
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (2)—
 —
 704
 704
Separate account liabilities (3)1
 20
 7
 28
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (4)—
 —
 1,325
 1,325
Separate account liabilities (2)1
 14
 7
 22
Total liabilities$8
 $1,927
 $1,016
 $2,951
$6
 $1,902
 $1,541
 $3,449
__________________
(1)Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables.
(2)Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within policyholder account balances and other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

53
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

(3)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders whose liability is reflected within separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are set equal to the estimated fair value of separate account assets. Separate account liabilities presented in the tables above represent derivative liabilities.

51
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

(4)(3)
Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy excludedexclude other limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. At September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, the estimated fair value of such investments was $99$88 million and $140$90 million, respectively.
(4)Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within policyholder account balances and other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following describes the valuation methodologies used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.
Investments
Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments
When available, the estimated fair value of these financial instruments is based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. Generally, these are the most liquid of the Company’s securities holdings and valuation of these securities does not involve management’s judgment.
When quoted prices in active markets are not available, the determination of estimated fair value is based on market standard valuation methodologies, giving priority to observable inputs. The significant inputs to the market standard valuation methodologies for certain types of securities with reasonable levels of price transparency are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation methodologies rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs can be based in large part on management’s judgment or estimation and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Even though these inputs are unobservable, management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities and are considered appropriate given the circumstances.
The estimated fair value of other investments is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described herein for securities.
The valuation approaches and key inputs for each category of assets or liabilities that are classified within Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are presented below. The primary valuation approaches are the market approach, which considers recent prices from market transactions involving identical or similar assets or liabilities, and the income approach, which converts expected future amounts (i.e.,(e.g. cash flows) to a single current, discounted amount. The valuation of most instruments listed below is determined using independent pricing sources, matrix pricing, discounted cash flow methodologies or other similar techniques that use either observable market inputs or unobservable inputs.

5452
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument 
Level 2
Observable Inputs
Level 3
Unobservable Inputs
Fixed maturity securities AFS
U.S. corporate and Foreign corporate securities
 Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
 Key Inputs:Key Inputs:
 •quoted prices in markets that are not active•illiquidity premium
 •benchmark yields; spreads off benchmark yields; new issuances; issuer ratingratings•delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues
 •trades of identical or comparable securities; duration•credit spreads
 •Privately-placedprivately-placed securities are valued using the additional key inputs:•
quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar
securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading
activity than securities classified in Level 2
  •market yield curve; call provisions 
  •
observable prices and spreads for similar public or private securities that
incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer
•

independent non-binding broker quotations
  •delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues  
U.S. government and agency securities, Municipals and Foreign government securities
 Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
 Key Inputs:Key Inputs:
 •quoted prices in markets that are not active•independent non-binding broker quotations
 •benchmark U.S. Treasury yield or other yields•
quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar
securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading
activity than securities classified in Level 2
 •the spread off the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the identical security 
 •issuer ratings and issuer spreads; broker-dealer quotes•credit spreads
 •comparable securities that are actively traded  
Structured SecuritiesProducts
 Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
 Key Inputs:Key Inputs:
 •quoted prices in markets that are not active•credit spreads
 •spreads for actively traded securities; spreads off benchmark yields•
quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar
securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading
activity than securities classified in Level 2
 •expected prepayment speeds and volumes 
 •current and forecasted loss severity; ratings; geographic region•independent non-binding broker quotations
 •weighted average coupon and weighted average maturity•credit ratings
 •average delinquency rates; debt-service coverage ratios
•credit ratings  
 •issuance-specific information, including, but not limited to:  
  •collateral type; structure of the security; vintage of the loans  
  •payment terms of the underlying assets  
  •payment priority within the tranche; deal performance  

5553
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument
Level 2
Observable Inputs
Level 3
Unobservable Inputs
Equity securities
Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
Key Input:Key Inputs:
•quoted prices in markets that are not considered active•credit ratings; issuance structures
•
quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar
securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading
activity than securities classified in Level 2
•independent non-binding broker quotations
Short-term investments and Other investments
 •Short-termCertain short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, thewhile certain other investments are similar to equity securities. The valuation approaches and observable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above. Other investments contain equity securities valued using quoted pries in markets that are not considered active.•
Short-termCertain short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, thewhile certain other investments are similar to equity securities. The valuation approaches and unobservable inputs
used in their valuation are also similar to those described above.
Other investments contain equity securities that use key unobservable inputs such as credit ratings; issuance structures, in addition to those described above for fixed maturities AFS.
Residential mortgage loans — FVO
 •N/AValuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
   Valuation Techniques and Key Inputs: These investments are based primarily on matrix pricing or other similar techniques that utilize inputs from mortgage servicers that are unobservable or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Separate account assets and Separate account liabilities (1)
Mutual funds and hedge funds without readily determinable fair values as prices are not published publicly
 Key Input:•N/A
 •quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers  
Other limited partnership interests
 
•

N/AValued giving consideration to the underlying holdings
of the partnerships and adjusting, if appropriate.
   Key Inputs:
   •liquidity; bid/ask spreads; performance record of the fund manager
   •
other relevant variables that may impact the exit value of the particular
partnership interest
__________________
(1)Estimated fair value equals carrying value, based on the value of the underlying assets, including: mutual fund interests, fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, hedge funds, other limited partnership interests, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. Fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents are similar in nature to the instruments described under “— Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments” and “— Derivatives — Freestanding Derivatives.”
Derivatives
The estimated fair value of derivatives is determined through the use of quoted market prices for exchange-traded derivatives, or through the use of pricing models for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives. The determination of estimated fair value, when quoted market values are not available, is based on market standard valuation methodologies and inputs that management believes are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk, nonperformance risk, volatility, liquidity and changes in estimates and assumptions used in the pricing models.
The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Certain OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives may rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments.

5654
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

Most inputs for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are mid-market inputs but, in certain cases, liquidity adjustments are made when they are deemed more representative of exit value. Market liquidity, as well as the use of different methodologies, assumptions and inputs, may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s derivatives and could materially affect net income.
The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company are considered in determining the estimated fair value for all OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, and any potential credit adjustment is based on the net exposure by counterparty after taking into account the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements. The Company values its OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives using standard swap curves which may include a spread to the risk-free rate, depending upon specific collateral arrangements. This credit spread is appropriate for those parties that execute trades at pricing levels consistent with similar collateral arrangements. As the Company and its significant derivative counterparties generally execute trades at such pricing levels and hold sufficient collateral, additional credit risk adjustments are not currently required in the valuation process. The Company’s ability to consistently execute at such pricing levels is, in part, due to the netting agreements and collateral arrangements that are in place with all of its significant derivative counterparties. An evaluation of the requirement to make additional credit risk adjustments is performed by the Company each reporting period.
Freestanding Derivatives
Level 2 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
This level includes all types of derivatives utilized by the Company with the exception of exchange-traded derivatives included within Level 1 and those derivatives with unobservable inputs as described in Level 3.
Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
These valuation methodologies generally use the same inputs as described in the corresponding sections for Level 2 measurements of derivatives. However, these derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Freestanding derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations of non-option-based derivatives utilize present value techniques, whereas valuations of option-based derivatives utilize option pricing models. Key inputs are as follows:
Instrument Interest Rate 
Foreign Currency
Exchange Rate
 Credit Equity Market
Inputs common to Level 2 and Level 3 by instrument type•swap yield curves•swap yield curves•swap yield curves•swap yield curves
•basis curves•basis curves•credit curves•spot equity index levels
•interest rate volatility (1)•currency spot rates•recovery rates•dividend yield curves
   •cross currency basis curves  •equity volatility (1)
Level 3•swap yield curves (2)•swap yield curves (2)•swap yield curves (2)•dividend yield curves (2)
 •basis curves (2)•basis curves (2)•credit curves (2)•equity volatility (1), (2)
 •repurchase rates•cross currency basis curves (2)
•

credit spreads•
correlation between model
inputs (1)
   •currency correlation•repurchase rates  
     •
independent non-binding
broker quotations
  
__________________
(1)Option-based only.
(2)Extrapolation beyond the observable limits of the curve(s).
Embedded Derivatives
Embedded derivatives principally include certain direct and assumed variable annuity guarantees, annuity contracts, and investment risk within funds withheld related to certain reinsurance agreements. Embedded derivatives are recorded at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income.

5755
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

The Company issues certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits. GMWBs, GMABs and certain GMIBs contain embedded derivatives, which are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company calculates the fair value of these embedded derivatives, which areis estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the embedded derivative over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates.
Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience.
The valuation of these guarantee liabilities includes nonperformance risk adjustments and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc.
Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions as annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees. These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; changes in nonperformance risk; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of the guarantees that could materially affect net income.
The estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance is determined based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying assets held by the Company in a reference portfolio backing the funds withheld liability. The estimated fair value of the underlying assets is determined as described in “— Investments — Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments.” The estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives is included, along with their funds withheld hosts, in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). Changes in the credit spreads on the underlying assets, interest rates and market volatility may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives that could materially affect net income.
Embedded Derivatives Within Asset and Liability Host Contracts
Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
Direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits
These embedded derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations are based on option pricing techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include swap yield curves, currency exchange rates and implied volatilities. These embedded derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Significant unobservable inputs generally include: the extrapolation beyond observable limits of the swap yield curves and implied volatilities, actuarial assumptions for policyholder behavior and mortality and the potential variability in policyholder behavior and mortality, nonperformance risk and cost of capital for purposes of calculating the risk margin.

5856
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

Embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance
These embedded derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. The valuations are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curves and the fair value of assets within the reference portfolio. These embedded derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Significant unobservable inputs generally include the fair value of certain assets within the reference portfolio which are not observable in the market and cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Transfers between Levels
Overall, transfers between levels occur when there are changes in the observability of inputs and market activity.
Transfers into or out of Level 3:
Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable.

5957
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:
 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Impact of
Increase in Input
on Estimated
Fair Value (2)		 March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Impact of
Increase in Input
on Estimated
Fair Value (2)
Valuation
Techniques		 
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
 Range 
Weighted
Average (1)
 Range 
Weighted
Average (1)
 Valuation
Techniques		 
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
 Range 
Weighted
Average (1)
 Range 
Weighted
Average (1)
 
Fixed maturity securities AFS (3)Fixed maturity securities AFS (3) Fixed maturity securities AFS (3) 
U.S. corporate and foreign corporate•Matrix pricing •Offered quotes (4) 88-147 114 85-134 105 Increase•Matrix pricing •Offered quotes (4) —-191 104 5-145 110 Increase
•Market pricing
•Quoted prices (4)
25-421
111
25-638
107
Increase•Market pricing
•Quoted prices (4)
20-130
98
25-131
101
Increase
RMBS•Market pricing •Quoted prices (4) —-115 96 —-106 94 Increase (5)•Market pricing •Quoted prices (4) —-126 89 —-119 95 Increase (5)
ABS•Market pricing •Quoted prices (4) 8-102 97 10-101 97 Increase (5)•Market pricing •Quoted prices (4) 5-101 90 8-101 98 Increase (5)
Derivatives  
Interest rate•Present value techniques •Swap yield (6) 164-221 268-317 Increase (7)•Present value techniques •Swap yield (6) 66-147 117 190-251 Increase (7)
 •Repurchase rates (8) (7)-5 (5)-6 Decrease (7) •Repurchase rates (8) (18)-— (10) (6)-6 Decrease (7)
Foreign currency exchange rate•Present value techniques •Swap yield (6) (26)-(7) (20)-(5) Increase (7)•Present value techniques •Swap yield (6) (23)-(12) (18) (22)-(5) Increase (7)
Credit•Present value techniques •Credit spreads (9) 96-100 97-103 Decrease (7)•Present value techniques •Credit spreads (9) 98-104 100 96-100 Decrease (7)
•Consensus pricing •Offered quotes (10) •Consensus pricing •Offered quotes (10) 
Equity market•
Present value
   techniques or
   option pricing
   models
 •Volatility (11) 16%-24%
21%-26% Increase (7)•Present value techniques or option pricing models •Volatility (11) 29%-56%
32%
14%-23% Increase (7)
 •Correlation (12) 10%-30%
10%-30%  •Correlation (12) 10%-30%
13%
10%-30% 
Embedded derivativesEmbedded derivatives Embedded derivatives 
Direct and assumed guaranteed
minimum benefits		•Option pricing
techniques		 •Mortality rates: •Option pricing techniques •Mortality rates: 
 Ages 0 - 40 0.01%-0.18% 0.01%-0.18% Decrease (13) Ages 0 - 40 0.01%-0.18% 0.06% 0.01%-0.18% Decrease (13)
 Ages 41 - 60 0.04%-0.57% 0.04%-0.57% Decrease (13) Ages 41 - 60 0.04%-0.57% 0.30% 0.04%-0.57% Decrease (13)
 Ages 61 - 115 0.26%-100% 0.26%-100% Decrease (13) Ages 61 - 115 0.26%-100% 1.90% 0.26%-100% Decrease (13)
 •Lapse rates:  •Lapse rates: 
 
 Durations 1 - 10 0.25%-100% 0.25%-100% Decrease (14) Durations 1 - 10 0.25%-100% 7.90% 0.25%-100% Decrease (14)
 Durations 11 - 20 3%-100% 3%-100% Decrease (14) Durations 11 - 20 3%-100% 6.40% 3%-100% Decrease (14)
 Durations 21 - 116 2.0%-100% 2.5%-100% Decrease (14) Durations 21 - 116 2%-100% 6.40% 2%-100% Decrease (14)
 •Utilization rates 0%-22% 0%-25% Increase (15) •Utilization rates 0%-22% 0.90% 0%-22% Increase (15)
 •Withdrawal rates 0.25%-10% 0.25%-10% (16) •Withdrawal rates 0.25%-10% 4.23% 0.25%-10% (16)
 •Long-term equity
volatilities		 16.24%-22% 16.50%-22% Increase (17) •Long-term equity volatilities 16.24%-21.65% 18.30% 16.24%-21.65% Increase (17)
 •Nonperformance risk
spread		 0.04%-0.51% 0.05%-0.59% Decrease (18) •Nonperformance risk spread 0.08%-0.56% 0.49% 0.03%-0.43% Decrease (18)
__________________
(1)The weighted average for fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities. The weighted average for embedded derivatives is determined based on a combination of account values and experience data.
(2)The impact of a decrease in input would have resulted in the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For embedded derivatives, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions.
(3)Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would have resulted in substantially lower (higher) valuations.
(4)Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities AFS of dollars per hundred dollars of par.

