See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.







See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.







See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

Cassava Sciences, Inc.



Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(Unaudited)



Note 1.  General and Liquidity



Cassava Sciences, Inc. (the “Company”) discovers and develops proprietary pharmaceutical product candidates that may offer significant improvements to patients and healthcare professionals. The Company generally focuses its discovery and product development efforts on disorders of the nervous system.



The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the condensed financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management of the Company, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020March  31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year 20202021.  For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.2020.



Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)



The recent, widespread outbreak of a novel infectious disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019, or COVID-19, has not significantly impacted the Company’s operations or financial condition as of November 9, 2020.April 29, 2021.  However, this pandemic has created a dynamic and uncertain situation in the national economy. The Company continues to closely monitor the latest information to make timely, informed business decisions and public disclosures regarding the potential impact of pandemic on its operations and financial condition. The scope of pandemic is unprecedented and its long-term impact on the Company’s operations and financial condition cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.



Liquidity



The Company has incurred significant net losses and negative cash flows since inception, and as a result has an accumulated deficit of $172.3$178.4 million at September 30, 2020.March 31, 2021. The Company expects its cash requirements to be significant in the future. The amount and timing of the Company’s future cash requirements will depend on regulatory and market acceptance of its product candidates and the resources it devotes to researching and developing, formulating, manufacturing, commercializing and supporting its products. The Company may seek additional funding through public or private financing in the future, if such funding is available and on terms acceptable to the Company. There are no assurances that additional financing will be available on favorable terms, or at all. However, management believes that the current working capital position will be sufficient to meet the Company’s working capital needs for at least the next 12 months.





Note 2.  Significant Accounting Policies 



Use of Estimates 



The Company makes estimates and assumptions in preparing its condensed financial statements in conformity with GAAP. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed financial statements and the reported amount of revenue earned and expenses incurred during the reporting period. The Company evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis, including those estimates related to manufacturing agreements and research collaborations and investments.collaborations. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. 



Cash and Cash Equivalents and Concentration of Credit Risk 



The Company invests in cash and cash equivalents. The Company considers highly liquid financial instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Highly liquid investments that are considered cash equivalents include money market funds,accounts, certificates of deposits, and treasury bills. The Company maintains its investmentscash and cash equivalents at one financial institution.



Fair Value Measurements



The Company reports its cash and cash equivalents at fair value as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 using the following inputs:





If a financial instrument uses inputs that fall in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument will be categorized based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value calculation. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents was based on Level 1 and Level 2 inputs at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2019. A certificate of deposit totaling $13.0 million at December 31, 2019 was included within cash equivalents as a Level 2 input. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents was based on Level 1 inputs at September 30, 2020.

 

Proceeds from Grants 

 

 During the three months ended September 30,March 31,  2021 and 2020, and 2019, the Company received reimbursements totaling $1.0$0.6 million and $1.5$1.3 million pursuant to National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) research grants, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company received reimbursements totaling $3.4 million and $3.8 million pursuant to NIH research grants, respectively. The Company records the proceeds from these grants as reductions to its research and development expenses. 

Non-cash Stock-based Compensation  

 

The Company recognizes non-cash expense for the fair value of all stock options and other share-based awards. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option valuation model (“Black-Scholes”) to calculate the fair value of stock options, using the single-option award approach and straight-line attribution method. For all options granted, it recognizes the resulting fair value as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of each respective stock option, generally four years. 

 

The Company has granted share-based awards that vest upon achievement of certain performance criteria (“Performance Awards”). The Company multiplies the number of Performance Awards by the fair value of its common stock on the date of grant to calculate the fair value of each award. It estimates an implicit service period for achieving performance criteria for each award. The Company recognizes the resulting fair value as expense over the implicit service period when it concludes that achieving the performance criteria is probable. It periodically reviews and updates as appropriate its estimates of implicit service periods and conclusions on achieving the performance criteria. Performance Awards vest and common stock is issued upon achievement of the performance criteria.

 

Net Loss per Share

 

The Company computes basic net loss per share on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted net loss per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus potential dilutive common shares outstanding using the treasury-stock method. Potential dilutive common shares consist of outstanding common stock options and warrants.  There is no difference between the Company’s net loss and comprehensive loss.

The Company included the following in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data):









The Company excluded common stock options and warrants outstanding from the calculation of net loss per share, diluted, because the effect of including options and warrants outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

 

Fair Value of Financial Instruments   

Financial instruments include accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The estimated fair value of certain financial instruments may be determined using available market information or other appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop estimates of fair value; therefore, the estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized or would be paid in a current market exchange. The effect of using different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may be material to the estimated fair value amounts. The carrying amounts of accounts payable and accrued liabilities are at cost, which approximates fair value due to the short maturity of those instruments.

Research Contract Costs and Accruals

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other third-party vendors. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related payments are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company’s historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from actual costs.

Incentive Bonus Plan

In 2020, the Company established the 2020 Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (the “Plan”) to incentivize Plan participants. Awards under the Plan are accounted for as liability awards under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 718 “Stock-based Compensation”. The fair value of each potential Plan award will be determined once a grant date occurs and will be remeasured each reporting period. Compensation expense associated with the Plan will be recognized over the expected achievement period for each Plan award, when a Performance Condition is considered probable of being met. See Note 7 for further discussion of the Plan.

