UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________________

FORM 10-Q

____________________________________

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File No. 000-22513

AMAZON.COM, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

____________________________________


Delaware						91-1646860
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

410 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5210

(206) 266-1000

(Address and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share	AMZN	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

~~504,323,736~~506,440,520 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of ~~April~~July 21, 2021

Table of Contents

AMAZON.COM, INC.

FORM 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021

INDEX


		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	43
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	43
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	43
Item 5.	Other Information	43
Item 6.	Exhibits	44
Signatures		45

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Item 1.			Financial Statements

AMAZON.COM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions)

(unaudited)


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Twelve Months Ended March 31,			Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,				Twelve Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021			2020			2021			2020		2021		2020		2021		2020		2021
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	$	36,410	$	42,377		$	23,507		$	27,505	CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	$	27,505	$	34,155	$	36,410	$	42,377	$	22,965	$	37,842
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:	OPERATING ACTIVITIES:											OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	Net income	2,535		8,107			10,563			26,903		Net income	5,243		7,778		7,778		15,885		13,180		29,438
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:	Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:											Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized content costs, operating lease assets, and other	Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized content costs, operating lease assets, and other	5,362		7,508			22,297			27,397		Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized content costs, operating lease assets, and other	5,748		8,038		11,110		15,546		22,843		29,687
Stock-based compensation	Stock-based compensation	1,757		2,306			7,347			9,757		Stock-based compensation	2,601		3,591		4,358		5,897		7,977		10,747
Other operating expense (income), net	Other operating expense (income), net	67		30			244			(108)		Other operating expense (income), net	282		18		348		48		445		(372)
Other expense (income), net	Other expense (income), net	565		(1,456)			451			(4,603)		Other expense (income), net	(769)		(1,258)		(204)		(2,714)		(310)		(5,092)
Deferred income taxes	Deferred income taxes	322		1,703			704			827		Deferred income taxes	465		701		787		2,404		1,063		1,063
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:	Changes in operating assets and liabilities:											Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Inventories	Inventories	1,392		(304)			(2,605)			(4,545)		Inventories	(672)		(209)		720		(513)		(1,176)		(4,082)
Accounts receivable, net and other	Accounts receivable, net and other	1,262		(2,255)			(6,018)			(11,686)		Accounts receivable, net and other	(2,854)		(4,462)		(1,592)		(6,717)		(6,680)		(13,294)
Accounts payable	Accounts payable	(8,044)		(8,266)			6,532			17,258		Accounts payable	8,616		47		573		(8,219)		11,482		8,689
Accrued expenses and other	Accrued expenses and other	(2,761)		(4,060)			(1,213)			4,455		Accrued expenses and other	1,699		(1,685)		(1,063)		(5,745)		1,110		1,071
Unearned revenue	Unearned revenue	607		900			1,430			1,558		Unearned revenue	247		156		854		1,056		1,286		1,467
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	3,064		4,213			39,732			67,213		Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	20,606		12,715		23,669		16,928		51,220		59,322
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:	INVESTING ACTIVITIES:											INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment	Purchases of property and equipment	(6,795)		(12,082)			(20,365)			(45,427)		Purchases of property and equipment	(7,459)		(14,288)		(14,254)		(26,370)		(24,263)		(52,256)
Proceeds from property and equipment sales and incentives	Proceeds from property and equipment sales and incentives	1,367		895			4,970			4,624		Proceeds from property and equipment sales and incentives	844		1,300		2,212		2,195		4,895		5,080
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and other	Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and other	(91)		(630)			(1,384)			(2,864)		Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and other	(118)		(320)		(210)		(950)		(1,385)		(3,066)
Sales and maturities of marketable securities	Sales and maturities of marketable securities	11,626		17,826			31,664			56,437		Sales and maturities of marketable securities	8,138		13,213		19,764		31,039		34,641		61,512
Purchases of marketable securities	Purchases of marketable securities	(15,001)		(14,675)			(39,938)			(72,153)		Purchases of marketable securities	(19,209)		(21,985)		(34,210)		(36,660)		(49,196)		(74,929)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(8,894)		(8,666)			(25,053)			(59,383)		Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(17,804)		(22,080)		(26,698)		(30,746)		(35,308)		(63,659)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:	FINANCING ACTIVITIES:											FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

Proceeds from short-term debt, and other	Proceeds from short-term debt, and other	617		1,926			1,934			8,105		Proceeds from short-term debt, and other	2,433		1,176		3,050		3,102		4,145		6,848
Repayments of short-term debt, and other	Repayments of short-term debt, and other	(631)		(2,001)			(1,860)			(7,547)		Repayments of short-term debt, and other	(1,906)		(1,176)		(2,537)		(3,177)		(3,693)		(6,817)
Proceeds from long-term debt	Proceeds from long-term debt	76		111			842			10,560		Proceeds from long-term debt	9,918		18,516		9,994		18,627		10,699		19,158
Repayments of long-term debt	Repayments of long-term debt	(36)		(39)			(1,140)			(1,556)		Repayments of long-term debt	(205)		(41)		(241)		(80)		(1,305)		(1,392)
Principal repayments of finance leases	Principal repayments of finance leases	(2,600)		(3,406)			(10,013)			(11,448)		Principal repayments of finance leases	(2,817)		(2,804)		(5,417)		(6,210)		(10,504)		(11,435)
Principal repayments of financing obligations	Principal repayments of financing obligations	(17)		(67)			(43)			(103)		Principal repayments of financing obligations	(15)		(28)		(32)		(95)		(56)		(116)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(2,591)		(3,476)			(10,280)			(1,989)		Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	7,408		15,643		4,817		12,167		(714)		6,246
Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(484)		(293)			(401)			809		Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	127		234		(356)		(59)		(321)		916
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(8,905)		(8,222)			3,998			6,650		Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	10,337		6,512		1,432		(1,710)		14,877		2,825
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD	CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD	$	27,505	$	34,155		$	27,505		$	34,155	CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD	$	37,842	$	40,667	$	37,842	$	40,667	$	37,842	$	40,667

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

AMAZON.COM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in millions, except per share data)

(unaudited)


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
Net product sales	Net product sales	$	41,841	$	57,491		Net product sales	$	50,244	$	58,004	$	92,085	$	115,495
Net service sales	Net service sales	33,611		51,027			Net service sales	38,668		55,076		72,279		106,103
Total net sales	Total net sales	75,452		108,518			Total net sales	88,912		113,080		164,364		221,598
Operating expenses:	Operating expenses:						Operating expenses:
Cost of sales	Cost of sales	44,257		62,403			Cost of sales	52,660		64,176		96,917		126,579
Fulfillment	Fulfillment	11,531		16,530			Fulfillment	13,806		17,638		25,337		34,168
Technology and content	Technology and content	9,325		12,488			Technology and content	10,388		13,871		19,713		26,359
Marketing	Marketing	4,828		6,207			Marketing	4,345		7,524		9,173		13,731
General and administrative	General and administrative	1,452		1,987			General and administrative	1,580		2,158		3,032		4,145
Other operating expense (income), net	Other operating expense (income), net	70		38			Other operating expense (income), net	290		11		360		49
Total operating expenses	Total operating expenses	71,463		99,653			Total operating expenses	83,069		105,378		154,532		205,031
Operating income	Operating income	3,989		8,865			Operating income	5,843		7,702		9,832		16,567
Interest income	Interest income	202		105			Interest income	135		106		337		211
Interest expense	Interest expense	(402)		(399)			Interest expense	(403)		(435)		(805)		(834)
Other income (expense), net	Other income (expense), net	(406)		1,697			Other income (expense), net	646		1,261		240		2,958
Total non-operating income (expense)	Total non-operating income (expense)	(606)		1,403			Total non-operating income (expense)	378		932		(228)		2,335
Income before income taxes	Income before income taxes	3,383		10,268			Income before income taxes	6,221		8,634		9,604		18,902
Provision for income taxes	Provision for income taxes	(744)		(2,156)			Provision for income taxes	(984)		(868)		(1,729)		(3,024)
Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	(104)		(5)			Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	6		12		(97)		7
Net income	Net income	$	2,535	$	8,107		Net income	$	5,243	$	7,778	$	7,778	$	15,885
Basic earnings per share	Basic earnings per share	$	5.09	$	16.09		Basic earnings per share	$	10.50	$	15.40	$	15.59	$	31.49
Diluted earnings per share	Diluted earnings per share	$	5.01	$	15.79		Diluted earnings per share	$	10.30	$	15.12	$	15.32	$	30.92
Weighted-average shares used in computation of earnings per share:	Weighted-average shares used in computation of earnings per share:						Weighted-average shares used in computation of earnings per share:
Basic	Basic	498		504			Basic	500		505		499		505
Diluted	Diluted	506		513			Diluted	509		514		508		514

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

AMAZON.COM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in millions)

(unaudited)


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
Net income	Net income	$	2,535	$	8,107		Net income	$	5,243	$	7,778	$	7,778	$	15,885
Other comprehensive income (loss):	Other comprehensive income (loss):						Other comprehensive income (loss):

Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $21 and $13		(874)		(374)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $(8), $(17), $13 and $(4)							Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $(8), $(17), $13 and $(4)	207		159		(668)		(215)

Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities:	Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities:						Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities:
Unrealized gains (losses), net of tax of $12 and $30		(203)		(98)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in “Other income (expense), net,” net of tax of $0 and $4		0		(14)
Unrealized gains (losses), net of tax of $(73), $(2), $(61) and $28							Unrealized gains (losses), net of tax of $(73), $(2), $(61) and $28	407		(6)		205		(104)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in “Other income (expense), net,” net of tax of $0, $4, $0 and $8							Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in “Other income (expense), net,” net of tax of $0, $4, $0 and $8	(6)		(12)		(6)		(26)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities	Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities	(203)		(112)			Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities	401		(18)		199		(130)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,077)		(486)			Total other comprehensive income (loss)	608		141		(469)		(345)
Comprehensive income	Comprehensive income	$	1,458	$	7,621		Comprehensive income	$	5,851	$	7,919	$	7,309	$	15,540

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

AMAZON.COM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions, except per share data)


		December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020		June 30, 2021
				(unaudited)					(unaudited)
ASSETS	ASSETS					ASSETS
Current assets:	Current assets:					Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,122	$	33,834	Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,122	$	40,380
Marketable securities	Marketable securities	42,274		39,436		Marketable securities	42,274		49,514
Inventories	Inventories	23,795		23,849		Inventories	23,795		24,119
Accounts receivable, net and other	Accounts receivable, net and other	24,542		24,289		Accounts receivable, net and other	24,542		26,835
Total current assets	Total current assets	132,733		121,408		Total current assets	132,733		140,848
Property and equipment, net	Property and equipment, net	113,114		121,461		Property and equipment, net	113,114		133,502
Operating leases	Operating leases	37,553		39,328		Operating leases	37,553		43,346
Goodwill	Goodwill	15,017		15,220		Goodwill	15,017		15,350
Other assets	Other assets	22,778		25,660		Other assets	22,778		27,273
Total assets	Total assets	$	321,195	$	323,077	Total assets	$	321,195	$	360,319
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY					LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:	Current liabilities:					Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	Accounts payable	$	72,539	$	63,926	Accounts payable	$	72,539	$	66,090
Accrued expenses and other	Accrued expenses and other	44,138		40,939		Accrued expenses and other	44,138		41,007
Unearned revenue	Unearned revenue	9,708		10,539		Unearned revenue	9,708		10,695
Total current liabilities	Total current liabilities	126,385		115,404		Total current liabilities	126,385		117,792
Long-term lease liabilities	Long-term lease liabilities	52,573		53,067		Long-term lease liabilities	52,573		56,297
Long-term debt	Long-term debt	31,816		31,868		Long-term debt	31,816		50,279
Other long-term liabilities	Other long-term liabilities	17,017		19,418		Other long-term liabilities	17,017		21,148
Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)	Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)	0		0		Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)	0		0
Stockholders’ equity:	Stockholders’ equity:					Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value:	Preferred stock, $0.01 par value:					Preferred stock, $0.01 par value:
Authorized shares — 500	Authorized shares — 500					Authorized shares — 500
Issued and outstanding shares — NaN	Issued and outstanding shares — NaN	0		0		Issued and outstanding shares — NaN	0		0
Common stock, $0.01 par value:	Common stock, $0.01 par value:					Common stock, $0.01 par value:
Authorized shares — 5,000	Authorized shares — 5,000					Authorized shares — 5,000
Issued shares — 527 and 528
Outstanding shares — 503 and 504		5		5
Issued shares — 527 and 530						Issued shares — 527 and 530
Outstanding shares — 503 and 506						Outstanding shares — 503 and 506	5		5
Treasury stock, at cost	Treasury stock, at cost	(1,837)		(1,837)		Treasury stock, at cost	(1,837)		(1,837)
Additional paid-in capital	Additional paid-in capital	42,865		45,160		Additional paid-in capital	42,865		48,724
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(180)		(666)		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(180)		(525)
Retained earnings	Retained earnings	52,551		60,658		Retained earnings	52,551		68,436
Total stockholders’ equity	Total stockholders’ equity	93,404		103,320		Total stockholders’ equity	93,404		114,803
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	321,195	$	323,077	Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	321,195	$	360,319

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

AMAZON.COM, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Note 1 — ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial reporting. These consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, in our opinion, include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals necessary for a fair presentation of our consolidated cash flows, operating results, and balance sheets for the periods presented. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for 2021 due to seasonal and other factors. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

~~Prior Period Reclassifications~~

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. “Proceeds from short-term debt, and other” were reclassified from “Proceeds from long-term debt and other” and “Repayments of short-term debt, and other” were reclassified from “Repayments of long-term debt and other” on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Amazon.com, Inc. and its consolidated entities (collectively, the “Company”), consisting of its wholly-owned subsidiaries and those entities in which we have a variable interest and of which we are the primary beneficiary, including certain entities in India and certain entities that support our seller lending financing activities. Intercompany balances and transactions between consolidated entities are eliminated.

Use of Estimates

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following table shows supplemental cash flow information (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Twelve Months Ended March 31,			Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,				Twelve Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021			2020			2021			2020		2021		2020		2021		2020		2021
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:	SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:											SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for interest on debt	Cash paid for interest on debt	$	290	$	276		$	879		$	902	Cash paid for interest on debt	$	139	$	179	$	430	$	455	$	872	$	942
Cash paid for operating leases	Cash paid for operating leases	1,029		1,640			3,680			5,086		Cash paid for operating leases	1,086		1,577		2,115		3,217		3,929		5,577
Cash paid for interest on finance leases	Cash paid for interest on finance leases	168		157			650			601		Cash paid for interest on finance leases	161		129		329		286		662		569
Cash paid for interest on financing obligations	Cash paid for interest on financing obligations	22		33			59			113		Cash paid for interest on financing obligations	21		35		43		68		77		127
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	305		801			1,017			2,209		Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	486		1,803		791		2,604		1,221		3,526
Assets acquired under operating leases	Assets acquired under operating leases	2,408		3,536			9,403			17,345		Assets acquired under operating leases	3,347		5,578		5,755		9,114		10,530		19,576
Property and equipment acquired under finance leases	Property and equipment acquired under finance leases	2,166		2,067			13,262			11,489		Property and equipment acquired under finance leases	3,155		1,642		5,321		3,709		13,110		9,976
Property and equipment acquired under build-to-suit arrangements	Property and equipment acquired under build-to-suit arrangements	379		887			1,304			2,775		Property and equipment acquired under build-to-suit arrangements	482		1,094		861		1,981		1,504		3,387

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Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated using our weighted-average outstanding common shares. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using our weighted-average outstanding common shares including the dilutive effect of stock awards as determined under the treasury stock method. In periods when we have a net loss, stock awards are excluded from our calculation of earnings per share as their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect.