6058
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

(5)Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates.
(6)Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(7)Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions.
(8)Ranges represent different repurchase rates utilized as components within the valuation methodology and are presented in basis points.
(9)Represents the risk quoted in basis points of a credit default event on the underlying instrument. Credit derivatives with significant unobservable inputs are primarily comprised of written credit default swaps.
(10)At both September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of less than 1% of the total net derivative estimated fair value.
(11)Ranges represent the underlying equity volatility quoted in percentage points. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across multiple volatility surfaces to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(12)Ranges represent the different correlation factors utilized as components within the valuation methodology. Presenting a range of correlation factors is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation. Increases (decreases) in correlation in isolation will increase (decrease) the significance of the change in valuations.
(13)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(14)Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(15)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contractholders with a GMIB or lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(16)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.
(17)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(18)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.

6159
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

The following is a summary of the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurementGenerally, all other classes of assets and liabilities classified within Level 3 that are not included in the preceding table. Generally, all other classes of securities classified within Level 3, including those within separate account assets, embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance, and other investments,table use the same valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as previously described for Level 3 securities. This includes matrix pricing and discounted cash flow methodologies, inputs such as quoted prices for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2, as well as independent non-binding broker quotations. The residential mortgage loans — FVO are valued using independent non-binding broker quotations and internal models including matrix pricing and discounted cash flow methodologies using current interest rates.3. The sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in the significant unobservable inputs for these other assets and liabilities is similar in nature to that described in the preceding table.
The following tables summarize the change of all assets and (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
 Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 Fixed Maturity Securities AFS     Fixed Maturity Securities AFS  
 Corporate (1) Structured
Securities		 Foreign Government Municipals Equity
Securities		 Short-term
Investments		 Corporate (6)
Structured Products Foreign Government
Municipals Short-term
Investments
 (In millions) (In millions)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019            
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020          
Balance, beginning of period $7,650
 $3,242
 $10
 $7
 $352
 $113
 $9,382
 $3,395
 $10
 $7
 $17
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) (11) 10
 —
 —
 1
 1
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) (58) 10
 —
 —
 —
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI 79
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (766) (287) (3) —
 —
Purchases (4)(3) 732
 425
 —
 —
 1
 251
 1,660
 257
 26
 —
 352
Sales (4)(3) (203) (116) —
 —
 (22) (2) (515) (161) —
 —
 (1)
Issuances (4)(3) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Settlements (4)(3) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Transfers into Level 3 (5)(4) 527
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,594
 45
 1
 —
 —
Transfers out of Level 3 (5)(4) (58) (104) —
 —
 —
 —
 (319) (19) (1) (7) (14)
Balance, end of period $8,716
 $3,457
 $10
 $7
 $332
 $363
 $12,978
 $3,240
 $33
 $—
 $354
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018            
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 

   

   

Balance, beginning of period $7,064
 $3,870
 $11
 $—
 $345
 $552
 $7,101
 $3,541
 $10
 $—
 $25
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) —
 28
 —
 —
 —
 —
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) (2) 13
 —
 —
 —
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI (119) (6) —
 —
 —
 (2) 230
 19
 —
 —
 —
Purchases (4)(3) 285
 528
 —
 —
 —
 101
 330
 128
 11
 —
 102
Sales (4)(3) (251) (176) —
 —
 (6) (2) (168) (131) —
 —
 —
Issuances (4)(3) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Settlements (4)(3) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Transfers into Level 3 (5)(4) 84
 27
 —
 —
 45
 —
 190
 —
 —
 —
 —
Transfers out of Level 3 (5)(4) (46) (716) —
 —
 (8) —
 (351) (256) —
 —
 —
Balance, end of period $7,017
 $3,555
 $11
 $—
 $376
 $649
 $7,330
 $3,314
 $21
 $—
 $127
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2019: (6) $(4) $10
 $—
 $—
 $2
 $1
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2018: (6) $—
 $26
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020: (5) $(58) $10
 $—
 $—
 $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2019: (5) $(2) $13
 $—
 $—
 $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020 (5) $(770) $(287) $(3) $—
 $—

62
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

  Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
  Residential
Mortgage
Loans - FVO		 
Other
Investments
 Net
Derivatives (7)		 Net Embedded
Derivatives (8)		 Separate Accounts (9) 
  (In millions)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019          
Balance, beginning of period $262
 $268
 $73
 $(1,219) $925
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) 2
 4
 81
 (424) 5
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI —
 —
 215
 —
 —
Purchases (4) —
 50
 —
 —
 89
Sales (4) (39) —
 —
 —
 (88)
Issuances (4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Settlements (4) (7) —
 (115) (52) (2)
Transfers into Level 3 (5) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Transfers out of Level 3 (5) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Balance, end of period $218
 $322
 $254
 $(1,695) $929
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018          
Balance, beginning of period $405
 $—
 $(275) $(437) $1,138
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) 4
 —
 (47) 199
 2
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI —
 —
 (107) —
 —
Purchases (4) —
 —
 —
 —
 148
Sales (4) (70) —
 —
 —
 (215)
Issuances (4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Settlements (4) (16) —
 17
 (52) —
Transfers into Level 3 (5) —
 —
 —
 —
 5
Transfers out of Level 3 (5) —
 —
 —
 —
 (77)
Balance, end of period $323
 $—
 $(412) $(290) $1,001
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2019: (6) $(8) $4
 $28
 $(423) $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2018: (6) $(5) $—
 $(34) $202
 $—


63
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

  Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
  Fixed Maturity Securities AFS    
  Corporate (1)
Structured Securities Foreign Government
Municipals Equity
Securities		 Short-term
Investments
  (In millions)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019            
Balance, beginning of period $7,101
 $3,541
 $10
 $—
 $356
 $25
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) (13) 34
 —
 —
 26
 1
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI 439
 41
 —
 —
 —
 (1)
Purchases (4) 1,495
 597
 —
 7
 10
 363
Sales (4) (483) (408) (1) —
 (60) (25)
Issuances (4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Settlements (4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Transfers into Level 3 (5) 484
 1
 1
 —
 —
 —
Transfers out of Level 3 (5) (307) (349) —
 —
 —
 —
Balance, end of period $8,716
 $3,457
 $10
 $7
 $332
 $363
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 

   

   

 

Balance, beginning of period $7,586
 $4,076
 $31
 $—
 $366
 $7
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) 11
 70
 —
 —
 (10) —
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI (390) 5
 —
 —
 —
 (4)
Purchases (4) 1,020
 563
 —
 —
 5
 652
Sales (4) (964) (580) (2) —
 (20) (1)
Issuances (4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Settlements (4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Transfers into Level 3 (5) 87
 50
 —
 —
 45
 —
Transfers out of Level 3 (5) (333) (629) (18) —
 (10) (5)
Balance, end of period $7,017
 $3,555
 $11
 $—
 $376
 $649
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2019: (6) $(8) $33
 $—
 $—
 $18
 $1
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2018: (6) $(2) $65
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $—

6460
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

 Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 Residential
Mortgage
Loans - FVO		 
Other
 Investments
 Net
Derivatives (7)		 Net Embedded
Derivatives (8)		 
Separate
Accounts  (9) 
 Residential
Mortgage
Loans - FVO		 
Other
 Investments
 Net
Derivatives (7)		 Net Embedded
Derivatives (8)		 
Separate
Accounts (9) 
 (In millions) (In millions)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019          
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020          
Balance, beginning of period $299
 $215
 $(192) $(704) $937
 $188
 $799
 $(72) $(1,325) $915
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) 8
 37
 51
 (847) 10
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 2
 (48) 266
 (1,073) (9)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI —
 —
 439
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,111
 —
 —
Purchases (4)(3) —
 70
 4
 —
 129
 —
 15
 —
 —
 85
Sales (4)(3) (64) —
 —
 —
 (146) (5) (33) —
 —
 (56)
Issuances (4)(3) —
 —
 (1) —
 2
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (1)
Settlements (4)(3) (25) —
 (47) (144) (3) (5) —
 (113) (44) —
Transfers into Level 3 (5)(4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 10
Transfers out of Level 3 (5)(4) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (78) —
 —
 (17)
Balance, end of period $218
 $322
 $254
 $(1,695) $929
 $180
 $655
 $1,192
 $(2,442) $927
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018          
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019          
Balance, beginning of period $520
 $—
 $(191) $(876) $958
 $299
 $571
 $(192) $(704) $937
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (2), (3) 7
 —
 (123) 738
 2
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) 2
 51
 35
 (98) 3
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI —
 —
 (200) —
 —
 —
 —
 98
 —
 —
Purchases (4)(3) —
 —
 4
 —
 200
 —
 2
 —
 —
 80
Sales (4)(3) (151) —
 —
 —
 (161) (16) (20) —
 —
 (122)
Issuances (4)(3) —
 —
 —
 —
 (3) —
 —
 —
 —
 2
Settlements (4)(3) (53) —
 98
 (152) —
 (9) —
 (28) (45) (1)
Transfers into Level 3 (5)(4) —
 —
 —
 —
 81
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Transfers out of Level 3 (5)(4) —
 —
 —
 —
 (76) —
 —
 —
 —
 (2)
Balance, end of period $323
 $—
 $(412) $(290) $1,001
 $276
 $604
 $(87) $(847) $897
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2019: (6) $(7) $37
 $36
 $(843) $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2018: (6) $(13) $—
 $(41) $744
 $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020: (5) $—
 $(40) $222
 $(1,071) $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2019: (5) $—
 $44
 $37
 $(97) $—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020 (5) $—
 $—
 $1,060
 $—
 $—
__________________
(1)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.
(2)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments charged to net income (loss) on securities are included in net investment gains (losses), while changes in estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans — FVO are included in net investment income. Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(3)(2)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward.
(4)(3)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.

61
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

(5)(4)Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.
(6)(5)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and included in AOCI relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).

65
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

(6)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.
(7)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(8)Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(9)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net investment gains (losses). Separate account assets and liabilities are presented net for the purposes of the rollforward.
Fair Value Option
The Company elects the FVO for certain residential mortgage loans that are managed on a total return basis. The following table presents information for residential mortgage loans, which are accounted for under the FVO and were initially measured at fair value.
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
Unpaid principal balance$245
 $344
$196
 $209
Difference between estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance(27) (45)(16) (21)
Carrying value at estimated fair value$218
 $299
$180
 $188
Loans in nonaccrual status$58
 $89
$43
 $47
Loans more than 90 days past due$23
 $41
$18
 $18
Loans in nonaccrual status or more than 90 days past due, or both - difference between aggregate estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance$(24) $(36)
Loans in nonaccrual status or more than 90 days past due, or both — difference between aggregate estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance$(16) $(19)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value
The following tables provide fair value information for financial instruments that are carried on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value. These tables exclude the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions, short-term debt and those short-term investments that are not securities, such as time deposits, and therefore are not included in the three-level hierarchy table disclosed in the “— Recurring Fair Value Measurements” section. The estimated fair valueCompany believes that due to the short-term nature of thethese excluded financial instruments,assets, which are primarily classified in Level 2, the estimated fair value approximates carrying value as they are short-term in nature such that the Company believes there is minimal risk of material changes in interest rates or credit quality.value. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the tables below are not considered financial instruments subject to this disclosure.

