UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019

Commission file number 000-24939

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		95-4703316 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

135 North Los Robles Ave., 7th Floor, Pasadena, California 91101 (Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(626) 768-6000

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted ~~and posted~~ pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit ~~and post~~ such files).

Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	x		Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	¨	~~(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)~~	Smaller reporting company	¨
		~~(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)~~	Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ¨ No x

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value	EWBC	Nasdaq “Global Select Market”

Number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock on the latest practicable date: ~~144,542,911~~145,545,510 shares as of ~~October 31, 2017.~~

April 30, 2019.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



			Page
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION			53

	Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements	53
		Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets~~Sheet (Unaudited)	3
		Consolidated Statement of Income (Unaudited)	4
		Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)	5
		Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of ~~Income~~Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)	6
		Consolidated ~~Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)~~	7
		~~Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)~~	8
		~~Consolidated Statements~~Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	97
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	119
		1 — Basis of Presentation	119
		2 — Current Accounting Developments	1110
		3 — Dispositions	1412
		4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments	1512
		5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements	2421
		6 — Securities	2723
		7 — Derivatives	3026
		8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses	3532
		9 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net and Variable Interest Entities	4843
		10 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	4945
		11 — Leases	46
		12 — Commitments and Contingencies	49
		13 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers	50
		1214 — Stock Compensation Plans	51
		~~13 — Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings Per Share~~	52
		1415 — ~~Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)~~Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings Per Share	53
		1516 — ~~Business Segments~~Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	54
		1617 — Business Segments	55
		18 — Subsequent Events	5657

	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	5758
		~~Overview~~	57
		~~Results of Operations~~	59
		~~Balance Sheet Analysis~~	72
		~~Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements~~	86
		~~Asset Liability and Market Risk Management~~	87
		~~Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates~~	91

	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	9298

	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	9298

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION			9399

	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	9399
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	9399
	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	9399
	Item 6.	Exhibits	9399

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS			94100

SIGNATURE			95101

EXHIBIT INDEX			96102

~~Forward-Looking Statements~~

Certain matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) contain or incorporate statements that East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company”) believes are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Rule 175 promulgated thereunder, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 3b-6 promulgated thereunder. These statements relate to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. They usually can be identified by the use of forward-looking language, such as “likely result in,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “intends to,” or may include other similar words or phrases, such as “believes,” “plans,” “trend,” “objective,” “continues,” “remains,” or similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs, such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “can,” or similar verbs. You should not place undue reliance on these statements, as they are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the documents incorporated by reference. When considering these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind these risks and uncertainties, as well as any cautionary statements the Company may make. Moreover, you should treat these statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Company.

There are a number of important factors that could cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, include, but are not limited to:

~~the Company’s ability to compete effectively against other financial institutions in its banking markets;~~

~~changes in the commercial and consumer real estate markets;~~

~~changes in the Company’s costs of operation, compliance and expansion;~~

~~changes in the United States (“U.S.”) economy, including inflation, employment levels, rate of growth and general business conditions;~~

~~changes in government interest rate policies;~~

changes in laws or the regulatory environment including regulatory reform initiatives and policies of the U.S. Department of Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the California Department of Business Oversight — Division of Financial Institutions;

~~heightened regulatory and governmental oversight and scrutiny of the Company’s business practices, including dealings with consumers;~~

~~changes in the economy of and monetary policy in the People’s Republic of China;~~

~~changes in income tax laws and regulations;~~

changes in accounting standards as may be required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other regulatory agencies and their impact on critical accounting policies and assumptions;

~~changes in the equity and debt securities markets;~~

~~future credit quality and performance, including the Company’s expectations regarding future credit losses and allowance levels;~~

~~fluctuations in the Company’s stock price;~~

~~fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;~~

~~success and timing of the Company’s business strategies;~~

~~ability of the Company to adopt and successfully integrate new technologies into its business in a strategic manner;~~

~~impact of reputational risk from negative publicity, fines and penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations and legal actions;~~

~~impact of potential federal tax changes and spending cuts;~~

~~impact of adverse judgments or settlements in litigation;~~

~~impact of regulatory enforcement actions;~~

~~changes in the Company’s ability to receive dividends from its subsidiaries;~~

~~impact of political developments, wars or other hostilities that may disrupt or increase volatility in securities or otherwise affect economic conditions;~~

~~impact of natural or man-made disasters or calamities or conflicts or other events that may directly or indirectly result in a negative impact on the Company’s financial performance;~~

~~continuing consolidation in the financial services industry;~~

~~the Company’s capital requirements and its ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;~~

~~impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act on the Company’s business, business practices and cost of operations;~~

~~impact of adverse changes to the Company’s credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies;~~

impact of failure in, or breach of, the Company’s operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with whom the Company does business, including as a result of cyber attacks; and other similar matters which could result in, among other things, confidential and/or proprietary information being disclosed or misused;

~~adequacy of the Company’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;~~

~~the effect of the current low interest rate environment or changes in interest rates on the Company’s net interest income and net interest margin;~~

~~the effect of changes in the level of checking or savings account deposits on the Company’s funding costs and net interest margin; and~~

a recurrence of significant turbulence or disruption in the capital or financial markets, which could result in, among other things, a reduction in the availability of funding or increased funding costs, reduced investor demand for mortgage loans and declines in asset values and/or recognition of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on securities held in the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities portfolio.

For a more detailed discussion of some of the factors that might cause such differences, see the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2017 (the “Company’s 2016 Form 10-K”), under the heading “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS” and the information set forth under “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS” in this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE ~~SHEETS~~SHEET

($ in thousands, except shares)

(Unaudited)


	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016			March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	364,328		$	460,559		$	462,254		$	516,291
Interest-bearing cash with banks	1,372,421			1,417,944			3,323,071			2,485,086
Cash and cash equivalents	1,736,749			1,878,503			3,785,325			3,001,377
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	404,946			323,148			134,000			371,000
Securities purchased under resale agreements (“resale agreements”)	1,250,000			2,000,000			1,035,000			1,035,000
Securities :
Available-for-sale investment securities, at fair value (includes assets pledged as collateral of $584,907 in 2017 and $767,437 in 2016)	2,956,776			3,335,795
Held-to-maturity investment security, at cost (fair value of $144,593 in 2016)	—			143,971
Securities:
Available-for-sale investment securities, at fair value (includes assets pledged as collateral of $448,964 in 2019 and $435,833 in 2018)							2,640,158			2,741,847
Restricted equity securities, at cost	73,322			72,775			74,736			74,069
Loans held-for-sale	178			23,076			—			275
Loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for loan losses of $285,926 in 2017 and $260,520 in 2016; includes assets pledged as collateral of $18,182,265 in 2017 and $16,441,068 in 2016)	28,239,431			25,242,619
Loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for loan losses of $317,894 in 2019 and $311,322 in 2018; includes assets pledged as collateral of $20,952,709 in 2019 and $20,590,035 in 2018)							32,545,392			32,073,867
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net	178,344			183,917			197,470			184,873
Investments in tax credit and other investments, net	203,758			173,280			217,445			231,635
Premises and equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $109,296 in 2017 and $114,890 in 2016)	131,311			159,923
Premises and equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $122,396 in 2019 and $118,547 in 2018)							124,300			119,180
Goodwill	469,433			469,433			465,697			465,547
Operating lease right-of-use assets							104,289			—
Other assets	663,718			782,400			767,621			743,686
TOTAL	$	36,307,966		$	34,788,840		$	42,091,433		$	41,042,356
LIABILITIES
Customer deposits:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	10,992,674		$	10,183,946		$	10,011,533		$	11,377,009
Interest-bearing	20,318,988			19,707,037			26,262,439			24,062,619
Total deposits	31,311,662			29,890,983			36,273,972			35,439,628
Short-term borrowings	24,813			60,050			39,550			57,638
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances	323,323			321,643			344,657			326,172
Securities sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”)	50,000			350,000			50,000			50,000
Long-term debt	176,513			186,327
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities							152,433			146,835
Operating lease liabilities							112,843			—
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	639,759			552,096			526,048			598,109
Total liabilities	32,526,070			31,361,099			37,499,503			36,618,382
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 11)
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 12)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; 165,178,075 and 164,604,072 shares issued in 2017 and 2016, respectively	165			164
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; 166,484,022 and 165,867,587 shares issued in 2019 and 2018, respectively							166			166
Additional paid-in capital	1,745,181			1,727,434			1,798,958			1,789,811
Retained earnings	2,520,817			2,187,676			3,305,054			3,160,132
Treasury stock at cost — 20,667,132 shares in 2017 and 20,436,621 shares in 2016	(452,050		)	(439,387		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(32,217		)	(48,146		)
Treasury stock, at cost — 20,982,721 shares in 2019 and 20,906,224 shares in 2018							(479,265		)	(467,961		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCI”), net of tax							(32,983		)	(58,174		)
Total stockholders’ equity	3,781,896			3,427,741			4,591,930			4,423,974
TOTAL	$	36,307,966		$	34,788,840		$	42,091,433		$	41,042,356

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME

($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)




	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME
Loans receivable, including fees	$	423,534	$	337,904
Available-for-sale investment securities	15,748		15,456
Resale agreements	7,846		6,934
Restricted equity securities	713		634
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks	15,470		10,945
Total interest and dividend income	463,311		371,873
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits	92,005		39,136
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings	616		7
FHLB advances	2,979		2,260
Repurchase agreements	3,492		2,306
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities	1,758		1,471
Total interest expense	100,850		45,180
Net interest income before provision for credit losses	362,461		326,693
Provision for credit losses	22,579		20,218
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	339,882		306,475
NONINTEREST INCOME
Lending fees	14,796		14,012
Deposit account fees	9,641		10,430
Foreign exchange income	5,015		1,171
Wealth management fees	3,812		2,953
Interest rate contracts and other derivative income	3,216		6,690
Net gains on sales of loans	915		1,582
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities	1,561		2,129
Net gain on sale of business	—		31,470
Other income	3,175		4,007
Total noninterest income	42,131		74,444
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits	102,299		95,234
Occupancy and equipment expense	17,318		16,880
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments	3,088		6,273
Legal expense	2,225		2,255
Data processing	3,157		3,401
Consulting expense	2,059		2,352
Deposit related expense	3,504		2,679
Computer software expense	6,078		5,054
Other operating expense	22,289		17,607
Amortization of tax credit and other investments	24,905		17,400
Total noninterest expense	186,922		169,135
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	195,091		211,784
INCOME TAX EXPENSE	31,067		24,752
NET INCOME	$	164,024	$	187,032
EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”)
BASIC	$	1.13	$	1.29
DILUTED	$	1.12	$	1.28
WEIGHTED-AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING
BASIC	145,256		144,664
DILUTED	145,921		145,939

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

($ in thousands)

(Unaudited)




	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Net income	$	164,024	$	187,032
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net changes in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investment securities	22,011		(18,812		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	3,180		6,798
Other comprehensive income (loss)	25,191		(12,014		)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	189,215	$	175,018

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED ~~STATEMENTS~~STATEMENT OF ~~INCOME~~CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

($ ~~and shares~~ in thousands, except ~~per share data)~~shares)

(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME

Loans receivable, including fees $ 306,939
$ 255,316
$ 872,039
$ 763,189
Investment securities 14,828
13,388
43,936
37,433
Resale agreements 7,901
7,834
25,222
22,479
Restricted equity securities 612
611
1,859
2,008
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks 9,630
3,168
22,298
10,245
Total interest and dividend income 339,910
280,317
965,354
835,354
INTEREST EXPENSE

Customer deposits 31,086
21,049
81,803
60,708
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings 212
212
877
390
FHLB advances 1,947
1,361
5,738
4,153
Repurchase agreements 2,122
2,319
7,538
6,441
Long-term debt 1,388
1,228
4,030
3,726
Total interest expense 36,755
26,169
99,986
75,418
Net interest income before provision for credit losses
303,155
254,148
865,368
759,936
Provision for credit losses 12,996
9,525
30,749
17,018
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 290,159
244,623
834,619
742,918
NONINTEREST INCOME

Branch fees 10,803
10,408
31,799
30,983
Letters of credit fees and foreign exchange income 10,154
10,908
33,209
31,404
Ancillary loan fees and other income 5,987
6,135
16,876
13,997
Wealth management fees 3,615
4,033
11,682
9,862
Derivative fees and other income 6,663
5,791
12,934
9,778
Net gains on sales of loans 2,361
2,158
6,660
6,965
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities 1,539
1,790
6,733
8,468
Net gains on sales of fixed assets 1,043
486
74,092
2,916
Net gain on sale of business 3,807
—
3,807
—
Other fees and operating income 3,652
7,632
15,255
19,745
Total noninterest income 49,624
49,341
213,047
134,118
NONINTEREST EXPENSE

Compensation and employee benefits 79,583
75,042
244,930
220,166
Occupancy and equipment expense 16,635
15,456
47,829
45,619
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments 5,676
6,450
17,384
17,341
Legal expense 3,316
5,361
8,930
12,714
Data processing 3,004
2,729
9,009
8,712
Consulting expense 4,087
4,594
10,775
19,027
Deposit related expense 2,413
3,082
7,283
7,675
Computer software expense 4,393
3,331
13,823
9,267
Other operating expense 19,830
19,814
55,357
58,508
Amortization of tax credit and other investments 23,827
32,618
66,059
60,779
Amortization of core deposit intangibles 1,735
2,023
5,314
6,177
Total noninterest expense 164,499
170,500
486,693
465,985
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES 175,284
123,464
560,973
411,051
INCOME TAX EXPENSE 42,624
13,321
140,247
90,108
NET INCOME $ 132,660
$ 110,143
$ 420,726
$ 320,943
EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”)
BASIC $ 0.92
$ 0.76
$ 2.91
$ 2.23
DILUTED $ 0.91
$ 0.76
$ 2.88
$ 2.21
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING
BASIC 144,498
144,122
144,412
144,061
DILUTED 145,882
145,238
145,849
145,086
DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE $ 0.20
$ 0.20
$ 0.60
$ 0.60




	Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			AOCI, Net of Tax			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			AOCI, Net of Tax			Total Stockholders’ Equity
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2018	144,543,060	$	1,755,495	$	2,576,302		$	(452,327	)	$	(37,519	)	$	3,841,951
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle related to marketable equity securities⁽¹⁾	—	—		(545		)	—			385			(160		)
Reclassification of tax effects in AOCI resulting from the new federal corporate income tax rate ⁽²⁾	—	—		6,656			—			(6,656		)	—
Net income	—	—		187,032			—			—			187,032
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—			—			(12,014		)	(12,014		)
Net activity of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements	329,465	6,158		—			(14,946		)	—			(8,788		)
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.20 per share)	—	—		(29,266		)	—			—			(29,266		)
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2018	144,872,525	$	1,761,653	$	2,740,179		$	(467,273	)	$	(55,804	)	$	3,978,755
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2019	144,961,363	$	1,789,977	$	3,160,132		$	(467,961	)	$	(58,174	)	$	4,423,974
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle related to leases⁽³⁾	—	—		14,668			—			—			14,668
Net income	—	—		164,024			—			—			164,024
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—			—			25,191			25,191
Warrants exercised	180,226	1,711		—			2,732			—			4,443
Net activity of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements	359,712	7,436		—			(14,036		)	—			(6,600		)
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.23 per share)	—	—		(33,770		)	—			—			(33,770		)
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2019	145,501,301	$	1,799,124	$	3,305,054		$	(479,265	)	$	(32,983	)	$	4,591,930


(1)	Represents the impact of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, Financial Instruments — Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities in the first quarter of 2018.


(2)	Represents amounts reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings due to the early adoption of ASU 2018-02, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in the first quarter of 2018.


(3)	Represents the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequent ASUsin the first quarter of 2019. Refer to Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments and Note 11 —Leases to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED ~~STATEMENTS~~STATEMENT OF ~~COMPREHENSIVE INCOME~~CASH FLOWS

($ in thousands)

(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Net income $ 132,660
$ 110,143
$ 420,726
$ 320,943
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net change in unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale investment securities (1,906 ) (4,907 ) 7,916
12,993
Foreign currency translation adjustments 3,870
(555 ) 8,013
(5,226 )
Other comprehensive income (loss) 1,964
(5,462 ) 15,929
7,767
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME $ 134,624
$ 104,681
$ 436,655
$ 328,710




	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	164,024		$	187,032
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	39,498			29,858
Accretion of discount and amortization of premiums, net	(4,414		)	(2,680		)
Stock compensation costs	7,444			6,158
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense	(406		)	677
Provision for credit losses	22,579			20,218
Net gains on sales of loans	(915		)	(1,582		)
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities	(1,561		)	(2,129		)
Net gains on sales of fixed assets	—			(1,086		)
Net gain on sale of business	—			(31,470		)
Loans held-for-sale:
Originations and purchases	(2,167		)	(4,617		)
Proceeds from sales and paydowns/payoffs of loans originally classified as held-for-sale	2,454			2,545
Proceeds from distributions received from equity method investees	1,150			887
Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets	(27,639		)	14,465
Net change in accrued expenses and other liabilities	(60,806		)	(570		)
Other net operating activities	—			148
Total adjustments	(24,783		)	30,822
Net cash provided by operating activities	139,241			217,854
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net (increase) decrease in:
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments	(33,261		)	(22,799		)
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	245,375			(71,203		)
Available-for-sale investment securities:
Proceeds from sales	151,339			214,790
Proceeds from repayments, maturities and redemptions	55,712			87,677
Purchases	(69,805		)	(157,933		)
Loans held-for-investment:
Proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held-for-investment	92,887			112,964
Purchases	(147,938		)	(80,077		)
Other changes in loans held-for-investment, net	(409,930		)	(619,671		)
Premises and equipment:
Purchases	(3,336		)	(1,757		)
Payment on sale of business, net of cash transferred	—			(503,687		)
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned (“OREO”)	—			2,716
Proceeds from distributions received from equity method investees	1,005			629
Other net investing activities	(729		)	(1,967		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(118,681		)	(1,040,318		)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in deposits	800,053			964,380
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings	(19,514		)	30,215
FHLB advances:
Proceeds	300,000			—
Repayment	(282,000		)	—
Repayment of long-term debt and finance lease liabilities	(217		)	(5,000		)
Common stock:
Stocks tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(14,036		)	(14,946		)
Cash dividends paid	(34,916		)	(30,235		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	749,370			944,414
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	14,018			18,396
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	783,948			140,346
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	3,001,377			2,174,592
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD	$	3,785,325		$	2,314,938

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED ~~STATEMENTS~~STATEMENT OF ~~CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY~~CASH FLOWS

($ in ~~thousands, except share data)~~thousands)

(Unaudited)

(Continued)

Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital
Retained
Earnings

Treasury
Stock
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Shares Amount
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2016 143,909,233
$ 1,701,459
$ 1,872,594
$ (436,162 ) $ (14,941 ) $ 3,122,950
Net income —
—
320,943
—
—
320,943
Other comprehensive income —
—
—
—
7,767
7,767
Stock compensation costs —
13,973
—
—
—
13,973
Net activity of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements, and related tax benefits 224,071
2,981
—
(3,144 ) —
(163 )
Cash dividends on common stock —
—
(87,416 ) —
—
(87,416 )
BALANCE, SEPTEMBER 30, 2016 144,133,304
$ 1,718,413
$ 2,106,121
$ (439,306 ) $ (7,174 ) $ 3,378,054
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2017 144,167,451
$ 1,727,598
$ 2,187,676
$ (439,387 ) $ (48,146 ) $ 3,427,741
Net income —
—
420,726
—
—
420,726
Other comprehensive income —
—
—
—
15,929
15,929
Stock compensation costs —
15,780
—
—
—
15,780
Net activity of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements 343,492
1,968
—
(12,663 ) —
(10,695 )
Cash dividends on common stock —
—
(87,585 ) —
—
(87,585 )
BALANCE, SEPTEMBER 30, 2017 144,510,943
$ 1,745,346
$ 2,520,817
$ (452,050 ) $ (32,217 ) $ 3,781,896




	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	97,930	$	43,218
Income taxes, net	$	303	$	10,084
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale	$	92,228	$	155,767

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

~~CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS~~

~~($ in thousands)~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Net income $ 420,726
$ 320,943
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization 123,008
98,561
Accretion of discount and amortization of premiums, net (19,237 ) (37,881 )
Stock compensation costs 15,780
13,973
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense (14,500 ) 3,730
Provision for credit losses 30,749
17,018
Net gains on sales of loans (6,660 ) (6,965 )
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities (6,733 ) (8,468 )
Net gains on sales of premises and equipment (74,092 ) (2,916 )
Net gain on sale of business (3,807 ) —
Originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale (15,069 ) (10,901 )
Proceeds from sales and paydowns/payoffs in loans held-for-sale 15,792
15,065
Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets 105,729
(2,591 )
Net change in accrued expenses and other liabilities 95,432
19,217
Other net operating activities (2,135 ) (1,181 )
Total adjustments 244,257
96,661
Net cash provided by operating activities 664,983
417,604
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

Net increase in:

Loans held-for-investment (2,967,873 ) (776,277 )
Interest-bearing deposits with banks (74,254 ) (13,469 )
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, net (121,590 ) (57,742 )
Purchases of:

Resale agreements (550,000 ) (1,150,000 )
Available-for-sale investment securities (501,669 ) (1,330,724 )
Loans held-for-investment (441,141 ) (1,038,083 )
Premises and equipment (11,598 ) (10,412 )
Proceeds from sale of:

Available-for-sale investment securities 676,776
1,008,256
Loans held-for-investment 448,679
545,256
Other real estate owned (“OREO”) 5,431
3,271
Premises and equipment 116,021
8,163
Business, net of cash transferred 3,633
—
Paydowns and maturities of resale agreements 1,000,000
1,450,000
Repayments, maturities and redemptions of available-for-sale investment securities 323,463
870,965
Other net investing activities 27,914
17,527
Net cash used in investing activities (2,066,208 ) (473,269 )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Net increase (decrease) in:

Customer deposits 1,385,625
1,130,022
Short-term borrowings (36,604 ) 37,699
Proceeds from:
Issuance of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements 1,008
1,962
Payments for:

Repayment of FHLB advances —
(700,000 )
Repayment of long-term debt (10,000 ) (15,000 )
Repurchase of vested shares due to employee tax liability (12,663 ) (3,144 )
Cash dividends on common stock (87,880 ) (86,984 )
Other net financing activities —
1,019
Net cash provided by financing activities 1,239,486
365,574
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 19,985
(3,964 )
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (141,754 ) 305,945
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD 1,878,503
1,360,887
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD $ 1,736,749
$ 1,666,832

~~See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.~~

~~EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS~~

~~($ in thousands)~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid during the period for:

Interest paid $ 98,409
$ 76,750
Income taxes paid $ 11,800
$ 20,652
Noncash investing and financing activities:

Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale $ 418,489
$ 720,670
Investment security transferred from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale $ 115,615
$ —
Held-to-maturity investment security retained from securitization of loans $ —
$ 160,135
Loans transferred to OREO $ 456
$ 6,086

~~See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.~~

~~EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1 — Basis of Presentation

East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company”) is a registered bank holding company that offers a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses through its subsidiary bank, East West Bank and its subsidiaries (“East West Bank” or the “Bank”). The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q include the accounts of East West, East West Bank and East West’s ~~various~~ subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, East West also has six wholly-owned subsidiaries that are statutory business trusts (the “Trusts”). In accordance with ~~FASB~~Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810,Consolidation, the Trusts are not included on the Consolidated Financial Statements. East West also owns East West Insurance Services, Inc. (“EWIS”). In the third quarter of 2017, the Company sold the insurance brokerage business of EWIS, which remains a subsidiary of East West and continues to maintain its insurance broker license. In the first quarter of 2019, the Company acquired Enstream Capital Markets, LLC, a non-public broker dealer entity, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in accordance with United States ~~Generally Accepted Accounting Principles~~generally accepted accounting principles (“~~U.S.~~ GAAP”), applicable guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities, and general practices in the banking ~~industry,~~industry. They reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for fair statement of the interim period Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain items on the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes for the prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

The current period’s results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year as a whole. Events subsequent to the Consolidated Balance Sheet date have been evaluated through the date the Consolidated Financial Statements are issued for inclusion in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto, included in the Company’s ~~2016~~annual report on Form ~~10-K.~~10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2019 (the “Company’s 2018 Form 10-K”).

Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

~~In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-05,~~ ~~Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships~~, to clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument in an existing hedging relationship would not be considered a termination of the derivative instrument or a change in a critical term of the hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria in ASC 815 continue to be met. This clarification applies to both cash flow and fair value hedging relationships. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.



Standard	Required Date of Adoption	Description	Effects on Financial Statements
Standards Adopted in 2019
ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequent related ASUs	January 1, 2019 for leases standards other than ASU 2019-01. January 1, 2020 for ASU 2019-01 Early adoption is permitted.	ASC Topic 842, Leases, supersedes ASC Topic 840, Leases. This ASU requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for all leases with lease terms of more than 12 months on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and provide quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding key information about the leasing arrangements. For short-term leases with a term of 12 months or less, lessees can make a policy election not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessor accounting is largely unchanged. The ASU also expands the qualitative and quantitative lease disclosures. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842) Targeted Improvements, which provides companies the option to continue to apply the legacy guidance in ASC 840, Leases, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented in the year they adopt ASU 2016-02. Companies that elect this transition option recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption rather than in the earliest period presented. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842) Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors, which include amendments related to 1) sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from lessees; 2) lessor costs paid directly by a lessee; and 3) the recognition of variable payments for contracts with lease and nonlease components. In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842) Codification Improvements, which addresses issues related to 1) determining the fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers; 2) presentation on the statement of cash flows — sales-type and direct financing leases; and 3) transition disclosures related to Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections.	The Company adopted all the new lease standards on January 1, 2019 using the alternative transition method, which allows the adoption of the accounting standard prospectively without revising comparable prior periods’ financial information. On January 1, 2019, the Company recognized $109.1 million and $117.7 million increase in right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities, respectively, based on the present value of the expected remaining operating lease payments. In addition, the Company also recognized a cumulative-effect adjustment of $14.7 million to increase beginning balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2019 related to the deferred gains on our prior sale and leaseback transactions that occurred prior to the date of adoption. The impact to the Company’s Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio was a reduction of approximately 4 bps. The adoption of the new leases standards did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income.
ASU 2018-09, Codification Improvements	Amendments that do not require transition guidance: effective immediately upon issuance in July, 2018. Amendments that require transition guidance: January 1, 2019.	This ASU makes improvements to various Codification Topics. Some of the improvements include: 1) clarifying that the excess tax benefits for share-based compensation awards should be recognized in the period in which the amount of the deduction is determined; 2) one of the criteria “the intent to set off” under ASC 210-20-45-1 is not required to offset derivative assets and liabilities for certain amounts arising from derivative instruments recognized at fair value and executed with the same counterparty under a master netting agreement; and 3) clarifying the measurement of certain financial instruments.	The Company adopted the amendments that are effective on January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU 2018-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes	January 1, 2019 Early adoption (including adoption in an interim period) is permitted for entities that already adopted ASU 2017-12.	This ASU amends ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, by adding the OIS rate based on SOFR to the list of United States (“U.S.”) benchmark interest rates that are eligible to be hedged to facilitate the London Interbank Offered Rate to SOFR transition. The guidance should be applied prospectively for qualifying new or redesignated hedging relationships entered into on or after the date of adoption.	The Company adopted ASU 2018-16 prospectively on January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not impact existing hedges but may impact new hedge relationships that are benchmarked against the SOFR OIS rate.

~~In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-06,~~ ~~Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments,~~ which requires an entity to use a four-step decision model when assessing contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments to determine whether they are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. The Company adopted this guidance on a modified retrospective basis in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-07,~~ ~~Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323):Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting,~~ to eliminate the requirement for an investor to retroactively apply the equity method when its increase in ownership interest (or degree of influence) in an investee triggers equity method accounting. The amendments in ASU 2016-07 also require that an entity that has an available-for-sale equity security that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting recognize through earnings the unrealized holding gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) at the date the investment becomes qualified for use of the equity method. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09,~~ ~~Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,~~ to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification in the statements of cash flows. The Company adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2017. The changes that impacted the Company included a requirement that excess tax benefits and deficiencies be recognized as a component of ~~Income tax expense~~ ~~on the Consolidated Statements of Income rather than~~ ~~Additional paid-in capital~~ on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity as required in the previous guidance. The adoption of this guidance results in increased volatility to the Company’s income tax expense, but does not have a material impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity. The income tax expense volatility is dependent on the Company’s stock price on the dates the restricted stock units (“RSUs”) vest, which occur primarily in the first quarter of each year. Net excess tax benefits for RSUs of $4.6 million have been recognized by the Company as a component of ~~Income tax expense~~ on the Consolidated Statements of Income during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The guidance also removes the impact of the excess tax benefits and deficiencies from the calculation of diluted EPS. In addition, ASU 2016-09 no longer requires a presentation of excess tax benefits and deficiencies as both an operating outflow and a financing inflow on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Instead, excess tax benefits and deficiencies are recorded along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity. These changes to the guidance were applied on a prospective basis. The Company has also elected to retain its existing accounting policy election to estimate award forfeitures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

~~In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09,~~ ~~Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),~~ which clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue for contracts to provide goods or services to customers and will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in the U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers are also required. ASU 2014-09 is effective on January 1, 2018. The guidance should be applied on either a modified retrospective or full retrospective basis. The Company’s revenue is mainly comprised of net interest income and noninterest income. The scope of the guidance explicitly excludes net interest income, as well as other revenues from financial instruments such as loans, leases, securities and derivatives. The Company has completed a comprehensive scoping exercise to determine the revenue streams that are in the scope of the guidance and the review of its contracts to ascertain whether certain noninterest income revenue items are within the scope of the new guidance. Based on the completed contract reviews thus far, the adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on its Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Income. The next phase of the Company’s implementation work will be to evaluate any changes that may be required to its applicable disclosures.

~~In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01,~~ ~~Financial Instruments — Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,~~ which requires equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or consolidated, to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income, thus eliminating eligibility for the current available-for-sale category. If there is no readily determinable fair value, the guidance allows entities to measure equity investments at cost less impairment, whereby impairment is based on a qualitative assessment. Furthermore, investments in Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock are not subject to this guidance and will continue to be presented at cost. The guidance eliminates the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost and changes the presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or in the footnotes. If an entity has elected the fair value option to measure liabilities, the guidance requires the portion of the change in the fair value of a liability resulting from credit risk to be presented in ~~Other comprehensive income~~. ASU 2016-01 is effective on January 1, 2018. Early adoption is not permitted except for certain specific changes under the fair value option guidance. The amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values (including disclosure requirements) should be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the adoption date. The Company does not have a significant amount of equity securities classified as available-for-sale. Additionally, the Company does not have any financial liabilities accounted for under the fair value option. For the guidance that is applicable to us, the accounting will be implemented on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of January 1, 2018, except for the guidance related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values, which should be applied on a prospective basis. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Income.

~~In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases (Topic 842),~~ which is intended to increase transparency and comparability in the accounting for lease transactions. The guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for all leases with lease terms of more than 12 months on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and provide quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding key information about the leasing arrangements. For short-term leases with a term of 12 months or less, lessees can make a policy election not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessor accounting is largely unchanged. ASU 2016-02 is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective transition method through a cumulative-effect adjustment. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements by reviewing its existing lease contracts and service contracts that may include embedded leases. The Company expects the adoption of ASU 2016-02 to result in additional assets and liabilities, as the Company will be required to recognize operating leases on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not expect a material impact to its recognition of operating lease expense on its Consolidated Statements of Income. Upon completion of the contract reviews and consideration of system requirements, the Company will evaluate the impacts of adopting the new accounting guidance on its disclosures.

~~In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13,~~ ~~Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments~~, to introduce a new approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, which modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The new “expected credit loss” impairment model will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loan receivables, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases and off-balance sheet credit exposures. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, ASU 2016-13 does not change the measurement method of credit losses, except that the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. ASU 2016-13 also expands the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models and methods for estimating the allowance for loan and lease losses, and requires disclosure of the amortized cost balance for each class of financial asset by credit quality indicator, disaggregated by the year of origination (i.e., by vintage year). ASU 2016-13 is effective on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted on January 1, 2019. The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption. While the Company is still evaluating the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company expects that ASU 2016-13 may result in an increase in the allowance for credit losses due to the following factors: 1) the allowance for credit losses provides for expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the loan portfolio, and will consider expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions; 2) the nonaccretable difference on the purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans will be recognized as an allowance, offset by an increase in the carrying value of the PCI loans; and 3) an allowance may be established for estimated credit losses on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities. The amount of the increase will be impacted by the portfolio composition and quality, as well as the economic conditions and forecasts as of the adoption date. The Company has begun its implementation efforts by identifying key interpretive issues, assessing its processes and identifying the system requirements against the new guidance to determine what modifications may be required.

~~In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15,~~ ~~Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments~~, to provide guidance on eight specific issues related to classification on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in order to reduce diversity in practice. The specific issues cover cash payments for debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; cash outflows for settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments that are not made soon after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests received in securitization transactions; and clarification regarding when no specific U.S. GAAP guidance exists and the sources of the cash flows are not separately identifiable, the classification should be based on the activity that is likely to be the predominant source or use of the cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective on January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a retrospective transition method. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18,~~ ~~Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,~~ ~~which~~requires the Company to include those amounts that are deemed to be restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in its cash and cash equivalent balances on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In addition, the Company is required to explain the changes in the combined total of restricted and unrestricted balances on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective on January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04,~~ ~~Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment~~, to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment. An entity will no longer perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Instead, impairment will be measured using the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the reporting unit. The guidance also eliminates the requirements for any reporting units with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment. ASU 2017-04 is effective on January 1, 2020 and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests with measurement dates after January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08,~~ ~~Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities~~, which amends the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium, shortening such period to the earliest call date. The guidance does not require any accounting changes for debt securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized as an adjustment of yield over the contractual life (to maturity) of the instrument. ASU 2017-08 is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective transition method, with the cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09,~~ ~~Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting~~, which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. Specifically, an entity would not apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions and classification of the awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. ASU 2017-09 is effective on January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied prospectively to awards modified on or after the adoption date. The Company plans to adopt this guidance in the first quarter of 2018 prospectively.

~~In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12,~~ ~~Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities~~, which better aligns the Company’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the description and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results, expands and refines hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components, and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item on the Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2017-12 is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance should be applied using a retrospective transition method to any existing cash flows or net investment hedges through a cumulative-effect adjustment to AOCI to eliminate the separate measurement of ineffectiveness. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance is applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~Note 3 — Dispositions~~

In the first quarter of 2017, the Company completed the sale and leaseback of a commercial property in San Francisco, California for cash consideration of $120.6 million and entered into a leaseback with the buyer for part of the property, consisting of a retail branch and office facilities. The property had a net book value of $31.6 million at the time of sale, resulting in a pre-tax gain of $85.4 million after considering $3.6 million in selling costs. As the leaseback is an operating lease, $71.7 million of the gain was recognized on the closing date, and $13.7 million was deferred and will be recognized over the term of the lease agreement. The first quarter 2017 diluted EPS impact from the sale of the commercial property was $0.28 per share, net of tax.

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company sold its insurance brokerage business, East West Insurance Services, Inc., for $4.3 million, and recorded a pre-tax gain of $3.8 million. The third quarter 2017 diluted EPS impact from the sale of the Company’s insurance brokerage business was $0.02 per share, net of tax.



Standard	Required Date of Adoption	Description	Effects on Financial Statements
Standards Not Yet Adopted
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments	January 1, 2020 Early adoption is permitted on January 1, 2019.	The ASU introduces a new current expected credit loss (“CECL”) impairment model that applies to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loan receivables, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The CECL model utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are adjusted in each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. This ASU also expands the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models and methods for estimating the allowance for loan and lease losses, and requires disclosure of the amortized cost balance for each class of financial asset by credit quality indicator, disaggregated by the year of origination (i.e., by vintage year). The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption.	While the Company is still evaluating the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company expects that this ASU may result in an increase in the allowance for credit losses due to the following factors: 1) the allowance for credit losses provides for expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the loan portfolio, and will consider expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions; 2) the nonaccretable difference on the purchased credit-impaired (“PCI”) loans will be recognized as an allowance, offset by an increase in the carrying value of the PCI loans; and 3) an allowance may be established for estimated credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The Company’s implementation efforts include, but are not limited to, identifying key interpretive issues, assessing its processes, identifying the system requirements against the new guidance to determine what modifications may be required. The Company is completing model development and implementation and is in the process of evaluating qualitative factors. The Company will continue to address any gaps in interpretations, methodology, data and operational processes from review, model validation, and parallel runs during the remainder of 2019. The Company expects to adopt this ASU on January 1, 2020.
ASU 2017-04, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment	January 1, 2020 Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests with measurement dates after January 1, 2017.	The ASU simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment. Under this guidance, an entity will no longer perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Instead, an impairment loss will be recognized when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The guidance also eliminates the requirement to perform a qualitative assessment for any reporting units with a zero or negative carrying amount. This guidance should be applied prospectively.	The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company expects to adopt this ASU on January 1, 2020.
ASU 2018-15, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other — Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract	January 1, 2020 Early adoption is permitted.	The ASU amends ASC Topic 350-40 to align the accounting for costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement with the guidance on developing internal use software. Specifically, if a cloud computing arrangement is deemed to be a service contract, certain implementation costs are eligible for capitalization. The new guidance prescribes the balance sheet and income statement presentation and cash flow classification for the capitalized costs and related amortization expense. The amendments in this ASU should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption.	The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company expects to adopt this ASU on January 1, 2020.

Note 3 — Dispositions

On March 17, 2018, the Bank completed the sale of its eight Desert Community Bank (“DCB”) branches located in the High Desert area of Southern California to Flagstar Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Flagstar Bancorp, Inc. The assets and liability of the DCB branches that were sold in this transaction primarily consisted of $613.7 million of deposits, $59.1 million of loans, $9.0 million of cash and cash equivalents and $7.9 million of premises and equipment. The transaction resulted in a net cash payment of $499.9 million by the Company to Flagstar Bank. After transaction costs, the sale resulted in a pre-tax gain of $31.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018, which was reported as Net gain on sale of business on the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Note 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Determination

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or the price that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the Company uses various methods including market and income approaches. Based on these approaches, the Company utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated or generally unobservable. The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy noted below is based on the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to data lacking transparency. The fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities is classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:



•	Level 1	—	Valuation is based on quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
•	Level 2	—	Valuation is based on quoted prices for similar instruments traded in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments traded in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable and can be corroborated by market data.
•	Level 3	—	Valuation is based on significant unobservable inputs for determining the fair value of assets or liabilities. These significant unobservable inputs reflect assumptions that market participants may use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

~~In determining the appropriate hierarchy levels, the Company performs an analysis~~The classification of ~~the~~ assets and liabilities ~~that~~within the hierarchy is based on whether inputs to the valuation methodology used are ~~subject to~~observable or unobservable, and the significance of those inputs in the fair value ~~disclosure.~~measurement. The Company’s assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurements.

~~The following tables present financial assets~~Assets and ~~liabilities that are measured~~Liabilities Measured at ~~fair value~~Fair Value on a ~~recurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:~~

Assets (Liabilities) Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
as of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands)
Fair Value
Measurements

Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)

Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Available-for-sale investment securities:

U.S. Treasury securities $ 526,332
$ 526,332
$ —
$ —

U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities 189,185
—
189,185
—

U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:

Commercial mortgage-backed securities 315,172
—
315,172
—

Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,150,934
—
1,150,934
—

Municipal securities 117,242
—
117,242
—

Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities:

Investment grade 9,694
—
9,694
—

Corporate debt securities:

Investment grade 2,327
—
2,327
—

Non-investment grade 9,615
—
9,615
—

Foreign bonds:
Investment grade 489,140
—
489,140
—

Other securities 147,135
31,418
102
115,615
⁽¹⁾
Total available-for-sale investment securities $ 2,956,776
$ 557,750
$ 2,283,411
$ 115,615

Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps and options $ 64,822
$ —
$ 64,822
$ —

Foreign exchange contracts 14,187
—
14,187
—

Credit risk participation agreements (“RPAs”) 2
—
2
—

Warrants 1,455
—
856
599

Total derivative assets $ 80,466
$ —
$ 79,867
$ 599

Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit $ (6,648 ) $ —
$ (6,648 ) $ —

Interest rate swaps and options (64,212 ) —
(64,212 ) —

Foreign exchange contracts (20,054 ) —
(20,054 ) —

RPAs (1 ) —
(1 ) —

Total derivative liabilities $ (90,915 ) $ —
$ (90,915 ) $ —


~~(1)~~	~~During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held- to-maturity to available-for-sale.~~

Assets (Liabilities) Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
as of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands)
Fair Value
Measurements
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Available-for-sale investment securities:

U.S. Treasury securities $ 720,479
$ 720,479
$ —
$ —
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities 274,866
—
274,866
—
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:

Commercial mortgage-backed securities 266,799
—
266,799
—
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,258,747
—
1,258,747
—
Municipal securities 147,654
—
147,654
—
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities:

Investment grade 11,477
—
11,477
—
Corporate debt securities:

Investment grade 222,377
—
222,377
—
Non-investment grade 9,173
—
9,173
—
Foreign bonds:
Investment grade 383,894
—
383,894
—
Other securities 40,329
30,991
9,338
—
Total available-for-sale investment securities $ 3,335,795
$ 751,470
$ 2,584,325
$ —

Derivative assets:
Foreign currency forward contracts $ 4,325
$ —
$ 4,325
$ —
Interest rate swaps and options 67,578
—
67,578
—
Foreign exchange contracts 11,874
—
11,874
—
RPAs 3
—
3
—
Total derivative assets $ 83,780
$ —
$ 83,780
$ —

Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit $ (5,976 ) $ —
$ (5,976 ) $ —
Interest rate swaps and options (65,131 ) —
(65,131 ) —
Foreign exchange contracts (11,213 ) —
(11,213 ) —
RPAs (3 ) —
(3 ) —
Total derivative liabilities $ (82,323 ) $ —
$ (82,323 ) $ —

At each reporting period, all assets and liabilities for which the fair value measurement is based on significant unobservable inputs are classified as Level 3. There were no assets or liabilities measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for other securities and warrants measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) Other securities Warrants Other securities Warrants
Beginning balance $ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
Issuances —
599
—
599
Transfer from held-to-maturity investment security to available-for-sale investment security 115,615
—
115,615
—
Ending balance $ 115,615

$ 599

$ 115,615

$ 599

Transfers into or out of fair value hierarchy classifications are made if the significant inputs used in the financial models measuring the fair values of the assets and liabilities become unobservable or observable in the current marketplace. The Company’s policy, with respect to transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy, is to recognize transfers into and out of each level as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers of assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis into and out of Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale to reflect the Company’s intent to sell the security under active liquidity management.Recurring Basis

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of assets measured on a recurring basis classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2017. Significant unobservable inputs presented in the table below are those that the Company considers significant to the fair value of the Level 3 assets or liabilities. The Company considers unobservable inputs to be significant if, by their exclusion, the fair value of the Level 3 assets or liabilities would be impacted by a predetermined percentage change.

($ in thousands)
Fair Value
Measurements
(Level 3)

Valuation
Technique

Unobservable
Input(s)

Weighted
Average
Available-for-sale investment securities:

Other securities $ 115,615
Discounted cash flows Discount margin 191 Basis points

Derivative assets:
Warrants $ 599
Black-Scholes option pricing model Volatility 44%
Liquidity discount 47%

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include certain non-purchased credit impaired (“non-PCI”) loans that were impaired, OREO and loans held-for-sale. These fair value adjustments result from impairments recognized during the period on certain non-PCI impaired loans, application of fair value less cost to sell on OREO and application of the lower of cost or fair value on loans held-for-sale.

The following tables present the carrying amounts of assets included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets that had fair value changes measured on a nonrecurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
as of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands)
Fair Value
Measurements
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Non-PCI impaired loans:

Commercial real estate (“CRE”) $ 9,172
$ —
$ —
$ 9,172
Commercial and industrial (“C&I”) 32,053
—
—
32,053
Residential 6,079
—
—
6,079
Consumer 633
—
—
633
Total non-PCI impaired loans $ 47,937
$ —
$ —
$ 47,937
OREO $ 1,789
$ —
$ —
$ 1,789

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
as of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands)
Fair Value
Measurements
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Non-PCI impaired loans:

CRE $ 14,908
$ —
$ —
$ 14,908
C&I 52,172
—
—
52,172
Residential 2,464
—
—
2,464
Consumer 610
—
—
610
Total non-PCI impaired loans $ 70,154
$ —
$ —
$ 70,154
OREO $ 345
$ —
$ —
$ 345
Loans held-for-sale $ 22,703
$ —
$ 22,703
$ —

The following table presents the fair value adjustments of assets measured on a nonrecurring basis recognized during the three and nine months ended and which were included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016
Non-PCI impaired loans:

CRE $ 6
$ (282 ) $ (66 ) $ 1,741
C&I (16,954 ) 77
(17,648 ) (5,497 )
Residential (3 ) (14 ) 49
(14 )
Consumer —
—
25
17
Total non-PCI impaired loans $ (16,951 ) $ (219 ) $ (17,640 ) $ (3,753 )
OREO $ (285 ) $ (41 ) $ (286 ) $ (994 )
Loans held-for-sale $ —
$ —
$ —
$ (2,351 )

The following table presents the quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of assets measured on a nonrecurring basis classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) Fair Value
Measurements
(Level 3) Valuation
Technique(s)
Unobservable
Input(s)

Range of
Input(s)
Weighted
Average
September 30, 2017

Non-PCI impaired loans $ 30,563
Discounted cash flows Discount 0% — 82% 19%
$ 17,374
Market comparables
Discount ⁽¹⁾
0% — 100% 40%
OREO $ 1,789
Appraisal Selling cost 8% 8%
December 31, 2016
Non-PCI impaired loans $ 31,835
Discounted cash flows Discount 0% — 62% 7%
$ 38,319
Market comparables
Discount ⁽¹⁾
0% — 100% 18%
OREO $ 345
Appraisal Selling cost 8% 8%


~~(1)~~	~~Discount is adjusted for factors such as liquidation cost of collateral and selling cost.~~

The following tables present the carrying and fair values per the fair value hierarchy of certain financial instruments, excluding those measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017

Carrying
Amount
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,736,749
$ 1,736,749
$ —
$ —
$ 1,736,749
Interest-bearing deposits with banks $ 404,946
$ —
$ 404,946
$ —
$ 404,946
Resale agreements ⁽¹⁾
$ 1,250,000
$ —
$ 1,236,413
$ —
$ 1,236,413
Restricted equity securities $ 73,322
$ —
$ 73,322
$ —
$ 73,322
Loans held-for-sale $ 178
$ —
$ 178
$ —
$ 178
Loans held-for-investment, net $ 28,239,431
$ —
$ —
$ 27,635,961
$ 27,635,961
Accrued interest receivable $ 111,710
$ —
$ 111,710
$ —
$ 111,710
Financial liabilities:

Customer deposits:

Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits $ 25,517,121
$ —
$ 25,517,121
$ —
$ 25,517,121
Time deposits $ 5,794,541
$ —
$ 5,787,188
$ —
$ 5,787,188
Short-term borrowings $ 24,813
$ —
$ 24,813
$ —
$ 24,813
FHLB advances $ 323,323
$ —
$ 336,741
$ —
$ 336,741
Repurchase agreements ⁽¹⁾
$ 50,000
$ —
$ 105,269
$ —
$ 105,269
Long-term debt $ 176,513
$ —
$ 139,649
$ —
$ 139,649
Accrued interest payable $ 11,017
$ —
$ 11,017
$ —
$ 11,017


~~(1)~~	~~Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net pursuant to ASC 210-20-45,~~ ~~Balance Sheet Offsetting. As of September 30, 2017, $400.0 millionout of $450.0 millionof repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against resale agreements.~~

($ in thousands) December 31, 2016
Carrying
Amount Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Estimated
Fair Value
Financial assets:

Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,878,503
$ 1,878,503
$ —
$ —
$ 1,878,503
Interest-bearing deposits with banks $ 323,148
$ —
$ 323,148
$ —
$ 323,148
Resale agreements ⁽¹⁾
$ 2,000,000
$ —
$ 1,980,457
$ —
$ 1,980,457
Held-to-maturity investment security $ 143,971
$ —
$ —
$ 144,593
$ 144,593
Restricted equity securities $ 72,775
$ —
$ 72,775
$ —
$ 72,775
Loans held-for-sale $ 23,076
$ —
$ 23,076
$ —
$ 23,076
Loans held-for-investment, net $ 25,242,619
$ —
$ —
$ 24,915,143
$ 24,915,143
Accrued interest receivable $ 100,524
$ —
$ 100,524
$ —
$ 100,524
Financial liabilities:

Customer deposits:

Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits $ 24,275,714
$ —
$ 24,275,714
$ —
$ 24,275,714
Time deposits $ 5,615,269
$ —
$ 5,611,746
$ —
$ 5,611,746
Short-term borrowings $ 60,050
$ —
$ 60,050
$ —
$ 60,050
FHLB advances $ 321,643
$ —
$ 334,859
$ —
$ 334,859
Repurchase agreements ⁽¹⁾
$ 350,000
$ —
$ 411,368
$ —
$ 411,368
Long-term debt $ 186,327
$ —
$ 186,670
$ —
$ 186,670
Accrued interest payable $ 9,440
$ —
$ 9,440
$ —
$ 9,440


~~(1)~~	~~Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net pursuant to ASC 210-20-45,~~ ~~Balance Sheet Offsetting. As of December 31, 2016, $100.0 millionout of $450.0 millionof repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against resale agreements.~~

~~The following is a description of~~section describes the valuation methodologies ~~and significant assumptions~~ used by the Company to measure financial assets and liabilities ~~at fair value, and~~on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of these instruments pursuant to ~~estimate fair value for certain financial instruments not recorded at fair value. The description also includes the level of~~ the fair value ~~hierarchy in which the assets or liabilities are classified.~~

~~Cash and Cash Equivalents~~ ~~— The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. As such, the estimated fair value is classified as Level 1.~~

~~Interest-bearing Deposits with Banks~~ — The fair value of interest-bearing deposits with banks generally approximates their book value due to their short maturities. In addition, due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.

