UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

___________________________________

FORM 10-Q



x	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018



o	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-14387

Commission File Number 1-13663

___________________________________

United Rentals, Inc.

United Rentals (North America), Inc.

(Exact Names of Registrants as Specified in Their Charters)

___________________________________



Delaware Delaware		06-1522496 86-0933835
(States of Incorporation)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Nos.)

100 First Stamford Place, Suite 700 Stamford, Connecticut		06902
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrants’ Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (203) 622-3131

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large Accelerated Filer	x	Accelerated Filer	o
Non-Accelerated Filer	o	Smaller Reporting Company	o
Emerging Growth Company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). o Yes x No

As of October ~~16, 2017,~~15, 2018, there were ~~84,574,589~~81,102,622 shares of United Rentals, Inc. common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding. There is no market for the common stock of United Rentals (North America), Inc., all outstanding shares of which are owned by United Rentals, Inc.

This combined Form 10-Q is separately filed by (i) United Rentals, Inc. and (ii) United Rentals (North America), Inc. (which is a wholly owned subsidiary of United Rentals, Inc.). United Rentals (North America), Inc. meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction (H)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q and is therefore filing this report with the reduced disclosure format permitted by such instruction.

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA), INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, ~~2017~~2018

INDEX



		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6

	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, ~~2017~~2018 (unaudited) and December 31, ~~2016~~2017	6

	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (unaudited)	7

	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (unaudited)	8

	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 (unaudited)	9

	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 (unaudited)	10

	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	11

Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3640

Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	5153

Item 4	Controls and Procedures	5254

PART II	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1	Legal Proceedings	5355

Item 1A	Risk Factors	5355

Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	5355

Item 6	Exhibits	5456

	Signatures	5657

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seek,” “on-track,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend” or “anticipate,” or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy or outlook. You are cautioned that our business and operations are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, and, consequently, our actual results may differ materially from those projected.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected include, but are not limited to, the following:

the possibility that companies that we have acquired or may acquire, ~~in our specialty business or otherwise,~~ including NES Rentals Holdings II, Inc. (“~~NES ”) and~~NES”), Neff Corporation ("Neff"), BakerCorp International Holdings, Inc. (“BakerCorp”) and Vander Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries ("BlueLine"), could have undiscovered liabilities or involve other unexpected costs, may strain our management capabilities or may be difficult to integrate;

the possibility that the proposed BlueLine acquisition will not close;

the cyclical nature of our business, which is highly sensitive to North American construction and industrial activities; if construction or industrial activity decline, our revenues and, because many of our costs are fixed, our profitability may be adversely affected;

our significant indebtedness (which totaled ~~$8.4~~$10.1 billion at September 30, ~~2017)~~2018) requires us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow for debt service and can constrain our flexibility in responding to unanticipated or adverse business conditions;

inability to refinance our indebtedness on terms that are favorable to us, or at all;

incurrence of additional debt, which could exacerbate the risks associated with our current level of indebtedness;

noncompliance with financial or other covenants in our debt agreements, which could result in our lenders terminating the agreements and requiring us to repay outstanding borrowings;

restrictive covenants and amount of borrowings permitted in our debt instruments, which can limit our financial and operational flexibility;

overcapacity of fleet in the equipment rental industry;

inability to benefit from government spending, including spending associated with infrastructure projects;

fluctuations in the price of our common stock and inability to complete stock repurchases in the time frame and/or on the terms anticipated;

rates we charge and time utilization we achieve being less than anticipated;

inability to manage credit risk adequately or to collect on contracts with a large number of customers;

inability to access the capital that our businesses or growth plans may require;

incurrence of impairment charges;

trends in oil and natural gas could adversely affect the demand for our services and products;

the fact that our holding company structure requires us to depend in part on distributions from subsidiaries and such distributions could be limited by contractual or legal restrictions;

increases in our loss reserves to address business operations or other claims and any claims that exceed our established levels of reserves;

incurrence of additional expenses (including indemnification obligations) and other costs in connection with litigation, regulatory and investigatory matters;

the outcome or other potential consequences of regulatory matters and commercial litigation;

shortfalls in our insurance coverage;

our charter provisions as well as provisions of certain debt agreements and our significant indebtedness may have the effect of making more difficult or otherwise discouraging, delaying or deterring a takeover or other change of control of us;

turnover in our management team and inability to attract and retain key personnel;

costs we incur being more than anticipated, and the inability to realize expected savings in the amounts or time frames planned;

dependence on key suppliers to obtain equipment and other supplies for our business on acceptable terms;

inability to sell our new or used fleet in the amounts, or at the prices, we expect;

competition from existing and new competitors;

risks related to security breaches, cybersecurity attacks and other significant disruptions in our information technology systems;

the costs of complying with environmental, safety and foreign law and regulations, as well as other risks associated with non-U.S. operations, including currency exchange risk;

labor disputes, work stoppages or other labor difficulties, which may impact our productivity, and potential enactment of new legislation or other changes in law affecting our labor relations or operations generally; ~~and~~

increases in our maintenance and replacement costs and/or decreases in the residual value of our ~~equipment.~~equipment; and

the effect of changes in tax law, such as the effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was enacted on December 22, 2017.

For a more complete description of these and other possible risks and uncertainties, please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2016,~~2017, as well as to our subsequent filings with the SEC. Our forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date hereof, and we make no commitment to update or publicly release any revisions to forward-looking statements in order to reflect new information or subsequent events, circumstances or changes in expectations.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Item 1.	Financial Statements

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In millions, except share data)


	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016			September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	324		$	312		$	65		$	352
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $57 at September 30, 2017 and $54 at December 31, 2016	1,151			920
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $77 at September 30, 2018 and $68 at December 31, 2017							1,438			1,233
Inventory	82			68			104			75
Prepaid expenses and other assets	82			61			85			112
Total current assets	1,639			1,361			1,692			1,772
Rental equipment, net	7,391			6,189			8,910			7,824
Property and equipment, net	451			430			529			467
Goodwill	3,493			3,260			4,313			4,082
Other intangible assets, net	759			742			895			875
Other long-term assets	11			6			15			10
Total assets	$	13,744		$	11,988		$	16,354		$	15,030
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt	$	694		$	597		$	896		$	723
Accounts payable	612			243			688			409
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	467			344			503			536
Total current liabilities	1,773			1,184			2,087			1,668
Long-term debt	7,677			7,193			9,182			8,717
Deferred taxes	2,012			1,896			1,628			1,419
Other long-term liabilities	71			67			123			120
Total liabilities	11,533			10,340			13,020			11,924
Common stock—$0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 112,334,897 and 84,571,724 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at September 30, 2017 and 111,985,215 and 84,222,042 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at December 31, 2016	1			1
Common stock—$0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 112,874,448 and 81,537,040 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at September 30, 2018 and 112,394,395 and 84,463,662 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at December 31, 2017							1			1
Additional paid-in capital	2,322			2,288			2,380			2,356
Retained earnings	2,108			1,654			3,791			3,005
Treasury stock at cost—27,763,173 shares at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016	(2,077		)	(2,077		)
Treasury stock at cost—31,337,408 and 27,930,733 shares at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively							(2,660		)	(2,105		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(143		)	(218		)	(178		)	(151		)
Total stockholders’ equity	2,211			1,648			3,334			3,106
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	13,744		$	11,988		$	16,354		$	15,030

See accompanying notes.

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In millions, except per share amounts)


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,						September 30,					September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018		2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Equipment rentals	$	1,536		$	1,322		$	4,069		$	3,643		$	1,861	$	1,536		$	4,951		$	4,069
Sales of rental equipment	139			112			378			361			140		139			478			378
Sales of new equipment	40			30			126			96			54		40			140			126
Contractor supplies sales	21			19			60			60			24		21			66			60
Service and other revenues	30			25			86			79			37		30			106			86
Total revenues	1,766			1,508			4,719			4,239			2,116		1,766			5,741			4,719
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation	557			486			1,556			1,391			671		557			1,883			1,556
Depreciation of rental equipment	290			250			804			735			343		290			988			804
Cost of rental equipment sales	84			68			225			215			83		84			282			225
Cost of new equipment sales	34			25			108			79			46		34			121			108
Cost of contractor supplies sales	14			13			42			41			15		14			43			42
Cost of service and other revenues	14			10			42			32			20		14			58			42
Total cost of revenues	993			852			2,777			2,493			1,178		993			3,375			2,777
Gross profit	773			656			1,942			1,746			938		773			2,366			1,942
Selling, general and administrative expenses	237			179			648			533			265		237			736			648
Merger related costs	16			—			32			—			11		16			14			32
Restructuring charge	9			4			28			8			9		9			15			28
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	63			61			189			192			75		63			213			189
Operating income	448			412			1,045			1,013			578		448			1,388			1,045
Interest expense, net	131			110			338			349			118		131			339			338
Other income, net	(5		)	(1		)	(5		)	(3		)	—		(5		)	(2		)	(5		)
Income before provision for income taxes	322			303			712			667			460		322			1,051			712
Provision for income taxes	123			116			263			254			127		123			265			263
Net income	$	199		$	187		$	449		$	413		$	333	$	199		$	786		$	449
Basic earnings per share	$	2.36		$	2.18		$	5.31		$	4.68		$	4.05	$	2.36		$	9.44		$	5.31
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.33		$	2.16		$	5.26		$	4.66		$	4.01	$	2.33		$	9.34		$	5.26

See accompanying notes.

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In millions)


	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended				Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,					September 30,				September 30,				September 30,
	2017		2016			2017		2016		2018		2017		2018			2017
Net income	$	199	$	187		$	449	$	413	$	333	$	199	$	786		$	449
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	41		(9		)	75		51		18		41		(28		)	75
Fixed price diesel swaps	1		—			—		3		—		1		1			—
Other comprehensive income (loss)	42		(9		)	75		54
Other comprehensive (loss) income										18		42		(27		)	75
Comprehensive income (1)	$	241	$	178		$	524	$	467	$	351	$	241	$	759		$	524

(1)There were no material reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) during ~~2017~~2018 or ~~2016.~~2017. There is no tax impact related to the foreign currency translation adjustments, as the earnings are considered permanently reinvested. There were no material taxes associated with other comprehensive income (loss) during ~~2017~~2018 or ~~2016.~~2017.

See accompanying notes.

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(In millions)


	Common Stock								Treasury Stock							Common Stock									Treasury Stock
	Number of Shares (1)	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings		Number of Shares	Amount			Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income (2)			Number of Shares (1)		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings		Number of Shares	Amount			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2)
Balance at December 31, 2016	84	$	1	$	2,288		$	1,654	28	$	(2,077	)	$	(218	)
Balance at December 31, 2017																84		$	1	$	2,356		$	3,005	28	$	(2,105	)	$	(151	)
Net income							449																786
Foreign currency translation adjustments													75																(28		)
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting for share-based payments (note 1)							5
Fixed price diesel swaps																													1
Stock compensation expense, net	1			64												1				73
Exercise of common stock options				1																2
Shares repurchased and retired				(26		)														(51		)
Other				(5		)
Balance at September 30, 2017	85	$	1	$	2,322		$	2,108	28	$	(2,077	)	$	(143	)
Repurchase of common stock																(3	)								3	(555		)
Balance at September 30, 2018																82		$	1	$	2,380		$	3,791	31	$	(2,660	)	$	(178	)

(1)Common stock outstanding ~~decreased~~increased by ~~approximately 8~~less than 1 million net shares during the year ended December 31, ~~2016.~~2017.

(2)The Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss balance primarily reflects foreign currency translation adjustments.

See accompanying notes.

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(In millions)


	Nine Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2017			2016			2018			2017
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income	$	449		$	413		$	786		$	449
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	993			927			1,201			993
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discounts	6			7			9			6
Gain on sales of rental equipment	(153		)	(146		)	(196		)	(153		)
Gain on sales of non-rental equipment	(4		)	(3		)	(4		)	(4		)
Gain on insurance proceeds from damaged equipment							(18		)	(10		)
Stock compensation expense, net	64			33			73			64
Merger related costs	32			—			14			32
Restructuring charge	28			8			15			28
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities and amendment of ABL facility	43			36			—			43
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements	—			(53		)
Increase in deferred taxes	97			90			190			97
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired:
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable	(172		)	7
Increase in accounts receivable							(131		)	(172		)
Increase in inventory	(9		)	(3		)	(23		)	(9		)
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets	(1		)	75
Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses and other assets							31			(1		)
Increase in accounts payable	350			137			238			350
Increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities	43			102
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities							(62		)	43
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,766			1,630			2,123			1,756
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Purchases of rental equipment	(1,485		)	(1,145		)	(1,962		)	(1,485		)
Purchases of non-rental equipment	(87		)	(65		)	(134		)	(87		)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment	378			361			478			378
Proceeds from sales of non-rental equipment	10			12			13			10
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment							18			10
Purchases of other companies, net of cash acquired	(1,063		)	(28		)	(805		)	(1,063		)
Purchases of investments	(5		)	—			(1		)	(5		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,252		)	(865		)	(2,393		)	(2,242		)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from debt	8,702			5,812			7,062			8,702
Payments of debt	(8,156		)	(6,021		)	(6,464		)	(8,156		)
Proceeds from the exercise of common stock options	1			—			2			1
Common stock repurchased	(26		)	(488		)	(606		)	(26		)
Payments of financing costs	(44		)	(12		)	(1		)	(44		)
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements	—			53
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	477			(656		)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities							(7		)	477
Effect of foreign exchange rates	21			9			(10		)	21
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	12			118
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents							(287		)	12
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	312			179			352			312
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	324		$	297		$	65		$	324
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net	$	114		$	14		$	50		$	114
Cash paid for interest	305			294			379			305

See accompanying notes.

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

1. Organization, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

United Rentals, Inc. (“Holdings,” “URI” or the “Company”) is principally a holding company and conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, United Rentals (North America), Inc. (“URNA”), and subsidiaries of URNA. Holdings’ primary asset is its sole ownership of all issued and outstanding shares of common stock of URNA. URNA’s various credit agreements and debt instruments place restrictions on its ability to transfer funds to its shareholder.

We rent equipment to a diverse customer base that includes construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities in the United States, Canada and ~~Canada.~~Europe. In addition to renting equipment, we sell new and used rental equipment, as well as related contractor supplies, parts and service.

We have prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the accounting policies described in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2016~~2017 (the “~~2016~~2017 Form 10-K”) and the interim reporting requirements of Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the ~~2016~~2017 Form 10-K.

In our opinion, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial condition, operating results and cash flows for the interim periods presented have been made. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results of the full year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Leases. In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance ("Topic 842") to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring i)(1) recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and ~~ii)~~(2) disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. Some changes to the lessor accounting guidance were made to align both of the following: i)(1) the lessor accounting guidance with certain changes made to the lessee accounting guidance and ~~ii)~~(2) key aspects of the lessor accounting model with revenue recognition guidance. Topic 842 will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. A modified retrospective approach is required for adoption for all leases that exist at or commence after the date of initial application with an option to use certain practical expedients. We expect to use the package of practical expedients that allows us to not reassess: (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification for any expired or existing leases and (3) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases. We additionally expect to use the practical expedient that allows us to treat the lease and non-lease components of our leases as a single component for our real estate leases. We expect to adopt this guidance when ~~effective.~~effective, using the transition method that allows us to initially apply Topic 842 at the adoption date of January 1, 2019 and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption.

As discussed ~~below,~~in note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, most of our equipment rental revenues, which accounted for 86 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, will be accounted for under the current lease accounting standard ("Topic 840") until the adoption of Topic 842. ~~While our review of the equipment rental revenue accounting under Topic 842 is ongoing, we~~We have tentatively concluded that no significant changes are expected to the accounting for most of our equipment rental revenues upon adoption of Topic 842.

Under Topic 842, our operating leases, which include both real estate and non-rental equipment, will result in lease assets and lease liabilities being recognized on the balance sheet. We lease a significant portion of our branch locations, and also lease other premises used for purposes such as district and regional offices and service centers. We expect that the quantification of the amount of the lease assets and lease liabilities that we will recognize on our balance sheet will take a significant amount of time given the size of our lease portfolio. While our review of the lessee accounting requirements of Topic 842 is ongoing, we believe that the impact on our balance sheet, while not currently estimable, will be significant.

~~Revenue from Contracts with Customers~~. In May 2014, and in subsequent updates, the FASB issued guidance ("Topic 606") to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue. This guidance includes the required steps to achieve the core principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption (for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016) is permitted. We expect to adopt this guidance when effective.

Upon adoption of Topic 606, we will recognize revenue in accordance with two different accounting standards: 1) Topic 606 and 2) Topic 840. As discussed above, we expect to adopt Topic 842, an update to Topic 840, when it becomes effective, on January 1, 2019. While our review of our revenue accounting is ongoing, we expect that most of our equipment rental revenues, which accounted for 86 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, will be accounted for under

Topic 840 until the adoption of Topic 842, and that our non-equipment rental revenues will be accounted for under Topic 606. While our review of our non-equipment rental revenue accounting is ongoing, we do not believe that Topic 606 will have a significant impact on our financial statements.

~~We are also evaluating the disclosure requirements of Topic 606, as well as its impact on our internal controls over financial reporting.~~

~~Statement of Cash Flows.~~ In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance to reduce the diversity in the presentation of certain cash receipts and cash payments presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The guidance addresses the following specific cash flow issues: (1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, (5) proceeds from settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies, (6) distributions received from equity method investees, (7) beneficial interests in securitization transitions and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of predominance principle. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The guidance requires retrospective adoption. We expect to adopt this guidance when effective, and do not expect the guidance to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance that will require companies to present assets held at amortized cost and available for sale debt securities net of the amount expected to be collected. The guidance requires the measurement of expected credit losses to be based on relevant information from past events, including historical experiences, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Different components of the guidance require modified retrospective or prospective adoption. We are currently assessing whether we will

early adopt, and the impact on our financial statements is not currently ~~estimable.~~

~~Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory.~~ ~~In October 2016, the FASB issued guidance that~~estimable as it will ~~require companies to recognize the income tax effects of intra-entity sales~~depend on market conditions and ~~transfers of assets other than inventory in the period in which the transfer occurs. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years~~our forecast expectations upon, and ~~interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The guidance requires modified retrospective~~following, adoption. ~~We expect to adopt this guidance when effective, and do not expect the guidance to have a significant impact on our financial statements.~~

Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance intended to simplify the subsequent accounting for goodwill acquired in a business combination. Prior guidance required utilizing a two-step process to review goodwill for impairment. A second step was required if there was an indication that an impairment may exist, and the second step required calculating the potential impairment by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill (as if purchase accounting were performed on the testing date) with the carrying amount of the goodwill. The new guidance eliminates the second step from the goodwill impairment test. Under the new guidance, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and then recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value (although the loss should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit). The guidance requires prospective adoption and will be effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption of this guidance is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We ~~expect to adopt this~~are currently assessing whether we will early adopt. The guidance ~~when effective, and do~~is not ~~expect it~~expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

~~Clarifying the Definition of a Business~~. In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of assisting entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, and consolidation. The guidance is intended to make determining when a set of assets and activities is a business more consistent and cost-efficient. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted for transactions that occurred before the issuance date or effective date of the guidance if the transactions were not reported in financial statements that have been issued or made available for issuance. We expect to adopt this guidance when effective. The impact of this guidance will depend on the nature of our activities after adoption, and fewer transactions may be treated as acquisitions (or disposals) of businesses after adoption.

~~Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting. In May 2017, the FASB issued guidance to provide clarity and reduce both the (1) diversity in practice and (2) cost and complexity when changing the terms or conditions of share-based~~

payment awards. Under the updated guidance, a modification is defined as a change in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award, and an entity should account for the effects of a modification unless all of the following are met:

1.The fair value of the modified award is the same as the fair value of the original award immediately before the original award is modified. If the modification does not affect any of the inputs to the valuation techniques that the entity uses to value the award, the entity is not required to estimate the value immediately before and after the modification.

2.~~The vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the original award is modified.~~

3.~~The classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the original award is modified.~~

This guidance requires prospective adoption and will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The majority of our modifications relate to the acceleration of vesting conditions and we would continue to be required to account for the effects of such modifications under the updated guidance. We expect to adopt this guidance when effective, and do not expect that this guidance will have a significant impact on our financial statements.

Derivatives and Hedging. In August 2017, the FASB issued guidance with the objective of improving the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. The guidance is additionally intended to simplify hedge accounting, and no longer requires separate measurement and reporting of hedge ineffectiveness. For cash flow and net investment hedges existing at the date of adoption, entities must apply a cumulative-effect adjustment related to eliminating the separate measurement of ineffectiveness to accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance is required prospectively. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing whether we will early adopt. Given our currently limited use of derivative instruments, ~~(see note 6 to our condensed consolidated financial statements),~~ the guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

Guidance Adopted in ~~2017~~2018

~~Improvements~~Revenue from Contracts with Customers. See note 2 to ~~Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.~~ Inour condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our revenue recognition accounting following our adoption in the first quarter of ~~2017,~~2018 of FASB guidance addressing the principles for recognizing revenue.

Statement of Cash Flows. In 2018, we retrospectively adopted guidance that ~~simplified several aspects~~was issued to reduce the diversity in the presentation of ~~the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities,~~certain cash receipts and ~~classification on the statement of~~ cash ~~flows. We prospectively adopted the amendments~~payments presented and classified in ~~this guidance that relate to the classification of excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements on~~ the statement of cash flows. The ~~excess~~guidance addresses the following specific cash flow issues: (1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, (5) proceeds from settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies, (6) distributions received from equity method investees, (7) beneficial interests in securitization transitions and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of predominance principle. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.

Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. In 2018, we adopted guidance that requires companies to recognize the income tax ~~benefits from~~effects of intra-entity sales and transfers of assets other than inventory in the period in which the transfer occurs. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our financial statements.

Clarifying the Definition of a Business. In 2018, we adopted guidance that was issued to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of assisting entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, and consolidation. The guidance is intended to make determining when a set of assets and activities is a business more consistent and cost-efficient. The future impact of this guidance will depend on the nature of our future activities, and fewer transactions may be treated as acquisitions (or disposals) of businesses after adoption.

Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting. In 2018, we prospectively adopted guidance that was issued to provide clarity and reduce both the (1) diversity in practice and (2) cost and complexity when changing the terms or conditions of share-based payment ~~arrangements result from stock-based compensation windfall deductions~~awards. Under the updated guidance, a modification is defined as a change in ~~excess~~the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award, and an entity should account for the effects of a modification unless all of the following are met:

2.The vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the original award is modified.

3.The classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the original award is modified.

The majority of our modifications relate to the acceleration of vesting conditions. The accounting for such modifications did not change under the adopted guidance, which did not have a significant impact on our financial statements.