6662
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Fair Value (continued)

The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:
September 30, 2019March 31, 2020
  Fair Value Hierarchy    Fair Value Hierarchy  
Carrying
Value		 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value		Carrying
Value		 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)(In millions)
Assets                  
Mortgage loans$64,699
 $—
 $—
 $67,351
 $67,351
$65,861
 $—
 $—
 $67,699
 $67,699
Policy loans$6,092
 $—
 $267
 $7,031
 $7,298
$6,103
 $—
 $266
 $7,331
 $7,597
Other invested assets$2,967
 $—
 $2,720
 $143
 $2,863
$3,010
 $—
 $2,755
 $89
 $2,844
Premiums, reinsurance and other
receivables
$14,153
 $—
 $271
 $14,686
 $14,957
$14,087
 $—
 $435
 $14,621
 $15,056
Liabilities                  
Policyholder account balances$72,350
 $—
 $—
 $75,265
 $75,265
$74,765
 $—
 $—
 $80,299
 $80,299
Long-term debt$1,546
 $—
 $1,882
 $—
 $1,882
$1,621
 $—
 $1,824
 $—
 $1,824
Other liabilities$13,739
 $—
 $810
 $13,136
 $13,946
$14,467
 $—
 $1,857
 $13,023
 $14,880
Separate account liabilities$55,939
 $—
 $55,939
 $—
 $55,939
$54,516
 $—
 $54,516
 $—
 $54,516
December 31, 2018December 31, 2019
  Fair Value Hierarchy    Fair Value Hierarchy  
Carrying
Value		 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value		Carrying
Value		 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)(In millions)
Assets                  
Mortgage loans$63,388
 $—
 $—
 $64,409
 $64,409
$65,361
 $—
 $—
 $67,680
 $67,680
Policy loans$6,061
 $—
 $269
 $6,712
 $6,981
$6,100
 $—
 $263
 $6,935
 $7,198
Other invested assets$2,940
 $—
 $2,673
 $146
 $2,819
$2,964
 $—
 $2,708
 $158
 $2,866
Premiums, reinsurance and other
receivables
$14,228
 $—
 $113
 $14,673
 $14,786
$14,042
 $—
 $367
 $14,488
 $14,855
Liabilities                  
Policyholder account balances$72,194
 $—
 $—
 $72,689
 $72,689
$73,693
 $—
 $—
 $75,885
 $75,885
Long-term debt$1,562
 $—
 $1,746
 $—
 $1,746
$1,543
 $—
 $1,888
 $—
 $1,888
Other liabilities$13,593
 $—
 $448
 $13,189
 $13,637
$12,789
 $—
 $113
 $12,819
 $12,932
Separate account liabilities$50,578
 $—
 $50,578
 $—
 $50,578
$52,830
 $—
 $52,830
 $—
 $52,830


6763
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. LeasesEquity
The Company, as lessee, has entered into various lease and sublease agreements for office space and other equipment. At contract inception, the Company determines that an arrangement contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. For contracts that contain a lease, the Company recognizes the ROU asset inAccumulated Other assets and the lease liability in Other liabilities. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.Comprehensive Income (Loss)
ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are determined using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based upon information available at commencement date to recognize the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The ROU asset also includes lease payments and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease and are includedInformation regarding changes in the lease measurement when it is reasonably certain that thebalances of each component of AOCI attributable to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company will exercise that option.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components and accounted for these itemswas as a single lease component for all asset classes.
The majority of the Company’s leases and subleases are operating leases related to office space. The Company recognizes lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has operating leases with remaining lease terms of less than one year to 12 years. The remaining lease terms for the subleases are less than one year to 10 years.
ROU Asset andLease Liability
The ROU assets and lease liabilities for operating leases were:follows:
  September 30, 2019
  (In millions)
ROU asset (1) $879
Lease liability (1) $902
 Three Months
Ended
March 31, 2020
 
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 Total
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$8,876
 $1,620
 $(97) $(374) $10,025
OCI before reclassifications(2,219) 3,291
 16
 —
 1,088
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)494
 (691) (5) —
 (202)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax7,151
 4,220
 (86) (374) 10,911
Amounts reclassified from AOCI33
 439
 —
 9
 481
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(7) (92) —
 (2) (101)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax26
 347
 —
 7
 380
Balance, end of period$7,177
 $4,567
 $(86) $(367) $11,291
 Three Months
Ended
March 31, 2019
 
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 Total
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$2,515
 $1,382
 $(74) $(261) $3,562
OCI before reclassifications3,604
 94
 (3) (1) 3,694
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(754) (21) 3
 —
 (772)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax5,365
 1,455
 (74) (262) 6,484
Amounts reclassified from AOCI58
 (45) —
 6
 19
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(12) 10
 —
 (1) (3)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax46
 (35) —
 5
 16
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles(1) 22
 —
 —
 21
Deferred income tax benefit (expense), cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles—
 (4) —
 —
 (4)
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax (2)(1) 18
 —
 —
 17
Balance, end of period$5,410
 $1,438
 $(74) $(257) $6,517
__________________
(1)See Note 5 for information on offsets to investments related to future policy benefits, DAC, VOBA and DSI, and the policyholder dividend obligation.
(2)
Assets and liabilities include amounts recognized upon adoption of new guidance. See Note 1.of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the2019 Annual Report for further information on adoption of new accounting pronouncements.
Lease Costs
The components of operating lease costs were as follows:
  Three Months 
 Ended 
September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
  2019
  (In millions)
Operating lease cost $31
 $89
Variable lease cost 1
 7
Sublease income (20) (60)
Net lease cost $12
 $36

Operating lease expense was $29 million and $87 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Non-cancelable sublease income was $20 million and $48 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.


6864
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. LeasesEquity (continued)



Other Information
Supplemental other information related to operating leases regarding amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI was as follows:
  September 30, 2019
  (Dollars in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liability - operating cash flows $79
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities $144
Weighted-average remaining lease term 9 years
Weighted-average discount rate 3.9%

Maturities of Lease Liabilities
  Three Months
Ended
March 31,		  
  2020 2019  
AOCI Components Amounts Reclassified from AOCI Consolidated Statements of
Operations and
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Locations
  (In millions)  
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):      
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) $(26) $(41) Net investment gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (6) —
 Net investment income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (1) (17) Net derivative gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax (33) (58)  
Income tax (expense) benefit 7
 12
  
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax (26) (46)  
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:      
Interest rate derivatives 6
 5
 Net investment income
Interest rate derivatives 6
 (6) Net investment gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives —
 (1) Net investment income
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (451) 47
 Net investment gains (losses)
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax (439) 45
  
Income tax (expense) benefit 92
 (10)  
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax (347) 35
  
Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1)      
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) (10) (7)  
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit 1
 1
  
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax (9) (6)  
Income tax (expense) benefit 2
 1
  
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax (7) (5)  
Total reclassifications, net of income tax $(380) $(16)  
Maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows:__________________
  September 30, 2019
  (In millions)
Remainder of 2019 $36
2020 125
2021 126
2022 124
2023 113
Thereafter 556
Total undiscounted cash flows 1,080
Less: interest 178
Present value of lease liability $902

Future minimum gross rental payments relating to lease arrangements in effect as determined prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 are as follows:

 December 31, 2018

 (In millions)
2019 $125
2020 137
2021 136
2022 134
2023 122
Thereafter 567
Total $1,221

See Note 5for information about the Company’s investments in leased real estate and leveraged and direct financing leases.
(1)These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 10.

6965
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

9. Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Information regarding changes in the balances of each component of AOCI attributable to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company was as follows:
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30, 2019
 Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses), Net of Related Offsets (1) 
Unrealized
 Gains (Losses) on Derivatives
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments 
Defined Benefit
 Plans Adjustment
 Total
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$7,509
 $1,817
 $(84) $(252) $8,990
OCI before reclassifications2,257
 686
 7
 1
 2,951
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(467) (144) (2) —
 (613)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax9,299
 2,359
 (79) (251) 11,328
Amounts reclassified from AOCI7
 339
 —
 5
 351
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(1) (72) —
 (1) (74)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax6
 267
 —
 4
 277
Balance, end of period$9,305
 $2,626
 $(79) $(247) $11,605
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30, 2018
 Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses), Net of Related Offsets (1) 
Unrealized
 Gains (Losses) on Derivatives
 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments 
Defined
 Benefit
 Plans Adjustment
 Total
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$3,933
 $1,013
 $(47) $(2,112) $2,787
OCI before reclassifications(1,212) (154) (35) 130
 (1,271)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)252
 38
 7
 (27) 270
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax2,973
 897
 (75) (2,009) 1,786
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(73) (26) —
 31
 (68)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)16
 —
 —
 (7) 9
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax(57) (26) —
 24
 (59)
Balance, end of period$2,916
 $871
 $(75) $(1,985) $1,727

70
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
9. Equity (continued)

 Nine Months
Ended
September 30, 2019
 
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 Total
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$2,515
 $1,382
 $(74) $(261) $3,562
OCI before reclassifications8,594
 1,303
 (7) —
 9,890
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(1,807) (274) 2
 —
 (2,079)
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax9,302
 2,411
 (79) (261) 11,373
Amounts reclassified from AOCI5
 250
 —
 18
 273
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(1) (53) —
 (4) (58)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax4
 197
 —
 14
 215
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles(1) 22
 —
 —
 21
Deferred income tax benefit (expense), cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles—
 (4) —
 —
 (4)
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax (2)(1) 18
 —
 —
 17
Balance, end of period$9,305
 $2,626
 $(79) $(247) $11,605
 Nine Months
Ended
September 30, 2018
 
Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses), Net of
Related Offsets (1)
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
Adjustment
 Total
 (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period$6,351
 $906
 $(47) $(1,782) $5,428
OCI before reclassifications(5,796) (483) (23) 130
 (6,172)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)1,237
 93
 2
 (27) 1,305
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax1,792
 516
 (68) (1,679) 561
Amounts reclassified from AOCI26
��183
 —
 93
 302
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)(5) (35) —
 (20) (60)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax21
 148
 —
 73
 242
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles(119) —
 —
 —
 (119)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense), cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles1,222
 207
 (7) (379) 1,043
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax (3)1,103
 207
 (7) (379) 924
Balance, end of period$2,916
 $871
 $(75) $(1,985) $1,727
__________________
(1)
See Note 5 for information on offsets to investments related to future policy benefits, DAC, VOBA and DSI, and the policyholder dividend obligation.
(2)
See Note 1 for further information on adoption of new accounting pronouncements.
(3)
See Note 1of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the2018 Annual Report for further information on adoption of new accounting pronouncements.

71
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
9. Equity (continued)

Information regarding amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI was as follows:
AOCI Components Amounts Reclassified from AOCI Consolidated Statements of
Operations and
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Locations
  Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		  
  2019 2018 2019 2018  
  (In millions)  
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):          
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) $7
 $136
 $48
 $31
 Net investment gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (8) 6
 (8) 16
 Net investment income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) (6) (69) (45) (73) Net derivative gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax (7) 73
 (5) (26)  
Income tax (expense) benefit 1
 (16) 1
 5
  
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax (6) 57
 (4) (21)  
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:          
Interest rate derivatives 5
 5
 16
 15
 Net investment income
Interest rate derivatives —
 —
 (1) —
 Net investment gains (losses)
Interest rate derivatives —
 (2) —
 18
 Net derivative gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives —
 (1) (2) (2) Net investment income
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (344) —
 (263) —
 Net investment gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives —
 24
 —
 (214) Net derivative gains (losses)
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax (339) 26
 (250) (183)  
Income tax (expense) benefit 72
 —
 53
 35
  
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax (267) 26
 (197) (148)  
Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1)          
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) (6) (36) (20) (107)  
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit 1
 5
 2
 14
  
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax (5) (31) (18) (93)  
Income tax (expense) benefit 1
 7
 4
 20
  
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax (4) (24) (14) (73)  
Total reclassifications, net of income tax $(277) $59
 $(215) $(242)  
__________________
(1)
These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 11.

72
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

10. Other Revenues and Other Expenses
Other Revenues
Information on other revenues, which primarily includes fees related to service contracts from customers, was as follows:
 Three Months 
 Ended 
September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
 (In millions) (In millions)
Prepaid legal plans $83
 $67
 $246
 $213
 $95
 $81
Recordkeeping and administrative services (1) 52
 56
 153
 169
 49
 50
Administrative services-only contracts 52
 53
 158
 162
 56
 53
Other revenue from service contracts from customers —
 20
 24
 54
 9
 19
Total revenues from service contracts from customers 187
 196
 581
 598
 209
 203
Other 185
 205
 595
 605
 164
 198
Total other revenues $372
 $401
 $1,176
 $1,203
 $373
 $401
__________________
(1)Related to products and businesses no longer actively marketed by the Company.
Other Expenses
Information on other expenses was as follows:
 Three Months 
 Ended 
 September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
 (In millions) (In millions)
General and administrative expenses (1) $645
 $678
 $1,844
 $2,018
 $595
 $570
Pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs 26
 18
 78
 52
 9
 26
Premium taxes, other taxes, and licenses & fees 66
 96
 219
 279
 97
 77
Commissions and other variable expenses 462
 445
 1,357
 1,317
 472
 441
Capitalization of DAC (13) (7) (42) (26) (10) (12)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 84
 104
 144
 271
 103
 19
Interest expense on debt 27
 27
 80
 81
 25
 27
Total other expenses $1,297
 $1,361
 $3,680
 $3,992
 $1,291
 $1,148

__________________
(1)
Includes ($32)$28 million and ($133)58) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and ($31) million and ($47) million for the three months and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018, respectively, for the net change in cash surrender value of investments in certain life insurance policies, net of premiums paid.
Affiliated Expenses
Commissions and other variable expenses, capitalization of DAC and amortization of DAC and VOBA include the impact of affiliated reinsurance transactions. See Note 1413 for a discussion of affiliated expenses included in the table above.

7366
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

11.10. Employee Benefit Plans
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
As of October 1, 2018, except for theMetropolitan Life Insurance Company sponsors nonqualified defined benefit pension plan, the plan sponsor was changed from the Company to an affiliate (the “Transferred Plans”). The Company remains a participating affiliate of the Transferred Plans. See Note 14 for additional information on related affiliated expenses.
Through September 30, 2018, the Company sponsored and administered various qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement employee benefit plans covering employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. Participating affiliates are allocated an equitable share of net expense related to the plans, proportionate to other expenses being allocated to these affiliates.
Through September 30, 2018, the Company also provided certain postemployment benefitsrequirements and provides certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for retired employees. Participating affiliates are allocated a proportionate share of net expense and contributions related to the postemployment and other postretirement plans.
The components of net periodic benefit costs, reported in other expenses, were as follows:follows for pension benefits:
Three Months 
 Ended 
September 30,
2019 2018Three Months
Ended
March 31,
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
 
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
2020 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
Service costs$4
 $—
 $40
 $1
$5
 $4
Interest costs12
 1
 93
 13
10
 12
Expected return on plan assets—
 (1) (131) (18)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses6
 —
 45
 (9)10
 7
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(1) —
 —
 (5)(1) (1)
Allocated to affiliates(6) —
 (20) 6
(5) (6)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$15
 $—
 $27
 $(12)$19
 $16

 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
 2019 2018
 
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
 
Pension
Benefits
 
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
 (In millions)
Service costs$13
 $—
 $119
 $4
Interest costs35
 1
 279
 38
Expected return on plan assets—
 (1) (394) (54)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses20
 —
 133
 (26)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)(2) —
 —
 (14)
Allocated to affiliates(17) —
 (58) 19
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)$49
 $—
 $79
 $(33)


74
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

12.11. Income Tax
For the three months and nineended March 31, 2020, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 18%. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 15% and 12%, respectively.0. The Company’s effective tax rate for both periodsthe three months ended March 31, 2019 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits.
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 10%. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 9%. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and a non-cash transfer of assets from a wholly-owned United Kingdom investment subsidiary to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.
13.12. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees
Contingencies
Litigation
The Company is a defendant in a large number of litigation matters. Putative or certified class action litigation and other litigation and claims and assessments against the Company, in addition to those discussed below and those otherwise provided for in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, have arisen in the course of the Company’s business, including, but not limited to, in connection with its activities as an insurer, mortgage lending bank,lender, employer, investor, investment advisor, broker-dealer, and taxpayer.
The Company also receives and responds to subpoenas or other inquiries seeking a broad range of information from state regulators, including state insurance commissioners; state attorneys general or other state governmental authorities; federal regulators, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; federal governmental authorities, including congressional committees; and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, as well as from local and national regulators and government authorities in jurisdictions outside the United States where the Company conducts business. The issues involved in information requests and regulatory matters vary widely, but can include inquiries or investigations concerning the Company’s compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations. The Company cooperates in these inquiries.