Leases

The Company recognizes assets and liabilities that arise from leases. For operating leases, the Company is required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments during the lease term, in the condensed balance sheets. The Company elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. This means, for those leases that qualify, the Company  does not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities. As the Company`s leases do not provide an implicit rate, it uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Income Taxes  

 

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax balances are adjusted to reflect tax rates based on currently enacted tax laws, which will be in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The Company has accumulated significant deferred tax assets that reflect the tax effects of net operating loss and tax credit carryovers and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings. The Company is uncertain about the timing and amount of any future earnings. Accordingly, the Company offsets these deferred tax assets with a valuation allowance.



The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. These provisions require recognition of the impact of a tax position in the Company’s condensed financial statements only if that position is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions will be reflected as a component of income tax expense.

Research Contract Costs and Accruals

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other third-party vendors. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related payments are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company’s historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from actual costs.   

Right-of-use Asset and Liability

The Company has a single non-cancelable operating lease for approximately 6,000 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas that is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2020, and is used for the development of novel drugs. On September 4, 2020, the Company entered into a lease amendment that extends the termination date of the existing lease to April 30, 2024 and sets new rental rates effective as of January 1, 2021. 

The Company recognizes assets and liabilities that arise from leases.  For operating leases, the Company is required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in the condensed statements of financial position. The Company recorded a right-of-use asset and lease liability of $316,000 as a result of the lease modification at September 30, 2020.  The Company utilized a discount rate of 3.25% for the modified lease to determine the present value of the future lease payments which approximates the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at September 30, 2020.  

The Company recorded a reduction of the lease liability and an offsetting reduction in the right-of-use assets of $22,500 during the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The Company recorded a reduction of the lease liability and an offsetting reduction in the right-of-use assets of $68,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. See additional information regarding leases in Note 6 – Commitments.

Note 3.  Other Current Assets

Other current assets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following (in thousands):



Note 4.3.  Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation Expense



Stockholders’ Equity Activity during the NineThree Months Ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020 and 2019



During the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, the Company’s common stock outstanding and stockholders’ equity changed as follows:



2021 Registered Direct Offering

On February 12, 2021, the Company completed a common stock offering pursuant to which certain investors purchased 4,081,633 shares of common stock at a price of $49.00 per share. Net proceeds of the offering were approximately $189.8 million after deducting offering expenses.

At-the-Market Common Stock Offering



On March 27, 2020, the Company established an at-the-market offering program (“ATM”) to sell, from time to time, shares of Company common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million in transactions pursuant to a shelf registration statement that was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on May 5, 2020. The Company is obligated to pay a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock in the offering. The Company is not obligated to sell any shares in the offering.



There were no common stock sales under the ATM during the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020.



Common Stock Warrants



In August 2018, the Company issued warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9.1 million shares of its common stock in conjunction with an offering of its common stock. As of September 30, 2020, 0.8 million warrants remain outstanding, each with a strike price of $1.25 per share. Subject to certain ownership limitations described in the warrants, the warrants will remain exercisable until expiration on February 17, 2021. The warrants will be exercisable on a “cashless” basis in certain circumstances, including while there is no effective registration statement registering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants at any time until the expiry of the warrants. Such registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on January 30, 2019. The warrants provide that holders will

have the right to participate in any rights offering or distribution of assets together with the holders of common stock on an as-exercised basis.stock. 



During the three months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, the Company received proceeds of $0.7 million from the exercise of 0.6 million shares pursuant to warrants. During the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2020, the Company received proceeds of $4.6$3.6 million from the exercise of 3.72.9 million shares pursuant to warrants.

There were no remaining common stock warrants exercised during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.outstanding as of March 31, 2021.



Stock Option and Performance Award Activity in 20202021



During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, stock options and unvested Performance Awards outstanding under the Company’s stock option plans changed as follows:





The weighted average exercise price of options outstanding at September 30, 2020March 31, 2021 was $11.81.$10.80. As outstanding options vest over the current remaining vesting period of 2.12.0 years, the Company expects to recognize non-cash expense of $1.5$1.6 million. If and when outstanding Performance Awards vest, the Company will recognize non-cash expense of $2.3 million over the implicit service period.



During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020,March 31, 2021, there were 71,000163,398 stock options exercised. Of the stock options exercised, resulting28,383 stock options were net settled in satisfaction of the exercise price, with no cash proceeds received. Proceeds to the Company totaling $256,000. totaled $1,746,000, including $475,000 in cash paid and $1,271,000 recorded as receivables in other current assets at March 31, 2021 due to timing differences. All such receivables related to stock option exercises were received by the Company in April 2021.

There were no stock options exercised during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.March 31, 2020.

Stock-based Compensation Expense in 20202021



During the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, the Company’s non-cash stock-based compensation expenses were as follows (in thousands):

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

  

In January 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved the Company’s 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”). The Board or a designated committee of the Board is responsible for administration of the 2018 Plan and determines the terms and conditions of each option granted, consistent with the terms of the 2018 Plan. The Company’s employees, directors, and consultants are eligible to receive awards under the 2018 Plan, including grants of stock options and Performance Awards. Share-based awards generally expire 10 years from the date of grant. The 2018 Plan provides for issuance of up to 1,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, subject to adjustment as provided in the 2018 Plan.

  

When stock options or Performance Awards are exercised net of the exercise price and taxes, the number of shares of stock issued is reduced by the number of shares equal to the amount of taxes owed by the award recipient and that number of shares are cancelled. The Company then uses its cash to pay tax authorities the amount of statutory taxes owed by and on behalf of the award recipient.