~~Resale Agreements~~ — The fair value of resale agreements is estimated by discounting the cash flows based on expected maturities or repricing dates utilizing estimated market discount rates. In addition, due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.hierarchy.

~~Held-to-Maturity Investment Security —~~ The held-to-maturity investment security as of December 31, 2016 was comprised of a floating rate non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security that was subsequently transferred from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale during the three months ended September 30, 2017. This security was categorized under ~~Available-for-sale investment securities — other securities~~ ~~as of September 30, 2017.~~The fair value of this security is estimated by discounting the future expected cash flows utilizing the underlying index and a discount margin. Other unobservable inputs include conditional prepayment rate, constant default rate and loss severity. Due to the significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value, this security is classified as Level 3.

Available-for-Sale Investment Securities — When available, the Company uses quoted market prices to determine the fair value of available-for-sale investment securities, which are classified as Level 1. Level 1 available-for-sale investment securities are primarily comprised of U.S. Treasury securities. ~~Other than the non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security, the fair value of which is described above, the~~The fair value of other available-for-sale investment securities ~~are~~is generally determined by independent external pricing service providers who have experience in valuing these securities or by the average quoted market prices obtained from independent external brokers. The valuations provided by the third-party pricing service providers are based on observable market inputs, which include benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, prepayment expectation and reference data obtained from market research publications. Inputs used by the third-party pricing service in valuing collateralized mortgage obligations and other securitization structures also include new issue data, monthly payment information, whole loan collateral performance, tranche evaluation, and “To Be Announced” prices. In ~~obtaining such valuation information from third parties,~~valuations of securities issued by state and political subdivisions, inputs used by the third-party pricing service providers also include material event notices.

On a monthly basis, the Company ~~reviewed~~validates the ~~methodologies~~pricing provided by the third-party pricing service to ensure that the fair value determination is consistent with the applicable accounting guidance and the assets are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. To perform this validation, the Company evaluates the fair values of securities by comparing the fair values provided by the third-party pricing service to prices from other available independent sources for the same securities. When variances in prices are identified, the Company further compares inputs used by different sources to ~~develop~~ascertain the ~~resulting fair values.~~ reliability of these sources. On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews documentation received from the third-party pricing service regarding the valuation inputs and methodology used for each category of securities.

The ~~available-for-sale investment securities valued using~~third-party pricing service providers may not provide pricing for all securities. Under such ~~methods~~circumstances, the Company requests market quotes from various independent external brokers and utilizes the average market quotes. These are viewed as observable inputs in the current marketplace and are classified as Level 2.

The Company periodically communicates with the independent external brokers to validate their pricing methodology. Information such as pricing sources, pricing assumptions, data inputs and valuation technique are reviewed.

~~Loans Held-for-Sale~~Equity Securities — ~~— The Company’s loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Loans held-for-sale~~Equity securities were comprised of ~~single-family residential loans~~mutual funds as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~both March 31, 2019 and ~~were primarily comprised of consumer loans as of~~ December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The Company uses net asset value (“NAV”) information to determine the fair value of ~~loans held-for-sale~~these equity securities. When NAV is ~~derived from current market prices~~available periodically and ~~comparative current sales. The Company records any fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. Loans held-for-sale are classified as Level 2.~~

~~Non-PCI Impaired Loans~~ ~~— The fair value of non-PCI impaired loans is measured using~~ the ~~market comparables or discounted cash flow techniques. For CRE and C&I loans,~~equity securities can be put back to the ~~fair value is based on each loan’s observable market price or~~transfer agents at the publicly available NAV, the fair value of the ~~collateral less cost to sell, if~~equity securities is classified as Level 1. When NAV is available periodically but the ~~loan is collateral dependent. The~~equity securities may not be readily marketable at its periodic NAV in the secondary market, the fair value of collateral is generally based on third party appraisals (or internal evaluation if third party appraisal is not required by regulations) which utilize one or more valuation techniques (income, market and/or cost approaches). All third party appraisals and evaluations are reviewed and validated by independent appraisers or the Company’s appraisal department staffed by licensed appraisers and/or experienced real estate reviewers. The third party appraisals are ordered through the appraisal department (except for one-to-four unit residential appraisals which are typically ordered through an approved appraisal management company or an approved residential appraiser) at the inception, renewal or, for all real estate related loans, upon the occurrence of any events causing a downgrade to an adverse grade (i.e., “substandard” or “doubtful”). Updated appraisals and evaluations are generally obtained within the last 12 months. The Company increases the frequency of obtaining updated appraisals for adversely graded credits when declining market conditions exist. All appraisals include an “as is” market value without conditions as of the effective date of the appraisal. For certain impaired loans, the Company utilizes the discounted cash flow approach and applies a discount derived from historical data. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of non-PCI impaired loans are discounts applied based on the liquidation cost of collateral and selling cost. On a quarterly basis, all nonperforming assets are reviewed to assess whether the current carrying value is supported by the collateral or cash flow and to ensure that the current carrying value is appropriate. Non-PCI impaired loans are classified as Level 3.

~~Loans Held-for-Investment, net~~ — The fair value of loans held-for-investment other than non-PCI impaired loans is determined based on a discounted cash flow approach considered for an exit price value. The discount rate is derived from the associated yield curve plus spreads that reflect the rates in the market for loans with similar financial characteristics. No adjustments have been made for changes in credit within any of the loan portfolios. It is management’s opinion that the allowance for loan losses pertaining to performing and nonperforming loans results in a fair value adjustment of credit for such loans. Due to the unobservable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these ~~instruments are classified as Level 3.~~

~~Other Real Estate Owned~~ — The Company’s OREO represents properties acquired through foreclosure, or through full or partial satisfaction of loans held-for-investment, which are recorded at estimated fair value less cost to sell at the time of foreclosure and at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less the cost to sell subsequent to acquisition. The fair values of OREO properties are based on third party appraisals or accepted written offers. Refer to the ~~Non-PCI Impaired Loans~~ section above for a detailed discussion on the Company’s policies and procedures related to appraisals and evaluations. On a monthly basis, the current fair market value of each OREO property is reviewed to ensure that the current carrying value is appropriate. The significant unobservable input used is the selling cost. OREO properties are classified as Level 3.

~~Restricted Equity Securities~~ ~~— Restricted~~ equity securities are comprised of Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock. Ownership of these securities is restricted to member banks and these securities do not have a readily determinable fair value. Purchases and sales of these securities are at par value. The carrying amounts of the Company’s restricted equity securities approximate fair value. The valuation of these investments is classified as Level 2.

~~Accrued Interest Receivable~~ — The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Considering the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.

Interest Rate ~~Swaps and Options~~Contracts— — The Company enters into interest rate swap and option contracts with ~~institutional counterparties to hedge against interest rate swap and option products offered to bank customers. These products allow~~its borrowers to lock in attractive intermediate and long-term interest rates, ~~by entering into an interest rate swap or option contract with the Company,~~ resulting in the customer obtaining a synthetic fixed rate loan. To economically hedge against the interest rate risks in the products offered to its customers, the Company enters into mirrored offsetting interest rate contracts with third-party financial institutions. The Company also enters into interest rate swap contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge against certificates of deposit issued. This product allows the Company to lock in attractive floating ~~rate funding.~~rates. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The ~~variable cash receipts (or payments) are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves. The~~ fair value of the interest rate options, ~~consisting~~which consist of floors and caps, is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates ~~fell~~fall below (rise above) the strike rate of the floors (caps). The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the floor (cap) are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. In addition, to comply with the provisions of ASC 820,Fair Value Measurement, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements of its derivatives. The credit valuation adjustments associated with the Company’s derivatives utilize model-derived credit spreads, which are Level 3 ~~inputs, model-derived credit spreads.~~inputs. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of these interest rate contracts and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivative portfolios. As a result, the Company classifies these derivative instruments as Level 2 ~~of the fair value hierarchy~~ due to the observable nature of the significant inputs utilized.

Foreign Exchange Contracts— The Company enters into ~~short-term~~ foreign exchange contracts to ~~purchase/sell foreign currencies at set rates in~~accommodate the ~~future. These contracts economically hedge against~~business needs of its customers. For a majority of the foreign exchange ~~rate fluctuations.~~contracts entered into with its customers, the Company entered into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with third-party financial institutions to manage its exposure. The Company also ~~enters into contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge against~~utilizes foreign exchange ~~products offered~~contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to ~~bank~~mitigate the economic effect of fluctuations in certain foreign currency on-balance sheet assets and liabilities, primarily foreign currency denominated deposits that it offers to its customers. These products allow customers to hedge the foreign exchange risk of their deposits and loans denominated in foreign currencies. The Company assumes minimal foreign exchange rate risk because the contracts with the customer and the institutional party mirror each other. The fair value is determined at each reporting period based on changes in the foreign exchange ~~rate.~~rates. These are over-the-counter contracts where quoted market prices are not readily available. Valuation is measured using conventional valuation methodologies with observable market data. Valuation depends on the type of derivative, and the nature of the underlying rate and contractual terms including period of maturity, price and index upon which the derivative’s value is based. Key inputs include foreign exchange rates (spot and/or forward rates), volatility of currencies and the correlation of such inputs. Due to the short-term nature of the majority of these contracts, the counterparties’ credit risks are considered nominal and ~~resulted~~result in no adjustments to the valuation of the foreign exchange contracts. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these contracts, the valuation of foreign exchange contracts isare classified as Level 2. As of September 30, 2017, foreign exchange forward contracts used to economically hedge the Company’s net investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-U.S. Dollar (“USD”) functional currency subsidiary in China, are included in this caption. See ~~Foreign Currency Forward Contracts~~ ~~in the section below for details on valuation methodologies~~March 31, 2019 and ~~significant assumptions.~~

~~Customer Deposits~~ — The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking, savings and money market deposits, approximates the carrying amount as these deposits are payable on demand at the measurement date. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2. For time deposits, the fair value is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows using current market rates for instruments with similar maturities. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, time deposits are classified as Level 2.

~~Federal Home Loan Bank Advances~~ — The fair value of FHLB advances is estimated based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows, using rates currently offered by the FHLB of San Francisco for advances with similar remaining maturities at each reporting date. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.

~~Repurchase Agreements~~ — The fair value of the repurchase agreements is calculated by discounting future cash flows based on expected maturities or repricing dates, utilizing estimated market discount rates and taking into consideration the call features of each instrument. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.

~~Accrued Interest Payable~~ — The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.

~~Long-Term Debt~~ ~~— The fair value of long-term debt is estimated by discounting the cash flows through maturity based on current market rates~~December 31, 2018, the Company ~~would pay for new issuances. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, long-term debt is classified as Level 2.~~

~~Foreign Currency Forward Contracts~~ ~~— During the three months ended December 31, 2015, the Company began entering into~~held foreign currency ~~forward~~swap contracts to hedge its net investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) ~~Limited. Previously, the~~Limited, a non-U.S. dollar (“USD”) functional currency subsidiary in China. These foreign currency ~~forward~~swap contracts were eligible for hedge accounting. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the foreign currency forward contracts were dedesignated when the hedge relationship ceased to be highly effective. The Company continues to economically hedge its foreign currency exposure resulting from East West Bank (China) Limited and the foreign currency forward contracts are includeddesignated as ~~part of the~~net investment hedges. ~~“Foreign Exchange Contracts”~~ ~~caption as of September 30, 2017.~~ The fair value of foreign currency ~~forward~~ contracts is valued by comparing the contracted foreign exchange rate to the current market foreign exchange rate. ~~Inputs~~Key inputs of the current market exchange rate include spot rates and forward rates ~~and the interest rate curves~~ of the ~~domestic and foreign currency. Interest rate~~contractual currencies. Foreign exchange forward curves are used to determine which forward rate pertains to a specific maturity. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.

Credit ~~Risk Participation Agreements~~ Contracts —— The Company ~~enters~~may periodically enter into ~~RPAs, under which the Company assumes its pro-rata share of~~credit risk participation agreement (“RPA”) contracts to manage the credit exposure on interest rate contracts associated with ~~the borrower’s performance related to interest rate derivative contracts.~~syndicated loans. The Company may enter into protection sold or protection purchased RPAs with institutional counterparties. The fair value of RPAs is calculated by determining the total expected asset or liability exposure of the derivatives to the borrowers and applying the borrowers’ credit spread to that exposure. Total expected exposure incorporates both the current and potential future exposure of the derivatives, derived from using observable inputs, such as yield curves and volatilities. The credit spreads of the borrowers used in the calculation are estimated by the Company based on current market conditions, including consideration of current borrowing spreads for similar customers and transactions, review of existing collateralization or other credit enhancements, and changes in credit sector and entity-specific credit information. The Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value the RPAs are ~~observable.~~ observable. Accordingly, RPAs fall within Level ~~2 of the fair value hierarchy.~~2.

~~Warrants~~Equity Contracts — The Company ~~obtained~~obtains equity warrants to purchase preferred and common stock of technology and life sciences companies, as part of the loan origination process. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the warrants included on the Consolidated Financial Statements were from both public and private companies. The Company ~~valued~~values these warrants based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For equity warrants from public companies, the model uses the underlying stock price, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on a duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and market-observable company-specific option volatility as inputs to value the warrants. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, warrants from public companies are classified as Level 2. For warrants from private companies, the model uses inputs such as the offering price observed in the most recent round of funding, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and option volatility. The ~~option volatility assumption was~~Company applies proxy volatilities based on ~~public market indices that include members that operate in similar industries as~~ the ~~companies in our~~industry sectors of the private ~~company portfolio.~~companies. The model values ~~were further~~are then adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the underlying companies. Due to the unobservable nature of the option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions used in deriving the estimated fair value, warrants from private companies are classified as Level 3. ~~There~~Since both option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions are subject to management judgment, measurement uncertainty is ~~a direct correlation between changes~~inherent in the valuation of private companies’ equity warrants. Given that the Company holds long positions in all equity warrants, an increase in volatility assumption ~~and the~~would generally result in an increase in fair value ~~measurement of warrants from private companies, while there is an inverse correlation between changes in the~~measurement. A higher liquidity discount ~~assumption and the~~would result in a decrease in fair value ~~measurement of warrants from private companies.~~measurement. On a quarterly basis, the changes in the fair value of warrants from private companies are reviewed for reasonableness, and a ~~sensitivity~~measurement uncertainty analysis on the option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions is performed.

Commodity Contracts — The Company enters into energy commodity contracts in the form of swaps and options with its commercial loan customers to allow them to hedge against the risk of fluctuation in energy commodity prices. The fair value ~~estimates presented herein~~of the commodity option contracts is determined using the Black’s model and assumptions that include expectations of future commodity price and volatility. The future commodity contract price is derived from observable inputs such as the market price of the commodity. Commodity swaps are structured as an exchange of fixed cash flows for floating cash flows. The fixed cash flows are predetermined based on ~~pertinent information available to management~~the known volumes and fixed price as specified in the swap agreement. The floating cash flows are correlated with the change of ~~each reporting date. Although~~forward commodity prices, which is derived from market corroborated futures settlement prices. The fair value of the commodity swaps is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments) based on the market prices of the commodity. As a result, the Company ~~is not aware~~classifies these derivative instruments as Level 2 due to the observable nature of ~~any factors that would significantly affect~~ the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these Consolidated Financial Statements since that date, and therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.significant inputs utilized.

The following tables present financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:




($ in thousands)	Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	520,440	$	—		$	—	$	520,440
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities	—		182,536			—		182,536
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		426,291			—		426,291
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		886,825			—		886,825
Municipal securities	—		76,004			—		76,004
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		42,299			—		42,299
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		9,455			—		9,455
Corporate debt securities	—		11,094			—		11,094
Foreign bonds	—		472,669			—		472,669
Asset-backed securities	—		12,545			—		12,545
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	520,440	$	2,119,718		$	—	$	2,640,158

Investments in tax credit and other investments:
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value ⁽¹⁾	$	21,051	$	9,886		$	—	$	30,937
Total investments in tax credit and other investments	$	21,051	$	9,886		$	—	$	30,937

Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	96,256		$	—	$	96,256
Foreign exchange contracts	—		30,085			—		30,085
Credit contracts	—		1			—		1
Equity contracts	—		1,759			442		2,201
Commodity contracts	—		7,239			—		7,239
Gross derivative assets	$	—	$	135,340		$	442	$	135,782
Netting adjustments ⁽²⁾	$	—	$	(40,038	)	$	—	$	(40,038	)
Net derivative assets	$	—	$	95,302		$	442	$	95,744

Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	76,572		$	—	$	76,572
Foreign exchange contracts	—		24,918			—		24,918
Credit contracts	—		81			—		81
Commodity contracts	—		8,016			—		8,016
Gross derivative liabilities	$	—	$	109,587		$	—	$	109,587
Netting adjustments ⁽²⁾	$	—	$	(56,102	)	$	—	$	(56,102	)
Net derivative liabilities	$	—	$	53,485		$	—	$	53,485


(1)	Equity securities with readily determinable fair value were comprised of mutual funds.


(2)	Represents balance sheet netting of derivative assets and liabilities and related cash collateral under master netting agreements or similar agreements. See Note 7 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information.




($ in thousands)	Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	564,815	$	—		$	—	$	564,815
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities	—		217,173			—		217,173
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		408,603			—		408,603
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		946,693			—		946,693
Municipal securities	—		82,020			—		82,020
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		26,052			—		26,052
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		9,931			—		9,931
Corporate debt securities	—		10,869			—		10,869
Foreign bonds	—		463,048			—		463,048
Asset-backed securities	—		12,643			—		12,643
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	564,815	$	2,177,032		$	—	$	2,741,847

Investment in tax credit and other investments:
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value⁽¹⁾	$	20,678	$	10,531		$	—	$	31,209
Total investments in tax credit and other investments	$	20,678	$	10,531		$	—	$	31,209

Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	69,818		$	—	$	69,818
Foreign exchange contracts	—		21,624			—		21,624
Credit contracts	—		1			—		1
Equity contracts	—		1,278			673		1,951
Commodity contracts	—		14,422			—		14,422
Gross derivative assets	$	—	$	107,143		$	673	$	107,816
Netting adjustments ⁽²⁾	$	—	$	(45,146	)	$	—	$	(45,146	)
Net derivative assets	$	—	$	61,997		$	673	$	62,670

Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	75,133		$	—	$	75,133
Foreign exchange contracts	—		19,940			—		19,940
Credit contracts	—		164			—		164
Commodity contracts	—		23,068			—		23,068
Gross derivative liabilities	$	—	$	118,305		$	—	$	118,305
Netting adjustments ⁽²⁾	$	—	$	(38,402	)	$	—	$	(38,402	)
Net derivative liabilities	$	—	$	79,903		$	—	$	79,903


(1)	Equity securities with readily determinable fair value were comprised of mutual funds.


(2)	Represents balance sheet netting of derivative assets and liabilities and related cash collateral under master netting agreements or similar agreements. See Note 7 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

At each reporting period, all assets and liabilities for which the fair value measurement is based on significant unobservable inputs are classified as Level 3. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the only asset measured on a recurring basis that was classified as Level 3 was equity warrants issued by private companies. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of these warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018
Equity warrants
Beginning balance	$	673		$	679
Total (losses) gains included in earnings ⁽¹⁾	(231		)	244
Issuances	—			8
Ending balance	$	442		$	931


(1)	Includes unrealized (losses) gains of $(43) thousand and $244 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Unrealized gains and losses of equity warrants were included in Lending fees on the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of assets measured on a recurring basis classified as Level 3 as of March 31, 2019. The significant unobservable inputs presented in the table below are those that the Company considers significant to the fair value of the Level 3 assets. The Company considers unobservable inputs to be significant if, by their exclusion, the fair value of the Level 3 assets would be impacted by a predetermined percentage change.

($ in thousands)

Fair Value

Measurements

(Level 3)

Valuation

Technique

Unobservable

Inputs

Range of Inputs

Weighted-

Average ⁽¹⁾

Derivative assets:

Equity warrants

442

Black-Scholes option pricing model

Volatility

41% — 49%

47%

Liquidity discount

47%


(1)	Weighted-average is calculated based on fair value of equity warrants as of March 31, 2019.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

From time to time, the Company may be required to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. The adjustments to fair value generally require the assets to be recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, or assessed for impairment.

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include certain non-PCI loans, investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, OREO, and loans held-for-sale. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments result from impairment on certain non-PCI loans and investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, write-downs of OREO, or application of lower of cost or fair value on loans held-for-sale.

Non-PCI Impaired Loans — The Company typically adjusts the carrying amount of impaired loans when there is evidence of probable loss and when the expected fair value of the loan is less than its carrying amount. Impaired loans with specific reserves are classified as Level 3 assets. The following two methods are used to derive the fair value of impaired loans:

Discounted cash flows valuation techniques that consist of developing an expected stream of cash flows over the life of the loans and then valuing the loans at the present value by discounting the expected cash flows at a designated discount rate.

A specific reserve is established for an impaired loan based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, which may take the form of real estate, inventory, equipment, contracts or guarantees. The fair value of the underlying collateral is generally based on third-party appraisals, or an internal evaluation if a third-party appraisal is not required by regulations, which utilize one or more valuation techniques such as income, market and/or cost approaches.

Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net — These investments are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, at a minimum, as well as upon the occurrence of a triggering event indicating that the investment in question is other-than-temporarily-impaired. This evaluation involves comparing the expected future tax benefits against the current carrying value of the investment. Expected future tax benefit schedules are provided by the partnerships’ general partners on a quarterly basis. Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments are impaired when it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the investments will not be realized through the future recognition of tax credits and other tax benefits. Investments in tax credit and other investments are classified as Level 3.

Other Real Estate Owned — The Company’s OREO represents properties acquired through foreclosure, or through full or partial satisfaction of loans held-for-investment. These OREO properties are recorded at estimated fair value less the costs to sell at the time of foreclosure or at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less the costs to sell subsequent to acquisition. On a monthly basis, the current fair market value of each OREO property is reviewed to ensure that the current carrying value is appropriate. OREO properties are classified as Level 3.

The following tables present the carrying amounts of assets included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet that had fair value changes measured on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:




($ in thousands)	Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis as of March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value Measurements
Non-PCI impaired loans:
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial (“C&I”)	$	—	$	—	$	15,388	$	15,388
Commercial real estate (“CRE”)	—		—		785		785
Consumer:
Home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”)	—		—		918		918
Total non-PCI impaired loans	$	—	$	—	$	17,091	$	17,091




	Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis as of December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value Measurements
Non-PCI impaired loans:
Commercial:
C&I	$	—	$	—	$	26,873	$	26,873
CRE	—		—		3,434		3,434
Consumer:
Single-family residential	—		—		2,551		2,551
Total non-PCI impaired loans	$	—	$	—	$	32,858	$	32,858

The following table presents the increase (decrease) in value of assets for which a fair value adjustment has been included on the Consolidated Statement of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018
Non-PCI impaired loans:
Commercial:
C&I	$	(2,734	)	$	(13,899	)
CRE	2			(95		)
Consumer:
Single-family residential	—			15
HELOCs	(78		)	—
Total non-PCI impaired loans	$	(2,810	)	$	(13,979	)
Impairment on tax credit investments	$	(6,978	)	$	—




($ in thousands)	Fair Value Measurements (Level 3)		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Range of Input(s)	Weighted- Average ⁽¹⁾
March 31, 2019
Non-PCI impaired loans	$	8,423	Discounted cash flows	Discount	4% — 12%	7%
	$	918	Fair value of property	Selling cost	8%	8%
	$	7,750	Fair value of collateral	Discount	50% — 65%	65%
Tax credit investments	$	—	Individual analysis of each investment	Expected future tax benefits and distributions	NM	NM

December 31, 2018
Non-PCI impaired loans	$	16,921	Discounted cash flows	Discount	4% — 7%	6%
	$	1,687	Fair value of property	Selling cost	8%	8%
	$	2,751	Fair value of collateral	Discount	15% — 50%	21%
	$	11,499	Fair value of collateral	Contract value	NM	NM

NM — Not meaningful.


(1)	Weighted-average is based on the relative fair value of the respective assets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following tables present the fair value estimates for financial instruments as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, excluding financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as they are included in the tables presented elsewhere in this Note. The carrying amounts in the following tables are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet under the indicated captions, except for accrued interest receivable and mortgage servicing rights that are included in Other assets, and accrued interest payable that is included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities. These financial assets and liabilities are measured at amortized cost basis on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,785,325	$	3,785,325	$	—	$	—	$	3,785,325
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	$	134,000	$	—	$	134,000	$	—	$	134,000
Resale agreements ⁽¹⁾	$	1,035,000	$	—	$	1,025,288	$	—	$	1,025,288
Restricted equity securities, at cost	$	74,736	$	—	$	74,736	$	—	$	74,736
Loans held-for-investment, net	$	32,545,392	$	—	$	—	$	32,775,546	$	32,775,546
Mortgage servicing rights	$	7,754	$	—	$	—	$	11,099	$	11,099
Accrued interest receivable	$	157,335	$	—	$	157,335	$	—	$	157,335
Financial liabilities:
Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits	$	26,427,303	$	—	$	26,427,303	$	—	$	26,427,303
Time deposits	$	9,846,669	$	—	$	9,876,954	$	—	$	9,876,954
Short-term borrowings	$	39,550	$	—	$	39,550	$	—	$	39,550
FHLB advances	$	344,657	$	—	$	352,610	$	—	$	352,610
Repurchase agreements ⁽¹⁾	$	50,000	$	—	$	107,103	$	—	$	107,103
Long-term debt	$	146,900	$	—	$	152,531	$	—	$	152,531
Accrued interest payable	$	25,814	$	—	$	25,814	$	—	$	25,814




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,001,377	$	3,001,377	$	—	$	—	$	3,001,377
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	$	371,000	$	—	$	371,000	$	—	$	371,000
Resale agreements ⁽¹⁾	$	1,035,000	$	—	$	1,016,724	$	—	$	1,016,724
Restricted equity securities, at cost	$	74,069	$	—	$	74,069	$	—	$	74,069
Loans held-for-sale	$	275	$	—	$	275	$	—	$	275
Loans held-for-investment, net	$	32,073,867	$	—	$	—	$	32,273,157	$	32,273,157
Mortgage servicing rights	$	7,836	$	—	$	—	$	11,427	$	11,427
Accrued interest receivable	$	146,262	$	—	$	146,262	$	—	$	146,262
Financial liabilities:
Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits	$	26,370,562	$	—	$	26,370,562	$	—	$	26,370,562
Time deposits	$	9,069,066	$	—	$	9,084,597	$	—	$	9,084,597
Short-term borrowings	$	57,638	$	—	$	57,638	$	—	$	57,638
FHLB advances	$	326,172	$	—	$	334,793	$	—	$	334,793
Repurchase agreements ⁽¹⁾	$	50,000	$	—	$	87,668	$	—	$	87,668
Long-term debt	$	146,835	$	—	$	152,556	$	—	$	152,556
Accrued interest payable	$	22,893	$	—	$	22,893	$	—	$	22,893


(1)	Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net pursuant to ASC 210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet Offsetting: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. As of both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, $400.0 million out of $450.0 million of gross repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against gross resale agreements.

Note 5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements

Resale Agreements

Resale agreements are recorded atas receivables for the ~~balances~~cash paid based on the values at which the securities ~~were~~are acquired. The market values of the underlying securities collateralizing the related ~~receivable~~receivables of the resale agreements, including accrued interest, are monitored. Additional collateral may be requested by the Company from the ~~counterparty~~counterparties or excess collateral may be returned by the Company to the counterparties when deemed appropriate. Gross resale agreements were ~~$1.65 billion and $2.10~~$1.44 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018. The weighted-average yields were 2.80% and 2.52% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. ~~The weighted average interest rates were 2.30% and 1.84% as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.~~

Repurchase Agreements

Long-term repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and recorded atas liabilities based on the ~~balances~~values at which the securities ~~were~~are sold. ~~The~~As of March 31, 2019, the collateral for the repurchase agreements ~~is primarily~~was comprised of U.S. Treasury ~~securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed~~ securities and U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise ~~debt~~mortgage-backed securities. The Company may have to provide additional collateral to the counterparties, or the counterparties may return excess collateral to the Company, for the repurchase agreements aswhen necessary. Gross repurchase agreements were $450.0 million as of ~~each of September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The ~~weighted average~~weighted-average interest rates were ~~3.56%~~5.01% and ~~3.15% as of September 30, 2017~~3.95% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and ~~December~~2018, respectively.

The following table presents the gross repurchase agreements that will mature in the five years succeeding March 31, ~~2016, respectively.~~2019 and thereafter:




($ in thousands)	Repurchase Agreements
Remainder of 2019	$	—
2020	—
2021	—
2022	150,000
2023	300,000
Thereafter	—
Total	$	450,000

Balance Sheet Offsetting

The Company’s resale and repurchase agreements are transacted under legally enforceable master repurchase agreements that provide the Company, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. The Company nets resale and repurchase transactions with the same counterparty on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets~~Sheet when it has a legally enforceable master netting agreement and the transactions are eligible for netting under ASC ~~210-20-45.~~210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet Offsetting: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Collateral ~~accepted~~received includes securities that are not recognized on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet. Collateral pledged consists of securities that are not netted on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets~~Sheet against the related collateralized liability. Collateral ~~accepted~~received or pledged in resale and repurchase agreements with other financial institutions may also be sold or re-pledged by the secured party, but is usually delivered to and held by the ~~third party~~third-party trustees. The collateral amounts received/~~posted~~pledged are limited for presentation purposes to the related recognized asset/liability balance for each counterparty, and accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged.

The following tables present the resale and repurchase agreements included on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets~~Sheet as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	As of September 30, 2017																	March 31, 2019
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets			Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets			Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Assets											Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets				Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet				Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet							Net Amount
		Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets						Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Financial Instruments				Collateral Pledged			Net Amount				Financial Instruments				Collateral Received
Resale agreements				$	—		$			(1,240,568	)	⁽²⁾	$			9,432		$	1,435,000			$	(400,000	)	$	1,035,000			$	—	$	(1,030,776	)	⁽¹⁾	$	4,224

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets			Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets			Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Liabilities											Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities				Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet				Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet							Net Amount
		Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities						Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Financial Instruments				Collateral Posted			Net Amount				Financial Instruments				Collateral Pledged
Repurchase agreements				$	—		$			(50,000	)	⁽³⁾	$			—		$	450,000			$	(400,000	)	$	50,000			$	—	$	(50,000	)	⁽²⁾	$	—


($ in thousands)	As of December 31, 2016																		December 31, 2018
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets			Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets				Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Assets												Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets				Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet				Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet							Net Amount
		Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets							Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Financial Instruments				Collateral Pledged			Net Amount				Financial Instruments				Collateral Received
Resale agreements				$	(150,000	)	⁽¹⁾	$			(1,839,120	)	⁽²⁾	$			10,880		$	1,435,000			$	(400,000	)	$	1,035,000			$	—	$	(1,025,066	)	⁽¹⁾	$	9,934

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets			Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets				Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Liabilities												Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities				Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet				Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet							Net Amount
		Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities							Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets						Financial Instruments				Collateral Posted			Net Amount				Financial Instruments				Collateral Pledged
Repurchase agreements				$	(150,000	)	⁽¹⁾	$			(200,000	)	⁽³⁾	$			—		$	450,000			$	(400,000	)	$	50,000			$	—	$	(50,000	)	⁽²⁾	$	—


(1)	Represents financial instruments subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that are not eligible to be offset under ASC 210-20-45 but would be eligible for offsetting to the extent that an event of default has occurred.


~~(2)~~	Represents the fair value of securities the Company has received under resale agreements, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized asset due from each counterparty.


~~(3)~~(2)	Represents the fair value of securities the Company has pledged under repurchase agreements, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized liability ~~owed~~due to each counterparty.

In addition to the amounts included in the tables above, the Company also has balance sheet netting related to ~~derivatives, refer~~derivatives. Refer to Note 7 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

Note 6 — Securities

The following tables present the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value by major categories of available-for-sale investment securities ~~which are carried at fair value, and the held-to-maturity investment security, which is carried at amortized cost,~~ as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

As of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:

U.S. Treasury securities $ 533,035
$ —
$ (6,703 ) $ 526,332
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities 191,727
81
(2,623 ) 189,185
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:

Commercial mortgage-backed securities 321,943
326
(7,097 ) 315,172
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,154,026
4,790
(7,882 ) 1,150,934
Municipal securities 116,798
900
(456 ) 117,242
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities:
Investment grade ⁽¹⁾
9,680
21
(7 ) 9,694
Corporate debt securities:
Investment grade ⁽¹⁾
2,464
—
(137 ) 2,327
Non-investment grade ⁽¹⁾
10,191
—
(576 ) 9,615
Foreign bonds:

Investment grade ^{(1) (2)}
505,395
229
(16,484 ) 489,140
Other securities⁽³⁾
147,504
3
(372 ) 147,135
Total available-for-sale investment securities $ 2,992,763
$ 6,350
$ (42,337 ) $ 2,956,776
Held-to-maturity investment security:
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security $ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
Total investment securities $ 2,992,763
$ 6,350
$ (42,337 ) $ 2,956,776

As of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:

U.S. Treasury securities $ 730,287
$ 21
$ (9,829 ) $ 720,479
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities 277,891
224
(3,249 ) 274,866
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:

Commercial mortgage-backed securities 272,672
345
(6,218 ) 266,799
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,266,372
3,924
(11,549 ) 1,258,747
Municipal securities 148,302
1,252
(1,900 ) 147,654
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities:
Investment grade ⁽¹⁾
11,592
—
(115 ) 11,477
Corporate debt securities:
Investment grade ⁽¹⁾
222,190
562
(375 ) 222,377
Non-investment grade ⁽¹⁾
10,191
—
(1,018 ) 9,173
Foreign bonds:
Investment grade ^{(1) (2)}
405,443
30
(21,579 ) 383,894
Other securities 40,501
337
(509 ) 40,329
Total available-for-sale investment securities $ 3,385,441
$ 6,695
$ (56,341 ) $ 3,335,795
Held-to-maturity investment security:
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security ⁽³⁾
$ 143,971
$ 622
$ —
$ 144,593
Total investment securities $ 3,529,412
$ 7,317
$ (56,341 ) $ 3,480,388




	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	528,983	$	—	$	(8,543	)	$	520,440
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities	183,145		704		(1,313		)	182,536
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	433,435		2,408		(9,552		)	426,291
Residential mortgage-backed securities	890,126		3,021		(6,322		)	886,825
Municipal securities	76,003		190		(189		)	76,004
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	41,423		876		—			42,299
Residential mortgage-backed securities	9,518		21		(84		)	9,455
Corporate debt securities	11,250		7		(163		)	11,094
Foreign bonds	489,324		3		(16,658		)	472,669
Asset-backed securities	12,627		—		(82		)	12,545
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	2,675,834	$	7,230	$	(42,906	)	$	2,640,158


~~(1)~~	Available-for-sale investment securities rated BBB- or higher by Standard &Poor’s (“S&P”) or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s are considered investment grade. Conversely, available-for-sale investment securities rated lower than BBB- by S&P or lower than Baa3 by Moody’s are considered non-investment grade. Classifications are based on the lower of the credit ratings by S&P or Moody’s.


~~(2)~~	~~Fair values of foreign bonds include $458.9 million and $353.6 million of multilateral development bank bonds as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.~~


~~(3)~~	~~During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale.~~




	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	577,561	$	153	$	(12,899	)	$	564,815
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities	219,485		382		(2,694		)	217,173
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	420,486		811		(12,694		)	408,603
Residential mortgage-backed securities	957,219		4,026		(14,552		)	946,693
Municipal securities	82,965		87		(1,032		)	82,020
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	25,826		226		—			26,052
Residential mortgage-backed securities	10,109		7		(185		)	9,931
Corporate debt securities	11,250		—		(381		)	10,869
Foreign bonds	489,378		—		(26,330		)	463,048
Asset-backed securities	12,621		22		—			12,643
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	2,806,900	$	5,714	$	(70,767	)	$	2,741,847

Unrealized Losses

The following tables present the fair value and the associated gross unrealized losses ~~and related fair values~~ of the Company’s available-for-sale investment ~~portfolio,~~securities, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that ~~individual~~the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

As of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total

Fair
Value

Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Fair
Value

Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Fair
Value

Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Available-for-sale investment securities:

U.S. Treasury securities $ 415,507
$ (4,615 ) $ 110,825
$ (2,088 ) $ 526,332
$ (6,703 )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities 96,681
(367 ) 54,512
(2,256 ) 151,193
(2,623 )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:

Commercial mortgage-backed securities 120,070
(1,721 ) 155,128
(5,376 ) 275,198
(7,097 )
Residential mortgage-backed securities 365,038
(2,344 ) 288,768
(5,538 ) 653,806
(7,882 )
Municipal securities 22,010
(222 ) 11,256
(234 ) 33,266
(456 )
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities:

Investment grade 4,715
(7 ) —
—
4,715
(7 )
Corporate debt securities:

Investment grade —
—
2,327
(137 ) 2,327
(137 )
Non-investment grade —
—
9,615
(576 ) 9,615
(576 )
Foreign bonds:
Investment grade 73,619
(873 ) 344,298
(15,611 ) 417,917
(16,484 )
Other securities 31,223
(372 ) —
—
31,223
(372 )
Total available-for-sale investment securities $ 1,128,863
$ (10,521 ) $ 976,729
$ (31,816 ) $ 2,105,592
$ (42,337 )
Held-to-maturity investment security:
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security $ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
Total investment securities $ 1,128,863
$ (10,521 ) $ 976,729
$ (31,816 ) $ 2,105,592
$ (42,337 )

As of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total

Fair
Value

Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Fair
Value

Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Fair
Value

Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Available-for-sale investment securities:

U.S. Treasury securities $ 670,268
$ (9,829 ) $ —
$ —
$ 670,268
$ (9,829 )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities 203,901
(3,249 ) —
—
203,901
(3,249 )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:

Commercial mortgage-backed securities 202,106
(5,452 ) 29,201
(766 ) 231,307
(6,218 )
Residential mortgage-backed securities 629,324
(9,594 ) 119,603
(1,955 ) 748,927
(11,549 )
Municipal securities 57,655
(1,699 ) 2,692
(201 ) 60,347
(1,900 )
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities:

Investment grade 5,033
(101 ) 6,444
(14 ) 11,477
(115 )
Corporate debt securities:

Investment grade —
—
71,667
(375 ) 71,667
(375 )
Non-investment grade —
—
9,173
(1,018 ) 9,173
(1,018 )
Foreign bonds:
Investment grade 363,618
(21,327 ) 14,258
(252 ) 377,876
(21,579 )
Other securities 30,991
(509 ) —
—
30,991
(509 )
Total available-for-sale investment securities $ 2,162,896
$ (51,760 ) $ 253,038
$ (4,581 ) $ 2,415,934
$ (56,341 )
Held-to-maturity investment security:
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security $ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
Total investment securities $ 2,162,896
$ (51,760 ) $ 253,038
$ (4,581 ) $ 2,415,934
$ (56,341 )




	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	—		$	520,440	$	(8,543	)	$	520,440	$	(8,543	)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities	—		—			153,149		(1,313		)	153,149		(1,313		)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	31,872		(12		)	268,426		(9,540		)	300,298		(9,552		)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	38,927		(231		)	543,638		(6,091		)	582,565		(6,322		)
Municipal securities	4,895		(5		)	21,660		(184		)	26,555		(189		)
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—			6,695		(84		)	6,695		(84		)
Corporate debt securities	9,838		(163		)	—		—			9,838		(163		)
Foreign bonds	11,202		(59		)	458,323		(16,599		)	469,525		(16,658		)
Asset-backed securities	12,545		(82		)	—		—			12,545		(82		)
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	109,279	$	(552	)	$	1,972,331	$	(42,354	)	$	2,081,610	$	(42,906	)




	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	—		$	516,520	$	(12,899	)	$	516,520	$	(12,899	)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities	22,755		(238		)	159,814		(2,456		)	182,569		(2,694		)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	26,886		(245		)	274,666		(12,449		)	301,552		(12,694		)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	75,675		(491		)	653,660		(14,061		)	729,335		(14,552		)
Municipal securities	9,458		(104		)	30,295		(928		)	39,753		(1,032		)
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities	3,067		(19		)	3,949		(166		)	7,016		(185		)
Corporate debt securities	10,869		(381		)	—		—			10,869		(381		)
Foreign bonds	14,418		(40		)	448,630		(26,290		)	463,048		(26,330		)
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	163,128	$	(1,518	)	$	2,087,534	$	(69,249	)	$	2,250,662	$	(70,767	)

Other-Than-Temporary Impairment

For each reporting period, the Company ~~examines all~~assesses individual securities that are in an unrealized loss position for ~~OTTI.~~other-than-temporary-impairment (“OTTI”). For a discussion of the factors and criteria the Company uses in analyzing securities for OTTI, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — ~~Available-for-Sale Investment~~ Securitiesto to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

The unrealized losses were primarily attributable to the movement in the yield curve, ~~movement,~~ in addition to widened liquidity and credit spreads. The issuers of these securities have not, to the Company’s knowledge, established any cause for default on these securities. These securities have fluctuated in value since their purchase dates as market interest rates have fluctuated. The Company believes that the gross unrealized losses ~~detailed~~presented in the previous tables are temporary and ~~not due to reasons of~~no credit ~~quality.~~losses are expected. As a result, the Company expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. The Company has the intent to hold these securities through the anticipated recovery period and it is not more likely than not that the Company will have to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost. Accordingly, no impairment ~~loss was~~losses were recorded on the Company’s Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Income for each of the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016.~~2018. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the Company had ~~146~~151 available-for-sale investment securities in ana gross unrealized loss position with no credit impairment, primarily ~~comprised~~consisting of 7916 foreign bonds, 86 U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, 22and 19 U.S. Treasury ~~securities and 14 investment grade foreign bonds.~~securities. In comparison, as of December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, the Company had ~~170~~184 available-for-sale investment securities in ana gross unrealized loss position with no credit impairment, primarily ~~comprised~~consisting of 82108 U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, 2616 foreign bonds, and 19 U.S. Treasury ~~securities and 13 investment grade foreign bonds.~~

During the first quarter of 2016, the Company obtained a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security, through the securitization of multifamily real estate loans, which was classified as held-to-maturity and recorded at amortized cost. During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred this non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale. The transfer reflects the Company’s intent to sell the security under active liquidity management.

~~Other-Than-Temporary Impairment~~

Nosecurities. There were no OTTI credit losses ~~were~~ recognized in earnings for each of the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016.~~2018.

Realized Gains and Losses

The following table presents the proceeds, gross realized gains and ~~losses, and~~ tax expense related to the sales of available-for-sale investment securities for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,					Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016			2019		2018
Proceeds from sales	$	124,887	$	143,513	$	676,776	$	1,008,256		$	151,339	$	214,790
Gross realized gains	$	1,539	$	1,790	$	6,733	$	8,593		$	1,561	$	2,129
Gross realized losses	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(125	)
Related tax expense	$	647	$	752	$	2,831	$	3,560		$	461	$	628

~~Scheduled~~Contractual Maturities of Investment Securities

The following table presents the ~~scheduled~~contractual maturities of available-for-sale investment securities as of ~~September 30, 2017:~~March 31, 2019:


($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due within one year	$	638,257	$	621,343	$	563,394	$	546,641
Due after one year through five years	629,892		623,058		585,603		576,863
Due after five years through ten years	176,117		172,902		202,347		202,118
Due after ten years	1,548,497		1,539,473		1,324,490		1,314,536
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	2,992,763	$	2,956,776	$	2,675,834	$	2,640,158

Actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities can differ from contractual maturities ~~because~~as the borrowers have the right to prepay obligations. In addition, factors such as prepayments and interest rates may affect the yields on the carrying values of mortgage-backed securities.

~~Available-for-sale~~As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, available-for-sale investment securities with fair ~~values~~value of ~~$584.9~~$449.0 million and ~~$767.4~~$435.8 million, ~~as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016,~~ respectively, were primarily pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements ~~the Federal Reserve Bank’s discount window~~ and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

Restricted Equity Securities

Restricted equity securities include ~~stock of~~ the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”) and of the ~~FHLB.~~FHLB stock. Restricted equity securities are carried at cost as these securities do not have a readily determinable fair value. The following table presents the restricted equity securities as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:



($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Federal Reserve Bank stock	$	56,072	$	55,525
FRB stock					$	57,486	$	56,819
FHLB stock	17,250		17,250		17,250		17,250
Total	$	73,322	$	72,775
Total restricted equity securities					$	74,736	$	74,069

Note 7 — Derivatives

The Company uses derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, primarily ~~including~~ interest rate risk and foreign currency risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Company’s goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity and volatility so that movements in interest rates are not significant to earnings or capital. The Company also uses foreign exchange contracts to manage the foreign exchange rate risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, as well as the Company’s investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited. The Company recognizes all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets~~Sheet at fair value. While the Company designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship, other derivatives consist of economic hedges. For additional information on the Company’s derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair ~~value~~values of the Company’s derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of ~~September 30, 2017~~legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received or paid as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018. The resulting net derivative asset and liability fair values are included in Other assets and Accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017							December 31, 2016								March 31, 2019										December 31, 2018
	Notional Amount			Fair Value				Notional Amount			Fair Value					Notional Amount			Fair Value							Notional Amount			Fair Value
	Notional Amount			Derivative Assets ⁽¹⁾		Derivative Liabilities ⁽¹⁾				Derivative Assets ⁽¹⁾			Derivative Liabilities ⁽¹⁾			Notional Amount		Derivative Assets				Derivative Liabilities				Notional Amount		Derivative Assets				Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:								Notional Amount
Interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit	$	42,566		$	—	$	6,648	$	48,365		$	—		$	5,976
Foreign currency forward contracts	—			—		—		83,026			4,325			—
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate contracts																$	31,026		$	—			$	4,660		$	35,811		$	—			$	5,866
Net investment hedges:
Foreign exchange contracts																92,215			—				18			90,245			—				611
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments	$	42,566		$	—	$	6,648	$	131,391		$	4,325		$	5,976	$	123,241		$	—			$	4,678		$	126,056		$	—			$	6,477

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps and options	$	8,742,980		$	64,822	$	64,212	$	7,668,482		$	67,578		$	65,131
Interest rate contracts																$	12,266,761		$	96,256			$	71,912		$	11,695,499		$	69,818			$	69,267
Foreign exchange contracts	1,131,414			14,187		20,054		767,764			11,874			11,213		3,513,714			30,085				24,900			3,407,522			21,624				19,329
RPAs	68,387			2		1		71,414			3			3
Warrants	—		⁽²⁾	1,455		—		—			—			—
Credit contracts																92,925			1				81			119,320			1				164
Equity contracts																—		⁽¹⁾	2,201				—			—		⁽¹⁾	1,951				—
Commodity contracts																—		⁽²⁾	7,239				8,016			—		⁽²⁾	14,422				23,068
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments	$	9,942,781		$	80,466	$	84,267	$	8,507,660		$	79,455		$	76,347	$	15,873,400		$	135,782			$	104,909		$	15,222,341		$	107,816			$	111,828
Gross derivative assets/liabilities																			$	135,782			$	109,587					$	107,816			$	118,305
Less: Master netting agreements																			(39,118		)		(39,118		)				(31,569		)		(31,569		)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid																			(920		)		(16,984		)				(13,577		)		(6,833		)
Net derivative assets/liabilities																			$	95,744			$	53,485					$	62,670			$	79,903

(1)

~~Derivative assets~~The Company held equity contracts in four public companies and ~~derivative liabilities are included~~17 private companies as of March 31, 2019. In comparison, the Company held equity contracts in ~~Other assets~~ ~~and~~ ~~Accrued expenses~~four public companies and ~~other liabilities,~~ ~~respectively,on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.~~

18 private companies as of December 31, 2018.

(2)

The ~~Company held four warrants~~notional amount of the Company’s commodity contracts entered with its customers totaled 4,178 thousand barrels of oil and 20,679 thousand units of natural gas, measured in ~~public companies and 32 warrants in private companies~~million British thermal units (“MMBTUs”) as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019. In comparison, the notional amount of the Company’s commodity contracts entered with its customers totaled 2,507 thousand barrels of oil and 14,722 thousand MMBTUs of natural gas as of December 31, 2018. The Company entered into the same notional amounts of commodity contracts with mirrored terms with third-party financial institutions to mitigate its exposure.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

~~Interest Rate Swaps on Certificates of Deposit~~Fair Value Hedges — The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain ~~fixed rate~~ certificates of deposit due to changes in the benchmark interest ~~rate, London Interbank Offered Rate. Interest~~rates. The Company enters into interest rate swaps, which are designated as fair value ~~hedges~~hedges. The interest rate swaps involve the ~~receipt~~exchange of ~~fixed rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making~~ variable rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional ~~amount.~~amounts.

As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amounts of the interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit were $42.6 million and $48.4 million, respectively. The fair value liabilities of the interest rate swaps were $6.6 million and $6.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

The following table presents the net gains (losses) recognized on the Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Income related to the derivatives designated as fair value hedges for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2017			2016			2017			2016			2019			2018
Gains (losses) recorded in interest expense:
Recognized on interest rate swaps	$	37		$	(1,327	)	$	(1,486	)	$	3,044		$	1,220		$	(1,452	)
Recognized on certificates of deposit	$	(116	)	$	674		$	1,236		$	(2,688	)	$	(1,261	)	$	1,279

The following table presents the carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustment related to the application of fair value hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of the hedged certificates of deposit as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:




($ in thousands)	Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾						Cumulative Fair Value Adjustment ⁽²⁾
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Certificates of deposit	$	(27,804	)	$	(26,877	)	$	2,880	$	4,141


(1)	Represents the full carrying amount of the hedged certificates of deposit.


