UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM

10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~September 30, 2017~~

March 31, 2022

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from
to

Commission file number

001-36577

ContraFect Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		39-2072586
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

28 Wells Avenue, 3rd Floor, Yonkers, NY		10701
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(914)

207-2300

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share	CFRX	Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted ~~and posted~~ pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation

S-T (§

(§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit ~~and post~~ such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a

non-accelerated

filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated ~~filer”,~~filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒☐

Non-accelerated filer	~~☐ (do not check if smaller reporting company)~~☒	Smaller reporting company	☐☒


		Emerging growth company	☒☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of ~~November 9, 2017~~May 10, 2022 was ~~73,656,006.~~

39,332,721.

Table of Contents

CONTRAFECT CORPORATION

INDEX


		Page No.
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

~~Item 1.~~

Item 1.	Financial Statements		1
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		1718
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		25
~~Item 4.~~	~~Controls and Procedures~~		25

~~PART II – OTHER INFORMATION~~

~~Item 1.~~	~~Legal Proceedings~~		26
Item 1A 4.	~~Risk Factors~~Controls and Procedures		2627
~~Item 2.~~
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		27
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		27
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		5157
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities		5157
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		5157
Item 5.	Other Information		5157
Item 6.	Exhibits		5258

SIGNATURES			5359

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

The information in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q

contains forward-looking statements and information within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, our ability to continue as a going concern, projected costs, prospects and plans and objectives of management. The words “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “expects”, “intends”, “targets”, “may”, “plans”, “projects”, “potential”, “will”, “would”, “could” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. All such forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, statements regarding:

the success, cost, timing and potential indications of our product development activities and clinical trials;

our ability to advance into and through clinical development and ultimately obtain U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval for our product candidates;

our research and development plans and ability to bring forward additional product candidates into preclinical and clinical development;

our expectations regarding the impact of

COVID-19

on our business, operations and financial performance and position;

our contract with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (“BARDA”) (the “BARDA Contract”) and any exercise of BARDA’s options to extend the BARDA Contract;

our grant awards from the Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator

(“CARB-X”)

and the Military Infectious Diseases Research Program, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command (“USAMRDC”) and the respective options in each award for continued funding;

the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates and our expectations regarding the size of the commercial markets for our product candidates;

our future marketing and sales programs;

the effect of competition and proprietary rights of third parties;

our recurring losses from operations raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern;

the availability of and our ability to obtain additional financing;

the effects of existing and future federal, state and foreign regulations;

the seeking of joint development, licensing or distribution and collaboration and marketing arrangements with third parties; and

the period of time for which our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operations.

As more fully described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q,

many important factors affect our ability to achieve our stated objectives and to develop and commercialize any product candidates. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the risks and uncertainties set forth in our filings with the SEC. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q

with the understanding that our actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements that we make. The forward-looking statements are applicable only as of the date on which they are made, and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q.

You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties when investing in our common stock. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include

, but are not limited to,

the following:

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses for at least the next several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Our recurring losses from operations raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

We currently have no source of product revenue and have not yet generated any revenues from product sales.

We have a need for substantial additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts.

If BARDA were to eliminate, reduce, or delay funding for our BARDA Contract, we would experience a negative impact on our programs associated with such funding.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

The timing of the milestone and royalty payments we are required to make to The Rockefeller University (“Rockefeller”) under certain agreements is uncertain and could adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

The

COVID-19

pandemic or another pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease may materially and adversely impact our business, including our preclinical studies and clinical trials.

We are heavily dependent on the success of our leading product candidate, exebacase. If we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for exebacase or any other product candidate our business will be substantially harmed.

If clinical trials of exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy, or the manufacturing for the commercial supply of exebacase drug substance or drug product fails to demonstrate robustness, stability, purity and potency to the satisfaction of the FDA or similar international regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete the development and commercialization of exebacase or any other product candidate.

We may be required to suspend or discontinue clinical trials due to adverse side effects or other safety risks that could preclude approval of exebacase or any other product candidates.

Delays in clinical trials are common and have many causes, and any such delays could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize, delay or prevent our ability to obtain regulatory approval and commence product sales as currently contemplated.

We are significantly dependent on our license agreements with Rockefeller that relate to exebacase.

We rely on Contract Research Organizations (“CROs”) to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be delayed in obtaining, or may ultimately not be able to obtain, regulatory approval for commercialization of exebacase or any other product candidates.

We rely on contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) to manufacture clinical and commercial supplies of our product candidates. In addition to the risks associated with the manufacture of our product candidates, which could include cost overruns, new impurities, difficulties in process or formulation development, scaling up or reproducing manufacturing processes and lack of timely availability of raw materials, if these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be delayed in obtaining, or may ultimately not be able to obtain, regulatory approval for commercialization of exebacase or any other product candidates.

Even if the FDA approves exebacase or any other product candidates, adverse effects discovered after approval could adversely affect our markets.

Any Breakthrough Therapy designation that we may receive from the FDA for our product candidates may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval.

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Developments by competitors may render our products or technologies obsolete or

non-competitive.

The level of commercial success of exebacase or any other product candidates that we develop will depend upon significant market acceptance of these products among physicians and payors.

Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for exebacase or any other product candidates that we develop.

If we are unable to establish our own marketing and sales capabilities, or enter into agreements with third parties, to market and sell our products after they are approved, we may not be able to generate revenues.

Interim, “topline” and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

Risks related to regulatory approval of our product candidates and other legal and compliance matters.

Risks related to employee matters and managing growth.

Risks related to our intellectual property.

Risks related to our securities and organizational documents.

Security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, failure of our data and personal information protections and other disruptions could compromise our information and technology systems and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Our collection, control, processing, sharing, disclosure and otherwise use of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements, and evolving laws concerning data privacy in the European Union (“EU”) and European Economic Area (“E.E.A.”).

Table of Contents

CONTRAFECT CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

~~September 30, 2017~~

March 31, 2022

1. Organization and Description of Business

Organization and Business

ContraFect Corporation (the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on ~~protein~~the discovery and ~~antibody therapeutic products~~development of direct lytic agents (“DLAs”), including lysins and amurin peptides, as new medical modalities for the treatment of life-threatening, ~~infectious diseases, particularly those treated in hospital-based settings.~~antibiotic-resistant infections. The Company intends to address ~~multi-drug resistant~~antibiotic-resistant infections using ~~its therapeutic~~ product candidates from ~~its~~our lysin and ~~monoclonal antibody platforms to target conserved regions~~amurin peptide platforms. DLAs are fundamentally different than antibiotics and offer a potential paradigm shift in the treatment of ~~either bacteria or viruses.~~antibiotic-resistant infections. The Company’s most advanced product ~~candidates areCF-301,~~candidate is exebacase, a lysin which targets

S. aureus

, including methicillin-resistant strains, which causes serious infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia and osteomyelitis.

S. aureus

is also a frequent source of biofilm-dependent infections of heart valves (endocarditis), prosthetic joints, indwelling devices and catheters. These infections result in significant morbidity and mortality despite current antibiotic therapy. Exebacase is being studied in a pivotal Phase 3 superiority study to evaluate its safety, tolerability, efficacy and pharmacokinetics when used in addition to background standard of care

antibiotic

therapy for the treatment of~~Staph~~

S. aureus

bacteremia, including right-sided endocarditis in

adolescent and~~CF-404,~~ ~~a combination of mAbs for the treatment of life-threatening seasonal and pandemic varieties of influenza.~~

adult patients.

The Company has incurred recurring losses ~~from operations~~ since inception as a research and development organization and has an accumulated deficit of $280.7 million as of March 31, 2022. For the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company used $11.8 million of cash in operations. The Company has relied on its ability to fund its operations through public and private debt and equity ~~financings. Management believes its cash, cash equivalents~~financings, and, ~~marketable securities balances as of September 30, 2017 will be sufficient~~ to ~~fund operations into the second quarter of 2019 and~~a lesser extent, grant funding. The Company expects operating losses and negative cash flows to continue at ~~more~~ significant levels in the future as it ~~initiates additional~~continues its clinical trials. ~~Transition~~As of March 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $42.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, which, without additional funding, the Company believes will not be sufficient to ~~profitability is dependent upon~~meet its obligations within the ~~successful development, approval, and commercialization~~next twelve months from the date of ~~its product candidates and achieving a level~~issuance of ~~revenues adequate to support the Company’s cost structure.~~these consolidated financial statements. The Company ~~may never achieve profitability, and unless and until it does, the Company will~~plans to continue to ~~need to raise additional capital. Management intends to~~ fund ~~future~~its operations through ~~additional~~ public or private debt and equity financings, ~~and may seek additional capital through arrangements with strategic partners or from other sources. There~~but there can be no assurances that such financing will continue to be available to the Company on satisfactory terms, or at all.

As such, under the requirements of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”)

205-40,

management may not consider the potential for future capital raises in its assessment of the Company’s ability to meet its obligations for the next twelve months, and substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the date the financial statements were issued. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate its research and development programs, which could adversely affect its business prospects, or the Company may be unable to continue operations or continue as a going concern.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates continuity of operations, the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business.

On ~~July 27, 2016,~~August 14, 2020, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form

S-3

(the “Form

S-3”)

with the SEC. The Form

S-3

was declared effective by the SEC on August 31, 2020. The Form

S-3

allows the Company to offer and sell from

time-to-time

up to $150.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants or units comprised of any combination of these securities.

On March 22, 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering under the Form

S-3

of ~~14,000,000~~11,500,000 shares of its common stock, ~~and warrants~~including shares sold pursuant to ~~purchase an additional 14,000,000 shares of its common stock~~the fully exercised overallotment option granted to the underwriters in connection with the offering, at ~~an exercise price of $3.00 per share (the “2016 Offering”). The~~a public offering price ~~was $2.50~~of $5.00 per share, ~~of common stock and accompanying warrant,~~ resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately ~~$32.0~~$53.8 million after underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company.

On ~~July 25, 2017,~~March 10, 2021, the Company ~~completed an underwritten public offering~~entered into a cost-share contract (the “BARDA Contract”) with BARDA, a division of ~~32,000,000 shares~~the U.S. Department of ~~its common stock~~Health and ~~warrants to purchase an additional 16,000,000 shares~~Human Services’ Office of ~~its common stock at an exercise price of $1.55 per share (the “2017 Offering”). The public offering price was $1.25 per share of common stock~~the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and ~~accompanying warrant, resulting in net proceeds to~~Response. Under the BARDA Contract, the Company will receive funding of up to an estimated $86.8 million to advance the development of exebacase. The base period for the BARDA Contract includes government funding of up to $9.8 million to reimburse expenses for to support the conduct of the ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial and futility analysis. Following successful completion of the base period, the BARDA Contract provides for approximately ~~$37.1~~$77.0 million ~~after underwriting discounts~~of additional BARDA funding for five option stages in support of the completion of the Phase 3 clinical trial of exebacase, further clinical and ~~commissions~~

non-clinical

studies, manufacturing, supply chain, clinical, regulatory and ~~offering expenses payable by the Company.~~

administrative activities. The contract

period-of-performance

(base period plus option exercises) is up to approximately six years.

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2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation ~~and Consolidation~~

The accompanying financial information as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016~~2021 has been prepared by the Company ~~without audit,~~ pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, ~~2016~~2021 was derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements. The Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, ~~2016,~~2021, including all related disclosures and the complete listing of significant accounting policies as described in Note 2 thereof, are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form

10-K

that was filed with the SEC on March ~~15, 2017.~~

25, 2022.

In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016~~2021 reflects all adjustments, which are normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present a fair statement of financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or any future periods.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company has a wholly-owned subsidiary, ContraFect International Limited, in Scotland that establishes legal status for interactions with the European Economic Area. This subsidiary is dormant or is otherwise

non-operative.

Any inter-company accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

Significant Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s operations are subject to a number of factors that can affect its operating results and financial condition. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the results of clinical testing and trial activities of the Company’s products, the Company’s ability to obtain regulatory approval to market its products, competition from products manufactured and sold or being developed by other companies, the price of, and demand for, the Company’s products, the Company’s ability to negotiate favorable licensing or other manufacturing and marketing agreements for its products, ~~and~~ the Company’s ability to raise ~~capital.~~

capital and the effects of the novel coronavirus, or

COVID-19,

on the Company’s business, operations and financial performance and position.

The Company currently relies on a single manufacturer of exebacase drug substance, located in the United States, and two manufacturers of drug product, one located in the United States and one in Western Europe, and there are no long-term supply agreements in place. A sustained disruption in the operations of any of these manufacturers or in the event the Company would need to change to a new supplier, could result in a significant delay in the ability of the Company to complete the activities needed to support a Biologics License Application for, and, if approved, commercialization of exebacase.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases estimates and assumptions on historical experience when available and on various factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions, including those related to research and development prepaid expenses and accruals, ~~fair value measurements,~~ stock-based compensation, warrant valuation and realization of net deferred income taxes. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or ~~conditions. There have been no~~conditions, including the effects of significant ~~changes from the Company’s original estimates in any periods presented.~~

~~Cash~~risks and ~~Cash Equivalents~~

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include bank demand deposits, marketable securities with maturities of three months or less at purchase, and money market funds that invest primarily in certificates of deposit, commercial paper and U.S. government and U.S. government agency obligations. Cash equivalents are reported at fair value.

uncertainties.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company holds these investments in highly rated financial institutions, and, by policy, limits the amounts of credit exposure to any one financial institution. These amounts at times may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any credit losses in such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risk on these funds. The Company has no

off-balance

sheet concentrations of credit risk, such as foreign currency exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements.

~~Fair Value~~

Table of ~~Financial Instruments~~

Contents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The ~~Company’s financial instruments consist~~Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include bank demand deposits, marketable securities ~~accounts payable, accrued liabilities~~with maturities of three months or less at purchase, and ~~warrant liabilities. Fair value estimates~~money market funds that invest primarily in certificates of ~~these instruments~~deposit, commercial paper and U.S. government and U.S. government agency obligations. Cash equivalents are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. The fair value of the Company’s warrant liabilities is based upon unobservable inputs, as described further below.

~~The Company is required to disclose information on all assets and liabilities~~ reported at fair ~~value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in determining the reported fair values. Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820,~~~~Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures~~, establishes a hierarchy of inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality.

~~The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:~~

~~Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.~~

~~Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.~~

~~Level 3—Valuations that require inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.~~

To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company had no liabilities classified as Level 1 or Level 2. The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying financial statements for accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term maturities. The fair value of the warrant liabilities is discussed in Note 4, “Fair Value Measurements.”

~~Share-based Compensation~~

~~The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718,~~~~Compensation—Stock Compensation,~~~~which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees andnon-employee~~ ~~directors, including employee stock options. Compensation expense based on the grant date fair value is generally amortized over the requisite service period of the award on a straight-line basis.~~

The fair value of options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant based on key assumptions such as stock price, expected volatility and expected term. The Company’s estimates of these assumptions are primarily based on historical data, peer company data and judgment regarding future trends and factors.

~~Grants~~

The Company recognizes a receivable and the related reduction in its research and development expenses when the actual reimbursable costs have been incurred and there is reasonable assurance that the Company has complied with the conditions of the grants and the amounts will be received. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized a reduction to its research and development expense in the amount of $249,886 and $805,980, respectively. There were no similar grants recognized for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016. The receivable for grants as of September 30, 2017 for costs incurred through September 30, 2017 was $351,763. The Company has $2,424,050 of approved grant award funding remaining as of September 30, 2017.

~~Net Loss Per Share~~

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by adjusting weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method. For purposes of the dilutive net loss per share calculation, stock options and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive given the Company’s net loss; therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share were the same for all periods presented.

~~Comprehensive Loss~~

~~Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions, and other events and circumstances fromnon-owner~~ ~~sources, and currently consists of net loss and changes in unrealized gains and losses onavailable-for-sale~~ ~~securities.~~

~~Recent Accounting Pronouncements~~

~~In January 2016, the FASB issued a new Accounting Standards Update,~~~~Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities~~ ~~(“ASU2016-01”).~~ ~~ASU2016-01~~ amends the guidance in U.S. GAAP on the classification and measurement of financial instruments. Although the ASU retains many current requirements, it significantly revises an entity’s accounting related to (1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. The ASU also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted for certain changes. The Company does not anticipate any impact from the adoption of ASU~~2016-01.~~

~~In February 2016, the FASB issued a new Accounting Standards Update,~~~~Leases~~ ~~(“ASU2016-02”).~~ ~~ASU2016-02~~ ~~is aimed at making leasing activities more transparent and comparable and requires most leases be recognized by lessees on the balance sheets as aright-of-use~~ asset and corresponding lease liability, regardless of whether they are classified as finance or operating leases. The new standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new pronouncement on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures. The Company anticipates the adoption of ASU~~2016-02~~ ~~to result in the recognition of additional assets and corresponding liabilities related to leases on its balance sheet and to not have a material impact on its results of operations or cash flows.~~

~~In March 2016, the FASB issued a new Accounting Standards Update,~~~~Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting~~ ~~(“ASU2016-09”).~~ ~~ASU2016-09~~ ~~requires all income tax effects of awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled, thus eliminating additionalpaid-in-capital~~ ~~pools. ASU2016-09~~ also changed the threshold to qualify for equity classification from the minimum tax statutory withholding to the maximum tax statutory withholding in the applicable jurisdictions. In addition, companies are required to elect whether to account for forfeitures as they occur or to estimate the number of awards expected to be forfeited and adjust the estimate when it is likely to change, which is the method currently required. The new standard was effective for the annual reporting period beginning January 1, 2017. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2017. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures of share-based payment awards as they occur. The prior year windfall benefits that were required to be recognized were not material. These changes were applied on a modified retrospective basis. There was no material impact and cumulative adjustment to accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2017 as a result of the adoption of this standard.

~~In June 2016, the FASB issued a new Accounting Standards Update,~~~~Financial Instruments-Credit Losses~~ ~~(“ASU2016-13”).ASU2016-13~~ amends the guidance for measuring and recording credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost by replacing the “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model. Accordingly, these financial assets will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. This new standard also requires that credit losses related to~~available-for-sale~~ debt securities be recorded through an allowance for such losses rather than reducing the carrying amount under the current, other-than-temporary-impairment model. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this new standard will have on its financial statements and related disclosures.

~~In August 2016, the FASB issued ASUNo. 2016-15~~~~, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments~~ ~~(“ASU2016-15”),~~ ~~which amended the existing accounting standards for the statement of cash flows by providing guidance on eight classification issues related to the statement of cash flows. ASU2016-15~~ will be effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. For issues that are impracticable to apply retrospectively, the amendments may be applied prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. The Company does not anticipate a significant impact from the adoption of ASU~~2016-15.~~

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities ~~at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 consisted~~

consist

of investments in corporate debt securities. Management determines the appropriate classification of the securities at the time they are acquired and evaluates the appropriateness of such classifications at each balance sheet date. The Company classifies its marketable securities as

available-for-sale

pursuant to ASC 320,

Investments – Debt and Equity Securities

. The Company classifies marketable securities available to fund current operations as current assets on its consolidated balance sheets. Marketable securities are classified as long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets if (i) the Company has the intent and ability to hold the investments for a period of at least one year and (ii) the contractual maturity date of the investments is greater than one year. Marketable securities are recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity and a component of total comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, until realized. The fair value of these securities is based on quoted prices for identical or similar assets. Realized gains and losses are included in ~~investment~~interest income in the consolidated statement of operations on a specific-identification basis.

There were no0 realized gains ~~or losses~~ on sales of marketable securities for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 or ~~2016.~~

2021. There were 0 marketable securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months as of March 31, 2022 or

December 31,

2021.

The Company reviews marketable securities for other-than-temporary impairment whenever the fair value of a marketable security is less than the amortized cost and evidence indicates that a marketable security’s carrying amount is not recoverable within a reasonable period of time. Other-than-temporary impairments of investments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations if the Company has experienced a credit loss, has the intent to sell the marketable security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the marketable security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. Evidence considered in this assessment includes reasons for the impairment, compliance with the Company’s investment policy, the severity and the duration of the impairment and changes in value subsequent to the end of the period.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and warrant liabilities. Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. These estimates may be subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. The fair value of the Company’s warrant liabilities is based upon unobservable inputs, as described further below.

The Company is required to disclose information on all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in determining the reported fair values. Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820,

Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

(“ASC 820”), establishes a hierarchy of inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3—Valuations that require inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

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The Company had 0 liabilities classified as Level 1 or Level 2. The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying financial statements for accounts payable and accrued

liabilities

approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term maturities. The fair value of the warrant liabilities is discussed in Note 4, “Fair Value Measurements.”

tock

-based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718,

Compensation—Stock Compensation,

which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees, directors, and

non-employees,

including employee stock options. Compensation expense based on the grant date fair value is generally amortized over the requisite service period of the award on a straight-line basis.

The fair value of options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of grant based on key assumptions such as stock price, risk free interest rates, expected volatility, expected term, and expected dividend yield. The Company’s estimates of these assumptions are based on historical data and judgment regarding future trends and factors.

Government Contracts and Grant Agreements

The Company recognizes a receivable, which is included in other current assets on its consolidated balance sheet, and the related reduction in its research and development expenses when the actual reimbursable costs have been incurred and there is reasonable assurance that the Company has complied with the conditions of the applicable government contract or grant agreement and the amounts will be received. The Company recognized a reduction to its research and development expense in the amount of approximately $2.1 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively. The receivable for government contracts and grant agreements as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was approximately $3.5 million and $4.1 million, respectively, and is included in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company has approximately $6.0 million of committed government contract and grant agreement funding remaining as of March 31, 2022.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with Accounting Standards Update No.