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The following table shows the calculation of diluted shares (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,		Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020	2021			2020	2021	2020	2021
Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share	Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share	498	504		Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share	500	505	499	505
Total dilutive effect of outstanding stock awards	Total dilutive effect of outstanding stock awards	8	9		Total dilutive effect of outstanding stock awards	9	9	9	9
Shares used in computation of diluted earnings per share	Shares used in computation of diluted earnings per share	506	513		Shares used in computation of diluted earnings per share	509	514	508	514

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
Marketable equity securities valuation gains (losses)	Marketable equity securities valuation gains (losses)	$	(31)	$	(76)		Marketable equity securities valuation gains (losses)	$	235	$	157	$	204	$	81
Equity warrant valuation gains (losses)	Equity warrant valuation gains (losses)	(152)		305			Equity warrant valuation gains (losses)	418		939		266		1,244
Upward adjustments relating to equity investments in private companies	Upward adjustments relating to equity investments in private companies	0		1,475			Upward adjustments relating to equity investments in private companies	0		31		0		1,506
Foreign currency gains (losses)	Foreign currency gains (losses)	(222)		(31)			Foreign currency gains (losses)	13		110		(209)		79
Other, net	Other, net	(1)		24			Other, net	(20)		24		(21)		48
Total other income (expense), net	Total other income (expense), net	(406)		1,697			Total other income (expense), net	646		1,261		240		2,958

Inventories

Inventories, consisting of products available for sale, are primarily accounted for using the first-in, first-out method, and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This valuation requires us to make judgments, based on currently available information, about the likely method of disposition, such as through sales to individual customers, returns to product vendors, or liquidations, and expected recoverable values of each disposition category. The inventory valuation allowance, representing a write-down of inventory, was $2.3 billion and $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

Accounts Receivable, Net and Other

Included in “Accounts receivable, net and other” on our consolidated balance sheets are amounts primarily related to customers, vendors, and sellers. As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, customer receivables, net, were $14.8 billion and ~~$15.3~~$16.3 billion, vendor receivables, net, were $4.8 billion and ~~$3.6~~$4.2 billion, and seller receivables, net, were $381 million and ~~$502~~$646 million. Seller receivables are amounts due from sellers related to our seller lending program, which provides funding to sellers primarily to procure inventory.

We estimate losses on receivables based on expected losses, including our historical experience of actual losses. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $1.1 billion ~~and $920 million~~ as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

Digital Video and Music Content

The total capitalized costs of video, which is primarily released content, and music as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021 were $6.8 billion and ~~$7.8~~$8.6 billion. Total video and music expense was ~~$2.4~~$2.8 billion and ~~$3.0~~$3.1 billion in Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $5.2 billion and $6.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021.

Unearned Revenue

Unearned revenue is recorded when payments are received or due in advance of performing our service obligations and is recognized over the service period. Unearned revenue primarily relates to prepayments of AWS services and Amazon Prime memberships. Our total unearned revenue as of December 31, 2020 was $11.6 billion, of which ~~$4.2~~$6.7 billion was recognized as revenue during the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. Included in “Other long-term liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets was $1.9 billion of unearned revenue as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

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Additionally, we have performance obligations, primarily related to AWS, associated with commitments in customer contracts for future services that have not yet been recognized in our consolidated financial statements. For contracts with original terms that exceed one year, those commitments not yet recognized were ~~$52.9~~$60.7 billion as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. The weighted-average remaining life of our long-term contracts is ~~3.3~~3.6 years. However, the amount and timing of revenue recognition is largely driven by customer usage, which can extend beyond the original contractual term.

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Note 2 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Marketable Securities

As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities primarily consisted of cash, AAA-rated money market funds, U.S. and foreign government and agency securities, ~~and~~ other investment grade securities, and marketable equity securities. Cash equivalents and marketable securities are recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation methodologies used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3—Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment.

We measure the fair value of money market funds and certain marketable equity securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Other marketable securities were valued either based on recent trades of securities in inactive markets or based on quoted market prices of similar instruments and other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. We did not hold significant amounts of marketable securities categorized as Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

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The following table summarizes, by major security type, our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in millions):


		December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021									December 31, 2020		June 30, 2021
		Total Estimated Fair Value		Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Total Estimated Fair Value			Total Estimated Fair Value		Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Total Estimated Fair Value
Cash	Cash	$	10,063	$	10,070	$	—	—		$	10,070	Cash	$	10,063	$	10,266	$	—	—		$	10,266
Level 1 securities:	Level 1 securities:											Level 1 securities:
Money market funds	Money market funds	27,430		22,902		—		—		22,902		Money market funds	27,430		24,587		—		—		24,587
Equity securities (1)	Equity securities (1)	617								683		Equity securities (1)	617								772
Level 2 securities:	Level 2 securities:											Level 2 securities:
Foreign government and agency securities	Foreign government and agency securities	5,131		2,355		1		(1)		2,355		Foreign government and agency securities	5,131		1,423		1		0		1,424
U.S. government and agency securities	U.S. government and agency securities	7,439		5,712		25		(10)		5,727		U.S. government and agency securities	7,439		6,987		18		(9)		6,996
Corporate debt securities	Corporate debt securities	29,988		27,243		206		(19)		27,430		Corporate debt securities	29,988		39,049		189		(14)		39,224
Asset-backed securities	Asset-backed securities	3,235		3,456		22		(4)		3,474		Asset-backed securities	3,235		4,976		20		(4)		4,992
Other fixed income securities	Other fixed income securities	710		946		7		(1)		952		Other fixed income securities	710		785		6		(1)		790
Equity securities (1)	Equity securities (1)	40								0		Equity securities (1)	40								1,133
		$	84,653	$	72,684	$	261	$	(35)	$	73,593		$	84,653	$	88,073	$	234	$	(28)	$	90,184
Less: Restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (2)	Less: Restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (2)	(257)								(323)		Less: Restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (2)	(257)								(290)
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	$	84,396							$	73,270	Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	$	84,396							$	89,894

___________________

(1)The related unrealized gain (loss) recorded in “Other income (expense), net” was ~~$(31)~~$235 million and $3$119 million in Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $204 million and $122 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021.

(2)We are required to pledge or otherwise restrict a portion of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities primarily as collateral for real estate, amounts due to third-party sellers in certain jurisdictions, debt, and standby and trade letters of credit. We classify cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities with use restrictions of less than twelve months as “Accounts receivable, net and other” and of twelve months or longer as non-current “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets. See “Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies.”

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The following table summarizes the remaining contractual maturities of our cash equivalents and marketable fixed income securities as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021 (in millions):


		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Due within one year	Due within one year	$	41,195	$	41,210	Due within one year	$	50,515	$	50,530
Due after one year through five years	Due after one year through five years	17,607		17,791		Due after one year through five years	22,210		22,382
Due after five years through ten years	Due after five years through ten years	1,068		1,074		Due after five years through ten years	1,445		1,450
Due after ten years	Due after ten years	2,744		2,765		Due after ten years	3,637		3,651
Total	Total	$	62,614	$	62,840	Total	$	77,807	$	78,013

Actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities because borrowers may have certain prepayment conditions.

Equity Warrants and Non-Marketable Equity Investments

We hold equity warrants giving us the right to acquire stock of other companies. As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, these warrants had a fair value of $3.0 billion and ~~$2.8~~$3.6 billion, and are recorded within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets with gains and losses recognized in “Other income (expense), net” on our consolidated statements of operations. These warrants are primarily classified as Level 2 assets.

As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, equity investments not accounted for under the equity-method and without readily determinable fair values, had a carrying value of $2.7 billion and ~~$4.3~~$3.7 billion, and are recorded within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets with adjustments recognized in “Other income (expense), net” on our consolidated statements of operations.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Reconciliation

The following table provides a reconciliation of the amount of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in millions):


		December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020		June 30, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,122	$	33,834	Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,122	$	40,380
Restricted cash included in accounts receivable, net and other	Restricted cash included in accounts receivable, net and other	233		299		Restricted cash included in accounts receivable, net and other	233		265
Restricted cash included in other assets	Restricted cash included in other assets	22		22		Restricted cash included in other assets	22		22
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows	Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	42,377	$	34,155	Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	42,377	$	40,667

Note 3 — LEASES

We have entered into non-cancellable operating and finance leases for fulfillment, delivery, office, physical store, data center, and sortation facilities as well as server and networking equipment, vehicles, and aircraft. Gross assets acquired under finance leases, inclusive of those where title transfers at the end of the lease, are recorded in “Property and equipment, net” and were $68.1 billion and ~~$69.3~~$70.2 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. Accumulated amortization associated with finance leases was $36.5 billion and ~~$38.3~~$39.9 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

Lease cost recognized in our consolidated statements of operations is summarized as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
Operating lease cost	Operating lease cost	$	1,068	$	1,556		Operating lease cost	$	1,149	$	1,662	$	2,217	$	3,218
Finance lease cost:	Finance lease cost:						Finance lease cost:
Amortization of lease assets	Amortization of lease assets	1,894		2,456			Amortization of lease assets	2,029		2,489		3,923		4,945
Interest on lease liabilities	Interest on lease liabilities	164		132			Interest on lease liabilities	156		119		320		251
Finance lease cost	Finance lease cost	2,058		2,588			Finance lease cost	2,185		2,608		4,243		5,196

Variable lease cost	Variable lease cost	264		348			Variable lease cost	294		415		558		763
Total lease cost	Total lease cost	$	3,390	$	4,492		Total lease cost	$	3,628	$	4,685	$	7,018	$	9,177

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Other information about lease amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements is as follows:

December 31, 2020 March 31, 2021
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases 10.7 years 10.7 years
Weighted-average remaining lease term – finance leases 6.2 years 6.7 years
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases 2.5 % 2.4 %
Weighted-average discount rate – finance leases 2.1 % 2.1 %

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	December 31, 2020		June 30, 2021
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases	10.7 years		10.7 years
Weighted-average remaining lease term – finance leases	6.2 years		6.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases	2.5	%	2.4	%
Weighted-average discount rate – finance leases	2.1	%	2.1	%

Our lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):


	December 31, 2020
	Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Total
Gross lease liabilities	$	44,833	$	30,437	$	75,270
Less: imputed interest	(5,734)		(2,003)		(7,737)
Present value of lease liabilities	39,099		28,434		67,533
Less: current portion of lease liabilities	(4,586)		(10,374)		(14,960)
Total long-term lease liabilities	$	34,513	$	18,060	$	52,573


		March 31, 2021							June 30, 2021
		Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Total			Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Total
Gross lease liabilities	Gross lease liabilities	$	46,762	$	28,687	$	75,449	Gross lease liabilities	$	51,702	$	27,613	$	79,315
Less: imputed interest	Less: imputed interest	(5,784)		(1,895)		(7,679)		Less: imputed interest	(6,419)		(1,943)		(8,362)
Present value of lease liabilities	Present value of lease liabilities	40,978		26,792		67,770		Present value of lease liabilities	45,283		25,670		70,953
Less: current portion of lease liabilities	Less: current portion of lease liabilities	(4,841)		(9,862)		(14,703)		Less: current portion of lease liabilities	(5,214)		(9,442)		(14,656)
Total long-term lease liabilities	Total long-term lease liabilities	$	36,137	$	16,930	$	53,067	Total long-term lease liabilities	$	40,069	$	16,228	$	56,297

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Note 4 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments

We have entered into non-cancellable operating and finance leases and financing obligations for equipment and office, fulfillment, sortation, delivery, data center, physical store, and renewable energy facilities.

The following summarizes our principal contractual commitments, excluding open orders for purchases that support normal operations and are generally cancellable, as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021 (in millions):


		Nine Months Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,													Six Months Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
		2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		Thereafter		Total			2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		Thereafter		Total
Long-term debt principal and interest	Long-term debt principal and interest	$	1,876	$	2,606	$	3,331	$	4,272	$	3,058	$	35,680	$	50,823	Long-term debt principal and interest	$	1,772	$	2,997	$	4,725	$	7,120	$	3,401	$	56,613	$	76,628
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	4,284		5,507		5,043		4,620		4,202		23,106		46,762		Operating lease liabilities	3,130		6,132		5,709		5,209		4,752		26,770		51,702
Finance lease liabilities, including interest	Finance lease liabilities, including interest	7,520		7,700		3,952		1,555		1,066		6,894		28,687		Finance lease liabilities, including interest	4,802		8,124		4,362		1,787		1,110		7,428		27,613
Financing obligations, including interest(1)	Financing obligations, including interest(1)	169		245		250		253		257		4,067		5,241		Financing obligations, including interest(1)	120		269		273		272		272		4,349		5,555
Leases not yet commenced	Leases not yet commenced	950		2,149		2,325		2,490		2,513		27,980		38,407		Leases not yet commenced	713		2,073		2,506		2,650		2,599		29,191		39,732
Unconditional purchase obligations ~~(1)~~(2)	Unconditional purchase obligations ~~(1)~~(2)	2,407		3,847		4,612		4,359		4,134		13,576		32,935		Unconditional purchase obligations ~~(1)~~(2)	1,251		5,508		5,062		4,492		4,180		13,617		34,110
Other commitments ~~(3)~~(4)	Other commitments ~~(3)~~(4)	3,265		2,665		1,163		927		807		9,881		18,708		Other commitments ~~(3)~~(4)	2,624		2,993		1,414		1,080		914		11,277		20,302
Total commitments	Total commitments	$	20,471	$	24,719	$	20,676	$	18,476	$	16,037	$	121,184	$	221,563	Total commitments	$	14,412	$	28,096	$	24,051	$	22,610	$	17,228	$	149,245	$	255,642

___________________

(1)Includes non-cancellable financing obligations for fulfillment, sortation, and data center facilities. Excluding interest, current financing obligations of $111 million and $132 million are recorded within “Accrued expenses and other” and $3.4 billion and $3.8 billion are recorded within “Other long-term liabilities” as of December 31, 2020 and June 30, 2021. The weighted-average remaining term of the financing obligations was 19.0 and 18.8 years and the weighted-average imputed interest rate was 3.8% and 3.7% as of December 31, 2020 and June 30, 2021.

(2)Includes unconditional purchase obligations related to certain products offered in our Whole Foods Market stores and long-term agreements to acquire and license digital media content that are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. For those digital media content agreements with variable terms, we do not estimate the total obligation beyond any minimum quantities and/or pricing as of the reporting date. Purchase obligations associated with renewal provisions solely at the option of the content provider are included to the extent such commitments are fixed or a minimum amount is specified.

~~(2)~~(3)Includes the estimated timing and amounts of payments for rent and tenant improvements associated with build-to-suit lease arrangements that are under construction, asset retirement obligations, and liabilities associated with digital media content agreements with initial terms greater than one year.

~~(3)~~(4)Excludes approximately ~~$3.0~~$2.8 billion of accrued tax contingencies for which we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and period of payment, if any.