(2)	For liabilities, decrease to carrying value.

Net Investment Hedges — — ASC 830-20, Foreign Currency Matters — Foreign Currency Transactions, and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, allow hedging of the foreign currency risk of a net investment in a foreign operation. ~~During the fourth quarter of 2015, the~~The Company ~~began entering~~enters into foreign currency ~~forward~~swap contracts to hedge its investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-USD functional currency subsidiary in China. The notional and fair value amounts of the net investment hedges comprising of foreign exchange swaps were $92.2 million and $18 thousand liability as of March 31, 2019. In comparison, the notional and fair value amounts of the net investment hedges comprising of foreign exchange swaps were $90.2 million and $611 thousand liability as of December 31, 2018. The hedging instruments designated as net investment hedges, involve hedging the risk of changes in the USD equivalent value of a designated monetary amount of the Company’s net investment in ~~China,~~East West Bank (China) Limited, against the risk of adverse changes in the foreign currency exchange rate. The Company ~~recorded the changes in the carrying amount of its China subsidiary in the~~ ~~Foreign currency translation adjustment~~ ~~account within AOCI. Simultaneously, the effective portion of the hedge of this exposure was also recorded in the~~ ~~Foreign currency translation adjustment~~ account and the ineffective portion, if any, was recorded in current earnings. During the first quarter of 2017, the Company discontinued hedge accounting prospectively. The cumulative effective portion ofmay de-designate the net investment hedges ~~recorded through~~when the ~~point of dedesignation remained in~~Company expects the ~~Foreign currency translation adjustment~~ ~~account within AOCI, and~~hedge will cease to be reclassified into earnings only upon the sale or liquidation of the China subsidiary. The Company continues to economically hedge its foreign currency exposure in its China subsidiary through foreign exchange forward contracts, which were included as part of the ~~Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments~~ — ~~“Foreign Exchange Contracts”~~ ~~caption as of September 30, 2017.~~highly effective.

As of September 30, 2017, there were no derivative contracts designated as net investment hedges. As of December 31, 2016, the total notional amount and fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts designated as net investment hedges were $83.0 million and a $4.3 million asset, respectively. The following table presents the ~~gains (losses) recorded in the~~ ~~Foreign currency translation adjustment~~ ~~account within AOCI related to the effective portion~~impact of the hedging derivatives used in net investment hedges ~~and the ineffective portion recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Income~~ for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Gains (losses) recognized in AOCI on net investment hedges (effective portion) $ —
$ 69
$ (648 ) $ 296
Losses recognized in foreign exchange income (ineffective portion) $ —
$ (236 ) $ (1,953 ) $ (667 )




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019		2018
Losses recognized in AOCI	$	2,005	$	1,154

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Interest Rate ~~Swaps and Options~~Contracts — The Company enters into interest rate ~~derivatives including~~contracts, which include interest rate swaps and options with its customers to allow them to hedge against the risk of rising interest rates on their variable rate loans. To economically hedge against the interest rate risks in the products offered to its customers, the Company enters into mirrored offsetting interest rate contracts with ~~institutional~~third-party financial institutions including with central counterparties. AsBeginning in January 2018, the London Clearing House (“LCH”) amended its rulebook to legally characterize variation margin payments made to and received from LCH as settlements of ~~September 30, 2017,~~derivatives and not as collateral against derivatives. Applying variation margin payments as settlement to LCH cleared derivative transactions resulted in a reduction in derivative asset and liability fair values of $7.4 million and $32.8 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019. In comparison, applying variation margin payments as settlement to LCH cleared derivative transactions resulted in a reduction in derivative asset and liability fair values of $16.4 million and $16.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018. Included in the total notional ~~amounts~~amount of $6.14 billion of interest rates contracts entered with financial counterparties was a notional amount of $1.82 billion of interest rate swaps ~~and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $4.37 billion for derivatives~~ that ~~were~~cleared through LCH as of March 31, 2019. In comparison, included in ~~an asset valuation position and $4.37 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. As of December 31, 2016,~~ the total notional ~~amounts~~amount of $5.85 billion of interest rates contracts entered with financial counterparties was a notional amount of $1.66 billion of interest rate swaps ~~and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $3.86 billion for derivatives~~ that were in an asset valuation position and $3.81 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. The fair value of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $64.8 million asset and a $64.2 million liability as of September 30, 2017. The fair value of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $67.6 million asset and a $65.1 million liabilitycleared through LCH as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018.

The following tables present the notional amounts and the gross fair values of interest rate derivative contracts outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
	Customer Counterparty						($ in thousands)	Financial Counterparty
	Notional Amount		Fair Value					Notional Amount		Fair Value
	Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities			Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Written options	$	957,000	$	—	$	189	Purchased options	$	957,000	$	193	$	—
Sold collars and corridors	477,225		1,272		67		Collars and corridors	477,225		67		1,297
Swaps	4,695,922		81,642		20,121		Swaps	4,702,389		13,082		50,238
Total	$	6,130,147	$	82,914	$	20,377	Total	$	6,136,614	$	13,342	$	51,535




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
	Customer Counterparty						($ in thousands)	Financial Counterparty
	Notional Amount		Fair Value					Notional Amount		Fair Value
	Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities			Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Written options	$	931,601	$	—	$	492	Purchased options	$	931,601	$	503	$	—
Sold collars and corridors	429,879		1,121		305		Collars and corridors	429,879		308		1,140
Swaps	4,482,881		41,457		41,545		Swaps	4,489,658		26,429		25,785
Total	$	5,844,361	$	42,578	$	42,342	Total	$	5,851,138	$	27,240	$	26,925

Foreign Exchange Contracts — — The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts with its customers, ~~primarily comprised~~consisting of ~~forward,~~forwards, spot, swap and ~~spot~~option contracts to ~~enable~~accommodate the business needs of its customers to hedge their transactions in foreign currencies against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, and also to allow the Company to economically hedge against foreign currency fluctuations in certain foreign currency denominated deposits that it offers to its customers, as well as the Company’s investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited.customers. For a ~~majority~~portion of the foreign exchange ~~transactions~~contracts entered into with its customers, the Company enters into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with ~~institutional counterparties~~third-party financial institutions to manage its exposure as needed. The Company also utilizes foreign exchange contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to mitigate the economic effect of fluctuations on certain foreign currency denominated on-balance sheet assets and liabilities, primarily foreign currency denominated deposits that it offers to its customers. As of both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the foreign exchange ~~risk.~~contracts the Company entered into to hedge its China subsidiary were designated as net investment hedges which were included in the Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Net Investment Hedges caption as discussed above. A majority of ~~these~~the foreign exchange contracts have original maturities of one year or ~~less. As~~less as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018.

The following tables present the ~~total~~ notional amounts ofand the ~~foreign exchange contracts were $1.13 billion and $767.8 million, respectively. The~~gross fair values of ~~the~~ foreign exchange derivative contracts ~~recorded were a $14.2 million asset and a $20.1 million liability~~outstanding as of ~~September 30, 2017. The fair values of the foreign exchange contracts recorded were an $11.9 million asset~~March 31, 2019 and ~~an $11.2 million liability as of~~ December 31, ~~2016.~~2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
	Customer Counterparty						($ in thousands)	Financial Counterparty
	Notional Amount		Fair Value					Notional Amount		Fair Value
	Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities			Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Forwards and spot	$	2,355,139	$	20,016	$	18,852	Forwards and spot	$	239,101	$	2,685	$	1,414
Swaps	31,174		97		223		Swaps	705,716		6,522		3,646
Written options	549		7		—		Purchased options	549		—		7
Collars	90,743		17		741		Collars	90,743		741		17
Total	$	2,477,605	$	20,137	$	19,816	Total	$	1,036,109	$	9,948	$	5,084




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
	Customer Counterparty						($ in thousands)	Financial Counterparty
	Notional Amount		Fair Value					Notional Amount		Fair Value
	Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities			Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Forwards and spot	$	2,023,425	$	11,719	$	13,079	Forwards and spot	$	506,342	$	3,407	$	2,285
Swaps	21,108		348		243		Swaps	687,845		5,764		3,336
Written options	537		16		—		Purchased options	537		—		16
Collars	83,864		—		370		Collars	83,864		370		—
Total	$	2,128,934	$	12,083	$	13,692	Total	$	1,278,588	$	9,541	$	5,637

Credit ~~Risk Participation Agreements~~Contracts — — The Company ~~has entered~~may periodically enter into ~~RPAs under which the Company assumed its pro-rata share of~~RPA contracts to manage the credit exposure on interest rate contracts associated with ~~the borrower’s performance related to interest rate derivative contracts.~~syndicated loans. The Company may enter into protection sold or ~~may not be a party to~~protection purchased RPAs with institutional counterparties. Under the ~~interest rate derivative contract and enters into such RPAs in instances where~~RPA, the Company iswill receive or make a ~~party to the related loan participation agreement with the borrower. The Company will make or receive payments under the RPAs~~payment if ~~the~~a borrower defaults on ~~its obligation to perform under~~ the related interest rate ~~derivative~~ contract. The Company manages its credit risk on ~~the~~ RPAs by monitoring the ~~credit worthiness~~creditworthiness of the borrowers and institutional counterparties, which is based on the normal credit review process. The referenced entities of the RPAs were investment grade as of both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The notional amount of the RPAs ~~reflect~~reflects the Company’s pro-rata share of the derivative instrument. ~~As of September 30, 2017,~~The following table presents the notional ~~amount~~amounts and the gross fair ~~value~~values of ~~the RPAs purchased were $47.8 million and a $1 thousand liability, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of the~~ RPAs sold ~~were $20.6 million~~ and ~~a $2 thousand asset, respectively. As~~purchased outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs purchased were $48.3 million and a $3 thousand liability, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs sold were $23.1 million and a $3 thousand asset, respectively. 2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
	Notional Amount		Fair Value				Notional Amount		Fair Value
	Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities
RPAs - protection sold	$	82,211	$	—	$	81	$	108,606	$	—	$	164
RPAs - protection purchased	10,714		1		—		10,714		1		—
Total RPAs	$	92,925	$	1	$	81	$	119,320	$	1	$	164

Assuming all underlying borrowers referenced in the interest rate ~~derivative~~ contracts defaulted as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, the ~~exposures~~exposure from the RPAs ~~purchased~~with protections sold would be ~~$92~~$84 thousand and ~~$179~~$125 thousand, respectively. As of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, the ~~weighted average~~weighted-average remaining maturities of the outstanding RPAs were ~~3.0~~4.9 years and ~~3.7~~6.6 years, respectively.

~~Warrants~~Equity Contracts — The Company has obtained equity warrants to purchase preferred and common stock of technology and life sciences companies, as part of the loan origination ~~process. As of September 30, 2017,~~process with these companies. Equity warrants grant the Company the right to buy a certain class of the underlying company’s equity at a certain price before expiration. The Company held ~~four~~ warrants in four public companies and 3217 private companies as of March 31, 2019, and held warrants in four public companies and 18 private ~~companies.~~companies as of December 31, 2018. The fair value of the warrants held in public and private companies was a $2.2 million asset and a $2.0 million asset as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Commodity Contracts — In 2018, the Company entered into energy commodity contracts in the form of swaps and options with its commercial loan customers to allow them to hedge against the risk of fluctuation in energy commodity prices. To economically hedge against the risk of fluctuation in commodity prices in the products offered to its customers, the Company entered into offsetting commodity contracts with third-party financial institutions. Beginning in January 2017, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) amended its rulebook to legally characterize variation margin payments made to and received from CME as settlements of derivatives and not as collateral against derivatives. Applying variation margin payments as settlement to CME cleared derivative transactions resulted in a reduction in gross derivative asset and liability fair values of $2.1 million and $720 thousand, respectively, and a remaining net liability fair value of $12 thousand as of March 31, 2019. The notional quantities that cleared through CME totaled 1,028 thousand barrels of oil and 6,903 thousand MMBTUs of natural gas as of March 31, 2019. In comparison, applying variation margin payments as settlement to CME cleared derivative transactions resulted in a reduction in gross derivative asset and liability fair values of $10.4 million and $582 thousand, respectively, and a remaining net asset fair value of $622 thousand as of December 31, 2018. The notional quantities that cleared through CME totaled 778 thousand barrels of oil and 6,290 thousand MMBTUs of natural gas as of December 31, 2018.

The following tables present the notional amounts and fair values of the ~~warrants for public and private companies were an $856 thousand asset and a $599 thousand asset, respectively, totaling $1.5 million~~commodity derivative positions outstanding as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019 and 2018:




($ and units in thousands)	March 31, 2019
	Customer Counterparty						($ and units in thousands)	Financial Counterparty
	Notional		Fair Value					Notional		Fair Value
	Unit	Amount	Assets		Liabilities			Unit	Amount	Assets		Liabilities
Crude oil:							Crude oil:
Written options	Barrels	307	$	442	$	303	Purchased options	Barrels	307	$	163	$	424
Collars	Barrels	2,394	2,800		282		Collars	Barrels	2,394	254		2,758
Swaps	Barrels	1,477	719		2,484		Swaps	Barrels	1,477	832		321
Total		4,178	$	3,961	$	3,069	Total		4,178	$	1,249	$	3,503

Natural gas:							Natural gas:
Collars	MMBTUs	6,241	$	128	$	19	Collars	MMBTUs	6,241	$	15	$	117
Swaps	MMBTUs	14,438	817		1,003		Swaps	MMBTUs	14,438	1,069		305
Total		20,679	$	945	$	1,022	Total		20,679	$	1,084	$	422
Total			$	4,906	$	4,091	Total			$	2,333	$	3,925




($ and units in thousands)	December 31, 2018
	Customer Counterparty						($ and units in thousands)	Financial Counterparty
	Notional		Fair Value					Notional		Fair Value
	Unit	Amount	Assets		Liabilities			Unit	Amount	Assets		Liabilities
Crude oil:							Crude oil:
Written options	Barrels	524	$	—	$	2,628	Purchased options	Barrels	524	$	2,251	$	—
Collars	Barrels	872	—		3,772		Collars	Barrels	872	3,225		—
Swaps	Barrels	1,111	—		14,278		Swaps	Barrels	1,111	5,799		—
Total		2,507	$	—	$	20,678	Total		2,507	$	11,275	$	—

Natural gas:							Natural gas:
Collars	MMBTUs	3,063	$	78	$	152	Collars	MMBTUs	3,063	$	151	$	64
Swaps	MMBTUs	11,659	1,049		1,857		Swaps	MMBTUs	11,659	1,869		317
Total		14,722	$	1,127	$	2,009	Total		14,722	$	2,020	$	381
Total			$	1,127	$	22,687	Total			$	13,295	$	381

The following table presents the net (losses) gains ~~(losses)~~ recognized on the Company’s Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Income related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	Location in Consolidated Statements of Income	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,						Classification on Consolidated Statement of Income	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	Location in Consolidated Statements of Income	2017			2016		2017			2016			Classification on Consolidated Statement of Income	2019			2018
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps and options	Derivative fees and other income	$	(94	)	$	411	$	(1,838	)	$	(2,220	)
Interest rate contracts													Interest rate contracts and other derivative income	$	(1,779	)	$	1,106
Foreign exchange contracts	Foreign exchange income	3,720			3,787		17,936			10,982			Foreign exchange income	6,326			3,857
RPAs	Derivative fees and other income	—			4		1			(7		)
Warrants	Ancillary loan fees and other income	669			—		1,455			—
Credit contracts													Interest rate contracts and other derivative income	83			(13		)
Equity contracts													Lending fees	250			(159		)
Commodity contracts													Interest rate contracts and other derivative income	4			—
Net gains		$	4,295		$	4,202	$	17,554		$	8,755			$	4,884		$	4,791

Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features — Certain over-the-counter derivative contracts of the Company contain early termination provisions that may require the Company to settle any outstanding balances upon the occurrence of a specified credit-risk-related event. These events, which are defined by the existing derivative contracts, primarily relate to a downgrade in the credit rating of East West Bank to below investment grade. As of March 31, 2019, the net fair value of all derivative instruments with such credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position was $27.3 million, which included $587 thousand in derivative assets and $27.9 million in derivative liabilities, with collateral posted of $27.1 million. As of December 31, 2018, the net fair value of all derivative instruments with such credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position was $11.4 million, which included $2.8 million in derivative assets and $14.2 million in derivative liabilities, with collateral posted of $9.4 million. In the event that the credit rating of East West ~~Bank’s credit rating is~~Bank had been downgraded to below investment grade, no additional minimal collateral would behave been required to be posted ~~since the liabilities related to such contracts were fully collateralized~~ as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2018.

Offsetting of Derivatives

The Company has entered into agreements with certain counterparty financial institutions, which include master netting agreements. However, the Company has elected to account for all derivatives with counterparty institutions on a gross basis. The following tables present the gross ~~derivatives~~derivative fair values, the balance sheet netting adjustments and the resulting net fair values recorded on the ~~Consolidated Balance Sheets~~consolidated balance sheet, as well as the cash and ~~the respective~~non-cash collateral ~~received or pledged in the form of other financial instruments, which are generally marketable securities and/or cash.~~associated with master netting arrangements. The collateral amounts in these tables are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability (after netting is applied); thus instances of overcollateralization are not ~~shown:~~shown. In addition, the following tables reflect variation margins of clearing organizations as settlements of the related derivative fair values:

As of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) Total Contracts Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Contracts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized
Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets Net Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheets

Derivative
Amount
Collateral
Received Net Amount
Derivatives Assets $ 80,466
$ 57,720
$ 22,746
$ —
$ 22,746
$ (20,240 )
⁽¹⁾
$ (2,230 )
⁽²⁾
$ 276

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized
Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets Net Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheets

Derivative
Amount
Collateral
Posted Net Amount
Derivatives Liabilities $ 90,915
$ 17,814
$ 73,101
$ —
$ 73,101
$ (20,240 )
⁽¹⁾
$ (52,851 )
⁽³⁾
$ 10




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽¹⁾		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet						Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet			Net Amount
	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽¹⁾		Master Netting Arrangements			Cash Collateral Received ⁽³⁾			Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Security Collateral Received ⁽⁵⁾			Net Amount
Derivative Assets	$	135,782	$	(39,118	)	$	(920	)	$	95,744	$	(1,097	)	$	94,647

	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽²⁾		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet						Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet			Net Amount
	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽²⁾		Master Netting Arrangements			Cash Collateral Pledged ⁽⁴⁾			Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Security Collateral Pledged ⁽⁵⁾			Net Amount
Derivative Liabilities	$	109,587	$	(39,118	)	$	(16,984	)	$	53,485	$	(26,191	)	$	27,294

As of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) Total Contracts Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Contracts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
Net Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Derivative
Amounts Collateral
Received Net Amount
Derivatives Assets $ 83,780
$ 51,218
$ 32,562
$ —
$ 32,562
$ (20,991 )
⁽¹⁾
$ (10,687 )
⁽²⁾
$ 884

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross
Amounts Recognized

Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
Net Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Derivative
Amounts Collateral
Posted Net Amount
Derivatives Liabilities $ 82,323
$ 24,097
$ 58,226
$ —
$ 58,226
$ (20,991 )
⁽¹⁾
$ (36,349 )
⁽³⁾
$ 886




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽¹⁾		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet						Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet			Net Amount
	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽¹⁾		Master Netting Arrangements			Cash Collateral Received ⁽³⁾			Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Security Collateral Received ⁽⁵⁾			Net Amount
Derivative Assets	$	107,816	$	(31,569	)	$	(13,577	)	$	62,670	$	(13,975	)	$	48,695

	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽²⁾		Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet						Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet			Net Amount
	Gross Amounts Recognized ⁽²⁾		Master Netting Arrangements			Cash Collateral Pledged ⁽⁴⁾			Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Security Collateral Pledged ⁽⁵⁾			Net Amount
Derivative Liabilities	$	118,305	$	(31,569	)	$	(6,833	)	$	79,903	$	(11,231	)	$	68,672

(1)

~~Represents the netting of~~Gross amounts recognized for derivative ~~receivable and payable balances for the same counterparty under~~assets include amounts with counterparties subject to enforceable master netting arrangements ~~if the Company has elected~~or similar agreements of $133.6 million and $105.9 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and amounts with counterparties not subject to ~~net.~~enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements of $2.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(2)

~~Represents~~Gross amounts recognized for derivative liabilities include amounts with counterparties subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements of $109.6 million and $118.2 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and amounts with counterparties not subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements of $9 thousand and $102 thousand, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.


(3)	Gross cash collateral received under master netting arrangements or similar agreements were $920 thousand and ~~securities~~$15.8 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Of the gross cash collateral received, $920 thousand and $13.6 million were used to offset against derivative assets, ~~with~~respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.


(4)	Gross cash collateral pledged under master netting arrangements or similar agreements were $20.0 million and $8.4 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Of the ~~same counterparty~~gross cash collateral pledged, $17.0 million and $6.8 million were used to offset against derivative liabilities, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(5)

Represents the fair value of security collateral received and pledged limited to derivative assets and liabilities that are subject to enforceable master netting ~~arrangements. No cash~~arrangements or similar agreements. GAAP does not permit the netting of non-cash collateral ~~was received as~~on the consolidated balance sheet but requires disclosure of ~~September 30, 2017. Includes $8.1 million of cash collateral received as of December 31, 2016.~~


~~(3)~~	Represents cash and securities pledged against derivative liabilities with the same counterparty that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. Includes $18.0 million and $170 thousand of cash collateral posted as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.such amounts.

In addition to the amounts included in the tables above, the Company also has balance sheet netting related to the resale and repurchase ~~agreements, refer~~agreements. Refer to Note 5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information. Refer toNote 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for fair value measurement disclosures on derivatives.

Note 8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s held-for-investment loan portfolio includes originated and purchased loans. Originated and purchased loans with no evidence of credit deterioration at their acquisition date are referred to collectively as non-PCI loans. PCI loans are loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration since their origination and for which it is probable at the acquisition date that the Company would be unable to collect all contractually required payments. PCI loans are accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. The Company has elected to account for PCI loans on a pool level basis under ASC 310-30 at the time of acquisition.

The following table presents the composition of the Company’s non-PCI and PCI loans as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016

Non-PCI
Loans ⁽¹⁾

PCI
Loans ⁽²⁾

Total ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾

Non-PCI
Loans ⁽¹⁾

PCI
Loans ⁽²⁾

Total ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾
CRE:
Income producing $ 8,530,519
$ 313,257
$ 8,843,776
$ 7,667,661
$ 348,448
$ 8,016,109
Construction 572,027
—
572,027
551,560
—
551,560
Land 111,006
371
111,377
121,276
1,918
123,194
Total CRE 9,213,552
313,628
9,527,180
8,340,497
350,366
8,690,863
C&I:
Commercial business 9,763,688
12,566
9,776,254
8,921,246
38,387
8,959,633
Trade finance 868,902
—
868,902
680,930
—
680,930
Total C&I 10,632,590
12,566
10,645,156
9,602,176
38,387
9,640,563
Residential:
Single-family 4,234,017
121,992
4,356,009
3,370,669
139,110
3,509,779
Multifamily 1,808,311
68,645
1,876,956
1,490,285
95,654
1,585,939
Total residential 6,042,328
190,637
6,232,965
4,860,954
234,764
5,095,718
Consumer 2,104,614
15,442
2,120,056
2,057,067
18,928
2,075,995
Total loans held-for-investment $ 27,993,084
$ 532,273
$ 28,525,357
$ 24,860,694
$ 642,445
$ 25,503,139
Allowance for loan losses (285,858 ) (68 ) (285,926 ) (260,402 ) (118 ) (260,520 )
Loans held-for-investment, net $ 27,707,226
$ 532,205
$ 28,239,431
$ 24,600,292
$ 642,327
$ 25,242,619




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019									December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Non-PCI Loans ⁽¹⁾			PCI Loans ⁽²⁾			Total ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾			Non-PCI Loans ⁽¹⁾			PCI Loans ⁽²⁾			Total ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾
Commercial:
C&I	$	12,038,864		$	1,942		$	12,040,806		$	12,054,818		$	2,152		$	12,056,970
CRE	9,478,979			157,359			9,636,338			9,284,583			165,252			9,449,835
Multifamily residential	2,242,327			28,263			2,270,590			2,246,506			34,526			2,281,032
Construction and land	647,338			42			647,380			538,752			42			538,794
Total commercial	24,407,508			187,606			24,595,114			24,124,659			201,972			24,326,631
Consumer:
Single-family residential	6,214,386			94,945			6,309,331			5,939,258			97,196			6,036,454
HELOCs	1,618,445			7,777			1,626,222			1,681,979			8,855			1,690,834
Other consumer	332,619			—			332,619			331,270			—			331,270
Total consumer	8,165,450			102,722			8,268,172			7,952,507			106,051			8,058,558
Total loans held-for-investment	$	32,572,958		$	290,328		$	32,863,286		$	32,077,166		$	308,023		$	32,385,189
Allowance for loan losses	(317,880		)	(14		)	(317,894		)	(311,300		)	(22		)	(311,322		)
Loans held-for-investment, net	$	32,255,078		$	290,314		$	32,545,392		$	31,765,866		$	308,001		$	32,073,867


(1)	Includes ~~$(29.2) million and $1.2 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of~~ net deferred loan fees, unearned ~~income,~~fees, unamortized premiums and unaccreted ~~discounts.~~discounts of $(46.0) million and $(48.9) million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.


(2)	~~Loans net of~~Includes ASC 310-30 ~~discount.~~discount of $20.4 million and $22.2 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The commercial portfolio includes C&I, CRE, ~~loans include income producing real estate,~~multifamily residential, and construction and land ~~loans where the interest rates may be fixed, variable or hybrid. Included in CRE loans are owner occupied~~loans. The consumer portfolio includes single-family residential, HELOC and ~~non-owner occupied loans where the borrowers rely on income from tenants to service the loan. Commercial~~other consumer loans.

The C&I loan portfolio, which is comprised of commercial business and trade finance ~~in the C&I segment provide~~loans, provides financing to businesses in a wide spectrum of industries.

~~Residential~~ The CRE loan portfolio includes income producing real estate loans that are comprised of single-family and multifamily loans. The Company offers first lien mortgage loans secured by one-to-four unit residential properties located in its primary lending areas. The Company offers a variety of first lien mortgage loan programs, including fixed rate conforming loans and adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial fixed periods of one to seven years, which adjust annually thereafter.

Consumer loans are comprised of home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”), insurance premium financing loans, credit card and auto loans. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company’s HELOCs were the largest componenteither owner occupied, or non-owner occupied where 50% or more of the ~~consumer~~debt service for the loan ~~portfolio, and were secured~~is primarily provided by ~~one-to-four unit~~unaffiliated rental income from a third party. The multifamily residential ~~properties located in its primary lending areas. The HELOCs~~ loan portfolio is largely comprised of loans secured by smaller multifamily properties ranging from five to 15 units in the Bank’s primary lending areas. Construction loans mainly provide construction financing for multifamily and residential condominiums, hotels, offices, industrial, as well as mixed use (residential and retail) structures.

In the consumer portfolio, the Company offers residential loans through a variety of mortgage loan programs. The consumer residential loan portfolio is largely comprised of single-family residential loans and HELOCs that are originated through a reduced documentation loan program, where a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low loan-to-value ratio at origination, typically 60% or ~~less at origination.~~less. The Company is in a first lien position for many of these reduced documentation single-family residential loans and HELOCs. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and default rates.

~~All~~ Other consumer loans ~~originated~~ are subject to the Company’s underwriting guidelines and loan origination standards. Management believes that the Company’s underwriting criteria and procedures adequately consider the unique risks associated with these products. The Company conducts a varietymainly comprised of ~~quality control procedures and periodic audits, including the review of lending and legal requirements to ensure that it is in compliance with these requirements.~~insurance premium financing loans.

As of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, loans ~~totaling $18.18~~of $20.95 billion and ~~$16.44~~$20.59 billion, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings and to provide additional borrowing capacity from the ~~Federal Reserve Bank~~FRB and ~~the~~ FHLB.

Credit Quality Indicators

All loans are subject to the Company’s internal and external credit review and monitoring. ~~Loans~~For the commercial portfolio, loans are risk rated based on an analysis of the current state of the borrower’s credit quality. The analysis of credit quality includes a review of all repayment sources, the borrower’s current payment performance/delinquency, current financial and liquidity status, and all other relevant information. For ~~single-family residential loans,~~the majority of the consumer portfolio, payment performance/delinquency is the driving indicator for the risk ratings. Risk ratings are the overall credit quality indicator for the Company and the credit quality indicator is utilized for estimating the appropriate allowance for loan losses. The Company utilizes a risk rating system, which ~~can be classified~~classifies loans within the following categories: Pass, Watch, Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful and Loss. The risk ratings reflect the relative strength of the repayment sources.

Pass and Watch loans are ~~generally considered to~~loans that have sufficient sources of repayment in order to repay the loan in full in accordance with all terms and conditions. Special Mention loans are ~~considered to~~loans that have potential weaknesses that warrant closer attention by management. Special Mention is ~~considered~~ a transitory grade. If the potential weaknesses are resolved, the loan is upgraded to a Pass or Watch grade. If negative trends in the borrower’s financial status or other information indicate that the repayment sources may become inadequate, the loan is downgraded to a Substandard grade. Substandard loans are ~~considered to~~loans that have well-defined weaknesses that may jeopardize the full and timely repayment of the loan. Substandard loans have a distinct possibility of loss, if the deficiencies are not corrected. ~~Additionally, when~~When management has assessed a potential for loss but a distinct possibility of loss is not recognizable, the loan ~~is still~~remains classified as ~~Substandard.~~Substandard grade. Doubtful loans are loans that have insufficient sources of repayment and a high probability of loss. Loss loans are ~~considered to be~~loans that are uncollectible and of such little value that they are no longer considered bankable assets. These internal risk ratings are reviewed routinely and adjusted based on changes in the borrowers’ financial status and the loans’ collectability.

The following tables present the credit risk ratings for non-PCI loans by portfolio segment as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017
Pass/Watch
Special
Mention
Substandard Doubtful Loss Total
Non-PCI
Loans
CRE:

Income producing $ 8,341,970
$ 74,028
$ 114,521
$ —
$ —
$ 8,530,519
Construction 540,851
22,176
9,000
—
—
572,027
Land 96,160
—
14,846
—
—
111,006
C&I:

Commercial business 9,447,163
142,531
152,975
21,019
—
9,763,688
Trade finance 830,268
18,631
20,003
—
—
868,902
Residential:

Single-family 4,199,554
11,501
22,962
—
—
4,234,017
Multifamily 1,789,351
—
18,960
—
—
1,808,311
Consumer 2,080,056
9,683
14,875
—
—
2,104,614
Total $ 27,325,373
$ 278,550
$ 368,142
$ 21,019
$ —
$ 27,993,084




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Pass/Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total Non-PCI Loans
Commercial:
C&I	$	11,513,029	$	283,651	$	219,619	$	22,565	$	12,038,864
CRE	9,337,492		50,171		91,316		—		9,478,979
Multifamily residential	2,210,481		20,900		10,946		—		2,242,327
Construction and land	593,632		20,046		33,660		—		647,338
Total commercial	23,654,634		374,768		355,541		22,565		24,407,508
Consumer:
Single-family residential	6,192,411		7,688		14,287		—		6,214,386
HELOCs	1,601,555		2,492		14,398		—		1,618,445
Other consumer	316,113		14,000		2,506		—		332,619
Total consumer	8,110,079		24,180		31,191		—		8,165,450
Total	$	31,764,713	$	398,948	$	386,732	$	22,565	$	32,572,958

($ in thousands) December 31, 2016
Pass/Watch
Special
Mention
Substandard Doubtful Loss
Total
Non-PCI
Loans
CRE:

Income producing $ 7,476,804
$ 29,005
$ 161,852
$ —
$ —
$ 7,667,661
Construction 551,560
—
—
—
—
551,560
Land 107,976
—
13,290
10
—
121,276
C&I:

Commercial business 8,559,674
155,276
201,139
5,157
—
8,921,246
Trade finance 635,027
9,435
36,460
—
8
680,930
Residential:

Single-family 3,341,015
10,179
19,475
—
—
3,370,669
Multifamily 1,462,522
2,268
25,495
—
—
1,490,285
Consumer 2,043,405
6,764
6,898
—
—
2,057,067
Total $ 24,177,983
$ 212,927
$ 464,609
$ 5,167
$ 8
$ 24,860,694




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Pass/Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total Non-PCI Loans
Commercial:
C&I	$	11,644,470	$	260,089	$	139,844	$	10,415	$	12,054,818
CRE	9,144,646		49,705		90,232		—		9,284,583
Multifamily residential	2,215,573		20,551		10,382		—		2,246,506
Construction and land	485,217		19,838		33,697		—		538,752
Total commercial	23,489,906		350,183		274,155		10,415		24,124,659
Consumer:
Single-family residential	5,925,584		6,376		7,298		—		5,939,258
HELOCs	1,669,300		1,576		11,103		—		1,681,979
Other consumer	328,767		1		2,502		—		331,270
Total consumer	7,923,651		7,953		20,903		—		7,952,507
Total	$	31,413,557	$	358,136	$	295,058	$	10,415	$	32,077,166

The following tables present the credit risk ratings for PCI loans by portfolio segment as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017
Pass/Watch
Special
Mention
Substandard Doubtful Loss
Total
PCI Loans
CRE:

Income producing $ 261,907
$ —
$ 51,350
$ —
$ —
$ 313,257
Land 44
—
327
—
—
371
C&I:
Commercial business 11,205
90
1,271
—
—
12,566
Residential:
Single-family 118,281
1,769
1,942
—
—
121,992
Multifamily 64,455
—
4,190
—
—
68,645
Consumer 13,962
364
1,116
—
—
15,442
Total ⁽¹⁾
$ 469,854
$ 2,223
$ 60,196
$ —
$ —
$ 532,273




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Pass/Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total PCI Loans
Commercial:
C&I	$	1,942	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,942
CRE	137,259		719		19,381		—		157,359
Multifamily residential	26,770		—		1,493		—		28,263
Construction and land	42		—		—		—		42
Total commercial	166,013		719		20,874		—		187,606
Consumer:
Single-family residential	93,375		772		798		—		94,945
HELOCs	7,042		456		279		—		7,777
Total consumer	100,417		1,228		1,077		—		102,722
Total ⁽¹⁾	$	266,430	$	1,947	$	21,951	$	—	$	290,328

($ in thousands) December 31, 2016
Pass/Watch
Special
Mention
Substandard Doubtful Loss
Total
PCI Loans
CRE:

Income producing $ 293,529
$ 3,239
$ 51,680
$ —
$ —
$ 348,448
Land 1,562
—
356
—
—
1,918
C&I:

Commercial business 33,885
772
3,730
—
—
38,387
Residential:

Single-family 136,245
1,239
1,626
—
—
139,110
Multifamily 86,190
—
9,464
—
—
95,654
Consumer 17,433
316
1,179
—
—
18,928
Total ⁽¹⁾
$ 568,844
$ 5,566
$ 68,035
$ —
$ —
$ 642,445




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Pass/Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total PCI Loans
Commercial:
C&I	$	1,996	$	—	$	156	$	—	$	2,152
CRE	146,057		—		19,195		—		165,252
Multifamily residential	33,003		—		1,523		—		34,526
Construction and land	42		—		—		—		42
Total commercial	181,098		—		20,874		—		201,972
Consumer:
Single-family residential	95,789		1,021		386		—		97,196
HELOCs	8,314		256		285		—		8,855
Total consumer	104,103		1,277		671		—		106,051
Total ⁽¹⁾	$	285,201	$	1,277	$	21,545	$	—	$	308,023


(1)	Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

Non-PCI loans that are 90 or more days past due are generally placed on nonaccrual ~~status. Additionally, non-PCI~~status, unless the loan is well-collateralized or guaranteed by government agencies, and in the process of collection. Non-PCI loans that are less than 90 days past due but have identified deficiencies, such as when the full collection of principal or interest becomes uncertain, are also placed on nonaccrual status. The following tables present the aging analysis on non-PCI loans as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017

Accruing
Loans
30-59 Days
Past Due

Accruing
Loans
60-89 Days
Past Due

Total
Accruing
Past Due
Loans

Nonaccrual
Loans Less
Than 90
Days
Past Due

Nonaccrual
Loans
90 or More
Days
Past Due

Total
Nonaccrual
Loans

Current
Accruing
Loans

Total
Non-PCI
Loans
CRE:

Income producing $ 5,211
$ 1,924
$ 7,135
$ 4,853
$ 19,949
$ 24,802
$ 8,498,582
$ 8,530,519
Construction 9,000
—
9,000
—
—
—
563,027
572,027
Land —
—
—
10
4,173
4,183
106,823
111,006
C&I:

Commercial business 16,315
108
16,423
34,844
38,540
73,384
9,673,881
9,763,688
Trade finance —
—
—
—
—
—
868,902
868,902
Residential:

Single-family 16,765
1,560
18,325
—
6,639
6,639
4,209,053
4,234,017
Multifamily 7,476
664
8,140
1,456
1,164
2,620
1,797,551
1,808,311
Consumer 8,837
5,346
14,183
93
3,004
3,097
2,087,334
2,104,614
Total $ 63,604
$ 9,602
$ 73,206
$ 41,256
$ 73,469
$ 114,725
$ 27,805,153
$ 27,993,084




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Accruing Loans 30-59 Days Past Due		Accruing Loans 60-89 Days Past Due		Total Accruing Past Due Loans		Nonaccrual Loans Less Than 90 Days Past Due		Nonaccrual Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Nonaccrual Loans		Current Accruing Loans		Total Non-PCI Loans
Commercial:
C&I	$	10,098	$	18,884	$	28,982	$	59,140	$	27,326	$	86,466	$	11,923,416	$	12,038,864
CRE	18,192		4,042		22,234		3,666		21,543		25,209		9,431,536		9,478,979
Multifamily residential	2,600		383		2,983		1,040		580		1,620		2,237,724		2,242,327
Construction and land	—		—		—		—		—		—		647,338		647,338
Total commercial	30,890		23,309		54,199		63,846		49,449		113,295		24,240,014		24,407,508
Consumer:
Single-family residential	14,653		9,382		24,035		499		9,968		10,467		6,179,884		6,214,386
HELOCs	6,065		1,660		7,725		1,381		9,092		10,473		1,600,247		1,618,445
Other consumer	17		3		20		—		2,506		2,506		330,093		332,619
Total consumer	20,735		11,045		31,780		1,880		21,566		23,446		8,110,224		8,165,450
Total	$	51,625	$	34,354	$	85,979	$	65,726	$	71,015	$	136,741	$	32,350,238	$	32,572,958

($ in thousands) December 31, 2016

Accruing
Loans
30-59 Days
Past Due

Accruing
Loans
60-89 Days
Past Due

Total
Accruing
Past Due
Loans

Nonaccrual
Loans Less
Than 90
Days
Past Due

Nonaccrual
Loans
90 or More
Days
Past Due

Total
Nonaccrual
Loans

Current
Accruing
Loans
Total
Non-PCI
Loans
CRE:

Income producing $ 6,233
$ 14,080
$ 20,313
$ 14,872
$ 12,035
$ 26,907
$ 7,620,441
$ 7,667,661
Construction 4,994
—
4,994
—
—
—
546,566
551,560
Land —
—
—
433
4,893
5,326
115,950
121,276
C&I:

Commercial business 45,052
2,279
47,331
60,511
20,737
81,248
8,792,667
8,921,246
Trade finance —
—
—
8
—
8
680,922
680,930
Residential:

Single-family 9,595
8,076
17,671
—
4,214
4,214
3,348,784
3,370,669
Multifamily 3,951
374
4,325
2,790
194
2,984
1,482,976
1,490,285
Consumer 3,327
3,228
6,555
165
1,965
2,130
2,048,382
2,057,067
Total $ 73,152
$ 28,037
$ 101,189
$ 78,779
$ 44,038
$ 122,817
$ 24,636,688
$ 24,860,694




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Accruing Loans 30-59 Days Past Due		Accruing Loans 60-89 Days Past Due		Total Accruing Past Due Loans		Nonaccrual Loans Less Than 90 Days Past Due		Nonaccrual Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Nonaccrual Loans		Current Accruing Loans		Total Non-PCI Loans
Commercial:
C&I	$	21,032	$	19,170	$	40,202	$	17,097	$	26,743	$	43,840	$	11,970,776	$	12,054,818
CRE	7,740		—		7,740		3,704		20,514		24,218		9,252,625		9,284,583
Multifamily residential	4,174		—		4,174		1,067		193		1,260		2,241,072		2,246,506
Construction and land	207		—		207		—		—		—		538,545		538,752
Total commercial	33,153		19,170		52,323		21,868		47,450		69,318		24,003,018		24,124,659
Consumer:
Single-family residential	14,645		7,850		22,495		509		4,750		5,259		5,911,504		5,939,258
HELOCs	2,573		1,816		4,389		1,423		7,191		8,614		1,668,976		1,681,979
Other consumer	11		12		23		—		2,502		2,502		328,745		331,270
Total consumer	17,229		9,678		26,907		1,932		14,443		16,375		7,909,225		7,952,507
Total	$	50,382	$	28,848	$	79,230	$	23,800	$	61,893	$	85,693	$	31,912,243	$	32,077,166

For information on the policy for recording payments received and resuming accrual of interest on non-PCI loans that are placed on nonaccrual status, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies— Loans Held-for-Investment to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

PCI loans are excluded from the above aging analysis tables as the Company has elected to account for these loans on a pool level basis under ASC 310-30 at the time of acquisition. Refer to the discussion on PCI loans within this ~~note~~Note for additional details on interest income recognition. As of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, PCI loans on nonaccrual status totaled ~~$5.7~~$4.1 million and ~~$11.7~~$4.0 million, respectively.

Loans in Process of Foreclosure

The Company commences the foreclosure process on consumer mortgage loans when a borrower becomes 120 days delinquent in accordance with Consumer Finance Protection Bureau guidelines. As of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016, the Company had $6.3~~2018, consumer mortgage loans of $5.3 million and ~~$3.1~~$3.0 million, respectively, ~~of recorded investments in residential and consumer mortgage loans~~were secured by residential real estate properties, for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process ~~according to~~in accordance with local requirements of the applicable ~~jurisdictions, which were not included in OREO. A~~jurisdictions. As of both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, no foreclosed residential real estate property ~~with a carrying amount of $391 thousand~~ was included in total net OREO of $2.3 million as of September 30, 2017. In comparison, foreclosed residential real estate properties with a carrying amount of $401 thousand were included in total net OREO of $6.7 million as of December 31, 2016.$133 thousand.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

Potential troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are individually evaluated and the type of restructuring is selected based on the loan type and the circumstances of the borrower’s financial ~~difficulty in order to maximize the Company’s recovery.~~difficulty. A TDR is a modification of the terms of a loan when the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not have otherwise considered.

There were no non-PCI TDR additions during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The following ~~tables present~~table presents the additions to non-PCI TDRs for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~March 31, 2019:

Loans Modified as TDRs During the Three Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) 2017 2016
Number
of
Loans
Pre-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment

Post-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment ⁽¹⁾

Financial
Impact ⁽²⁾
Number
of
Loans
Pre-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment

Post-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment ⁽¹⁾

Financial
Impact ⁽²⁾
CRE: ��

Income producing 1 $ 172
$ 172
$ 8
— $ —
$ —
$ —
C&I:
Commercial business 10 $ 15,143
$ 14,927
$ 65
3 $ 493
$ 475
$ 93

Loans Modified as TDRs During the Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) 2017 2016
Number
of
Loans
Pre-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment

Post-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment ⁽¹⁾

Financial
Impact ⁽²⁾
Number
of
Loans
Pre-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment

Post-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment ⁽¹⁾

Financial
Impact ⁽²⁾
CRE:

Income producing 2 $ 1,699
$ 1,648
$ 8
3 $ 15,899
$ 15,730
$ 43
Land — $ —
$ —
$ —
1 $ 5,522
$ 5,233
$ —
C&I:
Commercial business 15 $ 29,541
$ 28,796
$ 10,365
8 $ 22,182
$ 9,113
$ 2,711
Trade finance — $ —
$ —
$ —
2 $ 7,901
$ 3,025
$ —
Residential:
Single-family — $ —
$ —
$ —
2 $ 1,071
$ 1,065
$ —
Multifamily 1 $ 3,655
$ 3,620
$ 112
— $ —
$ —
$ —
Consumer — $ —
$ —
$ —
1 $ 344
$ 337
$ 1




($ in thousands)	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment ⁽¹⁾		Financial Impact ⁽²⁾
Commercial:
C&I	3	$	29,152	$	29,176	$	60


(1)	Includes subsequent payments after modification and reflects the balance as of ~~September 30, 2017 and 2016.~~March 31, 2019.


(2)	The financial impact includes increases in charge-offs and specific reserves recorded at the modification date.

~~The following tables present~~Modifications made to the ~~non-PCI TDR modifications for~~TDRs presented in the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 by modification type:~~

($ in thousands) Modification Type During the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

Principal ⁽¹⁾

Principal
and
Interest ⁽²⁾

Interest
Rate
Reduction

Interest
Deferments
Other Total
CRE $ 172
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ 172
C&I 14,903
24
—
—
—
14,927
Total $ 15,075
$ 24
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ 15,099

($ in thousands) Modification Type During the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016

Principal ⁽¹⁾

Principal
and
Interest ⁽²⁾
Interest
Rate
Reduction Interest
Deferments Other Total
C&I $ 444
$ —
$ —
$ 31
$ —
$ 475
Total $ 444
$ —
$ —
$ 31
$ —
$ 475

($ in thousands) Modification Type During the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

Principal ⁽¹⁾

Principal
and
Interest ⁽²⁾
Interest
Rate
Reduction Interest
Deferments Other Total
CRE $ 1,648
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ 1,648
C&I 18,289
10,507
—
—
—
28,796
Residential 3,620
—
—
—
—
3,620
Total $ 23,557
$ 10,507
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ 34,064

($ in thousands) Modification Type During the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016

Principal ⁽¹⁾

Principal
and
Interest ⁽²⁾
Interest
Rate
Reduction Interest
Deferments Other Total
CRE $ 19,812
$ —
$ —
$ —
$ 1,151
$ 20,963
C&I 10,218
—
1,288
32
600
12,138
Residential 266
—
799
—
—
1,065
Consumer 337
—
—
—
—
337
Total $ 30,633
$ —
$ 2,087
$ 32
$ 1,751
$ 34,503


~~(1)~~	~~Includes~~table above include forbearance payments, term extensions and principal deferments that modify the terms of the loan from principal and interest payments to interest payments only.


~~(2)~~	~~Includes principal and interest deferments or reductions.~~

Subsequent to restructuring, a TDR that becomes delinquent, generally beyond 90 days, is considered to ~~have defaulted.~~be in default. As TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment under the specific reserve methodology, subsequent defaults do not generally have a significant additional impact on the allowance for loan losses. The following ~~tables present~~table presents information ~~for~~on loans modified as TDRs within the previous 12 months that have subsequently defaulted during the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, and were still in default at the respective period end:

($ in thousands) Loans Modified as TDRs that Subsequently Defaulted During the Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016
Number of
Loans Recorded
Investment Number of
Loans Recorded
Investment
CRE:

Income producing —
$ —
1
$ 1,000
C&I:
Commercial business 1
$ 9,386
—
$ —

($ in thousands) Loans Modified as TDRs that Subsequently Defaulted During the Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016
Number of
Loans Recorded
Investment Number of
Loans Recorded
Investment
CRE:

Income producing —
$ —
1
$ 1,000
C&I:

Commercial business 1
$ 9,386
2
$ 119
Consumer 1
$ 48
—
$ —




($ in thousands)	Loans Modified as TDRs that Subsequently Defaulted During the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	Number of Loans	Recorded Investment		Number of Loans	Recorded Investment
Commercial:
C&I	3	$	4,618	—	$	—
Consumer:
HELOCs	—	$	—	1	$	155

The amount of additional funds committed to lend to borrowers whose terms have been modified was ~~$612~~$860 thousand and ~~$9.9~~$3.9 million as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively.

~~Impaired Loans~~

The Company’s loans are grouped into heterogeneous and homogeneous (mostly consumer loans) categories. Classified loans in the heterogeneous category are identified and evaluated for impairment on an individual basis. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will not be able to collect all scheduled payments of principal or interest due in accordance with the original contractual terms. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or, as expedient, at the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent, less costs to sell. When the value of an impaired loan is less than the recorded investment and the loan is classified as nonperforming and uncollectible, the deficiency is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. Impaired loans exclude the homogeneous consumer loan portfolio, which is evaluated collectively for impairment. The Company’s impaired loans include predominantly non-PCI loans held-for-investment on nonaccrual status and any non-PCI loans modified in a TDR, which may be on accrual or nonaccrual status.