2016-02-

Leases

(Topic 842). The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and recognizes

right-of-use

(“ROU”) assets as the present value of the lease payments plus initial direct costs, if any, less any lease incentives. Assets are classified as either operating or finance ROU assets according to the classification criteria in Topic 842. The corresponding liability is computed as the present value of the lease payments at inception. The present value of the lease payments is computed using the rate implicit in the lease, if known, or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Operating lease costs are charged to operations on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The Company’s leases are further discussed in Note 7—“Commitments and Contingencies.”

Under the Company’s policy, it does not record an ROU asset or corresponding liability for arrangements where the initial lease term is one year or less. Those leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by adjusting weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method. For purposes of the dilutive net loss per share applicable to common stockholders’ calculation, stock options and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, as their effect would be anti-dilutive; therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders were the same for all periods presented.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Government Assistance

On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update

No. 2021-10,

Disclosure by Business Entities about Government Assistance (ASU

2021-10)

. ASU

2021-10

improves the transparency of government assistance received by certain business entities by requiring the disclosure of (1) the types of government assistance received, (2) the accounting for such assistance, and (3) the effect of the assistance on the business entity’s financial statements. The adoption of the new guidance did not affect the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued a new Accounting Standards Update,

Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (ASU

2016-13).

ASU

2016-13

amends the guidance for measuring and recording credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost by replacing the “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model. Accordingly, these financial assets will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. This new standard also requires that credit losses related to

available-for-sale

debt securities be recorded through an allowance for such losses rather than reducing the carrying amount under the current, other-than-temporary-impairment model. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Marketable Securities

Marketable securities at ~~September 30, 2017 consist~~March 31, 2022 consisted of the ~~following:~~

Marketable Securities
   Amortized Cost    Unrealized
Gains    Unrealized
Losses    Fair Value
Current:

Corporate debt
   $ 48,278,302    $ 3,337    $ (27,087 )    $ 48,254,552

following (in thousands):


Marketable Securities	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Current:
Corporate debt	$	32,868	$	0	$	(224	)	$	32,644

Marketable securities at December 31, ~~2016~~2021 consisted of the ~~following:~~

Marketable Securities
   Amortized Cost    Unrealized
Gains    Unrealized
Losses    Fair Value
Current:

Corporate debt
   $ 31,405,836    $ 24    $ (51,690 )    $ 31,354,170

following (in thousands):


Marketable Securities	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Current:
Corporate debt	$	37,715	$	0	$	(84	)	$	37,631

Corporate debt includes obligations issued by investment-grade corporations and may include issues that have been guaranteed by governments and government agencies.

~~The duration periods~~ Investments classified as short-term have maturities of~~available-for-sale~~ ~~debt~~ less than one year, and investments classified as long-term are those that have maturities of greater than one year and management does not intend to liquidate within the next twelve months. All of the Company’s marketable securities ashave an effective maturity of ~~September 30, 2017 were as follows:~~

   Amortized Cost    Fair Value
Duration of one year or less
   $ 42,461,619    $ 42,444,975
Duration of more than one year
   5,816,683    5,809,577




Total
   $ 48,278,302    $ 48,254,552

less than two years.

At ~~September 30, 2017 and December~~March 31, ~~2016,~~2022, the Company held ~~35 and 29~~19 debt securities ~~respectively,~~ that individually and in total were in an immaterial unrealized loss position for less than one year. The aggregate fair value of debt securities in an unrealized loss position at ~~September 30, 2017 and December~~March 31, ~~2016~~2022 was ~~$42,508,852 and $29,343,892, respectively.~~approximately $30.6 million. The Company evaluated its securities for ~~other-than-temporary~~other than temporary impairment and considered the decline in market value for the securities to be primarily attributable to current economic and market conditions. It iswas not more likely than not that the Company ~~will be~~would have been required to sell the securities ~~and the Company does not intend to do so~~ prior to the recovery of the amortized cost basis. Based on this analysis, these marketable securities were ~~not~~0t considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of ~~September 30, 2017 and December~~March 31, ~~2016.~~

202

4. Fair Value Measurements

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2016:~~

   Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2017
   Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
using Identical
Assets
(Level 1)    Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)    Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Cash equivalents
   $ 4,147,033    $ —      $ —
Marketable securities
   48,254,552    —      —
Warrant liabilities
   —      —      16,024,207






Total
   $ 52,401,585    $ —      $ 16,024,207






   Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016
   Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
using Identical
Assets
(Level 1)    Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)    Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Cash equivalents
   $ 3,411,058    $ —      $ —
Marketable securities
   31,354,170    —      —
Warrant liabilities
   —      —      12,698,980






Total
   $ 34,765,228    $ —      $ 12,698,980

~~The Company issued a warrant to the representative~~2021 (in thousands):


	Fair Value Measurement as of March 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents	$	6,276	$	—	$	—
Marketable securities		32,644		—		—
Warrant liabilities		—		—		6,742

Total	$	38,920	$	—	$	6,742

Table of the underwriter of its initial public offering (the “Representative’s Warrant”). The Company determined that this warrant should be classified as a liability and considers it as a Level 3 financial instrument (see also Note 9, “Capital Structure”). The Representative’s Warrant will be~~re-measured~~ at each subsequent reporting period and changes in fair value will be recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. The following assumptions were used in a Black- Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of the warrant liability:

   As of As of
   September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Expected volatility
   87.3 % 73.9 %
Remaining contractual term (in years)
   1.92 2.67
Risk-free interest rate
   1.47 % 1.47 %
Expected dividend yield
   —   % —   %

Contents


	Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2021
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents	$	7,734	$	—	$	—
Marketable securities		37,631		—		—
Warrant liabilities		—		—		2,530

Total	$	45,365	$	—	$	2,530

The Company issued warrants to the purchasers inof its ~~2016 Offering~~July 25, 2017 offering (the ~~“2016~~“2017 Warrants”),. The Company determined that these warrants should be classified as a liability and considered as a Level 3 financial instrument (see also Note 9,8, “Capital Structure”). The ~~2016~~2017 Warrants ~~will be~~are

re-measured

at each subsequent reporting period and changes in fair value ~~will be~~are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. The following assumptions were used in a Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of the warrant liability:

   As of As of
   September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Expected volatility
   79.8 % 79.9 %
Remaining contractual term (in years)
   3.83 4.58
Risk-free interest rate
   1.77 % 1.93 %
Expected dividend yield
   —   % — %


	As of March 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021
Expected volatility		80.2	%		56.5	%
Remaining contractual term (in years)		0.33			0.58
Risk-free interest rate		0.52	%		0.19	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%

The Company issued warrants to the purchasers inof its ~~2017 Offering~~May 27, 2020 offering (the ~~“2017~~“2020 Warrants”),. The Company determined that these warrants should be classified as a liability and considered as a Level 3 financial instrument (see also Note 9,8, “Capital Structure”). The ~~2017~~2020 Warrants ~~will be~~are

re-measured

   As of At Issuance on
   September 30, 2017 July 25, 2017
Expected volatility
   81.7 % 82.0 %
Remaining contractual term (in years)
   4.83 5.00
Risk-free interest rate
   1.92 % 1.90 %
Expected dividend yield
   —   % —   %


	As of March 31, 202 2			As of December 31, 202 1
Expected volatility		71.3	%		61.9	%
Remaining contractual term (in years)		1.17			1.42
Risk-free interest rate		1.63	%		0.56	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%

Warrant liabilities

The following tables present a reconciliation of the Company’s financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016:~~

~~Warrant liabilities~~

   Three Months Ended September 30,    Nine Months Ended September 30,
   2017    2016    2017    2016
Balance at beginning of period
   $ 9,581,916    $ 185,659    $ 12,698,980    $ 444,324
Issuance of warrants
   12,383,435    18,601,228    12,383,435    18,601,228
Increase (decrease) in fair value
   (5,941,144 )    1,124,353    (9,058,208 )    865,688








Balance at end of period
   $ 16,024,207    $ 19,911,240    $ 16,024,207    $ 19,911,240

2021 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,530	$	29,404
Decrease in fair value (1)		4,212		(5,567	)

Balance at end of period	$	6,742	$	23,837

(1)	The change in fair values of the warrant liabilities is recorded in other income in the consolidated statement of operations.

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The key inputs into the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the current

per-share

value and the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock. Significant changes in these inputs will directly increase or decrease the estimated fair value of the Company’s warrant liabilities.

5. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the ~~following:~~

   September 30,
2017    December 31,
2016
Accrued compensation costs
   $ 903,506    $ 1,597,414
Accrued research and development service fees
   405,292    504,193
Accrued professional fees
   93,574    299,912
Accrued facilities operation expenses
   273,800    236,296
Accrued licensing fees
   —      180,000
Other accrued liabilities
   18,060    50,537




Total accrued liabilities
   $ 1,694,232    $ 2,868,352

~~6. Note Warrants~~

The Company issued convertible notes from June 2013 through June 2014. In connection with the issuance of the convertible notes, purchasers of the convertible notes also received warrants (“Note Warrants”) which included an exercise price “cap” that was analogous to “down round protection”. This precluded the Company from classifying the warrants in equity. Upon the closing of the initial public offering and based on the terms of the Note Warrants, the Company determined the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the Note Warrants to be 3,321,416 at an exercise price of $3.00 per share. There were 3,315,878 shares of common stock underlying the outstanding Note Warrantsfollowing as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2016. The Note Warrants expire between June 2018 and June 2019.~~

7.2021 (in thousands):


	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accrued research and development service fees	$	5,962	$	5,641
Accrued professional fees		936		819
Accrued compensation costs		599		2,215
Accrued facilities operation expenses		111		307
Other accrued expenses		28		146

Total accrued liabilities	$	7,636	$	9,128

6. Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock

Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share for all periods presented because the effects of potentially dilutive items were ~~anti-dilutive given the Company’s net loss.~~anti-dilutive. Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for common ~~stockholders:~~

   Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
   2017 2016 2017 2016
Net loss
   $ (1,575,098 ) $ (10,530,584 ) $ (10,760,150 ) $ (29,132,768 )
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding
   64,960,354 37,446,087 49,509,486 30,833,362


Net loss per share of common stock—basic and diluted
   $ (0.02 ) $ (0.28 ) $ (0.22 ) $ (0.94 )

stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	202 2			202 1
Net loss	$	(20,157	)	$	(5,195	)
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding		39,332,721			28,963,594

Net loss per share of common stock—basic and diluted	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.18	)

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding at ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016~~2021 have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, as they would have been ~~anti-dilutive given the Company’s net loss:~~

   September 30,
   2017    2016
Options to purchase common stock
   6,016,984    4,677,371
Warrants to purchase common stock
   36,270,103    27,336,507




Total
   42,287,087    32,013,878

8.anti-dilutive:


	March 31,
	2022		2021
Options to purchase common stock		4,171,919		1,925,197
Warrants to purchase common stock		10,925,166		12,327,590

Total		15,097,085		14,252,787

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

In December 2010, the Company entered into a

non-cancellable

operating lease for office space and laboratory facilities in Yonkers, New York expiring in December 2025. In December 2011, the Company entered into an amendment which extended the ~~terms~~term of the lease through December 2027 (the “Third Floor Lease”). The ~~Third Floor Lease~~lease provides for the option to renew for ~~two~~2 additional five-year terms. The premises were occupied in June 2011. Monthly rent payments began the date the office and laboratory facilities were ready for occupancy.

In January 2012, the Company entered into a

non-cancellable

operating lease for additional office space and laboratory facilities in the same building in Yonkers, New York expiring in December 2027 (the “Fourth Floor Lease”). The Fourth Floor Lease provides for an option to renew for ~~two~~2 additional five-year terms. Effective August 1, 2017, the Company relinquished 10,912 square feet of space under the Fourth Floor Lease and was relieved of its obligations related to such space. ~~Monthly rental payments were adjusted~~

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The Company performed an evaluation of its other contracts in accordance with Topic 842 and ~~together with~~has determined that, except for the ~~Third Floor Lease, future minimum~~leases described above, none of its contracts contain a lease.

The balance sheet classification of the Company’s lease liabilities was as follows (in thousands):


Description	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Operating lease liabilities:
Current portion of lease liabilities	$	661	$	657
Long-term portion of lease liabilities	$	2,513	$	2,609

Operating lease liabilities are based on the net present value of the remaining lease payments over the remaining lease term. The leases are ~~as follows:~~

   Amount
October 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017
   $ 156,989
Year ending December 31, 2018
   640,514
Year ending December 31, 2019
   653,324
Year ending December 31, 2020
   666,391
Year ending December 31, 2021
   679,719
Year ending December 31, 2022
   693,313
Thereafter
   3,680,190


   $ 7,170,440

~~Rent expense is recognized~~renewable at the end of the lease term at our option. For the purposes of determining the remaining lease term in contemplation of available extensions, the Company did not consider either renewal to be probable at this time. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company estimated its incremental borrowing rate, or discount rate, based on the ~~straight-line method over~~information available at the adoption date of Topic 842. The discount rate used to determine the operating lease liability was 9.93%.

As of March 31, 2022, the maturities of our operating lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):


	Amount
April 1, 2022 - December 31, 2022	$	520
Year ending December 31:
2023		707
2024		721
2025		736
2026		750
Thereafter		702

Total lease payments		4,136
Less: Present value adjustment		(962	)

Operating lease liabilities		3,174

Lease costs under the terms of the Company’s leases for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):


	March 31,
	2022		2021
Operating lease cost (1)	$	153	$	153
Variable lease costs (2)		40		30

Total lease cost	$	193	$	183

(1)	Operating lease payments included in the measurement of the Company’s lease liabilities are comprised of fixed payments according to the terms of the Company’s leases.

(2)

Variable lease payments consist of the Company’s utility costs billed by and paid to its landlord. Variable lease payments are presented as operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations in the same line item as expense arising from fixed lease payments and in net cash used in operating activities in the Company’s Statement of Cash Flows.

Rockefeller University

License Agreements

The Company has entered into the following license agreements with The Rockefeller University:

On July 12, 2011, the Company entered into a license agreement for the worldwide, exclusive right to a patent covering the composition of matter for the lysin PlySS2 for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria (the

“CF-301

License”). The Company rebranded PlySS2 as

CF-301

and subsequently, exebacase. The license gives the Company the right to exclusively develop, make, have made, use, import, lease, sell and offer for sale products that would otherwise infringe a claim of this patent application or patent.

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On June 1, 2011, the Company entered into a license agreement for the exclusive rights to The Rockefeller University’s interest in a joint patent application covering the method of delivering antibodies through the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria to the periplasmic space. This intellectual property was developed as a result of the sponsored research agreement between the Company and The Rockefeller University and was jointly discovered and filed by the two parties.

On September 23, 2010, the Company entered into a license agreement for the worldwide, exclusive right to develop, make, have made, use, import, lease, sell, and offer for sale products that would otherwise infringe a claim of the suite of patents and patent applications covering the composition of matter for eight individual lysin molecules for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria. The lysins in this suite have activity against Group B

Streptococci

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus anthracis, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium

In consideration for the licenses, the Company paid Rockefeller license initiation fees in cash and stock. The Company paid annual maintenance fees of $200,000 in each ~~lease.~~

9.of 2021, 2020 and 2019, and are required to pay $200,000 each year thereafter until the licenses terminate. Depending on the success of its programs, the Company may also incur regulatory milestone payments up to a total of $5.0 million and royalties of up to 5% on net sales from products to Rockefeller. We are allowed to grant sublicenses to third parties without prior approval, subject to certain conditions and the payment of a certain percentage of all payments we receive from sublicensees. There were 0 milestone, royalty or sublicense payments made during the three months ended March 31, 2022 or 2021. The Company has made total milestone payments under the

CF-301

License of $810,000 as of March 31, 2022.

Each license agreement terminates upon the later of (i) the expiration or abandonment of the last licensed patent under the license agreement to expire or become abandoned, or (ii) 10 years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product. The Rockefeller University may terminate any license agreement in the event of a breach of such agreement by the Company or if the Company challenges the validity or enforceability of the underlying patent rights. The Company may terminate any license agreement at any time on 60 days’ notice.

Legal Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may be involved in disputes and legal proceedings in the ordinary course of its business. These proceedings may include allegations of infringement of intellectual property, employment or other matters. The Company records a liability in its financial statements for these matters when a loss is known or considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company reviews these estimates each accounting period as additional information is known and adjusts the loss provision when appropriate. If a matter is both probable to result in a liability and the amounts of loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company estimates and discloses the possible loss or range of loss to the extent necessary to make the financial statements not misleading. If the loss is not probable or cannot be reasonably estimated, a liability is not recorded in the Company’s financial statements. The Company currently has no legal proceedings ongoing that management estimates could have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements.

8. Capital Structure

Common Stock

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, the Company was authorized to issue ~~200,000,000~~125,000,000 shares of common ~~stock at $0.0001 par value per share.~~

stock.

Follow-on

Offerings

On ~~July 27, 2016,~~March 22, 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 11,500,000 shares of its common stock, including shares sold ~~14,000,000~~pursuant to the fully exercised overallotment option granted to the underwriters in connection with the offering, at a public offering price of $5.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $53.8 million after underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company.

On May 27, 2020, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 11,797,752 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase an additional ~~14,000,000~~8,848,314 shares of its common stock inat an ~~underwrittenfollow-on~~exercise price of $4.90 per share. The public offering price was $4.45 for ~~gross proceeds~~one share of ~~$35.0 million. The Company received~~common stock and an accompanying warrant to purchase 0.75 shares of common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately ~~$32.0~~$48.9 million after underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company.

~~On July 25, 2017, the~~ The Company ~~sold 32,000,000~~completed a concurrent private placement to Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”) of 674,156 shares of common stock and an accompanying warrant to purchase an additional 505,617 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $4.90 per share (the “Pfizer Warrant”) at a price of $4.45 for one share of common stock and ~~warrants~~an accompanying warrant to purchase ~~an additional 16,000,000~~0.75 shares of ~~its~~ common stock, resulting in ~~an underwrittenfollow-on~~ ~~offering for gross proceeds of $40.0 million. The Company received~~ net proceeds to the Company of approximately ~~$37.1 million after underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses payable by~~$3.0 million. No warrants were exercised during the ~~Company.~~

quarter ended March 31, 2022. Warrants to purchase 22,560 shares of common stock were exercised during the quarter ended March 31, 2021.

Table of Contents

The Company issued warrants in ~~bothfollow-on~~its 2020 and 2017 offerings. The 2017 Warrants have an exercise price of $1.55 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance. The 2016 Warrants have an exercise price of $3.00 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance. The 2017 Warrants and 2016 WarrantsThese warrants contain a fundamental transaction provision that obligates the Company to cash settle the warrants under a limited set of conditions not entirely within the Company’s control. Due to this conditional obligation, the Company determined that ~~both~~the 2020 Warrants and the 2017 Warrants ~~and the 2016 Warrants should be~~ classified as liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. At issuance, the Company determined the fair value of the ~~2017~~2020 Warrants and ~~2016~~the 2017 Warrants to be ~~$12.4~~$31.4 million and ~~$18.6~~$12.4 million, respectively, and reclassified these balances from stockholders’ equity to warrant liability. The fair value of these warrants is

re-measured

at each reporting period and changes in fair value isare recognized in the consolidated statement of operations (see Note 4, “Fair Value Measurements”). Additionally, the Company allocated approximately ~~$0.9~~$2.2 million and ~~$1.6~~$0.9 million of issuance costs to the ~~2017~~2020 Warrants and ~~2016~~the 2017 Warrants, respectively, based on the proportion of the proceeds allocated to the fair value of the warrants. The allocated issuance costs were expensed as other expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.

~~Private Placement~~

~~On June 12, 2015,~~

The Pfizer Warrant does not contain the same fundamental transaction provision that obligates the Company ~~sold an aggregate~~to cash settle the warrants under a limited set of 4,728,128 common shares and warrants to purchase an additional 2,364,066 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $20.0 million in a private placement (the “PIPE”). The warrants have an exercise price of $8.00 per share and expire three years fromconditions not entirely within the ~~date of issuance (the “PIPE Warrants”). The~~Company’s control. Therefore, the Company ~~received net proceeds from~~determined that the ~~PIPE of $18.3 million, after deducting expenses payable by the Company.~~

The placement agents in the PIPE received warrants to purchase a total of 189,126 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.65 per share which expire on June 11, 2020 (the “Placement Agent Warrants”). The PIPE Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants have beenPfizer Warrant should be classified as ~~stockholders’~~ equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

~~Initial Public Offering~~

In August 2014, the Company completed an initial public offering (“IPO”), raising net proceeds of $35.0 million after underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses payable by us, through the issuance and sale of our units, which consisted of one share of common stock, one Class A Warrant to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $4.80 per share and one Class B Warrant to purchase~~one-half~~ share of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per full share (“Units”). As of November 2, 2015, the date of expiration of the Class B Warrants, holders of the Class B Warrants had exercised 4,812,328 Class B Warrants, resulting in the issuance of 2,406,164 shares of the Company’s common stock and the receipt by the Company of approximately $9.6 million in gross proceeds. The Class A Warrants expired on February 1, 2017. As none of the Class A Warrants were exercised prior to expiration, the Class A Warrants have terminated and are no longer exercisable.

~~Representative’s Warrant~~

The Maxim Group, LLC, the representative of the underwriter in the IPO, received the Representative’s Warrant to purchase 3% of the total number of shares of common stock sold in the IPO, including those shares sold upon the exercise of the over-allotment option, for a total of 206,410 shares of common stock underlying the Representative’s Warrant. The Representative’s Warrant is exercisable at an exercise price of $7.50 per share and expires on July 28, 2019. The Company classified the Representative’s Warrant as a liability since it did not meet the requirements to be included in equity. The fair value of the Representative’s warrant is~~re-measured~~ ~~at each reporting period and changes in fair value are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations (see Note 4, “Fair Value Measurements”).~~

~~Sales Agreement~~

In January 2016, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”) to sell shares of the Company’s common stock, with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $30 million, through an “at the market” equity offering program under which Cowen was to act as sales agent. On July 21, 2016, the Company terminated the Sales Agreement. The Company did not sell any shares under the program.