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In addition, in May 2021, we entered into an agreement to acquire MGM Holdings Inc. (“MGM”) for approximately $8.5 billion, including MGM’s debt, subject to customary closing conditions. We expect to fund this acquisition with cash on hand.

Pledged Assets

As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, we have pledged or otherwise restricted $875 million and ~~$932~~$882 million of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, and certain property and equipment primarily as collateral for real estate, amounts due to third-party sellers in certain jurisdictions, debt, and standby and trade letters of credit. Additionally, we have pledged our cash and seller receivables for debt related to our Credit Facility. See “Note 5 — Debt.”

Other Contingencies

We are ~~subject to~~disputing claims and denials of refunds ~~and~~or credits related to various indirect taxes (such as sales, value added, consumption, service, and similar taxes), including in jurisdictions in which we already collect and remit ~~such~~these taxes. If the relevant taxing authorities were ~~successfully~~ to ~~pursue these claims or denials,~~prevail, we could be subject to significant additional tax costs. For example, in June 2017, the State of South Carolina issued an assessment for uncollected sales and use taxes for the period from January 2016 to March 2016, including interest and penalties. South Carolina is alleging that we should have collected sales and use taxes on transactions by our third-party sellers. In September 2019, the South Carolina Administrative Law Court ruled in favor of the Department of Revenue and we have appealed the decision to the state Court of Appeals. We believe the assessment is without merit and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. ~~If other tax authorities were successfully to seek additional adjustments~~

Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved from time to time in claims, proceedings, and litigation, including the matters described in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 7 — Commitments and Contingencies — Legal Proceedings” of our 2020 Annual Report on Form ~~10-K.~~10-K as supplemented by the following:

On July 16, 2021, the Luxembourg National Commission for Data Protection (the “CNPD”) issued a decision against Amazon Europe Core S.à r.l. claiming that Amazon’s processing of personal data did not comply with the EU General Data Protection Regulation. The decision imposes a fine of €746 million and corresponding practice revisions. We believe the CNPD’s decision to be without merit and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter.

Beginning in March 2020, with Frame-Wilson v. Amazon.com, Inc. filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, a number of cases have been filed in the U.S. and Canada alleging, among other things, price fixing arrangements between Amazon.com, Inc. and third-party sellers in Amazon’s stores, monopolization and attempted monopolization, and consumer protection and unjust enrichment claims. Some of the cases include allegations of several distinct purported classes, including consumers who purchased a product through Amazon’s stores and consumers who purchased a product offered by Amazon through another e-commerce retailer. The complaints seek billions of dollars of alleged actual damages, treble damages, punitive damages, and injunctive relief. Individuals have also initiated arbitrations based on substantially similar allegations. We dispute the allegations of wrongdoing and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in these matters.

In addition, we are regularly subject to claims, litigation, and other proceedings, including potential regulatory proceedings, involving patent and other intellectual property matters, taxes, labor and employment, competition and antitrust, privacy and data protection, consumer protection, commercial disputes, goods and services offered by us and by third parties, and other matters.

The outcomes of our legal proceedings and other contingencies are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular period. We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our legal proceedings and other contingencies that could affect the amount of liability, including amounts in excess of any previous accruals and reasonably possible losses disclosed, and make adjustments and changes to our accruals and disclosures as appropriate. For the matters we disclose that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible or is immaterial, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies. Until the final resolution of such matters, if any of our estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, we may experience losses in excess of the amounts recorded, which could have a material effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

See also “Note 7 — Income Taxes.”

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Note 5 — DEBT

As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, we had ~~$32.2~~$50.7 billion of unsecured senior notes outstanding (the “Notes”). We issued $18.5 billion of Notes in May 2021, of which $1.0 billion was issued for green or social projects, such as projects related to clean transportation, renewable energy, sustainable buildings, affordable housing, or socioeconomic advancement and empowerment, and the remainder for general corporate purposes. We also had other long-term debt and borrowings under our credit facility of $924 million and ~~$977 million~~$1.0 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. Our total long-term debt obligations are as follows (in millions):


		Maturities (1)	Stated Interest Rates	Effective Interest Rates	December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021			Maturities (1)	Stated Interest Rates	Effective Interest Rates	December 31, 2020		June 30, 2021
2012 Notes issuance of $3.0 billion	2012 Notes issuance of $3.0 billion	2022	2.50%	2.66%	1,250		1,250		2012 Notes issuance of $3.0 billion	2022	2.50%	2.66%	1,250		1,250
2014 Notes issuance of $6.0 billion	2014 Notes issuance of $6.0 billion	2021 - 2044	3.30% - 4.95%	3.43% - 5.11%	5,000		5,000		2014 Notes issuance of $6.0 billion	2021 - 2044	3.30% - 4.95%	3.43% - 5.11%	5,000		5,000
2017 Notes issuance of $17.0 billion	2017 Notes issuance of $17.0 billion	2023 - 2057	2.40% - 5.20%	2.56% - 4.33%	16,000		16,000		2017 Notes issuance of $17.0 billion	2023 - 2057	2.40% - 5.20%	2.56% - 4.33%	16,000		16,000
2020 Notes issuance of $10.0 billion	2020 Notes issuance of $10.0 billion	2023 - 2060	0.40% - 2.70%	0.56% - 2.77%	10,000		10,000		2020 Notes issuance of $10.0 billion	2023 - 2060	0.40% - 2.70%	0.56% - 2.77%	10,000		10,000
2021 Notes issuance of $18.5 billion									2021 Notes issuance of $18.5 billion	2023 - 2061	0.25% - 3.25%	0.35% - 3.31%	0		18,500
Credit Facility	Credit Facility				338		429		Credit Facility				338		503
Other long-term debt	Other long-term debt				586		548		Other long-term debt				586		509
Total face value of long-term debt	Total face value of long-term debt				33,174		33,227		Total face value of long-term debt				33,174		51,762
Unamortized discount and issuance costs, net	Unamortized discount and issuance costs, net				(203)		(203)		Unamortized discount and issuance costs, net				(203)		(325)
Less current portion of long-term debt	Less current portion of long-term debt				(1,155)		(1,156)		Less current portion of long-term debt				(1,155)		(1,158)
Long-term debt	Long-term debt				$	31,816	$	31,868	Long-term debt				$	31,816	$	50,279

___________________

(1) The weighted-average remaining lives of the 2012, 2014, 2017, 2020, and ~~2020~~2021 Notes were ~~1.7, 11.6, 16.0,~~1.4, 11.3, 15.7, 18.2, and ~~18.5~~14.8 years as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. The combined weighted-average remaining life of the Notes was ~~15.5~~15.1 years as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears. We may redeem the Notes at any time in whole, or from time to time, in part at specified redemption prices. We are not subject to any financial covenants under the Notes. The estimated fair value of the Notes was approximately $37.7 billion and ~~$34.8~~$54.6 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, which is based on quoted prices for our debt as of those dates.

We have a $740 million secured revolving credit facility with a lender that is secured by certain seller receivables, which we may from time to time increase in the future subject to lender approval (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility is available until October 2022, bears interest at the London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”) plus 1.40%, and has a commitment fee of 0.50% on the undrawn portion. There were $338 million and ~~$429~~$503 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, which ~~both~~ had a weighted-average interest rate of 3.0% and 2.9%, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, we have pledged $398 million and ~~$497~~$580 million of our cash and seller receivables as collateral for debt related to our Credit Facility. The estimated fair value of the Credit Facility, which is based on Level 2 inputs, approximated its carrying value as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

Other long-term debt, including the current portion, had a weighted-average interest rate of 2.9% as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. We used the net proceeds from the issuance of this debt primarily to fund certain business operations. The estimated fair value of other long-term debt, which is based on Level 2 inputs, approximated its carrying value as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

We have a commercial paper program (the “Commercial Paper Program”) under which we may from time to time issue unsecured commercial paper up to a total of $10.0 billion at any time, with individual maturities that may vary but will not exceed 397 days from the date of issue. There were $725 million of borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, which were included in “Accrued expenses and other” on our consolidated balance sheets and had a weighted-average effective interest rate, including issuance costs, of 0.11% and ~~0.09%~~0.08%, respectively. We use the net proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper for general corporate purposes.

We also have a $7.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility with a syndicate of lenders with a term that extends to June 2023 (the “Credit Agreement”). It may be extended for up to 3 additional one-year terms if approved by the lenders. The interest rate applicable to outstanding balances under the amended and restated Credit Agreement is LIBOR plus 0.50%, with a commitment fee of 0.04% on the undrawn portion of the credit facility. There were 0 borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

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We also utilize other short-term credit facilities for working capital purposes. These amounts are included in “Accrued expenses and other” on our consolidated balance sheets. In addition, we had ~~$4.3~~$5.8 billion of unused letters of credit as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021.

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Note 6 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Stock Repurchase Activity

In February 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $5.0 billion of our common stock, with no fixed expiration. There were 0 repurchases of common stock during the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2020 or 2021.

Stock Award Activity

Common shares outstanding plus shares underlying outstanding stock awards totaled 518 million and ~~519~~522 million as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. These totals include all vested and unvested stock awards outstanding, including those awards we estimate will be forfeited. Stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
Cost of sales	Cost of sales	$	41	$	90		Cost of sales	$	76	$	145	$	118	$	235
Fulfillment	Fulfillment	260		342			Fulfillment	417		566		677		908
Technology and content	Technology and content	961		1,228			Technology and content	1,421		1,887		2,382		3,115
Marketing	Marketing	332		456			Marketing	456		691		787		1,147
General and administrative	General and administrative	163		190			General and administrative	231		302		394		492
Total stock-based compensation expense	Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,757	$	2,306		Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,601	$	3,591	$	4,358	$	5,897

The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit activity for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021 (in millions):


		Number of Units	Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value			Number of Units	Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020	Outstanding as of December 31, 2020	15.2	$	2,004	Outstanding as of December 31, 2020	15.2	$	2,004
Units granted	Units granted	0.6	3,147		Units granted	4.4	3,298
Units vested	Units vested	(0.8)	1,270		Units vested	(2.9)	1,623
Units forfeited	Units forfeited	(0.5)	1,895		Units forfeited	(1.0)	2,115
Outstanding as of March 31, 2021		14.5	2,096
Outstanding as of June 30, 2021					Outstanding as of June 30, 2021	15.7	2,430

Scheduled vesting for outstanding restricted stock units as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, is as follows (in millions):

Nine Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total
Scheduled vesting — restricted stock units 4.8 5.3 2.8 1.4 0.1 0.1 14.5


	Six Months Ended December 31,	Year Ended December 31,
	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	Thereafter	Total
Scheduled vesting — restricted stock units	2.6	5.6	5.1	1.8	0.4	0.2	15.7

As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, there was ~~$12.4~~$18.3 billion of net unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements. This compensation is recognized on an accelerated basis with approximately half of the compensation expected to be expensed in the next twelve months, and has a remaining weighted-average recognition period of ~~1.1~~1.2 years. The estimated forfeiture rate as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021 was 27%. Changes in our estimates and assumptions relating to forfeitures may cause us to realize material changes in stock-based compensation expense in the future.

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Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

The following table shows ~~the~~ changes in stockholders’ equity (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
Total beginning stockholders’ equity	Total beginning stockholders’ equity	$	62,060	$	93,404		Total beginning stockholders’ equity	$	65,272	$	103,320	$	62,060	$	93,404

Beginning and ending common stock	Beginning and ending common stock	5		5			Beginning and ending common stock	5		5		5		5

Beginning and ending treasury stock	Beginning and ending treasury stock	(1,837)		(1,837)			Beginning and ending treasury stock	(1,837)		(1,837)		(1,837)		(1,837)

Beginning additional paid-in capital	Beginning additional paid-in capital	33,658		42,865			Beginning additional paid-in capital	35,412		45,160		33,658		42,865
Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock	Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock	1,754		2,295			Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock	2,605		3,564		4,359		5,859
Ending additional paid-in capital	Ending additional paid-in capital	35,412		45,160			Ending additional paid-in capital	38,017		48,724		38,017		48,724

Beginning accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Beginning accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(986)		(180)			Beginning accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,063)		(666)		(986)		(180)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,077)		(486)			Other comprehensive income (loss)	608		141		(469)		(345)
Ending accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Ending accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,063)		(666)			Ending accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,455)		(525)		(1,455)		(525)

Beginning retained earnings	Beginning retained earnings	31,220		52,551			Beginning retained earnings	33,755		60,658		31,220		52,551

Net income	Net income	2,535		8,107			Net income	5,243		7,778		7,778		15,885
Ending retained earnings	Ending retained earnings	33,755		60,658			Ending retained earnings	38,998		68,436		38,998		68,436

Total ending stockholders’ equity	Total ending stockholders’ equity	$	65,272	$	103,320		Total ending stockholders’ equity	$	73,728	$	114,803	$	73,728	$	114,803

Note 7 — INCOME TAXES

Our tax provision or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment.

Our quarterly tax provision, and our quarterly estimate of our annual effective tax rate, is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, intercompany transactions, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in how we do business, acquisitions, investments, developments in tax controversies, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, foreign currency gains (losses), changes in statutes, regulations, case law, and administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions, and relative changes of expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized. Our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss. For example, the impact of discrete items and non-deductible expenses on our effective tax rate is greater when our pre-tax income is lower. In addition, we record valuation allowances against deferred tax assets when there is uncertainty about our ability to generate future income in relevant jurisdictions, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business make estimates of future income more challenging. Since Q2 2017, we have recorded a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets in Luxembourg. There is still significant uncertainty whether our income in Luxembourg is sustainable in the future and we will maintain the valuation allowance until sufficient positive evidence exists to support a release of the valuation allowance.

For 2021, we estimate that our effective tax rate will be favorably affected by the impact of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and the U.S. federal research and development credit and adversely affected by state income taxes.

Our income tax provisions for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2020 and 2021 were ~~$744 million~~$1.7 billion and ~~$2.2~~$3.0 billion, which included ~~$273~~$831 million and ~~$349 million~~$1.4 billion of net discrete tax benefits primarily attributable to excess tax benefits from stock-based ~~compensation.~~compensation and, in 2021, audit-related developments.

Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds was ~~$305~~$486 million and ~~$801 million~~$1.8 billion in Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $791 million and $2.6 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021.

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As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, tax contingencies were approximately $2.8 ~~billion and $3.0~~ billion. Changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations may impact our tax

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contingencies. The timing of the resolution of income tax controversies is highly uncertain, and the amounts ultimately paid, if any, upon resolution of the issues raised by the taxing authorities may differ from the amounts accrued. It is reasonably possible that within the next twelve months we will receive additional assessments by various tax authorities or possibly reach resolution of income tax controversies in one or more jurisdictions. These assessments or settlements could result in changes to our contingencies related to positions on prior years’ tax filings.

We are under examination, or may be subject to examination, by the Internal Revenue Service for the calendar year 2013 and thereafter. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to our taxes or our net operating losses with respect to years under examination as well as subsequent periods.