Loans

The following tables present information on ~~the~~ non-PCI impaired loans as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017

Unpaid
Principal
Balance

Recorded
Investment
With No
Allowance

Recorded
Investment
With
Allowance

Total
Recorded
Investment

Related
Allowance
CRE:

Income producing $ 35,133
$ 28,908
$ 6,241
$ 35,149
$ 1,011
Land 4,183
4,173
10
4,183
1
C&I:

Commercial business 89,233
50,700
38,392
89,092
18,183
Trade finance 4,786
—
4,708
4,708
786
Residential:

Single-family 15,868
1,867
14,032
15,899
572
Multifamily 12,224
6,062
6,170
12,232
194
Consumer 4,298
1,303
2,998
4,301
4
Total $ 165,725
$ 93,013
$ 72,551
$ 165,564
$ 20,751




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance
Commercial:
C&I	$	159,172	$	117,905	$	11,791	$	129,696	$	1,537
CRE	37,461		29,288		2,012		31,300		197
Multifamily residential	6,373		2,925		2,958		5,883		92
Total commercial	203,006		150,118		16,761		166,879		1,826
Consumer:
Single-family residential	19,593		3,970		14,366		18,336		43
HELOCs	11,794		5,356		6,308		11,664		84
Other consumer	2,506		—		2,506		2,506		2,502
Total consumer	33,893		9,326		23,180		32,506		2,629
Total non-PCI impaired loans	$	236,899	$	159,444	$	39,941	$	199,385	$	4,455

($ in thousands) December 31, 2016

Unpaid
Principal
Balance

Recorded
Investment
With No
Allowance

Recorded
Investment
With
Allowance

Total
Recorded
Investment

Related
Allowance
CRE:

Income producing $ 50,718
$ 32,507
$ 14,001
$ 46,508
$ 1,263
Land 6,457
5,427
443
5,870
63
C&I:

Commercial business 162,239
78,316
42,137
120,453
10,443
Trade finance 5,227
—
5,166
5,166
34
Residential:

Single-family 15,435
—
14,335
14,335
687
Multifamily 11,181
5,684
4,357
10,041
180
Consumer 4,016
—
3,682
3,682
31
Total $ 255,273
$ 121,934
$ 84,121
$ 206,055
$ 12,701




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance
Commercial:
C&I	$	82,963	$	48,479	$	8,609	$	57,088	$	1,219
CRE	36,426		28,285		2,067		30,352		208
Multifamily residential	6,031		2,949		2,611		5,560		75
Total commercial	125,420		79,713		13,287		93,000		1,502
Consumer:
Single-family residential	14,670		2,552		10,908		13,460		34
HELOCs	10,035		5,547		4,409		9,956		5
Other consumer	2,502		—		2,502		2,502		2,491
Total consumer	27,207		8,099		17,819		25,918		2,530
Total non-PCI impaired loans	$	152,627	$	87,812	$	31,106	$	118,918	$	4,032

The following table presents the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on non-PCI impaired loans for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Average
Recorded
Investment
Recognized
Interest
   Income ⁽¹⁾
Average
Recorded
Investment
Recognized
Interest
   Income ⁽¹⁾

Average
Recorded
Investment

Recognized
Interest
   Income ⁽¹⁾
Average
Recorded
Investment
Recognized
Interest
   Income ⁽¹⁾
CRE:
Income producing $ 37,489
$ 179
$ 52,116
$ 464
$ 37,238
$ 535
$ 52,221
$ 1,368
Land 4,337
—
6,622
9
4,484
—
6,777
26
C&I:
Commercial business 93,278
242
91,290
258
94,709
799
92,805
648
Trade finance 4,216
53
9,005
33
4,444
122
10,028
166
Residential:
Single-family 16,124
111
13,438
72
16,141
325
13,517
220
Multifamily 12,532
108
20,585
77
12,540
324
20,646
231
Consumer 4,492
14
1,571
16
4,455
41
1,575
48
Total non-PCI impaired loans $ 172,468
$ 707
$ 194,627
$ 929
$ 174,011
$ 2,146
$ 197,569
$ 2,707




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019				2018
	Average Recorded Investment		Recognized Interest Income ⁽¹⁾		Average Recorded Investment		Recognized Interest Income ⁽¹⁾
Commercial:
C&I	$	93,391	$	735	$	98,833	$	262
CRE	30,827		114		35,236		143
Multifamily residential	5,721		61		10,027		82
Construction and land	—		—		3,973		—
Total commercial	129,939		910		148,069		487
Consumer:
Single-family residential	15,898		128		15,079		113
HELOCs	10,811		18		6,671		15
Other consumer	2,504		—		2,491		—
Total consumer	29,213		146		24,241		128
Total non-PCI impaired loans	$	159,152	$	1,056	$	172,310	$	615


(1)	Includes interest income recognized on accruing non-PCI TDRs. Interest payments received on nonaccrual non-PCI loans are reflected as a reduction to principal, ~~and~~ not as interest income.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following ~~tables present~~table presents a summary of activities in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Non-PCI Loans PCI Loans Total
CRE C&I Residential Consumer Total
Beginning balance $ 73,985
$ 150,136
$ 43,679
$ 8,438
$ 276,238
$ 78
$ 276,316
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses (346 ) 15,656
(583 ) (1,269 ) 13,458
(10 ) 13,448
Charge-offs —
(7,359 ) —
(65 ) (7,424 ) —
(7,424 )
Recoveries 610
2,165
809
2
3,586
—
3,586
Net recoveries (charge-offs) 610
(5,194 ) 809
(63 ) (3,838 ) —
(3,838 )
Ending balance $ 74,249
$ 160,598
$ 43,905
$ 7,106
$ 285,858
$ 68
$ 285,926

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Non-PCI Loans PCI Loans Total
CRE C&I Residential Consumer Total
Beginning balance $ 78,102
$ 148,427
$ 31,561
$ 8,421
$ 266,511
$ 257
$ 266,768
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses (6,598 ) 18,548
309
(644 ) 11,615
(101 ) 11,514
Charge-offs (309 ) (23,696 ) (29 ) (13 ) (24,047 ) —
(24,047 )
Recoveries 634
165
654
124
1,577
—
1,577
Net recoveries (charge-offs) 325
(23,531 ) 625
111
(22,470 ) —
(22,470 )
Ending balance $ 71,829
$ 143,444
$ 32,495
$ 7,888
$ 255,656
$ 156
$ 255,812

($ in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Non-PCI Loans PCI Loans Total
CRE C&I Residential Consumer Total
Beginning balance $ 72,804
$ 142,166
$ 37,333
$ 8,099
$ 260,402
$ 118
$ 260,520
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses (120 ) 28,576
4,815
(1,087 ) 32,184
(50 ) 32,134
Charge-offs (149 ) (19,802 ) (1 ) (72 ) (20,024 ) —
(20,024 )
Recoveries 1,714
9,658
1,758
166
13,296
—
13,296
Net recoveries (charge-offs) 1,565
(10,144 ) 1,757
94
(6,728 ) —
(6,728 )
Ending balance $ 74,249
$ 160,598
$ 43,905
$ 7,106
$ 285,858
$ 68
$ 285,926

($ in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Non-PCI Loans PCI Loans Total
CRE C&I Residential Consumer Total
Beginning balance $ 81,191
$ 134,597
$ 39,292
$ 9,520
$ 264,600
$ 359
$ 264,959
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses (9,731 ) 38,549
(7,679 ) (1,887 ) 19,252
(203 ) 19,049
Charge-offs (504 ) (31,770 ) (166 ) (17 ) (32,457 ) —
(32,457 )
Recoveries 873
2,068
1,048
272
4,261
—
4,261
Net recoveries (charge-offs) 369
(29,702 ) 882
255
(28,196 ) —
(28,196 )
Ending balance $ 71,829
$ 143,444
$ 32,495
$ 7,888
$ 255,656
$ 156
$ 255,812




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018
Non-PCI Loans
Allowance for non-PCI loans, beginning of period	$	311,300		$	287,070
Provision for loan losses on non-PCI loans	20,648			19,933
Gross charge-offs:
Commercial:
C&I	(17,244		)	(18,445		)
Consumer:
Single-family residential	—			(1		)
Other consumer	(14		)	(17		)
Total gross charge-offs	(17,258		)	(18,463		)
Gross recoveries:
Commercial:
C&I	2,251			7,279
CRE	222			427
Multifamily residential	281			333
Construction and land	63			435
Consumer:
Single-family residential	2			184
HELOCs	2			—
Other consumer	—			1
Total gross recoveries	2,821			8,659
Net charge-offs	(14,437		)	(9,804		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	369			408
Allowance for non-PCI loans, end of period	317,880			297,607
PCI Loans
Allowance for PCI loans, beginning of period	22			58
Reversal of loan losses on PCI loans	(8		)	(11		)
Allowance for PCI loans, end of period	14			47
Allowance for loan losses	$	317,894		$	297,654

For further information on accounting policies and the methodologies used to estimate the allowance for credit losses and loan charge-offs, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

The following table presents a summary of activities in the allowance for unfunded credit reserves for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Beginning balance $ 15,188
$ 20,318
$ 16,121
$ 20,360
Reversal of unfunded credit reserves (452 ) (1,989 ) (1,385 ) (2,031 )
Ending balance $ 14,736
$ 18,329
$ 14,736
$ 18,329




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019		2018
Allowance for unfunded credit reserves, beginning of period	$	12,566	$	13,318
Provision for unfunded credit reserves	1,939		296
Allowance for unfunded credit reserves, end of period	$	14,505	$	13,614

The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is maintained at a level management believes to be sufficient to absorb estimated probable losses related to unfunded credit facilities. The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is included in Accrued ~~expense~~expenses and other liabilitieson the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet. SeeNote 1112 — Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information related to unfunded credit reserves.

The following tables present the Company’s allowance for loan losses and recorded investments by portfolio segment and impairment methodology as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017
CRE C&I Residential Consumer Total
Allowance for loan losses
Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,012
$ 18,969
$ 766
$ 4
$ 20,751
Collectively evaluated for impairment 73,237
141,629
43,139
7,102
265,107
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality
68
—
—
—
68
Ending balance $ 74,317
$ 160,598
$ 43,905
$ 7,106
$ 285,926

Recorded investment in loans
Individually evaluated for impairment $ 39,332
$ 93,800
$ 28,131
$ 4,301
$ 165,564
Collectively evaluated for impairment 9,174,220
10,538,790
6,014,197
2,100,313
27,827,520
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality ⁽¹⁾
313,628
12,566
190,637
15,442
532,273
Ending balance ⁽¹⁾
$ 9,527,180
$ 10,645,156
$ 6,232,965
$ 2,120,056
$ 28,525,357


($ in thousands)											March 31, 2019
	December 31, 2016										Commercial								Consumer						Total
	CRE		C&I		Residential		Consumer		Total		C&I		CRE		Multifamily Residential		Construction and Land		Single- Family Residential		HELOCs		Other Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,326	$	10,477	$	867	$	31	$	12,701	$	1,537	$	197	$	92	$	—	$	43	$	84	$	2,502	$	4,455
Collectively evaluated for impairment	71,478		131,689		36,466		8,068		247,701		188,220		39,668		18,422		22,349		35,716		7,317		1,733		313,425
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality	112		1		5		—		118		—		14		—		—		—		—		—		14
Ending balance	$	72,916	$	142,167	$	37,338	$	8,099	$	260,520
Total											$	189,757	$	39,879	$	18,514	$	22,349	$	35,759	$	7,401	$	4,235	$	317,894

Recorded investment in loans
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	52,378	$	125,619	$	24,376	$	3,682	$	206,055	$	129,696	$	31,300	$	5,883	$	—	$	18,336	$	11,664	$	2,506	$	199,385
Collectively evaluated for impairment	8,288,119		9,476,557		4,836,578		2,053,385		24,654,639		11,909,168		9,447,679		2,236,444		647,338		6,196,050		1,606,781		330,113		32,373,573
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality ⁽¹⁾	350,366		38,387		234,764		18,928		642,445		1,942		157,359		28,263		42		94,945		7,777		—		290,328
Ending balance ⁽¹⁾	$	8,690,863	$	9,640,563	$	5,095,718	$	2,075,995	$	25,503,139
Total ⁽¹⁾											$	12,040,806	$	9,636,338	$	2,270,590	$	647,380	$	6,309,331	$	1,626,222	$	332,619	$	32,863,286




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
	Commercial								Consumer						Total
	C&I		CRE		Multifamily Residential		Construction and Land		Single- Family Residential		HELOCs		Other Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,219	$	208	$	75	$	—	$	34	$	5	$	2,491	$	4,032
Collectively evaluated for impairment	190,121		38,823		19,208		20,282		31,306		5,769		1,759		307,268
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—		22		—		—		—		—		—		22
Total	$	191,340	$	39,053	$	19,283	$	20,282	$	31,340	$	5,774	$	4,250	$	311,322

Recorded investment in loans
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	57,088	$	30,352	$	5,560	$	—	$	13,460	$	9,956	$	2,502	$	118,918
Collectively evaluated for impairment	11,997,730		9,254,231		2,240,946		538,752		5,925,798		1,672,023		328,768		31,958,248
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality ⁽¹⁾	2,152		165,252		34,526		42		97,196		8,855		—		308,023
Total ⁽¹⁾	$	12,056,970	$	9,449,835	$	2,281,032	$	538,794	$	6,036,454	$	1,690,834	$	331,270	$	32,385,189


(1)	Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

Purchased ~~Credit Impaired~~Credit-Impaired Loans

At the date of acquisition, PCI loans are pooled and accounted for at fair value, which represents the discounted value of the expected cash flows of the loan portfolio. A pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single interest rate, cumulative loss rate and cash ~~flow~~flows expectation. The cash flows expected over the life of the pools are estimated by an internal cash ~~flow~~flows model that projects cash flows and calculates the carrying values of the pools, book yields, effective interest income and impairment, if any, based on pool level events. Assumptions as to cumulative loss rates, loss curves and prepayment speeds are utilized to calculate the expected cash flows. The amount of expected cash flows over the initial investment in the loan represents the “accretable yield,” which is recognized as interest income on a level yield basis over the life of the loan. ~~Prepayments~~Projected loss rates and prepayment speeds affect the estimated life of PCI loans, which may change the amount of interest income, and possibly principal, expected to be collected. The excess of total contractual cash flows over the cash flows expected to be ~~received~~collected at ~~origination~~acquisition, considering the impact of prepayments, is ~~deemed~~referred to beas the “nonaccretable difference.”

The following table presents the changes in accretable yield for PCI loans for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2017			2016			2017			2016			2019			2018
Beginning balance	$	118,625		$	166,777		$	136,247		$	214,907
Accretable yield for PCI loans, beginning of period													$	74,870		$	101,977
Accretion	(10,747		)	(14,827		)	(32,108		)	(53,510		)	(6,201		)	(9,134		)
Changes in expected cash flows	2,078			311			5,817			(9,136		)	192			3,021
Ending balance	$	109,956		$	152,261		$	109,956		$	152,261
Accretable yield for PCI loans, end of period													$	68,861		$	95,864

Loans Held-for-Sale

~~Loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. When a determination is made at~~At the time of commitment to originate or purchase ~~loans as held-for-investment,~~a loan, the loan is determined to be held for investment if it is the Company’s intent to hold ~~these loans~~the loan to maturity or for the “foreseeable future,” subject to periodic reviews under the Company’s ~~management~~ evaluation processes, including asset/liability and credit risk management. When the Company subsequently changes its intent to hold certain loans, the loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value.

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, there were no loans ~~held-for-sale amounted to $178 thousand, which were comprised of single-family residential loans.~~held-for-sale. In comparison, as of December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, loans held-for-sale ~~amounted to $23.1 million, which were primarily comprised~~ of consumer loans. Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale were $74.5 million and $418.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. These loan transfers were primarily comprised of C&I loans for both periods. In comparison, $144.9 million and $720.7 million of loans were transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. These loan transfers were primarily comprised of C&I, multifamily residential and CRE loans for both periods. The Company recorded $232$275 thousand and $441 thousand in write-downs to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. In comparison, there were no write-downs and $1.9 million of write-downs recorded to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold $33.8 million and $101.4 million, respectively, in originated loans, resulting in net gains of $2.3 million and $5.5 million, respectively. Originated loans sold during these periods were primarily comprised of C&I and CRE loans. In comparison, the Company sold $107.3 million in originated loans during the three months ended September 30, 2016, resulting in net gains of $2.2 million. Originated loans sold during this period were primarily comprised of C&I and CRE loans. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company sold or securitized $529.5 million in originated loans, resulting in net gains of $9.3 million. Included in these amounts were $201.7 million of multifamily residential loans securitized during the first quarter of 2016, which resulted in net gains of $1.1 million, $641 thousand in mortgage servicing rights and $160.1 million of held-to-maturity investment security that were recorded. The remaining $327.8 million of originated loans sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily comprising of CRE and C&I loans, resulted in net gains of $8.2 million.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company purchased $72.4 million and $441.1 million loans, respectively, compared to $256.2 million and $1.04 billion during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans and single-family residential loans. The higher loans purchased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily included $165.8 million and $488.3 million, respectively,consisted of single-family residential ~~loans purchased for Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) purposes.~~loans.

Loan Purchases, Transfers and Sales

From time to time, the Company purchases and sells loans in the secondary market. Certain purchased loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale, and write-downs to allowance for loan losses are recorded, when appropriate. ~~During the three~~The following tables present information on loan purchases into held-for-investment portfolio, reclassification of loans held-for-investment to held-for-sale and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold loans of $57.4 million and $354.5 million, respectively, in the secondary market at net gains of $19 thousand and $1.2 million, respectively. In comparison, the Company sold loans of $45.8 million and $179.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, in the secondary market. Loan sales ~~in the secondary market resulted in no gains or losses and $69 thousand in net gains recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.~~

~~The Company records valuation adjustments in~~ ~~Net gains on sales of loans~~ ~~on the Consolidated Statements of Income to carry the loans held-for-sale portfolio at the lower of cost or fair value. For each of~~during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016, no valuation adjustments were recorded. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded $61 thousand and $2.4 million, respectively, in valuation adjustments.~~2018:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Commercial						Consumer		Total
	C&I		CRE		Multifamily Residential		Single-Family Residential		Total
Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale ⁽¹⁾	$	75,573	$	16,655	$	—	$	—	$	92,228
Sales ^(2)(3)(4)	$	75,646	$	16,655	$	—	$	2,442	$	94,743
Purchases ⁽⁵⁾	$	107,194	$	—	$	4,218	$	36,402	$	147,814




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
	Commercial						Consumer
	C&I		CRE		Multifamily Residential		Single-Family Residential		Total
Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale ⁽¹⁾	$	146,391	$	9,376	$	—	$	—	$	155,767
Sales ^(2)(3)(4)	$	102,365	$	9,376	$	—	$	2,546	$	114,287
Purchases ⁽⁵⁾	$	64,747	$	—	$	186	$	15,113	$	80,046


(1)	The Company recorded $73 thousand and $85 thousand in write-downs to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.


(2)	Includes originated loans sold of $76.5 million and $89.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Originated loans sold during each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were primarily C&I and CRE loans.


(3)	Includes purchased loans sold in the secondary market of $18.2 million and $24.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.


(4)	Net gains on sales of loans, excluding the lower of cost or fair value adjustments, were $915 thousand and $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. No lower of cost or fair value adjustments were recorded for each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.


(5)	C&I loan purchases for each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were comprised of C&I syndicated loans.

Note 9 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net and Variable Interest Entities

The ~~CRA~~Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) encourages banks to meet the credit needs of their communities for housing and other purposes, particularly in ~~neighborhoods with~~ low or moderate ~~income.~~income neighborhoods. The Company invests in certain affordable housing projects in the form of ownership interests in limited partnerships or limited liability companies that qualify for CRA and tax credits. Such ~~limited partnerships~~entities are formed to develop and operate apartment complexes designed as high-quality affordable housing for lower income tenants throughout the U.S. Each of the ~~partnerships~~entities must meet the regulatory requirements for affordable housing for a minimum 15-year compliance period to fully utilize the tax credits. In addition to affordable housing ~~limited partnerships,~~projects, the Company also invests in ~~new market tax credit~~New Market Tax Credit projects that qualify for CRA credits and eligible projects that qualify for renewable energy and historic tax credits. Investments in renewable energy tax credits help promote the development of renewable energy sources, while the investments in historic tax credits promote the rehabilitation of historic buildings and economic revitalization of the surrounding areas.

Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Net

The Company records its investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, using the proportional amortization method. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received, and recognizes the amortization in Income tax expense on the Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Income.

The following table presents ~~the balances of~~ the Company’s investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, and related unfunded commitments as of ~~the periods indicated:~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net	$	178,344	$	183,917	$	197,470	$	184,873
Accrued expenses and other liabilities — Unfunded commitments	$	63,607	$	57,243	$	83,769	$	80,764

The following table presents additional information related to the Company’s investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, for the ~~periods indicated:~~three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016		2019		2018
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized	$	15,840	$	8,591	$	35,027	$	26,561	$	11,826	$	9,155
Amortization expense included in income tax expense	$	8,944	$	6,612	$	22,945	$	20,923	$	8,897	$	7,073

Investments in Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net

Investments in tax credit and other investments, net, were $203.8 million and $173.3 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in these partnerships and, therefore, is not required to consolidate its investments in tax credit and other investments on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Depending on the ownership percentage and the influence the Company has on the ~~limited partnership,~~investments in tax credit and other investments, net, the Company applies ~~either~~ the equity or cost method of ~~accounting.~~accounting, or the measurement alternative as elected under ASU 2016-01 for equity investments without readily determinable fair value.

~~Total~~The following table presents the Company’s investments in tax credit and other investments, net, and related unfunded commitments ~~for these investments were $103.0 million and $117.0 million~~ as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016, respectively, and are included in~~ ~~Accrued expenses and other liabilities~~ ~~on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.~~ 2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Investments in tax credit and other investments, net	$	217,445	$	231,635
Accrued expenses and other liabilities — Unfunded commitments	$	78,326	$	80,228

Amortization of tax credit and other investments was ~~$23.8~~$24.9 million and ~~$32.6~~$17.4 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, respectively.

$30.9 million and $31.2 million of equity securities with readily determinable fair values were included in Investments in tax credit and other investments, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. These equity securities are CRA investments and were measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in net income. The Company recorded unrealized gains on these equity securities of $392 thousand during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and unrealized losses of $454 thousand for the same period in 2018.

The Company has previously invested in mobile solar generators sold and managed by DC Solar, which were included in Investments in tax credit and other investments, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For reasons that were not known or knowable to the Company, DC Solar had its assets frozen in December 2018. DC Solar filed for bankruptcy protection in February 2019. In February 2019, an affidavit from a Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) special agent stated that DC Solar was operating a fraudulent "Ponzi-like scheme" and that the majority of mobile solar generators sold to investors and managed by DC Solar and the majority of the related lease revenues claimed to have been received by DC Solar may not have existed. Certain investors in DC Solar, including the Company, received tax credits for making these renewable resource investments. The Company has claimed tax credit benefits of approximately $53.9 million in the Consolidated Financial Statements between 2014 through 2018. If the allegations set forth in the declaration filed by the FBI are proven to be accurate, up to the entire amount of the tax credits claimed by the Company could potentially be disallowed. The Company has fully written off the tax credit investments related to DC Solar in the first quarter of 2019 and recorded a pre-tax $7.0 million impairment charge, which is included in Amortization of tax credit and other investments ~~was $66.1 million and $60.8 million for~~ on the ~~nine~~Consolidated Statement of Income during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019. Based on the information known as of March 31, 2019, the Company believes that it has not met the more-likely-than-not criterion to recognize an uncertain tax position liability under ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company continues to closely monitor the progress of the allegations set forth in the FBI declaration, and ~~2016, respectively.~~it is reasonably possible that an uncertain tax position will be required for at least part, if not potentially all, of the tax credit benefits the Company has claimed.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company invests in unconsolidated limited partnerships and similar entities that construct, own and operate affordable housing, historic rehabilitation projects, wind and solar projects, of which the majority of such investments are variable interest entities (“VIEs”). As a limited partner in these partnerships, these investments are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits and tax benefits. An unrelated third party is typically the general partner or managing member who has control over the significant activities of such investments. While the Company’s interest in some of the investments may exceed 50% of the outstanding equity interests, the Company does not consolidate these structures due to the general partner or managing partner’s ability to manage the entity, which is indicative of power in them. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss in connection with these partnerships consist of the unamortized investment balance and any tax credits claimed subject to recapture.

Special purpose entities formed in connection with securitization transactions are generally considered VIEs. The Company is the servicer of the multifamily residential loans it has securitized in the first quarter of 2016. The Company does not consolidate the multifamily securitization entity because it does not have power and does not have a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

Note 10 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Total goodwill ~~of $469.4~~was $465.7 million ~~remained unchanged~~and $465.5 million as of ~~September 30, 2017 compared to~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2018, respectively. Goodwill ~~is tested~~represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in an acquisition. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level (at the same level as the Company’s business segment) on an annual basis as of December 31^st,of each year, or more frequently asif events ~~occur~~ or circumstances, ~~change that would more likely than not reduce~~such as adverse changes in the ~~fair value of a~~economic or business environment, indicate there may be impairment. The Company organizes its operation into three reporting ~~unit below its carrying amount. The Company’s three operating segments, Retail Banking,~~segments: (1) Consumer and Business Banking; (2) Commercial ~~Banking~~Banking; and ~~Other,~~(3) Other. For information on how the reporting units are ~~equivalent to the Company’s reporting units. For complete discussion~~identified and ~~disclosure,~~components are aggregated, see Note 1517 — Business Segmentsto the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements in this Form 10-Q.

The following tables present changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting unit during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:




($ in thousands)	Consumer and Business Banking			Commercial Banking		Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2018	$	357,207		$	112,226	$	469,433
Disposition of the DCB branches	(3,886		)	—		(3,886		)
Ending balance, March 31, 2018	$	353,321		$	112,226	$	465,547




($ in thousands)	Consumer and Business Banking		Commercial Banking		Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2019	$	353,321	$	112,226	$	465,547
Acquisition of Enstream Capital Markets, LLC	—		150		150
Ending balance, March 31, 2019	$	353,321	$	112,376	$	465,697

Impairment Analysis

The Company performed its annual impairment analysis as of December 31, ~~2016~~2018, and concluded that there was no goodwill impairment as the fair ~~values~~value of all reporting units exceeded the carrying ~~amounts~~amount of ~~goodwill.~~their respective reporting unit. There were no triggering events during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, and therefore, no additional goodwill impairment analysis was performed. No assurance can be given that goodwill will not be written down in future periods. Refer to Note 9 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K for additional details related to the Company’s annual goodwill impairment analysis.

Core Deposit Intangibles

Core deposit intangibles represent the intangible value of depositor relationships resulting from deposit liabilities assumed in various acquisitions and ~~were~~are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet. These intangibles are tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently as events occur or as current circumstances and conditions warrant. There were no impairment write-downs on the core deposit intangibles for each of the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016.~~2018. In addition, core deposit intangibles associated with the sale of the Bank’s DCB branches with a net carrying amount of $1.0 million were written off in the first quarter of 2018.

The following table presents the gross carrying ~~value~~amount of core deposit intangible assets and accumulated amortization as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016			March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Gross balance(1)	$	108,814		$	108,814		$	86,099		$	86,099
Accumulated amortization(1)	(86,140		)	(80,825		)	(72,744		)	(71,570		)
Net carrying balance(1)	$	22,674		$	27,989		$	13,355		$	14,529


(1)	Excludes fully amortized core deposit intangible assets.

Amortization Expense

The Company amortizes the core deposit intangibles based on the projected useful lives of the related deposits. The amortization expense related to the core deposit intangible assets was ~~$1.7~~$1.2 million and ~~$2.0~~$1.5 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, respectively ~~and $5.3 million and $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.~~

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense of core deposit ~~intangibles:~~intangibles as of March 31, 2019:


Year Ended December 31,	Amount ($ in thousands)
Remainder of 2017	$	1,620
2018	5,883
2019	4,864
($ in thousands)			Amount
Remainder of 2019			$	3,344
2020	3,846		3,634
2021	2,833		2,749
2022			1,865
2023			1,199
Thereafter	3,628		564
Total	$	22,674	$	13,355

Note 11 — Leases

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and all subsequent related ASUs using the alternative transition method with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings without revising comparable prior periods’ financial information. As both a lessee and lessor, the Company elected the package of practical expedients available for leases that commenced before the adoption date where the Company need not reassess: (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) the initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases (i.e., whether those costs qualify for capitalization). The Company also elected the hindsight practical expedient to determine the lease term and in assessing impairment on the Company’s right-of-use assets, and the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components, consistently across all leases.

Leases - Lessee

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception. The Company leases certain retail banking branches and office spaces in the U.S. and Greater China under operating leases. Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had 128 operating leases with lease expiration in the years ranging from 2019 to 2030, exclusive of renewal options. Certain operating leases include options to extend the leases for up to 15 years, while some of which include options to terminate the leases after four to five years of occupancy. The Company's measurement of the operating lease liability and right-of-use asset does not include payments associated with the options to extend or terminate the lease since it is not reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company also has equipment and air rights finance leases. As of March 31, 2019, the Company has four finance leases with lease expiration in the years ranging from 2021 to 2047.

A portion of the operating leases includes variable lease payments that are primarily based on the usage of the asset or the consumer price index ("CPI") as specified in the lease agreements. The Company does not remeasure lease liabilities as a result of changes to variable lease payments. As most of the Company’s operating and financing leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) based on the information available at the later of adoption date or lease commencement date is used in determining the present value of future payments. The FHLB of San Francisco secured advance rate, effected for the Company’s borrowing capacity ratio, and the rate of interest on the unsecured borrowings are blended in a weighted average calculation to arrive at the Company’s IBR that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

Balance Sheet Classification

The following table presents the lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet:




($ in thousands)	Classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheet	March 31, 2019
Assets:
Operating lease assets	Operating lease right-of use assets	$	104,289
Finance lease assets	Premises and equipment	8,199
Total lease assets		$	112,488
Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	$	112,843
Finance lease liabilities	Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities	5,533
Total lease liabilities		$	118,376

Lease Costs

The following table presents the components of lease expense for operating and finance leases during the three months ended March 31, 2019:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	8,980
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	202
Interest on lease liabilities	46
Variable lease cost	30
Sublease income	(32		)
Net lease cost	$	9,226

Supplemental Lease Information

The following table presents the supplemental cash flow information related to leases during the three months ended March 31, 2019:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	9,175
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	46
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	217
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities:
Operating leases	$	3,678

The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates related to leases as of March 31, 2019:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	5.0 years
Finance leases	16.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases	3.24	%
Finance leases	3.29	%

Maturity Analysis

The following table presents a maturity analysis of the Company’s operating and finance lease liabilities as March 31, 2019:




($ in thousands)	Operating Leases			Finance Leases
Remainder of 2019	$	23,357		$	782
2020	28,029			997
2021	23,359			977
2022	16,542			638
2023	10,675			349
Thereafter	20,548			3,450
Total minimum lease payments	$	122,510		$	7,193
Less: imputed interest	(9,667		)	(1,660		)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	112,843		$	5,533

In addition, the Company has two operating leases of $22.7 million that had not yet commenced as of March 31, 2019. These leases will commence on April 1, 2019 with lease terms between two to three years.

Leases - Lessor

The Company provides equipment financing leases to its commercial customers. As of March 31, 2019, the Company has 106 direct finance leases with expiration in the years ranging from 2019 to 2027, exclusive of renewal options. Some of the leases include options to extend leases for up to one year, and some include early buy out options for the lessee to purchase the equipment before the end of the contract. All equipment leases include options to purchase the underlying assets. As the Company is not reasonably certain at lease commencement that the purchase options will be exercised by the lessees, the lease terms exclude the purchase option.

The unguaranteed residual value is recorded at the present value of the amount the Company expects to derive from the underlying asset following the end of the lease term that is not guaranteed by the lessee or any third party, discounted using the rate implicit in the lease. The guaranteed residual value is included in Loans held-for-investment on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, measured on a discounted basis. The Company utilizes residual value insurance on equipment as a risk management strategy for residual assets.

Components of Net Investment and Lease Income - Direct Financing Leases

The table below presents certain information related to the components of the net investment in direct financing leases as of March 31, 2019 and the lease income for direct financing leases during the three months ended March 31, 2019:




($ in thousands)	Direct Financing Leases
As of March 31, 2019
Lease receivables	$	140,001
Unguaranteed residual assets	14,486
Net investment in direct financing leases	$	154,487
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Interest income	$	1,541

Maturity Analysis

Future minimum rental payments to be received under non-cancellable direct financing leases are estimated as follows:




($ in thousands)	Direct Financing Leases
Remainder of 2019	$	20,374
2020	27,027
2021	25,046
2022	17,651
2023	11,454
Thereafter	18,981
Total minimum lease payments	$	120,533
Less: imputed interest	(12,626		)
Present value of lease receivables	$	107,907

Note 1112 — Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments to Extent Credit ~~Extensions~~ — In the normal course of business, the Company ~~has various~~provides customers loan commitments on predetermined terms. These outstanding commitments to extend credit ~~that~~ are not reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. While the Company does not anticipate losses as a result of these transactions, commitments to extend credit are included in determining the appropriate level of the allowance for unfunded commitments, and outstanding commercial and standby letters of credit (“SBLCs”).

The following table presents the Company’s credit-related commitments as of ~~the periods indicated:~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Loan commitments	$	4,956,515	$	5,077,869	$	5,349,316	$	5,147,821
Commercial letters of credit and SBLCs	$	1,757,648	$	1,525,613	$	1,806,083	$	1,796,647

Loan commitments are agreements to lend to ~~a customer~~customers provided that there are no violations of any conditions established in the agreement. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require maintenance of compensatory balances. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future funding requirements.

Commercial letters of credit are issued to facilitate domestic and foreign trade transactions, while SBLCs are generally contingent upon the failure of the customers to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party. As a result, the total contractual amounts do not necessarily represent future funding requirements. The Company’s historical experience is that SBLCs typically expire without being funded. Additionally, in many cases, the Company holds collateral in various forms against these SBLCs. As a part of its risk management activities, the Company monitors the creditworthiness of customers in conjunction with its SBLC exposure. Customers are obligated to reimburse the Company for any payment made on the customers’ behalf. If the customers fail to pay, the Company would, as applicable, liquidate the collateral and/or offset accounts. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, total letters of credit ~~which amounted to $1.76~~of $1.81 billion were comprised of SBLCs of ~~$1.70~~$1.73 billion and commercial letters of credit of ~~$59.1~~$71.4 million.

The Company ~~uses~~applies the same credit underwriting criteria in extending loans, commitments and conditional obligations to customers. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Collateral and financial guarantees may be obtained based on management’s assessment of the customer’s credit. Collateral may include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial property.

Estimated exposure to loss from these commitments is included in the allowance for unfunded credit reserves, and amounted to ~~$14.0~~$14.4 million as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~$15.7~~$12.4 million as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. These amounts are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet.

Guarantees — — The Company ~~has sold~~sells or ~~securitized~~securitizes loans with recourse in the ordinary course of business. The recourse component in the loans sold or securitized with recourse is considered a guarantee. As the guarantor, the Company is obligated to ~~make payments when~~repurchase up to the recourse component of the loans if the loans default. AsThe following table presents the types of ~~September 30, 2017~~guarantees the Company had outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016, the unpaid principal balance of total single-family and multifamily residential loans sold or securitized with recourse amounted to $121.2 million and $150.5 million, respectively.~~ 2018:




($ in thousands)	Maximum Potential Future Payments				Carrying Value
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Single-family residential loans sold or securitized with recourse	$	15,571	$	16,700	$	15,571	$	16,700
Multifamily residential loans sold or securitized with recourse	17,019		17,058		61,619		69,974
Total	$	32,590	$	33,758	$	77,190	$	86,674

The Company’s recourse reserve related to these guarantees is included in the allowance for unfunded credit reserves and totaled ~~$256~~$103 thousand and ~~$373~~$123 thousand as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively. The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is included inAccrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet. The Company continues to experience minimal losses from the single-family and multifamily residential loan portfolios sold or securitized with recourse.

Litigation —— The Company is a party to various legal actions arising in the course of its business. In accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies,, the Company accrues reserves for outstanding lawsuits, claims and proceedings when a loss contingency is probable and can be reasonably estimated. The Company estimates the amount of loss contingencies using current available information from legal proceedings, advice from legal counsel and available insurance coverage. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the assessments and unpredictability of the outcomes of the legal proceedings, any amounts accrued or included in this aggregate amount may not represent the ultimate loss to the Company from the legal proceedings in question. Thus, the Company’s exposure and ultimate losses may be higher, and possibly significantly more than the amounts accrued.

Other Commitments —— The Company has commitments to invest in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments as discussed in Note 9 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net and Variable Interest Entitiesto the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements. These commitments are payable on demand.~~Statements in this Form 10-Q. As of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, these commitments were ~~$166.6~~$162.1 million and ~~$174.3~~$161.0 million, respectively. These commitments are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet.

Note 13 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The following tables present revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and other noninterest income, segregated by operating segments for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Consumer and Business Banking		Commercial Banking		Other		Total
Noninterest income:
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Deposit account fees:
Deposit service charges and related fee income	$	5,233	$	3,274	$	16	$	8,523
Card income	933		185		—		1,118
Wealth management fees	3,706		106		—		3,812
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	9,872	$	3,565	$	16	$	13,453
Other sources of noninterest income ⁽¹⁾	3,900		20,979		3,799		28,678
Total noninterest income	$	13,772	$	24,544	$	3,815	$	42,131




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Consumer and Business Banking		Commercial Banking		Other		Total
Noninterest income:
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Deposit account fees:
Deposit service charges and related fee income	$	6,014	$	3,014	$	158	$	9,186
Card income	1,070		174		—		1,244
Wealth management fees	2,796		157		—		2,953
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	9,880	$	3,345	$	158	$	13,383
Other sources of noninterest income ⁽¹⁾	34,568		24,093		2,400		61,061
Total noninterest income	$	44,448	$	27,438	$	2,558	$	74,444


(1)	Primarily represents revenue from contracts with customers that are out of the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Generally, the Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when it satisfies its performance obligations. The Company’s performance obligations are typically satisfied as services are rendered. The Company generally records contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, when payments from customers are received or due in advance of providing services. The Company records contract assets when services are provided to customers before payment is received or before payment is due. Since the Company receives payments for its services during the period or at the time services are provided, there were no contract asset or receivable balances as of both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The major revenue streams by fee type that are within the scope of ASC 606 presented in the above tables are described in additional detail below:

Deposit Account Fees — Deposit Service Charges and Related Fee Income

The Company offers a range of deposit products to individuals and businesses, which includes savings, money market, checking and time deposit accounts. The deposit account services include ongoing account maintenance, as well as certain optional services such as automated teller machine usage, wire transfer services or check orders. In addition, treasury management and business account analysis services are offered to commercial deposit customers. The Company may charge a fixed monthly account maintenance fee if certain average balances are not maintained, therefore making the fee variable. In addition, each time a deposit customer selects an optional service, the Company may earn transactional fees, generally recognized by the Company at the point in time when the transaction occurs. For business analysis accounts, commercial deposit customers receive an earnings credit based on their account balance, which can be used to offset the cost of banking and treasury management services. Business analysis accounts that are assessed fees in excess of earnings credits received are typically charged at the end of each month, after all transactions are known and the credits are calculated.

Deposit Account Fees — Card Income

Card income is comprised of merchant referral fees and interchange income. For merchant referral fees, the Company provides marketing and referral services to acquiring banks for merchant card processing services and earns variable referral fees based on transaction activities. The Company satisfies its performance obligation over time as the Company identifies, solicits, and refers business customers who are provided such services. The Company receives monthly fees net of consideration it pays to the acquiring bank performing the merchant card processing services. The Company recognizes revenue on a monthly basis when the uncertainty associated with the variable referral fees is resolved after the Company receives monthly statements from the acquiring bank. For interchange income, the Company, as a card issuer, has a stand ready performance obligation to authorize, clear, and settle card transactions. The Company earns, or pays, interchange fees, which are percentage-based on each transaction, and based on rates published by the corresponding payment network for transactions processed using their network. The Company measures its progress toward the satisfaction of its performance obligation over time, as services are rendered, and the Company provides continuous access to this service and settles transactions as its customer, the payment network, requires. Interchange income is presented net of direct costs paid to the customer and entities in their distribution chain, which are transaction-based expenses such as rewards program expenses and certain network costs. Revenue is recognized when the net profit is determined by the payment networks at the end of each day.

Wealth Management Fees

The Company employs financial consultants to provide investment planning services for customers including wealth management services, asset allocation strategies, portfolio analysis and monitoring, investment strategies, and risk management strategies. The fees the Company earns are variable and are generally received monthly. The Company recognizes revenue for the services performed at quarter-end based on actual transaction details received from the broker-dealer the Company engages.

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

The Company applies the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-50-14 and does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations as the Company’s contracts with customers generally have a term that is less than one year, are open-ended with a cancellation period that is less than one year, or allow the Company to recognize revenue in the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice.

In addition, given the short-term nature of the contracts, the Company also applies the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-32-18 and does not adjust the consideration from customers for the effects of a significant financing component, if at contract inception the period between when the entity transfers the goods or services and when the customer pays for that good or service is one year or less.

Note 1214 — Stock Compensation Plans

Pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, the Company may issue stocks, stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“~~RSAs”~~RSUs”), ~~RSUs,~~ stock appreciation rights, stock purchase warrants, phantom stock and dividend equivalents to ~~certain~~eligible employees, consultants, other service providers, and non-employee directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. There were no outstanding stock ~~options or unvested RSAs~~awards other than RSUs as of ~~September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and ~~2016.~~December 31, 2018.

The following table presents a summary of the total share-based compensation expense and the related net tax benefits associated with the Company’s various employee share-based compensation plans for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019		2018
Stock compensation costs	$	7,444	$	6,158
Related net tax benefits for stock compensation plans	$	4,707	$	4,778

RSUs —RSUs are granted under the Company’s long-term incentive plan at no cost to the recipient. RSUs vest ratably over three years or cliff vest after three or five years of continued employment from the date of the grant. RSUs are authorized to settle predominantly in shares of the Company’s common stock. Certain RSUs will be settled in cash that subject these RSUs to variable accounting whereby compensation expense is adjusted to fair value based on changes in the Company’s stock price up to the settlement date. RSUs entitle the recipient to receive cash ~~dividends equivalent~~dividend equivalents to any dividends paid on the underlying common stock during the period the RSUs are outstanding. RSU dividends are accrued during the vesting period and are paid at the time of vesting. While a portion of RSUs are time-vesting awards, others vest subject to the attainment of specified performance goals referred to as “Performance-based RSUs.” All RSUs are subject to forfeiture until vested.

Performance-based RSUs are granted at the target amount of awards. Based on the Company’s attainment of specified performance goals and consideration of market conditions, the number of shares that vest can be adjusted to a minimum of zero and to a maximum of 200% of the target. The amount of performance-based RSUs that are eligible to vest is determined at the end of each performance period and is then added together to determine the total number of performance shares that are eligible to vest. Performance-based RSUs cliff vest three years from the date of each grant.

Compensation costs for the time-based awards that will be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock are based on the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date. Compensation costs for certain time-based awards that will be settled in cash are adjusted to fair value based on changes in the share price of the Company’s common stock up to the settlement date. Compensation costs associated with performance-based RSUs are based on grant date fair value which considers both market and performance conditions, and is subject to subsequent adjustments based on the changes in the Company’s ~~stock price and the~~ projected outcome of the performance criteria. Compensation costs of both time-based awards and performance-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis from the grant date until the vesting date of each grant.

The following table presents a summary of the ~~total share-based compensation expense~~activities and ~~the related net tax benefit associated with~~pricing information for the Company’s ~~various employee share-based compensation plans~~time-based and performance-based RSUs that will be settled in shares for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~March 31, 2019. The number of outstanding performance-based RSUs stated below assumes the associated performance targets will be met at the target level:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Stock compensation costs $ 5,665
$ 4,763
$ 15,780
$ 13,973
Related net tax benefits for stock compensation plans $ 151
$ 14
$ 4,614
$ 1,019

~~Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09,~~ ~~Compensation~~ — ~~Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. As a result of the adoption of this new guidance, all excess tax benefits and deficiencies on share-based payment awards were recognized within~~ ~~Income tax expense~~ on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, these tax benefits were recorded as increases to ~~Additional paid-in capital~~ ~~on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity.~~




	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Time-Based RSUs				Performance-Based RSUs
	Shares		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, at beginning of period	1,121,391		$	51.22	411,290		$	49.93
Granted	475,833		52.75		134,600		54.64
Vested	(350,755	)	31.38		(159,407	)	29.18
Forfeited	(10,168	)	56.23		—		—
Outstanding, at end of period	1,236,301		$	57.40	386,483		$	60.13

The following table presents a summary of the ~~activity~~activities for the Company’s time-based ~~and performance-based~~ RSUs that will be settled in cash for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017 based on the target amount of awards:~~March 31, 2019:

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Time-Based RSUs Performance-Based RSUs
Shares
Weighted
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Shares
Weighted
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period 1,218,714
$ 35.92
410,746
$ 35.27
Granted 370,514
54.71
131,597
56.59
Vested (299,164 ) 36.68
(118,044 ) 36.85
Forfeited (131,472 ) 40.05
—
—
Outstanding, end of period 1,158,592
$ 41.26
424,299
$ 41.44




		Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
		Shares
Outstanding, at beginning of period		—
Granted		12,145
Vested		—
Forfeited		—
Outstanding, at end of period		12,145

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, there were $34.0 million and $22.0 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested time-based and performance-based RSUs, ~~amounted to $28.2 million and $15.3 million,~~ respectively. These costs are expected to be recognized over a ~~weighted average~~weighted-average period of ~~2.00~~2.26 years and ~~2.02~~2.38 years, respectively.

Note 1315 — Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings Per Share

Warrant — The Company acquired MetroCorp Bancshares, Inc., ~~(“MetroCorp”)~~ on January 17, 2014. Prior to the acquisition, MetroCorp Bancshares, Inc. had an outstanding ~~warrant~~warrants to purchase 771,429 shares of its common stock. Upon the acquisition, the rights of the warrant ~~holder~~holders were converted into the ~~right~~rights to acquire 230,282 shares of East West’s common stock until January 16, 2019. ~~The warrant has not been~~All warrants were exercised ~~as of September 30, 2017.~~on January 7, 2019.

Earnings Per Share — Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the ~~weighted average~~weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the ~~weighted average~~weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period, plus any incremental dilutive common share equivalents calculated for warrants and RSUs outstanding using the treasury stock method. With the adoption of ASU 2016-09 during the first quarter of 2017, the impact of excess tax benefits and deficiencies is no longer included in the calculation of diluted EPS. As a result of applying ASU 2016-09, the Company recorded income tax benefits of $151 thousand or $0 per common share, and $4.6 million or $0.03 per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, related to the vesting of the RSUs. See ~~Note 2~~ — ~~Current Accounting Developments~~ ~~to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.~~

The following table presents the EPS calculations for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)	2017		2016		2017		2016		Three Months Ended March 31,
Basic
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)									2019		2018
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)
Net income	$	132,660	$	110,143	$	420,726	$	320,943	$	164,024	$	187,032

Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding	144,498		144,122		144,412		144,061
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding									145,256		144,664
Basic EPS	$	0.92	$	0.76	$	2.91	$	2.23	$	1.13	$	1.29

Diluted
Diluted:
Net income	$	132,660	$	110,143	$	420,726	$	320,943	$	164,024	$	187,032

Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding	144,498		144,122		144,412		144,061
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding									145,256		144,664
Diluted potential common shares ⁽¹⁾	1,384		1,116		1,437		1,025		665		1,275
Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding	145,882		145,238		145,849		145,086
Diluted weighted-average number of shares outstanding ⁽¹⁾									145,921		145,939
Diluted EPS	$	0.91	$	0.76	$	2.88	$	2.21	$	1.12	$	1.28


(1)	Includes dilutive shares from RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2019, and from RSUs and warrants for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017 and 2016.~~March 31, 2018.

For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017, 4~~March 31, 2019 and 2018, 263 thousand and 6178 thousand ~~weighted average~~weighted-average shares of anti-dilutive shares from RSUs, respectively, were excluded from the diluted EPS computation. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, 2 thousand and 7 thousand weighted average anti-dilutive shares from RSUs, respectively, were excluded from the diluted EPS computation.

Note 1416 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following ~~tables present~~table presents the changes in the components of AOCI balances for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016
Available-
for-Sale
Investment
Securities
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments ⁽¹⁾
Total Available-
for-Sale
Investment
Securities
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments ⁽¹⁾
Total
Beginning balance $ (18,950 ) $ (15,231 ) $ (34,181 ) $ 11,756
$ (13,468 ) $ (1,712 )
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period (1,014 ) 3,870
2,856
(3,869 ) (555 ) (4,424 )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (892 ) —
(892 ) (1,038 ) —
(1,038 )
Changes, net of taxes (1,906 ) 3,870
1,964
(4,907 ) (555 ) (5,462 )
Ending balance $ (20,856 ) $ (11,361 ) $ (32,217 ) $ 6,849
$ (14,023 ) $ (7,174 )

($ in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016
Available-
for-Sale
Investment
Securities
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments ⁽¹⁾
Total Available-
for-Sale
Investment
Securities
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments ⁽¹⁾
Total
Beginning balance $ (28,772 ) $ (19,374 ) $ (48,146 ) $ (6,144 ) $ (8,797 ) $ (14,941 )
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period 11,818
8,013
19,831
17,901
(5,226 ) 12,675
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (3,902 ) —
(3,902 ) (4,908 ) —
(4,908 )
Changes, net of taxes 7,916
8,013
15,929
12,993
(5,226 ) 7,767
Ending balance $ (20,856 ) $ (11,361 ) $ (32,217 ) $ 6,849
$ (14,023 ) $ (7,174 )




($ in thousands)	Available- for-Sale Investment Securities			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments ⁽¹⁾			Total
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2018	$	(30,898	)	$	(6,621	)	$	(37,519	)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle related to marketable equity securities ⁽²⁾	385			—			385
Reclassification of tax effects in AOCI resulting from the new federal corporate income tax rate ⁽³⁾	(6,656		)	—			(6,656		)
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2018, ADJUSTED	(37,169		)	(6,621		)	(43,790		)
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period	(17,311		)	6,798			(10,513		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(1,501		)	—			(1,501		)
Changes, net of tax	(18,812		)	6,798			(12,014		)
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2018	$	(55,981	)	$	177		$	(55,804	)
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2019	$	(45,821	)	$	(12,353	)	$	(58,174	)
Net unrealized gains arising during the period	23,111			3,180			26,291
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(1,100		)	—			(1,100		)
Changes, net of tax	22,011			3,180			25,191
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2019	$	(23,810	)	$	(9,173	)	$	(32,983	)


(1)	Represents foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Company’s net investment in non-U.S. operations, including related hedges. The functional currency and reporting currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiary was Chinese Renminbi and USD, respectively.


(2)	Represents the impact of the adoption in the first quarter of 2018 of ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments — Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.