Note 5.4.  Income Taxes 



The Company did not provide for income taxes during the three and nine months ended September  30, 2020,March 31, 2021, because it has projected a net loss for the full year 20202021 for which any benefit will be offset by an increase in the valuation allowance. There was also no provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September  30, 2019.March 31, 2020.



Note 6.5.  Commitments



Right-of-use Asset and Liability

The Company has a non-cancelable operating lease for approximately 6,000 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas that expires on April 30, 2024. Future lease payments as of March 31, 2021 are as follows (in thousands):

Subsequent to March 31, 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement for an additional 3,600 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas that expires on April 30, 2022. Future lease payments under this lease total $64,000.

Rent expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 totaled $23,000 and $25,000, respectively.

There was no cash paid for operating lease liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2021. Cash paid for operating lease liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2020 totaled $25,000.

Other Commitments

The Company conducts its product research and development programs through a combination of internal and collaborative programs that include, among others, arrangements with universities, contract research organizations and clinical research sites. The Company has contractual arrangements with these organizations that are cancelable. The Company’s obligations under these contracts are largely based on services performed.

The Company has a non-cancelable operating lease for approximately 6,000 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas that is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2020. On September 4, 2020, the Company entered into a lease amendment that extended the termination date of the existing lease to April 30, 2024. Minimum lease payments as of September 30, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):

Building rent expensealso had non-cancellable commitments for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 totaled $25,000 and $24,000, respectively. Building rent expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 totaled $75,000 and $72,000, respectively. These amounts were equal to the Company’s operating cash outflow from operating leases.

Note 7.  Collaboration Agreement

The Company had formerly entered into a Development and License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Durect Corporation around certain controlled-release technology. Inmanufacture of simufilam totaling $817,000 at March 2019, the Company gave notice of termination for such License Agreement.  This and other actions effectively ended the Company’s development of any product candidates related to such technology.31, 2021.





Note 8.6.  Sale of Property and Equipment



During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company sold surplus manufacturing equipment to an independent third party and received proceeds totaling $360,000. The original cost of the property and equipment was

$892,000 and accumulated depreciation was $878,000, resulting a gain on sale of property and equipment of $346,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. There were no sales of property and equipment during the three months ended September 30, 2020 andMarch 31, 2021. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.March 31, 2020, the Company sold surplus manufacturing equipment to a third party and received proceeds totaling $100,000.



Note 9.7.  2020 Cash Incentive Bonus Plan



On August 26, 2020, the Board approved the 2020 Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (the “Plan”).Plan. The Plan was established to provide a further incentive to promote the long-term success of the Company by establishingcreating an “at-risk” cash bonus program that rewards Plan participants with additional cash compensation in lockstep with significant increases in the Company’s valuation.market capitalization. The Plan is considered “at-risk” because Plan participants will not receive a cash bonus unless the Company’s valuationmarket capitalization increases significantly and certain other thresholdsconditions specified in the Plan are met. In addition,Specifically, Plan participants will not be paid any cash bonuses unless (1) the Company completes a merger or acquisition transaction that constitutes a sale of ownership of the Company or its assets (a Merger Transaction) or (2) the Compensation Committee of the Board (the Compensation Committee) determines the Company has sufficient cash on hand, as defined in the Plan. Because of the inherent discretion and uncertainty regarding these requirements, the Company has concluded that a Plan grant date has not occurred as of September 30, 2020.  March 31, 2021.

Plan participants will be paid all earned cash bonuses in the event of a merger or acquisition transaction that constitutes a sale of ownership of the Company or its assets (a “Merger Transaction”).Merger Transaction.



The Company’s valuationmarket capitalization for purposes of the Plan is determined based on either (1) the Company’s closing price of one share on the Nasdaq Capital Market multiplied by the total issued and outstanding shares and options to purchase shares of the Company, a calculation commonly referred as ‘market  capitalization’ or (2) the aggregate consideration payable to security holders of the Company in a Merger Transaction. This constitutes a market condition under applicable accounting guidance.   



The Plan triggers a potential cash bonus each time the Company’s valuationmarket capitalization increases significantly, up to a maximum $5 billion in market capitalization. The Plan specifies 14 incremental valuationsamounts between $200 million and $5 billion (each increment, a “Valuation Milestone”). Each Valuation Milestone triggers a potential cash bonus award in a pre-set amount defined in the Plan. Each Valuation Milestone must be achieved and maintained for no less than 20 consecutive trading days for Plan participants to be eligible for a potential cash bonus award. Approximately 57%59% of each cash bonus award associated with a Valuation Milestone is subject to adjustment and approval by the Compensation Committee of the Board (the “Compensation Committee”).Committee. Any amounts not awarded by the Compensation Committee are no longer available for distribution.



If the Company exceedswere to exceed a $5 billion market capitalization for no less than 20 consecutive trading days, all Valuation Milestones would be deemed achieved, in which case cash bonus awards would range from a minimum of $134.2$137.4 million up to a hypothetical maximum of $322.3 million. Payment of cash bonuses is deferred until such time as (1) the Company completes a Merger Transaction, or (2) the BoardCompensation Committee determines the Company has sufficient cash on hand to render payment (each, a “Performance Condition”), neither of which may

ever occur. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that Plan participants will ever be paid a cash bonus that is awarded under the Plan, even if the Company’s market capitalization increases significantly.