In October 2014, the European Commission opened a formal investigation to examine whether decisions by the tax authorities in Luxembourg with regard to the corporate income tax paid by certain of our subsidiaries comply with European Union rules on state aid. On October 4, 2017, the European Commission announced its decision that determinations by the tax authorities in Luxembourg did not comply with European Union rules on state aid. Based on that decision, the European Commission announced an estimated recovery amount of approximately €250 million, plus interest, for the period May 2006 through June 2014, and ordered Luxembourg tax authorities to calculate the actual amount of additional taxes subject to recovery. Luxembourg computed an initial recovery amount, consistent with the European Commission’s decision, which we deposited into escrow in March 2018, subject to adjustment pending conclusion of all appeals. In December 2017, Luxembourg appealed the European Commission’s decision. In May 2018, we appealed. ~~We believe~~On May 12, 2021, the European Union General Court annulled the European Commission’s state aid decision. In July 2021, the European Commission appealed the decision to ~~be without merit and~~the European Court of Justice. We will continue to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. We are also subject to taxation in various states and other foreign jurisdictions including China, Germany, India, Japan, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom. We are under, or may be subject to, audit or examination and additional assessments by the relevant authorities in respect of these particular jurisdictions primarily for 2009 and thereafter.

Note 8 — SEGMENT INFORMATION

We have organized our operations into 3 segments: North America, International, and AWS. We allocate to segment results the operating expenses “Fulfillment,” “Technology and content,” “Marketing,” and “General and administrative” based on usage, which is generally reflected in the segment in which the costs are incurred. The majority of technology infrastructure costs are allocated to the AWS segment based on usage. The majority of the remaining non-infrastructure technology costs are incurred in the U.S. and are allocated to our North America segment. There are no internal revenue transactions between our reportable segments. These segments reflect the way our chief operating decision maker evaluates the Company’s business performance and manages its operations.

North America

The North America segment primarily consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through North America-focused online and physical stores. This segment includes export sales from these online stores.

International

The International segment primarily consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through internationally-focused online stores. This segment includes export sales from these internationally-focused online stores (including export sales from these online stores to customers in the U.S., Mexico, and Canada), but excludes export sales from our North America-focused online stores.

AWS

The AWS segment consists of amounts earned from global sales of compute, storage, database, and other services for start-ups, enterprises, government agencies, and academic institutions.

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Information on reportable segments and reconciliation to consolidated net income is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
North America	North America						North America
Net sales	Net sales	$	46,127	$	64,366		Net sales	$	55,436	$	67,550	$	101,563	$	131,916
Operating expenses	Operating expenses	44,815		60,916			Operating expenses	53,295		64,403		98,111		125,319
Operating income	Operating income	$	1,312	$	3,450		Operating income	$	2,141	$	3,147	$	3,452	$	6,597

International	International						International
Net sales	Net sales	$	19,106	$	30,649		Net sales	$	22,668	$	30,721	$	41,774	$	61,370
Operating expenses	Operating expenses	19,504		29,397			Operating expenses	22,323		30,359		41,826		59,756
Operating income (loss)	Operating income (loss)	$	(398)	$	1,252		Operating income (loss)	$	345	$	362	$	(52)	$	1,614

AWS	AWS						AWS
Net sales	Net sales	$	10,219	$	13,503		Net sales	$	10,808	$	14,809	$	21,027	$	28,312
Operating expenses	Operating expenses	7,144		9,340			Operating expenses	7,451		10,616		14,595		19,956
Operating income	Operating income	$	3,075	$	4,163		Operating income	$	3,357	$	4,193	$	6,432	$	8,356

Consolidated	Consolidated						Consolidated
Net sales	Net sales	$	75,452	$	108,518		Net sales	$	88,912	$	113,080	$	164,364	$	221,598
Operating expenses	Operating expenses	71,463		99,653			Operating expenses	83,069		105,378		154,532		205,031
Operating income	Operating income	3,989		8,865			Operating income	5,843		7,702		9,832		16,567
Total non-operating income (expense)	Total non-operating income (expense)	(606)		1,403			Total non-operating income (expense)	378		932		(228)		2,335
Provision for income taxes	Provision for income taxes	(744)		(2,156)			Provision for income taxes	(984)		(868)		(1,729)		(3,024)
Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	(104)		(5)			Equity-method investment activity, net of tax	6		12		(97)		7
Net income	Net income	$	2,535	$	8,107		Net income	$	5,243	$	7,778	$	7,778	$	15,885

Net sales by groups of similar products and services, which also have similar economic characteristics, is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,					Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021					2020		2021		2020		2021
Net Sales:	Net Sales:					Net Sales:
Online stores (1)	Online stores (1)	$	36,652	$	52,901			Online stores (1)	$	45,896	$	53,157	$	82,549	$	106,058
Physical stores (2)	Physical stores (2)	4,640		3,920				Physical stores (2)	3,774		4,198		8,414		8,118
Third-party seller services (3)	Third-party seller services (3)	14,479		23,709				Third-party seller services (3)	18,195		25,085		32,676		48,794
Subscription services (4)	Subscription services (4)	5,556		7,580				Subscription services (4)	6,018		7,917		11,574		15,497
AWS	AWS	10,219		13,503				AWS	10,808		14,809		21,027		28,312
Other (5)	Other (5)	3,906		6,905				Other (5)	4,221		7,914		8,124		14,819
Consolidated	Consolidated	$	75,452	$	108,518			Consolidated	$	88,912	$	113,080	$	164,364	$	221,598

____________________________

(1)Includes product sales and digital media content where we record revenue gross. We leverage our retail infrastructure to offer a wide selection of consumable and durable goods that includes media products available in both a physical and digital format, such as books, videos, games, music, and software. These product sales include digital products sold on a transactional basis. Digital product subscriptions that provide unlimited viewing or usage rights are included in “Subscription services.”

(2)Includes product sales where our customers physically select items in a store. Sales to customers who order goods online for delivery or pickup at our physical stores are included in “Online stores.”

(3)Includes commissions and any related fulfillment and shipping fees, and other third-party seller services.

(4)Includes annual and monthly fees associated with Amazon Prime memberships, as well as digital video, audiobook, digital music, e-book, and other non-AWS subscription services.

(5)Primarily includes sales of advertising services, as well as sales related to our other service offerings.

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Item 2.			Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding guidance, industry prospects, or future results of operations or financial position, made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking. We use words such as anticipates, believes, expects, future, intends, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Actual results could differ materially for a variety of reasons, including, among others, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, changes in global economic conditions and customer spending, world events, the rate of growth of the Internet, online commerce, and cloud services, the amount that Amazon.com invests in new business opportunities and the timing of those investments, the mix of products and services sold to customers, the mix of net sales derived from products as compared with services, the extent to which we owe income or other taxes, competition, management of growth, potential fluctuations in operating results, international growth and expansion, the outcomes of claims, litigation, government investigations, and other proceedings, fulfillment, sortation, delivery, and data center optimization, risks of inventory management, variability in demand, the degree to which we enter into, maintain, and develop commercial agreements, proposed and completed acquisitions and strategic transactions, payments risks, and risks of fulfillment throughput and productivity. In addition, the global economic climate and additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic amplify many of these risks. These risks and uncertainties, as well as other risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ significantly from management’s expectations, are described in greater detail in Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.”

For additional information, see Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview” of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company’s critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company’s financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and judgments addressed below. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results. For additional information, see Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 1 — Description of Business, Accounting Policies, and Supplemental Disclosures” of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 1 — Accounting Policies and Supplemental Disclosures,” of this Form 10-Q. Although we believe that our estimates, assumptions, and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information presently available. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments, or conditions.

Inventories

Inventories, consisting of products available for sale, are primarily accounted for using the first-in first-out method, and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This valuation requires us to make judgments, based on currently available information, about the likely method of disposition, such as through sales to individual customers, returns to product vendors, or liquidations, and expected recoverable values of each disposition category. These assumptions about future disposition of inventory are inherently uncertain and changes in our estimates and assumptions may cause us to realize material write-downs in the future. As a measure of sensitivity, for every 1% of additional inventory valuation allowance as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, we would have recorded an additional cost of sales of approximately $275 million.

In addition, we enter into supplier commitments for certain electronic device components and certain products. These commitments are based on forecasted customer demand. If we reduce these commitments, we may incur additional costs.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our actual and forecasted earnings are subject to

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change due to economic, political, and other conditions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and significant judgment is required in determining our ability to use our deferred tax assets.

Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes to our forecasts of income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, changes in the laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions. In addition, a number of countries have enacted or are actively pursuing changes to their tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals.

We are also currently subject to tax controversies in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an audit, investigation, or other tax controversy could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these proceedings to determine the adequacy of our tax accruals. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of audits, investigations, and any other tax controversies could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash flow information is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Twelve Months Ended March 31,			Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,				Twelve Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021			2020			2021			2020		2021		2020		2021		2020		2021
Cash provided by (used in):	Cash provided by (used in):											Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	Operating activities	$	3,064	$	4,213		$	39,732		$	67,213	Operating activities	$	20,606	$	12,715	$	23,669	$	16,928	$	51,220	$	59,322
Investing activities	Investing activities	(8,894)		(8,666)			(25,053)			(59,383)		Investing activities	(17,804)		(22,080)		(26,698)		(30,746)		(35,308)		(63,659)
Financing activities	Financing activities	(2,591)		(3,476)			(10,280)			(1,989)		Financing activities	7,408		15,643		4,817		12,167		(714)		6,246

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows generated from operations and our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, which, at fair value, were $84.4 billion and ~~$73.3~~$89.9 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. Amounts held in foreign currencies were $23.5 billion and ~~$19.8~~$18.5 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, and were primarily ~~Euros,~~ British Pounds, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollars, and ~~Japanese Yen.~~Euros.

Cash provided by (used in) operating activities was ~~$3.1~~$20.6 billion and ~~$4.2~~$12.7 billion for Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $23.7 billion and $16.9 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. Our operating cash flows result primarily from cash received from our consumer, seller, developer, enterprise, and content creator customers, and advertisers, offset by cash payments we make for products and services, employee compensation, payment processing and related transaction costs, operating leases, and interest payments on our long-term obligations. Cash received from our customers and other activities generally corresponds to our net sales. Because consumers primarily use credit cards to buy from us, our receivables from consumers settle quickly. The increase in operating cash flow for the trailing twelve months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year period, was primarily due to the increase in net income, excluding non-cash expenses, and changes in working capital. Working capital at any specific point in time is subject to many variables, including variability in demand, inventory management and category expansion, the timing of cash receipts and payments, vendor payment terms, and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.

Cash provided by (used in) investing activities corresponds with cash capital expenditures, including leasehold improvements, incentives received from property and equipment vendors, proceeds from asset sales, cash outlays for acquisitions, investments in other companies and intellectual property rights, and purchases, sales, and maturities of marketable securities. Cash provided by (used in) investing activities was ~~$(8.9)~~$(17.8) billion and ~~$(8.7)~~$(22.1) billion for Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $(26.7) billion and $(30.7) billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021, with the variability caused primarily by our decision to purchase or lease property and equipment and purchases, sales, and maturities of marketable securities. Cash capital expenditures were ~~$5.4~~$6.6 billion and ~~$11.2~~$13.0 billion during Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $12.0 billion and $24.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021, which primarily reflect investments in additional capacity to support our fulfillment operations and in support of continued business growth in technology infrastructure (the majority of which is to support AWS), which investments we expect to continue over time. We made cash payments, net of acquired cash, related to acquisition and other investment activity of ~~$91~~$118 million and ~~$630~~$320 million during Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $210 million and $950 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021.

Cash provided by (used in) financing activities was ~~$(2.6)~~$7.4 billion and ~~$(3.5)~~$15.6 billion for Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $4.8 billion and $12.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. Cash inflows from financing activities resulted from proceeds from short-term debt, and other and long-term debt of ~~$693 million~~$12.4 billion and ~~$2.0~~$19.7 billion for Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $13.0 billion and $21.7 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. Cash outflows from financing activities resulted from payments of short-term debt, and other, long-term debt, finance leases, and financing obligations of ~~$3.3~~$4.9 billion and ~~$5.5~~$4.0 billion in Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $8.2 billion and $9.6 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. Property and equipment acquired under finance leases was ~~$2.2~~$3.2 billion and ~~$2.1~~$1.6 billion during Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $5.3 billion and $3.7 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021, reflecting investments in support of continued business growth primarily due to investments in technology infrastructure for AWS.

We had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement, $725 million of borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program, and ~~$429~~$503 million of borrowings outstanding under our Credit Facility as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 5 — Debt” for additional information.

Certain foreign subsidiary earnings and losses are subject to current U.S. taxation and the subsequent repatriation of those earnings is not subject to tax in the U.S. We intend to invest substantially all of our foreign subsidiary earnings, as well as our capital in our foreign subsidiaries, indefinitely outside of the U.S. in those jurisdictions in which we would incur significant, additional costs upon repatriation of such amounts.

Tax benefits relating to excess stock-based compensation deductions and accelerated depreciation deductions are reducing our U.S. taxable income. U.S. tax rules provide for enhanced accelerated depreciation deductions by allowing the

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election of full expensing of qualified property, primarily equipment, through 2022. Cash taxes paid (net of refunds) were ~~$305~~$486 million and ~~$801 million~~$1.8 billion for Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $791 million and $2.6 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. We endeavor to manage our global taxes on a cash basis, rather than on a financial reporting basis. In connection with the European Commission’s October 2017 decision against us on state aid, Luxembourg tax authorities computed an initial recovery amount, consistent with the European Commission’s decision, of approximately €250 million, that we deposited into escrow in March 2018, subject to adjustment pending conclusion of all appeals.

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As of December 31, 2020 and ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities were $257 million and ~~$323~~$290 million. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies” and “Financial Statements — Note 5 — Debt” for additional discussion of our principal contractual commitments, as well as our pledged assets. Additionally, purchase obligations and open purchase orders, consisting of inventory and significant non-inventory commitments, were ~~$32.6~~$39.8 billion as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021. These purchase obligations and open purchase orders are generally cancellable in full or in part through the contractual provisions.

We believe that cash flows generated from operations and our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, as well as our borrowing arrangements, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next twelve months. However, any projections of future cash needs and cash flows are subject to substantial uncertainty. See Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.” We continually evaluate opportunities to sell additional equity or debt securities, obtain credit facilities, obtain finance and operating lease arrangements, enter into financing obligations, repurchase common stock, pay dividends, or repurchase, refinance, or otherwise restructure our debt for strategic reasons or to further strengthen our financial position. We expect to fund the acquisition of MGM Holdings Inc. with cash on hand.

The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions have caused significant market volatility. These disruptions can contribute to defaults in our accounts receivable, affect asset valuations resulting in impairment charges, and affect the availability of lease and financing credit as well as other segments of the credit markets. We have utilized a range of financing methods to fund our global operations and capital expenditures and expect to continue to maintain financing flexibility in the current market conditions. However, due to the rapidly evolving global situation, it is not possible to predict whether unanticipated consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our liquidity and capital resources in the future.

The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities would be dilutive to our shareholders. In addition, we will, from time to time, consider the acquisition of, or investment in, complementary businesses, products, services, capital infrastructure, and technologies, which might affect our liquidity requirements or cause us to secure additional financing, or issue additional equity or debt securities. There can be no assurance that additional credit lines or financing instruments will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

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Results of Operations

We have organized our operations into three segments: North America, International, and AWS. These segments reflect the way the Company evaluates its business performance and manages its operations. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 8 — Segment Information.”