(3)	Represents amounts reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings due to the early adoption of ASU 2018-02, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in the first quarter of 2018.

The following ~~tables present~~table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss), reclassifications to net income and the related tax effects for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016
Before-Tax Tax Effect Net-of-Tax Before-Tax Tax Effect Net-of-Tax
Available-for-sale investment securities:

Net unrealized losses arising during the period $ (1,749 ) $ 735
$ (1,014 ) $ (6,677 ) $ 2,808
$ (3,869 )
Net realized gains reclassified into net income ⁽¹⁾
(1,539 ) 647
(892 ) (1,790 ) 752
(1,038 )
Net change (3,288 ) 1,382
(1,906 ) (8,467 ) 3,560
(4,907 )

Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during period 3,870
—
3,870
(555 ) —
(555 )
Net change 3,870
—
3,870
(555 ) —
(555 )
Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 582
$ 1,382
$ 1,964
$ (9,022 ) $ 3,560
$ (5,462 )


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30,																		Three Months Ended March 31,
	2017									2016									2019									2018
	Before-Tax			Tax Effect			Net-of-Tax			Before-Tax			Tax Effect			Net-of-Tax			Before-Tax			Tax Effect			Net-of-Tax			Before-Tax			Tax Effect		Net-of-Tax
Available-for-sale investment securities:
Net unrealized gains arising during the period	$	20,392		$	(8,574	)	$	11,818		$	30,888		$	(12,987	)	$	17,901
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period																			$	30,938		$	(7,827	)	$	23,111		$	(24,577	)	$	7,266	$	(17,311	)
Net realized gains reclassified into net income ⁽¹⁾	(6,733		)	2,831			(3,902		)	(8,468		)	3,560			(4,908		)	(1,561		)	461			(1,100		)	(2,129		)	628		(1,501		)
Net change	13,659			(5,743		)	7,916			22,420			(9,427		)	12,993			29,377			(7,366		)	22,011			(26,706		)	7,894		(18,812		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Net unrealized gains arising during the period																			3,180			—			3,180			6,798			—		6,798
Net change																			3,180			—			3,180			6,798			—		6,798
Other comprehensive income (loss)																			$	32,557		$	(7,366	)	$	25,191		$	(19,908	)	$	7,894	$	(12,014	)

Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during period	8,013			—			8,013			(5,226		)	—			(5,226		)
Net change	8,013			—			8,013			(5,226		)	—			(5,226		)
Other comprehensive income	$	21,672		$	(5,743	)	$	15,929		$	17,194		$	(9,427	)	$	7,767


(1)	For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, pre-tax amounts were reported in Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securitieson the Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Income.

Note 1517 —Business Segments

The Company ~~utilizes an internal reporting system to measure the performance of various~~organizes its operations into three reportable operating ~~segments within the Bank~~segments: (1) Consumer and ~~the Company. The Company has identified three operating segments for purposes of management reporting: (1) Retail~~Business Banking; (2) Commercial Banking; and (3) Other. These ~~three business~~ segments ~~meet the criteria of an operating segment: the segment engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses; its operating results~~ are ~~regularly reviewed~~defined by the ~~Company’s chief operating decision-maker to render decisions about resources to be allocated to~~type of customers and the ~~segments~~related products and ~~assess its performance;~~services provided, and ~~discrete~~reflect how financial information is ~~available.~~

The Retail Banking segment focuses primarily on retail operations through the Bank’s branch network. The Commercial Banking segment, which includes C&I and CRE operations, primarily generates commercial loans and deposits through the bank’s commercial lending offices. Furthermore, the Company’s Commercial Banking segment offers a wide variety of international finance, trade finance, and cash management services and products. The remaining centralized functions, including treasury activities and eliminations of inter-segment amounts, have been aggregated and included in the “Other” segment, which provides broad administrative support to the two core segments.

currently evaluated by management. Operating segment results are based on the Company’s internal management reporting process, which reflects assignments and allocations of certain ~~operating~~balance sheet and income statement items. Because of the interrelationships among the segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities.

The Consumer and Business Banking segment primarily provides financial products and services to consumer and commercial customers through the Company’s domestic branch network. This segment offers consumer and commercial deposits, mortgage and home equity loans, and other products and services. The Consumer and Business Banking segment also originates commercial loans for small and medium-sized enterprises through the Company’s branch network. Other products and services provided by the Consumer and Business Banking segment include wealth management, treasury management, and foreign exchange services.

The Commercial Banking segment primarily generates commercial loans and deposits. Commercial loan products include commercial business loans and lines of credit, trade finance loans and letters of credit, CRE loans, construction lending, affordable housing loans and letters of credit, asset-based lending, and equipment financing. Commercial deposit products and other financial services include treasury management, foreign exchange services, and interest rate and commodity hedging risk management.

The remaining centralized functions, including the treasury activities of the Company and eliminations of inter-segment amounts, have been aggregated and included in the Other segment, which provides broad administrative ~~costs~~support to the two core segments, the Consumer and Business Banking and the ~~provision~~Commercial Banking segments.

The Company utilizes an internal reporting process to measure the performance of the three operating segments within the Company. The internal reporting process derives operating segment results by utilizing allocation methodologies for ~~credit losses.~~revenue and expenses. Net interest income ~~is allocated based~~of each segment represents the difference between actual interest earned on assets and interest incurred on liabilities of the segment, adjusted for funding charges or credits through the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing ~~system, which assigns~~process. The process charges a cost ~~of funds or a credit~~to fund loans and allocates credits for funds ~~to assets or liabilities~~provided from deposits using internal funds transfer pricing rates, which are based on ~~their type, maturity or repricing characteristics. Noninterest income~~market interest rates and ~~noninterest expense, including depreciation and amortization, directly attributable to a segment are assigned~~other factors. When market interest rates increase, costs charged to the ~~related business segment. Indirect costs, including overhead expense, are~~segments to fund the loans increase correspondingly, in addition to the credits allocated to the segments ~~based on several factors, including, but not limited to, full-time equivalent employees, loan volume~~for deposit balances, and ~~deposit volume.~~vice versa. The ~~provision~~treasury function within the Other segment is responsible for ~~credit losses~~liquidity and interest rate management of the Company. Therefore, the net spread between the total internal funds transfer pricing charges and credits is ~~allocated based on actual charge-offs for~~recorded as part of net interest income in the period as well as average loan balances for each segment during the period. The Company evaluates overall performance based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes excluding nonrecurring gains and losses.Other segment.

The Company’s internal funds transfer pricing ~~assumptions are intended to promote core deposit growth and to reflect~~process is managed by the ~~current risk profiles of various loan categories~~treasury function within the ~~credit portfolio. Internal funds transfer pricing assumptions and methodologies are reviewed at least annually to ensure that the Company’s process is reflective of current market conditions.~~Other segment. The ~~internal funds transfer pricing~~ process is formulated with the goal of encouraging loan and deposit growth that is consistent with the Company’s overall profitability objectives, as well as to provide a reasonable and consistent basis for the measurement of ~~the Company’s~~its business ~~segments and product~~segments’ net interest ~~margins.~~margins and profitability. The Company’s internal funds transfer pricing assumptions and methodologies are reviewed at least annually to ensure that the process is reflective of current market conditions. Noninterest income and noninterest expense directly attributable to a segment are assigned to the related business segment. Indirect costs, including technology-related costs and corporate overhead, are allocated based on that segment’s estimated usage using factors, including but not limited to, full-time equivalent employees, net interest margin, and loan and deposit volume. Charge-offs are allocated to the respective segment directly associated with the loans that are charged off, and the remaining provision for credit losses is allocated to each segment based on loan volume. The Company’s internal reporting process utilizes a full-allocation methodology. Under this methodology, corporate expenses and indirect expenses incurred by the Other segment are allocated to the Consumer and Business Banking and the Commercial Banking segments, except certain treasury-related expenses and insignificant unallocated expenses.

~~Changes~~During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company enhanced its segment cost allocation methodology related to stock compensation expense and bonus accrual. Effective the first quarter of 2019, stock compensation expense is allocated to the respective segments, while it was previously recorded in the ~~Company’s management structure or reporting methodologies may result in changes in~~Other segment as a corporate expense. In addition, bonus expense is now allocated at a more granular level at the ~~measurement of operating~~ segment ~~results. Results~~level. For comparability, segment information for ~~prior year periods are generally~~the three months ended March 31, 2018 have been restated ~~for comparability for changes in management structure or reporting methodologies unless it is deemed not practicable~~ to ~~do so.~~conform to the current period presentation.

The following tables present the operating results and other key financial measures for the individual operating segments as of and for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

Retail
Banking

Commercial
Banking
Other Total
Interest income $ 93,714
$ 218,397
$ 27,799
$ 339,910
Charge for funds used (37,979 ) (87,071 ) (7,589 ) (132,639 )
Interest spread on funds used 55,735
131,326
20,210
207,271
Interest expense (20,090 ) (5,943 ) (10,722 ) (36,755 )
Credit on funds provided 111,812
12,770
8,057
132,639
Interest spread on funds provided (used) 91,722
6,827
(2,665 ) 95,884
Net interest income before provision for credit losses $ 147,457
$ 138,153
$ 17,545
$ 303,155
Provision for credit losses $ 2,058
$ 10,938
$ —
$ 12,996
Depreciation, amortization and (accretion), net $ 3,401
$ (5,449 ) $ 40,001
$ 37,953
Segment income before income taxes $ 68,554
$ 99,025
$ 7,705
$ 175,284
As of September 30, 2017:

Goodwill $ 357,207
$ 112,226
$ —
$ 469,433
Segment assets $ 8,877,186
$ 21,216,848
$ 6,213,932
$ 36,307,966


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2016												Consumer and Business Banking			Commercial Banking			Other			Total
($ in thousands)	Retail Banking			Commercial Banking			Other			Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Interest income	$	77,186		$	180,095		$	23,036		$	280,317		$	134,339		$	296,140		$	32,832		$	463,311
Charge for funds used	(24,320		)	(53,262		)	(3,858		)	(81,440		)	(77,446		)	(162,625		)	23,299			(216,772		)
Interest spread on funds used	52,866			126,833			19,178			198,877			56,893			133,515			56,131			246,539
Interest expense	(14,855		)	(3,699		)	(7,615		)	(26,169		)	(55,709		)	(23,650		)	(21,491		)	(100,850		)
Credit on funds provided	68,622			8,206			4,612			81,440			165,004			37,375			14,393			216,772
Interest spread on funds provided (used)	53,767			4,507			(3,003		)	55,271
Net interest income before (reversal of) provision for credit losses	$	106,633		$	131,340		$	16,175		$	254,148
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses	$	(3,709	)	$	13,234		$	—		$	9,525
Depreciation, amortization, and (accretion), net	$	782		$	(5,875	)	$	40,541		$	35,448
Interest spread on funds provided													109,295			13,725			(7,098		)	115,922
Net interest income before provision for credit losses													$	166,188		$	147,240		$	49,033		$	362,461
Provision for credit losses													$	3,013		$	19,566		$	—		$	22,579
Noninterest income													$	13,772		$	24,544		$	3,815		$	42,131
Noninterest expense													$	87,906		$	70,544		$	28,472		$	186,922
Segment income before income taxes	$	32,304		$	80,393		$	10,767		$	123,464		$	89,041		$	81,674		$	24,376		$	195,091
As of September 30, 2016:
Goodwill	$	357,207		$	112,226		$	—		$	469,433
Segment net income													$	63,655		$	58,499		$	41,870		$	164,024
As of March 31, 2019
Segment assets	$	7,606,611		$	18,549,562		$	7,099,102		$	33,255,275		$	10,902,961		$	23,964,592		$	7,223,880		$	42,091,433

($ in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

Retail
Banking

Commercial
Banking
Other Total
Interest income $ 263,491
$ 616,689
$ 85,174
$ 965,354
Charge for funds used (98,856 ) (229,330 ) (50,273 ) (378,459 )
Interest spread on funds used 164,635
387,359
34,901
586,895
Interest expense (54,650 ) (16,225 ) (29,111 ) (99,986 )
Credit on funds provided 320,452
37,436
20,571
378,459
Interest spread on funds provided (used) 265,802
21,211
(8,540 ) 278,473
Net interest income before provision for credit losses $ 430,437
$ 408,570
$ 26,361
$ 865,368
Provision for credit losses $ 1,772
$ 28,977
$ —
$ 30,749
Depreciation, amortization and (accretion), net $ 6,741
$ (14,609 ) $ 111,639
$ 103,771
Segment income before income taxes $ 204,601
$ 284,195
$ 72,177
$ 560,973
As of September 30, 2017:
Goodwill $ 357,207
$ 112,226
$ —
$ 469,433
Segment assets $ 8,877,186
$ 21,216,848
$ 6,213,932
$ 36,307,966


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016												Consumer and Business Banking			Commercial Banking			Other			Total
($ in thousands)	Retail Banking			Commercial Banking			Other			Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
Interest income	$	233,192		$	534,603		$	67,559		$	835,354		$	104,710		$	239,577		$	27,586		$	371,873
Charge for funds used	(70,770		)	(159,734		)	(22,465		)	(252,969		)	(49,273		)	(111,366		)	(18,327		)	(178,966		)
Interest spread on funds used	162,422			374,869			45,094			582,385			55,437			128,211			9,259			192,907
Interest expense	(44,133		)	(11,965		)	(19,320		)	(75,418		)	(24,940		)	(9,179		)	(11,061		)	(45,180		)
Credit on funds provided	210,831			26,655			15,483			252,969			145,451			25,448			8,067			178,966
Interest spread on funds provided (used)	166,698			14,690			(3,837		)	177,551
Net interest income before (reversal of) provision for credit losses	$	329,120		$	389,559		$	41,257		$	759,936
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses	$	(2,846	)	$	19,864		$	—		$	17,018
Depreciation, amortization and (accretion), net	$	279		$	(25,915	)	$	86,316		$	60,680
Segment income before income taxes	$	114,513		$	268,401		$	28,137		$	411,051
As of September 30, 2016:
Goodwill	$	357,207		$	112,226		$	—		$	469,433
Interest spread on funds provided													120,511			16,269			(2,994		)	133,786
Net interest income before provision for credit losses													$	175,948		$	144,480		$	6,265		$	326,693
Provision for credit losses													$	3,093		$	17,125		$	—		$	20,218
Noninterest income													$	44,448		$	27,438		$	2,558		$	74,444
Noninterest expense													$	87,317		$	61,302		$	20,516		$	169,135
Segment income (loss) before income taxes													$	129,986		$	93,491		$	(11,693	)	$	211,784
Segment net income													$	93,134		$	67,029		$	26,869		$	187,032
As of March 31, 2018
Segment assets	$	7,606,611		$	18,549,562		$	7,099,102		$	33,255,275		$	9,327,355		$	22,002,393		$	6,342,190		$	37,671,938

Note 1618 — Subsequent Events

On ~~October 19, 2017,~~April 18, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared ~~fourth~~second quarter ~~2017~~2019 cash dividends for the Company’s common stock. The common stock cash dividend of ~~$0.20~~$0.275 per share is payable on ~~November~~May 15, ~~2017~~2019 to stockholders of record as of ~~November~~May 1, ~~2017.~~

2019.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

The following discussion provides information about the results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources of East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company” or “we”), and its ~~various~~ subsidiaries, including ~~the~~its subsidiary bank, East West Bank and its subsidiaries (referred to herein as “East West Bank” or the “Bank”). This information is intended to facilitate the understanding and assessment of significant changes and trends related to the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes presented elsewhere in this report, and the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2016~~2018, filed with the ~~U.S.~~United States Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, ~~2017~~2019 (the “Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K”).

Company Overview

East West is a bank holding company incorporated in Delaware on August 26, 1998 and is registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Company commenced business on December 30, 1998 when, pursuant to a reorganization, it acquired all of the voting stock of the Bank, which became its principal asset. The Bank is an independent commercial bank headquartered in California ~~and is the largest bank in the United States (“U.S.”)~~ that has a strong focus on the financial service needs of the ~~Chinese American~~Chinese-American community. ~~The Bank operates both in the U.S. and Greater China.~~

The Company’s vision is to serve as the financial bridge between the U.S. and Greater China. The Company’s primary strategy to achieve this vision is to expand the Company’s global network of contacts and resources to better meet its customers’ diverse financial needs in and between the world’s two largest markets. WithThrough over 130 locations in the United States (“U.S.”) and Greater China, ~~and~~the Company provides a full range of ~~cross-border~~consumer and commercial products and services through three business segments: Consumer and Business Banking, Commercial Banking, with the remaining operations included in Other. The Company’s principal activity is lending to and accepting deposits from businesses and individuals. The primary source of revenue is net interest income, which is principally derived from the difference between interest earned on loans and investment securities and interest paid on deposits and other funding sources. As of March 31, 2019, the Company ~~continues to seek attractive opportunities for growth~~had $42.09 billion in ~~pursuing its cross-border business banking strategy.~~assets and approximately 3,200 full-time equivalent employees. For additional information on products and services provided by the Bank, see Item 1. Business — Banking Services of the Company’s 2018 Form 10-K.

InCorporate Strategy

We are committed to enhancing long-term shareholder value by executing ~~our strategic vision, we remain focused~~ on the fundamentals of growing loans, deposits and revenue, ~~and~~ improving profitability, ~~while~~and investing for the future ~~and~~while managing risk, expenses and capital. Our business model is built on customer loyalty and engagement, understanding of our customers’ financial goals, and meeting ~~their~~our customers’ financial needs through our ~~offering of~~ diverse products and services. The Company’s approach is concentrated on ~~organically growing~~seeking out and deepening client relationships that meet our risk/return measures. This focus guides our decision-making across every aspect of our operations: the products we develop, the expertise we cultivate and the infrastructure we build to help our customers conduct business. We expect our relationship-focused business model to continue to generate organic growth and to expand our targeted customer bases. On an ongoing basis, we invest in technology related to critical business infrastructure and streamlining core processes, in the context of maintaining appropriate expense management. Our risk management activities are focused on ensuring that the Company identifies and manages risks to maintain safety and soundness while maximizing profitability.

Selected Financial Data




($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)	Three Months Ended
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2018
Summary of operations:
Interest and dividend income	$	463,311		$	457,334		$	371,873
Interest expense	100,850			87,918			45,180
Net interest income before provision for credit losses	362,461			369,416			326,693
Provision for credit losses	22,579			17,959			20,218
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	339,882			351,457			306,475
Noninterest income ⁽¹⁾	42,131			41,695			74,444
Noninterest expense	186,922			188,097			169,135
Income before income taxes	195,091			205,055			211,784
Income tax expense	31,067			32,037			24,752
Net income	$	164,024		$	173,018		$	187,032
Per common share:
Basic earnings	$	1.13		$	1.19		$	1.29
Diluted earnings	$	1.12		$	1.18		$	1.28
Dividends declared	$	0.23		$	0.23		$	0.20
Book value	$	31.56		$	30.52		$	27.46
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding:
Basic	145,256			144,960			144,664
Diluted	145,921			146,133			145,939
Common shares outstanding at period-end	145,501			144,961			144,873
At period end:
Total assets	$	42,091,433		$	41,042,356		$	37,671,938
Total loans	$	32,863,286		$	32,385,464		$	29,601,429
Available-for-sale investment securities	$	2,640,158		$	2,741,847		$	2,811,416
Total deposits	$	36,273,972		$	35,439,628		$	32,608,777
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities	$	152,433		$	146,835		$	166,640
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances	$	344,657		$	326,172		$	324,451
Stockholders’ equity	$	4,591,930		$	4,423,974		$	3,978,755
Performance metrics:
Return on average assets (“ROA”)	1.63		%	1.69		%	2.03		%
Return on average equity (“ROE”)	14.66		%	15.83		%	19.34		%
Net interest margin	3.79		%	3.79		%	3.73		%
Efficiency ratio	46.20		%	45.75		%	42.16		%
Credit quality metrics:
Allowance for loan losses	$	317,894		$	311,322		$	297,654
Allowance for loan losses to loans held-for-investment ⁽²⁾	0.97		%	0.96		%	1.01		%
Non-purchased credit-impaired (“PCI”) nonperforming assets to total assets ⁽²⁾	0.33		%	0.23		%	0.35		%
Annualized quarterly net charge-offs to average loans held-for-investment	0.18		%	0.20		%	0.14		%
Selected metrics:
Total average equity to total average assets	11.14		%	10.70		%	10.49		%
Common dividend payout ratio	20.59		%	19.47		%	15.65		%
Loan-to-deposit ratio	90.60		%	91.38		%	90.78		%
Capital ratios of EWBC:
Total capital	13.9		%	13.7		%	13.4		%
Tier 1 capital	12.4		%	12.2		%	11.9		%
Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital	12.4		%	12.2		%	11.9		%
Tier 1 leverage capital	10.2		%	9.9		%	9.6		%


(1)	Includes $31.5 million of pretax gain recognized from the sale of the Desert Community Bank (“DCB”) branches during the first quarter of 2018.


(2)	Total assets and loans held-for-investment include PCI loans of $290.3 million, $308.0 million and $452.4 million as of March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018, respectively.

Financial Highlights

The Company delivered strong financial performance in the third quarter of 2017 across key measures of loan growth, revenue and net income growth, and credit quality. It is the Company’s priority to focus on strengthening its risk management infrastructure and compliance in order to meet increasing regulatory expectations, while still providing strong returns to stockholders.

~~Financial Performance~~

Noteworthy items onabout the Company’s performance for the first quarter of 2019 included:

~~Net~~

Earnings: First quarter2019 net income ~~totaled $132.7~~of $164.0 million ~~for~~and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) of $1.12 both decreased 12%, compared to first quarter 2018 net income of $187.0 million and diluted EPS of $1.28.

Adjusted Earnings: Excluding the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017,~~impacts of the after-tax impairment charge related to certain tax credit investments recorded during the first quarter of 2019 and after-tax gain on the sale of the DCB branches recognized in the first quarter of 2018, non-United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) first quarter 2019 net income was $168.9 million, an increase of ~~$22.5~~$4.1 million or ~~20%,~~2% from ~~$110.1~~$164.9 million for the same period in ~~2016. This increase~~2018. Non-GAAP first quarter 2019 diluted EPS was primarily due to higher net interest income, partially offset by higher income tax expense, reflecting a higher effective tax rate. Net income totaled $420.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017,$1.16, an increase of ~~$99.8 million~~$0.03 or ~~31%,~~3% from ~~$320.9 million~~$1.13 for the same period in ~~2016. This increase was primarily due to higher~~2018. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures presented below under Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) — Supplemental Information — Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Form 10-Q.)

Net Interest Income Growth and Net Interest Margin Expansion: First quarter2019 net interest income was$362.5 million, an increase of $35.8 million or 11% year-over-year. First quarter2019 net interest margin of 3.79% expanded by six basis points, compared to first quarter 2018 net interest margin of 3.73%. Net interest income growth primarily reflected loan yield expansion and ~~noninterest income,~~loan growth, partially offset by ~~higher income tax expense due to a higher effective tax rate. The higher net interest income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to growth~~an increase in the ~~loan portfolio and higher yields. The higher~~cost of funds.

Operating Efficiency: Efficiency ratio, calculated as noninterest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to a $41.5 million after-tax net gain recognized from the sale of a commercial property in San Francisco, California during the first quarter of 2017 and a $2.2 million after-tax net gain recognized from the sale of East West Insurance Services, Inc.’s (“EWIS”) business during the third quarter of 2017.

Diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) was $0.91 and $0.76 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which reflected an increase of $0.15 or 20%. Diluted EPS was $2.88 and $2.21 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of $0.67 or 30%. The diluted EPS impact from the sale of EWIS’s business in the third quarter of 2017 was $0.02, and the diluted EPS impact from the commercial property sale in the first quarter of 2017 was $0.28.

~~Revenue, or~~expense divided by the sum of net interest income before provision for credit losses and noninterest income, ~~increased $49.3 million or 16% to $352.8 million~~was 46.20% for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017,~~first quarter of 2019, compared to 42.16% for the same period in ~~2016, and increased $184.4 million or 21% to $1.08 billion~~2018. Our non-GAAP adjusted efficiency ratio for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to~~first quarter 2019 was 39.75%, an 89 basis point improvement over the same prior year period non-GAAP adjusted efficiency ratio of 40.64%. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures presented below under Item 2 — MD&A — Supplemental Information — Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in ~~2016.~~this Form 10-Q.)

~~Noninterest~~

Tax: First quarter2019 effective tax rate was 15.9%, resulting in tax expense decreased $6.0 million or 4% to $164.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, noninterest expense increased $20.7 million or 4% to $486.7of $31.1 million, compared to ~~the same period in 2016.~~

~~The Company’s~~an effective tax rate ~~for~~of 11.7% and tax expense of $24.8 million during the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was 24.3% and 25.0%, respectively, compared to 10.8% and 21.9%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.~~first quarter of 2018.

Return on average assets increased 13 and 28 basis points to 1.46% and 1.59% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 1.33% and 1.31%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. Return on average equity increased 93 and 238 basis points to 14.01% and 15.50% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 13.08% and 13.12%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.

~~Balance Sheet~~

ROA and ~~Liquidity~~ROE: ROA and ROE were 1.63% and 14.66%, respectively, during the first quarter of 2019, while ROA and ROE were 2.03% and 19.34%, respectively during the first quarter of 2018. Excluding the impacts of the after-tax impairment charge related to certain tax credit investments recorded during the first quarter of 2019 and after-tax gain on the sale of the DCB branches recognized in the first quarter of 2018, non-GAAP first quarter 2019 ROA and ROE were 1.68% and 15.10%, compared to non-GAAP first quarter 2018 ROA and ROE of 1.79% and 17.04%, respectively. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures presented below under Item 2 — MD&A — Supplemental Information — Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Form 10-Q.)

The Company experienced growth of $1.52 billion or 4% in total assets as of September 30, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. This growth was largely attributable to loan growth, partially offset by decreases in securities purchased under resale agreements (“resale agreements”) and available-for-sale investment securities.

~~Gross~~Loans: Total loans ~~held-for-investment increased $3.02 billion or 12% to $28.53~~were $32.86 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017, compared to $25.50~~March 31, 2019, an increase of $477.8 million or 1% from $32.39 billion as of December 31, ~~2016, while the allowance for loan losses to~~2018. The largest increase in loans ~~held-for-investment ratio slightly declined~~was in single-family residential loans, followed by ~~two basis points to 1.00% as of September 30, 2017, compared to 1.02% as of December 31, 2016. Deposits increased $1.42 billion or 5% to $31.31~~commercial real estate (“CRE”), and construction and land loans.

Deposits: Total deposits were $36.27 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017, compared to $29.89~~March 31, 2019, an increase of $834.3 million or 2% from $35.44 billion as of December 31, ~~2016, consisting of~~2018. The sequential growth was largely from increases in interest-bearing checking accounts and time deposits, partially offset by a ~~$1.24 billion or 5% increase~~decline in ~~core deposits and a $179.3~~noninterest-bearing demand deposits.

Asset Quality Metrics: The allowance for loan losses was $317.9 million or ~~3% increase in time deposits. Core deposits comprised 81%~~0.97% of loans held-for-investment as of March 31, 2019, compared to $311.3 million or 0.96% of loans held-for-investment as of December 31, 2018. Annualized quarterly net charge-offs were 0.18% and 0.20% of average loans held-for-investment for the first quarter of 2019 and fourth quarter of 2018, respectively. Non-PCI nonperforming assets increased $45.0 million or 48% to $138.0 million or 0.33% of total ~~deposits~~assets as of ~~each~~March 31, 2019 from $93.0 million or 0.23% of ~~September 30, 2017 and~~total assets as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018.

Capital

Levels: Our ~~financial performance~~capital levels were strong in ~~the nine months ended September 30, 2017 resulted in strong capital generation, which increased total~~2019. As of March 31, 2019, stockholders’ equity ~~by $354.2~~of $4.59 billion increased $168.0 million or ~~10%~~4%, compared to ~~$3.78~~$4.42 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017, compared to~~ December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. We returned ~~$29.2~~$33.8 million and ~~$87.6~~$29.3 million in cash dividends to our stockholders during the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017,~~2018, respectively. ~~Book value per common share increased 10% to $26.17~~The CET1 capital ratio was 12.4% as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$23.78~~12.2% as of December 31, ~~2016.~~

From a capital management perspective, the Company continued to maintain a strong capital position with its Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio at 11.4% as of September 30, 2017, compared to 10.9% as of December 31, 2016.2018. The total risk-based capital ratio was ~~12.9%~~13.9% and ~~12.4%~~13.7% as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively. ~~The Tier 1 leverage~~All of our regulatory capital ~~ratio~~ratios were well above required well-capitalized levels. See Item 2 — MD&A — Balance Sheet Analysis — Regulatory Capital and Ratios in this Form 10-Q for more information regarding our capital.

Cash Dividend Increase: Our quarterly common stock dividend for the first quarter of 2019 was ~~9.4% as~~$0.23 per share, an increase of ~~September 30, 2017,~~$0.03 or 15%, compared to ~~8.7% as~~$0.20 per share for the same period in 2018. We have further increased our dividend by $0.045 per share or 20% to $0.275 per share in the second quarter of ~~December 31, 2016.~~2019, which will be payable on May 15, 2019.

Results of Operations

~~Components of Net Income~~

($ in thousands, except per share data and ratios) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016 % Change / Basis Point (“BP”) Change 2017 2016
% Change / BP
Change
Interest and dividend income $ 339,910
$ 280,317
21 % $ 965,354
$ 835,354
16 %
Interest expense 36,755
26,169
40 % 99,986
75,418
33 %
Net interest income before provision for credit losses 303,155
254,148
19 % 865,368
759,936
14 %
Provision for credit losses 12,996
9,525
36 % 30,749
17,018
81 %
Noninterest income 49,624
49,341
1 % 213,047
134,118
59 %
Noninterest expense 164,499
170,500
(4 )% 486,693
465,985
4 %
Income tax expense 42,624
13,321
220 % 140,247
90,108
56 %
Net income $ 132,660
$ 110,143
20 % $ 420,726
$ 320,943
31 %
Diluted EPS $ 0.91
$ 0.76
20 % $ 2.88
$ 2.21
30 %
Annualized return on average assets 1.46 % 1.33 % 13 bps 1.59 % 1.31 % 28 bps
Annualized return on average equity 14.01 % 13.08 % 93 bps 15.50 % 13.12 % 238 bps

Net income increased $22.5 million or 20% to $132.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, from $110.1 million for the same period in 2016. Diluted EPS was $0.91 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $0.15 or 20% from the prior year period. Net income increased $99.8 million or 31% to $420.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from $320.9 million for the same period in 2016. Diluted EPS was $2.88 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $0.67 or 30% from the prior year period. As discussed in ~~Note 3 — Dispositions~~ to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company completed the sale and leaseback of a commercial property, which resulted in an after-tax net gain of $41.5 million recorded during the first quarter of 2017. Additionally, the Company sold its insurance brokerage business, EWIS, and recorded an after-tax net gain of $2.2 million during the third quarter of 2017. Excluding the net gains on the sales of the commercial property and EWIS’s business during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“non-GAAP”) net income of $377.0 million and non-GAAP diluted EPS of $2.58 increased $56.1 million and $0.37 per share, respectively, from the same prior year period (see reconciliations of non-GAAP measures used below under “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures”).

Revenue, or the sum of net interest income before provision for credit losses and noninterest income, increased $49.3 million or 16% to $352.8 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017, from $303.5 million during the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to a $49.0 million increase in net interest income, reflecting the growth in the loan portfolio and the positive impact of short-term interest rate increases in 2017. Revenue increased $184.4 million or 21% to $1.08 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from $894.1 million during the same period in 2016. This increase was due to a $105.4 million increase in net interest income, reflecting the growth in the loan portfolio and the positive impact of short-term interest rate increases in 2017; and a $78.9 million increase in noninterest income, primarily due to the $71.7 million pre-tax gain recognized from the sale of the commercial property during the first quarter of 2017 and the $3.8 million pre-tax gain recognized from the sale of EWIS’s business.

Noninterest expense was $164.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $6.0 million or 4% from $170.5 million for the same period in 2016. This decrease was largely driven by lower amortization expense of tax credits and other investments and lower legal expense, partially offset by an increase in compensation and employee benefits. Noninterest expense was $486.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $20.7 million or 4% from $466.0 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was largely driven by higher compensation and employee benefits and amortization expense of tax credit and other investments, partially offset by lower consulting and legal expenses.

Strong returns on average assets and average equity during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflected the Company’s ability to achieve higher profitability while expanding the loan and deposit base. The return on average assets increased 13 basis points to 1.46% while the return on average equity increased 93 basis points to 14.01% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016. The return on average assets increased 28 basis points to 1.59% while the return on average equity increased 238 basis points to 15.50% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016. Excluding the impact of the after-tax gains on the sales of the commercial property and EWIS’s business that were recognized in the first and third quarters of 2017, respectively, non-GAAP return on average assets was 1.43% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a 12 basis point increase from the same prior year period, while non-GAAP return on average equity was 13.89% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a 77 basis point increase from the same prior year period. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures used below under “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.)

~~Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures~~

To supplement the Company’s unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), the Company uses certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance. Non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative for, GAAP. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s performance that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. A non-GAAP financial measure may also be a financial metric that is not required by GAAP or other applicable requirement.

The Company believes these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding its performance. Management believes that excluding the non-recurring after-tax effect of the gains on sales of the commercial property and EWIS’s business from net income, diluted EPS, and returns on average assets and average equity, will make it easier to analyze the results by presenting them on a more comparable basis. However, note that these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

~~The following table presents a reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~

Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data) 2017 2016
Net income (a) $ 420,726
$ 320,943
Less: Gain on sale of the commercial property, net of tax ⁽¹⁾
(b) (41,526 ) —
Gain on sale of business, net of tax ⁽¹⁾
(2,206 ) —
Non-GAAP net income (c) $ 376,994

$ 320,943

Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding (d) 145,849
145,086

Diluted EPS (a)/(d) $ 2.88
$ 2.21
Diluted EPS impact of the gain on sale of the commercial property, net of tax (b)/(d) (0.28 ) —
Diluted EPS impact of the gain on sale of business, net of tax (0.02 ) —
Non-GAAP diluted EPS (c)/(d) $ 2.58

$ 2.21

Average total assets (e) $ 35,290,542
$ 32,662,445
Average stockholders’ equity (f) $ 3,630,062
$ 3,266,485
Return on average assets ⁽²⁾
(a)/(e) 1.59 % 1.31 %
Non-GAAP return on average assets ⁽²⁾
(c)/(e) 1.43 % 1.31 %
Return on average equity ⁽²⁾
(a)/(f) 15.50 % 13.12 %
Non-GAAP return on average equity ⁽²⁾
(c)/(f) 13.89 % 13.12 %


~~(1)~~	~~Applied statutory tax rate of 42.05%.~~


~~(2)~~	~~Annualized.~~

~~A discussion of net interest income, noninterest income, noninterest expense, income taxes and operating segment results are presented below.~~

Net Interest Income

The Company’s primary source of revenue is net interest income, which is the difference between interest income earned on ~~loans, investment securities, resale agreements and other~~ interest-earning assets ~~less~~and interest expense paid on ~~customer deposits, securities sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”), borrowings and other~~ interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is ~~calculated by dividing~~ the ~~annualized~~ratio of net interest income byto average interest-earning assets. Net interest income and net interest margin are ~~affected~~impacted by several factors, including changes in average balances and composition of interest-earning assets and funding sources, market interest rate fluctuations and slope of the yield curve, repricing characteristics and maturity of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, volume of noninterest-bearing sources of funds and asset quality.

Net interest income for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 was ~~$303.2~~$362.5 million, an increase of ~~$49.0~~$35.8 million or ~~19%~~11%, compared to ~~$254.1~~$326.7 million for the same period in ~~2016.~~2018. The increase was primarily due to the expansion of loan yields and loan growth, partially offset by a higher cost of funds. Net interest ~~income~~margin for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 was ~~$865.4 million, an~~3.79%, a six basis point increase ~~of $105.4 million or 14% compared to $759.9 million~~from 3.73% for the same period in ~~2016. The notable increases in net interest income~~2018.

Average loan yield for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to increased interest income resulting from loan growth and higher yields on interest-earning assets, partially offset byfirst quarter of 2019 was 5.30%, a ~~16 and 12~~61 basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing deposits during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The cost of interest-bearing deposits was 0.60% and 0.55% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 0.44% and 0.43% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016.

~~For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net interest margin increased to 3.52%, compared to 3.26%~~from 4.69% for the same period in ~~2016. For~~2018. The increase in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, net~~average loan yield in 2019 reflected the upward repricing of the Company’s loan portfolio in response to rising interest ~~margin increased to 3.45%, compared to 3.29%~~rates. Average loans of $32.41 billion for the same period in 2016. The increases in net interest margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were due to higher yields from interest-earning assets (primarily due to an increase in loan yields for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the same prior year period, and primarily due to increases in yieldsfirst quarter of loans, interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks and investment securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2017), as a result of the short-term interest rate increases in 2017. The higher loan yields for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were partially offset by lower accretion income from the purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans accounted for under Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 310-30, ~~Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality~~. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, total accretion income from loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 was $4.5 million and $14.0 million, respectively, compared to $7.1 million and $33.8 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.

~~For the three months ended September 30, 2017, average interest-earning assets~~2019 increased ~~$3.15~~$3.20 billion or ~~10% to $34.21 billion~~11% from ~~$31.06~~$29.21 billion for the same period in ~~2016.~~2018. Average loan growth was broad-based across single-family residential, commercial and industrial (“C&I”), CRE and multifamily residential loans.

Average interest-earning assets of $38.75 billion for the first quarter of 2019 increased $3.23 billion or 9% from $35.51 billion for the same period in 2018. This ~~increase~~ was primarily due to increases of ~~$3.22~~$3.20 billion ~~or 13%~~ in average loans and ~~$751.0~~$254.9 million ~~or 47%~~ in average interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks, partially offset by decreases of ~~$508.2~~$212.0 million ~~or 28%~~ in average available-for-sale investment securities and $15.0 million in average securities purchased under resale agreements and $310.7 million or 9% in average investment securities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, average interest-earning assets increased $2.73 billion or 9% to $33.54 billion from $30.81 billion for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to increases of $2.78 billion or 12% in average loans, and $305.1 million or 17% in average interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks, partially offset by a $228.3 million or 7% decrease in average investment securities.(“resale agreements”).

~~Customer deposits~~Deposits are an important source of ~~funding~~funds and ~~affect~~impact both net interest income and net interest margin. ~~Deposits are comprised of~~Average noninterest-bearing demand ~~interest-bearing checking, money market, savings~~deposits provide us with zero-cost funding and ~~time deposits. Average deposits increased $2.79 billion or 10% to $31.07~~totaled $10.07 billion for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $28.28~~first quarter of 2019 and $11.29 billion for the same period in ~~2016. The ratio~~2018, a decrease of ~~average~~$1.22 billion or 11% year-over-year. Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits tomade up 29% and 35% of average total deposits ~~increased to 34%~~ for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017, from 33% for the three months ended September 30, 2016.~~first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively. Average interest-bearing deposits ~~increased $2.27 billion or 8% to $30.33~~of $24.85 billion for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $28.06~~first quarter of 2019 increased $3.85 billion or 18% from $21.00 billion for the same period in ~~2016.~~ 2018.

The ~~ratio~~cost of ~~average~~funds was 1.15% and 0.56% for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively. The higher cost of funds was due to a shift in deposit mix from noninterest-bearing demand deposits to ~~total~~interest-bearing checking and time deposits, as well as an increase in the cost of interest-bearing deposits. The cost of interest-bearing deposits increased to 34% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from 32% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The average loans to average deposits ratio increased to 89% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, from 86% for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The average loans to average deposits ratio increased to 88% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from 86% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. In addition, cost of funds increased 1074 basis points to ~~0.46%~~1.50% for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019, up from ~~0.36%~~0.76% for the same period in ~~2016. Cost~~2018. Other sources of ~~funds increased eight basis points to 0.43% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from 0.35% for the same period in 2016.~~funding primarily include FHLB advances, long-term debt and securities sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”).

The Company utilizes various tools to manage interest rate risk. Refer to ~~the “Interest Rate Risk Management” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“~~Item 2. MD~~&A”)~~ &A — Asset Liability and Market Risk Management —Interest Rate Risk Management ~~for details.~~in this Form 10-Q.

The following table presents the interest spread, net interest margin, average balances, interest income and expense, and the average yield/rate by asset and liability component ~~for~~in the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)		Three Months Ended September 30,																	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2017								2016									2019							2018
		Average Balance			Interest			Average Yield/ Rate⁽¹⁾		Average Balance			Interest			Average Yield/ Rate⁽¹⁾			Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield/ Rate ⁽¹⁾		Average Balance				Interest		Average Yield/ Rate ⁽¹⁾
ASSETS
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks		$	2,344,561		$	9,630		1.63	%	$	1,593,577		$	3,168		0.79	%		$	2,578,686		$	15,470	2.43	%	$	2,323,771			$	10,945	1.91	%
Resale agreements ⁽²⁾		1,297,826			7,901			2.42	%	1,805,978			7,834			1.73	%		1,035,000			7,846		3.07	%	1,050,000				6,934		2.68	%
Investment securities ⁽³⁾		2,963,122			14,828		⁽⁴⁾	1.99	%	3,273,861			13,388		⁽⁴⁾	1.63	%
Available-for-sale investment securities ⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾																			2,642,299			15,748		2.42	%	2,854,335				15,456		2.20	%
Loans⁽⁵⁾⁽⁶⁾		27,529,779			306,939		⁽⁶⁾	4.42	%	24,309,313			255,316		⁽⁶⁾	4.18	%		32,414,785			423,534		5.30	%	29,211,906				337,904		4.69	%
Restricted equity securities		73,245			612			3.31	%	72,625			611			3.35	%		74,234			713		3.90	%	73,651				634		3.49	%
Total interest-earning assets		34,208,533			339,910			3.94	%	31,055,354			280,317			3.59	%		$	38,745,004		$	463,311	4.85	%	$	35,513,663			$	371,873	4.25	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks		387,705								354,053									468,159							443,357
Allowance for loan losses		(276,467		)						(266,763		)							(314,446		)					(285,836		)
Other assets		1,617,796								1,763,889									1,839,687							1,709,914
Total assets		$	35,937,567							$	32,906,533								$	40,738,404						$	37,381,098
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY																	LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing liabilities:	Interest-bearing liabilities:																	Interest-bearing liabilities:
Checking deposits		$	4,014,290		$	4,768		0.47	%	$	3,553,477		$	3,253		0.36	%		$	5,270,855		$	14,255	1.10	%	$	4,559,695		⁽⁷⁾	$	6,727	0.60	%
Money market deposits		7,997,648			11,828			0.59	%	7,548,835			6,663			0.35	%		8,080,848			30,234		1.52	%	8,273,160			⁽⁷⁾	15,840		0.78	%
Savings deposits		2,423,312			1,810			0.30	%	2,133,036			1,160			0.22	%		2,091,406			2,227		0.43	%	2,452,452			⁽⁷⁾	2,021		0.33	%
Time deposits		5,974,793			12,680			0.84	%	5,627,084			9,973			0.71	%		9,408,897			45,289		1.95	%	5,716,638			⁽⁷⁾	14,548		1.03	%
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings		29,661			212			2.84	%	32,137			212			2.62	%		60,442			616		4.13	%	871				7		3.26	%
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances		322,973			1,947			2.39	%	320,743			1,361			1.69	%
FHLB advances																			338,027			2,979		3.57	%	334,121				2,260		2.74	%
Repurchase agreements ⁽²⁾		50,000			2,122			16.84	%	200,000			2,319			4.61	%		50,000			3,492		28.32	%	50,000				2,306		18.70	%
Long-term debt		176,472			1,388			3.12	%	196,170			1,228			2.49	%
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities																			152,360			1,758		4.68	%	166,658				1,471		3.58	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		20,989,149			36,755			0.69	%	19,611,482			26,169			0.53	%		$	25,452,835		$	100,850	1.61	%	$	21,553,595			$	45,180	0.85	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity:	Noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity:																	Noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Demand deposits		10,655,860								9,413,031									10,071,370							11,289,512			⁽⁷⁾
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		536,351								532,779									676,898							615,065
Stockholders’ equity		3,756,207								3,349,241									4,537,301							3,922,926
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	35,937,567							$	32,906,533								$	40,738,404						$	37,381,098
Interest rate spread								3.25	%							3.06	%							3.24	%							3.40	%
Net interest income and net interest margin					$	303,155		3.52	%				$	254,148		3.26	%					$	362,461	3.79	%					$	326,693	3.73	%


(1)	Annualized.

(2)

Average balances of resale and repurchase agreements ~~are~~have been reported net, pursuant to ~~ASC 210-20-45,~~Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet ~~Offsetting~~Offsetting: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The weighted-average yields of gross resale agreements were 2.80% and 2.52% for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively. The weighted-average interest rates of gross repurchase agreements were 5.01% and 3.95% for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.


(3)	Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.


(4)	Includes the amortization of ~~net~~ premiums on investment securities of ~~$5.2~~$3.0 million and ~~$5.4~~$4.9 million for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, respectively.


(5)	Average ~~balance includes~~balances include nonperforming ~~loans.~~loans and loans held-for-sale.


(6)	~~Interest income on loans includes~~Includes the accretion of net deferred loan fees, ~~accretion of~~unearned fees and ASC 310-30 discounts, and amortization of premiums, which totaled ~~$6.5~~$8.0 million and ~~$8.5~~$8.2 million for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~2016, respectively.~~

The following table presents the interest spread, net interest margin, average balances, interest income and expense, and the average yield/rates by asset and liability component for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30,
2017 2016

Average
Balance
Interest
Average
Yield/
Rate⁽¹⁾
Average
Balance Interest
Average
Yield/
Rate⁽¹⁾
ASSETS
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks $ 2,073,322
$ 22,298
1.44 % $ 1,768,252
$ 10,245
0.77 %
Resale agreements⁽²⁾
1,552,198
25,222
2.17 % 1,672,993
22,479
1.79 %
Investment securities ⁽³⁾
3,060,688
43,936
⁽⁴⁾
1.92 % 3,289,014
37,433
⁽⁴⁾
1.52 %
Loans⁽⁵⁾
26,783,082
872,039
⁽⁶⁾
4.35 % 24,006,926
763,189
⁽⁶⁾
4.25 %
Restricted equity securities 73,651
1,859
3.37 % 76,122
2,008
3.52 %
Total interest-earning assets 33,542,941
965,354
3.85 % 30,813,307
835,354
3.62 %
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks 387,440
349,721

Allowance for loan losses (268,477 ) (264,088 )
Other assets 1,628,638
1,763,505

Total assets $ 35,290,542
$ 32,662,445

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Checking deposits $ 3,830,004
$ 12,538
0.44 % $ 3,445,996
$ 9,058
0.35 %
Money market deposits 7,968,457
30,409
0.51 % 7,519,261
19,295
0.34 %
Saving deposits 2,334,752
4,525
0.26 % 2,043,547
3,207
0.21 %
Time deposits 5,873,217
34,331
0.78 % 5,941,760
29,148
0.66 %
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings 40,772
877
2.88 % 19,384
390
2.69 %
FHLB advances 414,355
5,738
1.85 % 400,850
4,153
1.38 %
Repurchase agreements ⁽²⁾
170,330
7,538
5.92 % 182,482
6,441
4.71 %
Long-term debt 181,337
4,030
2.97 % 201,060
3,726
2.48 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 20,813,224
99,986
0.64 % 19,754,340
75,418
0.51 %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Demand deposits 10,323,254
9,107,051

Accrued expenses and other liabilities 524,002
534,569

Stockholders’ equity 3,630,062
3,266,485

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 35,290,542
$ 32,662,445

Interest rate spread 3.21 % 3.11 %
Net interest income and net interest margin $ 865,368
3.45 % $ 759,936
3.29 %


~~(1)~~	~~Annualized.~~


~~(2)~~	~~Average balances of resale and repurchase agreements are reported net, pursuant to ASC 210-20-45,~~ ~~Balance Sheet Offsetting~~.


~~(3)~~	~~Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.~~


~~(4)~~	~~Includes the amortization of net premiums on investment securities of $16.3 million and $18.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016,~~2018, respectively.


~~(5)~~(7)	Average balance of deposits includes ~~nonperforming loans.~~


~~(6)~~	~~Interest income on loans includes net deferred loan fees, accretion of ASC 310-30 discounts and amortization of premiums, which totaled $21.1 million and $39.7 million~~average deposits held-for-sale for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.~~first quarter of 2018.