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was enacted in December 2017. The Act reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that were previously tax deferred and creates new taxes on certain foreign sourced earnings. As of December 31, 2017, we were able to determine a reasonable estimate of (1) the effects on our existing deferred tax balances and (2) the one-time transition tax. We recognized a provisional income tax benefit of $689 in the year ended December 31, 2017 associated with these items that we reasonably estimated. As of September 30, 2018, we have not changed the provisional estimate recognized in 2017 associated with the effects on our existing deferred tax balances. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we increased the estimated one-time transition tax by $6. The Tax Act subjects U.S. shareholders to a tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. Entities can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in future years or provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. Given the complexity of the GILTI provisions, we are still evaluating the tax impact and have not yet made the accounting policy election. As of September 30, 2018, we were able to reasonably estimate provisional adjustments, based on current year operations only, related to GILTI and recognized the immaterial adjustments in our financial statements. In all cases as it relates to the Tax Act, we will continue to refine our calculations as additional analysis is completed and as we gain a more thorough understanding of the tax law.

All amounts ~~reported~~recognized associated with the Tax Act as of September 30, 2018 are provisional. Given the complexity of the Tax Act, we are still evaluating the tax impact. We expect to complete the accounting in the fourth quarter of 2018. As noted above, most of the impact of the Act was recognized in 2017, with $6 of additional expense recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

2. Revenue Recognition

Adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”

In May 2014, and in subsequent updates, the FASB issued guidance ("Topic 606") to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue. Topic 606 is an update to Topic 605, which was the revenue recognition standard in effect through December 31, 2017. Topic 606 includes the required steps to achieve the core principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of Topic 606 did not result in any significant changes to our historic revenue accounting under Topic 605. Results for 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while results for 2017 continue to reflect our historic accounting under Topic 605. Because there were no significant changes to our revenue recognition accounting upon adoption of Topic 606, no changes to our historic financial statements were required, and no cumulative change to retained earnings was required.

We applied the Topic 606 practical expedient that allows entities to not restate contracts that begin and are completed within the same annual reporting ~~purposes. In~~period. No other practical expedients associated with the ~~nine~~adoption of Topic 606 were applied. The only change to our revenue accounting upon adoption of Topic 606 pertains to sales of certain rental equipment. Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, certain sales of rental equipment were deferred until certain contingent future events occurred. Under Topic 606, we are no longer required to defer the revenue. The adoption of Topic 606 results in earlier recognition (primarily in the first quarter) of certain sales of rental equipment, but it does not impact total annual revenue because the contingencies that previously resulted in deferral under Topic 605 are always resolved within the same calendar year. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized $8$139 of sales of rental equipment under Topic 605. Under Topic 606, sales of rental equipment during the three months ended September 30, 2017 would have been $14 less because such ~~excess tax benefits, and, pursuant~~sales would have been recognized prior to the ~~adopted guidance, net income increased~~three months ended September 30, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30,

2017, we recognized $378 of sales of rental equipment under Topic 605 and such amount does not differ materially from the amount that would have been recognized under Topic 606.

As discussed below, following the adoption of Topic 606, we recognize revenue in accordance with two different accounting standards: 1) Topic 606 and 2) Topic 840 (which addresses lease accounting. As discussed below, we expect to adopt an update to this standard on January 1, 2019). Under Topic 606, revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer, and is the unit of account under Topic 606. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by ~~$8,~~transferring control over a product or ~~$0.10~~service to a customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for such products or services.

As reflected below, most of our revenue is accounted for under Topic 840. Our contracts with customers generally do not include multiple performance obligations. For contracts with multiple Topic 606 performance obligations, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation.

Nature of goods and services

In the following table, revenue is summarized by type and by the applicable accounting standard.



	Three Months Ended September 30,
			2018						2017
	Topic 840		Topic 606		Total		Topic 840		Topic 605		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	1,589	$	—	$	1,589	$	1,320	$	—	$	1,320
Re-rent revenue	41		—		41		32		—		32
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		132		132		—		107		107
Other	78		21		99		61		16		77
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	78		153		231		61		123		184
Total equipment rentals	1,708		153		1,861		1,413		123		1,536
Sales of rental equipment	—		140		140		—		139		139
Sales of new equipment	—		54		54		—		40		40
Contractor supplies sales	—		24		24		—		21		21
Service and other revenues	—		37		37		—		30		30
Total revenues	$	1,708	$	408	$	2,116	$	1,413	$	353	$	1,766



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2018						2017
	Topic 840		Topic 606		Total		Topic 840		Topic 605		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	4,260	$	—	$	4,260	$	3,508	$	—	$	3,508
Re-rent revenue	95		—		95		78		—		78
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		336		336		—		279		279
Other	198		62		260		160		44		204
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	198		398		596		160		323		483
Total equipment rentals	4,553		398		4,951		3,746		323		4,069
Sales of rental equipment	—		478		478		—		378		378
Sales of new equipment	—		140		140		—		126		126
Contractor supplies sales	—		66		66		—		60		60
Service and other revenues	—		106		106		—		86		86
Total revenues	$	4,553	$	1,188	$	5,741	$	3,746	$	973	$	4,719

Revenues by reportable segment and geographical market are presented in notes 4 and 11 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, respectively, using the revenue captions reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The majority of our revenue is recognized in our general rentals segment and in the U.S. (for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, 82 percent and 92 percent of total revenues, respectively), and, accordingly, we do not believe that presenting the revenue types above by reportable segment or geographical market would provide information that is material to investors. We believe that the disaggregation of our revenue from contracts to customers as reflected above, coupled with the further discussion below and the reportable segment and geographical market disclosures in notes 4 and 11, depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Lease revenues (Topic 840)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 840 is discussed below. As discussed in note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we expect to adopt Topic 842, which is an update to Topic 840, on January 1, 2019. We have tentatively concluded that no significant changes are expected to our revenue accounting upon adoption of Topic 842.

Owned equipment rentals: Owned equipment rentals represent revenues from renting equipment that we own. We account for such rentals as operating leases.

We recognize revenues from renting equipment on a straight-line basis. Our rental contract periods are hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. By way of example, if a customer were to rent a piece of equipment and the daily, weekly and monthly rental rates for that particular piece were (in actual dollars) $100, $300 and $900, respectively, we would recognize revenue of $32.14 per ~~diluted share, reflecting~~day. The daily rate for recognition purposes is calculated by dividing the ~~tax reduction~~monthly rate of $900 by the monthly term of 28 days. This daily rate assumes that the equipment will be on rent for the full 28 days, as we are unsure of when the customer will return the equipment and therefore unsure of which rental contract period will apply.

As part of this straight-line methodology, when the equipment is returned, we recognize as incremental revenue the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, which is based on the rental contract period applicable to the actual number of days the equipment was out on rent, over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date. In any given accounting period, we will have customers return equipment and be contractually required to pay us more than the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date under the straight-line methodology. For instance, continuing the above example, if the customer rented the above piece of equipment on December 29 and returned it at the close of business on January 1, we would recognize incremental revenue on January 1 of $171.44 (in actual dollars, representing the difference between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, or $300 at the weekly rate, and the cumulative amount recognized to date on a straight-line basis, or $128.56, which represents four days at $32.14 per day).

We record amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue as deferred revenue on our balance sheet. We had deferred revenue (associated with both Topic 840 and Topic 606/605) of $58 and $46 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Re-rent revenue: Re-rent revenue reflects revenues from equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers. We account for such rentals as subleases. The accounting for re-rent revenue is the same as the accounting for owned equipment rentals described above.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of 1) Rental Protection Plan (or "RPP") revenue associated with the ~~excess tax benefits. Prior periods have not been adjusted~~damage waiver customers can purchase when they rent our equipment to ~~reflect~~protect against potential loss or damage, 2) environmental charges associated with the rental of equipment, and 3) charges for rented equipment that is damaged by our customers.

Revenues from contracts with customers (Topic 606)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 606 is discussed below. Substantially all of our revenues under Topic 606 are recognized at a point-in-time rather than over time.

Delivery and pick-up: Delivery and pick-up revenue associated with renting equipment is recognized when the service is performed.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of revenues associated with the consumption of fuel by our customers which are recognized when the equipment is returned by the customer (and consumption, if any, can be measured).

Sales of rental equipment, new ~~guidance related~~equipment and contractor supplies are recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the ~~classification~~customer and when collectibility is reasonably assured.

Service and other revenues primarily represent revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

Receivables and contract assets and liabilities

As reflected above, most of ~~the excess tax benefits, as we have elected to prospectively adopt such guidance. Accordingly,~~ our ~~statement~~equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 840 (such revenue represented 79 percent of ~~cash flows~~our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016 reflects $53~~2018). The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. Because the same customers generate the revenues that are accounted for under both Topic 606 and Topic 840, the discussions below on credit risk and our allowances for doubtful accounts address our total revenues from Topic 606 (Topic 605 for 2017) and Topic 840.

Concentration of ~~such excess tax benefits within net cash used in financing activities. All~~credit risk with respect to our receivables is limited because a large number of ~~the excess tax benefits~~geographically diverse customers makes up our customer base. Our largest customer accounted for less than one percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016 pertain~~2018, and for each of the last three full years. Our customer with the largest receivable balance represented approximately one percent of total receivables at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We manage credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and other monitoring procedures.

We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts. These allowances reflect our estimate of the amount of our receivables that we will be unable to ~~share~~collect based ~~payments~~on historical write-off experience. Our estimate could require change based on changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, we may be required to increase or decrease our allowances. Trade receivables that ~~vested prior~~have contractual maturities of one year or less are written-off when they are determined to ~~2016,~~be uncollectible based on the criteria necessary to qualify as a deduction for federal tax purposes. Write-offs of such receivables require management approval based on specified dollar thresholds. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we recognized expenses of $27 and $24, respectively, primarily within selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of income, associated with our allowances for doubtful accounts.

We do not have material contract assets, or impairment losses associated therewith, or material contract liabilities, associated with contracts with customers. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in material amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue. We did not recognize material revenue during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017 that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of such periods.

Performance obligations

Most of our Topic 606 revenue is recognized at a point-in-time, rather than over time. Accordingly, in any particular period, we do not generally recognize a significant amount of revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods, and the amount of such revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was not material. We also do not expect to recognize material revenue in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of September 30, 2018.

Payment terms

Our Topic 606 revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Our contracts do not generally include a significant financing component. For certain products or services and customer types, we require payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties. See above for a discussion of how we manage credit risk.

Sales tax amounts collected from customers are recorded on a net basis.

Contract costs

We do not recognize any assets associated with the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer (for example, a sales commission) that we expect to recover. Most of our revenue is recognized at a point-in-time or over a period of one year or less, and we use the practical expedient that allows us to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

Contract estimates and judgments

Our revenues accounted for under Topic 606 generally do not require significant estimates or judgments, primarily for the following reasons:

The transaction price is generally fixed and stated on our contracts;

As noted above, our contracts generally do not include multiple performance obligations, and accordingly ~~would~~do not ~~have impacted net income under the new guidance.~~

~~Other significant components~~generally require estimates of the ~~adopted guidance include:~~standalone selling price for each performance obligation;

~~The guidance requires that cash paid by an employer to~~Our revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration; and

Most of our revenue is recognized as of a ~~taxing authority when directly withholding shares for tax-withholding purposes should be classified as a financing activity on~~point-in-time and the ~~statement of cash flows. We have historically classified such payments as financing activities, so no retrospective change was required to our 2016 statement of cash flows.~~

~~Certain aspects~~timing of the guidance require a cumulative change to retained earnings upon adoption. Upon adopting this guidance, we elected to record forfeitures of share-based payments as they occur. Making such an election requires a cumulative change to retained earnings upon adoption. However, we historically adjusted estimated forfeitures to reflect actual forfeitures annually, as a result of which no change to retained earnings was required. In 2016, we utilized allsatisfaction of the ~~prior federal excess tax benefits from share-based payments that vested through 2016,~~applicable performance obligations is readily determinable. As noted above, our Topic 606 revenue is generally recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer.

We monitor and accordingly, no change to retained earnings was required associated with federal excess tax benefits from share-based payments. A $5 change to retained earnings was required associated with state excess tax benefits from share-based payments that were not previously recognized because the related tax deduction had not reduced taxes payable.review our estimated standalone selling prices on a regular basis.

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~~UNITED RENTALS, INC.~~

~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

2.3. Acquisitions

NES Acquisition

In April 2017, we completed the acquisition of NES Rentals Holdings II, Inc. (“NES”). NES was a provider of rental equipment with 73 branches located throughout the eastern half of the U.S., and had approximately 1,100 employees and approximately $900 of rental assets at original equipment cost as of December 31, 2016. NES had annual revenues of approximately $369. The ~~acquisition is expected to:~~acquisition:

•~~Increase~~Increased our density in strategically important markets, including the East Coast, Gulf States and the Midwest;

•~~Strengthen~~Strengthened our relationships with local and strategic accounts in the construction and industrial sectors, which ~~we expect will enhance~~enhances cross-selling opportunities and ~~drive~~drives revenue synergies; and

•~~Create~~Created meaningful opportunities for cost synergies in areas such as corporate overhead, operational efficiencies and purchasing.

The aggregate consideration paid to holders of NES common stock and options was approximately $960. The acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through ~~available cash,~~ drawings on our senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“ABL facility”) and new debt issuances. ~~See note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional detail on the debt issuances.~~

The following table summarizes the ~~estimated~~ fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. The opening balance sheet values assigned to these assets and liabilities are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period.assumed.


Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts (1)	$	49		$	49
Inventory	4			4
Rental equipment	571			571
Property and equipment	48			48
Intangibles (2)	139			139
Other assets	7			7
Total identifiable assets acquired	818			818
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt (3)	(3		)	(3		)
Current liabilities	(28		)	(33		)
Deferred taxes	(14		)	(15		)
Long-term debt (3)	(11		)	(11		)
Other long-term liabilities	(5		)	(5		)
Total liabilities assumed	(61		)	(67		)
Net identifiable assets acquired	757			751
Goodwill (4)	203			209
Net assets acquired	$	960		$	960

(1) The fair value of accounts receivables acquired was $49, and the gross contractual amount was $53. We estimated that $4 would be uncollectible.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

(2) The following table reflects the ~~estimated~~ fair values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets identified based on our purchase accounting assessments:



	Fair value		Life (years)
Customer relationships	$	138	10
Non-compete agreements	1		1
Total	$	139

(3) The acquired debt reflects capital lease obligations.

(4) All of the goodwill was assigned to our general rentals segment. The level of goodwill that resulted from the acquisition is primarily reflective of NES's going-concern value, the value of NES's assembled workforce, new customer

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~~UNITED RENTALS, INC.~~

~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

relationships expected to arise from the acquisition, and operational synergies that we expect to achieve that would not be available to other market participants. $1 of goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 include NES acquisition-related costs ~~of $1 and $17, respectively,~~ which are included in “Merger related costs” in our condensed consolidated statements of income. ~~The merger related costs are comprised of financial and legal advisory fees.~~ In addition to the acquisition-related costs reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of income, the debt issuance costs and the original issue premiums associated with the issuance of debt to fund the acquisition are reflected, net of amortization subsequent to the acquisition date, in long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. ~~See note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional detail on the debt issuances.~~

Since the acquisition date, significant amounts of fleet have been moved between URI locations and the acquired NES locations, and it is not practicable to reasonably estimate the amounts of revenue and earnings of NES since the acquisition date. The impact of the NES acquisition on our equipment rentals revenue is primarily reflected in the ~~increases~~increase in the volume of OEC on rent of ~~18.2 percent and 14.5~~19.6 percent for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, respectively.~~

~~The pro forma information below gives effect to~~2018 (such increase also includes the NES acquisition as if it had been completed on January 1, 2016 (“the pro forma acquisition date”). The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of our results of operations had the acquisition been completed on the above date, nor is it necessarily indicative of our future results. The pro forma information does not reflect any cost savings from operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisition, and also does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the acquisition. The pro forma information includes adjustments to record the assets and liabilities of NES at their respective fair values based on available information and to give effect to the financing for the acquisition and related transactions. The pro forma adjustments reflected in the table below are subject to change as additional analysis is performed. The opening balance sheet values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. Increases or decreases in the estimated fair valuesimpact of the net assets acquired may impact our statements of income in future periods. We expect that the values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be finalized in 2017. The table below presents unaudited pro forma consolidated income statement information as if NES had been included in our consolidated results for the entire periods reflected:

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30, September 30,
2017 2016 2017
2016
United Rentals historic revenues $ 1,766
$ 1,508
$ 4,719
$ 4,239

NES historic revenues —
95
81
266

Pro forma revenues 1,766
1,603
4,800
4,505

United Rentals historic pretax income 322
303
712
667

NES historic pretax income (loss) —
6
(12 ) 11

Combined pretax income 322
309
700
678

Pro forma adjustments to combined pretax income:
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation (1) —
(9 ) (9 ) (28 )
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired NES fleet on cost of rental equipment sales (2) —
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
Gain on sale of equity interest (3) —
—
—
(7 )
Interest expense (4) —
(9 ) (9 ) (28 )
Elimination of historic NES interest (5) —
9
12
28

Elimination of merger related costs (6) 1
—
17
—

Restructuring charges (7) 9
(9 ) 27
(27 )
Pro forma pretax income $ 332
$ 290
$ 737
$ 615

(1) Depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation were adjusted for the fair value mark-ups of equipment acquired in the NES acquisition. The useful lives assigned to such equipment did not change significantly from the lives historically used by NES.

~~(2) Cost of rental equipment sales was adjusted for the fair value mark-ups of rental equipment acquired in the NES acquisition.~~

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~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

~~(3) In 2016, NES sold its equity interest in a successor company and recognized a gain of $7. This gain was eliminated as the equity interest that was sold is not a component of the combined company.~~

(4) To partially fund the NES acquisition, URNA issued an aggregate of $500 principal amount of debt, as discussed in note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Drawings on the ABL facility were also used to partially fund the purchase price. Interest expense was adjusted to reflect these changes in our debt portfolio.

~~(5) NES historic interest on debt that is not part of the combined entity was eliminated.~~

(6) Merger related costs comprised of financial and legal advisory fees associated with the NES acquisition were eliminated as they were assumed to have been recognized prior to the pro forma acquisition date. The merger related costs reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of income also include costs associated with the acquisitionacquisitions of Neff Corporation ("Neff") and BakerCorp International Holdings, Inc. (“~~Neff”~~BakerCorp”) discussed ~~below.~~

(7) We expect to recognize restructuring charges primarily comprised of severance costs and branch closure charges associated with the acquisition over a period of approximately one year following the acquisition date, which, for the pro forma presentation, was January 1, 2016. As such, the restructuring charges recognized in 2017 were moved to 2016. The restructuring charges reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of income also include non-NES restructuring charges, as discussed in note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. We do not expect to recognize significant additional restructuring charges associated with the acquisition. The 2016 restructuring charges above reflect the total charges recorded as of September 30, 2017 recognized on a straight-line basis from the pro forma acquisition date through September 30, 2016.below).

Neff Acquisition

In ~~August~~October 2017, we entered into a definitive merger agreement with Neff, pursuant to which we agreed to acquire Neff in an all cash transaction. The merger closed on October 2, 2017. The aggregate consideration paid to completecompleted the acquisition was approximately $1.3 billion. The merger and related fees and expenses were funded through available cash, drawings on current debt facilities and new debt issuances. See note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional detail on the debt issuances.of Neff. Neff was a provider of earthmoving, material handling, aerial and other equipment, and had 69 branches located in 14 states, with a concentration in southern geographies. Neff had approximately 1,100 employees and approximately $860 of rental assets at original equipment cost as of September 30, 2017. Neff had annual revenues of approximately $413. The acquisition augmented our earthmoving capabilities and efficiencies of scale in key market areas, particularly fast-growing southern geographies, and created opportunities for revenue synergies through the cross-selling of our broader fleet.

The aggregate consideration paid to holders of Neff common stock and options was approximately $1.316 billion (including $7 of stock consideration associated with Neff stock options and restricted stock units which were converted into United Rentals stock options). The acquisition and related fees and expenses were primarily funded through new debt issuances.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

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(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)



Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts (1)	$	72
Inventory	5
Rental equipment	550
Property and equipment	45
Intangibles (customer relationships) (2)	153
Other assets	5
Total identifiable assets acquired	830
Current liabilities	(62		)
Deferred taxes	(36		)
Other long-term liabilities	(3		)
Total liabilities assumed	(101		)
Net identifiable assets acquired	729
Goodwill (3)	587
Net assets acquired	$	1,316

(1) The fair value of accounts receivables acquired was $72, and the gross contractual amount was $74. We estimated that $2 would be uncollectible.

(2) The customer relationships are being amortized over a 10 year life.

(3) All of the goodwill was assigned to our general rentals segment. The level of goodwill that resulted from the acquisition is primarily reflective of Neff's going-concern value, the value of Neff's assembled workforce, new customer relationships expected to arise from the acquisition, and operational synergies that we expect to achieve that would not be available to other market participants. $320 of goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 include Neff acquisition-related costs which are included in “Merger related costs” in our condensed consolidated statements of income. In addition to the acquisition-related costs reflected in our consolidated statements of income, the debt issuance costs and the original issue premiums associated with the issuance of debt to fund the acquisition are reflected, net of amortization subsequent to the acquisition date, in long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Since the acquisition date, significant amounts of fleet have been moved between URI locations and the acquired Neff locations, and it is not practicable to reasonably estimate the amounts of revenue and earnings of Neff since the acquisition date. The impact of the Neff acquisition on our equipment rentals revenue is primarily reflected in the increases in the volume of OEC on rent of 17.8 percent and 19.6 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Such increase for the three months ended September 30, 2018 includes the impact of the acquisition of BakerCorp discussed below. Such increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 includes the impact of the acquisitions of NES discussed above and BakerCorp discussed below.

BakerCorp Acquisition

In July 2018, we completed the acquisition of BakerCorp. BakerCorp was a leading multinational provider of tank, pump, filtration and trench shoring rental solutions for a broad range of industrial and construction applications. BakerCorp had approximately 950 employees, and its operations were primarily concentrated in the United States and Canada, where it had 46 locations. BakerCorp also had 11 locations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. BakerCorp had annual revenues of approximately $295. The acquisition is expected to:

•Augment our bundled solutions for fluid storage, transfer and treatment;

•Expand our strategic account base; and

•Provide a significant opportunity to increase revenue and enhance customer service by cross-selling to our broader customer base.

The aggregate consideration paid was approximately $724. The acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through drawings on our ABL facility.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The purchase price allocations for these assets and liabilities are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period.



Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts (1)	$	73
Inventory	5
Rental equipment	352
Property and equipment	27
Intangibles (2)	149
Other assets	5
Total identifiable assets acquired	611
Current liabilities	(61		)
Deferred taxes	(20		)
Total liabilities assumed	(81		)
Net identifiable assets acquired	530
Goodwill (3)	194
Net assets acquired	$	724

(1) The fair value of accounts receivables acquired was $73, and the gross contractual amount was $79. We estimated that $6 would be uncollectible.