67
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

In some of the matters, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Modern pleading practice in the U.S. permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. In addition, jurisdictions may permit plaintiffs to allege monetary damages in amounts well exceeding reasonably possible verdicts in the jurisdiction for similar matters. This variability in pleadings, together with the actual experience of the Company in litigating or resolving through settlement numerous claims over an extended period of time, demonstrates to management that the monetary relief which may be specified in a lawsuit or claim bears little relevance to its merits or disposition value.
It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. The Company establishes liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities have been established for a number of the matters noted below. It is possible that some of the matters could require the Company to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at September 30, 2019.March 31, 2020. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known to management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Can Be Made
For some of the matters disclosed below, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, the Company has not made an accrual. As of September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, the Company estimates the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for these matters to be $0 to $175 million.

75
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Matters as to Which an Estimate Cannot Be Made
For other matters disclosed below, the Company is not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. The Company is often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts, and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company reviews relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.

68
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Asbestos-Related Claims
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is and has been a defendant in a large number of asbestos-related suits filed primarily in state courts. These suits principally allege that the plaintiff or plaintiffs suffered personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos and seek both actual and punitive damages. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has never engaged in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products nor has Metropolitan Life Insurance Company issued liability or workers’ compensation insurance to companies in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products. The lawsuits principally have focused on allegations with respect to certain research, publication and other activities of one or more of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s employees during the period from the 1920’s through approximately the 1950’s and allege that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company learned or should have learned of certain health risks posed by asbestos and, among other things, improperly publicized or failed to disclose those health risks. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company believes that it should not have legal liability in these cases. The outcome of most asbestos litigation matters, however, is uncertain and can be impacted by numerous variables, including differences in legal rulings in various jurisdictions, the nature of the alleged injury and factors unrelated to the ultimate legal merit of the claims asserted against Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company employs a number of resolution strategies to manage its asbestos loss exposure, including seeking resolution of pending litigation by judicial rulings and settling individual or groups of claims or lawsuits under appropriate circumstances.
Claims asserted against Metropolitan Life Insurance Company have included negligence, intentional tort and conspiracy concerning the health risks associated with asbestos. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s defenses (beyond denial of certain factual allegations) include that: (i) Metropolitan Life Insurance Company owed no duty to the plaintiffs — it had no special relationship with the plaintiffs and did not manufacture, produce, distribute or sell the asbestos products that allegedly injured plaintiffs; (ii) plaintiffs did not rely on any actions of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; (iii) Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s conduct was not the cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries; (iv) plaintiffs’ exposure occurred after the dangers of asbestos were known; and (v) the applicable time with respect to filing suit has expired. During the course of the litigation, certain trial courts have granted motions dismissing claims against Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, while other trial courts have denied Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motions. There can be no assurance that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company will receive favorable decisions on motions in the future. While most cases brought to date have settled, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company intends to continue to defend aggressively against claims based on asbestos exposure, including defending claims at trials.
As reported in the 20182019 Annual Report, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company received approximately 3,3593,187 asbestos-related claims in 2018.2019. For the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2020 and 2019, and 2018, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company received approximately 2,493596 and 2,558843 new asbestos-related claims, respectively. See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20182019 Annual Report for historical information concerning asbestos claims and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s update in its recorded liability at December 31, 2018.2019. The number of asbestos cases that may be brought, the aggregate amount of any liability that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company may incur, and the total amount paid in settlements in any given year are uncertain and may vary significantly from year to year.

76
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

The ability of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company to estimate its ultimate asbestos exposure is subject to considerable uncertainty, and the conditions impacting its liability can be dynamic and subject to change. The availability of reliable data is limited and it is difficult to predict the numerous variables that can affect liability estimates, including the number of future claims, the cost to resolve claims, the disease mix and severity of disease in pending and future claims, the impact of the number of new claims filed in a particular jurisdiction and variations in the law in the jurisdictions in which claims are filed, the possible impact of tort reform efforts, the willingness of courts to allow plaintiffs to pursue claims against Metropolitan Life Insurance Company when exposure to asbestos took place after the dangers of asbestos exposure were well known, and the impact of any possible future adverse verdicts and their amounts.
The ability to make estimates regarding ultimate asbestos exposure declines significantly as the estimates relate to years further in the future. In the Company’s judgment, there is a future point after which losses cease to be probable and reasonably estimable. It is reasonably possible that the Company’s total exposure to asbestos claims may be materially greater than the asbestos liability currently accrued and that future charges to income may be necessary. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known by management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position.

69
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

The Company believes adequate provision has been made in its consolidated financial statements for all probable and reasonably estimable losses for asbestos-related claims. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s recorded asbestos liability is based on its estimation of the following elements, as informed by the facts presently known to it, its understanding of current law and its past experiences: (i) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims already asserted against Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, including claims settled but not yet paid; (ii) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims not yet asserted against Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, but which Metropolitan Life Insurance Company believes are reasonably probable of assertion; and (iii) the legal defense costs associated with the foregoing claims. Significant assumptions underlying Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s analysis of the adequacy of its recorded liability with respect to asbestos litigation include: (i) the number of future claims; (ii) the cost to resolve claims; and (iii) the cost to defend claims.
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company reevaluates on a quarterly and annual basis its exposure from asbestos litigation, including studying its claims experience, reviewing external literature regarding asbestos claims experience in the United States, assessing relevant trends impacting asbestos liability and considering numerous variables that can affect its asbestos liability exposure on an overall or per claim basis. These variables include bankruptcies of other companies involved in asbestos litigation, legislative and judicial developments, the number of pending claims involving serious disease, the number of new claims filed against it and other defendants and the jurisdictions in which claims are pending. Based upon its regular reevaluation of its exposure from asbestos litigation, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has updated its liability analysis for asbestos-related claims through September 30, 2019.
Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada Indemnity Claim
In 2006, Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada (“Sun Life”), as successor to the purchaser of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s Canadian operations, filed a lawsuit in Toronto, seeking a declaration that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company remains liable for “market conduct claims” related to certain individual life insurance policies sold by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company that were subsequently transferred to Sun Life. In January 2010, the court found that Sun Life had given timely notice of its claim for indemnification but, because it found that Sun Life had not yet incurred an indemnifiable loss, granted Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion for summary judgment. In September 2010, Sun Life notified Metropolitan Life Insurance Company that a purported class action lawsuit was filed against Sun Life in Toronto alleging sales practices claims regarding the policies sold by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and transferred to Sun Life (the “Ontario Litigation”). On August 30, 2011, Sun Life notified Metropolitan Life Insurance Company that another purported class action lawsuit was filed against Sun Life in Vancouver, BC alleging sales practices claims regarding certain of the same policies sold by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and transferred to Sun Life. Sun Life contends that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is obligated to indemnify Sun Life for some or all of the claims in these lawsuits. In September 2018, the Court of Appeal for Ontario affirmed the lower court’s decision to not certify the sales practices claims in the Ontario Litigation. These sales practices cases against Sun Life are ongoing, and the Company is unable to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss arising from this litigation.

77
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Owens v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (N.D. Ga., filed April 17, 2014)
Plaintiff filed this class action lawsuit on behalf of persons for whom Metropolitan Life Insurance Company established a Total Control Account (“TCA”) to pay death benefits under an Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) plan. The action alleges that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s use of the TCA as the settlement option for life insurance benefits under some group life insurance policies violates Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s fiduciary duties under ERISA. As damages, plaintiff seeks disgorgement of profits that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company realized on accounts owned by members of the class. In addition, plaintiff, on behalf of a subgroup of the class, seeks interest under Georgia’s delayed settlement interest statute, alleging that the use of the TCA as the settlement option did not constitute payment. On September 27, 2016, the court denied Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s summary judgment motion in full and granted plaintiff’s partial summary judgment motion. On September 29, 2017, the court certified a nationwide class. The court also certified a Georgia subclass. On July 29, 2019, the court preliminarily approved a proposed settlement in which Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has agreed to pay $80 million to resolve the claims of all class members. The settlement does not include or constitute an admission, concession, or finding of any fault, liability, or wrongdoing by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The Company accrued the full amount of the settlement payment in prior periods.
Martin v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Contra Costa, filed December 17, 2015)
Plaintiffs filed this putative class action lawsuit on behalf of themselves and all California persons who have been charged compound interest by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in life insurance policy and/or premium loan balances within the last four years. Plaintiffs allege that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has engaged in a pattern and practice of charging compound interest on life insurance policy and premium loans without the borrower authorizing such compounding, and that this constitutes an unlawful business practice under California law. Plaintiffs assert causes of action for declaratory relief, violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law and Usury Law, and unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, restitution of interest, and damages in an unspecified amount. On April 12, 2016, the court granted Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs appealed this ruling to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The Company intends to defend this action vigorously.March 31, 2020.
Newman v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (N.D. Ill., filed March 23, 2016)
Plaintiff filed this putative class action alleging causes of action for breach of contract, fraud, and violations of the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, on behalf of herself and all persons over age 65 who selected a Reduced Pay at Age 65 payment feature on their long-term care insurance policies and whose premium rates were increased after age 65. Plaintiff seeks unspecified compensatory, statutory and punitive damages, as well as recessionary and injunctive relief. On April 12, 2017, the court granted Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss the action. Plaintiff appealed this ruling and the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings. On November 1, 2019, plaintiff filedFebruary 20, 2020, the district court approved a motion with the United States District Court Northern District of Illinois seeking preliminary approval of anationwide class settlement and for certification of a nationwide settlement class. Thethe case. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company accrued the full amount of the expected settlement payment in prior periods.
Julian & McKinney v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (S.D.N.Y., filed February 9, 2017)
Plaintiffs filed this putative class and collective action on behalf of themselves and all current and former long-term disability (“LTD”) claims specialists between February 2011 and the present for alleged wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the New York Labor Law, and the Connecticut Minimum Wage Act. The suit alleges that Metropolitan Life Insurance Company improperly reclassified the plaintiffs and similarly situated LTD claims specialists from non-exempt to exempt from overtime pay in November 2013. As a result, they and members of the putative class were no longer eligible for overtime pay even though they allege they continued to work more than 40 hours per week. Plaintiffs seek unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, as well as other relief. On March 22, 2018, the Courtcourt conditionally certified the case as a collective action, requiring that notice be mailed to LTD claims specialists who worked for theMetropolitan Life Insurance Company from February 8, 2014 to the present. TheMetropolitan Life Insurance Company intends to defend this action vigorously.

78
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Total Asset Recovery Services, LLC. v. MetLife, Inc., et al. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed December 27, 2017)
Total Asset Recovery Services (“The Relator”) brought an action under the qui tam provision of the New York False Claims Act (the “Act”) on behalf of itself and the State of New York. The Relator originally filed this action under seal in 2010, and the complaint was unsealed on December 19, 2017. The Relator alleges that MetLife, Inc., Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and several other insurance companies violated the Act by filing false unclaimed property reports with the State of New York from 1986 to 2017, to avoid having to escheat the proceeds of more than 25,000 life insurance policies, including policies for which the defendants escheated funds as part of their demutualizations in the late 1990s. The Relator seeks treble damages and other relief. On April 3, 2019, the Courtcourt granted MetLife, Inc.’s and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. The Relator filed a notice ofan appeal with the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, First Division.

70
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Miller, et al. v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (S.D.N.Y., filed January 4, 2019)
Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint in this putative class action, purporting to assert claims on behalf of all persons who replaced their MetLife Optional Term Life or Group Universal Life policy with a Group Variable Universal Life policy wherein Metropolitan Life Insurance Company allegedly charged smoker rates for certain non-smokers. Plaintiffs seek unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, as well as other relief. On September 17, 2019, the Courtcourt granted theMetropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ second amended complaint and dismissed the case in its entirety. Plaintiffs filed a notice ofan appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Regulatory and Litigation Matters Related to Group Annuity Benefits
In 2018, the Company announced that it identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting related to the practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits. Several regulators have made inquiries into this issue and it is possible that other jurisdictions may pursue similar investigations or inquiries. The Company is exposed to lawsuits, and regulatory investigations, and could be exposed to additional legal actions relating to these issues. These may result in payments, including damages, fines, penalties, interest and other amounts assessed or awarded by courts or regulatory authorities under applicable escheat, tax, securities, ERISA,Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or other laws or regulations. The Company could incur significant costs in connection with these actions.
Litigation Matters
Atkins et. al. v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (D.Nev., filed November 18, 2019)
Plaintiffs filed this putative class action on behalf of all persons due benefits under group annuity contracts but who did not receive the entire amount to which they were entitled. Plaintiffs assert claims for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust enrichment, and conversion based on allegations that the defendants failed to timely pay annuity benefits to certain group annuitants. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, and other relief. On April 17, 2020, the parties filed a stipulation of voluntarily dismissal of the action without prejudice.
Commitments
Mortgage Loan Commitments
The Company commits to lend funds under mortgage loan commitments. The amounts of these mortgage loan commitments were $4.1$2.5 billion and $3.6$3.7 billion at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.
Commitments to Fund Partnership Investments, Bank Credit Facilities, Bridge Loans and Private Corporate Bond Investments
The Company commits to fund partnership investments and to lend funds under bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. The amounts of these unfunded commitments were $4.5$4.3 billion and $4.6 billion at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.