The following table summarizes the extent to which changes in (1) interest ~~rates~~rates; and ~~changes in~~(2) average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities affected the Company’s net interest income for the periods presented. The total change for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is segmented into ~~the change~~changes attributable to variations in volume and ~~the change attributable to variations in~~ interest rates. Changes that are not solely due to either volume or rate are allocated proportionally based on the absolute value of the change related to average volume and average rate. Nonaccrual loans are included in average loans ~~used~~ to compute the table below:


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,									Nine Months Ended September 30,											Three Months Ended March 31,
	2017 vs. 2016									2017 vs. 2016											2019 vs. 2018
	Total Change			Changes Due to						Total Change				Changes Due to							Total Change			Changes Due to
	Total Change			Volume			Yield/Rate						Volume				Yield/Rate				Total Change		Volume				Yield/Rate
Interest-earning assets:										Total Change
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks	$	6,462		$	1,988		$	4,474		$	12,053			$	2,018			$	10,035		$	4,525		$	1,295			$	3,230
Resale agreements	67			(2,566		)	2,633			2,743				(1,714		)		4,457			912			(100		)		1,012
Investment securities	1,440			(1,348		)	2,788			6,503				(2,746		)		9,249
Available-for-sale investment securities																					292			(1,197		)		1,489
Loans	51,623			35,780			15,843			108,850				89,417				19,433			85,630			39,249				46,381
Restricted equity securities	1			6			(5		)	(149		)		(65		)		(84		)	79			5				74
Total interest and dividend income	$	59,593		$	33,860		$	25,733		$	130,000			$	86,910			$	43,090		$	91,438		$	39,252			$	52,186
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Checking deposits	$	1,515		$	464		$	1,051		$	3,480			$	1,083			$	2,397		$	7,528		$	1,187			$	6,341
Money market deposits	5,165			420			4,745			11,114				1,211				9,903			14,394			(377		)		14,771
Savings deposits	650			175			475			1,318				496				822			206			(327		)		533
Time deposits	2,707			654			2,053			5,183				(341		)		5,524			30,741			12,915				17,826
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings	—			(17		)	17			487				458				29			609			607				2
FHLB advances	586			10			576			1,585				144				1,441			719			27				692
Repurchase agreements	(197		)	(2,762		)	2,565			1,097				(452		)		1,549			1,186			—				1,186
Long-term debt	160			(132		)	292			304				(390		)		694
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities																					287			(135		)		422
Total interest expense	$	10,586		$	(1,188	)	$	11,774		$	24,568			$	2,209			$	22,359		$	55,670		$	13,897			$	41,773
Change in net interest income	$	49,007		$	35,048		$	13,959		$	105,432			$	84,701			$	20,731		$	35,768		$	25,355			$	10,413

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income increased $283 thousand or 1% to $49.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $49.3 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to a $3.8 million increase in net gain on sale of EWIS’s business and an $872 thousand increase in derivative fees and other income, partially offset by a $4.0 million decrease in other fees and operating income. Noninterest income increased $78.9 million or 59% to $213.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $134.1 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was comprised of a $71.2 million increase in net gains on sales of fixed assets, primarily related to the sale of a commercial property, and a $3.8 million increase in net gain on the sale of EWIS’s business, partially offset by a $4.5 million decrease in other fees and operating income. Noninterest income represented 14% and 20% of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 16% and 15%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.

The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the ~~periods indicated:~~first quarter of 2019 and 2018:

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016 % Change 2017 2016 % Change
Branch fees $ 10,803
$ 10,408
4 % $ 31,799
$ 30,983
3 %
Letters of credit fees and foreign exchange income 10,154
10,908
(7 )% 33,209
31,404
6 %
Ancillary loan fees and other income 5,987
6,135
(2 )% 16,876
13,997
21 %
Wealth management fees 3,615
4,033
(10 )% 11,682
9,862
18 %
Derivative fees and other income 6,663
5,791
15 % 12,934
9,778
32 %
Net gains on sales of loans 2,361
2,158
9 % 6,660
6,965
(4 )%
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities 1,539
1,790
(14 )% 6,733
8,468
(20 )%
Net gains on sales of fixed assets 1,043
486
115 % 74,092
2,916
NM
Net gain on sale of business 3,807
—
NM
3,807
—
NM
Other fees and operating income 3,652
7,632
(52 )% 15,255
19,745
(23 )%
Total noninterest income $ 49,624
$ 49,341
1 % $ 213,047
$ 134,118
59 %

~~NM Not Meaningful.~~




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019		2018		% Change
Lending fees	$	14,796	$	14,012	6	%
Deposit account fees	9,641		10,430		(8	)%
Foreign exchange income	5,015		1,171		328	%
Wealth management fees	3,812		2,953		29	%
Interest rate contracts and other derivative income	3,216		6,690		(52	)%
Net gains on sales of loans	915		1,582		(42	)%
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities	1,561		2,129		(27	)%
Net gain on sale of business	—		31,470		(100	)%
Other income	3,175		4,007		(21	)%
Total noninterest income	$	42,131	$	74,444	(43	)%

Noninterest income comprised 10% and 19% of total revenue during the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively. Noninterest income decreased $32.3 million or 43% to $42.1 million during the first quarter of 2019 from $74.4 million during the same period in 2018. This year-over-year decrease was primarily due to decreases in net gain on sale of business and interest rate contracts and other derivative income, partially offset by an increase in foreign exchange income during the first quarter of 2019. The following discussion provides the composition of the major changes in noninterest ~~income and the factors contributing to the changes.~~income.

~~Net gains on sales of fixed assets~~

Foreign exchange income increased ~~$71.2~~$3.8 million or 328% to ~~$74.1~~$5.0 million for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared~~first quarter of 2019, primarily driven by an increase in foreign exchange derivative gains and the remeasurement of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies.

Interest rate contracts and other derivative income decreased $3.5 million or 52% to ~~$2.9~~$3.2 million for the ~~same period in 2016. This increase was~~first quarter of 2019, primarily due to decreases in the ~~$71.7~~fair value of the interest rate swaps and interest rate swap income.

Net gain on sale of business in the first quarter of 2018 reflected the $31.5 million of pre-tax gain recognized from the sale of the ~~commercial property~~Bank’s eight DCB branches as discussed in ~~California during~~Note 3 — Dispositions to the ~~first quarter of 2017. In the first quarter of 2017, East West Bank completed the sale and leaseback of a commercial property~~Consolidated Financial Statements in California for cash consideration of $120.6 million and entered into a lease agreement for part of the property, consisting of a retail branch and office facilities. The total pre-tax profit from the sale was $85.4 million, of which $71.7 million was recognized in the first quarter of 2017, and $13.7 million was deferred and recognized over the term of the lease agreement.this Form 10-Q.

~~In the third quarter of 2017, the Company sold its insurance brokerage business, EWIS, for $4.3 million and recognized a pre-tax gain of $3.8 million.~~

Other fees and operating income decreased $4.0 million or 52% to $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $7.6 million for the same period in 2016, and decreased $4.5 million or 23% to $15.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from $19.7 million for the same period in 2016. The $4.0 million decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016,was mainly attributable to decreases in rental income, as a result of the commercial property sale during the first quarter of 2017, and decreases in dividend income from other investments. The $4.5 million decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was largely due to a decrease in rental income as a result of sale of the commercial property during the first quarter of 2017.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents the components of noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019		2018		% Change
Compensation and employee benefits	$	102,299	$	95,234	7	%
Occupancy and equipment expense	17,318		16,880		3	%
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments	3,088		6,273		(51	)%
Legal expense	2,225		2,255		(1	)%
Data processing	3,157		3,401		(7	)%
Consulting expense	2,059		2,352		(12	)%
Deposit related expense	3,504		2,679		31	%
Computer software expense	6,078		5,054		20	%
Other operating expense	22,289		17,607		27	%
Amortization of tax credit and other investments	24,905		17,400		43	%
Total noninterest expense	$	186,922	$	169,135	11	%

Noninterest expense ~~totaled $164.5~~increased $17.8 million or 11% to $186.9 million for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease~~first quarter of ~~$6.0 million or 4%, compared to $170.5~~2019 from $169.1 million for the same period in ~~2016.~~2018. This ~~decrease~~increase was primarily ~~due~~attributable to ~~an $8.8 million decrease~~increases in amortization of tax credit and other investments, compensation and ~~a $2.0 million decrease in legal~~employee benefits, and other operating expense, partially offset by a $4.5 million increase in compensation and employee benefits. Noninterest expense totaled $486.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $20.7 million or 4%, compared to $466.0 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to a $24.8 million increase in compensation and employee benefits and a $5.3 million increase in amortization of tax credit and other investments, partially offset by an $8.3 million decrease in ~~consulting expense~~deposit insurance premiums and ~~a $3.8 million decrease in legal expense.~~

~~The following table presents the various components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:~~

Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
($ in thousands) 2017 2016 % Change 2017 2016 % Change
Compensation and employee benefits $ 79,583
$ 75,042
6 % $ 244,930
$ 220,166
11 %
Occupancy and equipment expense 16,635
15,456
8 % 47,829
45,619
5 %
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments 5,676
6,450
(12 )% 17,384
17,341
— %
Legal expense 3,316
5,361
(38 )% 8,930
12,714
(30 )%
Data processing 3,004
2,729
10 % 9,009
8,712
3 %
Consulting expense 4,087
4,594
(11 )% 10,775
19,027
(43 )%
Deposit related expenses 2,413
3,082
(22 )% 7,283
7,675
(5 )%
Computer software expense 4,393
3,331
32 % 13,823
9,267
49 %
Other operating expense 19,830
19,814
— % 55,357
58,508
(5 )%
Amortization of tax credit and other investments 23,827
32,618
(27 )% 66,059
60,779
9 %
Amortization of core deposit intangibles 1,735
2,023
(14 )% 5,314
6,177
(14 )%
Total noninterest expense $ 164,499
$ 170,500
(4 )% $ 486,693
$ 465,985
4 %

~~The following provides a discussion of the major changes in noninterest expense and the factors contributing to the changes.~~regulatory assessments.

Compensation and employee benefits increased ~~$4.5~~$7.1 million or 6%7% to ~~$79.6~~$102.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $75.0 million for the same period in 2016, and increased $24.8 million or 11% to $244.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $220.2 million for the same period in 2016. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 werefirst quarter of 2019, primarily attributable to ~~an increase in headcount~~the annual employee merit increases and staffing growth to support the Company’s growing ~~business and risk management and compliance requirements, as well as additional severance expenses.~~business.

Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments decreased $3.2 million or 51% to $3.1 million for the first quarter of 2019, primarily due to lower Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) assessment rates due to the removal of the temporary surcharge imposed on large banks, which was effective October 1, 2018.

Other operating expense primarily consists of marketing, telecommunication and postage expenses, travel, charitable contributions and other miscellaneous expense categories. The $4.7 million or 27% increase to $22.3 million for the first quarter of 2019, was primarily due to increases in marketing and other real estate owned (“OREO”) expense.

Amortization of tax credit and other investments ~~decreased $8.8 million or 27% to $23.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $32.6 million for the same period in 2016, and~~ increased $5.3 million or 9% to $66.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $60.8 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in the third quarter of 2017, compared with the prior year period, was mainly driven by higher amortization, which resulted from a renewable energy tax credit investment newly placed in service in the third quarter of 2016. Likewise, the increase in the first nine months of 2017, compared with the prior year period, was primarily driven by additional renewable energy and historical rehabilitation tax credit investments placed in service during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Legal expense decreased $2.0 million or 38% to $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $5.4 million for the same period in 2016, and decreased $3.8 million or 30% to $8.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $12.7 million for the same period in 2016. The decreases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were predominantly due to lower legal fees and litigation expense following the resolution of previously outstanding litigation.

~~Consulting expense decreased $507 thousand or 11% to $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $4.6 million for the same period in 2016, and decreased $8.3~~$7.5 million or 43% to ~~$10.8~~$24.9 million for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared~~first quarter of 2019. The Company has fully written off the tax credit investments related to ~~$19.0~~DC Solar and recorded a $7.0 million ~~for the same period~~impairment charge, which is included in ~~2016. The decreases for both periods were primarily attributable to a decline in Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”)~~Amortization of tax credit and ~~Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) related consulting expense.~~other investments.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $42.6 million and $140.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $13.3 million and $90.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. The effective tax rate was 24.3% and 25.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 10.8% and 21.9%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018			% Change
Income before income taxes	$	195,091		$	211,784		(8	)%
Income tax expense	$	31,067		$	24,752		26	%
Effective tax rate	15.9		%	11.7		%	4	%

The higher effective tax ~~rates~~rate of 15.9% for the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2017,~~first quarter of 2019, compared to 11.7% for the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2016, were~~2018, was mainly ~~due~~attributable to ~~higher projected income before income taxes that was partially offset by increases~~the change in the timing of tax credits ~~primarily generated~~recognized from investments in renewable energy and historic rehabilitation ~~and affordable housing partnership projects. For~~tax credit projects in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, tax credits generated from these investments were $40.0 million and $106.4 million, respectively, compared to $33.3 million and $83.7 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. In addition, thefirst quarter. The lower effective tax ~~rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were further reduced by the adoption~~rate of ~~Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09,~~ ~~Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,~~ ~~beginning January 1, 2017~~. ~~As a result of the adoption of this ASU, net excess tax benefits for restricted stock units of $151 thousand and $4.6 million were recognized in~~ ~~Income tax expense~~ ~~on the Consolidated Statements of Income~~11.7% during the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which~~first quarter of 2018 was also partially ~~offset the higher effective~~due to a $3.9 million reversal of state tax ~~rates for the same periods.~~payable.

Management regularly reviews the Company’s tax positions and deferred tax assets. Factors considered in this analysis include the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income, implement tax-planning strategies and utilize taxable income from prior carryback years (if such carryback is permitted under the applicable tax law), as well as future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, the objective of which is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized and settled. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had net deferred tax assets of $142.0 million and $129.7 million, respectively.

A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of all positive evidence against all negative evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. A valuation allowance is used, as needed, to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Management has concluded that it is more likely than not that all of the benefits of the deferred tax assets will be realized, with the exception of the deferred tax assets related to net operating losses in certain states. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been recorded for these amounts. The Company believes that adequate provisions have been made for all income tax uncertainties consistent with ASC 740-10, ~~Income Taxes~~.

Operating Segment Results

The Company ~~defines~~organizes its ~~operating segments based on its core strategy and has identified~~operations into three reportable operating segments: ~~Retail Banking,~~(1) Consumer and Business Banking; (2) Commercial ~~Banking~~Banking; and (3) Other.

The ~~Retail~~Consumer and Business Banking segment ~~focuses~~ primarily ~~on retail operations~~provides financial products and services to consumer and commercial customers through the ~~Bank’s~~Company’s domestic branch network. This segment offers consumer and commercial deposits, mortgage and home equity loans, and other products and services. The Consumer and Business Banking segment also originates commercial loans for small and medium-sized enterprises through the Company’s branch network. Other products and services provided by the Consumer and Business Banking segment include wealth management, treasury management, and foreign exchange services.

The Commercial Banking segment ~~which includes commercial and industrial (“C&I”) and commercial real estate (“CRE”) operations,~~ primarily generates commercial loans and ~~deposits through domestic~~deposits. Commercial loan products include commercial ~~lending offices located in California, New York, Texas, Washington, Massachusetts, Nevada~~business loans and ~~Georgia, and foreign commercial lending offices located in China and Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Commercial Banking segment offers a wide variety~~lines of ~~international finance,~~credit, trade finance loans and ~~cash~~letters of credit, CRE loans, construction lending, affordable housing loans and letters of credit, asset-based lending, and equipment financing. Commercial deposit products and other financial services include treasury management, foreign exchange services, and ~~products.~~ interest rate and commodity hedging risk management.

The remaining centralized functions, including the treasury activities of the Company and eliminations of inter-segment amounts, have been aggregated and included in the ~~“Other”~~Other segment, which provides broad administrative support to the two core segments, the Consumer and Business Banking and the Commercial Banking segments.

~~Changes~~The Company utilizes an internal reporting process to measure the performance of the three operating segments within the Company. The internal reporting process derives operating segment results by utilizing allocation methodologies for revenue and expenses. Net interest income of each segment represents the difference between actual interest earned on assets and interest incurred on liabilities of the segment, adjusted for funding charges or credits through the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing process. The process charges a cost to fund loans (“FTP charges from loans”) and allocates credits for funds provided from deposits (“FTP credits for deposits”) using internal funds transfer pricing rates, which are based on market interest rates and other factors. When market interest rates increase, costs charged to the segments to fund the loans increase correspondingly, in addition to the credits allocated to the segments for deposit balances, and vice versa. The treasury function within the Other segment is responsible for liquidity and interest rate management of the Company. Therefore, the net spread between the total internal funds transfer pricing charges and credits is recorded as part of net interest income in the Company’s management structure or reporting methodologies may result in changes in the measurement of operating segment results. Results for prior periods are generally restated for comparability when there are changes in management structure or reporting methodologies, unless it is deemed not practicable to do so.Other segment.

The Company’s internal funds transfer pricing process is managed by the treasury function within the Other segment. The process is formulated with the goal of encouraging loan and deposit growth that is consistent with the Company’s overall profitability objectives, as well as to provide a reasonable and consistent basis for the measurement of its business ~~segments and product~~segments’ net interest ~~margins.~~margins and profitability. The Company’s internal funds transfer pricing assumptions and methodologies are reviewed at least annually to ensure that the process is reflective of current market conditions. Noninterest income and noninterest expense directly attributable to a segment are assigned to the related business segment. Indirect costs, including technology-related costs and corporate overhead, are allocated based on that segment’s estimated usage using factors, including but not limited to, full-time equivalent employees, net interest margin, and loan and deposit volume. Charge-offs are allocated to the respective segment directly associated with the loans that are charged off, and the remaining provision for credit losses is allocated to each segment based on loan volume. The Company’s internal reporting process utilizes a full-allocation methodology. Under this methodology, corporate expenses and indirect expenses incurred by the Other segment are allocated to the Consumer and Business Banking and the Commercial Banking segments, except certain treasury-related expenses and insignificant unallocated expenses.

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company enhanced its segment cost allocation methodology related to stock compensation expense and bonus accrual. Effective first quarter 2019, stock compensation expense is allocated to the respective segments, while it was previously recorded in the Other segment as a corporate expense. In addition, bonus expense is now allocated at a more granular level at the segment level. For comparability, segment information for the first quarter of 2018 have been restated to conform to the current period presentation. Note 1517 — Business Segments to the Consolidated Financial Statements ~~describes the Company’s segment reporting methodology and the business activities of each business segment, and~~in this Form 10-Q presents more detailed financial results of these business segments for the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.~~2018.

The following tables present the selected segment information for the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017								Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Retail Banking		Commercial Banking		Other		Total		Consumer and Business Banking		Commercial Banking		Other		Total
Net interest income	$	147,457	$	138,153	$	17,545	$	303,155	$	166,188	$	147,240	$	49,033	$	362,461
Noninterest income	$	16,218	$	30,320	$	3,086	$	49,624	$	13,772	$	24,544	$	3,815	$	42,131
Noninterest expense	$	56,062	$	45,686	$	62,751	$	164,499	$	87,906	$	70,544	$	28,472	$	186,922
Pre-tax income	$	68,554	$	99,025	$	7,705	$	175,284
Segment income before income taxes									$	89,041	$	81,674	$	24,376	$	195,091
Segment net income									$	63,655	$	58,499	$	41,870	$	164,024

($ in thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, 2016

Retail
Banking

Commercial
Banking
Other Total
Net interest income $ 106,633
$ 131,340
$ 16,175
$ 254,148
Noninterest income $ 14,700
$ 26,218
$ 8,423
$ 49,341
Noninterest expense $ 55,942
$ 45,306
$ 69,252
$ 170,500
Pre-tax income $ 32,304
$ 80,393
$ 10,767
$ 123,464

($ in thousands) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

Retail
Banking

Commercial
Banking
Other Total
Net interest income $ 430,437
$ 408,570
$ 26,361
$ 865,368
Noninterest income $ 43,767
$ 82,645
$ 86,635
$ 213,047
Noninterest expense $ 181,811
$ 149,510
$ 155,372
$ 486,693
Pre-tax income $ 204,601
$ 284,195
$ 72,177
$ 560,973



($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016								Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Retail Banking		Commercial Banking		Other		Total		Consumer and Business Banking		Commercial Banking		Other			Total
Net interest income	$	329,120	$	389,559	$	41,257	$	759,936	$	175,948	$	144,480	$	6,265		$	326,693
Noninterest income	$	37,798	$	70,450	$	25,870	$	134,118	$	44,448	$	27,438	$	2,558		$	74,444
Noninterest expense	$	173,337	$	145,695	$	146,953	$	465,985	$	87,317	$	61,302	$	20,516		$	169,135
Pre-tax income	$	114,513	$	268,401	$	28,137	$	411,051
Segment income (loss) before income taxes									$	129,986	$	93,491	$	(11,693	)	$	211,784
Segment net income									$	93,134	$	67,029	$	26,869		$	187,032

~~Retail~~

Consumer and Business Banking

The ~~Retail~~Consumer and Business Banking segment reported ~~pre-tax~~segment net income of ~~$68.6 million and $204.6~~$63.7 million for the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively,~~first quarter of 2019, compared to ~~$32.3~~$93.1 million ~~and $114.5 million, respectively,~~ for the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2016.~~2018. The ~~increases~~$29.5 million or 32% year-over-year decrease in ~~pre-tax~~net income was primarily driven by decreases in noninterest income and net interest income, partially offset by a decrease in tax provision. Noninterest income for this segment decreased $30.7 million or 69% to $13.8 million for the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019, down from $44.4 million for the same period in 2018. During the first quarter of 2018, noninterest income included $31.5 million pre-tax gain from the sale of the Bank’s eight DCB branches. Net interest income for this segment decreased $9.8 million or 6% to $166.2 million during the first quarter of 2019 compared to $175.9 million for the same period in 2018. This decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in this segment’s net interest income from deposits as a result of the year-over-year decline in the spread between the FTP credits for deposits received and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared~~interest expense paid on deposits, outpacing the year-over-year deposit growth. With the relatively stable effective tax rate comparing the first quarter of 2019 to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2016, were~~2018, tax provision decreased by $11.5 million mainly due to a decrease in pre-tax income during the first quarter of 2019, comparing to the same period in 2018.

Commercial Banking

The Commercial Banking segment reported net income of $58.5 million for the first quarter of 2019, compared to $67.0 million for the same period in 2018. The $8.5 million or 13% year-over-year decrease in net income primarily reflected an increase in noninterest expense and a decrease in noninterest income, partially offset by an increase in net interest income. Noninterest expense for this segment increased $9.2 million or 15% to $70.5 million for the first quarter of 2019, up from $61.3 million for the same period in 2018, primarily due to an increase in compensation and employee benefits. Noninterest income for this segment decreased $2.9 million, or 11% to $24.5 million for the first quarter of 2019, compared to $27.4 million for the same period in 2018. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in derivative income, partially offset by an increase in lending fees. Net interest income for this segment increased $2.8 million or 2% to $147.2 million for the first quarter of 2019, up from $144.5 million for the same period in 2018. The increase in net interest income was primarily driven by the increase in net interest income from loans resulted from this segment’s year-over-year loan growth, partially offset by the decline in the spread between the FTP credits for deposits and interest expense paid on deposits during the same period.

Other

The Other segment reported a pretax income of $24.4 million and a net income of $41.9 million for the first quarter of 2019, reflecting an income tax benefit of $17.5 million. The Other segment reported a pretax loss of $11.7 million and net income of $26.9 million for the first quarter of 2018, reflecting income tax benefit of $38.6 million. The year-over-year increase in pretax income was primarily driven by an increase in net interest income, partially offset by an increase in ~~provision for credit losses.~~

noninterest expense. Net interest income ~~for this~~attributable to the Other segment increased ~~$40.8~~$42.8 million or ~~38%~~683% to ~~$147.5~~$49.0 million for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $106.6~~first quarter of 2019, up from $6.3 million for the same period in ~~2016. Net~~2018. This increase in net interest income reflects the increase in the net spread between the total FTP charges from loans and total FTP credits for deposits. Noninterest expense for this segment increased ~~$101.3~~$8.0 million or ~~31%~~39% to ~~$430.4~~$28.5 million for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $329.1~~first quarter of 2019, up from $20.5 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to the growth in core deposits for the segment, for which the segment receives interest income credit under the Bank’s internal funds transfer pricing system.

Noninterest income for this segment increased $1.5 million or 10% to $16.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $14.7 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest income increased $6.0 million or 16% to $43.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $37.8 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily attributable to increases in branch fees, derivative fees and other income, wealth management fees, and net gains on sales of loans. This was partially offset by a decrease in ancillary loan fees and other income.

Noninterest expense for this segment increased slightly by $120 thousand to $56.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $55.9 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest expense increased $8.5 million or 5% to $181.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $173.3 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment expense, and data processing expense, partially offset by a decrease in consulting expense.

~~Commercial Banking~~

The Commercial Banking segment reported pre-tax income of $99.0 million and $284.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $80.4 million and $268.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. The increases in pre-tax income for this segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were attributable to increases in net interest income and noninterest income.

Net interest income for this segment increased $6.8 million or 5% to $138.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $131.3 million for the same period in 2016. Net interest income increased $19.0 million or 5% to $408.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $389.6 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were due to the growth in commercial loans and commercial core deposits, for which the segment receives interest income credit under the Bank’s internal funds transfer pricing system.

Noninterest income for this segment increased $4.1 million or 16% to $30.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $26.2 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest income increased $12.2 million or 17% to $82.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $70.5 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to a net gain on sale of the Company’s insurance brokerage business, EWIS, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, and increases in branch fees, ancillary loan fees and other income, as well as letters of credit fees and foreign exchange income.

Noninterest expense for this segment increased slightly by $380 thousand to $45.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $45.3 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest expense increased $3.8 million or 3% to $149.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $145.7 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, and consulting expense, partially offset by a decrease in legal expense.

~~Other~~

The Other segment includes the activities of the treasury function, which is responsible for liquidity and interest rate risk management of the Company, and supports the Retail Banking and Commercial Banking segments through internal funds transfer pricing credits and charges, which are included in net interest income. The Other segment reported pre-tax income of $7.7 million and $72.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $10.8 million and $28.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. The decrease in pre-tax income for this segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily driven by decreases in noninterest income and internal funds transfer pricing credits, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest expense and an increase in net interest income.2018. The increase in ~~pre-tax income for this segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily driven by an increase in~~ noninterest ~~income as the result of the net gain on sale of the commercial property, partially offset by a decrease in net interest income and an increase in noninterest expense.~~

Net interest income for this segment increased $1.4 million or 8% to $17.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $16.2 million for the same period in 2016. Net interest income decreased $14.9 million or 36% to $26.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $41.3 million for the same period in 2016. The increase in net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016,expense was primarily due to an increase in interest income from investments. The decrease in net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was due to increases in interest expense on borrowings and deposits.

Noninterest income for this segment decreased $5.3 million or 63% to $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $8.4 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest income increased $60.8 million or 235% to $86.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $25.9 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to decreases in foreign exchange income arising from valuation changes associated with currency hedges and decreases in rental income. The increase in noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to the $71.7 million net gain on sale of the commercial property, as discussed in the ~~Noninterest income~~ ~~section of~~ ~~MD&A~~.

Noninterest expense for this segment decreased $6.5 million or 9% to $62.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $69.3 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest expense increased $8.4 million or 6% to $155.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $147.0 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily attributable to a decrease of $8.8 million in amortization of tax credit and other investments, ~~partially offset by increases of $2.5~~primarily due to a $7.0 million ~~in compensation and employee benefits. The increase in noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared~~impairment charge related to ~~the same period in 2016, was primarily attributable to increases of $5.3 million in amortization of~~certain tax credit ~~and other~~ investments ~~and $6.5 million in compensation and employee benefits.~~recognized during the first quarter of 2019.

Balance Sheet Analysis

The following istable presents a discussion of the significant changes between ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2018:

Selected Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets~~Sheet Data



					Change
($ in thousands)														Change
($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		$			%		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		$			%
	(Unaudited)									(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,736,749	$	1,878,503	$	(141,754	)	(8	)%	$	3,785,325	$	3,001,377	$	783,948		26	%
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	404,946		323,148		81,798			25	%	134,000		371,000		(237,000		)	(64	)%
Resale agreements	1,250,000		2,000,000		(750,000		)	(38	)%	1,035,000		1,035,000		—			—	%
Available-for-sale investment securities, at fair value	2,956,776		3,335,795		(379,019		)	(11	)%	2,640,158		2,741,847		(101,689		)	(4	)%
Held-to-maturity investment security, at cost	—		143,971		(143,971		)	(100	)%
Restricted equity securities, at cost	73,322		72,775		547			1	%	74,736		74,069		667			1	%
Loans held-for-sale	178		23,076		(22,898		)	(99	)%	—		275		(275		)	(100	)%
Loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for loan losses of $285,926 in 2017 and $260,520 in 2016)	28,239,431		25,242,619		2,996,812			12	%
Loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for loan losses of $317,894 in 2019 and $311,322 in 2018)										32,545,392		32,073,867		471,525			1	%
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net	178,344		183,917		(5,573		)	(3	)%	197,470		184,873		12,597			7	%
Investments in tax credit and other investments, net	203,758		173,280		30,478			18	%	217,445		231,635		(14,190		)	(6	)%
Premises and equipment	131,311		159,923		(28,612		)	(18	)%	124,300		119,180		5,120			4	%
Goodwill	469,433		469,433		—			—	%	465,697		465,547		150			0	%
Operating lease right-of-use assets										104,289		—		104,289			100	%
Other assets	663,718		782,400		(118,682		)	(15	)%	767,621		743,686		23,935			3	%
TOTAL	$	36,307,966	$	34,788,840	$	1,519,126		4	%	$	42,091,433	$	41,042,356	$	1,049,077		3	%
LIABILITIES
Customer deposits	$	31,311,662	$	29,890,983	$	1,420,679		5	%
Noninterest-bearing										$	10,011,533	$	11,377,009	$	(1,365,476	)	(12	)%
Interest-bearing										26,262,439		24,062,619		2,199,820			9	%
Total deposits										36,273,972		35,439,628		834,344			2	%
Short-term borrowings	24,813		60,050		(35,237		)	(59	)%	39,550		57,638		(18,088		)	(31	)%
FHLB advances	323,323		321,643		1,680			1	%	344,657		326,172		18,485			6	%
Repurchase agreements	50,000		350,000		(300,000		)	(86	)%	50,000		50,000		—			—	%
Long-term debt	176,513		186,327		(9,814		)	(5	)%
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities										152,433		146,835		5,598			4	%
Operating lease liabilities										112,843		—		112,843			100	%
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	639,759		552,096		87,663			16	%	526,048		598,109		(72,061		)	(12	)%
Total liabilities	32,526,070		31,361,099		1,164,971			4	%	37,499,503		36,618,382		881,121			2	%
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	3,781,896		3,427,741		354,155			10	%	4,591,930		4,423,974		167,956			4	%
TOTAL	$	36,307,966	$	34,788,840	$	1,519,126		4	%	$	42,091,433	$	41,042,356	$	1,049,077		3	%

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, total assets were ~~$36.31~~$42.09 billion, an increase of ~~$1.52~~$1.05 billion or 4%3% from December 31, ~~2016. The predominant area of asset growth was in~~2018, primarily from cash and cash equivalents and loans, which was driven by strong increases ~~across all~~in the single-family residential, CRE, and construction and land loans. This increase was also partially due to the adoption of the ~~Company’s commercial and retail lines~~new lease accounting standards, which resulted in the recognition of ~~business.~~$104.3 million in operating lease right-of-use assets as of March 31, 2019. These increases were partially offset by ~~maturities of resale agreements, and~~ decreases in interest-bearing deposits with banks and available-for-sale investment ~~securities, cash and cash equivalents, and other assets.~~securities.

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, total liabilities were ~~$32.53~~$37.50 billion, an increase of ~~$1.16 billion~~$881.1 million or 4%2% from December 31, ~~2016, primarily due to increases in customer deposits, reflecting the continued strong growth from existing and new customers. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in repurchase agreements~~2018, primarily due to an increase in ~~resale agreements that~~deposits, which was largely driven by increases in interest-bearing checking and time deposits, and the recognition of $112.8 million in operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 as a result of the adoption of the new lease accounting standards. These increases were ~~eligible for netting against repurchase agreements under ASC 210-20-45,~~ ~~Balance Sheet Offsetting.~~partially offset by a decline in noninterest-bearing demand deposits.

~~Stockholders’~~As of March 31, 2019, total stockholders’ equity ~~growth benefited~~was $4.59 billion, an increase of $168.0 million or 4% from December 31, 2018. This increase was primarily ~~from $420.7~~due to $164.0 million in net income, partially offset by ~~$87.6~~$33.8 million of cash dividends declared on common stock.

Investment Securities

The Company ~~aims to maintain~~maintains an investment securities portfolio that consists of high quality and liquid securities with relatively short durations to minimize overall interest rate and liquidity risks. The Company’s available-for-sale investment securities provide:

interest income for earnings and yield enhancement;

availability for funding needs arising during the normal course of business;

the ability to execute interest rate risk management strategies due to changes in economic or market conditions, which influence loan origination, prepayment speeds, or deposit balances and mix; and

collateral to support pledging agreements as required and/or to enhance the Company’s borrowing capacity.

~~Held-to-maturity investment security~~

During the first quarter of 2016, the Company securitized $201.7 million of multifamily residential loans and retained $160.1 million of the senior tranche of the resulting securities from the securitization as held-to-maturity, which is carried at amortized cost. The held-to-maturity investment security is a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security maturing on April 25, 2046. During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred this non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale. The transfer reflects the Company’s intent to sell the security under active liquidity management.

~~Available-for-sale investment securities~~Available-for-Sale Investment Securities

As of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities portfolio was primarily comprised of U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury securities and foreign bonds. Investment securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at their ~~estimated~~ fair value with the corresponding changes in fair value recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, as a component of Stockholders’ equity on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet.

The following table presents the ~~breakout of the~~ amortized cost and fair value by major categories of available-for-sale investment securities as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	528,983	$	520,440	$	577,561	$	564,815
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities	183,145		182,536		219,485		217,173
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities	1,323,561		1,313,116		1,377,705		1,355,296
Municipal securities	76,003		76,004		82,965		82,020
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities	50,941		51,754		35,935		35,983
Corporate debt securities	11,250		11,094		11,250		10,869
Foreign bonds	489,324		472,669		489,378		463,048
Asset-backed securities	12,627		12,545		12,621		12,643
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	2,675,834	$	2,640,158	$	2,806,900	$	2,741,847

The fair value of available-for-sale investment securities ~~by major categories as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:~~

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016

Amortized
Cost

Fair
Value

Amortized
Cost

Fair
Value
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities $ 533,035
$ 526,332
$ 730,287
$ 720,479
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities 191,727
189,185
277,891
274,866
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities 1,475,969
1,466,106
1,539,044
1,525,546
Municipal securities 116,798
117,242
148,302
147,654
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities 9,680
9,694
11,592
11,477
Corporate debt securities 12,655
11,942
232,381
231,550
Foreign bonds 505,395
489,140
405,443
383,894
Other securities ⁽¹⁾
147,504
147,135
40,501
40,329
Total available-for-sale investment securities $ 2,992,763
$ 2,956,776
$ 3,385,441
$ 3,335,795


~~(1)~~	~~During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale.~~

~~The fair value of the available-for-sale investment securities~~ totaled ~~$2.96~~$2.64 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$3.34~~$2.74 billion as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The ~~decrease of $379.0~~$101.7 million or ~~11%~~4% decrease was primarily ~~reflected~~attributable to the sales ~~of corporate debt securities, U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency~~ and ~~U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, and municipal securities; and paydowns, maturities and calls~~repayments of U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities, ~~and U.S. Treasury securities. The decrease was~~ partially offset by purchases of U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities ~~foreign bonds, U.S. government agency~~ and ~~U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt~~non-agency mortgage-back securities.

The Company’s investment securities ~~U.S. Treasury~~portfolio had an effective duration of 4.2 as of March 31, 2019 compared to 4.1 as of December 31, 2018. 98% and 99% of the carrying value of the investment securities portfolio was rated “AA-” or “Aa3” or higher as of March 31, 2019 and ~~municipal securities; and the transfer of a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security from held-to-maturity security.~~December 31, 2018, respectively, as rated by nationally recognized rating agencies.

~~The Company’s available-for-sale investment securities are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in~~ ~~Other comprehensive income (loss)~~ ~~unless a security is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired.~~ As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the Company’s net unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities were ~~$36.0~~$35.7 million, compared to ~~$49.6~~$65.1 million as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The ~~favorable change~~decrease in ~~the~~ net unrealized losses was primarily attributed to the ~~flattening~~decrease in ~~the yield curve with long-term~~ interest ~~rates falling.~~rates. Gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities totaled ~~$42.3~~$42.9 million as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$56.3~~$70.8 million as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. Of the securities with gross unrealized losses, approximately 99% and 100% were rated investment grade as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, classified based on the lower of Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) or Moody’s credit ratings. Ratings of BBB- or higher by S&P and Fitch, or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s are considered investment grade. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the Company had no intention to sell securities with unrealized losses and ~~believes~~believed it is more likely than not that it would not be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost. ~~No other-than-temporary impairment was~~The Company assessed individual securities for other-than-temporary-impairment (“OTTI”) for each reporting period. There were no OTTI credit losses recognized in earnings for each of the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017~~2018. For additional information on our accounting policies, composition and ~~2016. For a complete discussion and disclosure,~~valuation, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in our 2018 Form 10-K, Note 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments, and Note 6 — Securities to the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements in this Form 10-Q.

As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, available-for-sale investment securities with a fair value of $584.9 million and $767.4 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, the Federal Reserve Bank’s discount window and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

The following table presents the ~~weighted average~~weighted-average yields and contractual maturity ~~distributions, excluding periodic principal payments,~~distribution of the Company’s investment securities as of ~~the periods indicated.~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Actual maturities of ~~mortgage-backed~~the investment securities can differ from contractual maturities ~~as the borrowers have the right~~due to ~~prepay the obligations.~~prepayments or embedded call options (where applicable). In addition, factors such ~~factors~~ as ~~prepayments and~~ interest rate changes may affect the yields on the carrying value of ~~mortgage-backed~~the investment securities.


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017						December 31, 2016						March 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Yield ⁽¹⁾		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Yield ⁽¹⁾		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Yield ⁽¹⁾		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Yield ⁽¹⁾
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities:
Maturing in one year or less	$	150,431	$	150,134	0.96	%	$	100,707	$	100,653	0.65	%	$	50,067	$	49,889	1.08	%	$	50,134	$	49,773	1.08	%
Maturing after one year through five years	382,604		376,198		1.35	%	376,580		371,917		1.27	%	478,916		470,551		1.60	%	527,427		515,042		1.69	%
Maturing after five years through ten years	—		—		—	%	253,000		247,909		1.59	%
Total	533,035		526,332		1.24	%	730,287		720,479		1.29	%	528,983		520,440		1.55	%	577,561		564,815		1.64	%
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities:
Maturing in one year or less	24,999		24,916		1.02	%	118,966		118,982		0.94	%	—		—		—	%	26,955		26,909		3.51	%
Maturing after one year through five years	9,732		9,774		2.37	%	52,622		52,630		1.38	%	7,492		7,435		2.19	%	10,181		10,037		2.18	%
Maturing after five years through ten years	103,394		101,030		2.19	%	81,829		78,977		2.07	%	109,714		109,129		2.30	%	114,771		113,812		2.30	%
Maturing after ten years	53,602		53,465		2.58	%	24,474		24,277		2.50	%	65,939		65,972		2.81	%	67,578		66,415		2.79	%
Total	191,727		189,185		2.15	%	277,891		274,866		1.49	%	183,145		182,536		2.48	%	219,485		217,173		2.59	%
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Maturing in one year or less													2,616		2,595		1.62	%	2,633		2,600		1.62	%
Maturing after one year through five years	52,312		52,055		2.33	%	47,278		46,950		1.74	%	30,809		30,734		2.02	%	30,808		30,487		2.11	%
Maturing after five years through ten years	66,351		65,534		2.45	%	79,379		78,903		3.11	%	92,133		92,492		2.70	%	96,822		95,365		2.68	%
Maturing after ten years	1,357,306		1,348,517		2.20	%	1,412,387		1,399,693		2.34	%	1,198,003		1,187,295		2.68	%	1,247,442		1,226,844		2.74	%
Total	1,475,969		1,466,106		2.22	%	1,539,044		1,525,546		2.36	%	1,323,561		1,313,116		2.66	%	1,377,705		1,355,296		2.72	%
Municipal securities ⁽²⁾:
Maturing in one year or less	12,987		13,058		3.56	%	6,404		6,317		2.56	%	30,137		30,175		2.71	%	29,167		28,974		2.60	%
Maturing after one year through five years	85,244		85,767		2.29	%	127,178		127,080		2.31	%	40,466		40,437		2.30	%	48,398		47,681		2.39	%
Maturing after five years through ten years	6,274		6,235		2.50	%	9,785		9,515		2.50	%	500		497		2.38	%	500		476		2.38	%
Maturing after ten years	12,293		12,182		4.31	%	4,935		4,742		3.95	%	4,900		4,895		5.03	%	4,900		4,889		5.03	%
Total	116,798		117,242		2.67	%	148,302		147,654		2.40	%	76,003		76,004		2.64	%	82,965		82,020		2.62	%
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities:
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Maturing after one year through five years													7,920		7,925		4.55	%	—		—		—	%
Maturing after ten years	9,680		9,694		2.72	%	11,592		11,477		2.52	%	43,021		43,829		3.71	%	35,935		35,983		3.67	%
Total													50,941		51,754		3.84	%	35,935		35,983		3.67	%
Corporate debt securities:
Maturing in one year or less	12,655		11,942		2.19	%	12,671		11,347		1.80	%	1,250		1,256		5.90	%	1,250		1,231		5.50	%
Maturing after five years through ten years	—		—		—	%	40,479		40,500		2.40	%
Maturing after ten years	—		—		—	%	179,231		179,703		2.26	%
Maturing after one year through five years													10,000		9,838		4.00	%	10,000		9,638		4.00	%
Total	12,655		11,942		2.19	%	232,381		231,550		2.26	%	11,250		11,094		4.21	%	11,250		10,869		4.17	%
Foreign bonds:
Maturing in one year or less	405,395		389,876		2.13	%	304,427		287,695		2.09	%	479,324		462,726		2.25	%	439,378		414,065		2.19	%
Maturing after one year through five years	100,000		99,264		2.70	%	101,016		96,199		2.11	%	10,000		9,943		4.30	%	50,000		48,983		3.12	%
Total	505,395		489,140		2.24	%	405,443		383,894		2.09	%	489,324		472,669		2.29	%	489,378		463,048		2.28	%
Other securities:
Maturing in one year or less	31,790		31,417		—	%	40,501		40,329		2.72	%
Maturing after five years through ten years	99		103		1.43	%	—		—		—	%
Asset-backed securities:
Maturing after ten years	115,615		115,615		3.78	%	—		—		—	%	12,627		12,545		3.00	%	12,621		12,643		3.22	%
Total	147,504		147,135		2.96	%	40,501		40,329		2.72	%
Total available-for-sale investment securities													$	2,675,834	$	2,640,158	2.39	%	$	2,806,900	$	2,741,847	2.43	%

Total:
Maturing in one year or less	638,257		621,343				583,676		565,323				563,394		546,641		2.18	%	549,517		523,552		2.18	%
Maturing after one year through five years	629,892		623,058				704,674		694,776				585,603		576,863		1.80	%	676,814		661,868		1.91	%
Maturing after five years through ten years	176,118		172,902				464,472		455,804				202,347		202,118		2.48	%	212,093		209,653		2.47	%
Maturing after ten years	1,548,496		1,539,473				1,632,619		1,619,892				1,324,490		1,314,536		2.73	%	1,368,476		1,346,774		2.78	%
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	2,992,763	$	2,956,776			$	3,385,441	$	3,335,795			$	2,675,834	$	2,640,158	2.39	%	$	2,806,900	$	2,741,847	2.43	%

Held-to-maturity investment security:
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security:
Maturing after ten years	$	—	$	—	—	%	$	143,971	$	144,593	3.91	%


(1)	~~Weighted average~~Weighted-average yields are computed based on amortized cost balances.


(2)	Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.

~~The following sections discuss additional information on the Company’s loan portfolios, non-purchased credit impaired (“non-PCI”) nonperforming assets and allowance for credit losses.~~

Total Loan Portfolio

Loan Portfolio

The Company offers a broad range of financial products designed to meet the credit needs of its borrowers. The Company’s loan portfolio segments include ~~CRE,~~commercial loans (comprised of C&I, CRE, multifamily residential, and construction and land loans) and consumer ~~loans. Net~~loans (comprised of single-family residential, home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”) and other consumer loans). Total net loans, including loans held-for-sale, increased ~~$2.97 billion~~$471.3 million or ~~12%~~1% to ~~$28.24~~$32.55 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 from ~~$25.27~~$32.07 billion as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The increase was ~~broad based and~~primarily driven by ~~strong~~ increases of ~~$1.14 billion~~$272.6 million or ~~22%~~5% in single-family residential loans ~~$1.00 billion or 10% in C&I loans, $836.3 million or 10% in CRE loans~~ and ~~$44.1~~$186.5 million or 2% in ~~consumer~~CRE loans. Overall, the loan type composition remained relatively stable as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The following table presents the composition of the Company’s total loan portfolio by segment as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016

Amount ⁽¹⁾
Percent
Amount ⁽¹⁾
Percent
CRE:
Income producing $ 8,843,776
31 % $ 8,016,109
31 %
Construction 572,027
2 % 551,560
2 %
Land 111,377
— % 123,194
1 %
Total CRE 9,527,180
33 % 8,690,863
34 %
C&I:
Commercial business 9,776,254
34 % 8,959,633
35 %
Trade finance 868,902
3 % 680,930
3 %
Total C&I 10,645,156
37 % 9,640,563
38 %
Residential:
Single-family 4,356,009
16 % 3,509,779
14 %
Multifamily 1,876,956
7 % 1,585,939
6 %
Total residential 6,232,965
23 % 5,095,718
20 %
Consumer 2,120,056
7 % 2,075,995
8 %
Total loans held-for-investment ⁽²⁾
$ 28,525,357
100 % $ 25,503,139
100 %
Allowance for loan losses (285,926 ) (260,520 )
Loans held-for-sale 178
23,076

Total loans, net $ 28,239,609
$ 25,265,695




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019					December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amount ⁽¹⁾			%		Amount ⁽¹⁾			%
Commercial:
C&I	$	12,040,806		37	%	$	12,056,970		37	%
CRE	9,636,338			29	%	9,449,835			29	%
Multifamily residential	2,270,590			7	%	2,281,032			7	%
Construction and land	647,380			2	%	538,794			2	%
Total commercial	24,595,114			75	%	24,326,631			75	%
Consumer:
Single-family residential	6,309,331			19	%	6,036,454			19	%
HELOCs	1,626,222			5	%	1,690,834			5	%
Other consumer	332,619			1	%	331,270			1	%
Total consumer	8,268,172			25	%	8,058,558			25	%
Total loans held-for-investment ⁽²⁾	$	32,863,286		100	%	$	32,385,189		100	%
Allowance for loan losses	(317,894		)			(311,322		)
Loans held-for-sale	—					275
Total loans, net	$	32,545,392				$	32,074,142


(1)	Includes ~~$(29.2) million and $1.2 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of~~ net deferred loan fees, unearned ~~income,~~fees, unamortized premiums and unaccreted ~~discounts.~~discounts of $(46.0) million and $(48.9) million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.


(2)	~~Loans net of~~Includes ASC 310-30 ~~discount.~~discount of $20.4 million and $22.2 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

~~Although the loan portfolio grew 12% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the loan type composition remained relatively unchanged from December 31, 2016.~~ Commercial

The Company’s ~~largest credit risks are concentrated in the~~ commercial ~~lending portfolios, which are~~portfolio comprised ~~of C&I and CRE loans. The commercial lending portfolios comprised 70% and 72%~~75% of the total loan portfolio as of ~~September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016, respectively,~~2018, and ~~are~~is discussed ~~further~~ below.

~~C&I Loans~~Commercial — Commercial and Industrial Loans.. C&I loans, which totaled $12.04 billion and $12.06 billion as of ~~$10.65 billion~~March 31, 2019 and ~~$9.64 billion, which~~December 31, 2018, respectively, accounted for 37% ~~and 38%~~ of ~~the~~ total ~~loan portfolio~~loans as of ~~September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016, respectively, include commercial business and trade finance loans, which comprised the largest sector~~2018. The C&I loan portfolio is well diversified by industry sectors, with concentrations in the ~~lending portfolio. Over the last few years, the Company has experienced higher growth in specialized lending verticals in industries such as~~wholesale trade, manufacturing, private equity industries, energy, entertainment, and ~~structured specialty finance. As of September 30, 2017~~real estate and ~~December 31, 2016, specialized lending verticals comprised 42% and 37% of total C&I loans, respectively.~~

~~Although~~leasing. The Company’s wholesale trade exposure within the C&I industry sectors in which the Company provides financing are diversified, the Company has higher concentrations in the industry sectors of wholesale trade, manufacturing, real estate and leasing, entertainment and private equity. The Company’s C&I loan ~~exposures within the wholesale trade sector,~~portfolio, which totaled $1.63 billion and ~~$1.38~~$1.67 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively, ~~are~~was largely related to U.S. domiciled companies ~~which~~that import goods from Greater China for U.S. consumer consumption, many of which are companies based in California. The ~~private equity loans are largely capital call lines of credit. The~~ Company also ~~has~~had a syndicated loan portfolio within the C&I loan portfolio, which totaled ~~$627.9~~$836.2 million and ~~$758.5~~$778.7 million as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively. The Company monitors concentrations within the C&I loan portfolio by customer exposure and industry classifications, setting limits for specialized ~~lending verticals~~portfolios and ~~setting~~ diversification targets.

The majority of the C&I loans have variable interest rates.

~~CRE~~Commercial — Commercial Real Estate Loans. ~~CRE loans include income producing real estate, construction and land loans where the interest rates may be fixed, variable or hybrid.~~ The Company focuses on providing financing to experienced real estate investors and developers who ~~are long-time customers and~~ have moderate levels of ~~leverage.~~leverage, many of whom are long-time customers. Loans are ~~generally~~ underwritten with high standards for cash flows, debt service coverage ratios and loan-to-value ratios. ~~Due~~The CRE loan portfolio is primarily made up of non-owner occupied properties where the interest rates may be fixed, variable or hybrid.