(2) The following table reflects the fair values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets identified based on our purchase accounting assessments:



	Fair value		Life (years)
Customer relationships	$	144	8
Trade names and associated trademarks	5		5
Total	$	149

(3) All of the goodwill was assigned to our trench, power and fluid solutions segment. The level of goodwill that resulted from the acquisition is primarily reflective of BakerCorp's going-concern value, the value of BakerCorp's assembled workforce, new customer relationships expected to arise from the acquisition, and operational synergies that we expect to achieve that are not associated with the identifiable assets. $7 of goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 include BakerCorp acquisition-related costs which are included in “Merger related costs” in our condensed consolidated statements of income.

Since the acquisition date, significant amounts of fleet have been moved between URI locations and the acquired BakerCorp locations, and it is not practicable to reasonably estimate the amounts of revenue and earnings of BakerCorp since the acquisition date. The impact of the BakerCorp acquisition on our equipment rentals revenue is primarily reflected in the increases in the volume of OEC on rent of 17.8 percent and 19.6 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Such increase for the three months ended September 30, 2018 includes the impact of the acquisition of Neff discussed above. Such increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 includes the impact of the acquisitions of NES and Neff discussed above.

Pro forma financial information

The pro forma information below gives effect to the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions as if they had been completed on January 1, 2017 (“the pro forma acquisition date”). The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of our results of operations had the acquisitions been completed on the above date, nor is it necessarily indicative of our future results. The pro forma information does not reflect any cost savings from operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisitions, and also does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the acquisitions. The pro forma information includes adjustments to record the assets and liabilities of NES, Neff and BakerCorp at their respective fair values based on available information and to give effect to the financing for the acquisitions and related transactions. The pro forma adjustments reflected in the table below are subject to change as additional analysis is performed. The acquisition measurement periods for

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

NES and Neff have ended and the values assigned to the NES and Neff assets acquired and liabilities assumed are final. The opening balance sheet values assigned to the BakerCorp assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. Increases or decreases in the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired may impact our statements of income in future periods. The tables below present unaudited pro forma consolidated income statement information as if NES, Neff and BakerCorp had been included in our consolidated results for the entire periods reflected. NES and Neff are excluded from the 2018 table because they are included in our results for the entire nine months ended September 30, 2018.



	Three Months Ended													Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2017													September 30, 2017
	United Rentals		NES		Neff			BakerCorp			Total			United Rentals		NES			Neff			BakerCorp			Total
Historic/pro forma revenues	$	1,766	$	—	$	111		$	70		$	1,947		$	4,719	$	81		$	312		$	199		$	5,311
Historic/combined pretax income (loss)	322		—		16			(6		)	332			712		(12		)	38			(62		)	676
Pro forma adjustments to pretax income (loss):
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation (1)			—		(3		)	(4		)	(7		)			(9		)	(8		)	(10		)	(27		)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet on cost of rental equipment sales (2)			—		—			—			—					(1		)	(1		)	—			(2		)
Intangible asset amortization (3)			—		(7		)	(8		)	(15		)			(6		)	(21		)	(25		)	(52		)
Goodwill impairment (4)			—		—			—			—					—			—			32			32
Interest expense (5)			—		(17		)	(5		)	(22		)			(9		)	(51		)	(14		)	(74		)
Elimination of historic interest (6)			—		11			10			21					12			34			30			76
Elimination of merger related costs (7)			1		15			—			16					17			15			—			32
Restructuring charges (8)			4		(3		)	—			1					(5		)	(19		)	(6		)	(30		)
Pro forma pretax income											$	326													$	631

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)



	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2018								September 30, 2018
	United Rentals		BakerCorp			Total			United Rentals		BakerCorp			Total
Historic/pro forma revenues	$	2,116	$	28		$	2,144		$	5,741	$	184		$	5,925
Historic/combined pretax income (loss)	460		(63		)	397			1,051		(84		)	967
Pro forma adjustments to pretax income (loss):
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation (1)			(1		)	(1		)			(8		)	(8		)
Intangible asset amortization (3)			(1		)	(1		)			(16		)	(16		)
Interest expense (5)			(2		)	(2		)			(14		)	(14		)
Elimination of historic interest (6)			9			9					30			30
Elimination of merger related costs (7)			65			65					66			66
Restructuring charges (8)			6			6					6			6
Pro forma pretax income						$	473							$	1,031

(1) Depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation were adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of the equipment acquired in the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions.

(2) Cost of rental equipment sales was adjusted for the fair value mark-ups of rental equipment acquired in the NES and Neff acquisitions. BakerCorp did not historically recognize a material amount of rental equipment sales, and accordingly no adjustment was required for BakerCorp.

(3) The intangible assets acquired in the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions were amortized.

(4) The goodwill impairment charge that BakerCorp recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was eliminated. If the acquisition had occurred as of the pro forma acquisition date, this impairment charge would not have been recognized (instead, we would have tested for goodwill impairment based on the post-acquisition reporting unit structure).

(5) As discussed above, we issued debt to partially fund the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions. Interest expense was adjusted to reflect these changes in our debt portfolio.

(6) Historic interest on debt that is not part of the combined entity was eliminated.

(7) Merger related costs primarily comprised of financial and legal advisory fees associated with the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions were eliminated as they were assumed to have been recognized prior to the pro forma acquisition date. The adjustments for BakerCorp for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 include $57 of merger related costs recognized by BakerCorp prior to the acquisition.

(8) We expect to recognize restructuring charges primarily comprised of severance costs and branch closure charges associated with the acquisitions over a period of approximately one year following the acquisition dates, which, for the pro forma presentation, was January 1, 2017. The adjustments above reflect the timing of the actual restructuring charges following the acquisitions (the pro forma restructuring charges above for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflect the actual restructuring charges recognized during the three and nine months following the acquisitions). We do not expect to incur significant additional restructuring charges for NES and Neff. We expect to incur additional restructuring charges for BakerCorp, however the remaining costs are not currently estimable, as we are still identifying the actions that will be undertaken.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

34. Segment Information

Following the acquisition of BakerCorp discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we changed the name of our former “trench, power and pump” segment to “trench, power and fluid solutions”. The locations acquired in the BakerCorp acquisition are in our Fluid Solutions (before the acquisition, “Pump Solutions”) and Fluid Solutions Europe regions, both of which are in the trench, power and fluid solutions segment. The changes to the region and segment names reflect a broader product offering following the BakerCorp acquisition.

Our reportable segments are i) general rentals and ii) trench, power and ~~pump.~~fluid solutions. The general rentals segment includes the rental of i) general construction and industrial equipment, such as backhoes, skid-steer loaders, forklifts, earthmoving equipment and material handling equipment, ii) aerial work platforms, such as boom lifts and scissor lifts and iii) general tools and light equipment, such as pressure washers, water pumps and power tools. The general rentals segment reflects the aggregation of ~~ten~~11 geographic regions—Carolinas, Gulf South, Industrial (which serves the geographic Gulf region and has a strong industrial presence), Mid-Atlantic, ~~Mid-Central,~~Mid Central, Midwest, Northeast, Pacific West, South, Southeast and Western Canada—and operates throughout the United States and Canada. ~~We periodically review the size and geographic scope of our regions, and have occasionally reorganized the regions to create a more balanced and effective structure.~~

The trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment includes the rental of specialty construction products such as i) trench safety equipment, such as trench shields, aluminum hydraulic shoring systems, slide rails, crossing plates, construction lasers and line testing equipment for underground work, ii) power and HVAC equipment, such as portable diesel generators, electrical distribution equipment, and temperature control equipment and iii) ~~pumps~~fluid solutions equipment primarily used ~~by municipalities, industrial plants,~~for fluid storage, transfer and ~~mining, construction, and agribusiness customers.~~treatment. The trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment is comprised of the following regions, each of which primarily rents the corresponding equipment type described above: ~~(i)~~i) the Trench Safety region, ~~(ii)~~ii) the Power and HVAC region, iii) the Fluid Solutions region and ~~(iii)~~iv) the ~~Pump~~Fluid Solutions Europe region. The trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment’s customers include construction companies involved in infrastructure projects, municipalities and industrial companies. This segment operates throughout the United States and in ~~Canada.~~Canada and Europe.

These segments align our external segment reporting with how management evaluates and allocates resources. We evaluate segment performance based on segment equipment rentals gross profit.

The following tables set forth financial information by segment.

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(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


	General rentals		Trench, power and pump		Total		General rentals		Trench, power and fluid solutions		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Equipment rentals							$	1,444	$	417	$	1,861
Sales of rental equipment							130		10		140
Sales of new equipment							50		4		54
Contractor supplies sales							17		7		24
Service and other revenues							33		4		37
Total revenue							1,674		442		2,116
Depreciation and amortization expense							351		67		418
Equipment rentals gross profit							629		218		847
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Equipment rentals	$	1,237	$	299	$	1,536	$	1,237	$	299	$	1,536
Sales of rental equipment	130		9		139		130		9		139
Sales of new equipment	34		6		40		34		6		40
Contractor supplies sales	17		4		21		17		4		21
Service and other revenues	26		4		30		26		4		30
Total revenue	1,444		322		1,766		1,444		322		1,766
Depreciation and amortization expense	306		47		353		306		47		353
Equipment rentals gross profit	525		164		689		525		164		689
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Equipment rentals	$	1,097	$	225	$	1,322	$	3,977	$	974	$	4,951
Sales of rental equipment	103		9		112		446		32		478
Sales of new equipment	27		3		30		125		15		140
Contractor supplies sales	16		3		19		50		16		66
Service and other revenues	23		2		25		95		11		106
Total revenue	1,266		242		1,508		4,693		1,048		5,741
Depreciation and amortization expense	266		45		311		1,022		179		1,201
Equipment rentals gross profit	469		117		586		1,598		482		2,080
Capital expenditures							1,845		251		2,096
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Equipment rentals	$	3,357	$	712	$	4,069	$	3,357	$	712	$	4,069
Sales of rental equipment	348		30		378		348		30		378
Sales of new equipment	112		14		126		112		14		126
Contractor supplies sales	49		11		60		49		11		60
Service and other revenues	76		10		86		76		10		86
Total revenue	3,942		777		4,719		3,942		777		4,719
Depreciation and amortization expense	855		138		993		855		138		993
Equipment rentals gross profit	1,350		359		1,709		1,350		359		1,709
Capital expenditures	1,404		168		1,572		1,404		168		1,572
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Equipment rentals	$	3,067	$	576	$	3,643
Sales of rental equipment	334		27		361
Sales of new equipment	84		12		96
Contractor supplies sales	49		11		60
Service and other revenues	71		8		79
Total revenue	3,605		634		4,239
Depreciation and amortization expense	791		136		927
Equipment rentals gross profit	1,243		274		1,517
Capital expenditures	1,086		124		1,210

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Total reportable segment assets
General rentals	$	12,118	$	10,496	$	13,766	$	13,351
Trench, power and pump	1,626		1,492
Trench, power and fluid solutions (1)					2,588		1,679
Total assets	$	13,744	$	11,988	$	16,354	$	15,030

(1) The increase in the trench, power and fluid solutions assets primarily reflects the impact of the BakerCorp acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Equipment rentals gross profit is the primary measure management reviews to make operating decisions and assess segment performance. The following is a reconciliation of equipment rentals gross profit to income before provision for income taxes:


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,						September 30,						September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2018			2017			2018			2017
Total equipment rentals gross profit	$	689		$	586		$	1,709		$	1,517		$	847		$	689		$	2,080		$	1,709
Gross profit from other lines of business	84			70			233			229			91			84			286			233
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(237		)	(179		)	(648		)	(533		)	(265		)	(237		)	(736		)	(648		)
Merger related costs	(16		)	—			(32		)	—			(11		)	(16		)	(14		)	(32		)
Restructuring charge	(9		)	(4		)	(28		)	(8		)	(9		)	(9		)	(15		)	(28		)
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	(63		)	(61		)	(189		)	(192		)	(75		)	(63		)	(213		)	(189		)
Interest expense, net	(131		)	(110		)	(338		)	(349		)	(118		)	(131		)	(339		)	(338		)
Other income, net	5			1			5			3			—			5			2			5
Income before provision for income taxes	$	322		$	303		$	712		$	667		$	460		$	322		$	1,051		$	712

45. Restructuring Charges

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges primarily include severance costs associated with headcount reductions, as well as branch closure charges which principally relate to continuing lease obligations at vacant facilities. We incur severance costs and branch closure charges in the ordinary course of our business. We only include such costs that are part of a restructuring program as restructuring charges. Since the first such restructuring program was initiated in 2008, we have completed three restructuring programs and have incurred total restructuring charges of ~~$262.~~$299.

Closed Restructuring Programs

We have three closed restructuring programs. The first was initiated in 2008 in recognition of a challenging economic environment and was completed in 2011. The second was initiated following the April 30, 2012 acquisition of RSC Holdings Inc. ("RSC"), and was completed in 2013. The third was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2015 in response to challenges in our operating environment. In particular, during 2015, we experienced volume and pricing pressure in our general rental business and our ~~Pump~~Fluid Solutions region associated with upstream oil and gas customers. Additionally, our Lean initiatives did not fully generate the anticipated cost savings due to lower than expected growth. In 2016, we achieved the anticipated run rate savings from the Lean initiatives, and this restructuring program was completed in 2016.

NES/Neff/Project XL Restructuring Program

In the second quarter of 2017, we initiated a restructuring program following the closing of the NES acquisition discussed in note 23 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The restructuring program also includes actions undertaken associated with Project XL, which is a set of eight specific work streams focused on driving profitable growth through revenue opportunities and generating incremental profitability through cost savings across our ~~business. Additionally, following the closing of~~business, and the Neff acquisition that is discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements on October 2, 2017, the restructuring program will include actions that we expect to undertake associated with the Neff acquisition. We expect

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. We expect to complete the restructuring program in 2018, and do not expect to incur significant additional expenses in connection with the ~~first half~~program.

BakerCorp Restructuring Program

In the third quarter of ~~2018.~~2018, we initiated a restructuring program following the closing of the BakerCorp acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. We expect to complete the restructuring program in 2019. The total costs expected to be incurred in connection with the program are not currently estimable, as we are still identifying the actions that will be undertaken.

The table below provides certain information concerning restructuring activity during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017:~~ 2018:


	Reserve Balance at		Charged to Costs and Expenses (1)			Payments and Other				Reserve Balance at			Reserve Balance at			Charged to Costs and Expenses (1)				Payments and Other				Reserve Balance at
	December 31, 2016				September 30, 2017					December 31, 2017					September 30, 2018					Payments and Other
Closed Restructuring Programs			Charged to Costs and Expenses (1)
Branch closure charges	$	16	$	1		Payments and Other	$	(3	)		$	14		$	13	Charged to Costs and Expenses (1)		$	1			$	(4	)		$	10
Severance and other	1		—			(1		)		—			—			—				—				—
Total	$	17	$	1		$	(4	)		$	14		$	13		$	1			$	(4	)		$	10
NES/Neff/Project XL Restructuring Program
Branch closure charges	$	—	$	7		$	(1	)		$	6		$	8		$	1			$	(5	)		$	4
Severance and other	—		20			(16		)		4			12			7				(11		)		8
Total	$	—	$	27		$	(17	)		$	10		$	20		$	8			$	(16	)		$	12
BakerCorp Restructuring Program
Branch closure charges													$	—		$	—			$	—			$	—
Severance and other													—			6				(2		)		4
Total													$	—		$	6			$	(2	)		$	4
Total
Branch closure charges	$	16	$	8		$	(4	)		$	20		$	21		$	2			$	(9	)		$	14
Severance and other	1		20			(17		)		4			12			13				(13		)		12
Total	$	17	$	28		$	(21	)		$	24		$	33		$	15			$	(22	)		$	26

_________________


~~(1)~~	(1) Reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of income as “Restructuring charge.” These charges are not allocated to our reportable segments.

5.6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017:~~2018:

General rentals Trench,
power and pump Total
Balance at January 1, 2017 (1) $ 2,797
$ 463
$ 3,260
Goodwill related to acquisitions (2) 212
2
214
Foreign currency translation 14
5
19
Balance at September 30, 2017 (1) 3,023
470
3,493



	General rentals			Trench, power and fluid solutions			Total
Balance at January 1, 2018 (1)	$	3,607		$	475		$	4,082
Goodwill related to acquisitions (2)	44			194			238
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	(6		)	(1		)	(7		)
Balance at September 30, 2018 (1)	3,645			668			4,313

_________________


(1)	The total carrying amount of goodwill for all periods in the table above is reflected net of $1.557 billion of accumulated impairment charges, which were primarily recorded in our general rentals segment.


~~(2)~~	~~For additional detail on the April 2017 acquisition of NES, which accounted for most of the goodwill related to acquisitions, see note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.~~

~~Other intangible assets were comprised of the following at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:~~

September 30, 2017

Weighted-Average Remaining
Amortization Period

Gross
Carrying Amount

Accumulated
Amortization

Net
Amount
Non-compete agreements 27 months $ 67
$ 60
$ 7

Customer relationships 9 years $ 1,590
$ 838
$ 752

2026

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


(2)	For additional detail on the July 2018 acquisition of BakerCorp, which accounted for most of the goodwill related to acquisitions, see note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Other intangible assets were comprised of the following at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:


	December 31, 2016										September 30, 2018
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount			Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	28 months		$	70		$	57		$	13	28 months		$	23		$	17		$	6
Customer relationships	10 years		$	1,465		$	737		$	728	8 years		$	1,897		$	1,013		$	884
Trade names and associated trademarks	4 months		$	80		$	79		$	1	5 years		$	5		$	—		$	5



	December 31, 2017
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	31 months		$	71		$	62		$	9
Customer relationships	9 years		$	1,750		$	884		$	866

Our other intangibles assets, net at September 30, ~~2017~~2018 include the following assets associated with the acquisition of ~~NES~~BakerCorp discussed in note 23 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. No residual value has been assigned to these assets which are being amortized using the sum of the years' digits method, which we believe best reflects the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits will be consumed.

September 30, 2017
Weighted-Average Remaining
Amortization Period Net Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships 10 years $ 125

Amortization expense for other intangible assets was ~~$41~~$52 and ~~$42~~$41 for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, and ~~$125~~$145 and ~~$132~~$125 for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, estimated amortization expense for other intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows:


2017		$	41
2018	150				$	52
2019	132			193
2020	114			167
2021	95			141
2022				114
Thereafter	227			228
Total		$	759		$	895

~~6. Derivatives~~

We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value, and recognize changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments based on the designation of the derivative. We are exposed to certain risks relating to our ongoing business operations. During the ~~nine~~ months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the risks we managed using derivative instruments were diesel price risk and foreign currency exchange rate risk. At September 30, 2017, we had outstanding fixed price swap contracts on diesel purchases which were entered into to mitigate the price risk associated with forecasted purchases of diesel. During the ~~nine~~ months ended September 30, 2017, we entered into forward contracts to purchase Canadian dollars to mitigate the foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with certain Canadian dollar denominated intercompany loans. There were no outstanding forward contracts to purchase Canadian dollars at September 30, 2017.

~~Fixed Price Diesel Swaps~~

~~The fixed price swap contracts on diesel purchases that were outstanding at~~ ~~September 30, 2017~~ were designated and qualify as cash flow hedges and the effective portion of the gain or loss on these contracts is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings (i.e., when the hedged gallons of diesel are used). The remaining gain or loss on the fixed price swap contracts in excess of the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged item, if any (i.e., the ineffective portion), is recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of income during the current period. As of September 30, 2017, we had outstanding fixed price swap contracts covering 2.7 million gallons of diesel which will be purchased throughout 2017 and 2018.

~~Foreign Currency Forward Contracts~~

The forward contracts to purchase Canadian dollars, which were all settled as of September 30, 2017, represented derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments and gains or losses due to changes in the fair value of the forward contracts were recognized in our consolidated statements of income during the period in which the changes in fair value

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~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

occurred. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, forward contracts were used to purchase $326 and $728 Canadian dollars, respectively, representing the total amount due at maturity for certain Canadian dollar denominated intercompany loans that were settled during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. Upon maturity, the proceeds from the forward contracts were used to pay down the Canadian dollar denominated intercompany loans.

~~Financial Statement Presentation~~

~~As of~~ ~~September 30, 2017~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2016~~, immaterial amounts ($1 or less) were reflected in prepaid expenses and other assets, accrued expenses and other liabilities, and accumulated other comprehensive income in our condensed consolidated balance sheets associated with the outstanding fixed price swap contracts that were designated and qualify as cash flow hedges.

~~The effect of our derivative instruments on our condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:~~

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2016

Location of income
(expense)
recognized on
derivative/hedged item

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on derivative

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on hedged item

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on derivative

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on hedged item
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Fixed price diesel swaps
Other income
(expense), net (1)
$ *
$ *

Cost of equipment
rentals, excluding
depreciation (2),
(3)
*
$ (4 ) (1 ) $ (6 )
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts (4)
Other income
(expense), net
8
(8 ) (4 ) 4
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016

Location of income
(expense)
recognized on
derivative/hedged item

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on derivative

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on hedged item

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on derivative

Amount of income
(expense)
recognized
on hedged item
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Fixed price diesel swaps
Other income
(expense), net (1)
$ *
$ *

Cost of equipment
rentals, excluding
depreciation (2),
(3)
*
$ (14 ) (5 ) $ (17 )
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts (4)
Other income
(expense), net
15
(15 ) (1 ) 1


*	~~Amounts are insignificant (less than $1).~~


~~(1)~~	~~Represents the ineffective portion of the fixed price diesel swaps.~~


~~(2)~~	~~Amounts recognized on derivative represent the effective portion of the fixed price diesel swaps.~~


~~(3)~~	Amounts recognized on hedged item reflect the use of 1.7 million and 2.7 million gallons and of diesel covered by the fixed price swaps during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and the use of 5.5 million and 7.7 million gallons and of diesel covered by the fixed price swaps during the nine months ended September 30, 2017

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~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

and 2016, respectively. These amounts are reflected, net of cash received from, or paid to, the counterparties to the fixed price swaps, in operating cash flows in our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.


~~(4)~~	Insignificant amounts were reflected in our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows associated with the forward contracts to purchase Canadian dollars, as the cash impact of the gains/losses recognized on the derivatives were offset by the gains/losses recognized on the hedged items.

7. Fair Value Measurements

~~We account for certain~~As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the amounts of our assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair ~~value. We categorize each of our fair~~value were immaterial.

Fair value measurements are categorized in one of the following three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety:

Level 1- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2- Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities include:

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


a)	quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;


b)	quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;


c)	inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability;


d)	inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measure.