Voting

The holders of shares of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held at all meetings of stockholders and written actions in lieu of meetings.

Dividends

The holders of shares of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if and when declared by the board of directors. As of ~~September 30, 2017, no~~March 31, 2022, 0 dividends have been declared or paid on the Company’s common stock since inception.

Reserved for Future Issuance

The Company has reserved for future issuance the following number of shares of common stock as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2016:~~

   September 30,
2017    December 31,
2016
Options to purchase common stock
   6,016,984    4,691,746
Warrants to purchase common stock
   36,270,103    27,214,775




   42,287,087    31,906,521

~~10.~~

~~Stock Warrants~~

2021:


	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Outstanding options to purchase common stock		4,171,919		2,899,694
Outstanding warrants to purchase common stock		10,925,166		10,926,594
For future issuance under the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan		378,715		77,631
For future issuance under the 2021 Employment Inducement Plan		1,000,000		1,000,000

		16,475,800		14,903,919

9. Stock Warrants

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2021, the Company had warrants to purchase the underlying common stock outstanding as shown in the table below.

   September 30,
2017 December 31,
2016
Note Warrants
   3,315,878 3,315,878
Class A Warrants (1)
   —   6,880,333
PIPE Warrants
   2,364,066 2,364,066
2016 Warrants
   14,000,000 14,000,000
2017 Warrants
   16,000,000 —
Representative’s Warrant
   206,410 206,410
Placement Agent Warrants
   189,126 189,126
Other warrants (2)
   194,623 258,962


Warrants to purchase common stock
   36,270,103 27,214,775


Weighted-average exercise price per share
   $ 2.74 $ 3.97


	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
2020 Warrants		8,819,904		8,819,904
2017 Warrants		1,599,645		1,599,645
Pfizer Warrant		505,617		505,617
Other warrants (1)		0		1,428

Warrants to purchase common stock		10,925,166		10,926,594

Weighted-average exercise price per share	$	6.45	$	6.47

(1)	On February 1, 2017, the Class A Warrants to purchase common stock expired in accordance with their terms. As none of the Class A Warrants were exercised prior to expiration, the Class A Warrants have been terminated and are no longer exercisable.

~~(2)~~

Other warrants are comprised of warrants issued prior to the Company’s ~~IPO,~~initial public offering (“IPO”), generally in exchange for services rendered to the Company.

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes information regarding the Company’s warrants outstanding at ~~September 30, 2017:~~


~~Exercise Prices~~	~~Shares~~ ~~Underlying~~ ~~Outstanding~~ ~~Warrants~~		~~Expiration Date~~
£ ~~$2.00~~		~~16,005,714~~		~~September 1, 2021 – July 25, 2022~~
~~$2.01-$4.99~~		~~17,606,105~~		~~June 18, 2018 – July 17, 2021~~
~~$5.00-$7.99~~		~~231,409~~		~~April 30, 2018 – July 22, 2019~~
³ ~~$8.00~~		~~2,426,875~~		~~June 11, 2018 – January 5, 2022~~

		~~36,270,103~~

~~11.~~March 31, 2022:


Exercise Prices	Shares Underlying Outstanding Warrants		Expiration Date
$4.90		9,325,521	May 27, 2023
$15.50		1,599,645	July 25, 2022

		10,925,166

10. Stock Option and Incentive Plans

Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan

In July 2008, the Company adopted the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). ~~The Plan allows for the granting ofnon-~~ ~~qualified stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and other performance awards to the Company’s employees, members of the board of directors and consultants of the Company.~~ On February 26, 2013, the board of directors approved an amended and restated plan (the “Amended Plan”) ~~to increase~~under which the number of shares of common stock available ~~under the Plan to 1,571,428 and,~~ for issuance was 157,143. For new awards, ~~to reduce~~ the period that vested awards would remain exercisable upon termination of service was reduced from ten years to two years. ~~Since~~The board of directors also increased the number of shares of common stock available under the Company’s Amended Plan on February 24, 2014 and April 29, 2014 to 185,714 and 235,714, respectively. As of the closing of the Company’s IPO, there were no further grants ~~are~~ made under the Amended Plan.

2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

In April 2014, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan was approved by the Company’s stockholders on July 3, 2014. The 2014 Plan allows for the granting of incentive and

non-qualified

stock options, restricted stock and stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights and other performance-based awards to the Company’s employees, members of the board of directors and consultants of the Company. On July 28, 2014, the effective date of the 2014 Plan, the number of shares of common stock reserved pursuant to the 2014 Plan was ~~571,429.~~57,143. The 2014 Plan provides for an annual increase, to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 and ~~continuing until the expiration of the 2014 Plan,~~ending on January 1, 2024, equal to the lesser of (i) 4% of the outstanding shares of common stock on December 31 immediately preceding such date or (ii) ana lesser amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. Consistent with the provision for an annual increase, an additional ~~3,574,237~~4,268,682 shares of common stock have been reserved under the 2014 ~~Plan.~~

Plan as of January 1, 2022.

The Company recognized compensation expense for ~~share-based~~s

tock

-based compensation based on the fair value of the underlying instrument. The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. A summary of stock option activity for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, is summarized as follows:

   Number of
Options    Weighted
Average
Exercise Price    Weighted
Average Remaining
Contractual Life
(in years)    Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Options outstanding at December 31, 2016
   4,691,746    $ 4.62
Granted
   1,502,500    1.73
Expired
   (93,300 )    4.78
Forfeited
   (83,963 )    2.52



Options outstanding at September 30, 2017
   6,016,984    3.92    5.98    $ —




Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2017
   4,215,454    4.51    4.86    $ —


	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at December 31, 2021		2,899,694		$	9.12
Granted		1,320,000			3.33
Exercised		0			0
Expired		(9,525	)		12.38
Forfeited		(38,250	)		5.02

Options outstanding at March 31, 2022		4,171,919			7.32		8.57	$	461,675

Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022		1,735,474			11.44		6.90	$	28,209

The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. ~~There were no options granted during the three months ended September 30, 2017.~~ The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2016~~March 31, 2022 and 2021 was ~~$3.23. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2017~~$3.33 and ~~2016 was $1.73 and $3.37,~~$5.58, respectively. Total compensation expense recognized amounted to ~~$359,376, $1,087,179, $330,284~~$0.9 million and ~~$1,886,033,~~$0.6 million for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016,~~2021, respectively. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, the total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was ~~$2,327,263~~approximately $7.1 million which will be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately ~~2.50~~2.70 years.

Table of Contents

The following assumptions were used to compute the fair value of stock ~~option grants:~~

   Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
   2017    2016 2017 2016
Risk free interest rate
   —      1.37 % 2.08 % 1.21 %
Expected dividend yield
   —      —   —   —
Expected term (in years)
   —      6.01 6.00 4.99
Expected volatility
   —      76.5 % 79.1 % 79.5 %

~~Expected volatility—~~~~The Company estimated~~options granted during the expected volatility based on an average of the volatility of similar companies with publicly-traded equity securities. The companies were selected based on their enterprise value, risk profiles, position within the industry, and with historical information sufficient to meet the expected term of the associated award.

~~Expected term—~~The Company based expected term for grants to employees and non-employee directors on the midpoint of the vesting period and the contractual term of each respective option grant. Other grants to non-employees are based on the remaining contractual term.

period:

Three Months Ended
March 31,


2022

2021

Risk free interest rate    1.94 % 0.72 %
Expected dividend yield    0   0
Expected term (in years)    6.06 6.06
Expected volatility    91.2 % 96.3 %

Risk-free interest rate

—The Company estimated the risk-free interest rate in reference to yield on U.S. Treasury securities with a maturity date commensurate with the expected term of the associated award.

Expected dividend yield—

The Company estimated the expected dividend yield based on consideration of its historical dividend experience and future dividend expectations. The Company has not historically declared or paid dividends to common stockholders. Moreover, it does not intend to pay dividends in the future, but instead expects to retain any earnings to invest in its continued growth.

~~12. Significant Agreements~~

~~On March 25, 2016,~~

Expected term—

The Company based expected term on the midpoint of the vesting period and the contractual term of each respective option grant

Expected volatility—

The Company entered into a separation agreement and release of claims with its former Chief Executive Officer, Julia P. Gregory. Subject to Ms. Gregory’s continued compliance with restrictive covenants contained in her employment agreement withestimated the Company, the separation agreement provides for Ms. Gregory to receive severance payments totaling $1.2 million for a period of 18 months following the effective date of Ms. Gregory’s retirement, the accelerated vesting of all unvested portions of stock option grants dated April 29, 2014 and February 8, 2016, and continued medical, dental and vision coverage paid for by the Company underexpected volatility based on the Company’s ~~group healthcare plans for up to eighteen months following the effective date~~historical volatility data.

Table of Ms. Gregory’s retirement. The total amount of these charges was recognized as part of general and administrative expenses. Ms. Gregory will have a period of two years following the effective date of her retirement to exercise her vested Company stock options.

Contents

ITEM 2.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition in conjunction with the information set forth in our financial statements and the notes to those statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q
and the audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, ~~2016~~2021 and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, both of which are contained in our Annual Report on Form
10-K
filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March ~~15, 2017.~~

~~Forward-Looking Statements~~

~~The information in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q~~ contains forward-looking statements and information within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our strategy, our beliefs regarding lysins, future operations, future financial position, the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, future revenues, projected costs, prospects and plans and objectives of management. The words “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “expects”, “intends”, “targets”, “may”, “plans”, “projects”, “potential”, “will”, “would”, “could” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. All such forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, statements regarding:

~~the success, cost, timing and potential indications of our product development activities and clinical trials;~~

~~our ability to advance into and through clinical development and ultimately obtain FDA approval for our product candidates;~~

~~our future marketing and sales programs;~~

~~the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates and our expectations regarding the size of the commercial markets for our product candidates;~~

~~our research and development plans and ability to bring forward additional product candidates into preclinical and clinical development;~~

~~the effect of competition and proprietary rights of third parties;~~

~~the availability of and our ability to obtain additional financing;~~

~~the effects of existing and future federal, state and foreign regulations;~~

~~the seeking of joint development, licensing or distribution and collaboration and marketing arrangements with third parties; and~~

~~the period of time for which our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operations.~~

~~As more fully described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q,~~ many important factors affect our ability to achieve our stated objectives and to develop and commercialize any product candidates. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the risks and uncertainties set forth in our filings with the SEC. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form~~10-Q~~ with the understanding that our actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements that we make. The forward-looking statements are applicable only as of the date on which they are made, and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

25, 2022.

Overview

We are a late clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on ~~discovering~~the discovery and ~~developing therapeutic protein~~development of direct lytic agents (“DLAs”), including lysins and ~~antibody products~~amurin peptides, as new medical modalities for the treatment of life-threatening, ~~infectious diseases, including those caused by drug-resistant pathogens, particularly those treated in hospital settings. Drug-resistant infections account for two million illnesses~~antibiotic-resistant infections. We believe DLAs are fundamentally different than antibiotics and offer a potential paradigm shift in the ~~United States~~treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections. According to one of the most recent and ~~700,000~~comprehensive reports on the global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (“AMR”), there were an estimated 4.95 million deaths ~~worldwide each year. We intend~~associated with bacterial AMR in 2019, including 1.27 million deaths directly attributable to ~~address drug-resistant infections using product candidates from our lysin~~bacterial AMR. The six leading pathogens for deaths associated with resistance (

Escherichia coli (“E. coli”)

Staphylococcus aureus (“S. aureus”)

Klebsiella pneumoniae (“K. pneumoniae”)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Acinetobacter baumannii (“A. baumannii”)

, and ~~monoclonal antibody platforms that target conserved regions of either bacteria or viruses.~~

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(“

P. aeruginosa

”)) were responsible for 929,000 deaths. Only one pathogen–drug combination, methicillin-resistant

S. aureus

(“MRSA”), caused more than 100,000 deaths in 2019.

Lysins are recombinantly-produced enzymes, ~~derived from naturally occurring bacteriophage, which are viruses~~ that ~~infect bacteria. When recombinantly produced and then~~when applied to bacteria ~~lysins~~ cleave a key component of the target bacteria’s peptidoglycan cell wall, ~~which results~~resulting in rapid bacterial cell death. ~~Lysins kill bacteria faster than~~In addition to the speed of action and potent cidality, we believe lysins are differentiated by their other hallmark features, which include the demonstrated ability to eradicate biofilms and synergistically boost the efficacy of conventional antibiotics in animal models. Amurin peptides are a new class of DLAs, discovered in our laboratories, which ~~typically require~~disrupt the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, resulting in rapid bacterial cell ~~division~~ death, offering a distinct mechanism of action from lysins. Amurins have shown a potent, broad spectrum of

in vitro

activity against a wide range of gram-negative pathogens, including deadly, drug-resistant

P. aeruginosa

K. pneumoniae, E. coli, A. baumannii

and

Enterobacter cloacae

bacteria species as well as difficult to treat pathogens such as

Stenotrophomonas,

Achromobacter

and ~~metabolism~~some

Burkholderia

species. The highly differentiated properties of DLAs underscore their potential use in ~~order~~addition to ~~kill or stop~~antibiotics with the ~~growth~~goal of ~~bacteria.~~

improving clinical outcomes compared to antibiotics alone. The development of DLAs involves a novel clinical and regulatory strategy, using superiority design clinical trials with the goal of delivering significantly improved clinical outcomes for patients with serious, antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, including biofilm-associated infections. We believe ~~that~~this approach affords potential clinical benefits to patients as well as the ~~properties of our lysins will make them suitable for targeting antibiotic-resistant organisms, such as~~~~Staphylococcus aureus~~ (“~~Staph aureus~~~~”) which causes serious infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia and osteomyelitis. In addition, our lysins have demonstrated the~~potential ability to ~~clear biofilms in animal models,~~mitigate against further development of antibiotic resistance.

We have not generated any revenues and, ~~we believe they may be useful for the treatment of biofilm-related infections in prosthetic joints, indwelling devices and catheters. Beyond~~to date, have funded our lysin programs, we are exploring therapies using monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”) designed to bind to viral targets. Our approach to antibody therapy employs a combination of multiple mAbs to either achieve greater efficacy or provide broader coverage across pathogenic strains.

~~In August 2014, we completed~~operations primarily through our initial public offering (“IPO”), ~~raising~~our

follow-on

public offerings, private placements of securities, and grant funding received. On March 22, 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 11,500,000 shares of our common stock, including shares sold pursuant to the fully exercised overallotment option granted to the underwriters in connection with the offering, at a public offering price of $5.00 per share of common stock, resulting in estimated net proceeds of ~~$35.0~~approximately $53.8 million after underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by ~~us,~~us.

On March 10, 2021, we executed a cost-share contract (together with any exercise of BARDA’s options to extend such contract, the “BARDA Contract”) with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (“BARDA”), part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Under the terms of the BARDA Contract, the Company will receive $9.8 million in initial funding and up to an additional $77.0 million. The initial funding will be used to support our ongoing pivotal Phase 3 DISRUPT superiority trial of exebacase. Under the terms of the agreement, and if supported by Phase 3 DISRUPT study data, BARDA may provide the Company with additional funding upon achievement of key milestones to continue the advancement of exebacase through FDA product approval and completion of post-approval commitments. The BARDA Contract contains terms and conditions that are customary for contracts with BARDA of this nature, including provisions giving the ~~issuance~~government the right to terminate the contract at any time for its convenience. As a government contractor, we are subject to complex and ~~sale~~wide-ranging federal and agency-specific regulations and contractual requirements. The costs of compliance with these requirements may be significant. Failure to comply with government contracting requirements could result in termination of our ~~units, which consisted~~contract or the imposition of ~~one share~~penalties.

In December 2019, we initiated the Phase 3 DISRUPT (Direct Lysis of

S. aureus

Resistant Pathogen Trial) superiority design study of exebacase. The DISRUPT study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 clinical trial conducted in the U.S. alone to assess the efficacy and safety of exebacase in approximately 350 adult and adolescent patients with~~Staph~~ complicated

S. aureus ~~bacteremia.~~

bacteremia, including right-sided endocarditis. Patients entering the study will be randomized 2:1 to either exebacase or placebo, with all patients receiving SOC antistaphylococcal antibiotics. The primary efficacy endpoint of the study is clinical response at Day 14 in patients with MRSA bacteremia, including right-sided endocarditis. Secondary endpoints include clinical response at Day 14 in the All

S. aureus

patient group (MRSA and methicillin-sensitive

S. aureus

(“MSSA”)),

30-day

all-cause

mortality in MRSA patients, and clinical response at later timepoints. We ~~have~~will also evaluate the impact of treatment with exebacase on health resource utilization, including hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay and

30-day

readmission rates. We plan to conduct an interim futility analysis after approximately 60% of the MRSA population (the primary endpoint study population) completes the Day 14 primary endpoint study visit. We obtained concurrence with the FDA on the Phase 3 study protocol at an

End-of-Phase

2 meeting with the FDA in September 2019, including the key design features of the study population, the endpoints and the size of the safety database that would be needed to support a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) for approval of exebacase, under the FDA’s “streamlined development” paradigm for agents to treat bacterial infections associated with high unmet medical need.

We completed a Phase ~~1 single escalating dose~~2 superiority design study of~~CF-301~~ ~~in healthy volunteers. The Phase 1 study showed~~ exebacase that~~CF-301~~ ~~was generally well tolerated~~ evaluated its safety, tolerability, efficacy and ~~there were no clinical adverse safety signals observed. In May 2017, we initiated a Phase 2 study to evaluate a single intravenous dose ofCF-301~~pharmacokinetics (“PK”) when used in addition to ~~conventional~~SOC antibiotics compared to ~~treat patients with~~~~Staph aureus~~ ~~bacteremia, including endocarditis, caused by methicillin-resistant (“MRSA”) or methicillin-susceptible (“MSSA”)~~~~Staph aureus~~. This randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, multicenter, multinational clinical study will enroll 115 patients from investigational sites in the US, Europe, Latin America, Israel and Russia. We have worldwide development and commercial rights to~~CF-301~~ ~~and expect to fund the future development and commercialization costs related to this program.~~

~~Other programs~~

~~Our lead antibody-based program isCF-404,~~ ~~which is a combination of three mAbs targeting the conserved regions of the influenza virus.CF-404~~ ~~cross-reacts with all human seasonal strains of influenza, making it a highly specific therapeutic candidate~~SOC antibiotics alone for the treatment of

S. aureus

bacteremia, including endocarditis in adult patients. The results from this study showed clinically meaningful improvement in clinical responder rates among patients treated with exebacase in addition to SOC antibiotics compared to SOC antibiotics alone. In the primary efficacy analysis population of 116 patients with ~~life threatening varieties~~documented

S. aureus

bacteremia, including endocarditis, who received a single intravenous (“IV”) infusion of ~~influenza. We have worldwide development~~blinded study drug, the clinical responder rate at Day 14 was 70.4% for patients treated with exebacase and ~~commercial rights~~60.0% for patients dosed with SOC antibiotics alone (p=0.314).

In a

pre-specified

analysis of MRSA-infected patients, the clinical responder rate at Day 14 in patients treated with exebacase was nearly

43-percentage

points higher than in patients treated with SOC antibiotics alone (74.1% for patients treated with exebacase compared to~~CF-404~~ 31.3% for patients treated with SOC antibiotics alone (p=0.010)). In addition to the higher rate of clinical response, MRSA-infected patients treated with exebacase showed a

21-percentage

point reduction in

30-day

all-cause

mortality (p=0.056), a four day lower mean length of hospital stay and ~~expect~~meaningful reductions in hospital readmission rates. Additional

pre-specified

analyses showed a clinical responder rate at Day 14 in the subset of patients with bacteremia including right-sided endocarditis of 80.0% for patients treated with exebacase compared to ~~fund~~59.5% for patients treated with SOC antibiotics alone, an increase of over 20-percentage point (p=0.028). In the ~~future development~~subset of patients with bacteremia alone, the clinical responder rate at Day 14 was 81.8% for patients treated with exebacase compared to 61.5% for patients treated with SOC antibiotics alone, an increase of over 20-percentage points (p=0.035).

Exebacase was well-tolerated and ~~commercialization costs~~treatment emergent adverse events, including serious treatment-emergent serious adverse events (“SAEs”) were balanced between the treatment groups. There were no SAEs that we determined to be related to exebacase, there were no reports of hypersensitivity related to exebacase and no patients discontinued treatment with study drug in either treatment group.

We also performed a

post-hoc

Phase 3 simulation analysis using the Phase 2 data to evaluate the clinical outcomes for the Phase 2 patient population that would meet the Phase 3 inclusion criteria. In this ~~program.~~

~~Our discovery pipeline~~simulated Phase 3 analysis population of ~~lysins includes internally discovered lysins targeting gram-positive~~84 U.S. patients with documented

S. aureus

bacteremia, including right-sided endocarditis, who received a single IV infusion of blinded study drug, the clinical responder rate at Day 14 was 83.7% for patients treated with exebacase and ~~gram-negative organisms,~~54.3% for patients dosed with SOC antibiotics alone, an improvement in the responder rate of over

29-percentage

points. The clinical responder rate at Day 14 in the subset of patients with MRSA bacteremia including right-sided endocarditis was 82.6% for patients treated with exebacase compared to 33.3% for patients treated with SOC antibiotics alone, an improvement in the responder rate of over

49-percentage

points. In the subset of patients with MSSA bacteremia including right-sided endocarditis, the clinical responder rate at Day 14 was 84.6% for patients treated with exebacase compared to 66.7% for patients treated with SOC antibiotics alone, an increase of nearly

18-percentage

points.