The Plan is accounted for as a liability award. The fair value of each Valuation Milestone award will be determined once a grant date occurs and will be remeasured each reporting period. Compensation expense associated with the Plan will be recognized over the expected achievement period for each of the 14 Valuation Milestones, when a Performance Condition is considered probable of being met.   



On October 13, 2020, the Company achieved the first Valuation Milestone. Subsequently, the Compensation Committee approved a potential cash bonus award of $7.3 million in total for all Plan participants.participants, subject to future satisfaction of a Performance Condition.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company achieved eight Valuation Milestones triggering potential Company obligations to all Plan participants from a minimum of $59.9 million up to a hypothetical maximum of $145.0 million, to be determined by the Compensation Committee. However, no compensation expense has been recorded and no payments have been made since no grant date has occurred and no Performance Conditions are considered probable of being met. There is no continuing service requirement for Plan participants once the Compensation Committee approves a cash bonus award.

No actual cash payments were authorized or made to participants under the Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2021.





Note 10.8.  Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements



In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Simplifying Accounting for Income Taxes, as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in the accounting standards. The guidance amended certain disclosure requirements that had become redundant, outdated or superseded.

Additionally, this guidance amends accounting for the interim period effects of changes in tax laws or rates, and simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020, and is applicable for the Company in fiscal 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate that this guidance will have a material impact on its condensed financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606. The amendments in this update provide guidance on how to assess whether certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for within the revenue recognition standard. The amendments in this update are effective forincluding interim and annual periods for the Company beginning on January 1, 2020. therein.  The adoption of this guidanceASU 2019-12 in the first quarter of 2021 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13,Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which is designed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures by removing, modifying and adding disclosures related to fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed financial statements.





Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations



This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Cassava Sciences, Inc.’s (the “Company,”, “we,” “us,” or “our”) condensed financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Operating results are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur in future periods.



This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain statements that are considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Reform Act of 1995. We intend that such statements be protected by the safe harbor created thereby. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “should,” “will” and “would” or the negatives of these terms or other comparable terminology.



The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and our actual results and the timing of events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Examples of such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to statements about:



Such forward-looking statements and our business involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the following:



Please also refer to the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019,2020, as such risk factors may be amended, updated or modified periodically in our reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for further information on these and other risks affecting us.

We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because our future results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by them. We do not intend to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, relating to the matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, except as required by law.



Our research programs in neurodegeneration benefit from longstanding scientific and financial support from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”). The contents of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are solely our responsibility and do not necessarily represent any official views of NIH.



Overview

Cassava Sciences, Inc. is a clinical stageclinical-stage biotechnology company.company based in Austin, Tx. Our mission is to detect and treat neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Our novel science is based on stabilizing – but not removing – a critical protein in the brain.



Over the past 10 years, we have combined state-of-the-art technology with new insights in neurobiology to develop novel solutions for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Our strategy is to leverage our unique scientific/clinical platform to develop a first-in-class program for treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s.  



We currently have two clinical-stage biopharmaceutical assets under development:



Our scientific approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease seeks to simultaneously improve both neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. We believe our ability to improve multiple vital functions in the brain represents a new, different and crucial approach to address Alzheimer’s disease.



Our lead therapeutic product candidate, sumifilam,simufilam, is a proprietary small molecule (oral) drug. SumifilamSimufilam targets an altered form of a protein called filamin A (“FLNA”)(FLNA) in the Alzheimer’s brain. Published studies have demonstrated that the altered form of FLNA causes neuronal dysfunction, neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation.



We believe sumifilamsimufilam improves brain health by reverting altered FLNA back to its native, healthy conformation, thus countering the downstream toxic effects of altered FLNA. We have generated and published experimental and clinical evidence of improved brain health with sumifilam.simufilam. Importantly, sumifilamsimufilam is not dependent on clearing amyloid from the brain. Since sumifilamsimufilam has a unique mechanism of action, we believe its potential therapeutic effects may be additive or synergistic with that of other therapeutic candidates aiming to treat neurodegeneration.



SumifilamSimufilam has demonstrated a multitude of beneficial effects in animal models of disease, including normalizing neurotransmission, decreasing neuroinflammation, suppressing neurodegeneration, and restoring memory and cognition.



SumifilamSimufilam and SavaDx were both discovered and designed in-house and were characterized by our academic collaborators during research activities that were conducted from approximately 2008 to date. We own exclusive, worldwide rights to these product candidatesdrug assets and related technologies, without royalty obligations to any third party. Our patent protection in this areawith respect to simufilam and use of simufilam for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disease currently runs through 2037, plus extensions.2033 and includes six issued patents and related patent filings and applications. In addition, we have patent protection with respect to simufilam for use in treating certain cancers that runs through 2034. We currently have no patents or patent applications with respect to SavaDx, which is protected in the United States by trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary rights technology.



Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects cognition, function and behavior. An estimated 5.8 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s disease in 2020, according to the Alzheimer’s Association, a non-profit organization. There are no disease-modifying drug therapies to treat the disease.As of 2020, there were approximately 50 million people worldwide living with dementia, a figure expected to increase to 150 million by 2050 and the annual global cost of dementia is now above $1 trillion, according to Alzheimer’s Disease International, a charitable organization. According to the non-profit Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer’s disease is expected to nearly triple in the U.S. between now and 2050. If this occurs, there is potential for Alzheimer's disease to cause a major financial drain on the national economy.