~~Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value~~

As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our only assets and liabilities measured at fair value were our fixed price diesel swaps contracts, which are Level 2 derivatives measured at fair value on a recurring basis. As of ~~September 30, 2017~~ ~~and~~ ~~December 31, 2016~~, immaterial amounts ($1 or less) were reflected in prepaid expenses and other assets, and accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, reflecting the fair values of the fixed price diesel swaps contracts. As discussed in note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we entered into the fixed price swap contracts on diesel purchases to mitigate the price risk associated with forecasted purchases of diesel. Fair value is determined based on observable market data. As of September 30, 2017, we have fixed price swap contracts that mature throughout 2017 and 2018 covering 2.7 million gallons of diesel which we will buy at the average contract price of $2.58 per gallon, while the average forward price for the hedged gallons was $2.78 per gallon as of September 30, 2017.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets for accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The fair values of our ABL facility, accounts receivable securitization facility and capital leases approximated their book values as of September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017. The estimated fair values of our financial instruments, all of which are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, as of September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and December 31, ~~2016~~2017 have been calculated based upon available market information, and were as follows:

September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016

Carrying
Amount

Fair
Value

Carrying
Amount

Fair
Value
Senior notes $ 7,228
$ 7,616
$ 5,506
$ 5,715



	September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Senior notes	$	7,014	$	7,006	$	7,008	$	7,340

8. Debt

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~~UNITED RENTALS, INC.~~

~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

Debt, net of unamortized original issue discounts or premiums, and unamortized debt issuance costs, consists of the following:

September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility expiring 2018 (1) $ 666
$ 568
$3.0 billion ABL Facility expiring 2021 (2) 408
1,645
7 ⁵/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2022 (3)
223
469
6 ¹/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2023 (4)
—
936
4 ⁵/₈ percent Senior Secured Notes due 2023
992
991
5 ³/₄ percent Senior Notes due 2024
840
839
5 ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes due 2025
793
792
4 ⁵/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2025 (5)
739
—
5 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2026 (6)
998
740
5 ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes due 2027 (7)
990
739
4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2028 (8)
912
—
4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2028 (9)
741
—
Capital leases 69
71
Total debt (10) 8,371
7,790
Less short-term portion (11) (694 ) (597 )
Total long-term debt $ 7,677
$ 7,193



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility expiring 2018 (1)	$	865		$	695
$3.0 billion ABL Facility expiring 2021 (2)	2,120			1,670
4 ⁵/₈ percent Senior Secured Notes due 2023	993			992
5 ³/₄ percent Senior Notes due 2024	842			841
5 ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes due 2025	794			793
4 ⁵/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2025	741			740
5 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2026	999			998
5 ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes due 2027	991			990
4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2028 (3)	1,650			1,648
4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2028 (3)	4			6
Capital leases	79			67
Total debt	10,078			9,440
Less short-term portion (4)	(896		)	(723		)
Total long-term debt	$	9,182		$	8,717

___________________

(1)

In ~~August 2017,~~June 2018, the accounts receivable securitization facility was amended, primarily to increase the facility size and to extend the maturity date which may be further extended on a 364-day basis by mutual agreement with the purchasers under the facility. The size of the facility, which expires on ~~August 28, 2018,~~June 29, 2019, was increased to ~~$675.~~ $875.At September 30, 2017, $9 was available under our accounts receivable securitization facility. The interest rate applicable to the accounts receivable securitization facility was 2.0 percent at September 30, 2017. During the ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2017, the monthly average amount outstanding under the accounts receivable securitization facility was~~ ~~$584, and the weighted-average interest rate thereon was~~ ~~1.8 percent. The maximum month-end amount outstanding under the accounts receivable securitization facility during the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2017~~ ~~was~~ ~~$667~~. Borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization facility are permitted only to the extent that the face amount of the receivables in the collateral pool, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, exceeds the outstanding loans. As of ~~September 30, 2017, there were $769~~ ~~of receivables, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, in the collateral pool.~~

~~(2)~~

~~In September 2017, the size of the ABL facility was increased to $3.0 billion. At~~ ~~September 30, 2017, $2.5 billion was available under our ABL facility, net of~~ ~~$39~~ ~~of letters of credit. The interest rate applicable to the ABL facility was~~ ~~2.8 percent~~ at ~~September 30, 2017. During the~~ ~~nine~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~September 30, 2017, the monthly average amount outstanding under the ABL facility was~~ ~~$1.2~~ ~~billion, and the weighted-average interest rate thereon was~~ ~~2.6 percent~~. The maximum month-end amount outstanding under the ABL facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $1.8 billion. As discussed below, pending the payment of the purchase price for the Neff acquisition discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, a portion of the net proceeds from debt issued in the third quarter of 2017 was used to reduce borrowings under the ABL facility. Upon the closing of the Neff acquisition on October 2, 2017, we used borrowings under the ABL facility to partially fund the Neff acquisition.

~~(3)~~

~~In June 2017, we redeemed $250 principal amount of our 7~~⁵/₈ percent Senior Notes. Upon redemption, we recognized a loss of $12 in interest expense, net. The loss represented the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes. In September 2017, we gave notice of our intention to redeem the remaining 7⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes in October 2017 using borrowings under the ABL facility.~~


~~(4)~~	~~In August 2017, we redeemed all of our 6~~ ¹/₈ percent Senior Notes. Upon redemption, we recognized a loss of $31 in interest expense, net. The loss represented the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes.


~~(5)~~	~~In September 2017, URNA issued $750 principal amount of 4~~ ⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes (the “4~~ ⁵/₈ ~~percent Notes”) which are due October 15, 2025. The net proceeds from the issuance were approximately $741 (after deducting offering expenses). The 4~~ ⁵/₈ ~~percent Notes are unsecured and are guaranteed by Holdings and certain domestic subsidiaries of~~2018,

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(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

~~URNA.~~$9 was available under our accounts receivable securitization facility. The 4interest rate applicable to the accounts receivable securitization facility was 3.0 percent at September 30, 2018. During the ⁵/₈nine months ended September 30, 2018, the monthly average principal amount outstanding under the accounts receivable securitization facility was $788, and the weighted-average interest rate thereon was 2.8 percent ~~Notes may be redeemed on or after October 15, 2020, at specified redemption prices~~. The maximum month-end principal amount outstanding under the accounts receivable securitization facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $870. Borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization facility are permitted only to the extent that ~~range from 102.313 percent~~the face amount of the receivables in ~~2020, to 100 percent in 2022 and thereafter, in each case, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The indenture governing~~ the 4 ⁵/₈ ~~percent Notes contains certain restrictive covenants, including, among others, limitations on (i) liens; (ii) mergers and consolidations; (iii) sales, transfers~~collateral pool, net of applicable reserves and other ~~dispositions~~deductions, exceeds the outstanding loans. As of ~~assets; (iv) dividends~~September 30, 2018, there were $1.024 billion of receivables, net of applicable reserves and other distributions, stock repurchases and redemptions and other restricted payments; and (v) designations of unrestricted subsidiaries, as well as a requirement to timely file periodic reports with the SEC. Each of the restrictive covenants is subject to important exceptions and qualifications that would allow URNA and its subsidiaries to engage in these activities under certain conditions. In addition, the covenant relating to dividends and other distributions, stock repurchases and redemptions and other restricted payments and the requirements relating to additional subsidiary guarantors will not apply to URNA and its restricted subsidiaries during any period when the 4 ⁵/₈ percent Notes are rated investment grade by both Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or, in certain circumstances, another rating agency selected by URNA, provided at such time no default under the indenture has occurred and is continuing. The indenture also requires that,deductions, in the ~~event of a change of control (as defined in the indenture), URNA must make an offer to purchase all of the then-outstanding 4~~ ⁵/₈ ~~percent Notes tendered at a purchase price in cash equal to 101 percent of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, thereon. The net proceeds from the 4~~ ⁵/₈ percent Notes were primarily used to partially fund the Neff acquisition discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Pending the payment of the purchase price for the Neff acquisition, a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance was used to reduce borrowings under the ABL facility. The acquisition closed on October 2, 2017. Upon closing of the Neff acquisition, we used available cash and borrowings under the ABL facility to finance the Neff acquisition.collateral pool.

~~(6)~~(2)

~~In February 2017, in connection with the NES acquisition discussed in note 2~~At September 30, 2018, $836 was available under our ABL facility, net of $37 of letters of credit. The interest rate applicable to the ~~condensed consolidated financial statements, URNA issued $250~~ABL facility was 3.7 percent at September 30, 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the monthly average principal amount ~~of 5~~outstanding under the ABL facility was ⁷/₈$1.485 ~~percent Senior Notes (the "5~~billion, and the weighted-average interest rate thereon was ⁷3.4 percent/₈ ~~percent Notes") as an add-on to our existing 5~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes.~~. The ~~net proceeds from the issuance were $258 (including the original issue premium and after deducting offering expenses). After the February 2017 issuance, the aggregate~~maximum month-end principal amount of outstanding 5 ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes~~under the ABL facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was ~~$1.0~~$2.127 billion. ~~The newly issued notes have identical terms, and are fungible, with the 5~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes outstanding at December 31, 2016. The carrying value of the 5~~ ⁷/₈ percent Notes includes the $11 unamortized portion of the original issue premium recognized in conjunction with the February 2017 issuance, which is being amortized through the maturity date in 2026. The effective interest rate on the 5 ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes is 5.7 percent.~~

~~(7)~~(3)

~~In February 2017, in connection with the NES acquisition discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements,~~ URNA separately issued ~~$250 principal amount of 5~~ ¹/₂ ~~percent Senior Notes due 2027 (the "2027 5~~ ¹/₂ ~~percent Senior Notes") as an add-on to our existing 2027 5~~ ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes. The net proceeds from the issuance were $250 (including the original issue premium and after deducting offering expenses). After the February 2017 issuance, the aggregate principal amount of outstanding 2027 5 ¹/₂ ~~percent Senior Notes was $1.0 billion. The newly issued notes have identical terms, and are fungible, with the 2027 5~~ ¹/₂ ~~percent Senior Notes outstanding at December 31, 2016. The carrying value of the 2027 5~~ ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes includes the $3 unamortized portion of the original issue premium recognized in conjunction with the February 2017 issuance, which is being amortized through the maturity date in 2027. The effective interest rate on the 2027 5 ¹/₂ ~~percent Senior Notes is 5.5 percent.~~

~~(8)~~

~~In August 2017, URNA issued $925 principal amount of~~ 4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes ~~(the “Initial 4~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes”)~~in August 2017 and in September 2017. Following the issuances, we consummated an exchange offer pursuant to which ~~are due January 15, 2028. The net proceeds from the issuance were approximately $913 (after deducting offering expenses). The Initial 4~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes are unsecured and are guaranteed by Holdings and certain domestic subsidiaries of URNA. The Initial 4~~ ⁷/₈ percent Notes may be redeemed on or after January 15, 2023, at specified redemption prices that range from 102.438 percent in 2023, to 100 percent in 2026 and thereafter, in each case, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The indenture governing the Initial 4 ⁷/₈ percent Notes contains certain restrictive covenants, including, among others, limitations on (i) liens; (ii) mergers and consolidations; (iii) sales, transfers and other dispositions of assets; (iv) dividends and other distributions, stock repurchases and redemptions and other restricted payments; and (v) designations of unrestricted subsidiaries, as well as a requirement to timely file periodic reports with the SEC. Eachmost of the restrictive covenants is subject to important exceptions and qualifications that would allow URNA and its subsidiaries to engage in these activities under certain conditions. In addition, the covenant relating to dividends and other distributions, stock repurchases and redemptions and other restricted payments and the requirements relating to additional subsidiary guarantors will not apply to URNA and its restricted subsidiaries during any period when the Initial 4 ⁷/₈ percent Notes are rated investment grade by both Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or, in certain circumstances, another rating agency selected by URNA, provided at such time no default under the indenture has occurred and is continuing. The indenture also requires that, in the event of a change of control (as defined in the indenture), URNA must make an offer to purchase all of the then-outstanding Initial 4 ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes tendered at a purchase price in cash equal to 101 percent of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any,~~

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~~UNITED RENTALS, INC.~~

~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

~~thereon. The net proceeds from the Initial 4~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes were primarily used to fund the redemption of all of our 6~~ ¹/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes that is discussed above.~~

~~(9)~~

~~In September 2017, URNA issued $750 principal amount of~~ 4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes ~~(the “Subsequent~~issued in September 2017 were exchanged for additional notes fungible with the 4 ⁷/₈ percent ~~Notes”) which are due January 15, 2028. The net proceeds from the issuance were approximately $743 (including the original issue premium and after deducting offering expenses). The Subsequent 4~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent~~Senior Notes ~~are unsecured and are guaranteed by Holdings and certain domestic subsidiaries of URNA. The Subsequent 4~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes may be redeemed on or after January 15, 2023, at specified redemption prices that range from 102.438 percent~~issued in ~~2023, to 100 percent in 2026 and thereafter, in each case, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The indenture governing the Subsequent 4~~ ⁷/₈ percent Notes contains certain restrictive covenants, including, among others, limitations on (i) liens; (ii) mergers and consolidations; (iii) sales, transfers and other dispositions of assets; (iv) dividends and other distributions, stock repurchases and redemptions and other restricted payments; and (v) designations of unrestricted subsidiaries, as well as a requirement to timely file periodic reports with the SEC. Each of the restrictive covenants is subject to important exceptions and qualifications that would allow URNA and its subsidiaries to engage in these activities under certain conditions. In addition, the covenant relating to dividends and other distributions, stock repurchases and redemptions and other restricted payments and the requirements relating to additional subsidiary guarantors will not apply to URNA and its restricted subsidiaries during any period when the Subsequent 4 ⁷/₈ percent Notes are rated investment grade by both Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or, in certain circumstances, another rating agency selected by URNA, provided at such time no default under the indenture has occurred and is continuing. The indenture also requires that, in the event of a change of control (as defined in the indenture), URNA must make an offer to purchase all of the then-outstanding Subsequent 4 ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes tendered at a purchase price in cash equal to 101 percent of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, thereon. The carrying value of the Subsequent 4~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes includes $2 of the unamortized original issue premium, which is being amortized through the maturity date in 2028. The effective interest rate on the Subsequent 4~~ ⁷/₈ ~~percent Notes is 4.84 percent. The net proceeds from the Subsequent 4~~ ⁷/₈ percent Notes were primarily used to partially fund the Neff acquisition discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Pending the payment of the purchase price for the Neff acquisition, a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance was used to reduce borrowings under the ABL facility. The acquisition closed on October 2,August 2017. ~~Upon closing of the Neff acquisition, we used available cash and borrowings under the ABL facility to finance the Neff acquisition.~~

~~(10)~~

As discussed above, we completed the Neff acquisition on October 2, 2017. The aggregate consideration paid to complete the acquisition was approximately $1.3 billion. Total debt as of September 30, 2017 reflects approximately $1.4 billion of debt issued in connection with the acquisition (this amount reflects $2.425 billion principal amount of debt issued in the third quarter of 2017, net of (i) cash paid to redeem $925 principal amount of 6 ¹/₈ percent Senior Notes and (ii) fees and expenses associated with the issued debt), as discussed above. Upon closing, we paid the consideration due to holders of Neff common stock and options using available cash and drawings on the ABL facility. After payment of such consideration, total outstanding debt was approximately $9.7 billion.


~~(11)~~(4)	As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, our short-term debt primarily reflects ~~$666~~$865 of borrowings under our accounts receivable securitization facility.

Loan Covenants and Compliance

As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, we were in compliance with the covenants and other provisions of the ABL facility, the accounts receivable securitization facility and the senior notes. Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

The only financial maintenance covenant that currently exists under the ABL facility is the fixed charge coverage ratio. Subject to certain limited exceptions specified in the ABL facility, the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant under the ABL facility will only apply in the future if specified availability under the ABL facility falls below 10 percent of the maximum revolver amount under the ABL facility. When certain conditions are met, cash and cash equivalents and borrowing base collateral in excess of the ABL facility size may be included when calculating specified availability under the ABL facility. As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, specified availability under the ABL facility exceeded the required threshold and, as a result, this financial maintenance covenant was inapplicable. Under our accounts receivable securitization facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain certain financial tests relating to: (i) the default ratio, (ii) the delinquency ratio, (iii) the dilution ratio and (iv) days sales outstanding. The accounts receivable securitization facility also requires us to comply with the fixed charge coverage ratio under the ABL facility, to the extent the ratio is applicable under the ABL facility.

9. Legal and Regulatory Matters

~~Table of Contents~~

~~UNITED RENTALS, INC.~~

~~NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)~~

~~(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)~~

We are subject to a number of claims and proceedings that generally arise in the ordinary course of our business. These matters include, but are not limited to, general liability claims (including personal injury, property and auto claims), indemnification and guarantee obligations, employee injuries and employment-related claims, self-insurance obligations, contract and real estate matters, and other general business litigation. Based on advice of counsel and available information, including current status or stage of proceeding, and taking into account accruals for matters where we have established them, we currently believe that any liabilities ultimately resulting from such claims and proceedings will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

10. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. Net income and earnings per share for 2018 reflect lower effective tax rates due to the enactment of the Tax Act in December 2017, as discussed further below (see "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)"). The following table sets forth the

Table of Contents

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (shares in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended				Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,				September 30,				September 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2018		2017		2018		2017
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders	$	199	$	187	449		413		$	333	$	199	786		449
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average common shares	84,663		85,945		84,585		88,175		82,344		84,663		83,345		84,585
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock options	398		278		401		281		372		398		389		401
Restricted stock units	531		222		488		168		456		531		477		488
Denominator for diluted earnings per share—adjusted weighted-average common shares	85,592		86,445		85,474		88,624		83,172		85,592		84,211		85,474
Basic earnings per share	$	2.36	$	2.18	$	5.31	$	4.68	$	4.05	$	2.36	$	9.44	$	5.31
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.33	$	2.16	$	5.26	$	4.66	$	4.01	$	2.33	$	9.34	$	5.26

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

11. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information of Guarantor Subsidiaries

URNA is 100 percent owned by Holdings (“Parent”) and has certain outstanding indebtedness that is guaranteed by both Parent and, with the exception of its U.S. special purpose vehicle which holds receivable assets relating to the Company’s accounts receivable securitization facility (the “SPV”), and United Rentals International Management LLC, which is an immaterial subsidiary, all of URNA’s U.S. subsidiaries (the “guarantor subsidiaries”). Other than the guarantee by certain Canadian subsidiaries of URNA's indebtedness under the ABL facility, none of URNA’s indebtedness is guaranteed by URNA's foreign subsidiaries, or the SPV or United Rentals International Management LLC (together, the “non-guarantor subsidiaries”). The SPV and United Rentals International Management LLC are presented together in the “Domestic” columns in the tables below. The receivable assets owned by the SPV have been sold or contributed by URNA to the SPV and are not available to satisfy the obligations of URNA or Parent’s other subsidiaries. The guarantor subsidiaries are all 100 percent-owned and the guarantees are made on a joint and several basis. The guarantees are not full and unconditional because a guarantor subsidiary can be automatically released and relieved of its obligations under certain circumstances, including sale of the guarantor subsidiary, the sale of all or substantially all of the guarantor subsidiary's assets, the requirements for legal defeasance or covenant defeasance under the applicable indenture being met, designating the guarantor subsidiary as an unrestricted subsidiary for purposes of the applicable covenants or, other than with respect to the guarantees of ~~the 7~~⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes due 2022 and~~ the 5 ³/₄ percent Senior Notes due 2024, the notes being rated investment grade by both Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or, in certain circumstances, another rating agency selected by URNA. The guarantees are also subject to subordination provisions (to the same extent that the obligations of the issuer under the relevant notes are subordinated to other debt of the issuer) and to a standard limitation which provides that the maximum amount guaranteed by each guarantor will not exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed without making the guarantee void under fraudulent conveyance laws. Based on our understanding of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X ("Rule 3-10"), we believe that the guarantees of the guarantor subsidiaries comply with the conditions set forth in Rule 3-10 and therefore continue to utilize Rule 3-10 to present condensed consolidating financial information for Holdings, URNA, the guarantor subsidiaries and the non-guarantor subsidiaries. Separate consolidated financial statements of the guarantor subsidiaries have not been presented because management believes that such information would not be material to investors. However, condensed consolidating financial information is presented.

URNA covenants in the ABL facility, accounts receivable securitization facility and the other agreements governing our debt impose operating and financial restrictions on URNA, Parent and the guarantor subsidiaries, including limitations on the ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments. As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, the amount available for distribution under the most restrictive of these covenants was ~~$536.~~$709. The Company’s total available capacity for making share repurchases and dividend payments includes the intercompany receivable balance of Parent. As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, our total available capacity for making share repurchases and dividend payments, which includes URNA’s capacity to make restricted payments and the intercompany receivable balance of Parent, was ~~$1.234~~$2.034 billion.