We believe these data established proof of concept for exebacase and for DLAs as therapeutic agents. In particular, the data for MRSA-infected patients treated with exebacase, which, in the Phase 2 superiority study, demonstrated superior outcomes in clinical response at Day 14 and in

30-day

all-cause

mortality as well as ~~lysins discovered~~health economics benefits, provided the basis for the FDA to grant Breakthrough Therapy designation to exebacase for the treatment of MRSA bloodstream infections (bacteremia), including right-sided endocarditis, when used in addition to SOC anti-staphylococcal antibiotics in adult patients. Breakthrough Therapy designation is a program designed by the FDA to expedite the development and review of medicines for serious or life-threatening diseases where preliminary clinical evidence suggests that the investigational therapy may demonstrate substantial improvement on at least one clinically significant endpoint over available therapies. The ~~Rockefeller University~~Breakthrough Therapy designation provides additional benefits, such as expedited interactions with the FDA and the potential for priority review, in addition to the Fast Track designation granted to exebacase in August 2015.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses by category for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016:~~

   Three Months Ended September 30,    Nine Months Ended September 30,
   2017    2016    2017    2016
Product development
   $ 3,448,758    $ 2,861,354    $ 7,108,977    $ 8,258,838
Personnel related
   713,249    1,187,808    2,589,001    3,519,578
Professional fees
   292,034    927,601    1,561,682    2,273,013
Laboratory costs
   157,300    540,627    703,077    1,715,252
External research and licensing costs
   191,518    310,957    578,898    1,430,655
Share-based compensation
   131,929    119,679    352,020    453,059








Total research and development expense
   $ 4,934,788    $ 5,948,026    $ 12,893,655    $ 17,650,395

2021 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Product development	$	10,559		$	5,710
Personnel related		2,391			1,828
Professional fees		1,025			904
Laboratory costs		559			322
Stock-based compensation		263			151
External research and licensing costs		42			31
Expenses reimbursed by grants		(2,114	)		(925	)

Total research and development expense	$	12,725		$	8,021

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses by program for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016:~~

   Three Months Ended September 30,    Nine Months Ended September 30,
   2017    2016    2017    2016
CF-301
   $ 4,005,599    $ 2,372,939    $ 7,867,044    $ 5,286,207
CF-404
   5,820    1,452,342    771,226    5,467,506
Other research and development
   78,191    815,258    1,314,364    2,924,045
Personnel related and share-based compensation
   845,178    1,307,487    2,941,021    3,972,637








Total research and development expense
   $ 4,934,788    $ 5,948,026    $ 12,893,655    $ 17,650,395

~~Although our research and development expenses decreased in both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we~~2021 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Exebacase	$	10,388		$	5,333
CF-370		951			546
Other research and development		846			1,088
Personnel related and stock-based compensation		2,654			1,979
Expenses reimbursed by grants		(2,114	)		(925	)

Total research and development expense	$	12,725		$	8,021

We anticipate that our research and development expenses will increase substantially in ~~future periods in~~ connection with the commencement of additional clinical trials for our product candidates. However, the successful development of future product candidates is highly uncertain. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs, including the uncertainty of:

the scope, rate of progress and expense of our research and development activities;

clinical trial results;

the terms and timing of regulatory approvals;

our ability to market, commercialize and achieve market acceptance for our product candidates in the future; and

the expense, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing of patent claims and other intellectual property rights.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we may develop could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any such product candidate. For example, if the FDA or other regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those which we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of~~CF-301~~ exebacase or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any clinical trials of~~CF-301,~~ exebacase, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of the clinical development of~~CF-301.~~

exebacase.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel, including

non-cash ~~share- based~~

stock-based compensation expense, in our executive, finance, legal, human resource and business development functions. Other general and administrative expenses include facility costs, insurance expenses and professional fees for legal, consulting and accounting services.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in future periods to support increases in our research and development activities and as a result of increased headcount, expanded infrastructure, increased legal, compliance, accounting and investor and public relations expenses associated with being a public company and increased insurance premiums, among other factors.

~~Interest~~

Other Income

and Expenses

Other income and expenses consist primarily of interest income and changes in the fair value measurement of our warrant liabilities. Interest income ~~consists of~~includes interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and ~~marketable~~

available-for-sale

securities.

The changes in the fair value of our warrant liabilities are derived using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The key inputs into the model are the current per-share value and the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock. Significant changes in these inputs will directly increase or decrease the estimated fair value of the Company’s warrant liabilities, resulting in a non-cash gain or charge in each reporting period.

Critical Accounting Policies and ~~Significant Judgments and~~Use of Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our ~~consolidated~~ financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these ~~consolidated~~ financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our ~~consolidated~~ financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments. We base our estimates on our limited historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

~~We adopted~~

During the ~~new Accounting Standards Update,~~~~Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU2016-09)~~~~. ASU2016-09~~ ~~requires all income tax effects of awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled, thus eliminating APIC pools. ASU2016-09~~ also changed the threshold to qualify for equity classification from the minimum tax statutory withholding to the maximum tax statutory withholding in the applicable jurisdictions. In addition, companies are required to elect whether to account for forfeitures as they occur or to estimate the number of awards expected to be forfeited and adjust the estimate when it is likely to change, which is the method currently required. The new standard was effective for the annual reportingthree-month period beginning January 1, 2017. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2017. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures of share-based payment awards as they occur. The prior year windfall benefits that were required to be recognized were not material. These changes were applied on a modified retrospective basis. There was no material impact and cumulative adjustment to accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2017 as a result of the adoption of this standard.

~~Other than the adoption of the new guidance discussed above,~~ended March 31, 2022, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies ~~estimates~~ and significant judgments and estimates from the information provided in the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in our Annual Report on

Form10-K

for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed by us with the SEC on March ~~15, 2017~~25, 2022

Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes key components of our results of operations for the periods ~~indicated.~~

   Three Months Ended September 30, Dollar
Change Nine Months Ended September 30, Dollar
Change
   2017    2016 2017    2016
Operating expenses:

Research and development
   $ 4,934,788    $ 5,948,026 $ (1,013,238 ) $ 12,893,655    $ 17,650,395 $ (4,756,740 )
General and administrative
   $ 1,800,400    $ 1,943,484 $ (143,084 ) $ 6,265,668    $ 9,173,714 $ (2,908,046 )
Other income (expense)
   $ 5,160,090    $ (2,639,074 ) $ 7,799,164 $ 8,399,173    $ (2,308,659 ) $ 10,707,832

~~Comparison of three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016~~

indicated (in thousands).

Three Months Ended March 31,


2022

2021

Dollar Change

Operating expenses:

Research and development
   $ 12,725    $ 8,021    $ 4,704
General and administrative
   $ 3,254    $ 2,765    $ 489
Other (expense) income
   $ (4,178 )    $ 5,591    $ (9,769 )

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development ~~expense was $4.9~~expenses were $12.7 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022 compared with ~~$5.9~~$8.0 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2016, a decrease~~March 31, 2021, an increase of ~~$1.0~~$4.7 million. ~~The decrease~~This increase was primarily ~~due~~attributable to a ~~reduction of $1.4~~$3.2 million ~~in expenditures onCF-404~~ ~~as well as decreases~~increase in spending on ~~research~~manufacturing costs related to the process transfer, analytical and ~~development personnel~~process validation, and ~~related laboratory~~manufacturing of exebacase in order to support ~~costs~~a potential BLA submission and a $2.4 million increase in spending on clinical activities as we continued to enroll patients and expand the number of ~~$0.9 million and external research and certain consulting expenses~~clinical sites in the Phase 3 DISRUPT study of ~~$0.3 million. The overall decrease was~~exebacase. These increases were partially offset by a ~~$1.6~~$0.8 million ~~increase~~decrease in spending on~~CF-301~~ ~~for the ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial~~

non-clinical

studies of

CF-370

and ~~manufacturing expenses related to advancement of theCF-301~~ ~~program.~~

our other preclinical programs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative ~~expense was $1.8~~expenses were $3.3 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, compared with ~~$1.9~~$2.8 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2016, a decrease~~March 31, 2021, an increase of ~~$0.1~~$0.5 million. ~~The decrease~~This was due primarily ~~due~~ to ~~a $0.1 million decrease~~an increase in ~~the administrative portion of the expenditure on our office and laboratory facility~~costs for personnel and related ~~operating expenses from the reduction in square footage effective August 1, 2017.~~

expenses.

Other ~~income (expense), net~~

(Expense) Income

Other ~~income~~expense was ~~$5.2~~$4.2 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, compared with other ~~expense~~income of ~~$2.6~~$5.6 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2016,~~March 31, 2021, an increase in ~~other income~~expense of ~~$7.8~~$9.8 million. The increase in other ~~income relates~~expense was due primarily to the

non-cash

charge of $4.2 million in the current year period compared to a

non-cash

gain of $5.6 million in the prior year period, both resulting from the change in fair value of our warrant liabilities ~~which was a $5.9 millionnon-cash~~ ~~gain for the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to a $1.1 millionnon-cash~~ ~~charge for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Additionally, our issuance expenses allocated to warrants decreased by $0.7 million~~ in ~~the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the prior year~~each reporting period.

~~Comparison~~

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We have financed our operations to date primarily through proceeds from sales of common stock, common stock and warrants, convertible preferred stock and convertible ~~debt.~~debt and, to a lesser extent, funding received from government contracts and granting organizations. To date, we have not generated any revenue from the sale of products. We have incurred losses and generated negative cash flows from operations since inception.

Since the date of our ~~initial public offering through September 30, 2017,~~IPO, we have ~~received gross proceeds of $116.3 million from~~funded our operations through the sale of registered securities for gross proceeds of $257.8 million, $9.6 million from the exercise of the Class B Warrants issued in our IPO, ~~and $20.0~~$26.0 million from the sale of securities in private placements and the receipt of $19.6 million of funding from grant agreements and government contracts.

On August 14, 2020, we filed a ~~private placement.~~

Asshelf registration statement on Form

S-3

(the “Form

S-3”)

with the SEC. The Form

S-3

was declared effective by the SEC on August 31, 2020. The Form

S-3

allows us to offer and sell from

time-to-time

up to $150.0 million of ~~September 30, 2017,~~common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants or units comprised of any combination of these securities. On March 22, 2021, we had approximately $52.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. We primarily invest our cash and cash equivalents in commercial money market accounts and our marketable securities in highly rated corporate debt securities.

~~On July 25, 2017, we sold 32,000,000~~completed an underwritten public offering of 11,500,000 shares of our common stock, ~~and warrants~~including shares sold pursuant to ~~purchase an additional 16,000,000 shares~~the fully exercised overallotment option granted to the underwriters in connection with the offering, at a public offering price of ~~our~~$5.00 per share of common stock, ~~at an exercise price of $1.55 per share~~resulting in ~~an underwrittenfollow-on~~ ~~offering, generating~~estimated net proceeds of approximately ~~$36.9~~$53.8 million after underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us.

The terms of any future offerings under the shelf registration statement will be established at the time of such offering and will be described in a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC prior to the completion of any such offering.

As of March 31, 2022, we had approximately $42.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities which we do not believe will be sufficient to meet our obligations within the next twelve months from the date of issuance of our consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q.
Combined with our accumulated deficit and our forecasted cash expenditures, these factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

As such, under the requirements of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”)
205-40,
we may not consider the potential for future capital raises in our assessment of our ability to meet our obligations for the next twelve months. We plan to continue to fund our operations through public or private debt and equity financings, but there can be no assurances that such financing will continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, and the terms of any public or private offerings of stock could be significantly dilutive to existing stockholders. If we are unable to obtain funding, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs, which could adversely affect our business prospects, or we may be unable to continue operations. In accordance with the requirements of ASC
205-40,
we have concluded that substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the date of issuance of our consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q.

In the past, we have obtained grants to supplement our financings with
non-dilutive
funding, including grants from
CARB-X,
USAMRDC and our cost-sharing contract with BARDA. Our grant programs under CARB-X have ended. We may continue to pursue further
non-dilutive
funding opportunities. In addition, there can be no assurances that we will receive the maximum potential funding to the Company under any of our ongoing agreements.

Cash ~~flows~~

Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016:~~

   Nine Months Ended September 30,
   2017    2016
Net cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities
   $
(19,166,445
)
   $ (21,275,111 )
Investing activities
   $ (17,419,732 )    $ (10,095,648 )
Financing activities
   $ 37,076,696    $ 32,063,111

~~Operating Activities~~

2021 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(11,767	)	$	(9,059	)
Investing activities	$	4,750		$	4,913
Financing activities	$	—		$	53,907

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Net cash used in operating activities

Net cash used in ~~both the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016~~operating activities resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for

non-cash

charges and changes in the components of working capital.

~~Investing Activities~~

Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by $2.7 million compared to the same period in 2021, due primarily to increased payments to our contract research organizations in support of our Phase 3 DISRUPT trial of exebacase and to our contract manufacturing organizations for completion of the exebacase process transfer and ongoing analytical and process validation activities in the first quarter of 2022.

Net cash provided by investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities infor both the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~2016 resulted primarily fromthe investment of our cash balances into marketable securities, partially offset by~~2021 were from the proceeds received from the maturities of marketable securities.

~~Financing Activities~~

Net cash provided by financing activities

There was no net cash provided by or used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities infor the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017 and 2016~~March 31, 2021 resulted ~~primarily~~ from the ~~sale~~$53.8 million of ~~our securities in registered offerings to institutional investors, resulting in~~ net proceeds tofrom our March 22, 2021 offering of securities and $0.1 million of proceeds from the ~~Company~~exercise of ~~$37.1 million in July 2017 and $32.0 million in July 2016.~~

warrants.

Funding Requirements

All of our product candidates are in ~~early~~ clinical or preclinical development. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

continue our ongoing clinical trials, and initiate the planned clinical trials of our product candidates;

continue our ongoing preclinical studies, and initiate additional preclinical studies, of our product candidates;

continue the research and development of our other product candidates and our platform technology;

~~seek~~

add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to ~~identify additional~~support our product ~~candidates;~~

~~acquire orin-license~~ ~~other products~~development and ~~technologies;~~future commercialization efforts;

seek marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

establish, either on our own or with strategic partners, a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval;

seek to identify additional product candidates;

acquire or

in-license

other products and technologies; and

maintain, leverage and expand our intellectual property ~~portfolio;~~portfolio.

For a description of our contractual obligations, see Note 7, “Commitments and

~~add operational,~~ Contingencies” to the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q.

Without additional funding, we believe we will not have sufficient funds to meet our obligations within the next twelve months from the date of issuance of our consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q.

If we are unable to obtain funding, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and ~~management information systems and personnel, including personnel~~development programs, which could adversely affect our business prospects, or we may be unable to ~~support~~continue operations. In accordance with the requirements of ASC

205-40,

we have concluded that substantial doubt exists about our ~~product development and future commercialization efforts.~~

~~We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient~~ability to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2019. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect.continue as a going concern. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates, and the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for development and commercialization of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the development of our current product candidates. We plan to continue to fund our operations through public or private debt and equity financings, but there can be no assurances that such financing will be available to us on satisfactory terms, or at all. We plan to continue to supplement our financings with

non-dilutive

funding, including grants and our cost-sharing contract with BARDA, but there can be no assurances that we will receive the maximum potential funding to the Company under such arrangements.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

the progress and results of the clinical trials of our lead product candidates;

the scope, progress, results and costs of compound discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our other product candidates;

the extent to which we acquire or

in-license

other products and technologies;

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the timing and amount of actual reimbursements under the BARDA Contract;

the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

the costs of future commercialization activities, including product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval;

the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and

our ability to establish any future collaboration arrangements on favorable terms, if at all.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt ~~financings,~~offerings, collaborations, grants, government contracts, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or other securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing

arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

~~Contractual Obligations~~

We incur significant costs as a public company, including, but not limited to, increased personnel costs, increased directors fees, increased directors and ~~Commitments~~

~~The following table summarizes our contractual obligations at September 30, 2017 taking into account the reduction of our operating lease commitments at our Yonkers, New York facility~~officers insurance premiums, audit and ~~the effect our future obligations are expected to have on our liquidity~~legal fees, investor relations and ~~cash flows in future periods:~~

   Payments due by period
Contractual obligations
   Total    Less than
1 year    1 - 3 years    4 - 5 years    More than
5 years
Operating lease commitments⁽¹⁾
   $ 7,170,440    $ 637,374    $ 1,313,246    $ 1,366,302    $ 3,853,518
License and sponsored research agreements⁽²⁾
   2,126,374    626,876    899,497    400,000    200,000










Total contractual obligations
   $ 9,296,814    $ 1,264,250    $ 2,212,743    $ 1,766,302    $ 4,053,518

~~(1)~~

Represents future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases for our principal facilities in Yonkers, New York which expire in 2027. The minimum lease payments above do not include certain utility costs, common area maintenance charges or real estate taxes.

~~(2)~~

~~Represents certain amounts payable under our licenses and sponsored research agreements with The Rockefeller University and Trellis Bioscience LLC.~~

~~We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations, or CROs,~~external communications fees, expenses for clinical trials, clinical supply manufacturing, non-clinical and preclinical studies and for other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice, and therefore are cancelable contracts and not included in the table of contractual obligations.

The contractual obligations table also does not include any potential contingent payments upon the achievement by us of specified clinical, regulatory and commercial events, as applicable, or royalty payments we may be required to make under license agreements we have entered into with The Rockefeller University and Trellis Bioscience LLC. The occurrence and timing of these events are difficult to predict and subject to significant uncertainty. Since we are unable to reliably estimate the timing and amounts of such milestone and royalty payments, or whether they will occur at all, these contingent payments have been excluded from the table above. See our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by uscompliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules implemented by the SEC ~~on March 15, 2017 for additional information.~~

and Nasdaq and various other costs and expenses.

Effects of Inflation

We do not believe that inflation or changing prices had a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein.

~~Off-Balance~~ ~~Sheet Arrangements~~

We ~~did not have during~~continue to monitor the ~~periods presented,~~impact of inflationary pressures on purchases and ~~we are currently not party to, anyoff-balance~~ ~~sheet arrangements.~~

new contractual commitments.

~~ITEM 3.~~

~~QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK~~

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of ~~$52.6~~$42.3 million. Because of the short-term maturities of our cash equivalents and marketable securities, we do not believe that an increase in market rates would have any significant impact on the fair value of our cash equivalents or marketable securities. If a ~~10%~~50% change in interest rates were to have immediately occurred on ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2022, this change would not have had a material effect on the fair value of our investment portfolio as of that date.

While we believe our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities do not contain excessive credit or liquidity risk, we cannot provide absolute assurance that in the future our investments will not be subject to adverse changes in market value. In addition, we maintain significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents at one or more financial institutions that are in excess of federally insured limits.

We do not own any derivative financial instruments. Accordingly, we do not believe that there is any material market risk exposure with respect to derivative, foreign currency or other financial instruments that would require disclosure under this item.

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~~ITEM 4.~~

~~CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES~~

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule

13a-15(b)

and Rule

15d-15(b)

of the Exchange Act, our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on

Form10-Q

of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~

March 31, 2022.

Changes in Internal Control

As required by Rule

13a-15(d)

and Rule

15d-15(d)

of the Exchange Act, our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the quarter ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that there were no such changes during the quarter ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

~~ITEM 1.~~

~~LEGAL PROCEEDINGS~~

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not a party to any material legal proceedings at this time. From time to time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe we are party to any claim or litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

~~ITEM 1A.~~

~~RISK FACTORS~~

~~The~~

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following ~~description of~~ risk factors, ~~includes any material changes to,~~as well as the other information in this report, and ~~supersedes the description of, risk factors associated with the Company’s business previously disclosed~~ in ~~the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form10-Q,~~ ~~filed with the SEC on August 9, 2017.~~our other public filings. Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of important factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause the Company’s actual results of operations and financial condition to vary materially from past, or from anticipated future, results of operations and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and common stock price. Other factors may exist that we do not consider significant based on information that is currently available. In addition, new risks may emerge at any time, and we cannot predict those risks or estimate the extent to which they may affect us. Past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

~~The following discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding any statement in this Form10-Q~~ or elsewhere. The following information should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” and Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Quarterly Report on Form~~10-Q.~~

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred significant losses since our ~~inception and do not expect to generate revenue for at least the next several years.~~inception. We expect to incur losses for at least the next several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with no approved products, and we have not generated any revenue from product sales to date. To date, we have focused exclusively on developing our product candidates and have funded our operations primarily through the sale of common stock and warrants, convertible preferred stock and issuances of convertible debt to our ~~investors.~~investors, and to a lesser extent, grant funding. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in the pharmaceutical industry, and you should analyze our company in light of such risks and uncertainties.

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Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our ~~net loss was $10.8 million~~losses from operations for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2022 and ~~$28.5 million for~~ the ~~year~~years ended December 31, ~~2016.~~2021 and 2020 were $16.0 million, $47.3 million and $34.2 million, respectively. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year.

We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as clinical trials for any of our product candidates commence or progress. Our expenses will increase if and as we:

seek to discover or develop additional product candidates;

seek marketing approvals for any of our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

in-license

or acquire other products and technologies;

maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

hire additional clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; and

add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts.

Our recurring losses from operations ~~could~~ raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

We currently operate with limited resources. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balance of $52.6 million as of September 30, 2017 will be sufficient to fund our projected operations into the second quarter of 2019. Depending on the level of cash used in or generated from operations, additional capital may be required to sustain operations. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and have never generated revenue or profit, and it is possible we will never generate revenue or profit. ~~Meaningful revenues~~Based on our current operating plans, and without additional funding, we believe we will ~~likely~~ not ~~be available until and unless any future product candidates~~have sufficient funds to meet our obligations within the next twelve months from the issuance of our consolidated financial statements that are ~~approved by the FDA or comparable regulatory agencies~~included elsewhere in ~~other countries and successfully marketed, either by us or a partner, an outcome which may not occur. There is no assurance that other financing will be available when needed to allow us~~this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q.

These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We have relied on our ability to fund our operations primarily through public and private debt and equity financings, and, to a lesser extent, funding received from government contracts and granting organizations, but there can be no assurances that such financing or funding will continue to be available to us on satisfactory terms, or at all.