Phase 2a Study

In 2019, we completed a small, first-in-patient, clinical-proof-of-concept, open-label Phase 2a study of sumifilamsimufilam in the U.S., with substantial support from the National Institute on Aging (“NIA”)(NIA), a division of the NIH. Drug was safe and well-tolerated in this study. Treatment with sumifilamsimufilam for 28 days significantly improved key biomarkers of Alzheimer’s pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation (p(p<0.001).  Biomarkers effects were seen in all patients in both cerebrospinal fluid (“CSF”)(CSF) and plasma.

On July 15, 2020, we presented additional Phase 2a clinical results at the Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Summit, a virtual scientific conference.  In addition to showing that SavaDx could distinguish and stratify patients with Alzheimer’s disease, this presentation provided direct evidence for target engagement and for the treatment effects of sumifilam. Target engagement is a crucial step in drug research because it shows that our small molecule drug candidate binds to its intended site of action in cells and confirms that treatment effects are caused by the drug hitting its target.



Phase 2b Study

In MarchSeptember 2020, we announced the completionfinal results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blindPhase 2b study of sumifilamwith simufilam in 64 Alzheimer’s disease. In this clinical study funded by the NIH, Alzheimer’s patientstreated with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease, 50-85 years of age, with MMSE scores 16 to 26. Study participants received sumifilam 100 mg, 50 mg or matching placebo,100 mg of simufilam twice-daily for 28 continuous days. This study was substantially funded by a research grant award from NIH.

On September 14, 2020,  we reported positive Phase 2b clinical study results. Drug was safe and well-tolerateddays showed statistically significant (p<0.05) improvements in this study. Sumifilam significantly (P<0.05) improved an entire panel of validatedCSF biomarkers of disease in pathology,neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, versusAlzheimer’s patients with Alzheimer’s disease compared to awho took placebo group.. In addition, Alzheimer’s patients treated with sumifilamsimufilam showed directional improvements in validated tests of episodic memory and spatial working memory,versus patients on placebo(Effect Sizes 46-17%Size 17-46%). Cognitive improvements correlated most strongly (R2=0.5) with decreases in levels of P-tau181P-tau181.

Open-label Study

In March 2020, we initiated a long-term, open-label study to evaluate simufilam in CSF.patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This study is intended to monitor the long-term safety and tolerability of simufilam 100 mg twice-daily for 12 or more months. Another study objective is to measure changes in cognition using ADAS-Cog, a standard test of cognition in Alzheimer’s disease. The study achievedprotocol has pre-specified cognition measurements at 6, 9 and 12 months.

This study also uses the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to assess the presence and severity of dementia-related behavior. ADAS-Cog and NPI scales are both widely used clinical tools in trials of Alzheimer’s disease.

The open-label study has a 98% response rate, definedtarget enrollment of approximately 150 subjects with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (recently increased by 50 subjects). As of April 2021, 100 subjects have enrolled in this study across multiple clinical sites in the U.S. and Canada.

In February 2021, we announced results of a preplanned interim analysis of our open-label study of simufilam. The interim analysis summarizes clinical data at the midway point of enrollment, i.e., the first 50 patients who have completed at least 6 months of drug treatment. Patients’ cognition and behavior scores both improved following six months of simufilam treatment, with no safety issues. Six months of simufilamtreatment improved cognition scores by 1.6 points on ADAS-Cog11, a 10% mean improvement from baseline to month 6. In these same patients, simufilam also improved dementia-related behavior, such as anxiety, delusions and agitation, by 1.3 points on the proportionNeuropsychiatric Inventory, a 29% mean improvement from baseline to month 6.

In July 2021, we plan to announce results of a pre-specified interim analysis that summarizes safety and cognition data on approximately the first 50 subjects to complete at least 9 months of open-label drug treatment. We expect to present these data at the 2021 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference (AAIC), being held on July 26 - 29th in Amsterdam, Netherlands. AAIC’s scientific committee has invited our scientists to present the dataset as an oral presentation.

In approximately September 2021, we plan to announce results of an interim analysis that summarizes safety and cognition data on approximately the first 50 subjects to complete at least 12 months of open-label drug treatment.

Cognition Maintenance Study

In approximately June 2021, we plan to initiate a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study participants takingin patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Patients who have completed at least one year of open-label treatment with simufilam qualify to enroll in the Cognition Maintenance Study (CMS). Study subjects in the CMS will be randomized (1:1) to simufilam or placebo for six months. The CMS is designed to compare simufilam’s effects on cognition in Alzheimer’s patients who continue with drug treatment versus patients who discontinue drug treatment.

Figure 1. Cognition Maintenance Study Design

sumifilam who showed improvements in biomarkers. Importantly, we believe these data are consistent with prior clinical and preclinical results, the drug’s mechanism of action and over 10 years of basic research.



End-of-Phase 2 (EOP2) Meeting with FDA

In January 2021, we held an End-of-phase 2 (EOP2) meeting for simufilam with the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The abilitypurpose of this EOP2 was to improve multiple biomarkers from distinct biological pathways with one drug has never been shown beforegain general agreement around key elements of a pivotal Phase 3 program to treat Alzheimer’s disease dementia. FDA attendees included Robert Temple, MD, Deputy Center Director for Clinical Science and Senior Advisor in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Phase 2b study results are expected to be published in a peer-reviewed publication at a future date.the Office of New Drugs; Billy Dunn, MD, Director, Office of Neuroscience; Eric Bastings, MD, Director, Division of Neurology, and others.