The following tables summarize the Company’s CRE, multifamily residential, and construction and land loans by geographic market as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	CRE		%		Multifamily Residential		%		Construction and Land		%		Total		%
Geographic markets:
Southern California	$	5,266,744			$	1,373,884			$	233,192			$	6,873,820
Northern California	2,229,163				527,067				149,755				2,905,985
California	7,495,907		78	%	1,900,951		84	%	382,947		59	%	9,779,805		78	%
New York	692,959		7	%	104,462		5	%	88,108		14	%	885,529		7	%
Texas	493,296		5	%	94,142		4	%	15,214		2	%	602,652		5	%
Washington	312,053		3	%	55,945		2	%	34,944		5	%	402,942		3	%
Arizona	120,774		1	%	25,398		1	%	27,824		4	%	173,996		1	%
Nevada	96,005		1	%	44,764		2	%	64,000		10	%	204,769		2	%
Other markets	425,344		5	%	44,928		2	%	34,343		6	%	504,615		4	%
Total loans ⁽¹⁾	$	9,636,338	100	%	$	2,270,590	100	%	$	647,380	100	%	$	12,554,308	100	%




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	CRE		%		Multifamily Residential		%		Construction and Land		%		Total		%
Geographic markets:
Southern California	$	5,228,305			$	1,390,546			$	215,370			$	6,834,221
Northern California	2,168,055				545,300				133,828				2,847,183
California	7,396,360		79	%	1,935,846		85	%	349,198		65	%	9,681,404		79	%
New York	659,026		7	%	103,324		5	%	46,702		9	%	809,052		7	%
Texas	509,375		5	%	71,683		3	%	12,055		2	%	593,113		5	%
Washington	290,141		3	%	56,675		2	%	29,079		5	%	375,895		3	%
Arizona	108,102		1	%	24,808		1	%	24,890		5	%	157,800		1	%
Nevada	94,924		1	%	44,052		2	%	47,897		9	%	186,873		2	%
Other markets	391,907		4	%	44,644		2	%	28,973		5	%	465,524		3	%
Total loans ⁽¹⁾	$	9,449,835	100	%	$	2,281,032	100	%	$	538,794	100	%	$	12,269,661	100	%


(1)	Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

As illustrated by the tables above, due to ~~the nature of~~ the Company’s geographical footprint, ~~and market presence,~~ the ~~Company has~~Company’s CRE loan ~~concentrations~~concentration is primarily in California, which comprised ~~74%~~78% and 79% of the CRE loan portfolio as of ~~each of September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2018, respectively. Accordingly, changes in the California economy and real estate values could have a significant impact on the collectability of these loans and the required level of allowance for loan losses. ~~19%~~As of ~~the CRE loans as of each of September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016~~2018, 20% of the total CRE loans were owner occupied properties, while the remaining ~~81%~~ were non-owner occupied properties ~~(where~~where 50% or more of the debt service for the loan is primarily provided by unaffiliated rental ~~income). As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had an income-producing~~income from a third party.

The Company’s CRE ~~portfolio that was~~loans are broadly diversified across all property ~~types.~~

types, which serves to mitigate some of the geographical concentration in California. The ~~Company had $572.0 million of construction loans and $507.3 million of unfunded commitments~~following table summarizes the Company’s CRE loan portfolio by property type as of ~~September 30, 2017, compared to $551.6 million of construction loans and $526.4 million of unfunded commitments as of December~~March 31, ~~2016. The construction portfolio as of September 30, 2017~~2019 and December 31, ~~2016 was~~2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amount		%		Amount		%
Property types:
Retail	$	3,229,118	34	%	$	3,171,374	33	%
Offices	2,235,417		23	%	2,160,382		23	%
Industrial	1,919,306		20	%	1,883,444		20	%
Hotel/Motel	1,638,184		17	%	1,619,905		17	%
Other	614,313		6	%	614,730		7	%
Total CRE loans ⁽¹⁾	$	9,636,338	100	%	$	9,449,835	100	%


(1)	Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

Commercial — Multifamily Residential Loans. The Company’s multifamily residential loans in the commercial portfolio are largely comprised of ~~financing for the construction of hotels, multifamily and residential condominiums, as well as mixed use (residential and retail) structures.~~

~~Residential Loans.~~ ~~Residential loans are comprised of single-family and multifamily residential loans. The Company offers first lien mortgage~~ loans secured by ~~one-to-four unit residential~~smaller multifamily properties ~~located~~ranging from five to 15 units in ~~its~~the Company’s primary lending areas. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, 84% and 85%, respectively, of the Company’s multifamily residential loans were concentrated in California. The Company offers a variety of first lien mortgage loan programs, including fixed and variable rate ~~conforming~~ loans, ~~and adjustable rate mortgage~~as well as hybrid loans with interest rates that adjust annually after the initial fixed rate periods of one to seven ~~years, which adjust annually thereafter.~~years.

Commercial — Construction and Land Loans. The Company’s ~~multifamily~~construction and land loan portfolio ~~is largely comprised~~included construction loans of $560.8 million and $477.2 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The unfunded commitments related to the construction and land loans ~~secured~~totaled $509.3 million and $525.1 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The portfolio consists of construction financing for multifamily and residential condominiums, hotels, offices, industrial, as well as mixed use (residential and retail) structures. Similar to CRE and multifamily residential loans, the Company has a geographic concentration of construction and land loans primarily in California.

Consumer

The following tables summarize the Company’s single-family residential and HELOC loan portfolios by ~~smaller multifamily properties ranging from 5 to 15 units in its primary lending areas. 71%~~geographic market as of March 31, 2019 and ~~73%~~December 31, 2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Single- Family Residential		%		HELOCs		%		Total		%
Geographic markets:
Southern California	$	2,866,980			$	806,930			$	3,673,910
Northern California	994,802				331,552				1,326,354
California	3,861,782		61	%	1,138,482		70	%	5,000,264		63	%
New York	1,264,108		20	%	269,914		17	%	1,534,022		19	%
Washington	583,321		9	%	146,170		9	%	729,491		9	%
Massachusetts	209,612		3	%	31,909		2	%	241,521		3	%
Other markets	390,508		7	%	39,747		2	%	430,255		6	%
Total ⁽¹⁾	$	6,309,331	100	%	$	1,626,222	100	%	$	7,935,553	100	%




($ in thousands)	December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Single- Family Residential		%		HELOCs		%		Total		%
Geographic markets:
Southern California	$	2,768,725			$	839,790			$	3,608,515
Northern California	954,835				350,008				1,304,843
California	3,723,560		62	%	1,189,798		70	%	4,913,358		64	%
New York	1,165,135		19	%	279,792		17	%	1,444,927		19	%
Washington	572,017		9	%	149,579		9	%	721,596		9	%
Massachusetts	206,920		3	%	32,333		2	%	239,253		3	%
Other markets	368,822		7	%	39,332		2	%	408,154		5	%
Total ⁽¹⁾	$	6,036,454	100	%	$	1,690,834	100	%	$	7,727,288	100	%


(1)	Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

Consumer — Single-Family Residential Loans. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, 61% and 62% of the Company’s single-family residential loans, respectively, were concentrated in ~~California as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.~~California. Many of the single-family residential loans within the Company’s portfolio are reduced documentation loans where a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low loan-to-value ratio at origination, typically 60% or less. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and default rates. The Company offers a variety of first lien mortgage loan programs, including fixed and variable interest rate loans, as well as hybrid loans with variable interest rates.

Consumer — Home Equity Lines of Credit Loans. ~~Consumer loans are comprised of home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”), insurance premium financing loans, credit card and auto loans.~~ As of ~~September 30, 2017~~each March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, 70% of the Company’s ~~HELOCs~~HELOC loans were ~~the largest component of the consumer loan portfolio, and were secured by one-to-four unit residential properties located~~concentrated in ~~its primary lending areas.~~California. The HELOC loan portfolio is comprised largely ~~comprised~~ of variable-rate loans that were originated through a reduced documentation loan program, where a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low loan-to-value ratio at origination, typically 60% or less. The Company is in a first lien position for many of these reduced documentation ~~HELOCs.~~HELOC loans. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and default rates.

All loans originated are subject to the Company’s underwriting guidelines and loan origination standards. Management believes that the Company’s underwriting criteria and procedures adequately consider the unique risks associated with these products. The ~~Company’s total loan portfolio includes originated~~Company conducts a variety of quality control procedures and ~~purchased loans. Originated~~periodic audits, including the review of lending and ~~purchased loans, for which there was no~~legal requirements, to ensure the Company is in compliance with these requirements.

Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans

Loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration atsince their ~~acquisition date,~~origination and where it is probable that the Company will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments are ~~collectively referred to as non-PCI loans. Acquired loans for which there was, at the acquisition date, evidence of credit deterioration are referred to as~~ PCI loans. PCI loans are recorded ~~net~~at fair value at the date of ~~ASC 310-30 discount and~~acquisition. The carrying value of PCI loans totaled ~~$532.3~~$290.3 million and ~~$642.4~~$308.0 million as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively. PCI loans are considered to be accruing due to the existence of the accretable yield, which represents the cash expected to be collected in excess of their carrying value, and not based on consideration given to contractual interest payments. The accretable yield was $68.9 million and $74.9 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. A nonaccretable difference is established for PCI loans to absorb losses expected on the contractual amounts of those loans in excess of the fair value recorded on the date of acquisition. Amounts absorbed by the nonaccretable difference do not affect the Consolidated Statement of Income or the allowance for credit losses. For additional details regarding PCI loans, see Note 8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements in this Form 10-Q.

The Company’s overseas offices include the branch in Hong Kong and the subsidiary bank in China. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, loans held in the Hong Kong branch totaled $686.3 million and $733.3 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, loans held in the subsidiary bank in China totaled $499.5 million and $425.3 million, respectively. These overseas loans are comprised mainly of C&I loans made to cross-border or trade finance companies. In total, these loans represented 3% of total consolidated assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.Loans Held-for-Sale

~~When a determination is made at~~At the time of commitment to originate or purchase ~~loans as~~a loan, the loan is determined to be held-for-investment if it is the Company’s intent to hold ~~these loans~~the loan to maturity or for the “foreseeable future,” subject to periodic reviews under the Company’s ~~management~~ evaluation processes, including asset/liability and credit risk management. When the Company subsequently changes its intent to hold certain loans, the loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, there were no loans ~~held-for-sale amounted to $178 thousand, which were comprised of single-family residential loans.~~held-for-sale. In comparison, as of December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, loans held-for-sale ~~amounted~~of $275 thousand consisted of single-family residential loans.

Loan Purchases, Transfers and Sales

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company purchased loans held-for-investment of $147.8 million, compared to ~~$23.1~~$80.0 million ~~which~~during the same period in 2018. The purchased loans held-for-investment for each of the first quarter of 2019 and 2018 were primarily comprised of ~~consumer~~C&I syndicated loans.

Certain purchased and originated loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale and corresponding write-downs to allowance for loan losses are recorded, as appropriate. Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale were ~~$74.5~~$92.2 million and ~~$418.5~~$155.8 million during the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017,~~2018, respectively. These loan transfers were comprised primarily ~~comprised~~ of C&I loans for both ~~periods. In comparison, $144.9 million~~the first quarter of 2019 and ~~$720.7 million~~2018. As a result of ~~loans were transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. These~~these loan transfers, ~~were primarily comprised of C&I, multifamily residential and CRE loans for both periods. The~~the Company recorded ~~$232~~$73 thousand and ~~$441~~$85 thousand in write-downs to the allowance for loan losses ~~related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale~~ for the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. In comparison, there were no write-downs and $1.9 million of write-downs recorded to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,2018, respectively.

During the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017,~~2018, the Company sold ~~$33.8~~$76.5 million and ~~$101.4~~$89.7 million ~~respectively,~~ in originated loans, respectively, resulting in net gains of ~~$2.3 million~~$915 thousand and ~~$5.5~~$1.6 million, respectively. ~~Originated~~The sale of originated loans ~~sold~~ during the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 were primarily comprised of ~~$15.7 million of CRE loans and $12.3 million of C&I loans. Originated loans sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily comprised of $50.5~~$57.4 million of C&I loans and ~~$34.8~~$16.7 million of CRE loans. In comparison, the ~~Company sold $107.3 million in~~sales of originated loans during the ~~three months ended September 30, 2016, resulting~~same period in ~~net gains of $2.2 million. Originated loans sold during this period~~2018 were primarily comprised of ~~$53.9~~$77.8 million of C&I ~~loans and $46.0 million of CRE~~ loans. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company sold or securitized $529.5 million in originated loans, resulting in net gains of $9.3 million. Included in these amounts were $201.7 million of multifamily residential loans securitized during the first quarter of 2016, which resulted in net gains of $1.1 million, $641 thousand in mortgage servicing rights and $160.1 million of held-to-maturity investment security that were recorded. The remaining $327.8 million of originated loans sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily comprising of $171.9 million of CRE loans and $99.6 million of C&I loans, resulted in net gains of $8.2 million.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company purchased $72.4 million and $441.1 million loans, respectively, compared to $256.2 million and $1.04 billion during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans and single-family residential loans. The higher loans purchased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily included $165.8 million and $488.3 million, respectively, of single-family residential loans purchased for Community Reinvestment Act purposes.

From time to time, the Company purchases and sells loans in the secondary market. ~~Certain purchased loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale and write-downs to allowance for loan losses are recorded, when appropriate.~~ During the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2017,~~first quarter of 2019, the Company sold purchased loans of ~~$57.4~~$18.2 million ~~and $354.5~~in the secondary market resulting in minimal net gains on sale of loans. In comparison, during the same period in 2018, the Company sold purchased loans of $24.6 million ~~respectively,~~ in the secondary market at net gains of $19 thousand and $1.2 million, respectively. In comparison, the Company sold loans of $45.8 million and $179.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, in the secondary market. Loan sales in the secondary market resulted in no gains or losses ~~and $69 thousand in net gains recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.~~$27 thousand.

The Company records valuation adjustments in Net gains on sales of loans on the Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Income to carry the loans held-for-sale portfolio at the lower of cost or fair value. ~~For~~No lower of cost or fair value adjustments were recorded for each of the ~~three months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~2016, no valuation adjustments were recorded. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded $61 thousand and $2.4 million, respectively, in valuation adjustments.~~2018.

Non-PCI Nonperforming Assets

Non-PCI nonperforming assets are comprised of nonaccrual loans, other nonperforming assets and ~~other real estate owned (“OREO”), net. Loans~~OREO. Other nonperforming assets and OREO, respectively, represent repossessed assets and properties acquired through foreclosure, or through full or partial satisfaction of loans held-for-investment. Generally, loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due or when the full collection of principal or interest becomes uncertain regardless of the length of past due status. Collectability is generally assessed based on economic and business conditions, the borrower’s financial conditions and the adequacy of collateral, if any. The following table presents information regarding non-PCI nonperforming assets as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016			March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Nonaccrual loans:
Real estate - commercial	$	24,802		$	26,907
Real estate - land and construction	4,183			5,326
Commercial	73,384			81,256
Real estate - single-family	6,639			4,214
Real estate - multifamily	2,620			2,984
Consumer	3,097			2,130
Commercial:
C&I							$	86,466		$	43,840
CRE							25,209			24,218
Multifamily residential							1,620			1,260
Consumer:
Single-family residential							10,467			5,259
HELOCs							10,473			8,614
Other consumer							2,506			2,502
Total nonaccrual loans	114,725			122,817			136,741			85,693
OREO, net	2,289			6,745			133			133
Other nonperforming assets							1,167			7,167
Total nonperforming assets	$	117,014		$	129,562		$	138,041		$	92,993
Non-PCI nonperforming assets to total assets⁽¹⁾	0.32		%	0.37		%	0.33		%	0.23		%
Non-PCI nonaccrual loans to loans held-for-investment ⁽¹⁾	0.40		%	0.48		%	0.42		%	0.26		%
Allowance for loan losses to non-PCI nonaccrual loans	249.23		%	212.12		%	232.48		%	363.30		%


(1)	Total assets and loans held-for-investment include PCI loans of ~~$532.3~~$290.3 million and ~~$642.4~~$308.0 million as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively.

~~Typically, changes~~

Changes to nonaccrual loans period-over-period represent ~~inflows for~~ loans that are placed on nonaccrual status in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy, offset by reductions for loans that are paid down, charged off, sold, foreclosed, or no longer classified as nonaccrual as a result of continued performance and improvement in the ~~borrower’s~~borrowers’ financial condition and loan ~~repayment capabilities.~~repayments. Nonaccrual loans ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$8.1~~$51.0 million or 7%60% to ~~$114.7~~$136.7 million as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 from ~~$122.8~~$85.7 million as of December 31, 2016. The decrease in nonaccrual loans was primarily due to payoffs and paydowns of nonaccrual loans of $70.2 million, transfers of nonaccrual loans to accrual status of $37.2 million, and charge-offs of nonaccrual loans of $19.5 million, partially offset by loans transferred to nonaccrual status of $119.4 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.2018. Nonaccrual loans as a percentage of loans held-for-investment ~~declined~~increased from ~~0.48%~~0.26% as of December 31, ~~2016~~2018 to ~~0.40%~~0.42% as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019. C&I nonaccrual loans comprised ~~64%~~63% and ~~66%~~51% of total nonaccrual loans as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively. Credit risks related to the C&I nonaccrual loans were partially mitigated by the ~~collateral. In addition,~~collateral in place. As of March 31, 2019, $65.7 million or 48% of the ~~risk of loss of all nonaccrual loans had been considered as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and the Company believes that this was appropriately covered by the allowance for loan losses.~~

~~In addition, 36% and 64% of~~$136.7 million non-PCI nonaccrual loans consisted of nonaccrual loans that were less than 90 days delinquent. In comparison, $23.8 million or 28% of the $85.7 million non-PCI nonaccrual loans consisted of nonaccrual loans that were less than 90 days delinquent as of ~~September 30, 2017 and~~ December 31, ~~2016, respectively.~~2018.

For additional details regarding the Company’s non-PCI nonaccrual ~~loans~~loan policy, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies— Loans Held-for-Investment to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

~~Troubled~~A loan is classified as a troubled debt ~~restructurings~~restructuring (“~~TDRs”~~TDR”) when the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. Loans with contractual terms that have been modified as a TDR and are current at the time of restructuring may ~~be designated as performing or nonperforming. A TDR may be designated as performing,~~remain on accrual status if there is demonstrated performance prior to the ~~loan has demonstrated sustained performance~~restructuring and payment in full under the ~~modified terms. The period of sustained performance may include~~restructured terms is expected. Otherwise, the ~~periods prior to modification if prior performance has met or exceeded the modified terms. A loan will remain~~loans are placed on nonaccrual status and are reported as nonperforming, until the borrower demonstrates a sustained period of performance, generally six ~~consecutive~~ months, ~~of payments.~~

and the ability to repay the loan according to the contractual terms. If accruing TDRs cease to perform in accordance with their modified contractual terms, they are placed on nonaccrual status and reported as nonperforming TDRs.

The following table presents the performing and nonperforming TDRs by loan ~~segment~~segments as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Performing TDRs		Nonperforming TDRs		Performing TDRs		Nonperforming TDRs		Performing TDRs		Nonperforming TDRs		Performing TDRs		Nonperforming TDRs
Commercial:
C&I									$	43,230	$	5,488	$	13,248	$	10,715
CRE	$	10,347	$	19,830	$	20,145	$	14,446	6,091		15,040		6,134		17,272
C&I	20,416		44,292		44,363		23,771
Residential	18,872		486		17,178		717
Consumer	1,204		375		1,552		49
Multifamily residential									4,263		252		4,300		260
Consumer:
Single-family residential									7,869		320		8,201		325
HELOCs									1,191		1,851		1,342		1,743
Total TDRs	$	50,839	$	64,983	$	83,238	$	38,983	$	62,644	$	22,951	$	33,225	$	30,315

Performing TDRs ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$32.4~~$29.4 million or ~~39%~~89% to ~~$50.8~~$62.6 million as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, primarily due to ~~the transfers of one CRE and~~ two new performing C&I loans ~~from performing to nonperforming status~~that were designated as TDRs during the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~first quarter of 2019. Nonperforming TDRs ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$26.0~~$7.4 million or ~~67%~~24% to ~~$65.0~~$23.0 million as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, primarily due to ~~the aforementioned transfers~~paydowns and payoffs of ~~CRE and~~several C&I loans ~~between performing and nonperforming status~~ and a ~~C&I loan becoming a TDR~~CRE loan during the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~first quarter of 2019.

The Company’s impaired loans include predominantly non-PCI loans held-for-investment on nonaccrual status and any non-PCI loans modified as a TDR, on either accrual or nonaccrual status. See Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Troubled Debt Restructurings and Impaired Loansto the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Company’s ~~TDRs~~TDR and impaired loan policies. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the allowance for loan losses included ~~$20.8~~$4.5 million for impaired loans with a total recorded investment balance of ~~$72.6~~$39.9 million. In comparison, the allowance for loan losses included ~~$12.7~~$4.0 million for impaired loans with a total recorded investment balance of ~~$84.1~~$31.1 million as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018.

The following table presents the recorded investment balances for non-PCI impaired loans as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:

($ in thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Amount Percent Amount Percent
CRE:
Income producing $ 35,149
21 % $ 46,508
23 %
Land 4,183
3 % 5,870
3 %
Total CRE impaired loans 39,332
24 % 52,378
26 %
C&I:
Commercial business 89,092
54 % 120,453
58 %
Trade finance 4,708
3 % 5,166
2 %
Total C&I impaired loans 93,800
57 % 125,619
60 %
Residential:
Single-family 15,899
10 % 14,335
7 %
Multifamily 12,232
7 % 10,041
5 %
Total residential impaired loans 28,131
17 % 24,376
12 %
Consumer 4,301
2 % 3,682
2 %
Total impaired loans $ 165,564
100 % $ 206,055
100 %




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amount		%		Amount		%
Commercial:
C&I	$	129,696	65	%	$	57,088	48	%
CRE	31,300		16	%	30,352		26	%
Multifamily residential	5,883		3	%	5,560		5	%
Total commercial	166,879		84	%	93,000		79	%
Consumer:
Single-family residential	18,336		9	%	13,460		11	%
HELOCs	11,664		6	%	9,956		8	%
Other consumer	2,506		1	%	2,502		2	%
Total consumer	32,506		16	%	25,918		21	%
Total non-PCI impaired loans	$	199,385	100	%	$	118,918	100	%

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for credit losses consists of allowance for loan losses and allowance for unfunded credit reserves. Allowance for loan losses is comprised of reserves for two components, performing loans with unidentified incurred losses, and nonperforming loans and TDRs (collectively, impaired loans). It excludes loans held-for-sale. The allowance for loan losses is estimated after analyzing internal historical loss experience, internal risk rating, economic conditions, bank risks, portfolio risks and any other pertinent information. Unfunded credit reserves include reserves provided for unfunded lending commitments, ~~issued commercial letters of credit and~~ standby letters of credit (“SBLCs”), and recourse obligations for loans sold. The allowance for credit losses is increased by the provision for credit losses which is charged against the current ~~period operating~~period’s results of operations, and is increased or decreased by the amount of net recoveries or charge-offs, respectively, during the period. The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets.~~Sheet. Net adjustments to the allowance for unfunded credit reserves are included in Provision for credit losses on the Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Income.

The Company is committed to maintaining the allowance for credit losses at a level that is commensurate with the estimated inherent ~~loss~~losses in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit reserves. In addition to regular quarterly reviews of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, the Company performs an ongoing ~~assessment~~assessments of the risks inherent in the loan portfolio. While the Company believes that the allowance for loan losses is appropriate as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, future allowance levels may increase or decrease based on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, loan growth, portfolio performance and general economic conditions. The estimation of the allowance for credit losses involves subjective and complex judgments. For additional details on the Company’s allowance for credit losses, including the methodologies used, seeNote 8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q, and Item 7. MD&A — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimatesand Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies— Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

The following table presents a summary of activities in the allowance for credit losses for the ~~three~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2019			2018
Allowance for loan losses, beginning of period	$	276,316		$	266,768		$	260,520		$	264,959		$	311,322		$	287,128
Provision for loan losses	13,448			11,514			32,134			19,049			20,640			19,922
Gross charge-offs:
CRE	—			(309		)	(149		)	(504		)
Commercial:
C&I	(7,359		)	(23,696		)	(19,802		)	(31,770		)	(17,244		)	(18,445		)
Residential	—			(29		)	(1		)	(166		)
Consumer	(65		)	(13		)	(72		)	(17		)
Consumer:
Single-family residential													—			(1		)
Other consumer													(14		)	(17		)
Total gross charge-offs	(7,424		)	(24,047		)	(20,024		)	(32,457		)	(17,258		)	(18,463		)
Gross recoveries:
Commercial:
C&I													2,251			7,279
CRE	610			634			1,714			873			222			427
C&I	2,165			165			9,658			2,068
Residential	809			654			1,758			1,048
Consumer	2			124			166			272
Multifamily residential													281			333
Construction and land													63			435
Consumer:
Single-family residential													2			184
HELOCs													2			—
Other consumer													—			1
Total gross recoveries	3,586			1,577			13,296			4,261			2,821			8,659
Net charge-offs	(3,838		)	(22,470		)	(6,728		)	(28,196		)	(14,437		)	(9,804		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments													369			408
Allowance for loan losses, end of period	285,926			255,812			285,926			255,812			317,894			297,654

Allowance for unfunded credit reserves, beginning of period	15,188			20,318			16,121			20,360			12,566			13,318
Reversal of unfunded credit reserves	(452		)	(1,989		)	(1,385		)	(2,031		)
Provision for unfunded credit reserves													1,939			296
Allowance for unfunded credit reserves, end of period	14,736			18,329			14,736			18,329			14,505			13,614
Allowance for credit losses	$	300,662		$	274,141		$	300,662		$	274,141		$	332,399		$	311,268

Average loans held-for-investment	$	27,529,103		$	24,258,913		$	26,764,327		$	23,961,288		$	32,414,467		$	29,142,875
Loans held-for-investment, end of period	$	28,525,357		$	24,731,962		$	28,525,357		$	24,731,962
Annualized net charge-offs to average loans held-for-investment	(0.06		)%	(0.37		)%	(0.03		)%	(0.16		)%
Loans held-for-investment													$	32,863,286		$	29,555,248
Allowance for loan losses to loans held-for-investment	1.00		%	1.03		%	1.00		%	1.03		%	0.97		%	1.01		%
Annualized quarterly net charge-offs to average loans held-for-investment													0.18		%	0.14		%

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the allowance for loan losses amounted to ~~$285.9~~$317.9 million or ~~1.00%~~0.97% of loans held-for-investment, compared to ~~$260.5~~$311.3 million or ~~1.02%~~0.96% and ~~$255.8~~$297.7 million or ~~1.03%~~1.01% of loans held-for-investment as of December 31, ~~2016~~2018 and ~~September 30, 2016,~~March 31, 2018, respectively. The increase in the allowance for loan losses was largely due to ~~the overall growth in the~~ loan ~~portfolio. The~~portfolio growth. As of March 31, 2019, the allowance for loan losses to loans held-for-investment ratio ~~as of September 30, 2017 decreased slightly~~remained stable compared to ~~both~~ December 31, ~~2016~~2018, and ~~September 30, 2016.~~decreased compared to March 31, 2018. The decrease in ~~this ratio was primarily attributable to the higher credit quality of newly originated loans, resulting in loans held-for-investment increasing at a higher rate than the estimated~~ allowance for loan ~~losses. In addition,~~losses to loans held-for-investment as of March 31, 2019 compared to the ~~extended good economic cycle and sound credit risk management practices have led~~same period in 2018 was due to ~~continued declines in~~ the ~~Company’s historical loss rate experience, which has resulted in a slower~~ rate of ~~change~~loan growth outpacing the rate of increase in the allowance for loan losses, ~~compared~~primarily due to improvements in loan portfolio credit quality and economic factors, including improvements in the ~~Company’s loan growth.~~U.S. economy and labor markets in 2019.

Provision for credit losses includes provision for loan losses and unfunded credit reserves. Provision for credit losses is charged to income to bring the allowance for credit losses to a level deemed appropriate by the Company based on the factors described above. The ~~fluctuation in the provision for credit losses is highly dependent on the historical loss rates trend along with the net charge-offs experienced during the period. The~~ increase in the provision for credit losses for the ~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2017,~~first quarter of 2019, compared to the same ~~periods~~period in ~~2016,~~2018, was reflective of the overall loan portfolio growth and increased net charge-offs, partially offset by a decline in the historical loss ~~factor during~~rates compared to the same ~~periods.~~ period in 2018. The increase in net charge-offs compared to the same period in 2018 was mainly attributable to the charge-offs in the C&I portfolio due to a combination of deterioration in collateral value and borrower cash flows. The loan portfolio growth and decline in historical loss rates were driven by the continued improvement in the U.S. economy and labor markets and proactive credit risk management.

The Company believes the allowance for credit losses as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016~~2018 was appropriate to cover credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit commitments, ~~at that~~on each respective date.

The following table presents the Company’s allocation of the allowance for loan losses by segment and the ratio of each loan segment to total loans held-for-investment as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:



($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Allowance Allocation		% of Total Loans		Allowance Allocation		% of Total Loans		Allowance Allocation		% of Total Loans		Allowance Allocation		% of Total Loans
Commercial:
C&I									$	189,757	37	%	$	191,340	37	%
CRE	$	74,317	33	%	$	72,916	34	%	39,879		29	%	39,053		29	%
C&I	160,598		37	%	142,167		38	%
Residential	43,905		23	%	37,338		20	%
Consumer	7,106		7	%	8,099		8	%
Multifamily residential									18,514		7	%	19,283		7	%
Construction and land									22,349		2	%	20,282		2	%
Consumer:
Single-family residential									35,759		19	%	31,340		19	%
HELOCs									7,401		5	%	5,774		5	%
Other consumer									4,235		1	%	4,250		1	%
Total	$	285,926	100	%	$	260,520	100	%	$	317,894	100	%	$	311,322	100	%

The Company maintains an allowance on non-PCI and PCI loans. Based on the Company’s estimates of cash flows expected to be collected, an allowance for the PCI loans is established, with a charge to income through the provision for loan losses. PCI loan losses are estimated collectively for groups of loans with similar characteristics. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the Company established an allowance of ~~$68~~$14 thousand on ~~$532.3~~$290.3 million of PCI loans. In comparison, the Company established an allowance of ~~$118~~$22 thousand ~~was established~~ on ~~$642.4~~$308.0 million of PCI loans as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The allowance balances of the PCI loans for both periods were attributed mainly to ~~the PCI~~ CRE loans.

Deposits

The Company offers a wide variety of deposit products to both consumer and commercial customers. Deposits are ~~an important low-cost~~the Company’s primary source of funding, ~~and affect~~the cost of which has a significant impact on the Company’s net interest income and net interest margin. The following table presents the deposit balances ~~for customer deposits~~ as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016:~~2018:


($ in thousands)									Change					March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018				Change
($ in thousands)	September 30, 2017		% of total deposits		December 31, 2016		% of total deposits		$			%		Amount		% of Total Deposits		Amount		% of Total Deposits		$			%
Core deposits:
Noninterest-bearing demand	$	10,992,674	35	%	$	10,183,946	34	%	$	808,728		8	%	$	10,011,533	28	%	$	11,377,009	32	%	$	(1,365,476	)	(12	)%
Interest-bearing checking	4,108,859		13	%	3,674,417		12	%	434,442			12	%	6,123,681		17	%	4,584,447		13	%	1,539,234			34	%
Money market	7,939,031		25	%	8,174,854		27	%	(235,823		)	(3	)%	8,243,003		23	%	8,262,677		23	%	(19,674		)	0	%
Savings	2,476,557		8	%	2,242,497		8	%	234,060			10	%	2,049,086		5	%	2,146,429		6	%	(97,343		)	(5	)%
Total core deposits	25,517,121		81	%	24,275,714		81	%	1,241,407			5	%	26,427,303		73	%	26,370,562		74	%	56,741			0	%
Time deposits	5,794,541		19	%	5,615,269		19	%	179,272			3	%	9,846,669		27	%	9,069,066		26	%	777,603			9	%
Total deposits	$	31,311,662	100	%	$	29,890,983	100	%	$	1,420,679		5	%	$	36,273,972	100	%	$	35,439,628	100	%	$	834,344		2	%

~~Total deposits increased mainly due to growth in noninterest-bearing demand and interest-bearing checking deposits from existing and new customers.~~

The Company’s deposit strategy is to grow and retain relationship-based deposits, which provides a stable and ~~provide a~~low-cost source of ~~low-cost~~ funding and liquidity to the Company. The $834.3 million or 2% increase in total deposits to $36.27 billion as of March 31, 2019 from $35.44 billion as of December 31, 2018 was primarily due to a $777.6 million or 9% increase in time deposits, and a $56.7 million increase in core deposits. Core deposits comprised ~~81%~~73% and 74% of total deposits as of ~~each of September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016. The $1.24 billion or 5% increase in core deposits was primarily due to the increases in noninterest-bearing demand deposits and interest-bearing checking deposits.~~2018, respectively. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits comprised ~~35%~~28% and ~~34%~~32% of total deposits as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, respectively. ~~Interest-bearing checking deposits comprised 13% and 12% of total deposits~~The Company’s loan-to-deposit ratio was 91% as of ~~September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016, respectively. As~~2018. Information regarding the impact of ~~September 30, 2017,~~ deposits ~~were 110%~~on net interest income and a comparison of ~~total loans, compared to 117% as~~average deposit balances and rates are provided in Item 2— MD&A — Results of ~~December 31, 2016, as the growth~~ Operations — Net Interest Income in ~~total loans outpaced deposit growth.~~this Form 10-Q.

Borrowings

The Company utilizes short-term and long-term borrowings to manage its liquidity position. Borrowings include short-term borrowings, long-term FHLB advances and repurchase agreements.

~~As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016,~~The $39.6 million short-term borrowings as of March 31, 2019 were ~~comprised of~~entered into by the Company’s subsidiary, East West Bank (China) ~~Limited’s borrowings of $24.8 million and $60.1 million, respectively. The~~Limited, with interest rates ~~of these borrowings ranged~~ranging from ~~2.96%~~3.70% to ~~3.27% and 2.80% to 3.27%~~4.55% as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019, and will all mature in 2019. In comparison, the Company had $57.6 million in short-term borrowings outstanding as of December 31, ~~2016, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, the short-term borrowings of $24.8 million are due to mature in the fourth quarter of 2017.~~ 2018.

FHLB advances increased ~~by $1.7~~$18.5 million or 6% to ~~$323.3~~$344.7 million as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 from ~~$321.6~~$326.2 million as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, FHLB advances had floating interest rates ranging from ~~1.48%~~2.58% to ~~1.72%~~3.13% with remaining maturities between ~~1.4~~0.9 and ~~5.1~~3.6 years.

Gross repurchase agreements totaled $450.0 million as of ~~each of September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net, pursuant to ASC ~~210-20-45,~~210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet ~~Offsetting~~Offsetting: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Net repurchase agreements totaled $50.0 million ~~and $350.0 million~~ as of ~~September 30, 2017~~both March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016, respectively. As of September 30, 2017,~~2018, after offsetting $400.0 ~~million of repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against resale agreements, resulting in $50.0 million of net repurchase agreements reported. In comparison, $100.0~~ million of gross repurchase agreements against gross resale agreements that were both eligible for netting ~~against resale agreements, resulting in $350.0 million of net repurchase agreements reported as of December 31, 2016.~~pursuant to ASC 210-20-45-11. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, gross repurchase agreements ~~of $450.0 million~~ had interest rates ranging ~~between 3.54%~~from 4.84% to ~~3.58% and~~5.04%, original terms ~~ranging~~ between 8.5 and 10.0 years and ~~16.5~~remaining maturities between 3.6 and 4.4 years. ~~The remaining maturity terms of the repurchase agreements range between 5.1 and 5.9 years.~~

Repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and recorded atas liabilities based on the ~~balances~~values at which the securities ~~were~~are sold. ~~The~~As of March 31, 2019, the collateral for the repurchase agreements ~~is primarily~~was comprised of U.S. Treasury ~~securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed~~ securities, and U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise ~~debt~~mortgage-backed securities. To ensure ~~that~~ the market value of the underlying collateral remains sufficient, the Company monitors the fair value of collateral pledged relative to the principal amounts borrowed under repurchase agreements. The Company manages liquidity risks related to the repurchase agreements by sourcing funding from a diverse group of counterparties and entering into repurchase agreements with longer durations, when appropriate. For additional details, see Note 5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements to the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Long-Term Debt

The Company uses long-term debt to provide funding to acquire ~~income earning~~interest-earning assets, enhance liquidity and ~~enhance liquidity.~~regulatory capital. Long-term debt ~~which consists~~totaled $146.9 million and $146.8 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Long-term debt is comprised of junior subordinated debt, ~~and a term loan, decreased $9.8 million or 5% from $186.3 million~~which qualifies as of December 31, 2016 to $176.5 million as of September 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to the quarterly repayment on the term loan, totaling $10.0 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes. The junior subordinated debt was issued in connection with the Company’s various pooled trust preferred securities ~~offerings. Junior subordinated debt is recorded as a component of long-term debt~~offerings and includes the value of the common stock issued by six wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company in conjunction with these ~~transactions. The junior subordinated debt totaled $152.6 million and $146.3 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.~~offerings. The junior subordinated debt had a ~~weighted average~~weighted-average interest rate of ~~2.73%~~4.30% and ~~2.22%~~3.34% for the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, respectively, with remaining maturities between 15.7 years and ~~remaining maturity terms of 17.2 to 20.0~~18.5 years as of ~~September 30, 2017. Beginning~~March 31, 2019.

Foreign Outstandings

The Company’s overseas offices, which include the branch in ~~2016, trust preferred securities no longer qualify~~Hong Kong and the subsidiary bank in China, are subject to the general risks inherent in conducting business in foreign countries, such as ~~Tier 1 capital~~regulations and ~~are limited to Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes, based on Basel III Capital Rules. For further discussion, see~~ ~~Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation — Capital Requirements~~ ofeconomic uncertainties. In addition, the Company’s ~~2016 Form 10-K.~~

~~In 2013,~~financial assets held in the ~~Company entered into a $100.0 million three-year term loan agreement.~~Hong Kong branch and in the China subsidiary bank may be affected by changes in demand or pricing resulting from fluctuations in currency exchange rates or other factors. The ~~terms of~~Company’s country risk exposure is largely concentrated in China and Hong Kong. The following table presents the ~~agreement were modified~~major financial assets held in ~~2015 to extend~~ the term loan maturity from July 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018, where principal repayments of $5.0 million are due quarterly. The term loan bears interest at the rate of the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate plus 150 basis points and the weighted average interest rate was 2.65% and 2.19% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The outstanding balance of the term loan was $30.0 million and $40.0 millionCompany’s overseas offices as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018:




($ in thousands)	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amount		% of Total Consolidated Assets		Amount		% of Total Consolidated Assets
Hong Kong Branch:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	330,895	1	%	$	360,786	1	%
Available-for-sale investment securities ⁽¹⁾	$	226,161	1	%	$	221,932	1	%
Loans held-for-investment ⁽²⁾⁽³⁾	$	665,395	2	%	$	653,860	2	%
Total assets	$	1,232,451	3	%	$	1,244,532	3	%
Subsidiary Bank in China:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	733,623	2	%	$	695,527	2	%
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	$	134,000	0	%	$	221,000	1	%
Loans held-for-investment ⁽³⁾	$	786,852	2	%	$	777,412	2	%
Total assets	$	1,666,173	4	%	$	1,700,287	4	%


(1)	Primarily comprised of foreign bonds and U.S. Treasury securities as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.


(2)	Includes ASC 310-30 discount of $85 thousand and $103 thousand as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.


(3)	Primarily comprised of C&I loans.

The following table presents the total revenue generated by the Company’s overseas offices for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018:




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019				2018
	Amount		% of Total Consolidated Revenue		Amount		% of Total Consolidated Revenue
Hong Kong Branch:
Total revenue	$	8,897	2	%	$	6,948	2	%
Subsidiary Bank in China:
Total revenue	$	7,084	2	%	$	5,988	1	%

Capital

The Company maintains an adequate capital base to support its anticipated asset growth, operating needs and credit risks, and to ensure that East West and the Bank are in compliance with all regulatory capital guidelines. The Company engages in regular capital planning processes to optimize the use of available capital and to appropriately plan for future capital needs. The capital plan considers capital needs for the foreseeable future and allocates capital to both existing and future business activities. In addition, the Company conducts capital stress tests as part of its annual capital planning process. The stress tests enable the Company to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy and interest rates on its capital base.

The Company’s stockholders’ equity increased by ~~$354.2~~$168.0 million or ~~10%~~4% to ~~$3.78~~$4.59 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$3.43~~$4.42 billion as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The Company’s primary source of capital is the retention of its operating earnings. Retained earnings increased by ~~$333.1~~$144.9 million or ~~15%~~5% to ~~$2.52~~$3.31 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$2.19~~$3.16 billion as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The increase was primarily due to net income of ~~$420.7~~$164.0 million, ~~reduced~~partially offset by ~~$87.6~~$33.8 million of cash dividends declared during the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~first quarter of 2019. In addition, ~~common stock and additional paid-in capital increased by $17.7~~the Company recognized a cumulative effect adjustment of $14.7 million ~~or 1.0% primarily due~~to increase beginning balance of the retained earnings as of January 1, 2019 related to the ~~activities in employee stock compensation plans.~~deferred gains on our prior sale and leaseback transactions that occurred prior to the date of adoption. For other factors that contributed to the changes in stockholders’ equity, refer to ~~the~~Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements — Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ ~~Equity.~~Equity in this Form 10-Q.

Book value was ~~$26.17~~$31.56 per common share based on ~~144.5~~145.5 million common shares outstanding as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$23.78~~$30.52 per common share based on ~~144.2~~145.0 million common shares outstanding as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The Company’s dividend policy reflects the Company’s anticipated earnings, dividend payout ratio, capital objectives, and alternate opportunities. The Company made quarterly dividend payments of $0.23 and $0.20 per common share ~~in each quarter~~ during the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017~~first quarter of 2019 and ~~2016.~~2018, respectively. In ~~October 2017,~~April 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors ~~(the “Board”)~~ declared ~~fourth~~second quarter ~~2017~~2019 cash dividends for the Company’s common stock. The common stock cash dividend of ~~$0.20~~$0.275 per share ~~is payable~~will be paid on ~~November~~May 15, ~~2017~~2019 to stockholders of record as of ~~November~~May 1, ~~2017.~~2019.

Regulatory Capital and Ratios

The federal banking agencies have risk-based capital adequacy guidelines intended to ensure that ~~are designed to reflect~~banking organizations maintain capital that is commensurate with the degree of risk associated with a banking organization’s ~~operations and transactions. The guidelines cover transactions that are reported on the balance sheet as well as those recorded as off-balance sheet items.~~operations. In 2013, the Federal Reserve Board, ~~Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation~~FDIC and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued the final Basel III Capital Rules establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for strengthening international capital standards as well as implementing certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). See Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation — Capital Requirements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K for additional details. The Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Company and the Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to phase-in periods for certain components).

The Basel III Capital Rules require that banking organizations maintain a minimum CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%, a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%, and a minimum total capital ratio of 8.0%~~. Moreover,~~ to be considered adequately capitalized. In addition, the rules require ~~that~~ banking organizations to maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% above the capital minimums ~~are~~in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions (including common stock dividends and share repurchases) and certain discretionary incentive compensation payments. The capital conservation buffer is being phased-in over four years beginning in 2016 (increasing by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it ~~reaches~~reached 2.5% on January 1, 2019). ~~When fully phased-in in~~As of January 1, 2019, ~~the~~ banking organizations ~~will be~~are required to maintain a minimum CET1 capital ratio of 7.0%, a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% and a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5% ~~to avoid limitations on capital distributions (including common stock dividends and share repurchases) and certain discretionary incentive compensation payments.~~in a fully phased-in basis.

The Company is committed to maintaining capital at a level sufficient to assure the Company’s ~~stockholders,~~investors, customers and regulators that the Company and the Bank are financially sound. As of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, both the Company and the Bank were considered “well-capitalized,” and have met all capital requirements on a fully phased-in basis under the Basel III Capital Rules.

The following table presents the Company’s and the Bank’s capital ratios as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016~~2018 under the Basel III Capital Rules, and those required by regulatory agencies for capital adequacy and well-capitalized classification purposes:


	Basel III Capital Rules																Basel III Capital Rules
	September 30, 2017				December 31, 2016				Minimum Regulatory Requirements			Well- Capitalized Requirements			Fully Phased-in Minimum Regulatory Requirements		March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018				Minimum Regulatory Requirements		Well- Capitalized Requirements		Fully Phased-in Minimum Regulatory Requirements
	Company		East West Bank		Company		East West Bank					Well- Capitalized Requirements		Company			East West Bank		Company		East West Bank				Minimum Regulatory Requirements		Well- Capitalized Requirements		Fully Phased-in Minimum Regulatory Requirements
CET1 risk-based capital	11.4	%	11.3	%	10.9	%	11.3	%	Minimum Regulatory Requirements		4.5	%		6.5	Fully Phased-in Minimum Regulatory Requirements	%	7.0	%	12.4	%	12.4	%	12.2	%	12.1	%	4.5	%	6.5	%	7.0	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital	11.4	%	11.3	%	10.9	%	11.3	%	6.0	%		8.0	%		8.5	%	12.4	%	12.4	%	12.2	%	12.1	%	6.0	%	8.0	%	8.5	%
Total risk-based capital	12.9	%	12.3	%	12.4	%	12.3	%	8.0	%		10.0	%		10.5	%	13.9	%	13.4	%	13.7	%	13.1	%	8.0	%	10.0	%	10.5	%
Tier 1 leverage capital(1)	9.4	%	9.3	%	8.7	%	9.1	%	4.0	%		5.0	%		4.0	%	10.2	%	10.2	%	9.9	%	9.8	%	4.0	%	5.0	%	4.0	%


(1)	The Tier 1 leverage capital well-capitalized requirement applies to the Bank only since there is no Tier 1 leverage ratio component in the definition of a well-capitalized bank-holding company.

The Company’s CET1 and Tier 1 capital ratios ~~have~~ improved by 4920 basis points, while the total risk-based and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios ~~increased~~improved by 4819 and 6532 basis points, respectively, during the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~first quarter of 2019. The improvement was primarily driven by the ~~increases~~relatively larger growth in ~~revenues, primarily~~capital compared to risk-weighted assets. The increase in capital was largely due to an increase in net interest income primarily reflected by loan yield expansion and ~~net gains recorded from the sale of commercial property during the first quarter of 2017.~~loan growth. The ~~$1.82 billion~~$664.3 million or 7%2% increase in risk-weighted assets ~~increased~~ from ~~$27.36~~$32.50 billion as of December 31, ~~2016~~2018 to ~~$29.18~~$33.16 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 was primarily due to the growth of the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2017, the Company’s CET1 risk-based capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital ratios and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios were 11.4%, 11.4%, 12.9% and 9.4%, respectively, well above the well-capitalized requirements of 6.5%, 8.0%, 10.0% and 5.0%, respectively.loan portfolio.

~~Regulatory~~Other Matters

The ~~Bank entered into~~Company has previously invested in mobile solar generators sold and managed by DC Solar, which were included in Investments in tax credit and other investments, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For reasons that were not known or knowable to the Company, DC Solar had its assets frozen in December 2018. DC Solar filed for bankruptcy protection in February 2019. In February 2019, an affidavit from a ~~Written Agreement, dated November 9, 2015, with~~Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) special agent stated that DC Solar was operating a fraudulent "Ponzi-like scheme" and that the ~~Federal Reserve Bank~~majority of ~~San Francisco (the “Written Agreement”),~~mobile solar generators sold to ~~correct less than satisfactory BSA~~investors and ~~AML programs detailed in a joint examination~~managed by ~~the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”)~~DC Solar and the ~~California Department~~majority of ~~Business Oversight (“DBO”).~~the related lease revenues claimed to have been received by DC Solar may not have existed. Certain investors in DC Solar, including the Company, received tax credits for making these renewable resource investments. The ~~Bank also entered into a related Memorandum~~Company has claimed tax credit benefits of ~~Understanding (“MOU”) with the DBO~~approximately $53.9 million in ~~2015. See~~ ~~Item 7. MD&A — Regulatory Matters~~ ~~and~~ ~~Note 18 — Regulatory Requirements and Matters~~ to the Consolidated Financial Statements between 2014 through 2018. If the allegations set forth in the declaration filed by the FBI are proven to be accurate, up to the entire amount of the ~~Company’s 2016 Form 10-K for further details.~~tax credits claimed by the Company could potentially be disallowed. The Company has fully written off the tax credit investments related to DC Solar in the first quarter of 2019 and recorded a pre-tax $7.0 million impairment charge, which is included in

~~The~~Amortization of tax credit and other investments on the Consolidated Statement of Income during the first quarter of 2019. Based on the information known as of March 31, 2019, the Company believes that it has not met the ~~Bank~~more-likely-than-not criterion to recognize an uncertain tax position liability to be recorded under ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company continues to closely monitor the progress of the allegations set forth in the FBI declaration, and it is ~~making progress in executing the compliance plans and programs required by the Written Agreement and MOU, although there can be no assurances~~reasonably possible that ~~our plans and progress~~an uncertain tax position will be ~~found to~~required for at least part, if not potentially all, of the tax credit benefits the Company has claimed. The amount of the uncertain tax position liability that may be ~~satisfactory by our regulators. To date,~~recorded may have an adverse impact on the Bank has added significant resources to meet the monitoring and reporting obligations imposed by the Written Agreement and will continue to require significant management and third party consultant resources to comply with the Written Agreement and MOU, and to address any additional findings or recommendations by the regulators. These incremental administrative and third party costs, as well as the operational restrictions imposed by the Written Agreement, may adversely affect the Bank’sCompany’s income tax liabilities, results of ~~operations.~~

Ifoperations and financial condition. For additional compliance issues are identified or the regulators determine the Bank has not satisfactorily complied with the terms of the Written Agreement, the regulators could take further actions with respect to the Bank and, if such further actions were taken, such actions could have a material adverse effectinformation on the ~~Bank. The operating and other conditions~~risks surrounding the Company’s investments in the BSA and AML program and the auditing and oversight of the program that led to the Written Agreement and MOU could also lead to an increased risk of being subject to additional actions by the DBO and FRB, an increased risk of future examinations that may downgrade the regulatory ratings of the Bank, and an increased risk investigations by other government agencies may resulttax advantaged products, see Item 1A. Risk Factors in ~~fines, penalties, increased expenses or restrictions on operations.~~ our 2018 Form 10-K.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the course of the Company’s business, the Company may enter into or be a party to transactions that are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance ~~Sheets~~Sheet and are considered to be off-balance sheet arrangements. Off-balance sheet arrangements are any contractual arrangements ~~whereby an unconsolidated~~to which a nonconsolidated entity is a party and under which the Company has: (1) any obligation under a guarantee contract; (2) a retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity or similar arrangement that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to that entity for such assets; (3) any obligation under certain derivative instruments; or (4) any obligation under a material variable interest held by the Company in ~~an unconsolidated~~a nonconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the Company, or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with the Company.