79
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Guarantees
In the normal course of its business, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to third parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. In the context of acquisition, disposition, investment and other transactions, the Company has provided indemnities and guarantees, including those related to tax, environmental and other specific liabilities and other indemnities and guarantees that are triggered by, among other things, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants provided by the Company. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications to counterparties in contracts with triggers similar to the foregoing, as well as for certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. These obligations are often subject to time limitations that vary in duration, including contractual limitations and those that arise by operation of law, such as applicable statutes of limitation. In some cases, the maximum potential obligation under the indemnities and guarantees is subject to a contractual limitation ranging from less than $1 million to $408$377 million, with a cumulative maximum of $647$505 million, while in other cases such limitations are not specified or applicable. Since certain of these obligations are not subject to limitations, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future. Management believes that it is unlikely the Company will have to make any material payments under these indemnities, guarantees, or commitments.

71
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

In addition, the Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Also, the Company indemnifies its agents for liabilities incurred as a result of their representation of the Company’s interests. Since these indemnities are generally not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these indemnities in the future.
The Company’s recorded liabilities were $4 million and $5$3 million at September 30, 2019both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018, respectively,2019 for indemnities, guarantees and commitments.
14.13. Related Party Transactions
Service Agreements
The Company has entered into various agreements with affiliates for services necessary to conduct its activities. Typical services provided under these agreements include personnel, policy administrative functions and distribution services. The bases for such charges are modified and adjusted by management when necessary or appropriate to reflect fairly and equitably the actual cost incurred by the Company and/or its affiliate. Expenses and fees incurred with affiliates related to these agreements, recorded in other expenses, were $694$611 million and $2.1 billion$736 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019,, respectively, and $471 millionand$1.5 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Total revenues received from affiliates related to these agreements were $7$10 million and $21$7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $18 million and $133 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
Prior to 2019, the Company also entered into agreements with affiliates to provide additional services necessary to conduct the affiliates’ activities. Typical services provided under these agreements include management, policy administrative functions, investment advice and distribution services. Expenses incurred by the Company related to these agreements, included in other expenses,were $328 millionand$1.0 billion for the three months and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2018, respectively, and were reimbursed to the Company by these affiliates.
In 2018, the Company and the MetLife enterprise updated its shared facilities and services structure to more efficiently share enterprise assets and services. Effective as of October 1, 2018, the Company entered into new service agreements with its affiliates, which replaced existing agreements. Under the new agreements, the Company will no longer be the primary provider of services to affiliates and will receive further services from affiliates to conduct its activities.
The Company had net payables to affiliates, related to the items discussed above, of $172$148 million and $181$250 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively.
See Notes 5 and 1110 for additional information on related party transactions.

8072
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
14.13. Related Party Transactions (continued)

Related Party Reinsurance Transactions
The Company has reinsurance agreements with certain of MetLife, Inc.’s subsidiaries, including MetLife Reinsurance Company of Charleston (“MRC”), MetLife Reinsurance Company of Vermont, and Metropolitan Tower Life Insurance Company, all of which are related parties.
Information regarding the significant effects of affiliated reinsurance on the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) was as follows:
 Three Months Ended
September 30,		 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2019 2018 2019 2018 2020 2019
 (In millions) (In millions)
Premiums            
Reinsurance assumed $2
 $2
 $7
 $7
 $2
 $3
Reinsurance ceded (27) (24) (86) (87) (29) (32)
Net premiums $(25) $(22) $(79) $(80) $(27) $(29)
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees            
Reinsurance assumed $—
 $—
 $—
 $(2) $—
 $—
Reinsurance ceded (3) (4) (12) (14) 1
 (6)
Net universal life and investment-type product policy fees $(3) $(4) $(12) $(16) $1
 $(6)
Other revenues            
Reinsurance assumed $(7) $(2) $(16) $3
 $(9) $(4)
Reinsurance ceded 136
 138
 402
 401
 132
 127
Net other revenues $129
 $136
 $386
 $404
 $123
 $123
Policyholder benefits and claims            
Reinsurance assumed $1
 $1
 $3
 $5
 $1
 $1
Reinsurance ceded (60) (33) (118) (90) (35) (33)
Net policyholder benefits and claims $(59) $(32) $(115) $(85) $(34) $(32)
Interest credited to policyholder account balances            
Reinsurance assumed $7
 $8
 $22
 $30
 $7
 $7
Reinsurance ceded (2) (3) (8) (9) (3) (3)
Net interest credited to policyholder account balances $5
 $5
 $14
 $21
 $4
 $4
Other expenses            
Reinsurance assumed $—
 $—
 $—
 $10
 $—
 $—
Reinsurance ceded 138
 154
 402
 412
 135
 125
Net other expenses $138
 $154
 $402
 $422
 $135
 $125


8173
Table of Contents
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
(A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of MetLife, Inc.)
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
14.13. Related Party Transactions (continued)


Information regarding the significant effects of affiliated reinsurance on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets was as follows at:
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assumed Ceded Assumed CededAssumed Ceded Assumed Ceded
(In millions)(In millions)
Assets              
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables$—
 $12,601
 $—
 $12,676
$—
 $12,548
 $—
 $12,584
Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired—
 (163) —
 (175)—
 (163) —
 (160)
Total assets$—
 $12,438
 $—
 $12,501
$—
 $12,385
 $—
 $12,424
Liabilities              
Future policy benefits$58
 $(8) $61
 $(1)$54
 $(11) $55
 $(6)
Policyholder account balances134
 —
 141
 —
128
 —
 131
 —
Other policy-related balances1
 10
 6
 12
1
 8
 1
 9
Other liabilities828
 12,827
 841
 12,366
835
 12,557
 824
 12,695
Total liabilities$1,021
 $12,829
 $1,049
 $12,377
$1,018
 $12,554
 $1,011
 $12,698

The Company ceded two blocks of business to an affiliate on a 75% coinsurance with funds withheld basis. Certain contractual features of these agreements qualify as embedded derivatives, which are separately accounted for at estimated fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The embedded derivatives related to the funds withheld associated with these reinsurance agreements are included within other liabilities and were $29$36 million and $4$21 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively. Net derivative gains (losses) associated with these embedded derivatives were ($8)15) million and($25)8) million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $3 millionand$13 millionfor the three months ended March 31, 2020 and nine months ended September 30, 2018,2019, respectively.
Certain contractual features of the closed block agreement with MRC create an embedded derivative, which is separately accounted for at estimated fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The embedded derivative related to the funds withheld associated with this reinsurance agreement was included within other liabilities and was $1.1 billion$907 million and $461$996 million at September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018,2019, respectively. Net derivative gains (losses) associated with the embedded derivative were ($170)$89 million and ($618)222) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $77 million and $440 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Index to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 Page
Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information
8476
Business
8476
Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates
8578
Results of Operations
8680
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
9185
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
9185
Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures
9185

Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information
For purposes of this discussion, “MLIC,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, a New York corporation incorporated in 1868, and its subsidiaries. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. (MetLife, Inc., together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “MetLife”). Management’s narrative analysis of the Company’s results of operations is presented pursuant to General Instruction H(2)(a) of Form 10-Q. This narrative analysis should be read in conjunction with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20182019 (the “2018“2019 Annual Report”), the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements included below, the “Risk Factors” set forth in Part II, Item 1A, and the additional risk factors referred to therein, and the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.
This narrative analysis may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements.
This narrative analysis includes references to our performance measure, adjusted earnings, that is not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). See “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for definitions and a definition and discussion of this and other financial measures, and “— Results of Operations” for a reconciliationreconciliations of the historical non-GAAP financial measuremeasures to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.measures.
Business
Overview
MLIC is a provider of insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. MLIC is organized into two segments: U.S. and MetLife Holdings. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other. Management continues to evaluate the Company’s segment performance and allocated resources and may adjust related measurements in the future to better reflect segment profitability.
COVID-19 Pandemic and Current Market Conditions
We are closely monitoring developments relating to the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic (the “COVID-19 Pandemic”) and assessing its impact on our business. The COVID-19 Pandemic has had a major impact on the global economy and financial markets. Governments and businesses have taken numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, social distancing, shelter in place or total lock down orders, and business limitations and shutdowns. These measures have disrupted and will continue to disrupt business activity and have resulted in economic slowdown and significant volatility in the financial markets, to which central banks around the world are responding with unprecedented fiscal and monetary policies. The COVID-19 Pandemic and these actions have significantly increased economic uncertainty and reduced economic activity. In addition, a prolonged low, zero, or negative interest rate environment remains possible.
We have implemented risk management and business continuity plans and taken preventive measures and other precautions, such as employee business travel restrictions and remote work arrangements which, to date, have enabled us to maintain our critical business processes, customer service levels, relationships with key vendors, financial reporting systems, internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures.
Events related to the COVID-19 Pandemic could materially adversely affect our business operations, investment portfolio, financial results or financial condition. We will continue reviewing accounting estimates, asset valuations and various financial scenarios for capital and liquidity; however, in light of evolving health, economic, social, regulatory, and other factors, the potential impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and actions taken in response to it on our business operations, investment portfolio, financial results and financial condition remains uncertain. See “— Regulatory Developments” and “Risk Factors” for additional information.
Investments - Current Environment
The following information should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Current Environment” included in the 2019 Annual Report.

As a result of the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic there was an economic slowdown and significant volatility in the financial markets, including, liquidity driven price dislocation and credit spread widening. As a result, in the first quarter of 2020, the value of certain investments within our portfolio decreased; however, some of those effects were mitigated by an increase in the value of certain freestanding derivatives that hedge such market risks. These conditions may persist for some time and may continue to impact pricing levels of risk-bearing investments, as well as our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives.
We anticipate that the current low interest rate environment and the significant volatility in the equity, credit and real estate markets will continue in 2020, and potentially longer. We expect these market-related effects to have an impact across our investment portfolio, including but not limited to, fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, including below investment grade securities and structured products, equity securities, fair value option securities (“FVO Securities”), mortgage loans, real estate and real estate joint ventures, private equity funds and hedge funds. These conditions could continue to impact our level of net investment income and the related yields, net investment gains (losses), net derivative gains (losses), level of unrealized gains (losses) and level of allowance for credit loss (“ACL”), as well as our level of investment in lower yielding cash equivalents, short-term investments and government securities.
In light of the current market conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, cash flows will be invested prudently in appropriate assets over time in accordance with our asset/liability management discipline. However, in light of uncertain global economic conditions and the impacts on the global financial markets, we may maintain a slightly higher than normal level of short-term liquidity. Net investment income may be adversely affected if the reinvestment process occurs over an extended period due to challenging market conditions or asset availability.
Regulatory Developments
The following discussion on regulatory developments should be read in conjunction with “Business — Regulation” in the 20182019 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Business — Regulatory Developments.”
Insurance Regulation
NAICCOVID-19 Pandemic-Related Regulatory Actions
In 2015, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) commenced an initiative to study variable annuity solvencyMarch 2020, many U.S. state governors and insurance regulators began issuing regulations, bulletins, directives and guidance in connection with the goalCOVID-19 Pandemic. These encourage, request or direct health and life insurance companies to waive cost-sharing for coronavirus COVID-19 testing, cover telehealth services, provide extended grace periods for premium payments, forbear on the cancellation or non-renewal of curtailing the usepolicies due to non-payment of variable annuity captives. In connection with this initiative, the NAIC engaged a third-party consultant to develop recommendations regarding reservepremium, and capital requirements. Following several public exposures of the consultant’s recommendations, the NAIC adopted a new variable annuity framework, which is designed to reduce the level and volatility of the non-economic aspect of reserve and risk-based capital requirements for variable annuity products. The NAIC adopted technical language in 2019 to be included in various NAIC manuals and guidelines to implement the new framework. The new framework is expected to become effectiveprovide other policyholder accommodations. For example, on January 1, 2020. We have not determined the impact of this framework on our business, and we cannot predict if state insurance regulators will adopt standards different from the NAIC framework. TheMarch 30, 2020, New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) isEmergency Insurance Regulation 216 required life insurance- or annuity- authorized insurers to extend premium and fee payment grace periods to 90 days for policyholders who demonstrate COVID-19 Pandemic-related financial hardship. New York licensed insurers also pursuingmay not impose any late fees on or report such a variablepolicyholder to a credit reporting or debt collection agency for failure to timely pay any life or annuity initiative that may deviate frompremiums and must allow the NAIC work product. At this time, we cannot predictpolicyholder to pay the changespremium over a 12-month period. An insurer must accept a policyholder’s written attestation as proof of financial hardship as a result of the NYDFS will propose in new variable annuity reserving standardsCOVID-19 Pandemic.
Other regulators have delayed, or quantifyconsidered delaying, implementing a variety of changes.
Some governmental decision-makers are not able to take action on certain regulatory priorities as a result of the impact on MLIC.COVID-19 Pandemic.
ERISAOn March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the $2 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Fiduciary Considerations
The U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) issued regulations that largely were applicable in 2017 that expanded the definition of “investment advice” and required an advisor to meet an impartial or “best interests” standard (“BICE”), but the regulations were formally vacated by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in 2018. The Court of Appeals decision also vacated certain DOL amendments to prohibited transaction exemptions. The DOL has announced that it plans to issue revised fiduciary investment advice regulations in December 2019. At this time, we cannot predict what form those regulations may take or their potential impact on us.