In May 2020,February 2021, we announced the successful completion of our EOP2 meeting. Official meeting minutes confirm that an outside lab with whom the Company had no prior work experience had generated an initial bioanalysis in which our Phase 2b study missed its pre-specified primary outcome. The data set from the initial bioanalysis showed unnaturally high variabilitywe and other problems, such as no correlation among changes in levels of biomarkers over 28 days, even in the placebo group, and different biomarkers of disease moving in opposite directions in the same patient. Overall, we believe data from the initial bioanalysis can be interpreted as anomalous and highly improbable. With its validity in question, the initial bioanalysis serves no useful purpose.

CTAD Late-breaking Presentation of Phase 2b Clinical Data

In September 2020,  we announced that Phase 2b results with sumifilam were selected for a late-breaking oral presentation by the 13thInternational ConferenceFDA are aligned onClinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease (“CTAD”), whichtook place virtually November 4-7th, 2020. Members of CTAD’s scientific committee select research abstracts for late-breaking, oral presentation based on medical and scientific significance, quality of data and methodology.

Open-label Study

On March 25, 2020, we announced the initiation of an open-label extension study to evaluate sumifilam in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This open-label, multi-center, extension study will monitor the long-term safety and tolerability of sumifilam at 100 mg twice-daily for 12 months. The study’s target enrollment is approximately 100 patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease, including patients from prior studies of sumifilam.  This study has exceeded 60% enrollment.

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (“ADAS-Cog-11”) is being used to assess cognitive symptoms of dementia in patients enrolled in the open-label study. The Company plans to announce results of an interim analysis for this study as additional safety and cognition data is collected from patients enrolled in the open-label Study.

Next Steps for Sumifilam

Key features key elements of a large-scalePhase 3 clinical program for simufilam. FDA has agreed that the completed Phase 2 program, together with an upcoming and well-defined Phase 3 clinical program, are under evaluation,sufficient to show evidence of clinical efficacy for simufilam in consultation withAlzheimer’s disease. There is also agreement that the use of separate clinical scales to assess cognition (ADAS-cog1) and function (ADCS-ADL2) are appropriate co-primary endpoints of efficacy. A clinical scale that combines cognition and function, such as iADRS3, is a secondary efficacy endpoint.

FDA has provided us further flexibility by agreeing to review the final version of each protocol for the two Phase 3 studies, and to conduct a Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) for each Phase 3 study. An SPA is a formal regulatory experts, technical consultants and scientific and clinical advisors. The anticipated goalprocedure that confirms certain critical details of a Phase 3 study protocol, such as the statistical analyses, meet FDA’s standards of approvability.

Agreements reached during the EOP2 meeting show a clear path forward for advancing simufilam into Phase 3 studies. As a result, we expect to initiate a pivotal Phase 3 program with simufilam in Alzheimer’s disease in the second half of 2021.

Phase 3 Drug Supply

In March 2021, we announced we had entered into a drug supply agreement with Evonik Industries AG for simufilam. Under the agreement, Evonik will supply us with large-scale, clinical-grade quantities of simufilam. Evonik is one of the world’s largest contract development and manufacturing organizations for pharmaceutical ingredients.

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1 ADAS-Cog = The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive Subscale, a measure of cognition

2 ADCS-ADL = Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study – Activities of Daily Living, a measure of health function

3 iADRS = integrated Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale, a composite measure of cognition and health function

Phase 3 Clinical Program

We plan to evaluateinitiate a Phase 3 program of simufilam in Alzheimer’s disease in the safety and efficacysecond half of sumifilam2021. The Phase 3 program consists of two large, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease dementia, each described below.

Our first Phase 3 study is designed to evaluate disease-modifying effects of simufilam in Alzheimer’s disease. The goal is to demonstrate a slower rate of decline in cognition and health function in subjects treated with simufilam compared to placebo.

Details of the first Phase 3 study include:

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4 Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI)

Our second Phase 3 study is designed to evaluate symptomatic improvement in Alzheimer’s disease. The goal is to demonstrate improved cognition and health function in subjects treated with simufilam compared to placebo.

Details of the second Phase 3 study include:

Figure 2. Phase 3 Study Design Overview



We are scheduled to have an end-of-phase 2 (“EOP2”) meeting with the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in January 2021. An EOP2 meeting is a critical regulatory milestone to ensure that meaningful data will be generated during a Phase 3 clinical program. Our objectives for the EOP2 meeting are to gain agreement around proposed Phase 3 clinical plans and protocols, and to identify outstanding requirements around safety, product development or manufacturing, or any other information needed to support the statutory requirements for a 505(b)(1) NDA submission and marketing approval of sumifilam for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease.

SavaDx

Our diagnostic effort, called SavaDx, is an early-stagea clinical-stage program focused on detecting the presence of Alzheimer’s disease from a small sample of blood, possibly years before the overt appearance of clinical symptoms. We are developing SavaDx as a fast, accurate and quantitative blood-based investigational biomarker/diagnostic to detect and monitor Alzheimer's disease. The goal is to make the detection of Alzheimer’s disease as simple as getting a blood test. There is no patent protection for SavaDx in the U.S., but we believe this product candidate is protected by trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary rights technology.  The SavaDx program is substantially funded by a research grant award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).