Securing additional financing may divert our management from our

day-to-day

activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize exebacase or any of our other product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain funding, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs, which would adversely affect our business prospects. In addition, if we are unable to raise capital, we will also need to implement cost reductions, and any failure to effectively do so will harm our business, results of operations and future prospects.

Substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may materially and adversely affect the price per share of our common stock, and it may be more difficult for us to obtain financing. If potential collaborators decline to do business with us or potential investors decline to participate in any future financings due to such concerns, our ability to increase our cash position may be limited. The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may cause others to choose not to deal with us due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations.

We have prepared our consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. Our consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q

do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible inability of the Company to continue as a going concern within one year after the issuance of such financial statements. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, you could lose all or part of your investment in our Company.

We currently have no source of product revenue and have not yet generated any revenues from product sales.

To date, we have not completed the development of any products and have not generated any revenues from product sales. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability will depend upon our ability to successfully commercialize products, including any of our current product candidates, or other product candidates that we may

in-license

or acquire in the future. Even if we are able to successfully achieve regulatory approval for these product candidates, we may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales from our current or future product candidates also depends on a number of additional factors, including our ability to:

successfully complete development activities, including the necessary clinical trials;

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complete and submit ~~biologics license applications (“BLAs”)~~BLAs to the FDA, and obtain regulatory approval for indications for which there is a commercial market;

complete and submit applications to, and obtain approval from, foreign regulatory authorities;

set a commercially viable price for our products;

develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing and distribution for any products we intend to sell ourselves in the markets which we choose to commercialize on our own;

find suitable distribution partners to help us market, sell and distribute our products in other markets; and

obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third parties, including government and private payors.

In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, including that any of our product candidates may not advance through development or achieve the desired endpoints of applicable clinical trials, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to complete the development and regulatory process for any product candidates, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing these products.

Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of our products, we may not become profitable. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital to expand our business or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue the clinical development of~~CF-301~~ ~~and preclinical development ofCF-404,~~ exebacase and possibly acquire and develop new product candidates or technologies. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

For example, the trading prices for our and other biopharmaceutical companies’ stock have been highly volatile as a result of the

COVID-19

pandemic, the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine and interest rate increases. As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital through sales of our common stock and any such sales may be on unfavorable terms.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

the complexity, timing and results of our clinical trials of our product candidates;

the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

the costs of developing our product candidates for additional indications;

the timing and amount of actual reimbursements under the BARDA Contract;

the continuation of funding under the BARDA Contract and our grant agreements;

our ability to establish scientific or business collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;

the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent or other intellectual property applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights and defending against intellectual property-related claims;

the extent to which we

in-license

or acquire other product candidates or technologies; ~~and~~

the scope, progress, results and costs of product development for our product ~~candidates.~~candidates; and

the effects of the

COVID-19

pandemic on, among other things, our financial performance, business and operations.

Conducting clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, if approved,~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop may not achieve commercial success. Accordingly, we may need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business ~~objectives.~~objectives and to continue as a going concern. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

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Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we may finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, grants, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

~~Our short operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.~~

We were incorporated in 2008 and commenced active research operations in 2010. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital and acquiring and developing~~CF-301,CF-404~~ and other potential product candidates. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials, obtain marketing approval, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third-party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any predictions you make about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.

In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. We will need to transition from a company with a product development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.

The timing of the milestone and royalty payments we are required to make under certain agreements ~~including~~ to Rockefeller ~~and Trellis,~~ is uncertain and could adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations.

We are party to certain agreements ~~including~~ with Rockefeller ~~and Trellis,~~ pursuant to which we have acquired licenses to certain patents and patent applications and other intellectual property related to a series of compounds, including~~CF-301~~ ~~andCF-404,~~ exebacase to develop and commercialize therapeutics. Under our agreements with Rockefeller, ~~and Trellis,~~ we have obligations to achieve diligence minimums and to make payments upon achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones. We will also make additional payments upon the achievement of future sales milestones and for royalties on future net sales.

The timing of milestone payments under our licenses and sponsored research agreements is subject to factors relating to the clinical and regulatory development and commercialization of products, many of which are beyond our control. We may become obligated to make a milestone payment when we do not have the cash on hand to make such payment, which could require us to delay our clinical trials, curtail our operations, scale back our commercialization and marketing efforts or seek funds to meet these obligations on terms unfavorable to us.

If BARDA were to eliminate, reduce, or delay funding for our BARDA Contract, we would experience a negative impact on our programs associated with such funding.

On March 10, 2021, we executed a cost-share contract from BARDA, part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Under the terms of the BARDA Contract, the Company will receive $9.8 million in initial funding during the base period. Following successful completion of the base period, the BARDA Contract provides for approximately $77.0 million of additional BARDA funding for five option stages in support of the completion of the Phase 3 clinical trial of exebacase, further clinical and
non-clinical
studies, manufacturing, supply chain, clinical, regulatory and administrative activities. The BARDA Contract contains terms and conditions that are customary for contracts with BARDA of this nature, including provisions giving the government the right to terminate the contract at any time for its convenience. If BARDA were to eliminate, reduce, or delay funding under the BARDA Contract or prohibit reimbursement of some of our incurred costs, we would have to seek additional funding to complete our ongoing Phase 3 DISRUPT superiority trial of exebacase or advance exebacase through FDA product approval and completion of post-approval commitments.

The BARDA Contract includes special requirements, which subject us to the risk of a reduction or loss of funding.

Our BARDA Contract subjects us to various U.S. government contract requirements, including general clauses for a cost-reimbursement research and development contract, which may limit our reimbursement. In addition, if we are found to be in violation of the BARDA Contract, it could result in termination. If BARDA terminates the BARDA Contract with us for its convenience, or if we default by failing to perform in accordance with the contract schedule and terms, a significant negative impact on our cash flows and operations could result.

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U.S. government contracts, such as our BARDA Contract, generally contain unfavorable termination provisions, which may subject us to additional risks as compared to our competitors that have not entered into such contracts. These risks include the ability of the U.S. government to unilaterally:
terminate or reduce the scope of our contract with or without cause;
interpret relevant regulations (federal acquisition regulation clauses);
require performance under circumstances that may not be favorable to us;
require an
in-process
review where the U.S. government will review the project and its options under the contract;
control the timing and amount of funding, which impacts the development progress of exebacase; and
audit and object to our contract-related costs and fees, including allocated indirect costs.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Section 382 and related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a ~~three-year~~three year period), the corporation’s ability to use its

pre-change

net operating loss carryforwards and other

pre-change

tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. As a result of our past transactions, we may have experienced an “ownership change.” At this time, we have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our formation, due to the costs and complexities associated with such a study. We may also experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. Thus, our ability to utilize carryforwards of our net operating losses and other tax attributes to reduce future tax liabilities may be substantially restricted. Further, U.S. tax laws limit the time during which these carryforwards may be applied against future taxes. Therefore, we may not be able to take full advantage of these carryforwards for federal or state tax purposes. As of December 31, ~~2016,~~2021, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately ~~$120.5~~$275.5 million and ~~$125.3~~$293.9 million, respectively, and federal research and development credits of approximately ~~$1.8~~$5.0 million, the use of which could be limited or eliminated by virtue of one or more “ownership changes.”

Risks Related to the Discovery, Development and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

The
COVID-19
pandemic or other pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks of an infectious disease may materially and adversely impact our business, including our preclinical studies and clinical trials.

The measures taken in response to the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic have had a significant impact on the economy and, to a lesser extent, both directly and indirectly, on our business. We adjusted our business operations, with a majority of our employees working remotely. Our Phase 3 DISRUPT clinical trial was also affected, as clinical sites experienced periodic delays in new patient enrollment.

The
COVID-19
pandemic worsened across the country earlier this year as new variants circulate and the number of
COVID-19
infections and hospitalizations increased rapidly. We are continuing to see effects of the pandemic on our trial with our patient enrollment rate slowed during certain months. Efforts we take to mitigate slowed enrollment may not be effective and the progress of our study may continue to be adversely affected. If patient enrollment continues to be delayed during future months, our related corporate milestones, such as our planned interim futility analysis of the Phase 3 DISRUPT clinical trial, could be further delayed.

As a result of the
COVID-19
pandemic, the spread of variants of the virus or another pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, we may experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials, including:

delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in our clinical trials;

delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and staff;

increased rates of patients withdrawing from our clinical trials following enrollment as a result of contracting
COVID-19
or other health conditions or being forced to quarantine;

interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site data monitoring and efficacy and safety data collection, processing and analyses, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by federal, state or local governments, employers and others or interruption of clinical trial subject visits, which may impact the collection and integrity of subject data and clinical study endpoints;

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interruption of, or delays in receiving, supplies of our products and product candidates from our contract manufacturing organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages and disruptions in supply or delivery systems;
delays in receiving authorization from local regulatory authorities to initiate our planned clinical trials;
changes in regulations as part of a response to the
COVID-19
pandemic which may require us to change the ways in which our clinical trials are conducted, which may result in unexpected costs, or to discontinue the clinical trials altogether;
delays in necessary interactions with regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government or contractor personnel;
diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of our clinical trials;
delays in preclinical studies due to restricted or limited operations resulting from restrictions on our
on-site
activities;
interruption or delays of our sourced discovery and clinical activities; and
the ability of our contract research organizations (“CROs”), contract manufacturing organizations and suppliers to meet their contractual obligations in connection with the conduct of our clinical trial for our current product candidate and for any future product candidate.
The extent to which the pandemic further impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition, including expenses, research and development costs, procurement of raw materials for our supply chain, and clinical trial progress, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the duration of the pandemic and future waves of infection, including the spread of variants of the virus, the availability, adoption and effectiveness of vaccines and treatments, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease. If we or any of the third parties with whom we engage were to experience shutdowns or other business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted. Additionally, concerns over the economic impact of
COVID-19
pandemic have caused extreme volatility in financial and other capital markets which has and may continue to adversely impact our stock price and our ability to access capital markets.

We are heavily dependent on the success of our leading product ~~candidates,CF-301~~ ~~andCF-404.~~candidate, exebacase. The approval process of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate our business will be substantially harmed.

Our near-term business prospects are substantially dependent on our ability to develop and commercialize~~CF-301~~ ~~andCF-404.~~ exebacase. We cannot market or sell~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate in the United States without FDA approval, but this approval, if ever issued, is ~~at least several years~~more than a year away. To commercialize~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate outside of the United States, we will need applicable foreign regulatory approvals. The clinical development of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate is susceptible to the inherent risks of any drug development program, including a failure to achieve efficacy across a broad population of patients, the potential occurrence of severe adverse events and the risks that the FDA or any applicable foreign regulatory authority will determine that a drug product is not approvable.

The process required to obtain approval for commercialization from the FDA and similar foreign authorities is unpredictable, and typically takes many years even after the commencement of clinical trials, depending on numerous factors. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to obtain regulatory approval may change during the course of a product’s clinical ~~development.~~ development may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate and it is possible that any product candidates we may seek to develop in the future will never obtain regulatory approval. Neither we nor any future collaborator is permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United States until we receive regulatory approval of a BLA from the FDA or outside the United States, until we receive similar approval from foreign regulatory authorities.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize a product candidate in the United States or abroad, we or our collaborators must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies, that such product candidates are safe and effective, or in the case of biologics, safe, pure, and potent, for their intended uses. Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for our product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. The FDA or other regulatory authorities also require us to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials for our product candidates either prior to or post-approval, or it may object to elements of our clinical development program.

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We may fail to obtain regulatory approval for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate for many reasons, including the following:

we may not be able to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate is safe and effective for any indication;

the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of clinical or statistical significance required for approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities;

the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

we may not be able to demonstrate that~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval;

the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in data generated at our clinical trial sites;

the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in the clinical practices of the third-party ~~contract research organizations (“CROs”)~~CROs we use for clinical trials; and

the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we or our collaborators enter into agreements for clinical and commercial supplies.

This lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may prevent us from obtaining regulatory approval to market~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate, which would significantly harm our business.

In addition, disruptions caused by the

COVID-19

pandemic may increase the likelihood that we encounter such difficulties or delays in obtaining regulatory review and approval. Of the large number of drugs in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA or foreign regulatory approval processes and are commercialized. The lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

If clinical trials of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy, or the manufacturing for the commercial supply of exebacase drug substance or drug product fails to demonstrate robustness, stability, purity and potency to the satisfaction of the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate, we must complete preclinical development, perform extensive process validation and complete the manufacturing of our initial commercial supply of product to demonstrate robustness, stability, purity and potency of our drug product, and conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, or significant adverse side effects, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs;

the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;

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our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;

regulators or ~~institutional review boards~~IRBs (or independent Ethics Committees (“~~IRBs”~~IECs”)) may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;

we may have delays in reaching or fail to reach agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective trial sites;

we may voluntarily suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, including a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

regulators or IRBs may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate; ~~and~~

our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our investigators, regulators or IRBs (or IECs) to suspend or terminate the ~~trials.~~trials; or

the effects of the

COVID-19

pandemic.

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop beyond those that we contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:

be delayed in obtaining marketing approval or sales revenues for our product candidates;

not obtain marketing approval at all;

obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;

obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings, including boxed warnings;

be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; or

have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or may allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and may impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations.

In addition, the FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies with respect to clinical trials may change and additional government regulations may be ~~required~~enacted. For instance, the regulatory landscape related to ~~suspend or discontinue~~ clinical trials ~~due~~in the European Union, or EU, recently evolved. The EU Clinical Trials Regulation, or CTR, which was adopted in April 2014 and repeals the EU Clinical Trials Directive, became applicable on January 31, 2022. While the Clinical Trials Directive required a separate clinical trial application, or CTA to be submitted in each member state, to both the competent national health authority and an independent ethics committee, the CTR introduces a centralized process and only requires the submission of a single application to all member states concerned. The CTR allows sponsors to make a single submission to both the competent authority and an ethics committee in each member state, leading to a single decision per member state. The assessment procedure of the CTA has been harmonized as well, including a joint assessment by all member states concerned, and a separate assessment by each member state with respect to specific requirements related to its own territory, including ethics rules. Each member state’s decision is communicated to the sponsor via the centralized EU portal. Once the CTA is approved, clinical study development may proceed. The CTR foresees a three-year transition period. The extent to which ongoing and new clinical trials will be governed by the CTR varies. For clinical trials whose CTA was made under the Clinical Trials Directive before January 31, 2022, the Clinical Trials Directive will continue to apply on a transitional basis for three years. Additionally, sponsors may still choose to submit a CTA under either the Clinical Trials Directive or the CTR until January 31, 2023 and, if authorized, those will be governed by the Clinical Trials Directive until January 31, 2025. By that date, all ongoing trials will become subject to the provisions of the CTR. Compliance with the CTR requirements by us and our third-party service providers, such as CROs, may impact our developments plans.

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It is currently unclear to what extent the United Kingdom, or UK, will seek to align its regulations with the EU. The UK regulatory framework in relation to clinical trials is derived from existing EU legislation (as implemented into UK law, through secondary legislation). On January 17, 2022, the UK Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, launched an eight-week consultation on reframing the UK legislation for clinical trials. The consultation closes on March 14, 2022 and aims to streamline clinical trials approvals, enable innovation, enhance clinical trials transparency, enable greater risk proportionality, and promote patient and public involvement in clinical trials. The outcome of the consultation will be closely watched and will determine whether the UK chooses to align with the regulation or diverge from it to maintain regulatory flexibility. A decision by the UK not to closely align its regulations with the new approach that will be adopted in the EU may have an effect on the cost of conducting clinical trials in the UK as opposed to other countries and/or make it harder to seek a marketing authorization in the EU for our product candidates on the basis of clinical trials conducted in the UK.

If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies governing clinical trials, our development plans may also be impacted.

Our product candidates may be associated with serious adverse events, undesirable side effects or have other ~~safety risks~~properties that could ~~preclude~~halt their clinical development, prevent their regulatory approval, of~~CF-301,CF-404~~limit their commercial potential or ~~any~~result in significant negative consequences.

Adverse events or other undesirable side effects caused by our product ~~candidates.~~

~~Our~~candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials ~~may~~and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. During the conduct of clinical trials, patients report changes in their health, including illnesses, injuries, and discomforts, to their study doctor. Often, it is not possible to determine whether or not the product candidate being studied caused these conditions. It is possible that as we test our product candidates in larger, longer and more extensive clinical trials, or as use of these product candidates becomes more widespread if they receive regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events that were observed in previous trials, as well as conditions that did not occur or went undetected in previous trials, will be ~~suspended at any time for~~reported by patients. Many times, side effects are only detectable after investigational products are tested in large-scale clinical trials or, in some cases, after they are made available to patients on a ~~number of reasons.~~commercial scale following approval. For example, it is possible that exposure to~~CF-301~~ exebacase could result in adverse clinical events such as localized inflammation in the region surrounding blood vessels, or having a hypersensitivity reaction, such as serum sickness or anaphylaxis. A

If any serious adverse events occur, clinical ~~trial may be prevented from commencing~~trials or ~~may~~commercial distribution of any product candidates or products we develop could be suspended or terminated, byand our business could be seriously harmed. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment and the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential liability claims. Regulatory authorities could order us ~~our collaborators, IRBs, the FDA or other regulatory authorities due~~ to ~~the risks~~cease further development of, deny approval of, or ~~occurrence of such adverse events, an unacceptable safety risk~~require us to ~~participants, a failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements~~cease selling any product candidates or ~~our clinical protocols, presentation of unforeseen safety issues~~products for any or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using the investigational drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions, lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial, or negative or equivocal findings of the data safety monitoring board or IRBs for a clinical trial. We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to participants.all targeted indications. If we ~~elect or~~ are ~~forced~~required to delay, suspend or terminate any clinical trial ~~of any product candidates that we develop,~~or commercialization efforts, the commercial prospects of such product candidates ~~will~~or products may be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues ~~if at all,~~ from ~~any of these~~them or other product candidates ~~will~~that we develop may be delayed or eliminated. Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects or adverse events caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including but not limited to:

regulatory authorities may suspend, limit or withdraw approvals of such product, or seek an injunction against its manufacture or distribution;

regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label, including “boxed” warnings, or issue safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases or other communications containing warnings or other safety information about the product;

we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials or post-approval studies;

we may be required to create a REMS or similar risk management system, which could include a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

we may be subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of criminal penalties;

we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

our reputation may suffer.

Any of these ~~occurrences may significantly~~events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could seriously harm our business.

~~Delays~~

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We depend on enrollment of patients in our clinical trials are common and have many causes, and any such delays could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize, delay or prevent our ability to obtain regulatory approval and commence product sales as currently contemplated.

~~We may experience delays in clinical trials of~~for our product candidates. ~~Our planned~~If we experience delays or difficulties enrolling in our clinical trials, ~~might not begin on time, might need to~~our research and development efforts and business, financial condition, and results of operations could be ~~redesigned, might not~~materially adversely affected.

Successful and timely completion of clinical trials will require that we enroll a sufficient number of ~~patients or might not~~patient candidates. These trials and other trials we conduct may be ~~completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed~~subject to delays for a variety of reasons, including ~~the following:~~

~~imposition of a clinical hold by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;~~

~~delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites;~~

~~delays in recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial;~~

~~delays in having patients complete participation in a trial or return for post-treatmentfollow-up;~~

~~clinical sites dropping out of a trial to the detriment of enrollment;~~

~~adverse side effects in patient populations;~~

~~time required to add new sites;~~

~~delays resulting from negative or equivocal findings of the data safety monitoring board for a trial;~~

~~delays in completing, or~~ as a result of ~~findings from, preclinical studies;~~patient enrollment taking longer than anticipated, patient withdrawal or adverse events. These types of developments could cause us to delay the trial or halt further development.

~~delays~~Our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials that are in ~~developing adequate processes for manufacture~~the same therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition reduces the number and types of ~~or formulations for, sufficient supplies~~patients available to us, as some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one of our competitors. Because the number of qualified clinical investigators and clinical trial ~~materials. For example, our contract manufacturer recently produced a lot ofCF-301~~ ~~investigational drug product that did not meet manufacturing release specifications, resulting in the delay~~sites is limited, we expect to conduct some of our ~~Phase 2~~clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials at such clinical trial sites. In addition, there may be limited patient pools from which to draw for clinical studies. In addition to the rarity of some diseases, the eligibility criteria of our clinical studies will further limit the pool of available study participants as we will require that patients have specific characteristics that we can measure or to assure their disease is either severe enough or not too advanced to include them in a study.

Patient enrollment ~~a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by~~depends on many factors, ~~including~~ including:

the size and nature of the patient ~~population,~~ population;

the severity of the disease under investigation;

eligibility criteria for the trial;

the proximity of patients to clinical ~~sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial,~~ sites;

the design of the clinical protocol;

the ability to obtain and maintain patient consents;

the ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;

the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the trials before the administration of our product candidates or trial completion;

the availability of competing clinical ~~trials~~trials;

the availability of new drugs approved for the indication the clinical trial is investigating; and

clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available ~~therapies, including any new drugs that~~therapies.

These factors may ~~be approved~~make it difficult for ~~the indications we are investigating. Any of these delays in completing~~us to enroll enough patients to complete our clinical trials in a timely and cost-effective manner. In addition, our Phase 3 DISRUPT clinical trial has experienced, and continues to experience, some delays in patient enrollment as a result of the

COVID-19

pandemic, as some clinical sites in high impact areas have delayed new patient enrollment as dictated by local conditions. Such delays have impacted and could further adversely affect the expected timelines for our product development and approval process and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Delays in the completion of any clinical trial of our product candidates increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and delay or potentially jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate ~~revenues.~~

revenue. In addition, some of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

We are significantly dependent on our license agreements with Rockefeller that relate to~~CF-301.~~

exebacase.