Effects of COVID-19

As reflected in the discussion below, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken in response to it had varying effects on our Q1Q2 2021 results of ~~operations. Higher net sales in the North America and International segments reflect increased~~operations, although some effects, including customer demand, ~~particularly as people~~ are staying at home, including for household staples and other essential and home products, partially offset by fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints. Other effects in the North America and International segments include increased fulfillment costs and cost of sales as a percentage of net sales, primarily duemitigating or becoming more difficult to the impact of lower productivity and costs to maintain safe workplaces. We incurred approximately $2.0 billion in COVID-19 related costs in Q1 2021. We will continue to prioritize employee and customer safety and comply with evolving federal, state, and local standards as well as to implement standardsisolate or ~~processes that we determine to be in the best interests of our employees, customers, and communities.~~

We expect the effects of fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints, elevated collection risk in our accounts receivable, and the negative impact on fulfillment costs and cost of sales as a percentage of net sales to continue into all or portions of Q2 2021. However,quantify. Moreover, it is not possible to determine the duration and scope of ~~the pandemic, including any recurrence, the actions taken in response to~~ the pandemic, the scale and rate of economic recovery from the pandemic, any ongoing effects on consumer demand and spending patterns, or other impacts of the pandemic, and whether these or other currently unanticipated consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our results of ~~operations.~~operations; however, we expect our net sales growth rate to decelerate in Q3 2021 compared to the increases we experienced in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. In addition, we incurred approximately $1.5 billion in COVID-19 related costs in Q2 2021, primarily due to the impact of lower productivity and costs to maintain safe workplaces. We expect COVID-19 related costs, as well as the effects of the pandemic on fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints, to continue into all or portions of Q3 2021. We will continue to prioritize employee and customer safety and comply with evolving federal, state, and local standards as well as to implement standards or processes that we determine to be in the best interests of our employees, customers, and communities.

Net Sales

Net sales include product and service sales. Product sales represent revenue from the sale of products and related shipping fees and digital media content where we record revenue gross. Service sales primarily represent third-party seller fees, which includes commissions and any related fulfillment and shipping fees, AWS sales, advertising services, Amazon Prime membership fees, and certain digital content subscriptions. Net sales information is as follows (in millions):

Three Months Ended
March 31,
2020 2021
Net Sales:
North America $ 46,127 $ 64,366
International 19,106 30,649
AWS 10,219 13,503
Consolidated $ 75,452 $ 108,518
Year-over-year Percentage Growth:
North America 29 % 40 %
International 18 60
AWS 33 32
Consolidated 26 44
Year-over-year Percentage Growth, excluding the effect of foreign exchange rates:
North America 29 % 39 %
International 20 50
AWS 33 32
Consolidated 27 41
Net sales mix:
North America 61 % 59 %
International 25 28
AWS 14 13
Consolidated 100 % 100 %

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	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2021			2020			2021
Net Sales:
North America	$	55,436		$	67,550		$	101,563		$	131,916
International	22,668			30,721			41,774			61,370
AWS	10,808			14,809			21,027			28,312
Consolidated	$	88,912		$	113,080		$	164,364		$	221,598
Year-over-year Percentage Growth:
North America	43		%	22		%	36		%	30		%
International	38			36			28			47
AWS	29			37			31			35
Consolidated	40			27			34			35
Year-over-year Percentage Growth, excluding the effect of foreign exchange rates:
North America	44		%	21		%	37		%	29		%
International	41			26			31			37
AWS	29			37			31			35
Consolidated	41			24			34			32
Net sales mix:
North America	62		%	60		%	62		%	59		%
International	26			27			25			28
AWS	12			13			13			13
Consolidated	100		%	100		%	100		%	100		%

Sales increased ~~44%~~27% in Q1Q2 2021 and 35% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the comparable prior year ~~period.~~periods. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates impacted net sales by ~~$2.1~~$2.5 billion for Q1Q2 2021 and by $4.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021. For a discussion of the effect of foreign exchange rates on sales growth, see “Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates” below.

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North America sales increased ~~40%~~22% in Q1Q2 2021 and 30% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the comparable prior year ~~period.~~periods. The sales growth primarily reflects increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers. Increased unit sales were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers, including from our shipping offers, and increased demand, ~~including for household staples and other essential and home products,~~ partially offset by fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints. We expect our North America sales growth rate to decelerate in Q3 2021 compared to the increases we experienced in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021.

International sales increased ~~60%~~36% in Q1Q2 2021 and 47% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the comparable prior year ~~period.~~periods. The sales growth primarily reflects increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers. Increased unit sales were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers, including from our shipping offers, and increased demand, ~~including for household staples and other essential and home products,~~ partially offset by fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints. We expect our International sales growth rate to decelerate in Q3 2021 compared to the increases we experienced in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates impacted International net sales by ~~$1.9~~$2.1 billion for Q1Q2 2021, and by $4.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

AWS sales increased ~~32%~~37% in Q1Q2 2021 and 35% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the comparable prior year ~~period.~~periods. The sales growth primarily reflects increased customer usage, partially offset by pricing changes. Pricing changes were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers.

Operating Income (Loss)

Operating income (loss) by segment is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021				2020		2021		2020		2021
Operating Income (Loss):	Operating Income (Loss):						Operating Income (Loss):
North America	North America	$	1,312	$	3,450		North America	$	2,141	$	3,147	$	3,452	$	6,597
International	International	(398)		1,252			International	345		362		(52)		1,614
AWS	AWS	3,075		4,163			AWS	3,357		4,193		6,432		8,356
Consolidated	Consolidated	$	3,989	$	8,865		Consolidated	$	5,843	$	7,702	$	9,832	$	16,567

Operating income increased from ~~$4.0~~$5.8 billion in Q1Q2 2020 to ~~$8.9~~$7.7 billion in Q1Q2 2021, and increased from $9.8 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020, to $16.6 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021. We believe that operating income (loss) is a more meaningful measure than gross profit and gross margin due to the diversity of our product categories and services.

The increase in North America operating income in absolute dollars in Q1Q2 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year ~~period,~~periods, is primarily due to increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales and ~~slower growth in certain operating expenses,~~lower COVID-19 related costs, partially offset by increased shipping and fulfillment costs, due in part to ~~COVID-19.~~increased investments in our fulfillment network, and growth in certain operating expenses. We expect the impact of COVID-19 related costs in our North America ~~operating income~~segment to continue to ~~be negatively impacted~~decrease, compared to the comparable prior year periods, through at least ~~Q2 2021 by COVID-19 related costs.~~Q3 2021. Changes in foreign exchange rates impacted operating income by $8$34 million for Q1Q2 2021, and by $42 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

The increase in International operating income in Q1absolute dollars in Q2 2021 as and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to ~~the operating loss in~~ the comparable prior year ~~period,~~periods, is primarily due to increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales and ~~slower growth in certain operating expenses,~~lower COVID-19 related costs, partially offset by increased shipping and fulfillment costs, due in part to ~~COVID-19.~~increased investments in our fulfillment network, and growth in certain operating expenses. We expect the impact of COVID-19 related costs in our International ~~operating income~~segment to continue to ~~be negatively impacted~~decrease, compared to the comparable prior year periods, through at least ~~Q2 2021 by COVID-19 related costs.~~Q3 2021. Changes in foreign exchange rates impacted operating income by ~~$270~~$199 million for Q1Q2 2021, and by $469 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

The increase in AWS operating income in absolute dollars in Q1Q2 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year ~~period~~periods, is primarily due to increased customer usage and cost structure productivity, partially offset by increased spending on technology infrastructure, payroll and related expenses, and software licensing expenses, all of which were primarily driven by additional investments to support the business growth, and reduced prices for our customers. Changes in foreign exchange rates impacted operating income by ~~$(171)~~$(226) million for Q1Q2 2021, and by $(397) million for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

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Operating Expenses

Information about operating expenses is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,						Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020			2021					2020			2021			2020			2021
Operating expenses:	Operating expenses:								Operating expenses:
Cost of sales	Cost of sales	$	44,257		$	62,403			Cost of sales	$	52,660		$	64,176		$	96,917		$	126,579
Fulfillment	Fulfillment	11,531			16,530				Fulfillment	13,806			17,638			25,337			34,168
Technology and content	Technology and content	9,325			12,488				Technology and content	10,388			13,871			19,713			26,359
Marketing	Marketing	4,828			6,207				Marketing	4,345			7,524			9,173			13,731
General and administrative	General and administrative	1,452			1,987				General and administrative	1,580			2,158			3,032			4,145
Other operating expense (income), net	Other operating expense (income), net	70			38				Other operating expense (income), net	290			11			360			49
Total operating expenses	Total operating expenses	$	71,463		$	99,653			Total operating expenses	$	83,069		$	105,378		$	154,532		$	205,031
Year-over-year Percentage Growth:	Year-over-year Percentage Growth:								Year-over-year Percentage Growth:
Cost of sales	Cost of sales	30		%	41		%		Cost of sales	45		%	22		%	38		%	31		%
Fulfillment	Fulfillment	34			43				Fulfillment	49			28			42			35
Technology and content	Technology and content	18			34				Technology and content	15			34			16			34
Marketing	Marketing	32			29				Marketing	1			73			15			50
General and administrative	General and administrative	24			37				General and administrative	24			37			24			37
Other operating expense (income), net	Other operating expense (income), net	1,531			(46)				Other operating expense (income), net	237			(96)			343			(86)
Percent of Net Sales:	Percent of Net Sales:								Percent of Net Sales:
Cost of sales	Cost of sales	58.7		%	57.5		%		Cost of sales	59.2		%	56.8		%	59.0		%	57.1		%
Fulfillment	Fulfillment	15.3			15.2				Fulfillment	15.5			15.6			15.4			15.4
Technology and content	Technology and content	12.4			11.5				Technology and content	11.7			12.3			12.0			11.9
Marketing	Marketing	6.4			5.7				Marketing	4.9			6.7			5.6			6.2
General and administrative	General and administrative	1.9			1.8				General and administrative	1.8			1.9			1.8			1.9
Other operating expense (income), net	Other operating expense (income), net	—			—				Other operating expense (income), net	0.3			—			0.2			—

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales primarily consists of the purchase price of consumer products, inbound and outbound shipping costs, including costs related to sortation and delivery centers and where we are the transportation service provider, and digital media content costs where we record revenue gross, including video and music.

The increase in cost of sales in absolute dollars in Q1Q2 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year ~~period,~~periods, is primarily due to increased product and shipping costs resulting from increased ~~sales.~~sales, partially offset by lower COVID-19 related costs. We expect ~~cost~~the impact of ~~sales as a percentage of net sales~~COVID-19 related costs to continue to ~~be negatively impacted~~decrease, compared to the comparable prior year periods, through at least ~~Q2 2021 by COVID-19 related costs.~~Q3 2021.

Shipping costs to receive products from our suppliers are included in our inventory and recognized as cost of sales upon sale of products to our customers. Shipping costs, which include sortation and delivery centers and transportation costs, were ~~$10.9~~$13.7 billion and ~~$17.2~~$17.7 billion in Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $24.6 billion and $34.9 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. We expect our cost of shipping to continue to increase to the extent our customers accept and use our shipping offers at an increasing rate, we use more expensive shipping methods, including faster delivery, and we offer additional services. We seek to mitigate costs of shipping over time in part through achieving higher sales volumes, optimizing our fulfillment network, negotiating better terms with our suppliers, and achieving better operating efficiencies. We believe that offering low prices to our customers is fundamental to our future success, and one way we offer lower prices is through shipping offers.

Costs to operate our AWS segment are primarily classified as “Technology and content” as we leverage a shared infrastructure that supports both our internal technology requirements and external sales to AWS customers.

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Fulfillment

Fulfillment costs primarily consist of those costs incurred in operating and staffing our North America and International fulfillment centers, physical stores, and customer service centers and payment processing costs. While AWS payment processing and related transaction costs are included in “Fulfillment,” AWS costs are primarily classified as “Technology and content.” Fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales may vary due to several factors, such as payment processing and related transaction costs, our level of productivity and accuracy, changes in volume, size, and weight of units received and fulfilled, the extent to which third party sellers utilize Fulfillment by Amazon services, timing of fulfillment network and physical store expansion, the extent we utilize fulfillment services provided by third parties, mix of products and services sold, and our ability to affect customer service contacts per unit by implementing improvements in our operations and enhancements to our customer self-service features. Additionally, sales by our sellers have higher payment processing and related transaction costs as a percentage of net sales compared to our retail sales because payment processing costs are based on the gross purchase price of underlying transactions.

The increase in fulfillment costs in absolute dollars in Q1Q2 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year ~~period,~~periods, is primarily due to variable costs corresponding with increased product and service sales volume and inventory levels and costs from expanding our fulfillment network, ~~and the~~partially offset by lower COVID-19 related costs in Q2 2021. We expect the impact of ~~lower productivity and~~COVID-19 related costs ~~to maintain safe workplaces. We expect fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales~~ to continue to ~~be negatively impacted~~decrease, compared to the comparable prior year periods, through at least ~~Q2 2021 by COVID-19 related costs.~~Q3 2021.

We seek to expand our fulfillment network to accommodate a greater selection and in-stock inventory levels and to meet anticipated shipment volumes from sales of our own products as well as sales by third parties for which we provide the fulfillment services. We regularly evaluate our facility requirements.

Technology and Content

Technology and content costs include payroll and related expenses for employees involved in the research and development of new and existing products and services, development, design, and maintenance of our stores, curation and display of products and services made available in our online stores, and infrastructure costs. Infrastructure costs include servers, networking equipment, and data center related depreciation and amortization, rent, utilities, and other expenses necessary to support AWS and other Amazon businesses. Collectively, these costs reflect the investments we make in order to offer a wide variety of products and services to our customers.

We seek to invest efficiently in numerous areas of technology and content so we may continue to enhance the customer experience and improve our process efficiency through rapid technology developments, while operating at an ever increasing scale. Our technology and content investment and capital spending projects often support a variety of product and service offerings due to geographic expansion and the cross-functionality of our systems and operations. We expect spending in technology and content to increase over time as we continue to add employees and technology infrastructure. These costs are allocated to segments based on usage. The increase in technology and content costs in absolute dollars in Q1Q2 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year ~~period,~~periods, is primarily due to ~~an increase in spending on technology infrastructure and~~ increased payroll and related costs associated with technical teams responsible for expanding our existing products and services and initiatives to introduce new products and service ~~offerings.~~offerings, and an increase in spending on technology infrastructure. See Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview” of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of how management views advances in technology and the importance of innovation.

Marketing

Marketing costs include advertising and payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and selling activities, including sales commissions related to AWS. We direct customers to our stores primarily through a number of marketing channels, such as our sponsored search, social and online advertising, third party customer referrals, television advertising, and other initiatives. Our marketing costs are largely variable, based on growth in sales and changes in rates. To the extent there is increased or decreased competition for these traffic sources, or to the extent our mix of these channels shifts, we would expect to see a corresponding change in our marketing costs.

The increase in marketing costs in absolute dollars in Q1Q2 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year ~~period,~~periods, is primarily due to higher spending on marketing channels and increased payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and selling ~~activities and higher spending on marketing channels.~~activities.

While costs associated with Amazon Prime membership benefits and other shipping offers are not included in marketing expense, we view these offers as effective worldwide marketing tools, and intend to continue offering them indefinitely.