We are prioritizing the development of sumifilam for the treatment ofIn blinded studies, SavaDx detected >10-fold differences between patients with Alzheimer’s disease over the development of SavaDx for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease in light of our assessment of each product candidate’s ability to address unmet clinical needs, severity of disease burden, market potential, growth potential, and other factors. Weage-matched normal controls or young cognitively intact subjects (N=232). In 2021, we expect to initiateannounce clinical results of a validation/disease specificityvalidation study of SavaDx in 2021.with SavaDx.



Impact of COVID-19 on our Business

In these times of pandemic, our top priorities are to protect the health, well-being, and safety of our employees and partners, while still focusing on the key drivers of our business. WeDespite COVID-19, we believe we remain on-track to achieve our major strategic objectives for 20202021 with sumifilam.simufilam. We have not experienced major disruptions across our drug manufacturing operations or supply of materials. Our broad spectrum of technical consultants, scientific advisors and service providers continue to provide timely services. We have adapted flexible business practices, such as remote work arrangements and temporary travel restrictions, to insure we continue to operate safety and cautiously while also meeting our public health responsibilities. We recognize the pandemic has created a dynamic and uncertain situation in the national economy. We continue to closely monitor the latest information to make timely, informed business decisions and public disclosures regarding the potential impact of pandemic on our operations. However, the scope of pandemic is unprecedented and its long-term impact on our operations cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.



Financial Overview

We have yet to generate any revenues from product sales. We have an accumulated deficit of $172.3$178.4 million at September  30, 2020.March 31, 2021. These losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities, salaries and other personnel-related costs and general corporate expenses. Research and

development activities include costs of preclinical and clinical trials as well as clinical supplies associated with our product candidates. Salaries and other personnel-related costs include non-cash stock-based compensation associated with stock options and other equity awards granted to employees and non-employees. Our operating results may fluctuate substantially from period to period as a result of the timing of reimbursement from NIH grants, preclinical activities, enrollment rates of clinical trials for our product candidates and our need for clinical supplies.



We expect to continue to use significant cash resources in our operations for the next several years. Our cash requirements for operating activities and capital expenditures may increase substantially in the future as we:





Product revenue will depend on our ability to receive regulatory approvals for, and successfully market, our product candidates. If our development efforts result in regulatory approval and successful commercialization of our product candidates, we will generate revenue from direct sales of our drugs and/or, if we license our drugs to future collaborators, from the receipt of license fees and royalties from sales of licensed products. We conduct our research and development programs through a combination of internal and collaborative programs. We rely on arrangements with universities, our collaborators, contract research organizations and clinical research sites for a significant portion of our product development efforts.

We focus substantially all of our research and development efforts in the area of neurology. The following table summarizes expenses which have been reduced for reimbursements received for NIH grants (in(in thousands):



Research and development expenses include compensation, contractor fees and supplies as well as allocated common costs. Contractor fees and supplies generally include expenses for preclinical studies and clinical trials and costs for formulation and manufacturing activities. Other common costs include the allocation of common costs such as facilities. During the three months ended September  30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, we received $1.0$0.6 million and $1.5 million from NIH research grants, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we received $3.4 million and $3.8$1.3 million from NIH research grants, respectively. These reimbursements were recorded as a reduction to our research and development expenses.



Our technology has been applied across certain of our product candidates. Data, know-how, personnel, clinical results, research results and other matters related to the research and development of any one of our product candidates also relate to, and further the development of, our other product candidates. As a result, costs allocated to a specific drug candidate may not necessarily reflect the actual costs surrounding research and development of that product candidate due to cross application of the foregoing.



Estimating the dates of completion of clinical development, and the costs to complete development, of our product candidates would be highly speculative, subjective and potentially misleading. Pharmaceutical product candidates take a significant amount of time to research, develop and commercialize. The clinical trial portion of the development of a new drug alone usually spans several years. We expect to reassess our future research and development plans based

on our review of data we receive from our current research and development activities. The cost and pace of our future research and development activities are linked and subject to change.





Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of our condensed financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and interest income in our condensed financial statements and accompanying notes. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those estimates related to agreements and research collaborations and investments.collaborations. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The following items in our condensed financial statements require significant estimates and judgments:





The Plan was established to promote the long-term success of the Company by creating an “at-risk” cash bonus program that rewards Plan participants with additional cash compensation in lockstep with significant increases in our market capitalization. The Plan is considered “at-risk” because Plan participants will not receive a cash bonus unless our market capitalization increases significantly and (1) we complete a merger or acquisition transaction that constitutes a sale of ownership of the Company or its assets (a Merger Transaction) or (2) the Compensation Committee of the Board (the Compensation Committee) determines the Company has sufficient cash on hand, as defined in the Plan, to render payment (each, a “Performance Condition”), neither of which may ever occur. Because of the inherent discretion and uncertainty regarding these requirements, we have concluded that a Plan grant date has not occurred as of March 31, 2021. No actual cash payments were authorized or made to participants under the Plan through March 31, 2021.



We have granted share-based awards that vest upon achievement of certain performance criteria, or Performance Awards. We multiply the number of Performance Awards by the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant to calculate the fair value of each award. We estimate an implicit service period for achieving performance criteria for each award. We recognize the resulting fair value as expense over the implicit service period when we conclude that achieving the performance criteria is probable. We periodically review and update as appropriate our estimates of implicit service periods and conclusions on achieving the performance criteria. Performance Awards vest and common stock is issued upon achievement of the performance criteria.