The condensed consolidating financial information of Parent and its subsidiaries is as follows:

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET

September 30, ~~2017~~2018


	Parent		URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total		Parent		URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total
	Parent		URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Foreign			SPV		Eliminations			Total		Parent		URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Foreign			Domestic		Eliminations			Total
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	23		$	—		$	301		$	—	$	—		$	324	$	—	$	17		$	—		$	48		$	—	$	—		$	65
Accounts receivable, net	—		39			—			123			989		—			1,151		—		—			—			141			1,297		—			1,438
Intercompany receivable (payable)	698		(481		)	(204		)	(129		)	—		116			—		1,325		(1,200		)	(96		)	(29		)	—		—			—
Inventory	—		74			—			8			—		—			82		—		94			—			10			—		—			104
Prepaid expenses and other assets	6		74			—			2			—		—			82		—		81			—			4			—		—			85
Total current assets	704		(271		)	(204		)	305			989		116			1,639		1,325		(1,008		)	(96		)	174			1,297		—			1,692
Rental equipment, net	—		6,819			—			572			—		—			7,391		—		8,243			—			667			—		—			8,910
Property and equipment, net	38		338			33			42			—		—			451		51		394			40			44			—		—			529
Investments in subsidiaries	1,488		1,206			1,074			—			—		(3,768		)	—		1,973		1,534			966			—			22		(4,495		)	—
Goodwill	—		3,226			—			267			—		—			3,493		—		3,902			—			411			—		—			4,313
Other intangible assets, net	—		709			—			50			—		—			759		—		812			—			83			—		—			895
Other long-term assets	4		7			—			—			—		—			11		7		8			—			—			—		—			15
Total assets	$	2,234	$	12,034		$	903		$	1,236		$	989	$	(3,652	)	$	13,744	$	3,356	$	13,885		$	910		$	1,379		$	1,319	$	(4,495	)	$	16,354
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt	$	1	$	25		$	—		$	2		$	666	$	—		$	694	$	1	$	28		$	—		$	2		$	865	$	—		$	896
Accounts payable	—		564			—			48			—		—			612		—		624			—			64			—		—			688
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	—		415			17			34			1		—			467		—		449			14			38			2		—			503
Total current liabilities	1		1,004			17			84			667		—			1,773		1		1,101			14			104			867		—			2,087
Long-term debt	1		7,555			118			3			—		—			7,677		—		9,170			9			3			—		—			9,182
Deferred taxes	21		1,916			—			75			—		—			2,012		21		1,518			—			89			—		—			1,628
Other long-term liabilities	—		71			—			—			—		—			71		—		123			—			—			—		—			123
Total liabilities	23		10,546			135			162			667		—			11,533		22		11,912			23			196			867		—			13,020
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	2,211		1,488			768			1,074			322		(3,652		)	2,211		3,334		1,973			887			1,183			452		(4,495		)	3,334
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	2,234	$	12,034		$	903		$	1,236		$	989	$	(3,652	)	$	13,744	$	3,356	$	13,885		$	910		$	1,379		$	1,319	$	(4,495	)	$	16,354

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET

December 31, ~~2016~~2017

Parent URNA
Guarantor
Subsidiaries

Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
Eliminations Total
Foreign SPV
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ —
$ 21
$ —
$ 291
$ —
$ —
$ 312
Accounts receivable, net —
38
—
96
786
—
920
Intercompany receivable (payable) 336
(137 ) (188 ) (115 ) —
104
—
Inventory —
61
—
7
—
—
68
Prepaid expenses and other assets 5
51
—
5
—
—
61
Total current assets 341
34
(188 ) 284
786
104
1,361
Rental equipment, net —
5,709
—
480
—
—
6,189
Property and equipment, net 38
326
26
40
—
—
430
Investments in subsidiaries 1,292
1,013
978
—
—
(3,283 ) —
Goodwill —
3,013
—
247
—
—
3,260
Other intangible assets, net —
686
—
56
—
—
742
Other long-term assets —
6
—
—
—
—
6
Total assets $ 1,671
$ 10,787
$ 816
$ 1,107
$ 786
$ (3,179 ) $ 11,988
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt $ 1
$ 25
$ —
$ 3
$ 568
$ —
$ 597
Accounts payable —
217
—
26
—
—
243
Accrued expenses and other liabilities —
305
13
25
1
—
344
Total current liabilities 1
547
13
54
569
—
1,184
Long-term debt 2
7,076
111
4
—
—
7,193
Deferred taxes 20
1,805
—
71
—
—
1,896
Other long-term liabilities —
67
—
—
—
—
67
Total liabilities 23
9,495
124
129
569
—
10,340
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) 1,648
1,292
692
978
217
(3,179 ) 1,648
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit) $ 1,671
$ 10,787
$ 816
$ 1,107
$ 786
$ (3,179 ) $ 11,988



	Parent		URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total
	Parent		URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Foreign			Domestic		Eliminations			Total
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	23		$	—		$	329		$	—	$	—		$	352
Accounts receivable, net	—		56			—			119			1,058		—			1,233
Intercompany receivable (payable)	887		(677		)	(198		)	(124		)	—		112			—
Inventory	—		68			—			7			—		—			75
Prepaid expenses and other assets	4		219			111			2			—		(224		)	112
Total current assets	891		(311		)	(87		)	333			1,058		(112		)	1,772
Rental equipment, net	—		7,264			—			560			—		—			7,824
Property and equipment, net	41		352			32			42			—		—			467
Investments in subsidiaries	2,194		1,148			1,087			—			—		(4,429		)	—
Goodwill	—		3,815			—			267			—		—			4,082
Other intangible assets, net	—		827			—			48			—		—			875
Other long-term assets	3		7			—			—			—		—			10
Total assets	$	3,129	$	13,102		$	1,032		$	1,250		$	1,058	$	(4,541	)	$	15,030
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt	$	1	$	25		$	—		$	2		$	695	$	—		$	723
Accounts payable	—		366			—			43			—		—			409
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	—		477			17			41			1		—			536
Total current liabilities	1		868			17			86			696		—			1,668
Long-term debt	1		8,596			117			3			—		—			8,717
Deferred taxes	21		1,324			—			74			—		—			1,419
Other long-term liabilities	—		120			—			—			—		—			120
Total liabilities	23		10,908			134			163			696		—			11,924
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	3,106		2,194			898			1,087			362		(4,541		)	3,106
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	3,129	$	13,102		$	1,032		$	1,250		$	1,058	$	(4,541	)	$	15,030

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Three Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018




	Parent			URNA		Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total			Parent			URNA		Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total
									Foreign		SPV																	Foreign		Domestic
Revenues:
Equipment rentals	$	—		$	1,407	$	—		$	129	$	—		$	—		$	1,536		$	—		$	1,715	$	—		$	146	$	—		$	—		$	1,861
Sales of rental equipment	—			118		—			21		—			—			139			—			128		—			12		—			—			140
Sales of new equipment	—			36		—			4		—			—			40			—			46		—			8		—			—			54
Contractor supplies sales	—			18		—			3		—			—			21			—			22		—			2		—			—			24
Service and other revenues	—			27		—			3		—			—			30			—			32		—			5		—			—			37
Total revenues	—			1,606		—			160		—			—			1,766			—			1,943		—			173		—			—			2,116
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation	—			502		—			55		—			—			557			—			614		—			57		—			—			671
Depreciation of rental equipment	—			266		—			24		—			—			290			—			316		—			27		—			—			343
Cost of rental equipment sales	—			73		—			11		—			—			84			—			76		—			7		—			—			83
Cost of new equipment sales	—			31		—			3		—			—			34			—			40		—			6		—			—			46
Cost of contractor supplies sales	—			12		—			2		—			—			14			—			14		—			1		—			—			15
Cost of service and other revenues	—			12		—			2		—			—			14			—			16		—			4		—			—			20
Total cost of revenues	—			896		—			97		—			—			993			—			1,076		—			102		—			—			1,178
Gross profit	—			710		—			63		—			—			773			—			867		—			71		—			—			938
Selling, general and administrative expenses	42			167		—			19		9			—			237			28			197		—			24		16			—			265
Merger related costs	—			16		—			—		—			—			16			—			11		—			—		—			—			11
Restructuring charge	—			8		—			1		—			—			9			—			8		—			1		—			—			9
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	3			54		—			6		—			—			63			3			65		—			7		—			—			75
Operating (loss) income	(45		)	465		—			37		(9		)	—			448			(31		)	586		—			39		(16		)	—			578
Interest (income) expense, net	(5		)	133		1			1		3			(2		)	131			(11		)	122		(1		)	1		7			—			118
Other (income) expense, net	(144		)	154		—			10		(25		)	—			(5		)	(172		)	196		—			13		(37		)	—			—
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	104			178		(1		)	26		13			2			322
Income before provision for income taxes																				152			268		1			25		14			—			460
Provision for income taxes	39			73		—			7		4			—			123			45			71		—			8		3			—			127
Income (loss) before equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	65			105		(1		)	19		9			2			199
Income before equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries																				107			197		1			17		11			—			333
Equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	134			29		19			—		—			(182		)	—			226			29		17			—		—			(272		)	—
Net income (loss)	199			134		18			19		9			(180		)	199			333			226		18			17		11			(272		)	333
Other comprehensive income (loss)	42			42		41			33		—			(116		)	42			18			18		18			18		—			(54		)	18
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	241		$	176	$	59		$	52	$	9		$	(296	)	$	241		$	351		$	244	$	36		$	35	$	11		$	(326	)	$	351

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Three Months Ended September 30, ~~2016~~2017



	Parent			URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries						Eliminations			Total			Parent			URNA		Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total
										Foreign			SPV																	Foreign		Domestic
Revenues:
Equipment rentals	$	—		$	1,208		$	—		$	114		$	—		$	—		$	1,322		$	—		$	1,407	$	—		$	129	$	—		$	—		$	1,536
Sales of rental equipment	—			99			—			13			—			—			112			—			118		—			21		—			—			139
Sales of new equipment	—			28			—			2			—			—			30			—			36		—			4		—			—			40
Contractor supplies sales	—			17			—			2			—			—			19			—			18		—			3		—			—			21
Service and other revenues	—			22			—			3			—			—			25			—			27		—			3		—			—			30
Total revenues	—			1,374			—			134			—			—			1,508			—			1,606		—			160		—			—			1,766
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation	—			435			—			51			—			—			486			—			502		—			55		—			—			557
Depreciation of rental equipment	—			227			—			23			—			—			250			—			266		—			24		—			—			290
Cost of rental equipment sales	—			61			—			7			—			—			68			—			73		—			11		—			—			84
Cost of new equipment sales	—			23			—			2			—			—			25			—			31		—			3		—			—			34
Cost of contractor supplies sales	—			11			—			2			—			—			13			—			12		—			2		—			—			14
Cost of service and other revenues	—			11			—			(1		)	—			—			10			—			12		—			2		—			—			14
Total cost of revenues	—			768			—			84			—			—			852			—			896		—			97		—			—			993
Gross profit	—			606			—			50			—			—			656			—			710		—			63		—			—			773
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2			151			—			18			8			—			179			42			167		—			19		9			—			237
Merger related costs																						—			16		—			—		—			—			16
Restructuring charge	—			4			—			—			—			—			4			—			8		—			1		—			—			9
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	3			52			—			6			—			—			61			3			54		—			6		—			—			63
Operating (loss) income	(5		)	399			—			26			(8		)	—			412			(45		)	465		—			37		(9		)	—			448
Interest (income) expense, net	(1		)	109			1			1			2			(2		)	110			(5		)	133		1			1		3			(2		)	131
Other (income) expense, net	(123		)	136			—			9			(23		)	—			(1		)	(144		)	154		—			10		(25		)	—			(5		)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	119			154			(1		)	16			13			2			303			104			178		(1		)	26		13			2			322
Provision for income taxes	42			64			—			5			5			—			116			39			73		—			7		4			—			123
Income (loss) before equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	77			90			(1		)	11			8			2			187			65			105		(1		)	19		9			2			199
Equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	110			20			11			—			—			(141		)	—			134			29		19			—		—			(182		)	—
Net income (loss)	187			110			10			11			8			(139		)	187			199			134		18			19		9			(180		)	199
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(9		)	(9		)	(9		)	(7		)	—			25			(9		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)																						42			42		41			33		—			(116		)	42
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	178		$	101		$	1		$	4		$	8		$	(114	)	$	178		$	241		$	176	$	59		$	52	$	9		$	(296	)	$	241

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018



	Parent			URNA		Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total			Parent			URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries						Eliminations			Total
									Foreign		SPV																		Foreign			Domestic
Revenues:
Equipment rentals	$	—		$	3,739	$	—		$	330	$	—		$	—		$	4,069		$	—		$	4,568		$	—		$	383		$	—		$	—		$	4,951
Sales of rental equipment	—			334		—			44		—			—			378			—			435			—			43			—			—			478
Sales of new equipment	—			113		—			13		—			—			126			—			123			—			17			—			—			140
Contractor supplies sales	—			53		—			7		—			—			60			—			58			—			8			—			—			66
Service and other revenues	—			75		—			11		—			—			86			—			92			—			14			—			—			106
Total revenues	—			4,314		—			405		—			—			4,719			—			5,276			—			465			—			—			5,741
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation	—			1,397		—			159		—			—			1,556			—			1,710			—			173			—			—			1,883
Depreciation of rental equipment	—			738		—			66		—			—			804			—			911			—			77			—			—			988
Cost of rental equipment sales	—			202		—			23		—			—			225			—			259			—			23			—			—			282
Cost of new equipment sales	—			97		—			11		—			—			108			—			107			—			14			—			—			121
Cost of contractor supplies sales	—			37		—			5		—			—			42			—			38			—			5			—			—			43
Cost of service and other revenues	—			37		—			5		—			—			42			—			49			—			9			—			—			58
Total cost of revenues	—			2,508		—			269		—			—			2,777			—			3,074			—			301			—			—			3,375
Gross profit	—			1,806		—			136		—			—			1,942			—			2,202			—			164			—			—			2,366
Selling, general and administrative expenses	84			483		—			57		24			—			648			33			604			—			66			33			—			736
Merger related costs	—			32		—			—		—			—			32			—			14			—			—			—			—			14
Restructuring charge	—			27		—			1		—			—			28			—			14			—			1			—			—			15
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	11			162		—			16		—			—			189			11			185			—			17			—			—			213
Operating (loss) income	(95		)	1,102		—			62		(24		)	—			1,045			(44		)	1,385			—			80			(33		)	—			1,388
Interest (income) expense, net	(10		)	341		2			1		8			(4		)	338			(26		)	349			—			—			17			(1		)	339
Other (income) expense, net	(387		)	419		—			33		(70		)	—			(5		)	(469		)	529			—			37			(99		)	—			(2		)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	302			342		(2		)	28		38			4			712
Income before provision for income taxes																				451			507			—			43			49			1			1,051
Provision for income taxes	102			140		—			7		14			—			263			105			135			—			13			12			—			265
Income (loss) before equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	200			202		(2		)	21		24			4			449
Income before equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries																				346			372			—			30			37			1			786
Equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	249			47		21			—		—			(317		)	—			440			68			30			—			—			(538		)	—
Net income (loss)	449			249		19			21		24			(313		)	449			786			440			30			30			37			(537		)	786
Other comprehensive income (loss)	75			75		75			61		—			(211		)	75
Other comprehensive (loss) income																				(27		)	(27		)	(28		)	(95		)	—			150			(27		)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	524		$	324	$	94		$	82	$	24		$	(524	)	$	524		$	759		$	413		$	2		$	(65	)	$	37		$	(387	)	$	759

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2016~~2017



	Parent			URNA		Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total			Parent			URNA		Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries					Eliminations			Total
									Foreign		SPV																	Foreign		Domestic
Revenues:
Equipment rentals	$	—		$	3,335	$	—		$	308	$	—		$	—		$	3,643		$	—		$	3,739	$	—		$	330	$	—		$	—		$	4,069
Sales of rental equipment	—			320		—			41		—			—			361			—			334		—			44		—			—			378
Sales of new equipment	—			86		—			10		—			—			96			—			113		—			13		—			—			126
Contractor supplies sales	—			52		—			8		—			—			60			—			53		—			7		—			—			60
Service and other revenues	—			69		—			10		—			—			79			—			75		—			11		—			—			86
Total revenues	—			3,862		—			377		—			—			4,239			—			4,314		—			405		—			—			4,719
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation	—			1,246		—			145		—			—			1,391			—			1,397		—			159		—			—			1,556
Depreciation of rental equipment	—			667		—			68		—			—			735			—			738		—			66		—			—			804
Cost of rental equipment sales	—			193		—			22		—			—			215			—			202		—			23		—			—			225
Cost of new equipment sales	—			71		—			8		—			—			79			—			97		—			11		—			—			108
Cost of contractor supplies sales	—			35		—			6		—			—			41			—			37		—			5		—			—			42
Cost of service and other revenues	—			30		—			2		—			—			32			—			37		—			5		—			—			42
Total cost of revenues	—			2,242		—			251		—			—			2,493			—			2,508		—			269		—			—			2,777
Gross profit	—			1,620		—			126		—			—			1,746			—			1,806		—			136		—			—			1,942
Selling, general and administrative expenses	10			450		—			55		18			—			533			84			483		—			57		24			—			648
Merger related costs																				—			32		—			—		—			—			32
Restructuring charge	—			7		—			1		—			—			8			—			27		—			1		—			—			28
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	11			163		—			18		—			—			192			11			162		—			16		—			—			189
Operating (loss) income	(21		)	1,000		—			52		(18		)	—			1,013			(95		)	1,102		—			62		(24		)	—			1,045
Interest (income) expense, net	(4		)	348		2			2		5			(4		)	349			(10		)	341		2			1		8			(4		)	338
Other (income) expense, net	(345		)	382		—			29		(69		)	—			(3		)	(387		)	419		—			33		(70		)	—			(5		)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	328			270		(2		)	21		46			4			667			302			342		(2		)	28		38			4			712
Provision for income taxes	121			109		—			6		18			—			254			102			140		—			7		14			—			263
Income (loss) before equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	207			161		(2		)	15		28			4			413			200			202		(2		)	21		24			4			449
Equity in net earnings (loss) of subsidiaries	206			45		15			—		—			(266		)	—			249			47		21			—		—			(317		)	—
Net income (loss)	413			206		13			15		28			(262		)	413			449			249		19			21		24			(313		)	449
Other comprehensive income (loss)	54			54		51			41		—			(146		)	54			75			75		75			61		—			(211		)	75
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	467		$	260	$	64		$	56	$	28		$	(408	)	$	467		$	524		$	324	$	94		$	82	$	24		$	(524	)	$	524

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING CASH FLOW INFORMATION

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018


	Parent			URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries						Eliminations		Total			Parent			URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries						Eliminations		Total
	Parent			URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Foreign			SPV			Eliminations		Total			Parent			URNA			Guarantor Subsidiaries			Foreign			Domestic			Eliminations		Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	15		$	1,849		$	(2	)	$	83		$	(179	)	$	—	$	1,766		$	22		$	2,354		$	(1	)	$	(50	)	$	(202	)	$	—	$	2,123
Net cash used in investing activities	(15		)	(2,145		)	—			(92		)	—			—		(2,252		)	(22		)	(2,259		)	—			(112		)	—			—		(2,393		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	—			298			2			(2		)	179			—		477
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities																					—			(101		)	1			(109		)	202			—		(7		)
Effect of foreign exchange rates	—			—			—			21			—			—		21			—			—			—			(10		)	—			—		(10		)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	—			2			—			10			—			—		12
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents																					—			(6		)	—			(281		)	—			—		(287		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	—			21			—			291			—			—		312			—			23			—			329			—			—		352
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	—		$	23		$	—		$	301		$	—		$	—	$	324		$	—		$	17		$	—		$	48		$	—		$	—	$	65

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING CASH FLOW INFORMATION

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2016~~2017


	Parent			URNA				Guarantor Subsidiaries		Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries						Eliminations			Total			Parent				URNA				Guarantor Subsidiaries		Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries						Eliminations		Total
	Parent						Foreign			SPV						Eliminations		Foreign				Parent				URNA			Domestic									Eliminations		Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	4		URNA		$	1,513	Guarantor Subsidiaries		$	(2	)	$	108		$	7		Total		$	—			$	1,630		$	15	Guarantor Subsidiaries		$	1,839		$	(2	)	$	83	$	(179	)	$	—	$	1,756
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(4		)	(862		)		—		1			—			—			(865		)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	—			(649		)		2		(2		)	(7		)	—			(656		)
Net cash used in investing activities																						(15		)		(2,135		)		—		(92		)	—			—		(2,242		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities																						—				298				2		(2		)	179			—		477
Effect of foreign exchange rates	—			—				—		9			—			—			9			—				—				—		21			—			—		21
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	—			2				—		116			—			—			118			—				2				—		10			—			—		12
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	—			18				—		161			—			—			179			—				21				—		291			—			—		312
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	—		$	20			$	—	$	277		$	—		$	—		$	297		$	—			$	23			$	—	$	301		$	—		$	—	$	324

Table of Contents

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

12. Subsequent Event

In September 2018, we entered into a definitive merger agreement to acquire Vander Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries (“BlueLine”) for approximately $2.1 billion. We expect to fund the merger and related fees and expenses using a new $1 billion term loan facility and other debt issuances. BlueLine is one of the ten largest equipment rental companies in North America, serves over 50,000 customers in the construction and industrial sectors with a focus on mid-sized and local accounts, and has 114 locations and over 1,700 employees based in 25 U.S. states, Canada and Puerto Rico. BlueLine has annual revenues of approximately $786. We expect the merger to close in the fourth quarter of 2018, subject to Hart-Scott-Rodino clearance and other customary conditions.


Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

Executive Overview

We are the largest equipment rental company in the world, with an integrated network of ~~950~~1,086 rental locations in the United States, Canada and ~~Canada.~~Europe. As discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, in July 2018, we completed the acquisition of BakerCorp, which allowed for our entry into select European markets. Although the equipment rental industry is highly fragmented and diverse, we believe that we are well positioned to take advantage of this environment because, as a larger company, we have more extensive resources and certain competitive advantages. These include a fleet of rental equipment with a total original equipment cost (“OEC”) of ~~$10.8~~$12.9 billion, and a national branch network that operates in 49 U.S. states and every Canadian province, and serves 99 of the largest 100 metropolitan areas in the U.S. The BakerCorp acquisition discussed above added 11 European locations in France, Germany, the United ~~States. In addition,~~Kingdom and the Netherlands to our branch network. Our size also gives us greater purchasing power, the ability to provide customers with a broader range of equipment and services, the ability to provide customers with equipment that is more consistently well-maintained and therefore more productive and reliable, and the ability to enhance the earning potential of our assets by transferring equipment among branches to satisfy customer needs.

We offer approximately ~~3,300~~3,800 classes of equipment for rent to a diverse customer base that includes construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. Our revenues are derived from the following sources: equipment rentals, sales of rental equipment, sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues. Equipment rentals represented 86 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

For the past several years, we have executed a strategy focused on improving the profitability of our core equipment rental business through revenue growth, margin expansion and operational efficiencies. In particular, we have focused on customer segmentation, customer service differentiation, rate management, fleet management and operational efficiency.

In ~~2017,~~2018, we have continued our disciplined focus on increasing our profitability and return on invested capital. In particular, our strategy calls for:

A consistently superior standard of service to customers, often provided through a single point of contact;

The further optimization of our customer mix and fleet mix, with a dual objective: to enhance our performance in serving our current customer base, and to focus on the accounts and customer types that are best suited to our strategy for profitable growth. We believe these efforts will lead to even better service of our target accounts, primarily large construction and industrial customers, as well as select local contractors. Our fleet team's analyses are aligned with these objectives to identify trends in equipment categories and define action plans that can generate improved returns;

~~The implementation of~~A continued focus on “Lean” management techniques, including kaizen processes focused on continuous improvement. We ~~have trained over 3,100 employees, over 70 percent of our district managers and approximately 55 percent of our branch managers on the Lean kaizen process. We~~ continue to implement ~~this program~~Lean kaizen processes across our branch network, with the objectives of: reducing the cycle time associated with renting our equipment to customers; improving invoice accuracy and service quality; reducing the elapsed time for equipment pickup and delivery; and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of our repair and maintenance operations. We achieved the anticipated run rate savings from the Lean initiatives, including those included in the Project XL work streams discussed below, in 2017 and 2016, and expect to continue to generate savings from these initiatives;

The implementation of Project XL, which is a set of eight specific work streams focused on driving profitable growth through revenue opportunities and generating incremental profitability through cost savings across our business;

The continued expansion of our trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions footprint, as well as our tools offering, and the cross-selling of these services throughout our network., as exhibited by our acquisition of BakerCorp discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. We believe that the expansion of our trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions business, as well as our tools offering, will further position United Rentals as a single source provider of total jobsite solutions through our extensive product and service resources and technology offerings; and

The pursuit of strategic acquisitions to continue to expand our core equipment rental business, as exhibited by our recently completed acquisitions of NES and ~~Neff.~~Neff, and the pending acquisition of BlueLine discussed in note 12 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Strategic acquisitions allow us to invest our capital to expand our business, further driving our ability to accomplish our strategic goals.