Commitments to extend credit

As a financial service provider, the Company routinely enters into commitments to extend credit ~~to customers,~~ such as loan commitments, commercial letters of credit for foreign and domestic trade, SBLCs and financial ~~guarantees.~~guarantees to meet the financing needs of our customers. Many of these commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. The credit policies used in underwriting loans to customers are also used to extend these commitments. Under some of these contractual agreements, the Company may also have liabilities contingent upon the occurrence of certain events. The Company’s liquidity sources have been, and are expected to be, sufficient to meet the cash requirements of its lending activities. ~~The following table presents~~Information about the Company’s loan commitments, commercial letters of credit and SBLCs asis provided in Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Guarantees

In the ordinary course of ~~September 30, 2017:~~business, the Company enters into various guarantee agreements in which the Company sells

or securitizes loans with recourse. Under these guarantee arrangements, the Company is contingently obligated to repurchase the recourse component of the loans when the loans default. Additional information regarding guarantees is provided in Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

($ in thousands) Commitments
Outstanding
Loan commitments $ 4,956,515
Commercial letters of credit and SBLCs $ 1,757,648

A discussion of significant contractual arrangements under which the Company may be held contingently liable is included in Note 11 —12 — Commitments and Contingenciesto the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements in this Form 10-Q. In addition, the Company has commitments and obligations under post-retirement benefit plans as described in Note 1516 — Employee Benefit Plans to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K, and has contractual obligations for future payments on debts, borrowings and lease obligations as detailed in Item 7 — MD&A — Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and ~~Aggregate~~ Contractual Obligations of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

Asset Liability and Market Risk Management

Liquidity

Liquidity ~~refers to the Company’s ability~~is a financial institution’s capacity to meet its ~~contractual~~deposit and ~~contingent financial~~other counterparties’ obligations ~~on or off-balance sheet,~~ as they ~~become due.~~come due or obtain adequate funding at a reasonable cost to meet those obligations. The ~~Company’s primary~~objective of liquidity management ~~objective~~ is to ~~provide sufficient funding for its businesses throughout market cycles~~manage the potential mismatch of asset and ~~be able~~liability cash flows. Maintaining an adequate level of liquidity depends on the institution’s ability to ~~manage~~efficiently meet both expected and unexpected cash ~~flow~~flows and collateral needs ~~and requirements~~ without adversely ~~impacting~~affecting either daily operations or the financial ~~health~~condition of the ~~Company.~~institution. To achieve this objective, the Company analyzes its liquidity risk, maintains readily available liquid assets and ~~accesses~~utilizes diverse funding sources including its stable core deposit base. The Company’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) sets the liquidity guidelines that govern the day-to-day active management of the Company’s liquidity position. The ALCO regularly monitors the Company’s liquidity status and related management processes, and provides regular reports to the ~~Board.~~Board of Directors.

The Company maintains its liquidity in the form of cash and cash equivalents, interest-bearing deposits with banks, short-term resale agreements and ~~available-for-sale~~unpledged investment securities. These assets, which includes the Company’s reserve requirement of $624.6 million, totaled ~~$5.10~~$6.49 billion and ~~$5.54 billion, accounting~~accounted for ~~14% and 16%~~15% of total assets as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019. In comparison, these assets, which includes the Company’s reserve requirement of $707.3 million,totaled $6.05 billion and accounted for 15% of total assets as of December 31, ~~2016, respectively.~~ 2018. Investment securities included as part of liquidity sources are primarily comprised of mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprises, as well as the U.S. Treasury securities. The Company believes these investment securities provide quick sources of liquidity through sales or pledging to obtain financing, regardless of market conditions. In particular, the Company deemed cash and cash equivalents, and unencumbered high quality liquid securities as the Company’s primary source of liquidity. Traditional forms of funding such as ~~customer deposits~~deposit growth and borrowings augment these liquid assets. Total ~~customer~~ deposits amounted to ~~$31.31~~$36.27 billion as of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$29.89~~$35.44 billion as of December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, of which core deposits comprised ~~81%~~73% and 74% of total deposits as of ~~each of September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016.~~ 2018, respectively.

As a means of augmenting the Company’s liquidity, the Company maintains available borrowing capacity under secured borrowing lines with the FHLB and ~~FRB,~~Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”), unsecured federal ~~funds’~~funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks ~~for purchase of overnight funds,~~ and several master repurchase agreements with major brokerage companies. The Company’s available borrowing capacity with the FHLB and FRB was ~~$6.45~~$6.03 billion and ~~$3.23~~$3.01 billion, respectively, as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019. Unencumbered loans and/or securities were pledged to the FHLB and FRB discount window as collateral. Eligibility of collateral is defined in guidelines from the FHLB and FRB and is subject to change at their discretion. The Bank’s unsecured federal ~~funds’~~funds lines of credit, subject to availability, totaled ~~$731.0~~$737.4 million with correspondent banks as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019. The Company believes that its liquidity sources are sufficient to meet all reasonably foreseeable short-term needs over the next 12 months.

While the Company’s long-term funding source is predominantly provided by core deposits, the Company may use long-term borrowings, repurchase agreements and ~~intermediate-term needs.~~

unsecured debt issuance to sustain an adequate liquid asset portfolio, meet daily cash demands and allow management flexibility to execute business strategy. The ~~Company experienced net cash inflows from operating activities~~economic conditions and stability of ~~$665.0 million~~capital markets impact the Company’s access to, and $417.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $247.4 million increase in net cash inflows from operating activities between these periods was primarily due to a $99.8 million increase in net income, a $108.3 million increase in net changes in cash flows receivable from other assets and a $76.2 million increase in net changes in the cash flows from accrued expenses and other liabilities, partially offset by a $32.5 million change in non-cash amounts. The $108.3 million increase in net changes in cash flows receivable from other assets, comparing the nine months ended September 30, 2017cost of wholesale financing. Access to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to a reduction in tax receivables, and an increase in fair value of interest rate swaps and options during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 contributing to operating cash outflows in that period. The $76.2 million increase in net changes in the cash flows from accrued expenses and other liabilities, comparing the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to a larger wire transfer in transit and an increase in tax payables.

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $2.07 billion and $473.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $1.59 billion increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a $1.69 billion increase in net cash outflows from loans held-for-investment, partially offset by a $150.0 million increase in net cash inflows from resale agreements.

~~During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016,~~capital markets for the Company ~~experienced net cash inflows~~is also affected by the credit ratings received from financing activities of $1.24 billion and $365.6 million, respectively. Net cash inflows from financing activities of $1.24 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily comprised of a $1.39 billion net increase in customer deposits, partially offset by $87.9 million in cash dividends paid. Net cash inflows from financing activities of $365.6 million during the same period in 2016 were primarily comprised of a $1.13 billion net increase in customer deposits and a $37.7 million increase in short-term borrowings, partially offset by a $700.0 million repayment of short-term FHLB advances and $87.0 million in cash dividends paid.various rating agencies.

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the Company is not aware of any trends, events or uncertainties that ~~had~~will or ~~were~~are reasonably likely to have a material effect on its liquidity position. Furthermore, the Company is not aware of any material commitments for capital expenditures in the foreseeable future.

East West’s liquidity has historically been dependent on the payment of cash dividends by its subsidiary, East West Bank, which are subject to applicable statutes, regulations and special ~~approval.~~approval as discussed in Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation — Dividends and Other Transfers of Funds of the Company’s 2018 Form 10-K. The Bank paid total dividends of ~~$255.0 million and $100.0~~$40.0 million to East West during the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.~~first quarter of 2019. In comparison, no dividend was paid to East West during the same period in 2018. In addition, in ~~October 2017,~~April 2019, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly common stock cash dividend of ~~$0.20~~$0.275 per share, ~~for the Company’s common stock~~ payable on ~~November~~May 15, ~~2017~~2019 to stockholders of record on ~~November~~May 1, ~~2017.~~2019.

Liquidity stress testing is performed at the Company level as well as at the foreign subsidiary and foreign branch levels. Stress testing and scenario analysis are intended to quantify the potential impact of a liquidity event on the financial and liquidity position of the entity. These scenarios include assumptions about significant changes in key funding sources, market triggers and potential uses of funding and economic conditions in certain countries. In addition, Company specific events are incorporated into the stress testing. Liquidity stress tests are conducted to ascertain potential mismatches between liquidity sources and uses over a variety of time horizons, both immediate and longer term, and over a variety of stressed conditions. Given the range of potential stresses, the Company maintains a series of contingency funding plans on a consolidated basis and for individual entities.

Consolidated Cash Flows Analysis

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018. In addition to this cash flow analysis, the discussion related to liquidity in Item 2 — MD&A — Asset Liability and Market Risk Management — Liquidity may provide a more useful context in evaluating the Company’s liquidity position and related activity.




($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	139,241		$	217,854
Net cash used in investing activities	(118,681		)	(1,040,318		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	749,370			944,414
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	14,018			18,396
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	783,948			140,346
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	3,001,377			2,174,592
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	3,785,325		$	2,314,938

Operating activities — The Company’s operating assets and liabilities support the Company’s lending and capital market activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $139.2 million and $217.9 million for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, net cash provided by operating activities mainly reflected $164.0 million and $187.0 million of net income, respectively. During the first quarter of 2019, non-cash adjustments to reconcile net income to net operating cash of $62.2 million, was primarily comprised of depreciation and amortization/accretion, of which was partially offset by $60.8 million of changes in accrued expenses and other liabilities, and $27.6 million of changes in accrued interest receivable and other assets. The $60.8 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities between the first quarter of 2019 and fourth quarter of 2018 was primarily due to decreases in derivative liability fair values and bonus payouts. In comparison, net operating cash inflows for the same period in 2018 benefited from $18.0 million in non-cash adjustments to reconcile net income to net operating cash, and $14.5 million of changes in accrued interest receivable and other assets.

Investing activities —Net cash used in investing activities was $118.7 million and $1.04 billion for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.During the first quarter of 2019, net cash used in investing activities primarily reflected a $465.0 million increase in net loans held-for-investment, and $33.3 million in net fundings of investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, partially offset by a $245.4 million decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks and net cash inflows from available-for-sale investment securities of $137.2 million. In comparison, during the first quarter of 2018, net cash used in investing activities primarily reflected a $586.8 million increase in net loans held-for-investment, and a $503.7 million payment for the DCB sale, partially offset by net cash inflows from available-for-sale investment securities of $144.5 million.

Financing activities —Net cash provided by financing activities of $749.4 million and $944.4 million for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, was primarily reflective of $800.1 million and $964.4 million net increases in deposits for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company paid cash dividends of $34.9 million and $30.2 million during the first quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Interest Rate Risk Management

Interest rate risk results primarily from the Company’s traditional banking activities of gathering deposits and extending loans, and is the primary market risk for the Company. Economic and financial conditions, movements in interest rates and consumer preferences affect the difference between the interest the Company earns on interest-earning assets and pays on interest-bearing liabilities, and the level of the noninterest-bearing funding sources. In addition, changes in interest rates can influence the rate of principal prepayments on loans and the speed of deposit withdrawals. Due to the pricing term mismatches and the embedded options inherent in certain products, changes in market interest rates not only affect expected near-term earnings, but also the economic value of these interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Other market risks include foreign currency exchange risk and equity price risk. These risks are not considered significant to the ~~Company’s interest rate risk~~Company and no separate quantitative information concerning these risks is presented herein.

With oversight by the Company’s Board of Directors, the ALCO coordinates the overall management of the Company’s interest rate risk. The ALCO meets regularly and is responsible for reviewing the Company’s open market positions and establishing policies to monitor and limit exposure to market risk. Management of interest rate risk is carried out primarily through strategies involving the Company’s investment securities portfolio, loan portfolio, available funding channels and capital market activities. In addition, the Company’s policies permit the use of ~~off-balance sheet~~ derivative instruments to assist in managing interest rate risk. Refer to Item 2. MD&A — Asset Liability and Market Risks Management — Derivatives in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

The interest rate risk exposure is measured and monitored through various risk management tools which include a simulation model that performs interest rate sensitivity analysis under multiple interest rate scenarios. The model ~~includes~~incorporates the Company’s cash instruments, loans, investment securities, resale agreements, ~~customer~~ deposits and borrowing portfolios, ~~including~~and repurchase agreements. The financial instruments from the Company’s domestic and foreign operations, forecasted noninterest income and noninterest expense items are also incorporated in the simulation. The simulated interest rate scenarios ~~simulated~~ include ~~an instantaneous parallel shift and~~a non-parallel shift in the yield ~~curve.~~curve (“rate shock”) and a gradual non-parallel shift in the yield curve (“rate ramp”). In addition, the Company also performs various simulations using alternative interest rate scenarios. The alternative interest rate scenarios include yield curve flattening, yield curve steepening and yield curve inverting. In order to apply the assumed interest rate environment, adjustments are made to reflect the shift in the U.S. Treasury and other appropriate ~~yield~~interest rate curves. The Company incorporates both a static balance sheet and a forward growth balance sheet in order to perform these ~~evaluations.~~analyses. Results of these various simulations are used to formulate and gauge strategies to achieve a desired risk profile within the Company’s capital and liquidity guidelines.

The simulation model is based on the actual maturity and re-pricing characteristics of the Company’s interest-rate sensitive assets, liabilities and related derivative contracts. The Company’s net interest income simulation model incorporates various assumptions, which management believes to be reasonable but may have a significant impact on results. They include: the timing and magnitude of changes in interest rates, the yield curve evolution and shape, repricing characteristics, and the effect of interest rate floors, periodic loan caps and lifetime loan caps. In addition, the modeled results are highly sensitive to the deposit decay assumptions used for deposits that do not have specific maturities. The Company uses ~~historical~~ regression analysis of the Company’s internal historical deposit data as a guide to set deposit decay assumptions. ~~In addition, the~~The model is also highly sensitive to certain assumptions on the correlation of the change in interest rates paid on core deposits to changes in benchmark market interest rates, commonly referred to as deposit beta assumptions. Deposit beta assumptions are developed based on the Company’s historical experience. The model is also sensitive to the loan and investment prepayment ~~assumption.~~assumptions. The loan and investment prepayment ~~assumption,~~assumptions, which ~~considers~~consider the anticipated prepayments under different interest rate environments, isare based on an independent model, as well as the Company’s historical prepayment experiences.

Existing investment securities, loans, ~~customer~~ deposits and borrowings are assumed to roll into new instruments at a similar spread relative to benchmark interest rates and internal pricing guidelines. The assumptions applied in the model are documented and supported for ~~reasonableness.~~reasonableness and periodically back-tested to assess their effectiveness. Changes to key model assumptions are reviewed by the ALCO. Due to the sensitivity of the model results, the Company performs periodic testing to assess the impact of the assumptions. The Company also makes appropriate calibrations when necessary. Scenarios do not reflect strategies that management could employ to limit the impact as interest rate expectations change. Simulation results are highly dependent on these assumptions. To the extent actual behavior is different from the assumptions in the models, there could be a material change in interest rate sensitivity. The Company performs periodic testing to assess the sensitivity of the model results to the assumptions used. The Company also makes appropriate calibrations to the model when necessary. Scenario results do not reflect strategies that management could employ to limit the impact as interest rate expectations change.

Twelve-Month Net Interest Income Simulation

Net Interest Income simulation is a modeling technique that looks at interest rate risk through earnings. It projects the changes in asset and liability cash flows, expressed in terms of Net Interest Income, over a specified time horizon for defined interest rates scenarios. Net Interest Income simulations generate insight into the impact of changes in market rates on earnings and guide risk management decisions. The Company assesses interest rate risk by comparing net interest income using different interest rate scenarios.

The following table presents the Company’s net interest income ~~and economic value of equity (“EVE”)~~ sensitivity as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016~~2018 related to an instantaneous and sustained non-parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points in both directions:


Change in Interest Rates (BP)	Net Interest Income Volatility ⁽¹⁾				EVE Volatility ⁽²⁾
Change in Interest Rates (BP)	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)									Net Interest Income Volatility ⁽¹⁾
Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)									March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
+200	20.5	%	22.4	%	13.4	%	12.3	%	16.9	%	16.6	%
+100	11.4	%	12.0	%	7.0	%	7.5	%	9.2	%	8.4	%
-100	(8.0	)%	(6.8	)%	(3.7	)%	(5.0	)%	(6.6	)%	(8.3	)%
-200	(10.4	)%	(7.5	)%	(9.6	)%	(9.3	)%	(14.5	)%	(16.7	)%


(1)	The percentage change represents net interest income over 12 months in a stable interest rate environment versus net interest income in the various rate scenarios.

The Company’s estimated twelve-month net interest income sensitivity as of March 31, 2019 was higher compared to December 31, 2018 for both the upward 100 and 200 basis point rate scenarios. Simulated increases in interest income are offset by increases in the rate of repricing for the Company’s deposit portfolio. In both simulated downward interest rate scenarios, sensitivity decreased overall mainly due to the impact of the change in yield curve as well as the changes in balance sheet portfolio mix.

The Company’s net interest income profile as of March 31, 2019 reflects an asset sensitive position. Net interest income would be expected to increase if interest rates rise and to decrease if interest rates decline. The Company is naturally asset sensitive due to its large portfolio of variable rate loans that are funded in large part by low cost non-maturity deposits. The Company’s interest income is vulnerable to changes in short-term interest rates. The Company’s variable rate loan portfolio is generally comprised of Prime and London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) indexed products and as such, is vulnerable to changes in those rate indexes. The Company’s deposit portfolio is primarily funded by low cost non-maturity deposits. Though the interest rates for these deposit products are not directly subject to changes in short-term interest rates, they are, nevertheless, sensitive to changes in product mix as customers shift their balances to higher interest rate products as these products become more attractive.

The federal funds target rate was between 2.25% and 2.50% as of both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. In its statement released on March 20, 2019, the Federal Open Market Committee decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 2.25% to 2.50% in light of global economic and financial developments and muted inflation pressures. Up until that point, the Federal Open Market Committee had been increasing the federal funds target rate in a steady pace of 25 basis points per quarter during 2018.

While an instantaneous and sustained non-parallel shift in market interest rates was used in the simulation model described in the preceding paragraphs, the Company believes that any shift in interest rates would likely be more gradual and would therefore have a more modest impact. The rate ramp table below shows the net income volatility under a gradual non-parallel shift upward and downward of the yield curve in even quarterly increments over the first twelve months, followed by rates held constant thereafter:




Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)	Net Interest Income Volatility⁽¹⁾
Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
+200 Rate Ramp	6.5	%	6.3	%
+100 Rate Ramp	3.5	%	3.0	%
-100 Rate Ramp	(1.2	)%	(3.0	)%
-200 Rate Ramp	(4.2	)%	(6.3	)%


~~(2)~~(1)	The percentage change represents net interest income under a gradual non-parallel shift in even quarterly increments over 12 months.

The Company believes that the rate ramp table, shown above, and when evaluated together with the results of the rate shock simulation, presents a better indication of the potential impact to the Company’s twelve-month net interest income in a rising and falling rate scenario.

Economic Value of Equity at Risk

Economic value of equity (“EVE”) is a cash flow calculation that takes the present value of all asset cash flows and subtracts the present value of all liability cash flows. This calculation is used for asset/liability management and measures changes in the economic value of the bank. The fair market values of a bank's assets and liabilities are directly linked to interest rates. In some ways, the economic value approach provides a broader scope than the net income volatility approach since it captures all anticipated cash flows.

EVE simulation reflects the effect of interest rate shifts on the value of the Company and is used to assess the degree of interest rate risk exposure. In contrast to the earnings perspective, the economic perspective identifies risk arising from repricing or maturity gaps for the life of the balance sheet. Changes in economic value indicate anticipated changes in the value of the bank’s future cash flows. Thus, the economic perspective can provide a leading indicator of the bank’s future earnings and capital values. The economic valuation method also reflects those sensitivities across the full maturity spectrum of the bank’s assets and liabilities.

The following table presents the Company’s EVE sensitivity as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 related to an instantaneous and sustained non-parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points in both directions:




Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)	EVE Volatility⁽¹⁾
Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
+200	8.7	%	6.3	%
+100	3.6	%	1.2	%
-100	(2.6	)%	(3.1	)%
-200	(11.3	)%	(11.9	)%


(1)	The percentage change represents net portfolio value of the Company in a stable interest rate environment versus net portfolio value in the various rate scenarios.

~~Twelve-Month Net Interest Income Simulation~~

The Company’s estimated twelve-month net interest income sensitivity as of September 30, 2017 was slightly lower compared to December 31, 2016 for both upward interest rate scenarios, as simulated increases in interest income are offset by an increase in the rate of repricing for the Company’s deposit portfolio. In a simulated downward interest rate scenario, sensitivity increased overall for both of the downward interest rate scenarios, mainly due to the impact of the recent interest rate increases on December 14, 2016, March 15, 2017, and June 14, 2017. As interest rates rise further away from all time historical lows, there is more room for the Company’s simulated interest income to decline in a downward interest rate scenario, relative to previous simulations.

Under most rising interest rate environments, the Company would expect some customers to move balances in demand deposits into higher interest-bearing deposits such as money market, savings or time deposits. The models are particularly sensitive to the assumption about the rate of such migration. The federal funds target rate was between 0.50% and 0.75% as of December 31, 2016, and between 1.00% and 1.25% as of September 30, 2017. It should be noted that despite the two interest rate increases in 2017, as of September 30, 2017, the Company has not experienced this deposit movement, though there can be no assurance as to how long this is expected to last.

The following table presents the Company’s net interest income sensitivity as of September 30, 2017 for the +100 and +200 basis points interest rate scenarios assuming a $1.00 billion, $2.00 billion and $3.00 billion demand deposit migrations:

Change in
Interest Rates
(BP)
Net Interest Income Volatility
September 30, 2017

$1.00 Billion
Migration
12 Months

$2.00 Billion
Migration
12 Months

$3.00 Billion
Migration
12 Months
+200 18.3 % 16.0 % 13.8 %
+100 9.9 % 8.5 % 7.0 %

~~Economic Value of Equity at Risk~~

The Company’s EVE sensitivity ~~increased as of September 30, 2017, compared to December 31, 2016,~~ for both of the upward interest rate ~~scenarios.~~scenarios as of March 31, 2019 increased from December 31, 2018. In the simulated upward 100 ~~basis points~~ and 200 basis ~~points~~point interest rate scenarios, EVE sensitivity was ~~7.0%~~3.6% and ~~13.4%, respectively. The increase in sensitivity~~8.7% as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019, respectively, compared to 1.2% and 6.3% as of December 31, ~~2016 in the upward interest rate scenario was~~2018, respectively. These increases were primarily due to changes in the balance sheet portfolio ~~mix. EVE declined 3.7%~~mix and ~~9.6% of~~ the ~~base level as of September 30, 2017 in declining rate scenarios of~~yield curve. In the downward 100 and 200 basis ~~points,~~point interest rate scenarios, the Company’s EVE sensitivity improved for both of the downward 100 and 200 basis point interest rate scenarios as of March 31, 2019, compared to December 31, 2018. In the simulated downward 100 and 200 basis point interest rate scenarios, EVE sensitivity was (2.6)% and (11.3)% as of March 31, 2019, respectively, compared to (3.1)% and (11.9)% as of December 31, 2018, respectively.

The Company regularly reviews and updates its assumptions with regards to the timing and magnitude of changes in interest rates, and the shape and evolution of the yield curve to more accurately reflect expected customer behavior.

The Company’s ~~net interest income and~~ EVE profile as of ~~September 30, 2017, as presented in the net interest income and EVE tables,~~March 31, 2019 reflects ~~an asset sensitive net interest income position and~~ an asset sensitive EVE position. The Company is naturally asset sensitive due to its large portfolio of rate-sensitive loans that are funded in large part by ~~noninterest-bearing and rate-stable~~stable core deposits. ~~As a result, if there are no significant changes in the mix of assets and liabilities, net interest income increases when interest rates increase, and decreases when interest rates decrease.~~ Given the uncertainty of the magnitude, timing and direction of future interest rate movements, and the shape of the yield curve, actual results may vary from those predicted by the Company’s model.

Derivatives

It is the Company’s policy not to speculate on the future direction of interest rates, or foreign currency exchange ~~rates.~~rates and commodity prices. However, the Company will, from time to time, enter into ~~derivatives~~derivative transactions in order to reduce its exposure to market risks, ~~including~~primarily interest rate risk and foreign currency risk. The Company believes that these derivative transactions, when properly structured and managed, may provide a hedge against inherent risk in certain assets orand liabilities and against risk in specific transactions. Hedging transactions may be implemented using a variety of derivative instruments such as swaps, caps, floors, ~~financial futures,~~ forwards and options. Prior to entering into any hedging activities, the Company analyzes the costs and benefits of the hedge in comparison to alternative strategies. In addition, the Company enters into derivative transactions in order to assist customers with their risk management objectives, primarily to manage exposures to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currencies and commodity prices. To economically hedge against the derivative contracts entered into with the Company’s customers, the Company enters into mirrored derivative contracts with third-party financial institutions. The exposures from derivative transactions are collateralized by cash and eligible securities based on limits as set forth in the respective agreements entered between the Company and the financial institutions.

The Company is subject to credit risk associated with the counterparties to the derivative contracts. This counterparty credit risk is a multidimensional form of risk, affected by both the exposure to a counterparty and the credit quality of the counterparty, both of which are sensitive to market-induced changes. The Company’s Credit Risk Management Committee provides oversight of credit risks and the Company has guidelines in place to manage counterparty concentration, tenor limits and collateral. The Company manages the credit risk of its derivative positions by diversifying its positions among various counterparties, by entering into legally enforceable master netting arrangements and requiring collateral arrangements, where possible. The Company may also transfer counterparty credit risk related to interest rate swaps to institutional third parties through the use of credit risk participation agreements (“RPAs”). Certain derivative contracts are required to be centrally cleared through clearinghouses to further mitigate counterparty credit risk. The Company incorporates credit value adjustments and other market standard methodologies to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements of its derivatives.

~~Interest Rate Swaps on Certificates of Deposit~~Fair Value Hedges — As of ~~September 30, 2017 and December~~March 31, ~~2016,~~2019, the Company had two cancellable interest rate swap contracts with original terms of 20 years. The objective of these interest rate swaps, which were designated as fair value hedges, was to obtain low-cost floating rate funding on ~~the Company’s~~certain brokered certificates of deposit. AsThese swap contracts involve the exchange of ~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, under~~variable rate payments over the ~~terms~~life of the ~~swap contracts,~~agreements without the ~~Company received a fixed interest rate and paid a variable interest rate. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the notional amounts~~exchange of the ~~Company’s~~underlying notional amounts. The changes in fair value of these brokered certificates of deposit ~~interest rate swaps were $42.6 million and $48.4 million, respectively. The~~are expected to be effectively offset by the changes in fair value ~~liabilities~~ of the ~~interest rate~~ swaps ~~were $6.6 million and $6.0 million as~~throughout the terms of ~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.~~these contracts.

~~Interest Rate Swaps and Options~~Net Investment Hedges — The Company also offers various interest rate derivative products to its customers. When derivative transactions are executed with its customers, the derivative contracts are offset by paired trades with registered swap dealers. These contracts allow borrowers to lock in attractive intermediate and long-term fixed rate financing while not increasing the interest rate risk to the Company. These transactions are not linked to specific Company assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or to forecasted transactions in a hedge relationship and, therefore, are economic hedges. The contracts are marked to market at each reporting period. Fair values are determined from verifiable third-party sources that have considerable experience with derivative markets. The Company provides data to the third party source to calculate the credit valuation component of the fair values of the client derivative contracts.

As of September 30, 2017, the total notional amounts of interest rate swaps and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $4.37 billion for derivatives that were in an asset valuation position and $4.37 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. As of December 31, 2016, the total notional amounts of interest rate swaps and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $3.86 billion for derivatives that were in an asset valuation position and $3.81 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. The fair values of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $64.8 million asset and a $64.2 million liability as of September 30, 2017. The fair values of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $67.6 million asset and a $65.1 million liability as of December 31, 2016.

~~Foreign Exchange Contracts~~ — The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts with its customers, primarily comprised of forward, swap and spot contracts to enable its customers to hedge their transactions in foreign currencies from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, and also to allow the Company to economically hedge against foreign currency fluctuations in certain foreign currency denominated deposits that it offers to its customers, as well as the Company’s investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited.

For a majority of the foreign exchange transactions entered with its customers, the Company enters into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with institutional counterparties to mitigate the foreign exchange risk. These transactions are economic hedges and the Company does not apply hedge accounting. The Company’s policies also permit taking proprietary currency positions within approved limits, in compliance with the proprietary trading exemption provided under Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Company does not speculate in the foreign exchange markets, and actively manages its foreign exchange exposures within prescribed risk limits and defined controls.

ASC 830-20, Foreign Currency Matters — Foreign Currency Transactions and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, allow hedging of the foreign currency risk of a net investment in a foreign operation. ~~During the fourth quarter of 2015, the~~The Company ~~began entering~~entered into foreign currency ~~forward~~swap contracts to hedge its investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-U.S. dollar (“USD”) functional currency subsidiary in China. The hedging instruments, designated as net investment hedges, involve hedging the risk of changes in the USD equivalent value of a designated monetary amount of the Company’s net investment in ~~China,~~East West Bank (China) Limited, against the risk of adverse changes in the foreign currency exchange ~~rate.~~rate of the Chinese Renminbi. As of March 31, 2019, the outstanding foreign currency swaps effectively hedged approximately half of the Chinese Renminbi exposure in East West Bank (China) Limited. The ~~notional amount and~~fluctuation in foreign currency translation of the hedged exposure is expected to be offset by changes in the fair value of the net investment hedges were $83.0 million and a $4.3 million asset, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. Since recent policy changes by the People’s Bank of China, the central bank of the People’s Republic of China, as well as market sentiments have caused a divergence in the exchange rate movements of the on-shore Chinese Renminbi and off-shore Chinese Renminbi, the net investment hedge relationships were dedesignated during the first quarter of 2017, even though they continued to meet the hedge effectiveness test. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of these two foreign exchange forward contracts designated as economic hedges were $93.3 million and a $4.8 million liability, respectively, and have been included in the foreign exchange contracts’ notional amount of $1.13 billion and fair value of $14.2 million disclosed below.swaps.

AsInterest Rate Contracts — The Company offers various interest rate derivative contracts to its customers. When derivative transactions are executed with its customers, the derivative contracts are offset by paired trades with third-party financial institutions including with central counterparties (“CCPs”). Certain derivative contracts entered with CCPs are settled-to-market daily to the extent the CCPs’ rulebooks legally characterize the variation margin as settlement. Derivative contracts allow borrowers to lock in attractive intermediate and long-term fixed rate financing while not increasing the interest rate risk to the Company. These transactions are not linked to specific Company assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet or to forecasted transactions in a hedging relationship and, therefore, are economic hedges. The contracts are marked to market at each reporting period. The changes in fair values of ~~September 30, 2017~~the derivative contracts traded with third-party financial institutions are expected to be largely comparable to the changes in fair values of the derivative transactions executed with customers throughout the terms of these contracts, except for the credit valuation adjustment component. The Company records credit valuation adjustments on derivatives to properly reflect the variances of credit worthiness between the Company and ~~December 31, 2016,~~ the ~~Company’s total notional amounts~~counterparties, considering the effects of enforceable master netting agreements and collateral arrangements.

Foreign Exchange Contracts — The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts with its customers, consisting of forward, spot, swap and option contracts to accommodate the business needs of its customers. For a portion of the foreign exchange contracts ~~that were not designated as hedging instruments were $1.13 billion and $767.8 million, respectively.~~entered into with its customers, the Company entered into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with third-party financial institutions to manage its exposure. The changes in the fair values entered with third-party financial institutions are expected to be largely comparable to the changes in fair values of the foreign exchange transactions executed with the customers throughout the terms of these contracts. The Company also utilizes foreign exchange contracts ~~were a $14.2 million asset~~that are not designated as hedging instruments to mitigate the economic effect of fluctuations in certain foreign currency on-balance sheet assets and ~~a $20.1 million liability, respectively, as~~liabilities, primarily foreign currency denominated deposits offered to its customers. The Company’s policies permit taking proprietary currency positions within approved limits, in compliance with the proprietary trading exemption provided under Section 619 of ~~September 30, 2017~~the Dodd-Frank Act. The Company does not speculate in the foreign exchange markets, and ~~an $11.9 million asset~~actively manages its foreign exchange exposures within prescribed risk limits and ~~an $11.2 million liability, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.~~defined controls.

Credit ~~Risk Participation Agreements~~Contracts — The Company ~~has entered~~may periodically enter into ~~credit risk participation agreements (“RPAs”) under which the Company assumed its pro-rata share of~~RPAs to manage the credit exposure on interest rate contracts associated with ~~the borrower’s performance related to interest rate derivative contracts.~~its syndicated loans. The Company may enter into protection sold or ~~may not be a party to~~protection purchased RPAs with institutional counterparties. Under the ~~interest rate derivative contract and enters into such RPAs in instances where~~RPA, the Company iswill receive or make a ~~party to the related loan participation agreement with the borrower. The Company will make/receive payments under the RPAs~~payment if ~~the~~a borrower defaults on ~~its obligation to perform under~~ the related interest rate ~~derivative~~ contract. The Company manages its credit risk on the RPAs by monitoring the credit worthiness of the borrowers, which is based on the normal credit review process. The notional amount of the RPAs reflects the Company’s pro-rata share of the derivative instrument. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs purchased were $47.8 million and a $1 thousand liability, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs sold were $20.6 million and a $2 thousand asset, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs purchased were $48.3 million and a $3 thousand liability, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs sold were $23.1 million and a $3 thousand asset, respectively.

~~Warrants~~Equity Contracts — The Company obtained warrants to purchase preferred and common stock of technology and life sciences companies, as part of the loan origination process. ~~As of September 30, 2017, the~~The warrants included on the Consolidated Financial Statements were from public and private companies.

Commodity Contracts — The Company ~~valued these warrants based on~~entered into energy commodity contracts with its customers to allow them to hedge against the ~~Black-Scholes option pricing model. For warrants from public companies,~~risk of fluctuation in energy commodity prices. To economically hedge against the model uses the underlying stock price, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and market-observable company-specific option volatility as inputs to value the warrants. For warrants from private companies, the model uses inputs such as the offering price observedrisk of fluctuation in commodity prices in the most recent round of funding, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and option volatility. The option volatility assumption was based on publicproducts offered to its customers, the Company enters into offsetting commodity contracts with third-party financial institutions including with CCPs. Certain derivative contracts entered with CCPs are settled to market ~~indices that include members that operate in similar industries as the companies in our private company portfolio. The model values were further adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due~~daily to the ~~private nature~~extent the CCPs’ rulebooks legally characterize the variation margin as settlement. The changes in fair values of the ~~underlying companies. As of September 30, 2017,~~energy commodity contracts traded with third-party financial institutions are expected to be largely comparable to the ~~total~~changes in fair ~~value~~values of the ~~warrants held in public and private companies was a $1.5 million asset.~~energy commodity transactions executed with customers throughout the terms of these contracts.

Additional information on the Company’s derivatives is presented in Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K, Note 4 —— Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Note 7 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements of this report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

~~Significant~~Our significant accounting policies (see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7. MD&A — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates of the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K) are fundamental to understanding the Company’s ~~reported results.~~results of operations and financial condition. Some accounting policies, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and ~~other subjective assessments. In addition, some accounting policies~~may require significant judgment in applying complex accounting principles to individual ~~transactions to determine the most appropriate treatment.~~transactions. The Company has procedures and processes in place to facilitate making these judgments.

~~Certain~~ The following accounting policies are ~~considered~~critical to ~~have a critical effect on~~ the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements ~~in the Company’s judgment. In each area, the Company has identified the most important variables in the estimation process. The Company has used the best information available~~as they require management to make ~~the estimations necessary for the related assets~~subjective and ~~liabilities. Actual~~complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain where actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates, and future changes in the key variables could change future valuations and impact the results of operations. The following is a list of the more judgmental and complex accounting estimates and principles:estimates:

fair value of financial instruments;

~~available-for-sale investment securities;~~

~~PCI loans;~~

allowance for credit losses;

goodwill impairment; and

income taxes.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

For detailed discussion and disclosure on new accounting pronouncements adopted and recent accounting pronouncements issued, see Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments to the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Supplemental Information — Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement the Company’s unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements presented in accordance with GAAP, the Company uses certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance. Non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative to GAAP. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s performance that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. A non-GAAP financial measure may also be a financial metric that is not required by GAAP or other applicable requirement. The Company believes these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding its performance, and allow comparability to prior periods.

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company recorded a pre-tax impairment charge related to certain tax credit investments of $7.0 million. During the first quarter of 2018, the Company sold its eight DCB branches and recognized a pre-tax gain on sale of $31.5 million. Management believes that excluding the nonrecurring after-tax impacts of the impairment charge related to certain tax credit investments and the gain on the sale of the Bank’s DCB branches from net income, diluted EPS, ROA and ROE, will make it easier to analyze the results by presenting them on a more comparable basis.

Non-GAAP efficiency ratio represents non-GAAP noninterest expense divided by non-GAAP revenue. Non-GAAP revenue represents the aggregate of net interest income and non-GAAP noninterest income, where Non-GAAP noninterest income excludes the gain on the sale of the DCB branches that were sold in the first quarter of 2018. Non-GAAP noninterest expense excludes the amortization of tax credit and other investments and the amortization of core deposit intangibles.

The following tables present reconciliations of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the first quarter of 2019 and 2018:




($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)		Three Months Ended March 31,
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)		2019			2018
Net income	(a)	$	164,024		$	187,032
Add: Impairment charge related to certain tax credit investments ⁽¹⁾		6,978			—
Less:Gain on sale of business		—			(31,470		)
Tax effect of adjustments ⁽²⁾		(2,063		)	9,303
Non-GAAP net income	(b)	$	168,939		$	164,865

Diluted weighted-average number of shares outstanding		145,921			145,939

Diluted EPS		$	1.12		$	1.28
Diluted EPS impact of impairment charge related to certain tax credit investments, net of tax		0.04			—
Diluted EPS impact of gain on sale of business, net of tax		—			(0.15		)
Non-GAAP diluted EPS		$	1.16		$	1.13

Average total assets	(c)	$	40,738,404		$	37,381,098
Average stockholders’ equity	(d)	$	4,537,301		$	3,922,926
ROA ⁽³⁾	(a)/(c)	1.63		%	2.03		%
Non-GAAP ROA ⁽³⁾	(b)/(c)	1.68		%	1.79		%
ROE ⁽³⁾	(a)/(d)	14.66		%	19.34		%
Non-GAAP ROE ⁽³⁾	(b)/(d)	15.10		%	17.04		%


(1)	Included in Amortization of tax credit and other investments on the Consolidated Statement of Income.


(2)	Applied statutory rate of 29.56%.


(3)	Annualized.




($ in thousands)		Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)		2019			2018
Net interest income before provision for credit losses	(a)	$	362,461		$	326,693
Total noninterest income		42,131			74,444
Total revenue	(b)	404,592			401,137
Noninterest income		42,131			74,444
Less: Gain on sale of business		—			(31,470		)
Non-GAAP noninterest income	(c)	42,131			42,974
Non-GAAP revenue	(a)+(c)=(d)	$	404,592		$	369,667

Total noninterest expense	(e)	$	186,922		$	169,135
Less: Amortization of tax credit and other investments		(24,905		)	(17,400		)
Amortization of core deposit intangibles		(1,174		)	(1,485		)
Non-GAAP noninterest expense	(f)	$	160,843		$	150,250

Efficiency ratio	(e)/(b)	46.20		%	42.16		%
Non-GAAP efficiency ratio	(f)/(d)	39.75		%	40.64		%

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain certain forward-looking information about us that is intended to be covered by the safe harbor for “forward-looking statements” provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. These statements relate to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. They usually can be identified by the use of forward-looking language, such as “likely result in,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “intends to,” “assumes,” or may include other similar words or phrases, such as “believes,” “plans,” “trend,” “objective,” “continues,” “remains,” or similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs, such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “can,” or similar verbs, and the negative thereof. You should not place undue reliance on these statements, as they are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the documents incorporated by reference. When considering these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind these risks and uncertainties, as well as any cautionary statements the Company may make. Moreover, you should treat these statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Company.

the Company’s ability to compete effectively against other financial institutions in its banking markets;

success and timing of the Company’s business strategies;

the Company’s ability to retain key officers and employees;

impact on the Company’s funding costs, net interest income and net interest margin due to changes in key variable market interest rates, competition, regulatory requirements and the Company’s product mix;

changes in the Company’s costs of operation, compliance and expansion;

the Company’s ability to adopt and successfully integrate new technologies into its business in a strategic manner;

adequacy of the Company’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;

future credit quality and performance, including the Company’s expectations regarding future credit losses and allowance levels;

impact of adverse changes to the Company’s credit ratings from major credit rating agencies;

impact of adverse judgments or settlements in litigation;

changes in the commercial and consumer real estate markets;

changes in consumer spending and savings habits;

changes in the U.S. economy, including inflation, deflation, employment levels, rate of growth and general business conditions;

changes in government interest rate policies;

impact of benchmark interest rate reform in the U.S. that resulted in the Secured Overnight Financing Rate selected as the preferred alternative reference rate to LIBOR;

impact of political developments, wars or other hostilities that may disrupt or increase volatility in securities or otherwise affect economic conditions;

changes in laws or the regulatory environment including regulatory reform initiatives and policies of the U.S. Department of Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board System, the FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the California Department of Business Oversight - Division of Financial Institutions;

impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on the Company’s business, business practices, cost of operations and executive compensation;

heightened regulatory and governmental oversight and scrutiny of the Company’s business practices, including dealings with consumers;

impact of reputational risk from negative publicity, fines and penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations and legal actions and from the Company’s interactions with business partners, counterparties, service providers and other third parties;

impact of regulatory enforcement actions;

changes in accounting standards as may be required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other regulatory agencies and their impact on critical accounting policies and assumptions;

changes in income tax laws and regulations and the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017;

impact of other potential federal tax changes and spending cuts;

the Company’s capital requirements and its ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;

changes in the Company’s ability to receive dividends from its subsidiaries;

any future strategic acquisitions or divestitures;

continuing consolidation in the financial services industry;

changes in the equity and debt securities markets;

fluctuations in the Company’s stock price;

fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

a recurrence of significant turbulence or disruption in the capital or financial markets, which could result in, among other things, a reduction in the availability of funding or increases in funding costs, a reduction in investor demand for mortgage loans and declines in asset values and/or recognition of OTTI on securities held in the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities portfolio;

changes in the economy of and monetary policy in the People’s Republic of China; and

impact of natural or man-made disasters or calamities or conflicts or other events that may directly or indirectly result in a negative impact on the Company’s financial performance.

For a more detailed discussion of some of the factors that might cause such differences, see the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2019, under the heading Item 1A. Risk Factors and the information set forth under Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

For quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding market risk in the Company’s portfolio, see Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 7 — Derivatives and Item 2. MD&A — Asset Liability and Market Risk Management in Part I of this report.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Company conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019.

The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the ~~U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.~~SEC. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that the Company files under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Change in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

See ~~Note 11~~Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 12 —Commitments and Contingencies— Litigation ~~Litigation,~~ in Part I of this report, incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K contains disclosure regarding the risks and uncertainties related to the Company’s business under the heading Item 1A. Risk Factors. There has been no material change to the Company’s risk factors as presented in the Company’s ~~2016~~2018 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities or repurchase activities during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

The following exhibit index lists Exhibits filed, or in the case of Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 furnished, with this report:



Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description

~~31.1~~10.1		Form of Amendment to Employment Agreement — Dominic Ng* Filed herewith.

10.2		Form of Amendment to Employment Agreement — Douglas P. Krause* Filed herewith.

10.3		Employment Agreement dated September 1, 2017 by and between East West Bank and Catherine Zhou* Filed herewith.

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith.

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith.

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Furnished herewith.

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Furnished herewith.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document. Filed herewith.

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. Filed herewith.

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

* Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

All other material referenced in this report which is required to be filed as an exhibit hereto has previously been submitted.

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS




ALCO	Asset/Liability Committee
~~AML~~	~~Anti-Money Laundering~~
AOCI	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASC	Accounting Standards Codification
ASU	Accounting Standards Update
BPCCP	~~Basis point~~
~~BSA~~	~~Bank Secrecy Act~~Central counterparty
C&I	Commercial and industrial
CECL	Current expected credit loss
CET1	Common Equity Tier 1
CME	Chicago Mercantile Exchange
CRA	Community Reinvestment Act
CRE	Commercial real estate
~~DBO~~DCB	~~California Department of Business Oversight~~Desert Community Bank
EPS	Earnings per share
EVE	Economic value of equity
EWIS	East West Insurance ~~Service,~~Services, Inc.
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FBI	Federal Bureau of Investigation
FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank
FRB	Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
GAAP	~~Generally Accepted Accounting Principles~~United States generally accepted accounting principles
~~HELOCs~~HELOC	Home equity ~~lines~~line of credit
IBR	Incremental borrowing rate
LCH	London Clearing House
LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
MD&A	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
~~MOU~~MMBTU	~~Memorandum of Understanding~~Million British thermal unit
~~Non-GAAP~~NAV	~~Non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles~~Net asset value
~~Non-PCI~~OIS	~~Non-purchased credit impaired~~Overnight Index Swap
OREO	Other real estate owned
OTTI	~~Other-than-temporary impairment~~Other-than-temporary-impairment
PCI	Purchased ~~credit impaired~~credit-impaired
~~RPAs~~ROA	Return on average assets
ROE	Return on average equity
RPA	Credit risk participation ~~agreements~~agreement
~~RSAs~~RSU	Restricted stock ~~awards~~
~~RSUs~~	~~Restricted stock units~~
~~SBLCs~~	~~Standby letters of credit~~unit
S&P	Standard and Poor’s
~~TDRs~~SBLC	Standby letter of credit
SEC	U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
SOFR	Secured Overnight Financing Rate
TDR	Troubled debt ~~restructurings~~restructuring
U.S.	United States
~~U.S. GAAP~~	~~United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles~~
USD	U.S. ~~Dollar~~dollar
VIE	Variable interest entity

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



Dated:	~~November 7, 2017~~ May 8, 2019

	EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. (Registrant)

	By	/s/ IRENE H. OH
		Irene H. Oh
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT INDEX

The following exhibit index lists Exhibits filed, or in the case of Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 furnished, with this report:



Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description

~~31.1~~10.1		Form of Amendment to Employment Agreement — Dominic Ng* Filed herewith.

10.2		Form of Amendment to Employment Agreement — Douglas P. Krause* Filed herewith.

10.3		Employment Agreement dated September 1, 2017 by and between East West Bank and Catherine Zhou* Filed herewith.

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith.

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith.

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Furnished herewith.

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Furnished herewith.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document. Filed herewith.

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. Filed herewith.

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.

* Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

All other material referenced in this report which is required to be filed as an exhibit hereto has previously been submitted.

96102



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
($ in thousands)	Other securities		Warrants		Other securities		Warrants
Beginning balance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Issuances	—		599		—		599
Transfer from held-to-maturity investment security to available-for-sale investment security	115,615		—		115,615		—
Ending balance	$	115,615	$	599	$	115,615	$	599




($ in thousands)	Fair Value Measurements (Level 3)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input(s)	Weighted Average
Available-for-sale investment securities:
Other securities	$	115,615	Discounted cash flows	Discount margin	191 Basis points

Derivative assets:
Warrants	$	599	Black-Scholes option pricing model	Volatility	44%
				Liquidity discount	47%




($ in thousands)	Modification Type During the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
($ in thousands)	Principal ⁽¹⁾		Principal and Interest ⁽²⁾		Interest Rate Reduction		Interest Deferments		Other		Total
CRE	$	172	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	172
C&I	14,903		24		—		—		—		14,927
Total	$	15,075	$	24	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	15,099




($ in thousands)	Modification Type During the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
($ in thousands)	Principal ⁽¹⁾		Principal and Interest ⁽²⁾		Interest Rate Reduction		Interest Deferments		Other		Total
CRE	$	1,648	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,648
C&I	18,289		10,507		—		—		—		28,796
Residential	3,620		—		—		—		—		3,620
Total	$	23,557	$	10,507	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	34,064



~~ITEM 2.~~	~~MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS~~		Page
	Overview		59
	Selected Financial Data		60
	Financial Highlights		61
	Results of Operations		62
		Net Interest Income	62
		Noninterest Income	65
		Noninterest Expense	66
		Income Taxes	67
		Operating Segment Results	67
	Balance Sheet Analysis		70
		Investment Securities	71
		Total Loan Portfolio	74
		Non-PCI Nonperforming Assets	78
		Allowance for Credit Losses	80
		Deposits	82
		Borrowings	83
		Long-Term Debt	83
		Foreign Outstandings	84
		Capital	84
		Regulatory Capital and Ratios	85
	Other Matters		86
	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements		86
	Asset Liability and Market Risk Management		87
		Liquidity	87
		Interest Rate Risk Management	89
		Derivatives	92
	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates		93
	Supplemental Information — Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures		94
	Forward-Looking Statements		96




($ in thousands)	Commitments Outstanding
Loan commitments	$	4,956,515
Commercial letters of credit and SBLCs	$	1,757,648




Change in Interest Rates (BP)	Net Interest Income Volatility
	September 30, 2017
	$1.00 Billion Migration 12 Months		$2.00 Billion Migration 12 Months		$3.00 Billion Migration 12 Months
+200	18.3	%	16.0	%	13.8	%
+100	9.9	%	8.5	%	7.0	%