UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM

10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, ~~2020~~

2021

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission file number

0-15341

Donegal Group Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


~~Delaware~~	Delaware	23-2424711
	(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1195 River Road, P.O. Box 302, Marietta, PA 17547

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(717)

426-1931

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

~~Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:~~


~~Title of Each Class~~	~~Trading~~ ~~Symbols~~	~~Name of Each Exchange~~ ~~on Which Registered~~
~~Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value~~	~~DGICA~~	~~The NASDAQ Global Select Market~~
~~Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value~~	~~DGICB~~	~~The NASDAQ Global Select Market~~

Indicate by check mark whether registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation

S-T (§

(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a

non-accelerated

filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act. (Check one):


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer ☑	☒

Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒ ☑

		Emerging growth company ☐		☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Table of Contents

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbols	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value	DGICA	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Class B Common Stock , $.01 par value	DGICB	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: ~~23,453,398~~25,287,115 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 5,576,775 shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on April 30, ~~2020.~~

2021.

Table of Contents

DONEGAL GROUP INC.

INDEX TO FORM

10-Q

REPORT


			Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
~~Item 1.~~
Item 1.	Financial Statements			1
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			1816
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			2624
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures			2624

~~PART II~~		~~OTHER INFORMATION~~
PART II
~~Item 1.~~	~~Legal Proceedings~~ OTHER INFORMATION			27
Item ~~1A.~~ 1.	~~Risk Factors~~Legal Proceedings			2725
Item 2. 1A.	Risk Factors			25
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			2826
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities			2826
Item 4.	Removed and Reserved			2826
Item 5.	Other Information			2826
Item 6.	Exhibits			2927
Signatures				30

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.

Financial ~~Statements.~~

Statements

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

   March 31,
2020 December 31,
2019
   (Unaudited)
Assets

Investments

Fixed maturities

Held to maturity, at amortized cost
   $ 487,156,618 $ 476,093,782
Available for sale, at fair value
   554,463,492 564,951,803
Equity securities, at fair value
   46,179,107 55,477,556
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value
   72,719,077 14,030,222


Total investments
   1,160,518,294 1,110,553,363
Cash
   52,281,735 49,318,930
Accrued investment income
   7,800,132 7,066,029
Premiums receivable
   182,064,297 165,732,949
Reinsurance receivable
   374,758,028 367,021,468
Deferred policy acquisition costs
   60,314,704 59,284,859
Deferred tax asset, net
   9,665,172 8,514,311
Prepaid reinsurance premiums
   163,622,680 142,475,767
Property and equipment, net
   4,497,502 4,558,072
Accounts receivable - securities
   23,211 4,961
Goodwill
   5,625,354 5,625,354
Other intangible assets
   958,010 958,010
Other
   1,242,243 2,047,058


Total assets
   $ 2,023,371,362 $ 1,923,161,131


Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Liabilities

Unpaid losses and loss expenses
   $ 888,212,299 $ 869,673,849
Unearned premiums
   542,278,223 510,147,485
Accrued expenses
   22,025,916 28,453,744
Reinsurance balances payable
   2,594,034 2,116,084
Borrowings under lines of credit
   85,000,000 35,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders
   —   4,075,234
Subordinated debentures
   5,000,000 5,000,000
Accounts payable - securities
   2,920,388 1,119
Income taxes payable
   870,829 84,831
Due to affiliate
   7,189,211 10,069,171
Other
   7,719,531 7,524,095


Total liabilities
   1,563,810,431 1,472,145,612


Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued
   —   —
Class A common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 26,299,946 and 26,203,935 shares and outstanding 23,297,358 and 23,201,347 shares
   263,000 262,040
Class B common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares
   56,492 56,492
Additionalpaid-in capital
   269,888,980 268,151,601
Accumulated other comprehensive income
   3,704,010 504,170
Retained earnings
   226,874,806 223,267,573
Treasury stock, at cost
   (41,226,357 ) (41,226,357 )


Total stockholders’ equity
   459,560,931 451,015,519


Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
   $ 2,023,371,362 $ 1,923,161,131