For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rental revenue increased ~~11.7~~21.7 percent as compared to the same period in ~~2016,~~2017, primarily reflecting a ~~14.5~~19.6 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent, which includes the impact of

the NES, ~~acquisition~~Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions discussed in note 23 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, ~~partially offset by~~and a ~~0.7~~2.3 percent rental rate ~~decrease.~~increase. Rental rate changes are calculated based on the year-over-year variance in average contract rates, weighted by the prior period revenue mix. ~~The decreased rental rates reflected the impact of the NES acquisition, pressure from Canada and the impact of industry fleet expansion.~~ On a pro forma basis including ~~NES'~~the standalone, pre-acquisition results of NES, Neff and BakerCorp, equipment rental revenue increased ~~6.5~~11.0 percent year-over-year, primarily reflecting a ~~6.9~~7.3 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent

~~partially offset by~~ and a ~~0.2~~2.4 percent rental rate ~~decrease.~~increase. We believe that the ~~increase~~increases in the volume of OEC on rent ~~reflects~~and rental rates reflect improving demand in many of our core markets. In particular, we saw improvement in our trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment. The volume of OEC on rent increased ~~30.6~~42.4 percent in our trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment, primarily due to continued strength in our Trench Safety and Power and HVAC regions, and improved performance in our ~~Pump~~Fluid Solutions region. On a pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition results of BakerCorp, the volume of OEC on rent increased 26.7 percent in our trench, power and fluid solutions segment. The improvement in the ~~Pump~~Fluid Solutions region ~~primarily reflected~~reflects growth in revenue from i) upstream oil and gas customers, which have experienced significant volatility in recent ~~years,~~years. Additionally, due in part to the upstream oil and ~~ii)~~gas volatility, we have sought to diversify our revenue mix to achieve a reduced portion of business tied to oil and gas. We have diversified outside of oil and gas, and have grown our revenue from most of our non oil and gas customers (for example, industrial, construction and mining ~~customers.~~customers).

Financial Overview

Since January 1, ~~2016,~~2017, we have taken the following actions to improve our financial flexibility and liquidity, and to position us to invest the necessary capital in our business:


•	Redeemed all of our 8¹/₄ ~~percent Senior Notes,~~ 7³⁵/₈ percent Senior Notes and 6 ¹/₈ percent Senior Notes;


•	~~Redeemed $1.1 billion principal amount of our 7~~⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes due 2022 (we expect to redeem the remaining $225 principal amount in the fourth quarter of 2017);~~


•	Issued $750 principal amount of 4 ⁵/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2025;


•	Issued ~~$1.0 billion~~$250 principal amount of 5 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2026, as an add-on to our existing 5 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2026;


•	Issued ~~$1.0 billion~~$250 principal amount of 5 ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes due 2027, as an add-on to our existing 5 ¹/₂ percent Senior Notes due 2027;

•

Issued $1.675 billion principal amount of 4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes due 2028, comprised of separate issuances of $925 in August 2017 and $750 in September 2017. Following the issuances, we consummated an exchange offer pursuant to which most of the 4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes issued in September 2017 ~~as discussed~~were exchanged for additional notes fungible with the 4 ⁷/₈ percent Senior Notes issued in ~~note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements;~~August 2017;

Amended and extended our ABL facility, including an increase in the facility size from $2.5 billion to $3.0 billion; and

Amended and extended our accounts receivable securitization facility, including an increase in the facility size from $625 to ~~$675.~~$875.

~~As of September 30, 2017, we had available liquidity of $2.88 billion, including cash and cash equivalents of $324.~~ As discussed in note 812 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we ~~used~~expect to use a new $1 billion term loan facility and other debt issuances to fund the approximately $2.1 billion pending acquisition of BlueLine. As of September 30, 2018, we had available liquidity of $910, including cash and ~~drawings on the ABL facility to finance the Neff acquisition upon its closing on October 2, 2017.~~cash equivalents of $65.

Net income. Net income and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 ~~were~~are presented below.Net income and diluted earnings per share for 2018 reflect lower effective tax rates due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") in December 2017, as ~~follows:~~discussed further below (see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)"). The Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, which contributed an estimated $0.73 and $1.68 to diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended				Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,				September 30,				September 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2018		2017		2018		2017
Net income	$	199	$	187	$	449	$	413	$	333	$	199	$	786	$	449
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.33	$	2.16	$	5.26	$	4.66	$	4.01	$	2.33	$	9.34	$	5.26

Net income and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016~~2017 include the after-tax impacts of the items below. The tax rates applied to the items below reflect the statutory rates in the applicable ~~entity.~~entities. The reduction in the tax rates for 2018 reflects the enactment of the Tax Act.

Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017
2016
2017
2016
Tax rate applied to items below 38.5 % 38.6 % 38.5 % 38.4 %
Contribution
to net income (after-tax)
Impact on
diluted earnings per share

Contribution
to net income (after-tax)

Impact on
diluted earnings per share
Contribution
to net income (after-tax)

Impact on
diluted earnings per share

Contribution
to net income (after-tax)

Impact on
diluted earnings per share
Merger related costs (1) $ (10 )
$ (0.12 )
$ —

$ —

$ (20 )
$ (0.23 )
$ —

$ —
Merger related intangible asset amortization (2) (24 )
(0.27 )
(24 )
(0.28 )
(72 )
(0.83 )
(75 )
(0.85 )
Impact on depreciation related to acquired RSC and NES fleet and property and equipment (3) (6 )
(0.07 )
—

—

(4 )
(0.05 )
—

—
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired RSC and NES fleet (4) (15 )
(0.17 )
(5 )
(0.05 )
(31 )
(0.36 )
(16 )
(0.18 )
Impact on interest expense related to fair value adjustment of acquired RSC indebtedness (5) —

—

—

—

—

—

1

0.01
Restructuring charge (6) (6 )
(0.07 )
(2 )
(0.02 )
(18 )
(0.21 )
(5 )
(0.05 )
Asset impairment charge (7) —

—

—

—

—

—

(2 )
(0.02 )
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities and amendment of ABL facility (18 )
(0.22 )
(6 )
(0.07 )
(26 )
(0.31 )
(22 )
(0.25 )



	Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018						2017						2018						2017
Tax rate applied to items below	25.4		%				38.5		%				25.3		%				38.5		%
	Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share			Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share			Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share			Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share
Merger related costs (1)	$	(7	)	$	(0.09	)	$	(10	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(10	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(20	)	$	(0.23	)
Merger related intangible asset amortization (2)	(35		)	(0.42		)	(24		)	(0.27		)	(99		)	(1.18		)	(72		)	(0.83		)
Impact on depreciation related to acquired fleet and property and equipment (3)	(1		)	(0.02		)	(6		)	(0.07		)	(16		)	(0.19		)	(4		)	(0.05		)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (4)	(10		)	(0.11		)	(15		)	(0.17		)	(40		)	(0.47		)	(31		)	(0.36		)
Restructuring charge (5)	(7		)	(0.09		)	(6		)	(0.07		)	(11		)	(0.13		)	(18		)	(0.21		)
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities and amendment of ABL facility	—			—			(18		)	(0.22		)	—			—			(26		)	(0.31		)

(1)

This reflects transaction costs associated with the NES, Neff and ~~Neff~~BakerCorp acquisitions discussed in note 23 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, and the pending BlueLine acquisition discussed in note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. Merger related costs only include costs associated with major acquisitions that significantly impact our operations. For additional information, see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-merger related costs" below.


(2)	This reflects the amortization of the intangible assets acquired in the RSC, National Pump, NES, Neff and ~~NES~~BakerCorp acquisitions.


(3)	This reflects the impact of extending the useful lives of equipment acquired in the RSC, NES, Neff and ~~NES~~BakerCorp acquisitions, net of the impact of additional depreciation associated with the fair value mark-up of such equipment.


(4)	This reflects additional costs recorded in cost of rental equipment sales associated with the fair value mark-up of rental equipment acquired in the RSC, NES and ~~NES~~Neff acquisitions ~~and~~that was subsequently sold.


(5)	~~This reflects a reduction of interest expense associated with the fair value mark-up of debt acquired in the RSC acquisition.~~


~~(6)~~	This primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. For additional information, see note 45 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.


~~(7)~~	~~This reflects write-offs of fixed assets in connection with our restructuring programs.~~

EBITDA GAAP Reconciliations. EBITDA represents the sum of net income, provision for income taxes, interest expense, net, depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA plus the sum of the merger related costs, restructuring charge, stock compensation expense, net and the impact of the fair value mark-up of the acquired ~~RSC and NES~~ fleet. These items are excluded from adjusted EBITDA internally when evaluating our operating performance and for strategic planning and forecasting purposes, and allow investors to make a more meaningful comparison between our core business operating results over different periods of time, as well as with those of other similar companies. The EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margins represent EBITDA or adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue. Management believes that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, when viewed with the Company’s results under GAAP

and the accompanying reconciliations, provide useful information about operating performance and period-over-period growth, and provide additional information that is useful for evaluating the operating performance of our core business without regard to potential distortions. Additionally, management believes that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA help investors gain an understanding of the factors and trends affecting our ongoing cash earnings, from which capital investments are made and debt is serviced. However, EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are not measures of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP and, accordingly, should not be considered as alternatives to net income or cash flow from operating activities as indicators of operating performance or liquidity.

The table below provides a reconciliation between net income and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended				Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,				September 30,				September 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2018		2017		2018		2017
Net income	$	199	$	187	$	449	$	413	$	333	$	199	$	786	$	449
Provision for income taxes	123		116		263		254		127		123		265		263
Interest expense, net	131		110		338		349		118		131		339		338
Depreciation of rental equipment	290		250		804		735		343		290		988		804
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	63		61		189		192		75		63		213		189
EBITDA	$	806	$	724	$	2,043	$	1,943	$	996	$	806	$	2,591	$	2,043
Merger related costs (1)	16		—		32		—		11		16		14		32
Restructuring charge (2)	9		4		28		8		9		9		15		28
Stock compensation expense, net (3)	24		11		64		33		30		24		73		64
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired RSC and NES fleet (4)	24		8		50		26
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (4)									13		24		53		50
Adjusted EBITDA	$	879	$	747	$	2,217	$	2,010	$	1,059	$	879	$	2,746	$	2,217

The table below provides a reconciliation between net cash provided by operating activities and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA:


	Nine Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2017			2016			2018			2017
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,766		$	1,630		$	2,123		$	1,756
Adjustments for items included in net cash provided by operating activities but excluded from the calculation of EBITDA:
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discounts	(6		)	(7		)	(9		)	(6		)
Gain on sales of rental equipment	153			146			196			153
Gain on sales of non-rental equipment	4			3			4			4
Gain on insurance proceeds from damaged equipment							18			10
Merger related costs (1)	(32		)	—			(14		)	(32		)
Restructuring charge (2)	(28		)	(8		)	(15		)	(28		)
Stock compensation expense, net (3)	(64		)	(33		)	(73		)	(64		)
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities and amendment of ABL facility	(43		)	(36		)	—			(43		)
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements	—			53
Changes in assets and liabilities	(126		)	(113		)	(68		)	(126		)
Cash paid for interest	305			294			379			305
Cash paid for income taxes, net	114			14			50			114
EBITDA	$	2,043		$	1,943		$	2,591		$	2,043
Add back:
Merger related costs (1)	32			—			14			32
Restructuring charge (2)	28			8			15			28
Stock compensation expense, net (3)	64			33			73			64
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired RSC and NES fleet (4)	50			26
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (4)							53			50
Adjusted EBITDA	$	2,217		$	2,010		$	2,746		$	2,217

___________________

(1)


(2)	This primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. For additional information, see note 45 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.


(3)	Represents non-cash, share-based payments associated with the granting of equity instruments.


(4)	This reflects additional costs recorded in cost of rental equipment sales associated with the fair value mark-up of rental equipment acquired in the RSC, NES and ~~NES~~Neff acquisitions ~~and~~that was subsequently sold.

For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, EBITDA increased ~~$82,~~$190, or ~~11.3~~23.6 percent, and adjusted EBITDA increased ~~$132,~~$180, or ~~17.7~~20.5 percent. For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, EBITDA margin ~~decreased 240~~increased 150 basis points to ~~45.6~~47.1 percent, and adjusted EBITDA margin increased 3020 basis points to ~~49.8~~50.0 percent. As discussed in note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we completed the acquisitions of Neff in October 2017 and BakerCorp in July 2018, and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for 2018 include the impact of Neff and BakerCorp. The ~~decrease~~increase in the EBITDA margin primarily reflects i) ~~increased~~reduced merger related costs, ii) a decrease in selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") ~~compensation costs, including stock compensation costs, largely~~expense as a percentage of revenue primarily due to a reduction in salaries and bonuses as a percentage of revenue and iii) a change in revenue mix, with higher margin equipment rentals representing a larger portion of total revenues in 2018.

For the ~~impact of~~nine months ended September 30, 2018, EBITDA increased $548, or 26.8 percent, and adjusted EBITDA increased $529, or 23.9 percent. For the ~~NES acquisition~~nine months ended September 30, 2018, EBITDA margin increased 180 basis points to 45.1 percent, and adjusted EBITDA margin increased 80 basis points to 47.8 percent. As discussed in note 23 to ~~the~~our condensed consolidated financial statements, ~~increased revenue, improved profitability,~~we completed the acquisitions of NES in April 2017, Neff in October 2017 and ~~increases~~BakerCorp in ~~our stock price~~July 2018, and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for 2018 include the impact of NES, Neff and BakerCorp. The increase in the ~~volume of stock awards, and ii) increased~~EBITDA margin primarily reflects i) reduced merger related costs and restructuring charges and ii) a decrease in SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue primarily ~~associated with the Neff acquisition discussed~~due to a reduction in ~~note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.~~salaries and bonuses as a percentage of revenue. The increase in the adjusted EBITDA margin primarily reflects ~~i) increased margins, excluding depreciation, from equipment rentals and ii) increased margins, excluding the impact~~a decrease in SG&A expense as a percentage of ~~the fair value mark-up of acquired RSC and NES fleet, from sales of rental equipment, partially offset by iii) increased SG&A compensation costs largely~~revenue primarily due to ~~the impact~~a reduction in salaries and bonuses as a percentage of ~~the NES acquisition discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, increased revenue and improved profitability.~~

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, EBITDA increased $100, or 5.1 percent, and adjusted EBITDA increased $207, or 10.3 percent. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, EBITDA margin decreased 250 basis points to 43.3 percent, and adjusted EBITDA margin decreased 40 basis points to 47.0 percent. The decrease in the EBITDA margin primarily reflects i) increased selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") compensation costs, including stock compensation costs, largely due to the impact of the NES acquisition, increased revenue, improved profitability, and increases in our stock price and in the volume of stock awards, and ii) increased merger related costs and restructuring charges associated with the NES and Neff acquisitions. The decrease in the adjusted EBITDA margin primarily reflects increased SG&A compensation costs largely due to the impact of the NES acquisition, increased revenue and improved profitability.revenue.

Results of Operations

As discussed in note 34 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, our reportable segments are general rentals and trench, power and ~~pump.~~fluid solutions. The general rentals segment includes the rental of construction, aerial, industrial and homeowner equipment and related services and activities. The general rentals segment’s customers include construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. The general rentals segment operates throughout the United States and Canada. The trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment is comprised of i) the Trench Safety region, which rents trench safety equipment such as trench shields, aluminum hydraulic shoring systems, slide rails, crossing plates, construction lasers and line testing equipment for underground work, ii) the Power and HVAC region, which rents power and HVAC equipment such as portable diesel generators, electrical distribution equipment, and temperature control equipment including heating and cooling equipment, and iii) the ~~Pump~~Fluid Solutions ~~region,~~and iv) Fluid Solutions Europe regions, both of which ~~rents pumps~~rent equipment primarily used ~~by municipalities, industrial plants,~~for fluid storage, transfer and ~~mining, construction, and agribusiness customers.~~treatment. The trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment’s customers include construction companies involved in infrastructure projects, municipalities and industrial companies. The trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment operates throughout the United States and in ~~Canada.~~Canada and Europe.

As discussed in note 34 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we aggregate our ~~ten~~11 geographic regions—Carolinas, Gulf South, Industrial (which serves the geographic Gulf region and has a strong industrial presence), Mid-Atlantic, ~~Mid-Central,~~Mid Central, Midwest, Northeast, Pacific West, South, Southeast and Western Canada—into our general rentals reporting segment. ~~We periodically review the size and geographic scope of our regions, and have occasionally reorganized the regions to create a more balanced and effective structure.~~ Historically, there have been variances in the levels of equipment rentals gross margins achieved by these regions. For the five year period ended September 30, ~~2017, one~~2018, two of our general rentals' regions had an equipment rentals gross margin that varied by between 10 percent and 12 percent from the equipment rentals gross margins of the aggregated general rentals' regions over the same period. The rental industry is cyclical, and there historically have been regions with equipment rentals gross margins that varied by greater than 10 percent from the equipment rentals gross margins of the aggregated general rentals' regions, though the specific regions with margin variances of over 10 percent have fluctuated.

We expect margin convergence going forward given the cyclical nature of the rental industry, and monitor the margin variances and confirm the expectation of future convergence on a quarterly basis.

We similarly monitor the margin variances for the regions in the trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment. The ~~Pump Solutions region is primarily comprised of~~trench, power and fluid solutions segment includes the locations acquired in the ~~April 2014 National Pump acquisition.~~July 2018 BakerCorp acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. As such, there ~~isn’t~~is not a long history of the ~~Pump Solutions region's~~acquired locations' rental margins included in the trench, power and pump segment. When monitoring for margin convergence, we include projected future results. We monitor the trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions segment margin variances and confirm the expectation of future convergence on a quarterly basis. The historic, pre-acquisition margins for the acquired BakerCorp locations are lower than the margins achieved at the other locations in the segment. We expect that the margins at the acquired locations will increase as we realize synergies following the acquisition, as a result of which, we expect future margin convergence.

We believe that the regions that are aggregated into our segments have similar economic characteristics, as each region is capital intensive, offers similar products to similar customers, uses similar methods to distribute its products, and is subject to similar competitive risks. The aggregation of our regions also reflects the management structure that we use for making operating decisions and assessing performance. Although we believe aggregating these regions into our reporting segments for segment reporting purposes is appropriate, to the extent that there are significant margin variances that do not converge, we may be required to disaggregate the regions into separate reporting segments. Any such disaggregation would have no impact on our consolidated results of operations.

These segments align our external segment reporting with how management evaluates and allocates resources. We evaluate segment performance based on segment equipment rentals gross profit. Our revenues, operating results, and financial condition fluctuate from quarter to quarter reflecting the seasonal rental patterns of our customers, with rental activity tending to be lower in the winter.

Revenues by segment were as follows:


	General rentals		Trench, power and pump		Total		General rentals		Trench, power and fluid solutions		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Equipment rentals							$	1,444	$	417	$	1,861
Sales of rental equipment							130		10		140
Sales of new equipment							50		4		54
Contractor supplies sales							17		7		24
Service and other revenues							33		4		37
Total revenue							$	1,674	$	442	$	2,116
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Equipment rentals	$	1,237	$	299	$	1,536	$	1,237	$	299	$	1,536
Sales of rental equipment	130		9		139		130		9		139
Sales of new equipment	34		6		40		34		6		40
Contractor supplies sales	17		4		21		17		4		21
Service and other revenues	26		4		30		26		4		30
Total revenue	$	1,444	$	322	$	1,766	$	1,444	$	322	$	1,766
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Equipment rentals	$	1,097	$	225	$	1,322	$	3,977	$	974	$	4,951
Sales of rental equipment	103		9		112		446		32		478
Sales of new equipment	27		3		30		125		15		140
Contractor supplies sales	16		3		19		50		16		66
Service and other revenues	23		2		25		95		11		106
Total revenue	$	1,266	$	242	$	1,508	$	4,693	$	1,048	$	5,741
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Equipment rentals	$	3,357	$	712	$	4,069	$	3,357	$	712	$	4,069
Sales of rental equipment	348		30		378		348		30		378
Sales of new equipment	112		14		126		112		14		126
Contractor supplies sales	49		11		60		49		11		60
Service and other revenues	76		10		86		76		10		86
Total revenue	$	3,942	$	777	$	4,719	$	3,942	$	777	$	4,719
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Equipment rentals	$	3,067	$	576	$	3,643
Sales of rental equipment	334		27		361
Sales of new equipment	84		12		96
Contractor supplies sales	49		11		60
Service and other revenues	71		8		79
Total revenue	$	3,605	$	634	$	4,239

Equipment rentals. For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rentals of ~~$1.536~~$1.861 billion increased ~~$214,~~$325, or ~~16.2~~21.2 percent, as compared to the same period in ~~2016,~~2017, primarily reflecting ~~increases of 18.2~~a 17.8 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent, which includes the impact of the ~~NES acquisition~~Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions discussed in note 23 to ~~the~~our condensed consolidated financial statements, and ~~0.1~~a 2.1 percent in rental ~~rates.~~rate increase. On a pro forma basis including ~~NES'~~the standalone, pre-acquisition results of Neff and BakerCorp, equipment rental revenue increased ~~8.9~~10.9 percent year-over-year, primarily reflecting ~~increases of 7.6~~a 7.4 percent ~~in the volume of OEC and 0.9 percent in rental rates. We believe that the~~ increase in the volume of OEC on rent ~~reflects~~and a 2.1 percent rental rate increase. We believe that the increases in the

volume of OEC on rent and rental rates reflect improving demand in many of our core markets. Equipment rentals represented 8788 percent of total revenues for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rentals of ~~$4.069~~$4.951 billion increased ~~$426,~~$882, or ~~11.7~~21.7 percent, as compared to the same period in ~~2016,~~2017, primarily reflecting a ~~14.5~~19.6 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent, which includes the impact of the NES, ~~acquisition, partially offset by~~Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions discussed in note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, and a ~~0.7~~2.3 percent rental rate ~~decrease. The decreased rental rates reflected the impact of the NES acquisition, pressure from Canada and the impact of industry fleet expansion.~~increase. On a pro forma basis including ~~NES'~~the standalone, pre-acquisition results of NES, Neff and BakerCorp, equipment rental revenue increased ~~6.5~~11.0 percent year-over-year, primarily reflecting a ~~6.9~~7.3 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent ~~partially offset by~~and a ~~0.2~~2.4 percent rental rate ~~decrease.~~increase. We believe that the ~~increase~~increases in the volume of OEC on rent ~~reflects~~and rental rates reflect improving demand in many of our core markets. Equipment rentals represented 86 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, general rentals equipment rentals increased ~~$140,~~$207, or ~~12.8~~16.7 percent, as compared to the same period in ~~2016,~~2017, primarily reflecting a ~~16.5~~15.0 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent, which includes the impact of the ~~NES acquisition.~~Neff acquisition, and increased rental rates. On a pro forma basis including ~~NES'~~the standalone, pre-acquisition results of Neff, equipment rental revenue increased 7.9 percent and the volume of OEC on rent increased ~~5.5~~6.1 percent. We believe that the ~~increase~~increases in the volume of OEC on rent ~~reflects~~and rental rates reflect improving demand in

many of our core markets. For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rentals represented 86 percent of total revenues for the general rentals segment.