Under our various license agreements with Rockefeller, we are obligated to use our diligent efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products, including~~CF-301.~~ exebacase. Rockefeller may terminate the agreement in the event of our breach of the terms of the license agreements. In the event of such termination, Rockefeller has the right to retain its license and other rights under the agreement, subject to continuing royalties and other obligations. Our breach of the agreement, including

non-payment

of any milestone payment, and Rockefeller’s subsequent termination of the agreement, could result in the loss of our rights to develop and commercialize~~CF-301,~~ exebacase, which would seriously harm our ability to generate revenues or achieve profitability.

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We rely on CROs to conduct our preclinical studies and ~~will rely on CROs to conduct our~~ clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be delayed in obtaining, or may ultimately not be able to obtain, regulatory approval for commercialization of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidates.

We have relied and will continue to rely on CROs for the execution of our preclinical and clinical studies and to recruit patients and monitor and manage data for our clinical programs for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate. We control only certain aspects of our CROs’ activities, but we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards. Our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of these regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’s regulations and ~~current good clinical practices (“GCPs”),~~GCPs requirements, which ~~is an international guideline~~are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities meant to protect the rights and health of clinical trial subjects. The FDA ~~enforces its~~and comparable regulatory authorities enforce their regulations and GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA (or similar foreign authorities) may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our product candidates. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA (or similar foreign authorities) will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCPs. In addition, to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate to a statistically significant degree, our clinical trials will require an adequately large number of test subjects. Any clinical trial that a CRO conducts abroad on our behalf is subject to similar regulation.

Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or recruit a sufficient number of patients, we may have to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

In addition, our CROs are not our employees and we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our

non-clinical,

preclinical or clinical programs. Our CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical studies or other drug development activities, which could impede their ability to devote appropriate time to our clinical programs. If our CROs

do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we seek to develop. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we seek to develop would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed or ended.

If any of our relationships with these CROs change or terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or clinical study management organizations, or be able to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or adding additional CROs or other clinical study management organizations involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO or clinical study management organization commences work. As a result, delays could occur, which could compromise our ability to meet our desired development timelines.

We have ~~no experience~~received Breakthrough Therapy designation for exebacase for the treatment of for the treatment of MRSA bacteremia, including right-sided endocarditis, when used in addition to SOC anti-staphylococcal antibiotics in adult patients, and we may seek Breakthrough Therapy designation for our other product candidates. A Breakthrough Therapy is defined as ~~a company in bringing a drug to regulatory approval.~~

~~As a company, we have never obtained regulatory approval for, or commercialized,~~ a drug or ~~biologic. It~~biologic that is ~~possible~~intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug or biologic may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed in early clinical development. For drugs or biologics that have been designated as Breakthrough Therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development. Drugs or biologics designated as Breakthrough Therapies by the FDA are also eligible for rolling review of the associated marketing application, meaning that the agency may review portions of the marketing application before the sponsor submits the complete application, as well as priority review, if the relevant criteria are met.

Designation as a Breakthrough Therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a Breakthrough Therapy, the FDA may ~~refuse~~disagree and instead determine not to ~~accept any or all~~make such designation. The receipt of ~~our planned BLAs~~a Breakthrough Therapy Designation for ~~substantive~~a product candidate, including for exebacase, may not result in a faster development process, review or ~~may conclude after review~~approval compared to conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, not all products designated as Breakthrough Therapies ultimately will be shown to have the substantial improvement over available therapies suggested by the preliminary clinical evidence at the time of ~~our data that our application is insufficient to obtain regulatory approval ofCF-301,CF-404~~designation. As a result, if the Breakthrough Therapy Designation for exebacase we have received or any ~~other product candidate. If~~future designation we receive is no longer supported by subsequent data, the FDA ~~does not accept or approve any or all~~may rescind the designation.

Table of ~~our planned BLAs, it may require that we conduct additional preclinical,~~Contents

We rely on contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) to manufacture clinical ~~or manufacturing validation studies, which may be costly,~~ and submit that data before it will reconsider our applications. Depending on the extent of these or any other FDA required studies, approval of any BLA or application that we submit may be significantly delayed, possibly for several years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, regulatory approvals would prevent us from meeting our timelines for commercializing~~CF-301,CF-404~~ ~~or any other product candidate, generating revenues and achieving and sustaining profitability.~~

~~Even if the FDA approvesCF-301,CF-404~~ ~~or any other product candidate, adverse effects discovered after approval could adversely affect our markets.~~

~~If we obtain regulatory approval forCF-301,CF-404~~ or any other product candidate that we develop, and we or others later discover that our products cause adverse effects, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

~~regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product;~~

~~regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications or imposition of a risk management strategy;~~

~~we may be required to change the way the product is administered, conduct additional clinical studies or restrict the distribution of the product;~~

~~we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients and our liability insurance may not adequately cover those claims; and~~

~~our reputation may suffer.~~

~~Any of these events could prevent us from maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of, or prevent altogether, the commercialization~~commercial supplies of our product candidates.

~~There are underlying~~ In addition to the risks associated with the manufacture of our product candidates, which could include cost overruns, new impurities, difficulties in process or formulation development, scaling up or reproducing manufacturing processes and lack of timely availability of raw ~~materials.~~

materials, if these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be delayed in obtaining, or may ultimately not be able to obtain, regulatory approval for commercialization of exebacase or any other product candidates.

We do not currently have nor do we plan to build the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidates.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party manufacturers for the production of our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials under the guidance of members of our organization. For example, we employ the services of Fujifilm ~~Diosynth Biotechnologies~~ UK ~~LTD (“Fujifilm UK”)~~ to supply the active pharmaceutical ingredient for~~CF-301~~ ~~and Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies U.S.A., Inc., to supply the active pharmaceutical ingredient forCF-404.~~ exebacase. We have not yet ~~manufactured supplies for late phase human clinical trials, scaled up~~validated the ~~process for manufacture of such supplies, validated the~~manufacturing processes or contractually secured our commercial supplies.

~~We employ the services of other vendors to produceCF-301~~ ~~in its final vialed drug product form.~~ We do not currently have ~~contracts~~long-term supply agreements. Furthermore, the raw materials for our product candidates are sourced, in some cases, from a single-source supplier. If we were to experience an unexpected loss of supply of any of our product candidates or any of our future product candidates for any reason, whether as a result of manufacturing, supply or storage issues or otherwise, we could experience delays, disruptions, suspensions or terminations of, or be required to restart or repeat, any pending or ongoing clinical trials. For example, on January 21, 2021, the President of the United States signed an executive order entitled “Executive Order on a Sustainable Public Health Supply Chain” (the “Executive Order”) which “directs immediate actions to secure supplies necessary for responding to the

COVID-19

pandemic, so that supplies are available, and remain available to the Federal Government and State, local, Tribal and territorial authorities, as well as to America’s health care workers, health systems, and patients. The DPA, which empowers the President to issue the Executive Order, allows him to direct private companies to prioritize orders from the federal government. The Executive Order directed the President’s administration to identify shortfalls in the supply of materials needed for the pandemic response, and to use the DPA to address them, if necessary. The extent to which the

COVID-19

pandemic and the invocation of the DPA impacts our ability to procure sufficient supplies for the development or manufacture of our products and product candidates will depend on the severity and duration of the spread of the virus, and any actions undertaken to contain

COVID-19

or treat its effects.

We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers for the commercial supply of~~CF-301~~ ~~drug product.~~

any of our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. We ~~intend~~may be unable to ~~pursue~~maintain or establish required agreements with third-party manufacturers ~~regarding commercial supply at an appropriate future time. We intend~~or to ~~locate second fill finish~~do so on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, ~~to supply other world regions such as~~ reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

the ~~European Union or Asia.~~

~~Late stage process development activities, including manufacturing process scale up and validation~~failure of the bulk drug substance, pose inherent risks that may be greater for biological products than for small molecules. The process will undergo scale up from the current clinical process and then be repeated under protocol successfully three times for validation.

~~In addition, regulatory requirements could pose barriers~~third-party to the manufacture of our active pharmaceutical ingredient and finished drug product for our product candidates. Our third-party manufacturers are required to comply with current good manufacturing practices (“cGMPs”). As a result, the manufacturing facilities and processes used by Fujifilm UK and any of our future manufacturers must pass inspection by the FDA as part of our BLA review and before approval of the applicable product candidate. Similar regulations apply to manufacturers of our products for use or sale in foreign countries. If our manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA ~~and any applicable foreign~~(or similar regulatory ~~authority, we will not be able~~authorities);

the failure of the third-party to ~~secure the applicable approval for our product candidates. If these facilities are not deemed compliant with cGMPs for the commercial~~ manufacture of our product candidates ~~we may need~~according to ~~find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would result in significant delays~~our schedule, or at all, including if our third-party contractors give greater priority to the supply of ~~up to several years in obtaining approval. In addition,~~other products over our ~~manufacturers will be subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections~~product candidates;

the reduction or termination of production or deliveries by suppliers, or the raising of prices or renegotiation of terms;

the termination or nonrenewal of arrangements or agreements by our third-party contractors at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us;

the breach by the ~~FDA~~third-party contractors of our agreements with them or if the third-party otherwise does not satisfactorily perform according to the terms of the agreements between us and ~~corresponding state~~them;

the failure of third-party contractors to comply with applicable regulatory requirements;

the failure of the third party to manufacture our product candidates according to our specifications;

the mislabeling of clinical supplies, potentially resulting in the wrong dose amounts being supplied or study drug or placebo not being properly identified;

clinical supplies not being delivered to clinical sites on time, leading to clinical trial interruptions, or of drug supplies not being distributed to commercial vendors in a timely manner, resulting in lost sales; and ~~foreign agencies~~

the misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and

know-how.

In the fourth quarter of 2020, we were notified by Fujifilm UK that they experienced equipment failures that would impact their manufacturing timelines. As a result, we successfully transferred manufacturing to Fujifilm USA and expect to complete the process validation and initial commercial manufacturing of drug substance with Fujifilm USA in support of a potential BLA submission for ~~compliance with cGMPs and similar regulatory requirements.~~

exebacase. We may still experience delays to the manufacturing timeline.

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If Fujifilm UK, Fujifilm USA, or any alternate supplier of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, or any ~~alternate~~ supplier of finished drug product for our product candidates, experiences any significant difficulties in its respective manufacturing processes, does not comply with the terms of its agreement with us or does not devote sufficient time, energy and care to providing our manufacturing needs, we may experience delays. Moreover, as a result of the

COVID-19

pandemic, third-party manufacturers may be affected, which could disrupt their activities and, as a result, we could face difficulty sourcing key components necessary to produce supply of our product candidates. As a result, we could experience significant interruptions in the supply of our product candidates, which could impair our ability to supply our product candidates at the levels required for our clinical trials ~~and~~or commercialization and prevent or delay its successful development ~~and~~or commercialization. For example, a lot of the~~CF-301~~ exebacase investigational drug product did not meet manufacturing release specifications, resulting in the delay of our Phase 2 study.

We do not have complete control over all aspects of the manufacturing process of, and are dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners, in particular Fujifilm UK and Fujifilm USA, for compliance with cGMP or similar regulations for manufacturing both active drug substances and finished drug products. Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the United States. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain marketing approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we do not have control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain marketing approval for or market our product candidates, if approved. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates or drugs and harm our business and results of operations.

Developments by competitors, many of which have greater financial and other resources than we do, may render our products or technologies obsolete or

non-competitive.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are intensely competitive. We compete directly and indirectly with other pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and academic and research organizations in developing therapies to treat diseases. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations and well-established sales forces. We compete with companies that have products on the market or in development for the same indications as our product candidates. We may also compete with organizations that are developing similar technology platforms. Competitors may develop more effective, more affordable or more convenient products or may achieve earlier patent protection or commercialization of their products. These competing products may render our product candidates obsolete or limit our ability to generate revenue from our product candidates. Mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing, on an exclusive basis, drug products that are more effective or less costly than~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase and our other product candidates.

The level of commercial success of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ ~~and~~ exebacase or any other product candidates that we develop will depend upon attaining significant market acceptance of these products among physicians and payors.

Even if~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidates that we develop is approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities for marketing and sale, physicians may not prescribe the approved product. Market acceptance of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ ~~and~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop by physicians, patients and payors will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

the indications for which the product is approved;

acceptance by physicians and payors of each product as a safe and effective treatment;

the availability, efficacy and cost of competitive drugs;

the effectiveness of our or any third-party partner’s sales force and marketing efforts;

the extent to which the product is approved for inclusion on formularies of hospitals and managed care organizations;

whether the product is designated under physician treatment guidelines as a first-line therapy or as a second- or third-line therapy for particular infections;

the availability of adequate reimbursement by third parties, such as insurance companies and other health care payors, and/or by government health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid;

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limitations or warnings contained in a product’s

FDA-approved ~~labeling;~~

labeling (or similarly approved labeling by foreign authorities); and

prevalence and severity of adverse side effects.

Even if the medical community accepts that our product candidates are safe and efficacious for their approved indications, physicians may not immediately be receptive to the use or may be slow to adopt our product candidates as accepted treatments for their approved indications. While we believe our product candidates may demonstrate significant advantages in clinical studies, we cannot assure you that labeling approved by the FDA (or similar foreign authorities) will permit us to promote these advantages. In addition, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of any product candidates that we develop may require significant resources and may never be successful.

Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidates that we develop, which could make it difficult for us to sell our products profitably.

Market acceptance and sales of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by health care reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop. Also, we cannot be sure that the amount of reimbursement available, if any, will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop.

In both the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the health care system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, also called the Medicare Modernization Act (“MMA”), changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by those covered by Medicare under a new Part D and introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for Medicare Part B physician-administered drugs. In addition, this legislation authorized Medicare Part D prescription drug plans to use formularies whereby they can limit the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. As a result of this legislation and the expansion of federal coverage of drug products, we expect that there will be additional pressure to contain and reduce costs. These cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this legislation could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for any approved products and could seriously harm our business. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and therefore any reduction in Medicare reimbursement may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

In March 2010, the ~~Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”),~~ACA became law in the United States. The goal of the ~~Affordable Care Act~~ACA is to reduce the cost of health care and substantially change the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers. The ~~Affordable Care Act,~~ACA, among other things, increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and extended the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, established annual fees on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs, required manufacturers to participate in a discount program for certain outpatient drugs under Medicare Part D and promoted programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research, which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs. An expansion in the government’s role in the United States healthcare industry may further lower rates of reimbursement for pharmaceutical products.

~~The current presidential administration~~

Since its enactment, there have been judicial, executive and ~~U.S. Congress have recently attempted~~Congressional challenges to repeal or “repeal and replace” the Affordable Care Act. Although those efforts did not succeed, we expect that the presidential administration and U.S. Congress will continue to seek to modify, repeal, or otherwise invalidate all, or certain ~~provisions~~aspects of the ~~Affordable Care Act. In January 2017,~~ACA. On June 17, 2021, the ~~House and Senate passed a budget resolution that authorizes congressional committees~~U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to ~~draft legislation to repeal all or portions~~the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ~~Affordable Care Act and permits such legislation~~ACA. Prior to ~~pass with a majority vote in~~ the ~~Senate.~~Supreme Court’s decision, President ~~Trump has also recently~~Biden issued an executive order into initiate a special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace, which ~~he stated~~began on February 15, 2021 and remained open through August 15, 2021. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that itlimit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. It is ~~his administration’s policy to seek the prompt repeal~~unclear how other healthcare reform measures of the ~~Affordable Care Act and directed executive departments and federal agencies to waive, defer, grant exemptions from,~~Biden administration will impact our business or delay the implementation of the burdensome provisions of the Affordable Care Act to the maximum extent permitted by law. There is still uncertainty with respect to the impact President Trump’s administration and the U.S. Congress may have, if any, and any changes will likely take time to unfold, and could have an impact on coverage and reimbursement for healthcare items and services covered by plans that were authorized by the Affordable Care Act. However, we cannot predict the ultimate content, timing or effect of any healthcare reform legislation or the impact of potential legislation on us.

financial condition.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. ~~On August 2, 2011,~~For example, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includesresulted in aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through ~~2025~~2030, with the exception of a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022, unless additional Congressional action is taken. OnFurther, on January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, or the ATRA, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers. Recently there has also been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed ~~bills~~and enacted legislation designed to, among other things, reform government program reimbursement methodologies. For example, the Cures Act changes the reimbursement methodology for infusion drugs and biologics furnished through durable medical equipment in an attempt to remedy over- and underpayment of certain drugs.

More recently, on March 11, 2021, President Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, which eliminates the statutory cap on the Medicaid drug rebate, currently set at 100% of a drug’s average manufacturer price, beginning January 1, 2024.

While we cannot predict the impact these new laws will have in general or on our business specifically, they may result in downward pressure on pharmaceutical reimbursement, which could negatively affect market acceptance of~~CF-301~~ exebacase or any future products.

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We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ ~~and~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop, due to the trend toward managed health care, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain coverage and reimbursement for our products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and our business will be harmed.

~~Even if we obtain FDA approval ofCF-301,CF-404~~ ~~or any other product candidate, we may never obtain approval or commercialize our products outside of the United States, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.~~

~~In order to marketCF-301,CF-404~~ or any other products outside of the United States, we must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approvals could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and require additional preclinical studies or clinical trials which would be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and satisfying these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. In addition, our failure to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or any foreign country may delay or have negative effects on the process for regulatory approval in other countries. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in the United States or any foreign country and we do not have experience as a company in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets.

We currently have no marketing and sales organization and have no experience in marketing drug products. If we are unable to establish our own marketing and sales capabilities, or enter into agreements with third parties, to market and sell our products after they are approved, we may not be able to generate revenues.

We do not have the capabilities to market, sell and distribute any of our drug products. In order to commercialize any products, we must develop these capabilities on our own or make arrangements with third parties for the marketing, sales and distribution of our products. The establishment and development of our own sales force would be expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch, and we cannot be certain that we would be able to successfully develop this capability. As a result, we may seek one or more third parties to handle some or all of the sales, marketing or distribution for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate in the United States or elsewhere. However, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with third parties to sell~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate on favorable terms or at all. In the event we are unable to develop our own marketing and sales force or collaborate with a third-party marketing and sales organization, we would not be able to commercialize~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop, which would negatively impact our ability to generate product revenues. Further, whether we commercialize products on our own or rely on a third party to do so, our ability to generate revenue will be dependent on the effectiveness of the sales force. In addition, to the extent we rely on third parties to commercialize our approved products, we may likely receive less revenues or profits than if we commercialized these products ourselves.

We may form or seek strategic alliances in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such alliances.

We may form or seek strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our development and commercialization efforts with respect to~~CF-301,CF-404~~ ~~and~~ exebacase or any future product candidate that we may develop. Any of these relationships may require us to incur

non-recurring

and other charges, increase our

near-and

long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing stockholders or disrupt our management and business. In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic ~~partners~~alliances and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic ~~partnership~~collaboration or other alternative arrangements for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase and any future product candidate because it may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view~~CF-301,CF-404~~ ~~and~~ exebacase or any future product candidate as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Any delays in entering into new strategic ~~partnership~~collaboration agreements could delay the development and commercialization of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ ~~and~~ exebacase or any other product candidate that we develop, which would harm our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose interim, topline or preliminary data from our clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline or preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the

top-line

or preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available.

From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse differences between interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Further, disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.

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Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular product candidate or product and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure.

If the interim topline or preliminary data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates and Other Legal

Compliance Matters

If we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize, or will be delayed in commercializing,~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase and any future product candidate, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

~~CF-301,CF-404~~

Exebacase and any other product candidate that we develop and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, importation and exportation are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have not received approval to market any product from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. Securing regulatory approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the various regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing regulatory approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the relevant regulatory authority.~~CF-301,CF-404~~ Exebacase and any other product candidate that we develop may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive, may take many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA and comparable authorities in other countries have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. If we experience delays in obtaining approvals or if we fail to obtain approval of our product candidates that we develop, our ability to generate revenues will be materially impaired.

~~We face extensive~~

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they will be subject to significant post- marketing regulatory requirements and ~~our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.~~

oversight.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in (or outside) the United States, the FDA (or similar foreign authorities) may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of the approved product, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. The holder of an approved BLA is obligated to monitor and report adverse events and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the BLA. The holder of an approved BLA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.

Similar risks exist in foreign jurisdictions.

In addition, drug product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMPs, or similar requirements outside the United States, and adherence to commitments made in the BLA. If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves any of our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration requirements and continued compliance with cGMPs or similar requirements outside the United States and GCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct ~~post- approval.~~

post-approval.

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If we or our partners fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our future product candidates, a regulatory agency may:

issue a warning or untitled letter asserting that we are in violation of the law;

seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;

suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;

suspend any ongoing clinical trials;

refuse to approve a pending BLA or supplements to a BLA, or similar applications in foreign jurisdictions, submitted by us;

seize product; or

refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our future products and generate revenues.

The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates.

In addition, we cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. ~~For example, certain~~We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to enforcement action and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of

off-label

uses.

If any of ~~President Trump’s administration~~our product candidates are approved and we are found to have improperly promoted

off-label

uses of those products, we may ~~impact~~become subject to significant liability. The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as our product candidates, if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we receive marketing approval for a product candidate, physicians may nevertheless prescribe it to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such

off-label

uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The U.S. federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of

off-label

use and has enjoined several companies from engaging in

off-label

promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and ~~industry. Namely,~~financial condition.

We have no experience as a company in bringing a drug to regulatory approval.