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General and Administrative

The increase in general and administrative costs in absolute dollars in Q1Q2 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared to the comparable prior year ~~period,~~periods, is primarily due to increases in payroll and related expenses and professional service fees.

Other Operating Expense (Income), Net

Other operating expense (income), net was ~~$70~~$290 million and ~~$38~~$11 million for Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $360 million and $49 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021, and was primarily related to a lease impairment in Q2 2020 and the amortization of intangible assets.

Interest Income and Expense

Our interest income was ~~$202~~$135 million and ~~$105~~$106 million during Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $337 million and $211 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. We generally invest our excess cash in AAA-rated money market funds and investment grade short- to intermediate-term fixed income securities. Our interest income corresponds with the average balance of invested funds based on the prevailing rates, which vary depending on the geographies and currencies in which they are invested.

Interest expense was ~~$402~~$403 million and ~~$399~~$435 million during Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021, and $805 million and $834 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021, and was primarily related to debt and finance leases.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net was ~~$(406)~~$646 million and ~~$1.7~~$1.3 billion during Q1Q2 2020 and Q1Q2 2021 and $240 million and $3.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021. The primary components of other income (expense), net are related to equity securities valuations and adjustments, equity warrant valuations, and foreign currency.

Income Taxes

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Regulation G, Conditions for Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures, and other SEC regulations define and prescribe the conditions for use of certain non-GAAP financial information. Our measures of free cash flows and the effect of foreign exchange rates on our consolidated statements of operations meet the definition of non-GAAP financial measures.

We provide multiple measures of free cash flows because we believe these measures provide additional perspective on the impact of acquiring property and equipment with cash and through finance leases and financing obligations.

Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow is cash flow from operations reduced by “Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives.” The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2020 and 2021 (in millions):


		Twelve Months Ended March 31,					Twelve Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021			2020		2021
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	39,732	$	67,213	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	51,220	$	59,322
Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(15,395)		(40,803)		Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(19,368)		(47,176)
Free cash flow	Free cash flow	$	24,337	$	26,410	Free cash flow	$	31,852	$	12,146

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(25,053)	$	(59,383)	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(35,308)	$	(63,659)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(10,280)	$	(1,989)	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(714)	$	6,246

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Free Cash Flow Less Principal Repayments of Finance Leases and Financing Obligations

Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations is free cash flow reduced by “Principal repayments of finance leases” and “Principal repayments of financing obligations.” Principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations approximates the actual payments of cash for our finance leases and financing obligations. The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2020 and 2021 (in millions):


		Twelve Months Ended March 31,					Twelve Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021			2020		2021
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	39,732	$	67,213	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	51,220	$	59,322
Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(15,395)		(40,803)		Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(19,368)		(47,176)
Free cash flow	Free cash flow	24,337		26,410		Free cash flow	31,852		12,146
Principal repayments of finance leases	Principal repayments of finance leases	(10,013)		(11,448)		Principal repayments of finance leases	(10,504)		(11,435)
Principal repayments of financing obligations	Principal repayments of financing obligations	(43)		(103)		Principal repayments of financing obligations	(56)		(116)
Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations	Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations	$	14,281	14,859		Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations	$	21,292	595

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(25,053)	$	(59,383)	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(35,308)	$	(63,659)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(10,280)	$	(1,989)	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(714)	$	6,246

Free Cash Flow Less Equipment Finance Leases and Principal Repayments of All Other Finance Leases and Financing Obligations

Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations is free cash flow reduced by equipment acquired under finance leases, which is included in “Property and equipment acquired under finance leases,” principal repayments of all other finance lease liabilities, which is included in “Principal repayments of finance leases,” and “Principal repayments of financing obligations.” All other finance lease liabilities and financing obligations consists of property. In this measure, equipment acquired under finance leases is reflected as if these assets had been purchased with cash, which is not the case as these assets have been leased. The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2020 and 2021 (in millions):


		Twelve Months Ended March 31,					Twelve Months Ended June 30,
		2020		2021			2020		2021
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	39,732	$	67,213	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	51,220	$	59,322
Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(15,395)		(40,803)		Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives	(19,368)		(47,176)
Free cash flow	Free cash flow	24,337		26,410		Free cash flow	31,852		12,146
Equipment acquired under finance leases (1)	Equipment acquired under finance leases (1)	(12,209)		(8,936)		Equipment acquired under finance leases (1)	(11,952)		(7,295)
Principal repayments of all other finance leases (2)	Principal repayments of all other finance leases (2)	(407)		(525)		Principal repayments of all other finance leases (2)	(415)		(550)
Principal repayments of financing obligations	Principal repayments of financing obligations	(43)		(103)		Principal repayments of financing obligations	(56)		(116)
Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations	Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations	$	11,678	$	16,846	Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations	$	19,429	$	4,185

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(25,053)	$	(59,383)	Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(35,308)	$	(63,659)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(10,280)	$	(1,989)	Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(714)	$	6,246

___________________

(1)For the twelve months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2020 and 2021, this amount relates to equipment included in “Property and equipment acquired under finance leases” of ~~$13,262~~$13,110 million and ~~$11,489~~$9,976 million.

(2)For the twelve months ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2020 and 2021, this amount relates to property included in “Principal repayments of finance leases” of ~~$10,013~~$10,504 million and ~~$11,448~~$11,435 million.

All of these free cash flows measures have limitations as they omit certain components of the overall cash flow statement and do not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. For example, these measures of free cash flows do

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not incorporate the portion of payments representing principal reductions of debt or cash payments for business acquisitions. Additionally, our mix of property and equipment acquisitions with cash or other financing options may change over time. Therefore, we believe it is important to view free cash flows measures only as a complement to our entire consolidated statements of cash flows.

Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates

Information regarding the effect of foreign exchange rates, versus the U.S. Dollar, on our net sales, operating expenses, and operating income is provided to show reported period operating results had the foreign exchange rates remained the same as those in effect in the comparable prior year period. The effect on our net sales, operating expenses, and operating income from changes in our foreign exchange rates versus the U.S. Dollar is as follows (in millions):


		Three Months Ended March 31,												Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
		2020						2021							2020	2021						2020						2021
		As Reported		Exchange Rate Effect (1)		At Prior Year Rates (2)		As Reported		Exchange Rate Effect (1)		At Prior Year Rates (2)						As Reported		Exchange Rate Effect (1)		At Prior Year Rates (2)		As Reported		Exchange Rate Effect (1)		At Prior Year Rates (2)		As Reported		Exchange Rate Effect (1)		At Prior Year Rates (2)		As Reported		Exchange Rate Effect (1)		At Prior Year Rates (2)
Net sales	Net sales	$	75,452	$	387	$	75,839	$	108,518	$	(2,073)	$	106,445				Net sales	$	88,912	$	582	$	89,494	$	113,080	$	(2,471)	$	110,609	$	164,364	$	969	$	165,333	$	221,598	$	(4,544)	$	217,054
Operating expenses	Operating expenses	71,463		450		71,913		99,653		(1,966)		97,687					Operating expenses	83,069		693		83,762		105,378		(2,464)		102,914		154,532		1,144		155,676		205,031		(4,430)		200,601
Operating income	Operating income	3,989		(63)		3,926		8,865		(107)		8,758					Operating income	5,843		(111)		5,732		7,702		(7)		7,695		9,832		(175)		9,657		16,567		(114)		16,453

___________________

(1)Represents the change in reported amounts resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates from those in effect in the comparable prior year period for operating results.

(2)Represents the outcome that would have resulted had foreign exchange rates in the reported period been the same as those in effect in the comparable prior year period for operating results.

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Guidance

We provided guidance on ~~April~~July 29, 2021, in our earnings release furnished on Form 8-K as set forth below. These forward-looking statements reflect Amazon.com’s expectations as of ~~April~~July 29, 2021, and are subject to substantial uncertainty. Our results are inherently unpredictable and may be materially affected by many factors, such as fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, changes in global economic conditions and customer spending, world events, the rate of growth of the Internet, online commerce, and cloud services, as well as those outlined in Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.” This guidance reflects our estimates as of ~~April~~July 29, 2021 regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations, including those discussed above, and is highly dependent on numerous factors that we may not be able to predict or control, including: the duration and scope of the pandemic, including any recurrence; actions taken by governments, businesses, and individuals in response to the pandemic; the impact of the pandemic on global and regional economies and economic activity, workforce staffing and productivity, and our significant and continuing spending on employee safety measures; our ability to continue operations in affected areas; and consumer demand and spending patterns, as well as the effects on suppliers, creditors, and third-party sellers, all of which are uncertain. This guidance also assumes the impacts on consumer demand and spending patterns, including impacts due to concerns over the current economic outlook, will be in line with those experienced during the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021 to date, and the additional assumptions set forth below. However, it is not possible to determine the ultimate impact on our operations for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021, or whether other currently unanticipated direct or indirect consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our operations.

~~Second~~Third Quarter 2021 Guidance

•Net sales are expected to be between ~~$110.0~~$106.0 billion and ~~$116.0~~$112.0 billion, or to grow between ~~24%~~10% and ~~30%~~16% compared with ~~second~~third quarter 2020. This guidance anticipates a favorable impact of approximately ~~200~~70 basis points from foreign exchange rates.

•Operating income is expected to be between ~~$4.5~~$2.5 billion and ~~$8.0~~$6.0 billion, compared with ~~$5.8~~$6.2 billion in ~~second~~third quarter 2020. This guidance assumes approximately ~~$1.5~~$1.0 billion of costs related to COVID-19.

•~~This guidance assumes that Prime Day occurs in second quarter 2021.~~

•This guidance assumes, among other things, that no additional business acquisitions, investments, restructurings, or legal settlements are concluded.

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Item 3.			Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk for the effect of interest rate changes, foreign currency fluctuations, and changes in the market values of our investments. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is set forth below and in Item 2 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio and our long-term debt. Our long-term debt is carried at amortized cost and fluctuations in interest rates do not impact our consolidated financial statements. However, the fair value of our debt, which pays interest at a fixed rate, will generally fluctuate with movements of interest rates, increasing in periods of declining rates of interest and declining in periods of increasing rates of interest. We generally invest our excess cash in AAA-rated money market funds and investment grade short- to intermediate-term fixed income securities. Fixed income securities may have their fair market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates, and we may suffer losses in principal if forced to sell securities that have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates.

Foreign Exchange Risk

During Q1Q2 2021, net sales from our International segment accounted for ~~28%~~27% of our consolidated revenues. Net sales and related expenses generated from our internationally-focused stores, including within Canada and Mexico (which are included in our North America segment), are primarily denominated in the functional currencies of the corresponding stores and primarily include Euros, British Pounds, and Japanese Yen. The results of operations of, and certain of our intercompany balances associated with, our internationally-focused stores and AWS are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Upon consolidation, as foreign exchange rates vary, net sales and other operating results may differ materially from expectations, and we may record significant gains or losses on the remeasurement of intercompany balances. For example, as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates throughout the period compared to rates in effect the prior year, International segment net sales in Q1Q2 2021 increased by ~~$1.9~~$2.1 billion in comparison with Q1Q2 2020.

We have foreign exchange risk related to foreign-denominated cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (“foreign funds”). Based on the balance of foreign funds as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, of ~~$19.8~~$18.5 billion, an assumed 5%, 10%, and 20% adverse change to foreign exchange would result in fair value declines of ~~$990~~$925 million, ~~$2.0~~$1.8 billion, and ~~$4.0~~$3.7 billion. Fluctuations in fair value are recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss),” a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are included in “Marketable securities” on our consolidated balance sheets and are measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income.

We have foreign exchange risk related to our intercompany balances denominated in various foreign currencies. Based on the intercompany balances as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, an assumed 5%, 10%, and 20% adverse change to foreign exchange rates would result in losses of ~~$230~~$240 million, ~~$460~~$480 million, and ~~$920~~$965 million, recorded to “Other income (expense), net.”

See Item 2 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Results of Operations — Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates” for additional information on the effect on reported results of changes in foreign exchange rates.

Equity Investment Risk

As of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, our recorded value in equity and equity warrant investments in public and private companies was ~~$8.4~~$9.8 billion. Our equity and equity warrant investments in publicly traded companies represent ~~$2.9~~$4.7 billion of our investments as of ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, and are recorded at fair value, which is subject to market price volatility. We ~~assess~~carry our equity warrant investments in private companies at fair value and adjust our equity investments in private companies for ~~impairment.~~observable price changes or impairments. Valuations of private companies are inherently more complex due to the lack of readily available market data. The current global economic climate provides additional uncertainty. As such, we believe that market sensitivities are not practicable.

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Item 4.			Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “1934 Act”), under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the 1934 Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the 1934 Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

During the most recent fiscal quarter, there has not occurred any change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as specified above. Management does not expect, however, that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION


Item 1.			Legal Proceedings

See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies — Legal Proceedings.”


Item 1A.			Risk Factors

Please carefully consider the following discussion of significant factors, events, and uncertainties that make an investment in our securities risky. The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could, in circumstances we may or may not be able to accurately predict, recognize, or control, have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, reputation, prospects, financial condition, operating results (including components of our financial results), cash flows, liquidity, and stock price. These risk factors do not identify all risks that we face; our operations could also be affected by factors, events, or uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider to present significant risks to our operations. In addition to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions on our business and operations discussed in Item 2 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in the risk factors below, additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic climate may give rise to or amplify many of the risks discussed below.

Business and Industry Risks

We Face Intense Competition

Our businesses are rapidly evolving and intensely competitive, and we have many competitors across geographies, including cross-border competition, and in different industries, including physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail, e-commerce services, web and infrastructure computing services, electronic devices, digital content, advertising, grocery, and transportation and logistics services. Some of our current and potential competitors have greater resources, longer histories, more customers, and/or greater brand recognition, particularly with our newly-launched products and services and in our newer geographic regions. They may secure better terms from vendors, adopt more aggressive pricing, and devote more resources to technology, infrastructure, fulfillment, and marketing.

Competition continues to intensify, including with the development of new business models and the entry of new and well-funded competitors, and as our competitors enter into business combinations or alliances and established companies in other market segments expand to become competitive with our business. In addition, new and enhanced technologies, including search, web and infrastructure computing services, digital content, and electronic devices continue to increase our competition. The Internet facilitates competitive entry and comparison shopping, which enhances the ability of new, smaller, or lesser known businesses to compete against us. As a result of competition, our product and service offerings may not be successful, we may fail to gain or may lose business, and we may be required to increase our spending or lower prices, any of which could materially reduce our sales and profits.

Our Expansion into New Products, Services, Technologies, and Geographic Regions Subjects Us to Additional Risks

We may have limited or no experience in our newer market segments, and our customers may not adopt our product or service offerings. These offerings, which can present new and difficult technology challenges, may subject us to claims if customers of these offerings experience service disruptions or failures or other quality issues. In addition, profitability, if any, in our newer activities may not meet our expectations, and we may not be successful enough in these newer activities to recoup our investments in them. Failure to realize the benefits of amounts we invest in new technologies, products, or services could result in the value of those investments being written down or written off.

Our International Operations Expose Us to a Number of Risks

Our international activities are significant to our revenues and profits, and we plan to further expand internationally. In certain international market segments, we have relatively little operating experience and may not benefit from any first-to-market advantages or otherwise succeed. It is costly to establish, develop, and maintain international operations and stores, and promote our brand internationally. Our international operations may not become profitable on a sustained basis.