For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, general rentals equipment rentals increased ~~$290,~~$620, or ~~9.5~~18.5 percent, as compared to the same period in ~~2016,~~2017, primarily reflecting a ~~13.3~~17.7 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent, which includes the impact of the NES ~~acquisition, partially offset by decreased~~and Neff acquisitions, and increased rental rates. ~~The decreased rental rates reflected the impact of the NES acquisition, pressure from Canada and the impact of industry fleet expansion.~~ On a pro forma basis including ~~NES'~~the standalone, pre-acquisition results of NES and Neff, equipment rental revenue increased 7.0 percent and the volume of OEC on rent increased ~~5.4~~5.5 percent. We believe that the ~~increase~~increases in the volume of OEC on rent ~~reflects~~and rental rates reflect improving demand in many of our core markets. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rentals represented 85 percent of total revenues for the general rentals segment.

For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions equipment rentals increased ~~$74,~~$118, or ~~32.9~~39.5 percent, as compared to the same period in ~~2016,~~2017, primarily reflecting a ~~38.6~~49.8 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent. ~~Trench, power and pump average~~The increase in equipment rentals was less than the increase in the volume of OEC ~~for the three months ended September 30, 2017 increased 16.9 percent as compared~~on rent primarily due to the ~~same period~~impact of the BakerCorp acquisition discussed in ~~2016.~~note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. The acquired BakerCorp equipment generates less revenue per dollar of OEC than the other equipment in the segment. On a pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition results of BakerCorp, the volume of OEC on rent increased 20.7 percent. The increase in the volume of OEC on rent ~~significantly exceeded the increase in average OEC primarily due to~~reflects improved performance in our ~~Pump~~Fluid Solutions ~~region.~~and Power and HVAC regions. The improvement in the ~~Pump~~Fluid Solutions region ~~primarily reflected~~reflects growth in revenue from i) upstream oil and gas customers, which have experienced significant volatility in recent ~~years,~~years. Additionally, due in part to the upstream oil and ~~ii)~~gas volatility, we have sought to diversify our revenue mix to achieve a reduced portion of business tied to oil and gas. We have diversified outside of oil and gas, and have grown our revenue from most of our non oil and gas customers (for example, industrial, construction and mining customers). The Power and HVAC region experienced growth in revenue from oil and gas, and non-residential construction, customers. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, equipment rentals represented 94 percent of total revenues for the trench, power and fluid solutions segment.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, trench, power and fluid solutions equipment rentals increased $262, or 36.8 percent, as compared to the same period in 2017, primarily reflecting a 42.4 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent. On a pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition results of BakerCorp, the volume of OEC on rent increased 26.7 percent. The increase in the volume of OEC on rent reflects improved performance in our Fluid Solutions and Power and HVAC regions. The improvement in the Fluid Solutions region reflects growth in revenue from upstream oil and gas customers, which have experienced significant volatility in recent years. Additionally, due in part to the upstream oil and gas volatility, we have sought to diversify our revenue mix to achieve a reduced portion of business tied to oil and gas. We have diversified outside of oil and gas, and have grown our revenue from most of our non oil and gas customers (for example, industrial, construction and mining customers). The Power and HVAC region experienced growth in revenue from oil and gas, and non-residential construction, customers. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, equipment rentals represented 93 percent of total revenues for the trench, power and ~~pump segment.~~

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, trench, power and pump equipment rentals increased $136, or 23.6 percent, as compared to the same period in 2016, primarily reflecting a 30.6 percent increase in the volume of OEC on rent. Trench, power and pump average OEC for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 increased 10.4 percent as compared to the same period in 2016. The increase in the volume of OEC on rent significantly exceeded the increase in average OEC primarily due to improved performance in our Pump Solutions region. The improvement in the Pump Solutions region primarily reflected growth in revenue from i) upstream oil and gas customers, which have experienced significant volatility in recent years, and ii) construction and mining customers. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, equipment rentals represented 92 percent of total revenues for the trench, power and pumpfluid solutions segment.

Sales of rental equipment. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, sales of rental equipment represented approximately 8 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, sales of rental equipment increased ~~24.1~~0.7 percent and 26.5 percent, respectively, from the same ~~period~~periods in ~~2016, primarily reflecting increased volume. For~~2017. As discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, in 2018, we adopted

accounting guidance that clarified the principles for recognizing revenue. Under the new guidance, we no longer defer recognition associated with certain sales of rental equipment that were previously deferred until certain contingent future events occurred. This change in accounting resulted in earlier recognition of some revenue that in 2017 was recognized later in the year, but does not impact total annual revenue because the contingencies that previously resulted in deferral are always resolved within the same calendar year. This change in accounting did not have a material impact on the year-over-year increase in sales of rental equipment for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, sales~~2018. Sales of rental equipment ~~did not change~~for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased primarily due to increased volume, driven by a significantly ~~from~~larger fleet size, in a strong used equipment market. Average OEC for the ~~same period~~nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased 20.9 percent year-over-year. The increase in ~~2016.~~average OEC includes the impact of the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions.

Sales of new equipment. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, sales of new equipment represented approximately 32 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. For the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, sales of new equipment increased ~~33.3~~35.0 percent and ~~31.3~~11.1 percent, respectively, from the same periods in ~~2016,~~2017 primarily ~~reflecting~~due to increased volume ~~and increased sales of~~driven partially by some larger ~~equipment.~~sales.

Contractor supplies sales. Contractor supplies sales represent our revenues associated with selling a variety of supplies, including construction consumables, tools, small equipment and safety supplies. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, contractor supplies sales represented approximately 1 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. Contractor supplies sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 did not change significantly from the same periods in ~~2016.~~2017.

Service and other revenues. Service and other revenues primarily represent our revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, service and other revenues represented approximately 2 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, service and other revenues increased ~~20.0~~23.3 percent from the same period in ~~2016~~2017, primarily reflecting the impact of the NES acquisition discussed in note 23 to the condensed consolidated financial statements and an increased emphasis on this line of business. ~~For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, service and other revenues did not change significantly from the same period in 2016.~~

Segment Equipment Rentals Gross Profit

Segment equipment rentals gross profit and gross margin were as follows:


	General rentals			Trench, power and pump			Total			General rentals			Trench, power and fluid solutions			Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit										$	629		$	218		$	847
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin										43.6		%	52.3		%	45.5		%
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	525		$	164		$	689		$	525		$	164		$	689
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	42.4		%	54.8		%	44.9		%	42.4		%	54.8		%	44.9		%
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	469		$	117		$	586		$	1,598		$	482		$	2,080
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	42.8		%	52.0		%	44.3		%	40.2		%	49.5		%	42.0		%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	1,350		$	359		$	1,709		$	1,350		$	359		$	1,709
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	40.2		%	50.4		%	42.0		%	40.2		%	50.4		%	42.0		%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	1,243		$	274		$	1,517
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	40.5		%	47.6		%	41.6		%

General rentals. For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rentals gross profit increased by ~~$56~~$104 and equipment rentals gross margin ~~decreased~~increased by 40120 basis points from ~~2016.~~2017. The gross profit increase includes the impact of the Neff acquisition. The gross margin ~~decrease~~increase primarily reflects increased ~~benefits~~rental rates and decreases in certain costs ~~including increased bonus costs associated with improved profitability, and increased depreciation costs,~~as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a 70 basis point ~~increase~~decrease in time utilization. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, time utilization was 71.5 percent and 72.2 percent, respectively. The decrease in time utilization included the impact of the Neff acquisition, and ~~decreases~~time utilization decreased 40 basis points on a pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition results of Neff. Additionally, time utilization for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was high due partially to increased rental activity in ~~certain costs, including fuel~~response to recovery and ~~delivery, as a percentage of equipment rentals revenue.~~restoration efforts for hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The volume of OEC on rent increased ~~16.5~~15.0 percent, including the impact of the ~~NES~~Neff acquisition. On a pro forma basis, ~~including NES' standalone, pre-acquisition results,~~ the volume of OEC on rent increased ~~5.5~~6.1 percent. We believe that the ~~increase~~increases in the volume of OEC on rent reflects improving demand in many of our core markets. Time utilization is calculated by dividing the amount of time an asset is on rent by the amount of time the asset has been owned during the year. For the three months ended September 30, 2017 and ~~2016, time utilization was 72.2 percent and 71.5 percent, respectively.~~rental rates

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $107 and equipment rentals gross margin decreased by 30 basis points from 2016. The gross margin decrease primarily reflects decreased rental rates and increased delivery costs partially offset by a 130 basis point increase in time utilization. The decreased rental rates reflected the impact of the NES acquisition, pressure from Canada and the impact of industry fleet expansion. The volume of OEC on rent increased 13.3 percent, including the impact of the NES acquisition. On a pro forma basis including NES' standalone, pre-acquisition results, the volume of OEC on rent increased 5.4 percent. We believe that the increase in the volume of OEC on rent reflectsreflect improving demand in many of our core markets. While the volume of OEC on rent increased ~~13.3~~15.0 percent and equipment rentals increased ~~9.5~~16.7 percent, ~~delivery costs~~depreciation of rental equipment increased ~~18.3~~15.2 percent due primarily to the Neff acquisition, delivery costs increased ~~volume of OEC on rent~~2.4 percent and labor and benefits costs increased ~~transfers of equipment among locations in response to, and in anticipation of, customer demand.~~ 13.8 percent.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $248. Equipment rentals gross margin was flat with 2017, reflecting increased rental rates offset by a 90 basis point decrease in time utilization. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, time utilization was 69.2 percent and 70.1 percent, respectively. The decrease in time utilization primarily reflected the impact of the NES and ~~68.8~~Neff acquisitions. The volume of OEC on rent increased 17.7 percent, ~~respectively.~~including the impact of the NES and Neff acquisitions. On a pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition results of NES and Neff, the volume of OEC on rent increased 5.5 percent and time utilization decreased 30 basis points. We believe that the increases in the volume of OEC on rent and rental rates reflect improving demand in many of our core markets.

Trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions. For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rentals gross profit increased by ~~$47~~$54 and equipment rentals gross margin ~~increased~~decreased by ~~280~~250 basis points from ~~2016.~~2017. The increase in equipment rentals gross profit primarily reflects increased equipment rentals revenue on a larger fleet. Year-over-year, trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions equipment rentals increased ~~32.9~~39.5 percent, average OEC increased ~~16.9~~52.3 percent and the volume of OEC on rent increased ~~38.6~~49.8 percent. The increase in equipment rentals was less than the increase in the volume of OEC on rent ~~significantly exceeded the increase in average OEC~~ primarily due to ~~improved performance~~the impact of the BakerCorp acquisition discussed in note 3 to our ~~Pump Solutions region.~~condensed consolidated financial statements. The ~~improvement~~acquired BakerCorp equipment generates less revenue per dollar of OEC than the other equipment in the ~~Pump Solutions region primarily reflected growth~~segment. The decrease in ~~revenue from i) upstream oil and gas customers, which have experienced significant volatility in recent years, and ii) construction and mining customers. The increase in~~the equipment rentals gross margin ~~reflected decreased compensation, depreciation~~includes the impact of the BakerCorp acquisition and ~~property costs as a percentage of revenue. As compared to the equipment rentals~~mix changes (in particular, fuel revenue, increase of 32.9 percent, compensation costs increased 18.5 percent due primarily to increased headcount associated with higher rental volume, depreciation of rental equipment increased 13.3 percent and property costs were flat. Capitalizing on the demandwhich generates lower margins, increased). The historic, pre-acquisition margins for the ~~higher margin equipment rented by our trench, power and pump segment has been a key component of our strategy~~acquired BakerCorp locations are lower than the margins achieved at the other locations in ~~recent years.~~the segment. We expect that the margins at the acquired locations will increase as we realize synergies following the acquisition.

For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, equipment rentals gross profit increased by ~~$85~~$123 and equipment rentals gross margin ~~increased~~decreased by ~~280~~90 basis points from ~~2016.~~2017. The increase in equipment rentals gross profit primarily reflects increased equipment rentals revenue on a larger fleet. Year-over-year, trench, power and ~~pump~~fluid solutions equipment rentals increased ~~23.6~~36.8 percent, average OEC increased ~~10.4~~36.9 percent and the volume of OEC on rent increased ~~30.6~~42.4 percent. The ~~increase~~decrease in the volume of OEC on rent significantly exceeded the increase in average OEC primarily due to improved performance in our Pump Solutions region. The improvement in the Pump Solutions region primarily reflected growth in revenue from i) upstream

~~oil and gas customers, which have experienced significant volatility in recent years, and ii) construction and mining customers. The increase in~~ equipment rentals gross margin ~~reflected decreased compensation, depreciation~~includes the impact of the BakerCorp acquisition and ~~property costs as a percentage of revenue. As compared to the equipment rentals~~mix changes (in particular, fuel revenue, increase of 23.6 percent, compensation costs increased 13.1 percent due primarily to increased headcount associated with higher rental volume, depreciation of rental equipment increased 9.1 percent and property costs increased 1.0 percent. Capitalizing on the demandwhich generates lower margins, increased). The historic, pre-acquisition margins for the ~~higher margin equipment rented by our trench, power and pump segment has been a key component of our strategy~~acquired BakerCorp locations are lower than the margins achieved at the other locations in ~~recent years.~~the segment. We expect that the margins at the acquired locations will increase as we realize synergies following the acquisition.

Gross Margin. Gross margins by revenue classification were as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,			Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2017		2016		Change	2017	2016	Change	2018		2017		Change	2018	2017	Change
Total gross margin	43.8	%	43.5	%	30 bps	41.2%	41.2%	—	44.3	%	43.8	%	50 bps	41.2%	41.2%	—
Equipment rentals	44.9	%	44.3	%	60 bps	42.0%	41.6%	40 bps	45.5	%	44.9	%	60 bps	42.0%	42.0%	—
Sales of rental equipment	39.6	%	39.3	%	30 bps	40.5%	40.4%	10 bps	40.7	%	39.6	%	110 bps	41.0%	40.5%	50 bps
Sales of new equipment	15.0	%	16.7	%	(170) bps	14.3%	17.7%	(340) bps	14.8	%	15.0	%	(20) bps	13.6%	14.3%	(70) bps
Contractor supplies sales	33.3	%	31.6	%	170 bps	30.0%	31.7%	(170) bps	37.5	%	33.3	%	420 bps	34.8%	30.0%	480 bps
Service and other revenues	53.3	%	60.0	%	(670) bps	51.2%	59.5%	(830) bps	45.9	%	53.3	%	(740) bps	45.3%	51.2%	(590) bps

For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, total gross margin increased 3050 basis points ~~as compared to~~from the same period in ~~2016.~~2017 primarily due to increased gross margins from equipment rentals and sales of rental equipment. Equipment rentals gross margin increased 60 basis points, primarily reflecting a ~~160 basis point increase in time utilization and a 0.1~~2.1 percent rental rate increase partially offset by ~~increased compensation costs.~~a 100 basis point decrease in time utilization. For the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016,~~2017, time utilization was 70.9 percent and 71.9 percent, respectively. The decrease in time utilization primarily reflected the impact of the Neff and ~~70.3 percent, respectively. Time~~BakerCorp acquisitions. Additionally, time utilization for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was ~~a third quarter record.~~high due partially to increased rental activity in response to recovery and restoration efforts for hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The volume of OEC on rent increased ~~18.2~~17.8 percent, including the impact of the ~~NES acquisition.~~Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions. On a pro forma basis including ~~NES'~~the standalone, pre-acquisition results of Neff and BakerCorp, year-over-year, the volume of OEC on rent increased ~~7.6 percent.~~7.4 percent, rental rates increased 2.1 percent and time utilization decreased 10 basis points. We believe that the ~~increase~~increases in the volume of OEC on rent reflects improving demand in many of our core markets. As compared to the equipment rentals revenue increase of 16.2 percent, compensation costs increased 19.1 percent due in part to increased bonuses associated with improved operating results. Gross margin from sales of new equipment decreased 170 basis points. Sales of new equipment increased 33.3 percent, primarily reflecting increased volume and increased sales of larger equipment, some of which were at lower margins. Gross margin from service and other revenues decreased 670 basis points. In 2017, as a result of our increased focus on the service line of business, we increased the allocation of labor to it. Such labor costs were formerly included in cost of equipment rentals.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, total gross margin was flat with the same period in 2016. Equipment rentals gross margin increased 40 basis points, primarily reflecting a 190 basis point increase in time utilization partially offset by a 0.7 percent rental rate decrease. The decreased rental rates reflected the impact of the NES acquisition, pressure from Canada and the impact of industry fleet expansion. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, time utilization was 69.3 percent and 67.4 percent, respectively. The volume of OEC on rent increased 14.5 percent, including the impact of the NES acquisition. On a pro forma basis including NES' standalone, pre-acquisition results, the volume of OEC on rent increased 6.9 percent. We believe that the increase in the volume of OEC on rent reflectsreflect improving demand in many of our core markets. Gross margin from sales of ~~new~~rental equipment ~~decreased 340~~increased 110 basis ~~points. Sales~~points, primarily reflecting improved pricing and changes in the mix of equipment sold. The gross margin fluctuations from sales of new equipment, ~~increased 31.3 percent, primarily reflecting increased volume and increased sales of larger equipment, some of which were at lower margins. Gross margin from~~ contractor supplies sales ~~decreased 170 basis points, primarily due to the impact of some large volume sales at lower margins. Gross margin from~~and service and other revenues generally

reflect normal variability, and such margins did not have a significant impact on total gross margin (gross profit for these revenue types represented 4 percent of total gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2018).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, total gross margin was flat with the same period in 2017. Equipment rentals gross margin was flat with the same period in 2017. Rental rates increased 2.3 percent rental rate and time utilization decreased ~~830~~80 basis points. InFor the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, astime utilization was 68.5 percent and 69.3 percent, respectively. The decrease in time utilization primarily reflected the impact of the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions. The volume of OEC on rent increased 19.6 percent, including the impact of the NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions. On a ~~result~~pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition results of NES, Neff and BakerCorp, the volume of OEC on rent increased 7.3 percent, time utilization increased 20 basis points and rental rates increased 2.4 percent. We believe that the increases in the volume of OEC on rent and rental rates reflect improving demand in many of our ~~increased focus~~core markets. The gross margin fluctuations from sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues generally reflect normal variability, and such margins did not have a significant impact on total gross margin (gross profit for these revenue types represented 4 percent of total gross profit for the ~~service line of business, we increased the allocation of labor to it. Such labor costs were formerly included in cost of equipment rentals.~~nine months ended September 30, 2018).

Other costs/(income)

The table below includes the other costs/(income) in our condensed consolidated statements of income, as well as key associated metrics, for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2016:~~2017:


	Three Months Ended September 30,			Nine Months Ended September 30,			Three Months Ended September 30,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2017	2016	Change	2017	2016	Change	2018	2017	Change	2018	2017	Change
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expense	$237	$179	32.4%	$648	$533	21.6%	$265	$237	11.8%	$736	$648	13.6%
SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue	13.4%	11.9%	150 bps	13.7%	12.6%	110 bps	12.5%	13.4%	(90) bps	12.8%	13.7%	(90) bps
Merger related costs	16	—	—%	32	—	—%	11	16	(31.3)%	14	32	(56.3)%
Restructuring charge	9	4	125.0%	28	8	250.0%	9	9	—%	15	28	(46.4)%
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	63	61	3.3%	189	192	(1.6)%	75	63	19.0%	213	189	12.7%
Interest expense, net	131	110	19.1%	338	349	(3.2)%	118	131	(9.9)%	339	338	0.3%
Other income, net	(5)	(1)	400.0%	(5)	(3)	66.7%	—	(5)	(100.0)%	(2)	(5)	(60.0)%
Provision for income taxes	123	116	6.0%	263	254	3.5%	127	123	3.3%	265	263	0.8%
Effective tax rate	38.2%	38.3%	(10) bps	36.9%	38.1%	(120) bps	27.6%	38.2%	(1,060) bps	25.2%	36.9%	(1,170) bps

SG&A expense primarily includes sales force compensation, information technology costs, third party professional fees, management salaries, bad debt expense and clerical and administrative overhead. The ~~increases~~decreases in SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 primarily reflect ~~increased compensation costs, including stock compensation costs, largely due to the impact~~a reduction in salaries and bonuses as a percentage of ~~the NES acquisition discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, improved profitability, and increases in our stock price and in the volume of stock awards.~~revenue.

The merger related costs reflect transaction costs associated with the NES, Neff and ~~Neff~~BakerCorp acquisitions discussed in note 23 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, and the pending BlueLine acquisition discussed in note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. We have made a number of acquisitions in the past and may continue to make acquisitions in the future. Merger related costs only include costs associated with major acquisitions that significantly impact our operations. The historic acquisitions that have included merger related costs are RSC, which had annual revenues of approximately $1.5 billion prior to the acquisition, and National Pump, which had annual revenues of over $200 prior to the acquisition. As discussed in note 23 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, NES had annual revenues of approximately $369, ~~and~~ Neff had annual revenues of approximately ~~$413.~~$413 and BakerCorp had annual revenues of approximately $295. As discussed in note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, BlueLine has annual revenues of approximately $786.

The restructuring charges primarily reflect severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. In the second quarter of 2017, we initiated a restructuring program following the closing of the NES acquisition discussed in note 23 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The restructuring program also includes actions undertaken associated with Project XL, which is a set of eight specific work streams focused on driving profitable growth through revenue opportunities and generating incremental profitability through cost savings across our ~~business. Additionally, following the closing of~~business, and the Neff acquisition that is discussed in note 23 to the condensed consolidated financial ~~statements on October 2, 2017,~~statements. In the third quarter of 2018, we

initiated a restructuring program ~~will include actions that we expect~~following the closing of the BakerCorp acquisition discussed in note 3 to ~~undertake associated with~~ the ~~Neff acquisition.~~condensed consolidated financial statements. For additional information, see note 45 to ~~our~~the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Non-rental depreciation and amortization includes ~~(i)~~i) the amortization of other intangible assets and ~~(ii)~~ii) depreciation expense associated with equipment that is not offered for rent (such as computers and office equipment) and amortization expense associated with leasehold improvements. Our other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, non-compete agreements and ~~non-compete agreements.~~trade names and associated trademarks. The year-over-year increases in non-rental depreciation and amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily reflect the impact of the Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Interest expense, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 ~~includes~~included debt redemption losses of $31 and $43, ~~respectively, associated with the redemptions of $250 principal amount of our 7~~⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes and all of our 6~~ ¹/₈ percent Senior Notes, as discussed in note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Interest expense, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes aggregate losses of $10 and $36, respectively, associated with the redemptions of all of our 8 ¹/₄ ~~percent Senior Notes and 7~~³/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes, and an amendment to our ABL facility.~~respectively. Excluding the impact of the debt redemption losses, interest expense, net ~~for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was flat~~increased year-over-year primarily due to ~~increased~~the impact of higher average debt. The year-over-year increase in average debt ~~offset by a lower average cost of debt. Excluding~~includes the impact of the debt ~~redemption losses, interest expense, net for~~used to finance the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased primarily due~~NES, Neff and BakerCorp acquisitions discussed in note 3 to ~~a lower average cost of debt.~~the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The ~~differences between the~~Tax Act that was enacted in December 2017 ~~and 2016~~ ~~effective tax rates~~ ~~and~~decreased the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate offrom 35 percent to 21 percent. The differences between the 2018 and 2017 effective tax rates and the federal statutory rates primarily reflect the geographical mix of income between foreign and domestic operations, ~~and~~ the impact of state and local taxes, and certain nondeductible charges. ~~Additionally, the effective tax rate for the~~The nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 ~~includes a~~additionally include tax ~~reduction~~reductions of $12 and $8, respectively, associated with excess tax benefits from share-based payment ~~arrangements, as discussed in~~arrangements. See note 1 to ~~our~~the condensed consolidated financial ~~statements.~~statements for further discussion of the Tax Act.