In June 2019, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted rules and interpretations addressing the standards of conduct applicable to broker-dealers and investment advisers and their associated persons, including Regulation Best Interest. The conduct standards apply when providing brokerage and advisory products and services to benefit plans governed by the Employee Retirement IncomeEconomic Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”(the “CARES Act”) to provide economic assistance in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Among other things, the CARES Act added certain tax-favored withdrawals and increased loan withdrawal limitations from eligible retirement plans, and temporarily waived required minimum distribution rules for qualified retirement plan participants and Individual Retirement Accounts as well as non-benefit plan retail clients. Under the SEC rules, broker-dealers are not deemed to be fiduciaries to their clients by virtue of making recommendations but must actowners.
See “Risk Factors” in the best interest2019 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under the caption “Risk Factors — The Course of individual investor retail clients when making a recommendation.the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic, and Responses to It, Are Uncertain and Difficult to Predict, But Have Adversely Affected and May Continue to Adversely Affect Our Business, Results of Operations, and Financial Condition.”

National Association of Insurance Commissioners
On February 26, 2020, the NYDFS amended Regulation 213 relating to principle-based reserving (“PBR”). The SEC’s best interest standardamendment deviates from the Valuation Manual and is not intendedlikely to track the DOL’s former BICE standard. Unlike the DOL rulecause variable annuity reserve and capital requirement increases. Based on conditions at March 31, 2020, we estimate that was vacated in 2018, there is no private right of action for violations under Regulation Best Interest. Two pending lawsuits, one by several states and the District of Columbia and the other by private advisory firms, were filed in September 2019, seeking to overturn Regulation Best Interest. The DOL is expected to adopt a new rule that will be consistent with the SEC’s rules, including the new best interest standard. In addition,PBR rules have increased our statutory reserves by approximately $1.6 billion and our statutory capital requirements by $0.6 billion over the NAIC is amending its Suitability in Annuity Transactions Model Regulationprior reserve and capital requirements. However, as permitted, we expect to includegrade these effects into our statutory financial statements over a “best interest” standard. The NAIC intends to finalize the proposed amendments before the endperiod of 2019.
Securities, Broker-Dealer and Investment Adviser Regulation
In June 2019, the SEC adopted rules and interpretations addressing the standards of conduct applicable to broker-dealers and investment advisers and their associated persons, including Regulation Best Interest, which are primarily focused on offerings of products and services to retail customers. As a result of the new rules, beginning June 30, 2020, broker-dealers recommending our variable products to retail customers will be required to comply with a “best interest” standard, which the SEC did not define but did confirm would be higher than the current suitability standard but not rise to the level of being a fiduciary, and provide disclosures about their standard of conduct and conflicts of interest, including a new standardized client relationship summary disclosure (“Form CRS”). Investment advisers to retail clients will also be required to file new Form CRS with the SEC and deliver copies of the Form to their retail clients. As noted above, the SEC rules do not include a private right of action. Two pending lawsuits, one by several states and the District of Columbia and the other by private advisory firms, were filed in September 2019, seeking to overturn Regulation Best Interest. In addition, the NAIC is amending its Suitability in Annuity Transactions Model Regulation to include a “best interest” standard. The NAIC intends to finalize the proposed amendments before the end of 2019. We are monitoring these developments and cannot at this time predict the effect they might have on our business.least three years.
Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:
(i)liabilities for future policy benefits and the accounting for reinsurance;
(ii)capitalization and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and the establishment and amortization of value of business acquired (“VOBA”);
(iii)estimated fair values of investments in the absence of quoted market values;
(iv)investment allowance for credit loss and impairments;
(v)estimated fair values of freestanding derivatives and the recognition and estimated fair value of embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation;
(vi)measurement of employee benefit plan liabilities;
(vii)
measurement of income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets; and
(viii)
liabilities for litigation and regulatory matters.
In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The above critical accounting estimates are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” and Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 20182019 Annual Report. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted a new accounting pronouncement related to the measurement of credit loss on financial instruments as described below and in Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Investment Allowance for Credit Loss and Impairments
The significant estimates related to our evaluation of credit loss and impairments on our investment portfolio are summarized below. In addition, information about the evaluation processes and measurement methodologies and changes thereto from the implementation of new guidance on January 1, 2020, is contained in Notes 1 and 5 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-For-Sale
The assessment of whether a credit loss has occurred is based on our case-by-case evaluation of whether the net amount expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. We consider a wide range of factors about the security issuer and use our best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020, we evaluate credit loss by considering information about past events, current and forecasted economic conditions, and we measure credit loss by estimating recovery value using a discounted cash flow analysis. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
In accordance with previous guidance, which was an incurred loss model, the credit loss evaluation process and the measurement of credit loss were generally similar.

Mortgage Loans
The ACL is established both for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and for loans with dissimilar risk characteristics, collateral dependent loans and reasonably expected troubled debt restructurings individually on a loan specific basis. We record an allowance for expected credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that we do not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In accordance with new guidance adopted January 1, 2020, to determine the mortgage loan ACL, we estimate lifetime credit loss expected over the contractual term of our mortgage loans adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions; and we consider past events, current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Our estimates are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
In accordance with previous guidance, which was an incurred loss model, the credit loss evaluation process and the measurement of credit loss were generally similar.
Real Estate, Leases and Other Asset Classes
The determination of the amount of ACL and impairments on real estate, leases and the remaining invested asset classes is highly subjective and is based upon our quarterly evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.

Results of Operations
Consolidated Results
Business Overview. In our U.S. segment, sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased compared to the prior period. Retirement and Income Solutions sales declined as a result of decreases in pension risk transfers and stable value products, partially offset by an increase in funding agreements. In our Group Benefits business, sales increased in both our core and voluntary products. Our MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses, previously included in our former retail business, that we no longer actively market.
 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2019 2018 2020 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
Revenues        
Premiums $16,562
 $21,794
 $5,248
 $5,052
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees 1,537
 1,570
 528
 503
Net investment income 8,188
 8,171
 2,644
 2,645
Other revenues 1,176
 1,203
 373
 401
Net investment gains (losses) 100
 (21) (182) (54)
Net derivative gains (losses) 630
 289
 3,555
 (310)
Total revenues 28,193
 33,006
 12,166
 8,237
Expenses        
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends 19,217
 24,454
 5,927
 5,919
Interest credited to policyholder account balances 1,993
 1,821
 611
 662
Capitalization of DAC (42) (26) (10) (12)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA 144
 271
 103
 19
Interest expense on debt 80
 81
 25
 27
Other expenses 3,498
 3,666
 1,173
 1,114
Total expenses 24,890
 30,267
 7,829
 7,729
Income (loss) before provision for income tax 3,303
 2,739
 4,337
 508
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) 389
 244
 790
 —
Net income (loss) 2,914
 2,495
 3,547
 508
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 2
 10
 (2) 1
Net income (loss) attributable to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company $2,912
 $2,485
 $3,549
 $507
NineThree Months Ended September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 Compared with the NineThree Months Ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019
During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2019,March 31, 2020, net income (loss) increased $419 million$3.0 billion from the prior period, primarily driven by a favorable changeschange in net derivative gains (losses) and net investment gains (losses).
Management of Investment Portfolio and Hedging Market Risks with Derivatives. We manage our investment portfolio using disciplined asset/liability management principles, focusing on cash flow and duration to support our current and future liabilities. Our intent is to match the timing and amount of liability cash outflows with invested assets that have cash inflows of comparable timing and amount, while optimizing risk-adjusted net investment income and risk-adjusted total return. Our investment portfolio is heavily weighted toward fixed income investments, with over 80% of our portfolio invested in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and mortgage loans. These securities and loans have varying maturities and other characteristics which cause them to be generally well suited for matching the cash flow and duration of insurance liabilities.

We purchase investments to support our insurance liabilities and not to generate net investment gains and losses. However, net investment gains and losses are incurred and can change significantly from period to period due to changes in external influences, including changes in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity markets; counterparty specific factors such as financial performance, credit rating and collateral valuation; and internal factors such as portfolio rebalancing. Changes in these factors from period to period can significantly impact the levels of bothprovision for credit loss and impairments andon our investment portfolio, as well as realized gains and losses on investments sold.

We also use derivatives as an integral part of our management of the investment portfolio and insurance liabilities to hedge certain risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity market levels. We use freestanding interest rate, equity, credit and currency derivatives to hedge certain invested assets and insurance liabilities. A portion of these hedges are designated and qualify as accounting hedges, which reduce volatility in earnings. For those hedges not designated as accounting hedges, changes in market factors lead to the recognition of fair value changes in net derivative gains (losses) generally without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged, which creates volatility in earnings. We actively evaluate market risk hedging needs and strategies to ensure our liquidity objectives are met under a range of market conditions.
Certain direct or assumed variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits contain embedded derivatives that are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). We use freestanding derivatives to hedge the market and other risks inherent in these variable annuity guarantees. OngoingWe continuously review and refine our strategy and ongoing refinement of the strategy may be required to take advantage of NAICthe National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ rules related to a statutory accounting election for derivatives that mitigate interest rate sensitivity related to variable annuity guarantees. The restructured hedge strategy is classified as aOur macro hedge program, included in the non-VA program derivatives section of the table below, to protectprotects our overall statutory capital from significant adverse economic conditions. The valuation of these embedded derivatives includes a nonperformance risk adjustment, which is unhedged, and can be a significant driver of net derivative gains (losses) and volatility in earnings, but does not have an economic impact on us.
Net Derivative Gains (Losses). Direct and assumed variable annuity embedded derivatives as well as theand associated freestanding derivative hedges are collectively referred to as “VA program derivatives.” All other embedded derivatives and all freestanding derivatives that are economic hedges of certain invested assets and insurance liabilities are referred to as “non-VA program derivatives.” The table below presents the impact on net derivative gains (losses) from non-VA program derivatives and VA program derivatives:
Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		Three Months
Ended
March 31,
2019 20182020 2019
(In millions)(In millions)
Non-VA program derivatives      
Interest rate$1,810
 $(332)$3,445
 $172
Foreign currency exchange rate158
 165
280
 1
Credit149
 37
(178) 93
Equity(273) (84)451
 (213)
Non-VA embedded derivatives(694) 421
141
 (267)
Total non-VA program derivatives1,150
 207
4,139
 (214)
VA program derivatives      
Embedded derivatives-direct and assumed guarantees:      
Market risks61
 499
(1,063) 217
Nonperformance risk adjustment9
 (21)111
 (11)
Other risks(223) (161)(262) (37)
Total(153) 317
(1,214) 169
Freestanding derivatives hedging direct and assumed embedded derivatives(367) (235)630
 (265)
Total VA program derivatives(520) 82
(584) (96)
Net derivative gains (losses)$630
 $289
$3,555
 $(310)

The favorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on non-VA program derivatives was $943 million$4.4 billion ($745 million,3.4 billion, net of income tax). This was primarily due to a favorable change in interest rate impact due to long-term U.S. interest rates decreasing more in the current period and increasingthan in the prior period, favorably impacting interest rate options, receive fixed interest rate swaps, floors and total rate of return swaps. In addition, credit spreads narrowedkey equity markets decreasing in the current period and widenedversus increasing in the prior period, favorably impacting written credit default swaps usedimpacted equity options in replications. These favorable impacts were partially offset byour macro hedge program. There was also a change in the value of the underlying assets, unfavorablyfavorably impacting non-VA embedded derivatives related to funds withheld on a certain reinsurance agreement. Also, key equity markets increased more in the current period versus the prior period, unfavorably impacting equity options acquired primarily as part of our macro hedge program. Because certain of these hedging strategies are not designated or do not qualify as accounting hedges, the changes in the estimated fair value of these freestanding derivatives are recognized in net derivative gains (losses) without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the itemitems being hedged.
The unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on VA program derivatives was $602$488 million ($476386 million, net of income tax). This was due to (i) an unfavorable change of $632$385 million ($499304 million, net of income tax) in embedded derivatives, market and other risks andpartially offset by freestanding derivatives hedging market risks in embedded derivatives, and (ii) an unfavorable change of $225 million ($178 million, net of income tax) in other risks in embedded derivatives. These unfavorable variances were partially offset by a favorable change of $30$122 million ($2496 million, net of income tax) in the nonperformance risk adjustment on the direct and assumed variable annuity embedded derivatives. Other risks relate primarily to the impact of policyholder behavior and other non-market risks that generally cannot be hedged.
The aforementioned unfavorable change of $632$385 million ($499304 million, net of income tax) was primarily driven by changesunfavorable change reflects a $1.3 billion ($1.0 billion, net of income tax) unfavorable change in market factors and other risks.risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by an $895 million ($707 million, net of income tax) favorable change in freestanding derivatives hedging market risks in embedded derivatives.
The primary changes in market factors are summarized as follows:
•
Long-term U.S. interest rates decreased in the current period and increased in the prior period, contributing to an unfavorable change in our embedded derivatives. For example, the 30-year U.S. swap rate decreased 113 basis points in the current period and increased 59 basis points in the prior period. The favorable change in our freestanding derivatives resulted from the restructuring of our VA hedging strategy in 2018.
Key equity index levels increased more in the current period than in the prior period, contributing to an unfavorablea favorable change in our freestanding derivatives and a favorablean unfavorable change in our embedded derivatives. For example, the Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services 500 Index increased 19%30-year U.S. swap rate decreased 121 basis points in the current period and 9%decreased 26 basis points in the prior period.
We calculateKey equity index levels decreased in the nonperformance risk adjustment ascurrent period and increased in the prior period, contributing to a favorable change in the embedded derivative discounted at the risk-adjusted rate (which includes our own credit spread to the extent that the embedded derivative is in-the-money) less thefreestanding derivatives and an unfavorable change in our embedded derivatives. For example, the S&P Global Ratings 500 index decreased 20% in the current period and increased 13% in the prior period.
The aforementioned $225 million ($178 million, net of income tax) unfavorable change in other risks in embedded derivative discounted atderivatives reflects actuarial assumption updates and a combination of factors, which include fees deducted from accounts, changes in the risk-free rate. benefit base, premiums, lapses, withdrawals and deaths, in addition to changes to cross-effect, basis mismatch, risk margin and fund allocation.
The aforementioned $122 million ($96 million, net of income tax) favorable change in the nonperformance risk adjustment on the direct and assumed variable annuity embedded derivatives of $30 million ($24 million, net of income tax) was primarily due toresulted from a favorable change of $38$74 million, before income tax, as a result ofrelated to model changes and changes in capital market inputs, such as long-term interest rates and key equity index levels, on variable annuity guarantees partially offset by an unfavorablein addition to a favorable change of $8$48 million, before income tax, related to changes in our own credit spread.
When equity index levels decrease in isolation, the direct and assumed variable annuity guarantees become more valuable to policyholders, which results in an increase in the undiscounted embedded derivative liability. Discounting this unfavorable change by the risk adjusted rate yields a smaller loss than by discounting at the risk-free rate, thus creating a gain from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk on the direct and assumed variable annuity embedded derivatives.
When the risk-free interest rate decreases in isolation, discounting the embedded derivative liability produces a higher valuation of the liability than if the risk-free interest rate had remained constant. Discounting this unfavorable change by the risk adjusted rate yields a smaller loss than by discounting at the risk-free interest rate, thus creating a gain from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk on the direct and assumed variable annuity embedded derivatives.
When our own credit spread increases in isolation, discounting the embedded derivative liability produces a lower valuation of the liability than if our own credit spread had remained constant. As a result, a gain is created from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk on the direct and assumed variable annuity embedded derivatives. For each of these primary market drivers, the opposite effect occurs when the driver moves in the opposite direction.
Net Investment Gains (Losses). The favorableunfavorable change in net investment gains (losses) of $121 million ($96 million, net of income tax) primarily reflects lower alternative investment impairments and losses on disposal in the current period. This also reflects mark-to-market gains on equity securities in the current period versus losses in the prior period, which were measured at estimated fair value through net income. However, these favorable changes were partially offset by lower gains on sales of real estate joint ventures in the current period.