In addition to risks described elsewhere in this section, our international sales and operations are subject to a number of risks, including:

•local economic and political conditions;

•government regulation (such as regulation of our product and service offerings and of competition); restrictive governmental actions (such as trade protection measures, including export duties and quotas and custom duties and tariffs); nationalization; and restrictions on foreign ownership;

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•restrictions on sales or distribution of certain products or services and uncertainty regarding liability for products, services, and content, including uncertainty as a result of less Internet-friendly legal systems, local laws, lack of legal precedent, and varying rules, regulations, and practices regarding the physical and digital distribution of media products and enforcement of intellectual property rights;

•business licensing or certification requirements, such as for imports, exports, web services, and electronic devices;

•limitations on the repatriation and investment of funds and foreign currency exchange restrictions;

•limited fulfillment and technology infrastructure;

•shorter payable and longer receivable cycles and the resultant negative impact on cash flow;

•laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, data security, network security, consumer protection, payments, advertising, and restrictions on pricing or discounts;

•lower levels of use of the Internet;

•lower levels of consumer spending and fewer opportunities for growth compared to the U.S.;

•lower levels of credit card usage and increased payment risk;

•difficulty in staffing, developing, and managing foreign operations as a result of distance, language, and cultural differences;

•different employee/employer relationships and the existence of works councils and labor unions;

•compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable U.S. and foreign laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials and other third parties;

•laws and policies of the U.S. and other jurisdictions affecting trade, foreign investment, loans, and taxes; and

•geopolitical events, including war and terrorism.

As international physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail and other services grow, competition will intensify, including through adoption of evolving business models. Local companies may have a substantial competitive advantage because of their greater understanding of, and focus on, the local customer, as well as their more established local brand names. The inability to hire, train, retain, and manage sufficient required personnel may limit our international growth.

The People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) and India regulate Amazon’s and its affiliates’ businesses and operations in country through regulations and license requirements that may restrict (i) foreign investment in and operation of the Internet, IT infrastructure, data centers, retail, delivery, and other sectors, (ii) Internet content, and (iii) the sale of media and other products and services. For example, in order to meet local ownership, regulatory licensing, and cybersecurity requirements, we provide certain technology services in China through contractual relationships with third parties that hold PRC licenses to provide services. In India, the government restricts the ownership or control of Indian companies by foreign entities involved in online multi-brand retail trading activities. For www.amazon.in, we provide certain marketing tools and logistics services to third-party sellers to enable them to sell online and deliver to customers, and we hold indirect minority interests in entities that are third-party sellers on the www.amazon.in marketplace. Although we believe these structures and activities comply with existing laws, they involve unique risks, and the PRC and India may from time to time consider and implement additional changes in their regulatory, licensing, or other requirements that could impact these structures and activities. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation of PRC and Indian laws and regulations, and it is possible that these governments will ultimately take a view contrary to ours. In addition, our Chinese and Indian businesses and operations may be unable to continue to operate if we or our affiliates are unable to access sufficient funding or, in China, enforce contractual relationships we or our affiliates have in place. Violation of any existing or future PRC, Indian, or other laws or regulations or changes in the interpretations of those laws and regulations could result in our businesses in those countries being subject to fines and other financial penalties, having licenses revoked, or being forced to restructure our operations or shut down entirely.

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The Variability in Our Retail Business Places Increased Strain on Our Operations

Demand for our products and services can fluctuate significantly for many reasons, including as a result of seasonality, promotions, product launches, or unforeseeable events, such as in response to natural or man-made disasters, extreme weather, or geopolitical events. For example, we expect a disproportionate amount of our retail sales to occur during our fourth quarter. Our failure to stock or restock popular products in sufficient amounts such that we fail to meet customer demand could significantly affect our revenue and our future growth. When we overstock products, we may be required to take significant inventory markdowns or write-offs and incur commitment costs, which could materially reduce profitability. We regularly experience increases in our net shipping cost due to complimentary upgrades, split-shipments, and additional long-zone shipments necessary to ensure timely delivery for the holiday season. If too many customers access our websites within a short period of time due to increased demand, we may experience system interruptions that make our websites unavailable or prevent us from efficiently fulfilling orders, which may reduce the volume of goods we offer or sell and the attractiveness of our products and services. In addition, we may be unable to adequately staff our fulfillment network and customer service centers during these peak periods and delivery and other fulfillment companies and customer service co-sourcers may be unable to meet the seasonal demand. Risks described elsewhere in this Item 1A relating to fulfillment network optimization and inventory are magnified during periods of high demand.

We generally have payment terms with our retail vendors that extend beyond the amount of time necessary to collect proceeds from our consumer customers. As a result of holiday sales, as of December 31 of each year, our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances typically reach their highest level (other than as a result of cash flows provided by or used in investing and financing activities). This operating cycle results in a corresponding increase in accounts payable as of December 31. Our accounts payable balance generally declines during the first three months of the year, resulting in a corresponding decline in our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances.

We Are Impacted by Fraudulent or Unlawful Activities of Sellers

The law relating to the liability of online service providers is currently unsettled. In addition, governmental agencies have in the past and could in the future require changes in the way this business is conducted. Under our seller programs, we maintain policies and processes designed to prevent sellers from collecting payments, fraudulently or otherwise, when buyers never receive the products they ordered or when the products received are materially different from the sellers’ descriptions, and to prevent sellers in our stores or through other stores from selling unlawful, counterfeit, pirated, or stolen goods, selling goods in an unlawful or unethical manner, violating the proprietary rights of others, or otherwise violating our policies. When these policies and processes are circumvented or fail to operate sufficiently, it can harm our business or damage our reputation and we could face civil or criminal liability for unlawful activities by our sellers. Under our A2Z Guarantee, we reimburse buyers for payments up to certain limits in these situations, and as our third-party seller sales grow, the cost of this program will increase and could negatively affect our operating results.

We Face Risks Related to Adequately Protecting Our Intellectual Property Rights and Being Accused of Infringing Intellectual Property Rights of Third Parties

We regard our trademarks, service marks, copyrights, patents, trade dress, trade secrets, proprietary technology, and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark, copyright, and patent law, trade secret protection, and confidentiality and/or license agreements with our employees, customers, and others to protect our proprietary rights. Effective intellectual property protection is not available in every country in which our products and services are made available. We also may not be able to acquire or maintain appropriate domain names in all countries in which we do business. Furthermore, regulations governing domain names may not protect our trademarks and similar proprietary rights. We may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon, or diminish the value of our trademarks and other proprietary rights.

We are not always able to discover or determine the extent of any unauthorized use of our proprietary rights. Actions taken by third parties that license our proprietary rights may materially diminish the value of our proprietary rights or reputation. The protection of our intellectual property requires the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. Moreover, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property do not always adequately protect our rights or prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our proprietary rights. We also cannot be certain that others will not independently develop or otherwise acquire equivalent or superior technology or other intellectual property rights.

We have been subject to, and expect to continue to be subject to, claims and legal proceedings regarding alleged infringement by us of the intellectual property rights of third parties. Such claims, whether or not meritorious, have in the past, and may in the future, result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources, injunctions against us, or significant payments for damages, including to satisfy indemnification obligations or to obtain licenses from third parties who allege that we have infringed their rights. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties whose sole or primary business is to assert such claims.

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Our digital content offerings depend in part on effective digital rights management technology to control access to digital content. Breach or malfunctioning of the digital rights management technology that we use could subject us to claims, and content providers may be unwilling to include their content in our service.

We Have Foreign Exchange Risk

The results of operations of, and certain of our intercompany balances associated with, our international stores and product and service offerings are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Due to these fluctuations, operating results may differ materially from expectations, and we may record significant gains or losses on the remeasurement of intercompany balances. As we have expanded our international operations, our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations has increased. We also hold cash equivalents and/or marketable securities in foreign currencies including Euros, British Pounds, and Japanese Yen. When the U.S. Dollar strengthens compared to these currencies, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, when translated, may be materially less than expected and vice versa.

Operating Risks

Our Expansion Places a Significant Strain on our Management, Operational, Financial, and Other Resources

We are continuing to rapidly and significantly expand our global operations, including increasing our product and service offerings and scaling our infrastructure to support our retail and services businesses. The complexity of the current scale of our business can place significant strain on our management, personnel, operations, systems, technical performance, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions, and our expansion increases these factors. Failure to manage growth effectively could damage our reputation, limit our growth, and negatively affect our operating results.

We Experience Significant Fluctuations in Our Operating Results and Growth Rate

We are not always able to accurately forecast our growth rate. We base our expense levels and investment plans on sales estimates. A significant portion of our expenses and investments is fixed, and we are not always able to adjust our spending quickly enough if our sales are less than expected.

Our revenue growth may not be sustainable, and our percentage growth rates may decrease. Our revenue and operating profit growth depends on the continued growth of demand for the products and services offered by us or our sellers, and our business is affected by general economic and business conditions worldwide. A softening of demand, whether caused by changes in customer preferences or a weakening of the U.S. or global economies, may result in decreased revenue or growth.

Our sales and operating results will also fluctuate for many other reasons, including due to factors described elsewhere in this section and the following:

•our ability to retain and increase sales to existing customers, attract new customers, and satisfy our customers’ demands;

•our ability to retain and expand our network of sellers;

•our ability to offer products on favorable terms, manage inventory, and fulfill orders;

•the introduction of competitive stores, websites, products, services, price decreases, or improvements;

•changes in usage or adoption rates of the Internet, e-commerce, electronic devices, and web services, including outside the U.S.;

•timing, effectiveness, and costs of expansion and upgrades of our systems and infrastructure;

•the success of our geographic, service, and product line expansions;

•the extent to which we finance, and the terms of any such financing for, our current operations and future growth;

•the outcomes of legal proceedings and claims, which may include significant monetary damages or injunctive relief and could have a material adverse impact on our operating results;

•variations in the mix of products and services we sell;

•variations in our level of merchandise and vendor returns;

•the extent to which we offer fast and free delivery, continue to reduce prices worldwide, and provide additional benefits to our customers;

•factors affecting our reputation or brand image;

•the extent to which we invest in technology and content, fulfillment, and other expense categories;

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•increases in the prices of fuel and gasoline, as well as increases in the prices of other energy products and commodities like paper and packing supplies and hardware products;

•the extent to which operators of the networks between our customers and our stores successfully charge fees to grant our customers unimpaired and unconstrained access to our online services;

•our ability to collect amounts owed to us when they become due;

•the extent to which new and existing technologies, or industry trends, restrict online advertising or affect our ability to customize advertising or otherwise tailor our product and service offerings;

•the extent to which use of our services is affected by spyware, viruses, phishing and other spam emails, denial of service attacks, data theft, computer intrusions, outages, and similar events; and

•disruptions from natural or man-made disasters, extreme weather, geopolitical events and security issues (including terrorist attacks and armed hostilities), labor or trade disputes, and similar events.

We Face Risks Related to Successfully Optimizing and Operating Our Fulfillment Network and Data Centers

Failures to adequately predict customer demand or otherwise optimize and operate our fulfillment network and data centers successfully from time to time result in excess or insufficient fulfillment or data center capacity, increased costs, and impairment charges, any of which could materially harm our business. As we continue to add fulfillment and data center capability or add new businesses with different requirements, our fulfillment and data center networks become increasingly complex and operating them becomes more challenging. There can be no assurance that we will be able to operate our networks effectively.

In addition, failure to optimize inventory in our fulfillment network increases our net shipping cost by requiring long-zone or partial shipments. We and our co-sourcers may be unable to adequately staff our fulfillment network and customer service centers. Under some of our commercial agreements, we maintain the inventory of other companies, thereby increasing the complexity of tracking inventory and operating our fulfillment network. Our failure to properly handle such inventory or the inability of the other businesses on whose behalf we perform inventory fulfillment services to accurately forecast product demand may result in us being unable to secure sufficient storage space or to optimize our fulfillment network or cause other unexpected costs and other harm to our business and reputation.

We rely on a limited number of shipping companies to deliver inventory to us and completed orders to our customers. The inability to negotiate acceptable terms with these companies or performance problems or other difficulties experienced by these companies or by our own transportation systems could negatively impact our operating results and customer experience. In addition, our ability to receive inbound inventory efficiently and ship completed orders to customers also may be negatively affected by natural or man-made disasters, extreme weather, geopolitical events and security issues, labor or trade disputes, and similar events.

We Could Be Harmed by Data Loss or Other Security Breaches

Because we collect, process, store, and transmit large amounts of data, including confidential, sensitive, proprietary, and business and personal information, failure to prevent or mitigate data loss, theft, misuse, or other security breaches or vulnerabilities affecting our or our vendors’ or customers’ technology, products, and systems, could: expose us or our customers to a risk of loss, disclosure, or misuse of such information; adversely affect our operating results; result in litigation, liability, or regulatory action (including under laws related to privacy, data protection, data security, network security, and consumer protection); deter customers or sellers from using our stores and services; and otherwise harm our business and reputation. We use third-party technology and systems for a variety of reasons, including, without limitation, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers, back-office support, and other functions. Some of our systems have experienced past security breaches, and, although they did not have a material adverse effect on our operating results, there can be no assurance of a similar result in the future. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect customer data and prevent such incidents, including systems and processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party vendor or customer, such measures cannot provide absolute security and may fail to operate as intended or be circumvented.

We Face Risks Related to System Interruption and Lack of Redundancy

We experience occasional system interruptions and delays that make our websites and services unavailable or slow to respond and prevent us from efficiently accepting or fulfilling orders or providing services to third parties, which may reduce our net sales and the attractiveness of our products and services. Steps we take to add software and hardware, upgrade our systems and network infrastructure, and improve the stability and efficiency of our systems may not be sufficient to avoid system interruptions or delays that could adversely affect our operating results.

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Our computer and communications systems and operations in the past have been, or in the future could be, damaged or interrupted due to events such as natural or man-made disasters, extreme weather, geopolitical events and security issues (including terrorist attacks and armed hostilities), computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, and similar events or disruptions. Any of these events could cause system interruption, delays, and loss of critical data, and could prevent us from accepting and fulfilling customer orders and providing services, which could make our product and service offerings less attractive and subject us to liability. Our systems are not fully redundant and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient. In addition, our insurance may not provide sufficient coverage to compensate for related losses. Any of these events could damage our reputation and be expensive to remedy.

The Loss of Key Senior Management Personnel or the Failure to Hire and Retain Highly Skilled and Other Key Personnel Could Negatively Affect Our Business

We depend on our senior management and other key personnel, including ~~Jeffrey P. Bezos,~~ our ~~founder,~~ President ~~CEO,~~ and ~~Chairman.~~CEO. We do not have “key person” life insurance policies. We also rely on other highly skilled personnel. Competition for qualified personnel in the technology industry has historically been intense, particularly for software engineers, computer scientists, and other technical staff, as well as senior management. The loss of any of our executive officers or other key employees, the failure to successfully transition key roles, or the inability to hire, train, retain, and manage qualified personnel, could harm our business.