As a company, we have never obtained regulatory approval for, or commercialized, a drug or biologic. It is possible that the ~~administration has taken~~FDA may refuse to accept any or all of our planned BLAs for substantive review or may conclude after review of our data that our application is insufficient to obtain regulatory approval of exebacase or any other product candidate. If the FDA does not accept or approve any or all of our planned BLAs, it may require that we conduct additional preclinical, clinical or manufacturing validation studies, which may be costly, and submit that data before it will reconsider our applications. Depending on the extent of these or any other FDA required studies, approval of any BLA or application that we submit may be significantly delayed, possibly for several ~~executive actions, including~~years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, regulatory approvals would prevent us from meeting our timelines for commercializing exebacase or any other product candidate, generating revenues and achieving and sustaining profitability.

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Disruptions at the ~~issuance of a number of Executive Orders, that~~FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could ~~impose significant burdens on,~~hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise ~~materially delay,~~prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities to review and or approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the FDA’s or foreign regulatory authorities’ ability to ~~engage in~~hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s or foreign regulatory authorities’ ability to perform routine ~~regulatory and oversight activities such as implementing statutes through rulemaking, issuance of guidance, and~~functions. Average review ~~and approval of marketing applications. For example, on January 30, 2017, the President issued an Executive Order, applicable to all executive agencies, including~~times at the FDA ~~which requires that for each notice of proposed rulemaking or final regulation to be issued~~and foreign regulatory authorities have fluctuated in ~~fiscal year 2017, the agency shall~~

~~identify at least two existing regulations to be repealed, unless prohibited by law. These requirements are referred to~~recent years as ~~the“two-for-one”~~ ~~provisions. This Executive Order includes~~ a budget neutrality provision that requires the total incremental cost of all new regulations in the 2017 fiscal year, including repealed regulations, to be no greater than zero, except in limited circumstances. For fiscal years 2018 and beyond, the Executive Order requires agencies to identify regulations to offset any incremental cost of a new regulation and approximate the total costs or savings associated with each new regulation or repealed regulation. In interim guidance issued by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs within OMB on February 2, 2017, the administration indicates that the~~“two-for-one”~~ provisions may apply not only to agency regulations, but also to significant agency guidance documents. Further, on February 24, 2017, the President issued an Executive Order requiring each agency to designate a regulatory reform officer and create a regulatory reform task force to evaluate existing regulations and make recommendations regarding their repeal, replacement, or modification.result. In addition, ~~from time~~government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to ~~time,~~ the ~~federal government implements hiring~~political process, which is inherently fluid and ~~regulatory freezes,~~unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies, such as the ~~hiring~~EMA following its relocation to Amsterdam and resulting staff changes, may also slow the time necessary for new drugs and biologics or modifications to cleared or approved drugs/biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory ~~freeze implemented~~agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities.

Separately, in ~~early 2017. An under-staffed~~response to the

COVID-19

pandemic, in March 2020, the FDA announced its intention to postpone most inspections of foreign manufacturing facilities, and on March 18, 2020, the FDA temporarily postponed routine surveillance inspections of domestic manufacturing facilities. Subsequently, in July 2020, the FDA resumed certain

on-site

inspections of domestic manufacturing facilities subject to a risk-based prioritization system. The FDA utilized this risk-based assessment system to assist in determining when and where it was safest to conduct prioritized domestic inspections. Additionally, on April 15, 2021, the FDA issued a guidance document in which the FDA described its plans to conduct voluntary remote interactive evaluations of certain drug manufacturing facilities and clinical research sites, among other facilities. According to the guidance, the FDA may request such remote interactive evaluations where the FDA determines that remote evaluation would be appropriate based on mission needs and travel limitations. In May 2021, the FDA outlined a detailed plan to move toward a more consistent state of inspectional operations, and in July 2021, the FDA resumed standard inspectional operations of domestic facilities and was continuing to maintain this level of operation as of September 2021. More recently, the FDA has continued to monitor and implement changes to its inspectional activities to ensure the safety of its employees and those of the firms it regulates as it adapts to the evolving

COVID-19

pandemic. Regulatory authorities outside the United States have adopted similar restrictions or other policy measures in response to the

COVID-19

pandemic. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if global health concerns continue to prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could result in delays in FDA’s responsiveness or in its ability to review submissions or applications, issue regulations or guidance, or implement or enforce regulatory requirements in a timely fashion or at all. It is difficult to predict how these requirements will be implemented, and the extent to which they willsignificantly impact the ~~FDA’s~~ ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to ~~exercise its~~timely review and process our regulatory ~~authority. If these executive actions impose constraints~~submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on ~~FDA’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course,~~ our ~~business may be negatively impacted.~~

business.

If foreign approval for~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate is obtained, there are inherent risks in conducting business in international markets.

Commercialization of our product candidates in international markets is an element of our long-term strategy. If approved for commercialization in a foreign country, we intend to enter into agreements with third parties to market~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase or any other product candidate whenever it may be approved and wherever we have the right to market it. Consequently, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

the potential for

so-called

parallel importing, which is what happens when a local seller, faced with high or higher local prices, opts to import goods from a foreign market (with low or lower prices) rather than buying them locally;

unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;

economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

compliance with laws for employees working and traveling abroad;

foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;

foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues;

workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

production shortages resulting from any events affecting active pharmaceutical ingredient and/or finished drug product supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad;

business interruptions resulting from

geo-political

actions, including war and terrorism, epidemics, including the

COVID-19

pandemic, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires; and

failure to comply with the rules and regulations of the Office of Foreign Asset Control, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable anti-bribery rules and regulations in other jurisdictions.

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These and other risks may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or sustain revenue from international markets and therefore materially adversely affect our business.

Product liability lawsuits against us could divert our resources, cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of~~CF-301,CF-404~~ exebacase and any other product candidate that we develop in human clinical trials and we will face higher degrees of this risk if we commercially sell any products that we develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

distraction of our management or other internal resources from pursuing our business strategies;

decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop;

injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

significant costs to defend the related litigation;

substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

loss of revenue; and

the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.

We maintain product liability insurance coverage in relation to our clinical trials. Such coverage may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and may also produce hazardous waste products. Even if we contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes, we cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Our product candidates may face competition sooner than anticipated.

The ~~Affordable Care Act~~ACA includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an

FDA-licensed

reference biological product. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this

12-year

period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of their product. The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. While it is uncertain when such processes intended to implement BPCIA may be fully adopted by the FDA, any such processes could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biological products.

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We believe that any of our product candidates approved as a biological product under a BLA should qualify for the

12-year

period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider our product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. ~~Other aspects~~In the EU, these exclusivity periods are even shorter. Upon receiving marketing authorization, new chemical or biological entities generally receive eight years of data exclusivity and an additional two years of market exclusivity. If granted, data exclusivity prevents regulatory authorities in the EU from referencing the innovator’s data to assess a generic/biosimilar application. During the additional

two-year

period of market exclusivity, a generic/biosimilar marketing authorization can be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced, but no generic/biosimilar product can be marketed until the expiration of the ~~BPCIA, some of which may impact the BPCIA exclusivity provisions, have also been the subject of recent litigation.~~ market exclusivity.

Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any one of our reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for

non-biological

products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing.

~~Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will~~

We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to foreign, federal and state healthcare laws, including applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our business operations and current and future arrangements with third-party payors, healthcare providers and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, develop, market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

the federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation; in addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act;

the federal False Claims Act imposes criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal ~~government;~~

government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal ~~Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act~~Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of ~~1996,~~the False Claims Act;

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit ~~program and also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;~~program;

the federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;

the federal transparency requirements under the ~~Affordable Care Act~~ACA requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to physician payments and other transfers of value and ownership and investment interests held by physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain

non-physician

practitioners (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologist assistants and certified nurse midwives), and their immediate family members and payments or other transfers of value made to such physician owners; ~~and~~

analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, and transparency laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by

non-governmental

third-party payors, including private insurers, and some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other health care providers or marketing expenditures and pricing ~~information.~~information; and

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similar healthcare laws and regulations in the EU and other jurisdictions, including reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or

other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of

non-compliance

with these laws, imprisonment and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Further, defending against any such actions, even if successful, can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant personnel resources. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.

The unfavorable consequences of any plaintiff attorney investigation or the adverse outcome of litigation or arbitration proceedings commenced by or against us could materially harm our business.

Unfavorable consequences from the most recent and prior investigations by plaintiff attorneys could damage our reputation and disrupt our business. The adverse outcome of any litigation or arbitration proceedings commenced by or against us could have a material adverse effect on our business and impede the achievement of our development and commercialization objectives.

In the ordinary course of our operations, claims involving our actions, actions of third parties or agreements to which we are a party may be brought by and against us. The claims and charges can involve actual damages, as well as contractually agreed upon liquidated sums. These claims, if not resolved through negotiation, are often subject to lengthy and expensive litigation or arbitration proceedings.

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union may adversely impact our business.

The UK left the EU on January 31, 2020, following which existing EU legislation continued to apply in the UK during a transition period under the terms of the

EU-UK

Withdrawal Agreement. The transition period, which ended on December 31, 2020, maintained access to the EU single market and to global trade deals negotiated by the EU on behalf of its members. The transition period provided time for the UK and EU to negotiate a framework for partnership for the future, which was then crystallized in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, or Trade and Cooperation Agreement, which became effective on the January 1, 2021.

The long-term effects of Brexit on our business in the UK, the EU and worldwide will depend on the effects of the implementation and application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement and any other relevant agreements between the UK and the EU. EU laws which have been transposed into UK law through secondary legislation continue to be applicable as “retained EU law”. However, new legislation will not be applicable. The UK government has passed a new Medicines and Medical Devices Act 2021, which introduces delegated powers in favor of the Secretary of State or an ‘appropriate authority’ to amend or supplement existing regulations in the area of medical devices. This allows new rules to be introduced in the future by way of secondary legislation, which aims to allow flexibility in addressing regulatory gaps. There is a possibility that over time, national laws will be amended and that consequently the regulatory framework in Great Britain will diverge from that of the EU. As of January 1, 2021, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, is the UK’s standalone medicines and medical devices regulator. As a result of the Northern Ireland protocol, different rules will apply in Northern Ireland than in England, Wales, and Scotland, together, Great Britain; broadly, Northern Ireland will continue to follow the EU regulatory regime, but its national competent authority will remain the MHRA.

Further, the UK’s withdrawal from the EU has resulted in the relocation of the EMA from the UK to the Netherlands. This relocation has caused, and may continue to cause, disruption in the administrative and medical scientific links between the EMA and the UK MHRA, including delays in granting clinical trial authorization or marketing authorization, disruption of importation and export of active substance and other components of new drug formulations, and disruption of the supply chain for clinical trial product and final authorized formulations. The cumulative effects of the disruption to the regulatory framework may add considerably to the development lead time to marketing authorization and commercialization of products in the EU and/or the UK.

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Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth

Our future success depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, and changes in management may negatively affect our business.

We are dependent on the principal members of our management and scientific teams. Our success and the execution of our growth strategy depend largely on the continued service of these employees. Although we have formal employment agreements with our executive officers, these agreements do not prevent them from terminating their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of any of these persons could be disruptive to our operations, impede our ability to raise additional funding or delay the achievement of our development and commercialization objectives. Additionally, we cannot be certain that changes in management will not lead to additional management departures or changes, affect our ability to hire or retain key personnel, or otherwise negatively affect our business. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and clinical personnel is critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also compete for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.

~~We expect~~

For our Company to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates, we may need to expand our development, regulatory and sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

~~We expect~~

In order to ~~experience growth in~~successfully develop and commercialize our product candidate, we may need to increase the number of our employees and expand the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of drug discovery, drug development, regulatory affairs and commercialization. To manage our anticipated future growth, we ~~must continue~~would need to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the various levels of experience of our management team in managing a company with significant ~~anticipated~~ growth, we may not be able to effectively manage ~~the~~a significant expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we or our licensors are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our owned or licensed technology and products, or if the scope of the patent protection is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be adversely affected.

Our success depends in large part on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products or technology or products that may have been licensed to us. Similar to our licensors, we seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and product candidates that are important to our business. This process is expensive and time-consuming, and we or our licensors may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we or our licensors will fail to identify patentable aspects of either our or their research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, if we license technology or product candidates from third parties in the future, these license agreements may not permit us to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering this intellectual property. These agreements could also give our licensors the right to enforce the licensed patents without our involvement, or to decide not to enforce the patents without our consent. Therefore, in these circumstances, we could not be certain that these patents and applications would be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights and any patent rights we may license from a third party are highly uncertain. Our or our licensors’ pending and future patent applications may not result in issued patents that protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our or our licensors’ patents or narrow the scope of such patent protection.

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The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, historically, in the United States, the first to make the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. The United States currently uses a ~~firstinventor-to-file~~

first-inventor-to-file

system in which, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Moreover, we may be subject to a third party preissuance submission of prior art to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, litigation, inter partes review or interference proceedings, in the United States or elsewhere, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Even if our or our licensors’ patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a

non-infringing

manner.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or

held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to prevent others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized and such patents may not be able to claim the benefits of any patent term extension laws or regulations. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that we or our employees have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we use customary
non-disclosure
agreements and try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or
know-how
of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.

In addition, while we typically require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own, or such agreements may be inadequately drafted at times thereby not ensuring assignment to us of all potential intellectual property rights. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

We have not yet registered our trademarks in all of our potential markets, and failure to secure those registrations could adversely affect our business.

Our future trademark applications may not be allowed for registration, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other applicable foreign intellectual property offices. Although we are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections, or have to expend additional resources to secure registrations, such as commencing cancellation proceedings against third-party trademark registrations to remove them as obstacles to our trademark applications. In addition, in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would.

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In addition, we have not yet proposed a proprietary name for our product candidates in any jurisdiction. Any proprietary name we propose to use with our product candidates in the United States must be approved by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation of potential for confusion with other product names. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed proprietary product names, we may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable proprietary product name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA.

Risks Related to Our Securities

The price of our common stock may be volatile and you could lose all or part of your investment.

There has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of equity and derivative securities, which is unrelated to the financial performance of the companies issuing the securities, including due to the effects of the
COVID-19
pandemic. In addition, equity markets have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices for the securities of biotechnology and also newly public companies for a number of reasons, including reasons that may be unrelated to the business or operating performance of the companies. These broad market fluctuations may negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

The trading price of our securities has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, these factors include:

our ability to implement our preclinical, clinical and other development or operational plans;

adverse regulatory decisions;

strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

new laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, applicable to our business;

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition or annual or quarterly results of operations;

our cash position;

public reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

changes in investor and financial analyst perceptions of the risks and condition of our business;

changes in, or our failure to meet, performance expectations of investors or financial analysts (including, without limitation, with respect to the status of development of our product candidates);

changes in market valuations of biotechnology companies;

changes in key personnel;

increased competition;

sales of common stock by us or members of our management team;

trading volume of our common stock;

issuances of debt or equity securities;

the granting or exercise of employee stock options or other equity awards;

changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

ineffectiveness of our internal controls;

actions by institutional or other large stockholders;

significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation;

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general political, market and economic conditions, including as a result of health pandemics; and
other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.
In addition, the stock market in general, and the Nasdaq Capital Market and biotechnology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, operating results or financial condition.
Future sales of our common stock or warrants may cause the market price of our securities to decline.
Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock or warrants in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could adversely affect the price of our securities and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. As of May 10, 2022, we have approximately 39.3 million shares of common stock outstanding, of which approximately 37.4 million shares of our outstanding common stock are freely tradable, or may become freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market unless held by our “affiliates,” as defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Additionally, we have warrants to purchase approximately 10.9 million shares of our common stock outstanding as of May 10, 2022. Approximately 10.4 million shares of common stock underlying warrants will be freely tradable upon exercise unless held by our affiliates.
We have registered 4,031,200 shares of our common stock as of May 10, 2022 that we may issue under our employee benefit plans. These shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, unless pursuant to their terms these stock awards have transfer restrictions attached to them. Additionally, pursuant to the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”), our management is authorized to grant stock options and other equity linked award to our employees, directors and consultants. The 2014 Plan provides that the number of shares available for future grant under our 2014 Plan will automatically increase on January 1st each year, from January 1, 2015 through January 1, 2024, by an amount equal to four percent of all shares of our capital stock outstanding as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year, subject to the ability of our board of directors to take action to reduce the size of such increase in any given year. Unless our board of directors elects not to increase the number of shares underlying our 2014 Plan each year, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to decline.
Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a significant adverse effect on our business and the price of our common stock.
Our management is required to report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. Because we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 if we, in the future, no longer qualify under the SEC exemption for
low-revenue
“smaller reporting companies”, as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act. As such, our independent registered public accounting firm may in the future issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating.
In the future, we may identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, and we may not be able to remediate them in time to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. In addition, we may encounter problems or delays in completing the implementation of any requested improvements and receiving a favorable attestation report from our independent registered public accounting firm, if such a report is required. We will be unable to issue securities in the public markets through the use of a shelf registration statement if we are not in compliance with Section 404. Furthermore, failure to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment could materially adversely affect our business, reduce the market’s confidence in our common stock, adversely affect the price of our common stock and limit our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely.
We have no present intention to pay cash dividends and, even if we change that policy, we may be restricted from paying cash dividends on our common stock.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. We currently expect to retain all future earnings, if any, for use in the development, operation and expansion of our business. Any determination to pay cash dividends in the future will depend upon, among other things, our results of operations, plans for expansion, tax considerations, available net profits and reserves, limitations under law, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors considers to be relevant.
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Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our securities, thereby depressing the market prices of our securities. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:
allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;
establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to our board of directors;
require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent;
limit who may call stockholder meetings;
authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a stockholder rights plan, or
so-called
“poison pill,” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors; and
require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our charter or bylaws.
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.
Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data Protection and Privacy
Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.
In the ordinary course of our business, we store sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personally identifiable information, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Our information technology systems and those of our third-party service providers, strategic partners and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to attack and damage or interruption from computer viruses and malware (e.g. ransomware), malicious code, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, hacking, cyberattacks, phishing attacks and other social engineering schemes, employee theft or misuse, human error (e.g., social engineering, phishing), fraud, denial or degradation of service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors or unauthorized access or use by persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. Attacks upon information technology systems are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. As a result of the
COVID-19
pandemic and the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, we may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and the number of our employees who are working remotely, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. Even if identified, we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence.
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We and certain of our service providers are from time to time subject to cyberattacks and security incidents. While we do not believe that we have experienced any significant system failure, accident or security breach to date, any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in significant costs to address and remediate the incident, lead to legal claims or proceedings, disrupt our operations, and damage our reputation.
We maintain cyber risk insurance, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any future breaches of our systems.
Our collection, control, processing, sharing, disclosure and otherwise use of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements, and evolving laws concerning data privacy in the EU and EEA.
The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and we are or may become subject to numerous state, federal and foreign laws, requirements and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure, retention, and security of personal data, such as information that we may collect in connection with clinical trials in the U.S. and abroad. Implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or perception of their requirements may have on our business. This evolution may create uncertainty in our business, affect our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions or to collect, store, transfer use and share personal information, necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts, result in liability or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance with these laws, regulations and standards is high and is likely to increase in the future. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulation, our internal policies and procedures or our contracts governing our processing of personal information could result in negative publicity, government investigations and enforcement actions, claims by third parties and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial performance and business.
As our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities. In the U.S., HIPAA imposes, among other things, certain standards relating to the privacy, security, transmission and breach reporting of individually identifiable health information. Certain states have also adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. In addition, the CCPA went into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates individual privacy rights for California consumers and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability, and many similar laws have been proposed at the federal level and in other states. Further, the CPRA recently passed in California. The CPRA will impose additional data protection obligations on covered businesses, including additional consumer rights processes, limitations on data uses, new audit requirements for higher risk data, and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. It will also create a new California data protection agency authorized to issue substantive regulations and could result in increased privacy and information security enforcement. The majority of the provisions will go into effect on January 1, 2023, and additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may be required. Similar laws have passed in Virginia and Colorado and have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. The enactment of such laws could have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging. In the event that we are subject to or affected by HIPAA, the CCPA, the CPRA or other domestic privacy and data protection laws, any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition.
Our activities outside the United States impose additional compliance requirements and generate additional risks of enforcement for noncompliance. For example, the GDPR repealed the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) and is directly applicable in all E.E.A. countries (which consists of the 27 EU member states plus Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland) since its effective date of May 25, 2018. The GDPR applies to companies established in the EEA, as well as companies that are not established in the EEA and which collect and use personal data in relation to offering goods or services to, or monitoring the behavior of, individuals located in the EEA, including, for example, through the conduct of clinical trials (whether the trials are conducted directly by the company itself or through a clinical vendor or collaborators). The GDPR permits EEA countries derogations for certain matters and, accordingly, we are also subject to national laws relating to the processing of certain data such as genetic data, biometric data and health data. It imposes a strict data protection compliance regime including: providing detailed disclosures about how personal data is collected and processed (in a concise, intelligible and easily accessible form); demonstrating that valid consent or another an appropriate legal basis is in place or otherwise exists to justify data processing activities; appointing data protection officers in certain circumstances; granting new rights for data subjects in regard to their personal data (including the right to be “forgotten” and the right to data portability), as well as enhancing current rights (e.g., data subject access requests); introducing the obligation to notify data protection regulators or supervisory authorities (and in certain cases, affected individuals) of significant data breaches; imposing limitations on retention of personal data; maintaining a record of data processing; defining for the first time pseudonymized (i.e.,
key-coded)
data; and complying with principal of accountability and complying with the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit.
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We are also subject to EU rules with respect to cross-border transfers of personal data out of the E.E.A. These rules are under scrutiny from time to time. For example, in July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the “CJEU”) limited how organizations could lawfully transfer personal data from the EU/EEA to the United States by invalidating the
EU-U.S.
Privacy Shield for purposes of international transfers and imposing further restrictions on the use of standard contractual clauses (“SCCs”). Following the decision of the CJEU, the
EU-U.S.
Privacy Shield can no longer be used as a legal basis for transferring personal data from the European Union to the United States and the CJEU made clear that reliance on standard contractual clauses (SCCs) may not necessarily be a sufficient alternative. The European Commission issued revised SCCs on June 4, 2021 to account for the decision of the CJEU and recommendations made by the European Data Protection Board. The revised SCCs must be used for relevant new data transfers from September 27, 2021; existing standard contractual clauses arrangements must be migrated to the revised clauses by December 27, 2022. The new SCCs apply only to the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA and not the UK; the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office launched a public consultation on its draft revised data transfers mechanisms in August 2021 and laid its proposal before Parliament, with the UK SCCs expected to come into force in March 2022, with a
two-year
grace period. There is some uncertainty around whether the revised clauses can be used for all types of data transfers, particularly whether they can be relied on for data transfers to
non-EEA
entities subject to the GDPR. As supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, including circumstances where the standard contractual clauses cannot be used, and/or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results. If we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we conduct our clinical trials and could adversely affect our business and financial results.
Further, we have had to comply with the GDPR and the GDPR as incorporated into United Kingdom national law, the latter regime having the ability to separately fine up to the greater of £17.5 million or 4% of global turnover. The European Commission has adopted an adequacy decision in favor of the UK, enabling data transfers from EU member states to the UK without additional safeguards. However, the UK adequacy decision will automatically expire in June 2025 unless the European Commission
re-assesses
and renews/ extends that decision and remains under review by the Commission during this period. The relationship between the UK and the EU in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains unclear, and it is unclear how UK data protection laws and regulations will develop in the medium to longer term, and how data transfers to and from the UK will be regulated in the long term. These changes may lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure.
We depend on a number of third parties in relation to the operation of our business (including clinical research organizations), a number of which process personal data on our behalf. There is no assurance that our own privacy and security-related safeguards and/or any contractual measures that we enter into with these providers will protect us from the risks associated with the third-party processing, storage and transmission of such information. Any violation of data or security laws by our third-party processors could have a material adverse effect on our business and result in the fines and penalties outlined below.
Fines for certain breaches of the GDPR are significant for companies: up to the greater of 4% of total annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year, or €20 million. In addition to the foregoing, a breach of the GDPR could result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/ change our processing of our data, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit), as well potential civil claims including class action type litigation where individuals suffer harm. Our actual or alleged failure to comply with the GDPR could result in enforcement actions and significant penalties against us (as outlined above), which could result in negative publicity, increase our operating, business and/or legal costs, subject us to claims or other remedies and have a material adverse effect on our clinical trials, business, financial condition, and operations.
We are also subject to evolving EU privacy laws on cookies, and
e-marketing.
The EU is in the process of replacing the
e-Privacy
Directive with a new set of rules taking the form of a regulation, which will be directly implemented to all EEA countries. The draft
E-Privacy
Regulation imposes strict
opt-in
marketing rules with limited exceptions for
business-to-business
communications, alters rules on third-party cookies, web beacons and similar technology and significantly increases fining powers to the same levels as the GDPR (i.e. the greater of 20 million Euros or 4% of total global annual revenue for certain breaches). While the
e-Privacy
Regulation was originally intended to be adopted on May 25, 2018 (alongside the GDPR), it is still going through the European legislative process and commentators now expect it to be adopted during 2021, after which a
two-year
transition period will follow before it is in force. We are likely to be required to expend further capital and other resources to ensure compliance with these changing laws and regulations.
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Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, our contractual obligations and other legal obligations, these requirements are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another or other legal obligations with which we must comply. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our employees, representatives, contractors, consultants, collaborators, or other third parties to comply with such requirements or adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful, and which could result in our patents or other intellectual property rights becoming invalidated.