We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. These provisions require recognition of the impact of a tax position in our condensed financial statements only if that position is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions will be reflected as a component of income tax expense.



Results of Operations – Three and Nine Months Ended September  30,March  31, 2021 and 2020 and 2019



Research and Development Expense



Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs of drug development work associated with our product candidates, including:





Research and development expenses were $0.4$2.5 million and a negative $0.1$0.5 million during the three months ended September  30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively. While clinical program costs were consistent in third quarter of 2020 compared to 2019, theThis increase was due primarily to costs related to the manufacturing of clinical trial supplies in anticipation of launching a Phase 3 clinical program in simufilam, increased personnel costs, as well as a decrease in grant funding received from NIH compared to the prior year. Receipts from NIH grants are recorded as a reduction in research and development expenses. During the three months ended September  30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, we received $1.0$0.6 million and $1.5$1.3 million from research grants from NIH, respectively.



Research and development expenses were $1.5 million and $0.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The 85%  increase was due primarily to an increase in Phase 2 clinical program costs in 2020 compared to 2019 as well as a decrease in grant funding received from NIH compared to the prior year. Receipts from NIH grants are recorded as a reduction inWe expect research and development expenses. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019,expense to increasesignificantly in future periods as we received $3.4 million and $3.8 million from research grants from NIH, respectively.

Our research and development expenses may fluctuate from periodcontinue to period due to the timing and scope ofhire new personnel, manufacture drug supply, continue our development activities, the timingefforts and amount of any reimbursement from NIH, and the results oflaunch a Phase 3 clinical trials and pre-clinical studies.program in simufilam.



General and Administrative Expense



General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs, allocated expenses and other expenses for outside professional services, including legal, human resources, audit and accounting services. Personnel costs consist of salaries, bonus, benefits and stock-based compensation. Allocated expenses consist primarily of facility costs. We incur expenses associated with operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq, additional insurance expenses, additional audit expenses, investor relations activities, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance expenses and other administrative expenses and professional services.



 General and administrative expenses were $1.0 million and $0.8 million during the three months ended September  30,March  31,  2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively. This increase was due primarily to higher insurance costs and professional fees in 20202021 compared to the prior year.

General and administrative expenses were consistent at  $2.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.



We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase modestly during the remainder of 2020 compared to 2019in future periods due to higher operating costs such as insurance, office space and information technology related expenses.

Gain on Sale of Property and Equipment



sales of property and equipment during the three months ended March 31, 2021. During the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2020, we sold surplus manufacturing equipment to an independent third party and received proceeds totaling $360,000. There were no sales of property and equipment during the three months ended September 30, 2020 or the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.$100,000.



We do not expect any future gains on sales of property and equipment.



Interest Income



Interest and other income net, was $7,000 and $82,000$72,000 during the three months ended September  30,March 31, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively. Interest and other income, net, was $106,000 and $268,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decreasesdecrease in interest income werewas due primarily to lower interest rates.rates, which more than offset additional interest from increases in our cash balances compared to the prior period.



We expect interest income to decrease in 20202021 compared to 20192020 due to decreases in interest rates partially offset by higher cash balances due to proceeds from the exercise of common stock warrants in 2020.rates.



Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through public and private stock offerings, payments received under collaboration agreements and interest earned on our investments.cash and cash equivalents balances. We intend to continue to use our capital resources to fund research and development activities, capital expenditures, working capital requirements and other general corporate purposes. As of September  30, 2020,March 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents were $24.1$282.2 million.

2021 Registered Direct Offering

On February 12, 2021, we completed a common stock offering pursuant to which certain investors purchased 4,081,633 shares of common stock at a price of $49.00 per share. Net proceeds of the offering were approximately $189.8 million after deducting offering expenses.



Common Stock Warrants

In August 2018, we issued warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9.1 million shares of our common stock in conjunction with an offering of our common stock. As of September  30, 2020, 0.8 million warrants remain outstanding, each with a strike price of $1.25 per share. Subject to certain ownership limitations described in the warrants, the warrants will remain exercisable until expiration on February 17, 2021. The warrants will be exercisable on a “cashless” basis in certain circumstances, including while there is no effective registration statement registering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants at any time until the expiry of the warrants. Such registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on January 30, 2019. The warrants provide that holders will have the right to participate in any rights offering or distribution of assets together with the holders of common stock on an as-exercised basis.stock.



During the three months ended September  30, 2020,March 31, 2021, we received proceeds of $0.7 million from the exercise of 0.6 million shares pursuant to warrants. During the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2020, we received proceeds of $4.6$3.6 million from the exercise of 3.72.9 million shares pursuant to warrants.

There were no remaining common stock warrants exercised during the nine months ended September  30, 2019.outstanding as of March 31, 2021.



At-the-Market Common Stock Offering

On March 27, 2020, we established an at-the-market offering program (“ATM”) to sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million in transactions pursuant to a shelf registration statement that was declared effective by the SEC on May 5, 2020. We are obligated to pay a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock in the offering. We are not obligated to sell any shares in the offering.



There were no common stock sales under the ATM during the ninethree months ended September  30,March 31, 2021 and 2020.