Balance sheet. Accounts receivable, net increased by ~~$231,~~$205, or ~~25.1~~16.6 percent, from December 31, ~~2016~~2017 to September 30, ~~2017~~2018 primarily due to increased revenue, which included the impact of the ~~NES~~BakerCorp acquisition discussed in note 23 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Rental equipment, net increased by ~~$1.202~~$1.086 billion, or ~~19.4~~13.9 percent, from December 31, ~~2016~~2017 to September 30, ~~2017~~2018 primarily due to the impact of the ~~NES~~BakerCorp acquisition and increased capital expenditures in response to a strong operating environment. Accounts payable increased by ~~$369,~~$279, or ~~151.9~~68.2 percent, from December 31, ~~2016~~2017 to September 30, ~~2017~~2018 primarily due to ~~increased~~a seasonal increase in capital ~~expenditures due to seasonality and a strong operating environment. Accrued expenses and other~~expenditures. Deferred tax liabilities increased by ~~$123,~~$209, or ~~35.8~~14.7 percent, from December 31, ~~2016~~2017 to September 30, ~~2017~~2018 primarily due to ~~(i) increased incentive compensation accruals associated with improved profitability and (ii) accrued income taxes.~~the impact of the full expensing of capital spending following the enactment of the Tax Act.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We manage our liquidity using internal cash management practices, which are subject to (i) the policies and cooperation of the financial institutions we utilize to maintain and provide cash management services, (ii) the terms and other requirements of the agreements to which we are a party and (iii) the statutes, regulations and practices of each of the local jurisdictions in which we operate. See "Financial Overview" above for a summary of recent capital structure actions taken to improve our financial flexibility and liquidity.

Since 2012, we have repurchased a total of ~~$1.450~~$2.45 billion of Holdings' common stock under ~~three~~four completed share repurchase programs. ~~Additionally, in July 2015,~~In April 2018, our Board authorized a $1new $1.25 billion share repurchase program, which commenced in ~~November 2015.~~July 2018. As of ~~October 16, 2017,~~September 30, 2018, we have repurchased ~~$627~~$210 of Holdings' common stock under the $1$1.25 billion share repurchase program. ~~In October 2016, we paused~~We expect to pause repurchases under the program ~~as we evaluated potential~~following the completion of the pending BlueLine acquisition ~~opportunities. As~~ discussed in note 212 to ~~the~~our condensed consolidated financial ~~statements, we completed the acquisitions of NES in April 2017 and Neff in October 2017. In October 2017, our Board authorized the resumption of the $1 billion share repurchase program, and we~~statements. We intend to complete the ~~program in 2018.~~share repurchase program; however, we will re-evaluate the decision to do so as we integrate BlueLine and assess other potential uses of capital.

Our principal existing sources of cash are cash generated from operations and from the sale of rental equipment, and borrowings available under our ABL facility and accounts receivable securitization facility. As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $~~324~~65. Cash equivalents at September 30, ~~2017~~2018 consist of direct obligations of financial institutions rated A or better. We believe that our existing sources of cash will be sufficient to support our existing operations over the next 12 months. The table below presents financial information associated with our principal sources of cash as of and for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017:~~2018:


ABL facility:
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	$	2,545		$	836
Outstanding debt, net of debt issuance costs ~~(1)~~	408			2,120
Interest rate at September 30, 2017	2.8		%
Average month-end debt outstanding (1)	1,243
Interest rate at September 30, 2018				3.7		%
Average month-end principal amount of debt outstanding (1)				1,485
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	2.6		%	3.4		%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding (1)	1,802
Maximum month-end principal amount of debt outstanding (1)				2,127
Accounts receivable securitization facility:
Borrowing capacity	9			9
Outstanding debt, net of debt issuance costs	666			865
Interest rate at September 30, 2017	2.0		%
Average month-end debt outstanding	584
Interest rate at September 30, 2018				3.0		%
Average month-end principal amount of debt outstanding				788
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	1.8		%	2.8		%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	667
Maximum month-end principal amount of debt outstanding				870

~~_________________~~

(1) The average and maximum month-end debt outstanding under the ABL facility exceeded the amount outstanding as of September 30, 2017 primarily due to the pay down of borrowings under the ABL facility using the net proceeds from debt issued in the third quarter of 2017. Following the closing of the Neff acquisition on October 2, 2017, we used borrowings under the ABL facility to partially fund the Neff acquisition. For additional detail, see note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.


(1)	The maximum month-end principal amount of debt outstanding under the ABL facility exceeded the average month-end amount outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to the use of borrowings to fund the BakerCorp acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

We expect that our principal needs for cash relating to our operations over the next 12 months will be to fund (i) operating activities and working capital, (ii) the purchase of rental equipment and inventory items offered for sale, (iii) payments due under operating leases, (iv) debt service, (v) share repurchases and (vi) acquisitions. We plan to fund such

cash requirements from our existing sources of cash. In addition, we may seek additional financing through the securitization of some of our real estate, the use of additional operating leases or other financing sources as market conditions permit. As discussed in note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we expect to use a new $1 billion term loan facility and other debt issuances to fund the approximately $2.1 billion pending acquisition of BlueLine. Additionally, as noted above, we expect to pause share repurchases following the completion of the pending BlueLine acquisition.

To access the capital markets, we rely on credit rating agencies to assign ratings to our securities as an indicator of credit quality. Lower credit ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs and reduced access to debt capital markets. Credit ratings also affect the costs of derivative transactions, including interest rate and foreign currency derivative transactions. As a result, negative changes in our credit ratings could adversely impact our costs of funding. Our credit ratings as of October ~~16, 2017~~15, 2018 were as follows:



	Corporate Rating	Outlook
Moody’s	Ba2	Stable
Standard & Poor’s	~~BB-~~BB	~~Positive~~Stable

A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. There is no assurance that any rating will remain in effect for a given period of time or that any rating will not be revised or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future.

Loan Covenants and Compliance. As of September 30, ~~2017~~2018, we were in compliance with the covenants and other provisions of the ABL facility, the accounts receivable securitization facility and the senior notes. Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

URNA’s payment capacity is restricted under the covenants in the ABL facility and the indentures governing its outstanding indebtedness. Although this restricted capacity limits our ability to move operating cash flows to Holdings, because

of certain intercompany arrangements, we do not expect any material adverse impact on Holdings’ ability to meet its cash obligations.

Sources and Uses of Cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we (i) generated cash from operating activities of $2.123 billion, (ii) generated cash from the sale of rental and non-rental equipment of $491 and (iii) received cash from debt proceeds, net of payments, of $598. We used cash during this period principally to (i) purchase rental and non-rental equipment of $2.096 billion, (ii) purchase other companies for $805 and (iii) purchase shares of our common stock for $606. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we (i) generated cash from operating activities of ~~$1.766~~$1.756 billion, (ii) generated cash from the sale of rental and non-rental equipment of $388 and (iii) received cash from debt proceeds, net of payments, of $546. We used cash during this period principally to (i) purchase rental and non-rental equipment of $1.572 billion, (ii) purchase other companies for $1.063 billion, (iii) purchase shares of our common stock for $26 and (iv) pay financing costs of $44. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we (i) generated cash from operating activities of $1.630 billion and (ii) generated cash from the sale of rental and non-rental equipment of $373. We used cash during this period principally to (i) purchase rental and non-rental equipment of $1.210 billion, (ii) make debt payments, net of proceeds, of $209 and (iii) purchase shares of our common stock for $488.

Free Cash Flow GAAP Reconciliation. We define “free cash flow” as ~~(i)~~ net cash provided by operating activities less ~~(ii)~~ purchases of, ~~rental~~ and ~~non-rental equipment~~ plus ~~(iii)~~ proceeds from, ~~sales of rental~~equipment. The equipment purchases and ~~non-rental equipment and excess tax benefits~~proceeds are included in cash flows from ~~share-based payment arrangements.~~investing activities. Management believes that free cash flow provides useful additional information concerning cash flow available to meet future debt service obligations and working capital requirements. However, free cash flow is not a measure of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP. Accordingly, free cash flow should not be considered an alternative to net income or cash flow from operating activities as an indicator of operating performance or liquidity. The table below provides a reconciliation between net cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow.


	Nine Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2017			2016			2018			2017
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,766		$	1,630		$	2,123		$	1,756
Purchases of rental equipment	(1,485		)	(1,145		)	(1,962		)	(1,485		)
Purchases of non-rental equipment	(87		)	(65		)	(134		)	(87		)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment	378			361			478			378
Proceeds from sales of non-rental equipment	10			12			13			10
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements (1)	—			53
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment							18			10
Free cash flow	$	582		$	846		$	536		$	582

~~(1)~~

As discussed in note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we adopted accounting guidance in the first quarter of 2017 that changed the cash flow presentation of excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements. In the table above, the excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements for 2017 are presented as a component of net cash provided by operating activities, while, for 2016, they are presented as a separate line item. Because we historically included the excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements in the free cash flow calculation, the adoption of this guidance did not change the calculation of free cash flow.

Free cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 was ~~$582,~~$536, a decrease of ~~$264~~$46 as compared to ~~$846~~$582 for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2017. Free cash flow decreased primarily due to increased purchases of rental and non-rental equipment, partially offset by increased cash provided by operating ~~activities.~~

~~Certain Information Concerning Contractual Obligations. The table below provides certain information concerning~~activities and increased proceeds from sales of rental equipment. Net rental capital expenditures (defined as purchases of rental equipment less the ~~payments coming due under certain categories~~proceeds from sales of ~~our existing contractual obligations as of September 30, 2017:~~ rental equipment) increased $377, or 34 percent, year-over-year.

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total
Debt and capital leases (1) $ 7
$ 698
$ 18
$ 5
$ 644
$ 7,080
$ 8,452
Interest due on debt (2) 101
398
388
388
378
1,566
3,219
Operating leases (1):
Real estate 27
101
82
63
46
55
374
Non-rental equipment 11
41
34
28
18
11
143
Service agreements (3) 4
13
3
1
—
—
21
Purchase obligations (4) 301
20
—
—
—
—
321
Total (5) $ 451
$ 1,271
$ 525
$ 485
$ 1,086
$ 8,712
$ 12,530

~~_________________~~

~~(1)~~

The payments due with respect to a period represent (i) in the case of debt and capital leases, the scheduled principal payments due in such period, and (ii) in the case of operating leases, the minimum lease payments due in such period under non-cancelable operating leases. We have given notice of our intention to redeem the remaining $225 principal amount of our 7⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes in October 2017 using borrowings available under our ABL facility. The 7~~⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes are reflected in the table above using the 2021 maturity date of the ABL facility.~~

~~(2)~~

Estimated interest payments have been calculated based on the principal amount of debt and the applicable interest rates as of September 30, 2017. As discussed above, in October 2017, we expect to redeem the remaining $225 principal amount of our 7⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes using borrowings available under our ABL facility. Interest on the 7~~⁵/₈ ~~percent Senior Notes is reflected in the table above using the interest rate on the ABL facility and the 2021 maturity date of the ABL facility.~~


~~(3)~~	~~These primarily represent service agreements with third parties to provide wireless and network services.~~

~~(4)~~

As of September 30, 2017, we had outstanding purchase orders, which were negotiated in the ordinary course of business, with our equipment and inventory suppliers. These purchase commitments can generally be cancelled by us with 30 days notice and without cancellation penalties. The equipment and inventory receipts from the suppliers for these purchases and related payments to the suppliers are expected to be completed throughout 2017 and 2018.


~~(5)~~	~~This information excludes $4 of unrecognized tax benefits. It is not possible to estimate the time period during which these unrecognized tax benefits may be paid to tax authorities.~~

Relationship between Holdings and URNA. Holdings is principally a holding company and primarily conducts its operations through its wholly owned subsidiary, URNA, and subsidiaries of URNA. Holdings licenses its tradename and other intangibles and provides certain services to URNA in connection with its operations. These services principally include:

(i) senior management services; (ii) finance and tax-related services and support; (iii) information technology systems and support; (iv) acquisition-related services; (v) legal services; and (vi) human resource support. In addition, Holdings leases certain equipment and real property that are made available for use by URNA and its subsidiaries.


Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our exposure to market risk primarily consists of (i) interest rate risk associated with our variable and fixed rate debt and (ii) foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our ~~Canadian~~foreign operations.

Interest Rate Risk. As of September 30, ~~2017~~2018, we had an aggregate of $~~1.1~~3.0 billion of indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates, comprised of borrowings under the ABL facility and the accounts receivable securitization facility. The amount of variable rate indebtedness outstanding under the ABL facility and accounts receivable securitization facility may fluctuate significantly. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources" above for the amounts outstanding, and the interest rates thereon, as of September 30, ~~2017~~2018 under the ABL facility and the accounts receivable securitization facility. As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, based upon the amount of our variable rate debt outstanding, our annual after-tax earnings would decrease by approximately $7$22 for each one percentage point increase in the interest rates applicable to our variable rate debt.

At September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, we had an aggregate of ~~$7.3~~$7.1 billion of indebtedness that bears interest at fixed rates. A one percentage point decrease in market interest rates as of September 30, ~~2017~~2018 would increase the fair value of our fixed rate indebtedness by approximately ~~seven percent~~.six percent. For additional information concerning the fair value of our fixed rate debt, see note 7 (see “Fair Value of Financial Instruments”) to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Currency Exchange Risk. ~~The functional currency~~We operate in the U.S., Canada and Europe. As discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, in July 2018, we completed the acquisition of BakerCorp, which allowed for our ~~Canadian operations is~~entry into select European markets. During the ~~Canadian dollar. As a result,~~nine months ended September 30, 2018, our ~~future earnings could be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. and Canadian dollars. Based upon the level~~foreign subsidiaries accounted for $465, or 8 percent, of our ~~Canadian~~total revenue of $5.741 billion, and $43, or 4 percent, of our total pretax income of $1.051 billion. Based on the size of our foreign operations ~~during 2016~~ relative to the Company as a whole, we do not believe that a 10 percent change in ~~this~~ exchange ~~rate~~rates would ~~cause~~have a material impact on our ~~annual after-tax earnings to change by approximately $5.~~earnings. We do not engage in purchasing forward exchange contracts for speculative purposes.


Item 4.	Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

The Company’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a–15(e) and 15d–15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of September 30, ~~2017~~2018. Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, ~~2017~~2018.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION


Item 1.	Legal Proceedings

The information set forth under note 9 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q is incorporated by reference in answer to this item. Such information is limited to certain recent developments.


Item 1A.	Risk Factors

Our results of operations and financial condition are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties described in our ~~2016~~2017 Form 10-K, which risk factors are incorporated herein by reference. You should carefully consider these risk factors in conjunction with the other information contained in this report. Should any of these risks materialize, our business, financial condition and future prospects could be negatively impacted.


Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) The following table provides information about purchases of Holdings’ common stock by Holdings during the third quarter of ~~2017:~~2018:

Period
Total Number of
Shares Purchased

Average Price
Paid Per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) Maximum Dollar Amount of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (2)
July 1, 2017 to July 31, 2017 619
(1) $ 91.80
—
—
August 1, 2017 to August 31, 2017 17,452
(1) $ 116.54
—
—
September 1, 2017 to September 30, 2017 923
(1) $ 73.09
—
—
Total 18,994
$ 113.62
—
$ 372,997,032



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)	Maximum Dollar Amount of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (2)
July 1, 2018 to July 31, 2018	467,525	(1)	$	149.85	467,111	—
August 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018	467,827	(1)	$	150.17	466,114	—
September 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018	436,833	(1)	$	160.68	435,643	—
Total	1,372,185		$	153.41	1,368,868	$	1,040,000,302


(1)	~~Reflects~~In July 2018, August 2018 and September 2018, 414, 1,713 and 1,190 shares, respectively, were withheld by Holdings to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock unit awards. These shares were not acquired pursuant to any repurchase plan or program.

(2)

On ~~July 21, 2015,~~April 17, 2018, our Board authorized a $1$1.25 billion share repurchase program which commenced in ~~November 2015. In October 2016, we paused~~July 2018. We expect to pause repurchases under the program ~~as we evaluated potential~~following the completion of the pending BlueLine acquisition ~~opportunities. As~~ discussed in note 212 to ~~the~~our condensed consolidated financial ~~statements, we completed the acquisitions of NES in April 2017 and Neff in October 2017. In October 2017, our Board authorized the resumption of the share repurchase program, and we~~statements. We intend to complete the ~~program in 2018.~~share repurchase program; however, we will re-evaluate the decision to do so as we integrate BlueLine and assess other potential uses of capital.


Item 6.	Exhibits



2(a)	Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of ~~August 16, 2017,~~June 30, 2018, by and among United Rentals, ~~(North America),~~ Inc., UR Merger Sub ~~III~~IV Corporation and ~~Neff~~BakerCorp International Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 2, 2018)

2(b)	Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of September 10, 2018, by and among United Rentals, Inc., UR Merger Sub V Corporation, Vander Holding Corporation and Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC, solely in its capacity as the initial Holder Representative thereunder (incorporated ~~herein~~ by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on ~~August 17, 2017~~September 10, 2018)

3(a)	Fourth Restated Certificate of Incorporation of United Rentals, Inc., dated June 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2017)

3(b)	Amended and Restated By-Laws of United Rentals, Inc., amended as of May 4, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2017)

3(c)	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of United Rentals (North America), Inc., dated April 30, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(c) of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013)

3(d)	By-laws of United Rentals (North America), Inc. dated May 8, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(d) of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013)

~~4(a)~~	~~Indenture for the 4~~ ⁷/₈ percent Notes due 2028, dated as of August 11, 2017, among United Rentals (North America), Inc., United Rentals, Inc., each of United Rentals (North America), Inc.’s subsidiaries named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (including the Form of 2028 Note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the ~~United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2017~~)

~~4(b)~~	~~Indenture for the 4~~ ⁵/₈ percent Notes due 2025, dated as of September 22, 2017, among United Rentals (North America), Inc., United Rentals, Inc., each of United Rentals (North America), Inc.’s subsidiaries named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (including the Form of 2025 Note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the ~~United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2017~~)

~~4(c)~~	~~Indenture for the 4~~ ⁷/₈ percent Notes due 2028, dated as of September 22, 2017, among United Rentals (North America), Inc., United Rentals, Inc., each of United Rentals (North America), Inc.’s subsidiaries named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (including the Form of 2028 Note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the ~~United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2017~~)

10(a)	~~Assignment and Acceptance~~Letter Agreement and Amendment No. 6 to Third Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement and Amendment No. 4 to Third Amended and Restated Purchase and Contribution Agreement, dated as of August 29, 2017, by and among United Rentals (North America), Inc., United Rentals Receivables LLC II, United Rentals, Inc., Liberty Street Funding LLC, Gotham Funding Corporation, Fairway Finance Company, LLC, The Bank of Nova Scotia, PNC Bank, National Association, SunTrust Bank, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., New York Branch, Bank of Montreal and The Toronto-Dominion Bankwith William B. Plummer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on ~~August 29, 2017~~July 2, 2018)

10(b)*	~~Lender Joinder~~Employment Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2017, among United Rentals, Inc., United Rentals (North America), Inc., United Rentals of Canada, Inc., United Rentals Financing Limited Partnership and certain other subsidiaries ofOctober 12, 2018, between United Rentals, Inc. and ~~Bank of America, N.A., as agent and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the~~ ~~United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 29, 2017~~Andrew Limoges)

12*	Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges

31(a)*	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Chief Executive Officer

31(b)*	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Chief Financial Officer

32(a)**	Section 1350 Certification by Chief Executive Officer

32(b)**	Section 1350 Certification by Chief Financial Officer



101	The following materials from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc., for the quarter ended September 30, ~~2017~~2018 filed on October ~~18, 2017,~~17, 2018, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.


*	Filed herewith.


**	Furnished (and not filed) herewith pursuant to Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



		UNITED RENTALS, INC.

Dated:	October ~~18, 2017~~17, 2018	By:	/AS~~/ JESSICA~~NDREW ~~T. G~~B. L~~RAZIANO~~ IMOGES
			~~Jessica T. Graziano~~ ~~Senior~~Andrew B. Limoges Vice President, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer

		UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA), INC.

Dated:	October ~~18, 2017~~17, 2018	By:	/AS~~/ JESSICA~~NDREW ~~T. G~~B. L~~RAZIANO~~IMOGES
			~~Jessica T. Graziano~~ ~~Senior~~Andrew B. Limoges Vice President, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer

5657



	General rentals		Trench, power and pump		Total
Balance at January 1, 2017 (1)	$	2,797	$	463	$	3,260
Goodwill related to acquisitions (2)	212		2		214
Foreign currency translation	14		5		19
Balance at September 30, 2017 (1)	3,023		470		3,493



		Three Months Ended September 30, 2017				Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
	Location of income (expense) recognized on derivative/hedged item	Amount of income (expense) recognized on derivative	Amount of income (expense) recognized on hedged item			Amount of income (expense) recognized on derivative		Amount of income (expense) recognized on hedged item
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Fixed price diesel swaps	Other income (expense), net (1)	$ *				$ *
	Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation (2), (3)	*	$	(4	)	(1	)	$	(6	)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts (4)	Other income (expense), net	8	(8		)	(4	)	4
		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
	Location of income (expense) recognized on derivative/hedged item	Amount of income (expense) recognized on derivative	Amount of income (expense) recognized on hedged item			Amount of income (expense) recognized on derivative		Amount of income (expense) recognized on hedged item
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Fixed price diesel swaps	Other income (expense), net (1)	$ *				$ *
	Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation (2), (3)	*	$	(14	)	(5	)	$	(17	)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts (4)	Other income (expense), net	15	(15		)	(1	)	1

September 30, 2018

Weighted-Average Remaining
Amortization Period

Net Carrying
Amount

Customer relationships

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