Competitors may infringe our or our licensors’ patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. To stop infringement or unauthorized use, we or our licensors may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. Any claims we or our licensors assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that some or all of our patents or other intellectual property rights are not valid or that we or our licensors infringe their patents or other intellectual property rights. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that such patents do not cover the technology in question and therefore cannot be infringed. Similarly, if we assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement claims has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such marks. In any infringement litigation, any award of monetary damages may be unlikely or very difficult to obtain, and any such award we may receive may not be commercially valuable. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that we could incur substantial litigation costs or that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we or our licensors are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market, or sell our or our licensors’ product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the intellectual property and other proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and we may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including reexamination or interference proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing or future intellectual property rights.

If we or our licensors are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we or our licensors could be enjoined from further using certain products and technology or may be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and marketing such products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be

non-exclusive,

thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property rights of a third party. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

~~Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we use customarynon-disclosure~~ ~~agreements and try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information orknow-how~~ of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.

Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and could distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development, sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct or defend such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and products, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented ~~know- how,~~

know-how,

technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into

non-disclosure

and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. However, we cannot guarantee that we have executed these agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets, nor can we guarantee that such agreements will always be adequately drafted so as to be enforceable. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, because of potential differences in laws in different jurisdictions, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

~~We have not yet registered our trademarks in all of our potential markets, and failure to secure those registrations could adversely affect our business.~~

Our future trademark applications may not be allowed for registration, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections from the Patent and Trademark Office or other applicable foreign intellectual property offices. Although we are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections, or have to expend additional resources to secure registrations, such as commencing cancellation proceedings against third-party trademark registrations to remove them as obstacles to our trademark applications. In addition, in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would.

~~Risks Related to Our Securities~~

~~The price of our common stock may be volatile and you could lose all or part of your investment.~~

There has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of equity and derivative securities, which is unrelated to the financial performance of the companies issuing the securities. In addition, equity markets have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices for the securities of biotechnology and also newly public companies for a number of reasons, including reasons that may be unrelated to the business or operating performance of the companies. These broad market fluctuations may negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

Prior to our initial public offering, there was no public market for our common stock. The trading price of our securities is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, these factors include:

~~our ability to implement our preclinical, clinical and other development or operational plans;~~

~~adverse regulatory decisions;~~

~~strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;~~

~~new laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, applicable to our business;~~

~~actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition or annual or quarterly results of operations;~~

~~our cash position;~~

~~public reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;~~

~~changes in investor and financial analyst perceptions of the risks and condition of our business;~~

changes in, or our failure to meet, performance expectations of investors or financial analysts (including, without limitation, with respect to the status of development of our lead product candidates);

~~changes in market valuations of biotechnology companies;~~

~~changes in key personnel;~~

~~increased competition;~~

~~sales of common stock by us or members of our management team;~~

~~trading volume of our common stock;~~

~~issuances of debt or equity securities;~~

~~the granting or exercise of employee stock options or other equity awards;~~

~~changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;~~

~~ineffectiveness of our internal controls;~~

~~actions by institutional or other large shareholders;~~

~~significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation;~~

~~general political, market and economic conditions; and~~

~~other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.~~

In addition, the stock market in general, and the Nasdaq Capital Market and biotechnology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, operating results or financial condition.

We are required to meet the Nasdaq Capital Market’s continued listing requirements and other Nasdaq rules, or we may risk delisting. Delisting could negatively affect the price of our common stock, which could make it more difficult for us to sell securities in a future financing or for you to sell our common stock.

We are required to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and other Nasdaq rules, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price and certain other corporate governance requirements. In particular, we are required to maintain a minimum bid price for our listed common stock of $1.00 per share. If we do not meet these continued listing requirements, our common stock could be delisted. Delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market would cause us to pursue eligibility for trading of these securities on other markets or exchanges, or on the “pink sheets.” In such case, our stockholders’ ability to trade, or obtain quotations of the market value of our common stock would be severely limited because of lower trading volumes and transaction delays. These factors could contribute to lower prices and larger spreads in the bid and ask prices of these securities. There can be no assurance that our securities, if delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future, would be listed on a national securities exchange, a national quotation service, the~~over-the-counter~~ markets or the pink sheets. Delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market, or even the issuance of a notice of potential delisting, would also result in negative publicity, make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital, adversely affect the market liquidity of our securities, decrease securities analysts’ coverage of us or diminish investor, supplier and employee confidence.

We may issue additional shares of common stock, warrants or other securities to finance our growth.

The rules and regulations applicable to public companies have substantially increased our legal and financial compliance costs and to made some activities more time-consuming and costly. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The increased costs decrease our net income or increase our net loss, and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

If we do not develop and implement all required accounting practices and policies, we may be unable to provide the financial information required of a U.S. publicly traded company in a timely and reliable manner.

Prior to the IPO, we did not adopt all of the financial reporting and disclosure procedures and controls required of a U.S. publicly traded company because we were a privately held company. The implementation of all required accounting practices and policies and the hiring of additional financial staff have increased our operating costs and requires significant time and resources from our management and employees. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls and procedures and disclosure procedures and controls, we may be unable to provide financial information and required SEC reports that a U.S. publicly traded company is required to provide in a timely and reliable fashion. Any such delays or deficiencies could penalize us, including by limiting our ability to obtain financing, either in the public capital markets or from private sources and hurt our reputation and could thereby impede our ability to implement our strategy.

Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that exceed our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our common stock.

The projections of securities research analysts may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. The price of our common stock may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, the price or trading volume of our common stock could decline.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, the prices of our securities and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our securities depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading prices for our securities may be negatively impacted.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from our public offerings and private placement and may not use them effectively.

Our management has broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from our public offerings and private placement and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not enhance the value of our common stock. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from our completed offerings, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could delay the development of our product candidates or have a material adverse effect on our business. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from the offerings in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. If we do not apply or invest the net proceeds from the offerings in ways that enhance stockholder value, we may fail to achieve expected financial results, which could cause the price of our securities to decline.

~~We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.~~

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and may remain an emerging growth company for up to five years. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

~~not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting;~~

not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

~~reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and~~

~~exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.~~

We have taken advantage of certain reduced reporting burdens. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and the prices for our securities may be more volatile.

~~We have no present intention to pay cash dividends and, even if we change that policy, we may be restricted from paying cash dividends on our common stock.~~

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. We currently expect to retain all future earnings, if any, for use in the development, operation and expansion of our business. Any determination to pay cash dividends in the future will depend upon, among other things, our results of operations, plans for expansion, tax considerations, available net profits and reserves, limitations under law, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors considers to be relevant.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our securities, thereby depressing the market prices of our securities. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:

~~allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;~~

~~limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from the board of directors;~~

~~establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to our board of directors;~~

~~require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent;~~

~~limit who may call stockholder meetings;~~

~~authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a shareholder rights plan, orso-called~~ ~~“poison pill,” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors; and~~

~~require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our charter or bylaws.~~

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

~~Risks Related to Cybersecurity~~

~~Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.~~

In the ordinary course of our business, we store sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personally identifiable information, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, disrupt our operations, and damage our reputation.

~~We maintain cyber risk insurance, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any future breaches of our systems.~~

~~ITEM 2.~~

~~UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS~~

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS


	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
	(unaudited)			(audited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,297,503		$	3,806,984
Marketable securitiesavailable-for-sale		48,254,552			31,354,170
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,259,521			1,017,645

Total current assets		53,811,576			36,178,799
Property and equipment, net		1,148,138			1,281,152
Other assets		164,519			164,519

Total assets	$	55,124,233		$	37,624,470

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,235,480		$	1,549,845
Accrued liabilities		1,694,232			2,868,352

Total current liabilities		2,929,712			4,418,197
Deferred rent		704,240			994,439
Warrant liabilities		16,024,207			12,698,980

Total liabilities		19,658,159			18,111,616
Commitments and contingencies		—			—
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized and none outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 200,000,000 shares and 100,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively; 73,656,006 shares and 41,656,006 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively		7,366			4,166
Additionalpaid-in capital		192,360,418			165,678,164
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(23,750	)		(51,666	)
Accumulated deficit		(156,877,960	)		(146,117,810	)

Total stockholders’ equity		35,466,074			19,512,854

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	55,124,233		$	37,624,470


	March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
	(unaudited)			(audited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,637		$	16,654
Marketable securities		32,644			37,631
Prepaid expenses		6,541			4,439
Other current assets		3,450			4,140

Total current assets		52,272			62,864
Property and equipment, net		696			741
Operating lease right-of-use assets		2,471			2,544
Other assets		601			613

Total assets	$	56,040		$	66,762

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	8,267		$	2,389
Accrued and other current liabilities		7,786			9,128
Current portion of lease liabilities		661			657

Total current liabilities		16,714			12,174
Warrant liabilities		6,742			2,530
Long-term portion of lease liabilities		2,513			2,609
Other liabilities		73			73

Total liabilities		26,042			17,386
Commitments and contingencies		0—			0—
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized and NaN outstanding at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021		0—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 125,000,000 shares authorized, 39,332,721 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021		4			4
Additional paid-in capital		310,927			310,008
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(224	)		(84	)
Accumulated deficit		(280,709	)		(260,552	)

Total stockholders’ equity		29,998			49,376

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	56,040		$	66,762


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(10,760,150	)	$	(29,132,768	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation		133,014			385,015
Stock-based compensation expense		1,087,179			1,886,033
Issuance costs allocated to warrants		905,014			1,569,341
Issuance of common stock in exchange for services		—			93,930
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(9,058,208	)		865,688
(Decrease) increase in deferred rent		(290,199	)		22,320
Net amortization of premium paid on marketable securities		547,266			374,168
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other current andnon-current assets		(241,876	)		8,099
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(1,488,485	)		2,653,063

Net cash used in operating activities		(19,166,445	)		(21,275,111	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of marketable securities		(45,656,691	)		(32,786,486	)
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities		28,236,959			22,804,030
Purchases of property and equipment		—			(113,192	)

Net cash provided by investing activities		(17,419,732	)		(10,095,648	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of securities		40,000,000			35,000,000
Payment of financing costs of securities sold		(2,923,304	)		(2,952,889	)
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		—			16,000

Net cash provided by investing activities		37,076,696			32,063,111

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		490,519			692,352
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		3,806,984			9,972,781

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	4,297,503		$	10,665,133

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Issuance of warrants to purchase common stock	$	12,383,435		$	18,601,228


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(20,157	)	$	(5,195	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation		38			31
S tock -based compensation expense		919			581
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		4,212			(5,567	)
Net amortization of premium on marketable securities		97			150
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets		(1,412	)		(936	)
Increase in accounts payable, accrued and other current liabilities		4,536			1,877

Net cash used in operating activities		(11,767	)		(9,059	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities		4,750			4,913

Net cash provided by investing activities		4,750			4,913
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of securities		—			57,500
Payment of financing costs of securities sold		—			(3,703	)
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants		—			110

Net cash provided by financing activities		—			53,907

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(7,017	)		49,761
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		16,654			15,485

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	9,637		$	65,246


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	4,934,788		$	5,948,026		$	12,893,655		$	17,650,395
General and administrative		1,800,400			1,943,484			6,265,668			9,173,714

Total operating expenses		6,735,188			7,891,510			19,159,323			26,824,109

Loss from operations		(6,735,188	)		(7,891,510	)		(19,159,323	)		(26,824,109	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		123,960			54,620			245,979			126,370
Other expense		(905,014	)		(1,569,341	)		(905,014	)		(1,569,341	)
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		5,941,144			(1,124,353	)		9,058,208			(865,688	)

Total other income (expense)		5,160,090			(2,639,074	)		8,399,173			(2,308,659	)

Net loss	$	(1,575,098	)	$	(10,530,584	)	$	(10,760,150	)	$	(29,132,768	)

Per share information:
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.28	)	$	(0.22	)	$	(0.94	)

Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding		64,960,354			37,446,087			49,509,486			30,833,362


	Common Stock				Additional		Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Paid-In Capital		Loss			Deficit			Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021		39,332,721	$	4	$	310,008	$	(84	)	$	(260,552	)	$	49,376
S tock -based compensation		—		—		919		—			—			919
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—		(140	)		—			(140	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(20,157	)		(20,157	)

Balance, March 31, 2022		39,332,721	$	4	$	310,927	$	(224	)	$	(280,709	)	$	29,998


Marketable Securities	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Current:
Corporate debt	$	48,278,302	$	3,337	$	(27,087	)	$	48,254,552


	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Duration of one year or less	$	42,461,619	$	42,444,975
Duration of more than one year		5,816,683		5,809,577

Total	$	48,278,302	$	48,254,552


	Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2017
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets using Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents	$	4,147,033	$	—	$	—
Marketable securities		48,254,552		—		—
Warrant liabilities		—		—		16,024,207

Total	$	52,401,585	$	—	$	16,024,207


	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets using Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents	$	3,411,058	$	—	$	—
Marketable securities		31,354,170		—		—
Warrant liabilities		—		—		12,698,980

Total	$	34,765,228	$	—	$	12,698,980


	As of			As of
	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
Expected volatility		87.3	%		73.9	%
Remaining contractual term (in years)		1.92			2.67
Risk-free interest rate		1.47	%		1.47	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%


	As of			At Issuance on
	September 30, 2017			July 25, 2017
Expected volatility		81.7	%		82.0	%
Remaining contractual term (in years)		4.83			5.00
Risk-free interest rate		1.92	%		1.90	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%


	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
Accrued compensation costs	$	903,506	$	1,597,414
Accrued research and development service fees		405,292		504,193
Accrued professional fees		93,574		299,912
Accrued facilities operation expenses		273,800		236,296
Accrued licensing fees		—		180,000
Other accrued liabilities		18,060		50,537

Total accrued liabilities	$	1,694,232	$	2,868,352


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net loss	$	(1,575,098	)	$	(10,530,584	)	$	(10,760,150	)	$	(29,132,768	)
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding		64,960,354			37,446,087			49,509,486			30,833,362

Net loss per share of common stock—basic and diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.28	)	$	(0.22	)	$	(0.94	)


	September 30,
	2017		2016
Options to purchase common stock		6,016,984		4,677,371
Warrants to purchase common stock		36,270,103		27,336,507

Total		42,287,087		32,013,878


	Amount
October 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017	$	156,989
Year ending December 31, 2018		640,514
Year ending December 31, 2019		653,324
Year ending December 31, 2020		666,391
Year ending December 31, 2021		679,719
Year ending December 31, 2022		693,313
Thereafter		3,680,190

	$	7,170,440


	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
Note Warrants		3,315,878		3,315,878
Class A Warrants (1)		—		6,880,333
PIPE Warrants		2,364,066		2,364,066
2016 Warrants		14,000,000		14,000,000
2017 Warrants		16,000,000		—
Representative’s Warrant		206,410		206,410
Placement Agent Warrants		189,126		189,126
Other warrants (2)		194,623		258,962

Warrants to purchase common stock		36,270,103		27,214,775

Weighted-average exercise price per share	$	2.74	$	3.97


	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at December 31, 2016		4,691,746		$	4.62
Granted		1,502,500			1.73
Expired		(93,300	)		4.78
Forfeited		(83,963	)		2.52

Options outstanding at September 30, 2017		6,016,984			3.92		5.98	$	—

Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2017		4,215,454			4.51		4.86	$	—


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Dollar Change			Nine Months Ended September 30,					Dollar Change
	2017		2016			Dollar Change			2017		2016			Dollar Change
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	4,934,788	$	5,948,026		$	(1,013,238	)	$	12,893,655	$	17,650,395		$	(4,756,740	)
General and administrative	$	1,800,400	$	1,943,484		$	(143,084	)	$	6,265,668	$	9,173,714		$	(2,908,046	)
Other income (expense)	$	5,160,090	$	(2,639,074	)	$	7,799,164		$	8,399,173	$	(2,308,659	)	$	10,707,832


	Payments due by period
Contractual obligations	Total		Less than 1 year		1 - 3 years		4 - 5 years		More than 5 years
Operating lease commitments⁽¹⁾	$	7,170,440	$	637,374	$	1,313,246	$	1,366,302	$	3,853,518
License and sponsored research agreements⁽²⁾		2,126,374		626,876		899,497		400,000		200,000

Total contractual obligations	$	9,296,814	$	1,264,250	$	2,212,743	$	1,766,302	$	4,053,518


Exhibit No.		Description

3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ContraFect Corporation, dated August 1, 2014, and Certificate of Amendment, dated May 9, 2016, Certificate of Amendment dated May 2, 2017, and Certificate of Amendment dated February 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the ~~Company’s~~Company’ Form~~8-K~~10-K (FileNo. 001-36577) filed with the SEC on ~~May 10, 2016), and Certificate of Amendment dated May 2, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form8-K~~ ~~(FileNo. 001-36577)~~ ~~filed with the SEC on May 3, 2017)~~March 18, 2020)

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Form~~8-K~~ 10-Q (FileNo. 001-36577) filed with the SEC on ~~May 10, 2016)~~November 13, 2020)

~~4.1~~10.1*		~~Form~~ContraFect Corporation 2021 Employment Inducement Omnibus Incentive Plan and related forms of ~~Warrant Agreement, by~~notice and ~~between the Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, dated July 25, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Form8-K~~ ~~(FileNo. 001-36577)~~ ~~filed with the SEC on July 25, 2017)~~option agreement

~~4.2~~		~~Form of Warrant Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Form8-K~~ ~~(File No. 001- 36577) filed with the SEC on July 25, 2017)~~

~~31.1~~31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule13a-14(a) and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

~~31.2~~31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule13a-14(a) and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

~~32.1~~32.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

~~101.INS~~101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

~~101.SCH~~101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

~~101.CAL~~101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

~~101.DEF~~101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

~~101.LAB~~101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

~~101.PRE~~101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).


			ContraFect Corporation

Date: ~~November 9, 2017~~	May 16, 2022	By:	/s/ ~~Steven C. Gilman~~Roger J. Pomerantz, M.D., F.A.C.P.
			~~Steven C. Gilman, Ph.D.~~Roger J. Pomerantz, M.D., F.A.C.P.
			President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: ~~November 9, 2017~~	May 16, 2022	By:	/s/ Michael Messinger
			Michael Messinger
			~~Senior Vice President, Finance~~ Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial ~~and Accounting~~ Officer)