Our Supplier Relationships Subject Us to a Number of Risks

We have significant suppliers, including content and technology licensors, and in some cases, limited or single-sources of supply, that are important to our sourcing, services, manufacturing, and any related ongoing servicing of merchandise and content. We do not have long-term arrangements with most of our suppliers to guarantee availability of merchandise, content, components, or services, particular payment terms, or the extension of credit limits. Decisions by our current suppliers to limit or stop selling or licensing merchandise, content, components, or services to us on acceptable terms, or delay delivery, including as a result of one or more supplier bankruptcies due to poor economic conditions, as a result of natural disasters, or for other reasons, may result in our being unable to procure alternatives from other suppliers in a timely and efficient manner and on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, violations by our suppliers or other vendors of applicable laws, regulations, contractual terms, intellectual property rights of others, or our Supply Chain Standards, as well as products or practices regarded as unethical, unsafe, or hazardous, could expose us to claims, damage our reputation, limit our growth, and negatively affect our operating results.

Our Commercial Agreements, Strategic Alliances, and Other Business Relationships Expose Us to Risks

We provide physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail and other services to businesses through commercial agreements, strategic alliances, and business relationships. Under these agreements, we provide web services, technology, fulfillment, computing, digital storage, and other services, as well as enable sellers to offer products or services through our stores. These arrangements are complex and require substantial infrastructure capacity, personnel, and other resource commitments, which may limit the amount of business we can service. We may not be able to implement, maintain, and develop the components of these commercial relationships, which may include web services, fulfillment, customer service, inventory management, tax collection, payment processing, hardware, content, and third-party software, and engaging third parties to perform services. The amount of compensation we receive under certain of our commercial agreements is partially dependent on the volume of the other company’s sales. Therefore, when the other company’s offerings are not successful, the compensation we receive may be lower than expected or the agreement may be terminated. Moreover, we may not be able to enter into additional or alternative commercial relationships and strategic alliances on favorable terms. We also may be subject to claims from businesses to which we provide these services if we are unsuccessful in implementing, maintaining, or developing these services.

As our agreements terminate, we may be unable to renew or replace these agreements on comparable terms, or at all. We may in the future enter into amendments on less favorable terms or encounter parties that have difficulty meeting their contractual obligations to us, which could adversely affect our operating results.

Our present and future e-commerce services agreements, other commercial agreements, and strategic alliances create additional risks such as:

•disruption of our ongoing business, including loss of management focus on existing businesses;

•impairment of other relationships;

•variability in revenue and income from entering into, amending, or terminating such agreements or relationships; and

•difficulty integrating under the commercial agreements.

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Our Business Suffers When We Are Unsuccessful in Making, Integrating, and Maintaining Acquisitions and Investments

We have acquired and invested in a number of companies, and we may in the future acquire or invest in or enter into joint ventures with additional companies. These transactions create risks such as:

•disruption of our ongoing business, including loss of management focus on existing businesses;

•problems retaining key personnel;

•additional operating losses and expenses of the businesses we acquired or in which we invested;

•the potential impairment of tangible and intangible assets and goodwill, including as a result of acquisitions;

•the potential impairment of customer and other relationships of the company we acquired or in which we invested or our own customers as a result of any integration of operations;

•the difficulty of completing such transactions and achieving anticipated benefits within expected timeframes, or at all;

•the difficulty of incorporating acquired operations, technology, and rights into our offerings, and unanticipated expenses related to such integration;

•the difficulty of integrating a new company’s accounting, financial reporting, management, information and data security, human resource, and other administrative systems to permit effective management, and the lack of control if such integration is delayed or not successfully implemented;

•losses we may incur as a result of declines in the value of an investment or as a result of incorporating an investee’s financial performance into our financial results;

•for investments in which an investee’s financial performance is incorporated into our financial results, either in full or in part, the dependence on the investee’s accounting, financial reporting, and similar systems, controls, and processes;

•the difficulty of implementing at companies we acquire the controls, procedures, and policies appropriate for a larger public company;

•the risks associated with businesses we acquire or invest in, which may differ from or be more significant than the risks our other businesses face;

•potential unknown liabilities associated with a company we acquire or in which we invest; and

•for foreign transactions, additional risks related to the integration of operations across different cultures and languages, and the economic, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries.

As a result of future acquisitions or mergers, we might need to issue additional equity securities, spend our cash, or incur debt, contingent liabilities, or amortization expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could reduce our profitability and harm our business or only be available on unfavorable terms, if at all. In addition, valuations supporting our acquisitions and strategic investments could change rapidly. We could determine that such valuations have experienced impairments or other-than-temporary declines in fair value which could adversely impact our financial results.

We Face Significant Inventory Risk

In addition to risks described elsewhere in this Item 1A relating to fulfillment network and inventory optimization by us and third parties, we are exposed to significant inventory risks that may adversely affect our operating results as a result of seasonality, new product launches, rapid changes in product cycles and pricing, defective merchandise, changes in consumer demand and consumer spending patterns, changes in consumer tastes with respect to our products, spoilage, and other factors. We endeavor to accurately predict these trends and avoid overstocking or understocking products we manufacture and/or sell. Demand for products, however, can change significantly between the time inventory or components are ordered and the date of sale. In addition, when we begin selling or manufacturing a new product, it may be difficult to establish vendor relationships, determine appropriate product or component selection, and accurately forecast demand. The acquisition of certain types of inventory or components requires significant lead-time and prepayment and they may not be returnable. We carry a broad selection and significant inventory levels of certain products, such as consumer electronics, and at times we are unable to sell products in sufficient quantities or to meet demand during the relevant selling seasons. Any one of the inventory risk factors set forth above may adversely affect our operating results.

We Are Subject to Payments-Related Risks

We accept payments using a variety of methods, including credit card, debit card, credit accounts (including promotional financing), gift cards, direct debit from a customer’s bank account, consumer invoicing, physical bank check, and payment upon delivery. For existing and future payment options we offer to our customers, we currently are subject to, and may become subject to additional, regulations and compliance requirements (including obligations to implement enhanced authentication

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processes that could result in significant costs and reduce the ease of use of our payments products), as well as fraud. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower profitability. We rely on third parties to provide certain Amazon-branded payment methods and payment processing services, including the processing of credit cards, debit cards, electronic checks, and promotional financing. In each case, it could disrupt our business if these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us. We also offer co-branded credit card programs, which could adversely affect our operating results if renewed on less favorable terms or terminated. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules, including data security rules, certification requirements, and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. Failure to comply with these rules or requirements, as well as any breach, compromise, or failure to otherwise detect or prevent fraudulent activity involving our data security systems, could result in our being liable for card issuing banks’ costs, subject to fines and higher transaction fees, and loss of our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from our customers, process electronic funds transfers, or facilitate other types of online payments, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

In addition, we provide regulated services in certain jurisdictions because we enable customers to keep account balances with us and transfer money to third parties, and because we provide services to third parties to facilitate payments on their behalf. Jurisdictions subject us to requirements for licensing, regulatory inspection, bonding and capital maintenance, the use, handling, and segregation of transferred funds, consumer disclosures, maintaining or processing data, and authentication. We are also subject to or voluntarily comply with a number of other laws and regulations relating to payments, money laundering, international money transfers, privacy, data protection, data security, network security, consumer protection, and electronic fund transfers. If we were found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to additional requirements and civil and criminal penalties, or forced to cease providing certain services.

We Have a Rapidly Evolving Business Model and Our Stock Price Is Highly Volatile

We have a rapidly evolving business model. The trading price of our common stock fluctuates significantly in response to, among other risks, the risks described elsewhere in this Item 1A, as well as:

•changes in interest rates;

•conditions or trends in the Internet and the industry segments we operate in;

•quarterly variations in operating results;

•fluctuations in the stock market in general and market prices for Internet-related companies in particular;

•changes in financial estimates by us or decisions to increase or decrease future spending or investment levels;

•changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts;

•changes in our capital structure, including issuance of additional debt or equity to the public;

•changes in the valuation methodology of, or performance by, other e-commerce or technology companies; and

•transactions in our common stock by major investors and certain analyst reports, news, and speculation.

Volatility in our stock price could adversely affect our business and financing opportunities and force us to increase our cash compensation to employees or grant larger stock awards than we have historically, which could hurt our operating results or reduce the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders, or both.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Government Regulation Is Evolving and Unfavorable Changes Could Harm Our Business

We are subject to general business regulations and laws, as well as regulations and laws specifically governing the Internet, physical, e-commerce, and omnichannel retail, digital content, web services, electronic devices, advertising, artificial intelligence technologies and services, and other products and services that we offer or sell. These regulations and laws cover taxation, privacy, data protection, data security, network security, consumer protection, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, transportation, mobile communications, electronic device certification, electronic waste, energy consumption, environmental regulation, electronic contracts and other communications, competition, employment, trade and protectionist measures, web services, the provision of online payment services, registration, licensing, and information reporting requirements, unencumbered Internet access to our services or access to our facilities, the design and operation of websites, health, safety, and sanitation standards, the characteristics, legality, and quality of products and services, product labeling, the commercial operation of unmanned aircraft systems, and other matters. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, libel, privacy, data protection, data security, network security, and consumer protection apply to aspects of our operations such as the Internet, e-commerce, digital content, web services, electronic devices, advertising, and artificial

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intelligence technologies and services. A large number of jurisdictions regulate our operations, and the extent, nature, and scope of such regulations is evolving and expanding as the scope of our businesses expand. We are regularly subject to formal and informal reviews and investigations by governments and regulatory authorities under existing laws, regulations, or interpretations or pursuing new and novel approaches to regulate our operations. For example, a number of regulators have opened investigations to assess whether aspects of our operations violate competition rules. Unfavorable regulations, laws, decisions, or interpretations by government or regulatory authorities applying those laws and regulations, or inquiries, investigations, or enforcement actions threatened or initiated by them, could cause us to incur substantial costs, expose us to unanticipated civil and criminal liability or penalties (including substantial monetary fines), diminish the demand for, or availability of, our products and services, increase our cost of doing business, require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business, damage our reputation, impede our growth, or otherwise have a material effect on our operations.

Claims, Litigation, Government Investigations, and Other Proceedings May Adversely Affect Our Business and Results of Operations

As an innovative company offering a wide range of consumer and business products and services around the world, we are regularly subject to actual and threatened claims, litigation, reviews, investigations, and other proceedings, including proceedings by governments and regulatory authorities, involving a wide range of issues, including patent and other intellectual property matters, taxes, labor and employment, competition and antitrust, privacy, data protection, data security, network security, consumer protection, commercial disputes, goods and services offered by us and by third parties, and other matters. The number and scale of these proceedings have increased over time as our businesses have expanded in scope and geographic reach and our products, services, and operations have become more complex and available to, and used by, more people. Any of these types of proceedings can have an adverse effect on us because of legal costs, disruption of our operations, diversion of management resources, negative publicity, and other factors. The outcomes of these matters are inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties. Determining legal reserves or possible losses from such matters involves judgment and may not reflect the full range of uncertainties and unpredictable outcomes. Until the final resolution of such matters, we may be exposed to losses in excess of the amount recorded, and such amounts could be material. Should any of our estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, it could have a material effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In addition, it is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings, including as a result of a settlement, could involve licenses, sanctions, consent decrees, or orders requiring us to make substantial future payments, preventing us from offering certain products or services, requiring us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business, requiring development of non-infringing or otherwise altered products or technologies, damaging our reputation, or otherwise having a material effect on our operations.

We Are Subject to Product Liability Claims When People or Property Are Harmed by the Products We Sell or Manufacture

Some of the products we sell or manufacture expose us to product liability or food safety claims relating to personal injury or illness, death, or environmental or property damage, and can require product recalls or other actions. Third parties who sell products using our services and stores also expose us to product liability claims. Although we maintain liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Although we impose contractual terms on sellers that are intended to prohibit sales of certain type of products, we may not be able to detect, enforce, or collect sufficient damages for breaches of such agreements. In addition, some of our agreements with our vendors and sellers do not indemnify us from product liability.

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We Face Additional Tax Liabilities and Collection Obligations

We are subject to a variety of taxes and tax collection obligations in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. We may recognize additional tax expense and be subject to additional tax liabilities, including other liabilities for tax collection obligations due to changes in laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions. Such changes could come about as a result of economic, political, and other conditions. An increasing number of jurisdictions are considering or have adopted laws or administrative practices that impose new tax measures, including revenue-based taxes, targeting online commerce and the remote selling of goods and services. These include new obligations to collect sales, consumption, value added, or other taxes on online marketplaces and remote sellers, or other requirements that may result in liability for third party obligations. For example, the European Union, certain member states, and other countries have proposed or enacted taxes on online advertising and marketplace service revenues. Our results of operations and cash flows could be adversely effected by additional taxes of this nature imposed on us prospectively or retroactively or additional taxes or penalties resulting from the failure to comply with any collection obligations or failure to provide information about our customers, suppliers, and other third parties for tax reporting purposes to various government agencies. In some cases we also may not have sufficient notice to enable us to build systems and adopt processes to properly comply with new reporting or collection obligations by the effective date.

Our tax expense and liabilities are also affected by other factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related tax benefits, the applicability of special or extraterritorial tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes to our forecasts of income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, and changes in our tax assets and liabilities and their valuation. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our tax expense, assets, and liabilities.

We are also subject to tax controversies in various jurisdictions that can result in tax assessments against us. Developments in an audit, investigation, or other tax controversy can have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these proceedings to determine the adequacy of our tax accruals. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of audits, investigations, and any other tax controversies could be materially different from our historical tax accruals.

We Are Subject to Risks Related to Government Contracts and Related Procurement Regulations

Our contracts with U.S., as well as state, local, and foreign, government entities are subject to various procurement regulations and other requirements relating to their formation, administration, and performance. We are subject to audits and investigations relating to our government contracts, and any violations could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contract, refunding or suspending of payments, forfeiture of profits, payment of fines, and suspension or debarment from future government business. In addition, some of these contracts are subject to periodic funding approval and/or provide for termination by the government at any time, without cause.

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Item 2.			Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.


Item 3.			Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.


Item 4.			Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.


Item 5.			Other Information

Not applicable.

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Item 6.			Exhibits


Exhibit Number						Description

3.1						Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 29, 2020).

3.2						Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 29, 2020).

4.1						Officers’ Certificate of Amazon.com, Inc., dated as of May 12, 2021, containing Form of 0.250% Note due 2023, Form of 0.450% Note due 2024, Form of 1.000% Note due 2026, Form of 1.650% Note due 2028, Form of 2.100% Note due 2031, Form of 2.875% Note due 2041, Form of 3.100% Note due 2051, and Form of 3.250% Note due 2061 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 12, 2021).

31.1						Certification of ~~Jeffrey P. Bezos, Chairman~~Andrew R. Jassy , President and Chief Executive Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

31.2						Certification of Brian T. Olsavsky, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

32.1						Certification of ~~Jeffrey P. Bezos, Chairman~~Andrew R. Jassy , President and Chief Executive Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.

32.2						Certification of Brian T. Olsavsky, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Amazon.com, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.

101						The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Balance Sheets, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.

104						The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended ~~March 31,~~June 30, 2021, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


			AMAZON.COM, INC. (REGISTRANT)

			By:			/s/ Shelley L. Reynolds
						Shelley L. Reynolds
						Vice President, Worldwide Controller
						(Principal Accounting Officer)

Dated: ~~April~~July 29, 2021