Actuarial Assumption Review and Certain Other Insurance Adjustments. Results for the current period include a $145 million ($113 million, net of income tax) charge associated with our annual review of actuarial assumptions related to reserves and DAC, of which a $41 million gain ($33 million, net of income tax) was recognized in net derivative gains (losses).
Of the $145 million charge, $17 million ($12 million, net of income tax) was related to DAC and $128 million ($101 million, net of income tax) was associated with reserves. The portion of the $145 million charge that is included in adjusted earnings is $113 million ($88 million, net of income tax).
The $41 million gain ($33 million, net of income tax) recognized in net derivative gains (losses) associated with our annual review of actuarial assumptions was included within the other risks in embedded derivatives line in the table above.
As a result of our annual review of actuarial assumptions, changes were made to economic, biometric, policyholder behavior, and operational assumptions. The most significant impacts were in the MetLife Holdings segment and are summarized as follows:
Economic assumption updates resulted in net unfavorable changes to reserves and DAC of $98 million ($79 million, net of income tax).
Changes in biometric assumptions resulted in net favorable changes to DAC, partially offset by unfavorable changes in reserves for a net favorable impact of $10 million ($9 million, net of income tax).
Changes in policyholder behavior assumptions resulted in net favorable changes to reserves and DAC of $14 million ($15 million, net of income tax).
Changes in operational assumptions resulted in net unfavorable changes to reserves and DAC of $71 million ($58 million, net of income tax).
The most notable impacts were due to economic updates reflecting lower interest rates and operational assumption updates related to the projection of closed block results.
Results for the prior period include a $120 million ($95 million, net of income tax) charge associated with our annual review of actuarial assumptions related to reserves and DAC, of which a $3 million ($2 million, net of income tax) gain was recognized in net derivative gains (losses). Of the $120 million charge, $49 million ($39 million, net of income tax) was associated with DAC and $71 million ($56 million, net of income tax) was associated with reserves. The portion of the $120 million charge that is included in adjusted earnings is a gain of $49 million ($39 million, net of income tax).
Certain other insurance adjustments recordedprimarily reflects mark-to-market losses on equity securities in the current period, include a $22 million ($17 million,which are measured at estimated fair value through net of income, tax) charge due to a current period increase in our incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) long-term care reserves reflecting enhancements to our methodology related to potential claims in our MetLife Holdings segment. Certain other insurance adjustments recorded in the prior period include a $74 million ($59 million, net of income tax) charge due toand a prior period increase in our IBNR life reserves, reflecting enhancements to our processes related to potential claims in our MetLife Holdings segment,gain on a renewable energy partnership. These unfavorable changes were partially offset by lower impairments on tax credit partnerships and a favorable net insurance adjustment of $47 million ($37 million, net of income tax) resulting from reserve and DAC modeling improvements in our individual disability insurance business in our U.S. segment. These adjustments are included in adjusted earnings.higher foreign currency transaction gains.

Taxes. For the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2020, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 18%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 12%.zero. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income and tax credits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 9%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and a non-cash transfer of assets from a wholly-owned U.K. investment subsidiary to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.
Adjusted Earnings. As more fully described in “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures,” we use adjusted earnings, which does not equate to net income (loss), as determined in accordance with GAAP, to analyze our performance, evaluate segment performance, and allocate resources. We believe that the presentation of adjusted earnings, as we measure it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business. Adjusted earnings allows analysis of our performance and facilitates comparisons to industry results. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). Adjusted earnings decreased $105increased $47 million, net of income tax, to $2.5 billion,$914 million, net of income tax, for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 from $2.6 billion,$867 million, net of income tax, for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2018.March 31, 2019.

Reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted earnings and premiums, fees and other revenues to adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues
 Nine Months
Ended
September 30,		 Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 2019 2018 2020 2019
 (In millions) (In millions)
Net income (loss)
Net income (loss)
$2,914
 $2,495
Net income (loss)$3,547
 $508
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings:
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings:
   Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings:   
Revenues:Revenues:   Revenues:   
Net investment gains (losses)100
 (21)Net investment gains (losses)(182) (54)
Net derivative gains (losses)630
 289
Net derivative gains (losses)3,555
 (310)
Premiums—
 —
Premiums—
 —
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees67
 70
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees22
 22
Net investment income(219) (278)Net investment income(86) (75)
Other revenues—
 —
Other revenues—
 —
Expenses:Expenses:   Expenses:   
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends(143) (150)Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends31
 (83)
Interest credited to policyholder account balances14
 3
Interest credited to policyholder account balances4
 3
Capitalization of DAC—
 —
Capitalization of DAC—
 —
Amortization of DAC and VOBA74
 (63)Amortization of DAC and VOBA(10) 42
Interest expense on debt—
 —
Interest expense on debt—
 —
Other expenses3
 9
Other expenses(1) —
Provision for income tax (expense) benefitProvision for income tax (expense) benefit(111) 32
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit(700) 96
Adjusted earningsAdjusted earnings$2,499
 $2,604
Adjusted earnings$914
 $867
    
Premiums, fees and other revenuesPremiums, fees and other revenues$6,149
 $5,956
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenuesLess: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues22
 22
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenuesAdjusted premiums, fees and other revenues$6,127
 $5,934

Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings
NineBusiness Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees, and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2020 increased $193 million, or 3%, compared to the prior period, primarily attributable our U.S. segment driven by growth in our Group Benefits business, partially offset by lower premiums in our Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”) business. The increase in Group Benefits was primarily driven by improvements in both core and voluntary products. Growth in core products was driven by increases in the group life, group disability and dental businesses. Growth in voluntary products increased across the segment, driven by the impact of new sales and growth in membership in our accident & health and legal plans businesses. The decrease in RIS was mainly driven by a decline in the income annuity business due to market conditions. Changes in RIS premiums are mostly offset by a corresponding change in policyholder benefits. Growth in RIS’s stable value and capital market investments businesses drove an increase in policyholder account balances, resulting in higher fees and interest margins. Our MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses, previously included in our former retail business, that we no longer actively market.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 Compared with the NineThree Months Ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Overview. The primary drivers of the decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings were higherlower interest credited expenses the unfavorable impact of our annual actuarial assumption review and lowerhigher net investment yields,income due to a larger invested asset base, partially offset by lower expensesinvestment yields and a larger invested asset base.unfavorable underwriting experience.
Business Growth. Net investment income improved as a result of higher average invested assets in our U.S. segment. The higher asset base in our U.S. segment was due to the impact of increased net flows, primarily from funding agreement issuances in the current period, and the impact of a large pension risk transfer transaction in the prior period.issuances. However, consistent with the growth in the U.S. segment’s average invested assets, from net flows, interest credited expenses on long-durationdeposit-type liabilities increased. In our MetLife Holdings segment, negative net flows infrom our deferred annuities business and a decrease in universal life deposits resulted in lower fee income, decreasing adjusted earnings. In our U.S. segment, higher volume-related, and premium tax and direct expenses, driven by business growth, were partially offset by lower direct expenses, including certain employee-related expenses. TheThis net increase in expenses, includingcoupled with the favorable impact ofincrease due to the 2019 abatement2020 reinstatement of the annual health insurer fee under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, was more than offset by a corresponding increase in premiums, fees and other revenues. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth net of lower DAC amortization, increased adjusted earnings by $48$11 million.

Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields were negatively affected by lower income from derivatives, lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans, and lower returns on real estate investments. Additionally, there were lower earnings on our securities lending program primarily from lower margins and balances.FVO Securities. These decreases in net investment income were partially offset by higher returns on fair value option securities,private equity funds and real estate investments, as well as higher prepayment fees and increased yields on mortgage loans.income from derivatives. In theour U.S. segment, higherthe impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decrease in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type liabilities, partially offset by lower rates onand long-duration liabilities, which drove an increasea decline in interest credited expenses.expenses, increasing adjusted earnings. In our MetLife Holdings segment, higher equity returns drove an increase in asset-based fee income.income; however, this was more than offset by higher costs associated with our variable annuity guaranteed minimum death benefits and DAC amortization. The changes in market factors discussed above net of lower DAC amortization, resulted in a $182$7 million decreaseincrease in adjusted earnings.
Underwriting.Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Underwriting results increaseddecreased adjusted earnings by $26$18 million due to favorable mortality and morbidity experience in our U.S. segment, partially offset by less favorable mortality experience, in our life business in our MetLife Holdings segment. Favorablepartially offset by favorable morbidity experience. The less favorable mortality experience was due toprimarily driven by our U.S. segment as a result of claims experience in our term life business (primarily(mainly due to lower severity in the current period and the unfavorable impact of the influenza virusincidence in the prior period),. Favorable morbidity experience in our MetLife Holdings segment was due to our long-term care business. Favorable morbidity experience in our U.S. segment was primarily due to (i) favorable claims experience in our group disability business, and (ii) growth in the business and favorable claims experience in our accident & health and critical illness businesses, partially offset by less favorable mortality in our universal life, pension risk transfer and structured settlement businesses. Favorable morbidity experience was due to claim experience in our Group Benefits business, primarily driven by lower claim severity, positive renewal results and an increase in recoveries in our group disability business. In addition, growth in the business and claims experience in both our accident & health and individual disability businesses contributedand dental results. Refinements to the increase in adjusted earnings. These increases were partially offset by less favorable dental results, driven by an increase in utilizationcertain insurance liabilities and the impact of unfavorable prior period development in the current period.
Actuarial Assumption Review and Other Insurance Adjustments. The impactother liabilities in both periods, within the U.S. segment, increased adjusted earnings by $10 million. In addition, run-off of our annual actuarial assumption review resulted inMetLife Holding segment’s closed block, as well as a net decrease of $127 million in adjusted earnings, as changes in mortality and economic assumptions were less favorable in the current period. Refinements to DAC and certain insurance-related liabilities, which were recorded in both periods, resulted in an $11 million increase in adjusted earnings, primarilyreduction in our MetLife Holdings segment. This includesdividend scale as a current period charge in our MetLife Holdings segment due to an increase in our IBNR long-term care reserves reflecting enhancements to our methodology related to potential claims. This also includes the following prior period refinements: (i) a favorable insurance adjustment in our U.S. segment resulting from reserve and DAC modeling improvements in our individual disability business; (ii) a favorable reserve adjustment in our MetLife Holdings segment resulting from modeling improvements in our life business; and (iii) a charge due to an increase in our IBNR life reserves, reflecting a mortality update resulting from enhancements to our claim-related processes in our MetLife Holdings segment. Also, the impactresult of the sustained low interest rate environment, contributed to less favorable experience resultinglower dividend expense and resulted in a reduction to our policyholder dividend scale within the MetLife Holdings segment closed block, which favorably impactedan $8 million increase in adjusted earnings by $8 million.earnings. The impact of this dividend action was more than offset by lower net investment income.
Expenses. Adjusted earnings increased $130$5 million as a result of lower expenses, primarily due to declines in (i) interest on uncertain tax positions, (ii) legal expenses, (iii) expenses as a result of enterprise-wide initiatives, and (iv) employee-related costs, partially offset by higher costs associated with corporate initiatives and projects including the continued investment in our unit cost initiative.and lower employee-related costs, partially offset by higher interest expense on tax positions due to prior period audit settlements.

Taxes. For the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2020, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 9%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 10%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from non-taxable investment income and tax credits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 10%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax benefits primarily from non-taxable investment income, tax credits and a non-cash transfer of assets from a wholly-owned U.K. investment subsidiary to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures
In this report, the Company presents certain measures of its performance that are not calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the understanding of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of our business.

The following non-GAAP financial measuremeasures should not be viewed as a substitutesubstitutes for the most directly comparable financial measuremeasures calculated in accordance with GAAP:
Non-GAAP financial measure:measures:Comparable GAAP financial measure:measures:
(i)adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues(i)premiums, fees and other revenues
(ii)adjusted earnings(i)(ii)net income (loss)
A reconciliationReconciliations of thisthese non-GAAP financial measuremeasures to the most directly comparable historical GAAP financial measure ismeasures are included in the results of operations, see “— Results of Operations.” A reconciliationReconciliations of thisthese non-GAAP measuremeasures to the most directly comparable GAAP measure ismeasures are not accessible on a forward-looking basis because we believe it is not possible without unreasonable effort to provide other than a range of net investment gains and losses and net derivative gains and losses, which can fluctuate significantly within or outside the range and from period to period and may have a material impact on net income.
Our definitions of non-GAAP and other financial measures discussed in this report may differ from those used by other companies.
Adjusted earnings
This measure is used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is also our GAAP measure of segment performance. Adjusted earnings allows analysis of our performance and facilitates comparisons to industry results.
Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax.
Adjusted revenues andloss is defined as negative adjusted expenses
The financial measures ofearnings. For information relating to adjusted revenues and adjusted expenses, focus on our primary businesses principally by excluding the impact of market volatility, which could distort trends,see “Financial Measures and revenues and costs related to non-core products and certain entities required to be consolidated under GAAP. Also, these measures exclude results of discontinued operations under GAAP and other businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MLIC but do not meet the discontinued operations criteria under GAAP and are referred to as divested businesses. Divested businesses also includes the net impact of transactions with exited businesses that have been eliminatedSegment Accounting Policies” in consolidation under GAAP and costs relating to businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MLIC that do not meet the criteria to be included in results of discontinued operations under GAAP. Adjusted revenues also excludes net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses).
The following additional adjustments are made to revenues, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted revenues:
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees excludes the amortization of unearned revenue related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and certain variable annuity GMIB (“guaranteed minimum income benefit”) fees (“GMIB fees”); and
Net investment income: (i) includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of investments or that are used to replicate certain investments, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment (“Investment hedge adjustments”), (ii) excludes post-tax adjusted earnings adjustments relating to insurance joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, (iii) excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are variable interest entities (“VIEs”) consolidated under GAAP and (iv) includes distributions of profits from certain other limited partnership interests that were previously accounted for under the cost method, but are now accounted for at estimated fair value, where the change in estimated fair value is recognized in net investment gains (losses) under GAAP.

The following additional adjustments are made to expenses, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted expenses:
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends excludes: (i) amortization of basis adjustments associated with de-designated fair value hedges of future policy benefits, (ii) changes in the policyholder dividend obligation related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (iii) amounts associated with periodic crediting rate adjustments based on the total return of a contractually referenced pool of assets and other pass through adjustments, (iv) benefits and hedging costs related to GMIBs (“GMIB costs”) and (v) market value adjustments associated with surrenders or terminations of contracts (“Market value adjustments”);
Interest credited to policyholder account balances includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of policyholder account balances but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment;
Amortization of DAC and VOBA excludes amounts related to: (i) net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (ii) GMIB fees and GMIB costs, and (iii) Market value adjustments;
Interest expense on debt excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are VIEs consolidated under GAAP; and
Other expenses excludes: (i) noncontrolling interests, (ii) acquisition, integration and other costs, and (iii) goodwill impairments.
The tax impactNote 2 of the adjustments mentioned above are calculated net of the U.S. or foreign statutory tax rate, which could differ from our effective tax rate. Additionally, the provision for income tax (expense) benefit also includes the impact relatedNotes to the timing of certain tax credits, as well as certain tax reforms.Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following additional information is relevant to an understanding of our performance results:
We sometimes refer to sales activity for various products. These sales statistics do not correspond to revenues under GAAP, but are used as relevant measures of business activity.
Asymmetrical and non-economic accounting refers to: (i) the portion of net derivative gains (losses) on embedded derivatives attributableNear-term represents one to the inclusion of our credit spreads in the liability valuations, (ii) hedging activity that generates net derivative gains (losses) and creates fluctuations in net income because hedge accounting cannot be achieved and the item being hedged does not a have an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings, and (iii) impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on the re-measurement of foreign denominated unhedged funding agreements and financing transactions to the U.S. dollar and the re-measurement of certain liabilities from non-functional currencies to functional currencies. We believe that excluding the impact of asymmetrical and non-economic accounting from total GAAP results enhances investor understanding of our performance by disclosing how these accounting practices affect reported GAAP results.three years.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
There were no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended September 30, 2019March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Part II — Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See Note 1312 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Certain factors that may affect the Company’s business or operations are described under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A, of the 20182019 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under Item 1A. Risk Factors. There
The Course of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic, and Responses to It, Are Uncertain and Difficult to Predict, But Have Adversely Affected and May Continue to Adversely Affect Our Business, Results of Operations, and Financial Condition
Major public health issues, including the COVID-19 Pandemic, have been no materialcaused and may continue to cause a large number of illnesses and deaths. Various government bodies in any number of jurisdictions, their representatives, regulators, executive branch officials, legislators, courts, employee representatives, arbitrators, mediators and other persons exercising governmental, political, or related authority or influence (collectively, “Authorities”) and other organizations may not effectively respond to the spread and severity of the COVID-19 Pandemic, and their actions and the resulting impacts are unpredictable. The ultimate spread, duration, and severity of the COVID-19 Pandemic, and of Authorities’ actions to address it, are uncertain, and may persist. Adverse conditions may worsen over time. Actions to respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic have reduced and altered economic activity and financial markets. New information about the severity and duration of the COVID-19 Pandemic or other public health issues, and Authorities’, businesses’, and societal reactions to that information, may increase the severity or duration of the COVID-19 Pandemic and its effects.
The COVID-19 Pandemic, and its effect on financial markets, have adversely affected our investment portfolio (and, specifically, increased the risk of defaults, downgrades and volatility in the value of the investments we hold, and lowered variable investment income and returns) and may continue to do so. Market volatility may slow or prevent us from reacting to market events as effectively as we otherwise could. When we sell our investment holdings, we may not receive the prices we seek, and may sell at a price lower than our carrying value, due to reduced liquidity during periods of market volatility or disruption, or other reasons. This may affect privately-placed fixed income securities, certain derivative instruments, mortgage or other loans, direct financing and leveraged leases, other limited partnership interests, tax credit and renewable energy partnerships and real estate equity, including real estate joint ventures and funds. Borrowers may delay or fail to pay principal and interest when due, and Authorities may delay or place a moratorium on foreclosures or otherwise impair enforcement actions, affecting the value of our mortgage investments, mortgage-backed securities, and other investments, and the cash flows they produce. Market volatility has also significantly increased credit spreads and may continue to do so, which may increase our borrowing costs and decrease product fee income.
Low, zero or negative interest rates, yields, returns, reduced liquidity and a continued slowdown in U.S. or global economic conditions, and COVID-19 Pandemic-related actions, have adversely affected the values and cash flows of assets in our investment portfolio and may continue to do so, especially if prolonged. Such conditions, whether due to the COVID-19 Pandemic or efforts to counter it or its impact, may make any of the effects we have described for low interest rates, yields, and returns more severe. Conversely, Authorities’ actions, including activity by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks, in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic could cause inflation to be higher than we expected, which could require us to strengthen certain reserves.
Our affiliates have built, and may continue to build, cash and other liquid assets beyond the range we anticipated before the COVID-19 Pandemic. As a result, they may have less capital to devote to other uses, such as innovation, acquisitions, development, return of capital to shareholders, or other uses. In addition, Authorities may limit the dividends that our operating companies such as the Company may distribute to holding companies, limiting the capital available for a variety of purposes at the holding companies.
Market dislocations, decreases in observable market activity, or unavailability of information, may restrict our access to key inputs used to derive certain estimates and assumptions made in connection with financial reporting or otherwise. As a result, the variability of our financial statement balances, estimates and assumptions we use to run our business may increase, and their reliability decrease.

The COVID-19 Pandemic has increased, and may continue to increase, claims under many of our policies (for example, life, disability, long-term care, and supplemental health products) and our resulting costs. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, the impact on claims in each quarter may be far greater than in prior quarters. In addition, an increased number of policyholders and contractholders may have lower income or assets, and so may have difficulty paying premiums and fees. Authorities may require (or suggest) “no lapse” in policy coverage for uncertain or prolonged periods of time, regardless of whether we receive premiums or are able to assess fees against policyholder account balances. Legal and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic and related public health issues may also include the extension of insurance coverage beyond our policy or contract language, and/or changes to insurance policy conditions such as premium grace periods, suspension of cancellations, and extensions of proof of loss deadlines. Authorities may also purport to change policy coverage, including retroactively, exposing us to risks and costs we were unable to foresee or underwrite. We may also voluntarily (or in response to requirements, guidance, or pressure) adopt customer accommodations, such as waiving exclusions, forgoing rate increases or implementing lower rate increases than we would otherwise, relaxation of claim documentation requirements, premium credit, or accommodations for customers experiencing economic or other distress as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Our New York regulator's annual letters on Special Considerations that affect year-end asset adequacy testing may impose unforeseen assumptions or requirements that require us to increase or release reserves, which could affect our statutory capital and surplus.
Our cost of reinsurance for policies could increase, and we may find reinsurance unavailable. Reinsurers may dispute, or seek to reduce or eliminate, coverage on policies as a result of any changes to policies or practices we make as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Policyholders may change their behavior in unexpected ways. For example, policyholders and contractholders seeking sources of liquidity due to COVID-19 Pandemic-related economic uncertainty and increased unemployment may withdraw or surrender at greater rates than we expected. They may also change their premium payment practices, exercise product options, or take other actions as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Authorities’ efforts to respond to it.
We have incurred, and may continue to incur, increased administrative expenses as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Authorities’ efforts to respond to it. These conditions may affect our (or our affiliates’) employees, agents, brokers and distribution partners, as well as the workforces of our vendors, service providers and counterparties. We may have difficulties conducting our business, including in selling our products, such as those traditionally sold in person. We may find it difficult or impossible to obtain required or appropriate signatures from our representatives, customers, or others for a variety of purposes, including property title-related or other filings with Authorities, increasing the uncertainties and risks from various transactions, such as product sales, regulatory matters, or real estate-related transactions. We may face increased workplace safety costs and risks, lose access to critical employees, and face increased employment-related claims and employee-relations challenges, each of which may increase when our employees begin to return to our workplaces. Any of the third parties to whom we outsource certain critical business activities may fail to perform as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic or claim that it cannot perform due to a force majeure.
Our risk factorsmanagement, contingency, and business continuity plans may not adequately protect our operations. Extended periods of remote work arrangements and other unusual business conditions and circumstances as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic could strain our business continuity plans, introduce operational risk, increase our cybersecurity risks, and impair our ability to manage our business. The frequency and sophistication of attempts at unauthorized access to our technology systems and fraud may increase, and COVID-19 Pandemic conditions may impair our cybersecurity efforts and risk management. Our efforts to prevent money-laundering or other fraud, whether due to limited abilities to "know our customers," strains on our programs to avoid and deter foreign corrupt practices, or otherwise, may increase our compliance costs and risk of violations.
The COVID-19 Pandemic could affect our internal controls over financial reporting. We have developed, and may continue to develop, new and less-seasoned processes, procedures, and controls to respond to changes in our business environment. If any employees who are key to our controls become ill from the risk factors previously disclosedCOVID-19 Pandemic and are unable to work, this may affect our ability to operate our internal controls.
Authorities may delay, or consider delaying, implementing legal or regulatory changes, increasing uncertainty and creating the potential for later, rapid changes. Authorities may also not be able to act on other policy or regulatory priorities as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Any uncertainty as a result of any of these events, including but not limited to investment portfolio impact, mortality or morbidity rate changes, an increase in expenses, or policyholder behavior changes, may require us to change our estimates, assumptions, models or reserves. Authorities may not accurately report population and impact data, such as death rates, infections, morbidity, hospitalizations, or illness that we use in our estimates, assumptions, models or reserves.

Any of the 2018direct or indirect effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic may cause litigation or regulatory, investor, media, or public inquiries. Our costs to manage and effectively respond to these matters, and to address them in settlement or other ways, may increase.
Any of the events described above have adversely affected, may continue to adversely affect, or may yet adversely affect the global economy, global financial markets, our business, our results of operations, or our financial condition. These events could also cause, contribute to, or exacerbate the risks and uncertainties we described in our 2019 Annual Report.

Item 6. Exhibits
(Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts: In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, please remember that they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, its subsidiaries or affiliates, or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and (i) should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement; (iii) may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to investors; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates may be found elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission website at www.sec.gov.)
    Incorporated by Reference  
Exhibit No. Description Form File Number Exhibit Filing Date Filed or Furnished Herewith
             
31.1 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
         X
31.2 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
         X
32.1 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
         X
32.2 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
         X
101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.         X
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.         X
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.         X
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.         X
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.         X
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.         X
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as(embedded within the inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information containeddocument and included in ExhibitsExhibit 101).
         X


Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

   
By: /s/ Tamara L. Schock
  
Name:  Tamara L. Schock
Title:    Executive Vice President
             and Chief Accounting Officer
             (Authorized Signatory and Principal
              Accounting Officer)

Date: November 6, 2019May 12, 2020

9690