	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost	$	613,485,144		$	586,609,439
Available for sale, at fair value		497,654,660			555,136,017
Equity securities, at fair value		68,639,946			58,556,173
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value		21,098,394			20,900,155

Total investments		1,200,878,144			1,221,201,784
Cash		102,391,547			103,094,236
Accrued investment income		8,946,304			7,936,879
Premiums receivable		181,608,350			169,596,332
Reinsurance receivable		426,339,825			408,908,850
Deferred policy acquisition costs		64,530,713			59,156,958
Deferred tax asset, net		6,718,013			5,683,113
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		181,099,859			169,418,333
Property and equipment, net		3,650,378			4,390,377
Accounts receivable - securities		72,387			67,676
Federal income taxes recoverable		940,613			3,089,369
Goodwill		5,625,354			5,625,354
Other intangible assets		958,010			958,010
Other		1,461,163			1,393,053

Total assets	$	2,185,220,660		$	2,160,520,324

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Losses and loss expenses	$	996,978,876		$	962,007,437
Unearned premiums		577,481,172			537,189,598
Accrued expenses		23,562,671			29,115,198
Reinsurance balances payable		3,814,566			3,233,523
Borrowings under lines of credit		35,000,000			85,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders		0			4,436,301
Subordinated debentures		5,000,000			5,000,000
Accounts payable - securities		2,177,340			0
Due to affiliate		3,921,089			10,293,495
Other		8,050,456			6,470,652

Total liabilities		1,655,986,170			1,642,746,204

Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; 0ne issued		0—			0—
Class A common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 28,031,234 and 27,651,774 shares and outstanding 25,028,646 and 24,649,186 shares		280,313			276,518
Class B common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares		56,492			56,492
Additional paid-in capital		294,397,593			289,149,567
Accumulated other comprehensive income		6,923,497			11,130,612
Retained earnings		268,802,952			258,387,288
Treasury stock, at cost		(41,226,357	)		(41,226,357	)

Total stockholders’ equity		529,234,490			517,774,120

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,185,220,660		$	2,160,520,324

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited)

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020 2019
Revenues:

Net premiums earned
   $ 187,252,778 $ 188,073,242
Investment income, net of investment expenses
   7,376,284 7,048,503
Net investment (losses) gains (includes $421,835 and ($39,264) accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)
   (10,694,843 ) 18,097,113
Lease income
   109,267 111,099
Installment payment fees
   867,720 1,088,917
Equity in earnings of Donegal Financial Services Corporation
   —   295,000


Total revenues
   184,911,206 214,713,874


Expenses:

Net losses and loss expenses
   117,246,526 123,110,656
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
   29,937,000 30,592,000
Other underwriting expenses
   32,597,629 30,684,883
Policyholder dividends
   1,842,000 2,349,648
Interest
   224,330 565,292
Other expenses, net
   560,550 566,371


Total expenses
   182,408,035 187,868,850


Income before income tax (benefit) expense
   2,503,171 26,845,024
Income tax (benefit) expense (includes $88,585 and ($8,245) income tax expense (benefit) from reclassification items)
   (1,227,950 ) 3,821,860


Net income
   $ 3,731,121 $ 23,023,164


Earnings per common share:

Class A common stock - basic and diluted
   $ 0.13 $ 0.82


Class B common stock - basic and diluted
   $ 0.12 $ 0.75

~~Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries~~

~~Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)~~

~~(Unaudited)~~

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020 2019
Net income
   $ 3,731,121 $ 23,023,164
Other comprehensive income, net of tax

Unrealized gain on securities:

Unrealized holding gain during the period, net of income tax expense of $939,175 and $1,711,222
   3,533,090 6,437,454
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $88,585 and ($8,245)
   (333,250 ) 31,019


Other comprehensive income
   3,199,840 6,468,473


Comprehensive income
   $ 6,930,961 $ 29,491,637


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	187,251,600		$	187,252,778
Investment income, net of investment expenses		7,510,578			7,376,284
Net investment gains (losses) (includes ($ 29,186 ) and $421,835 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)		2,469,054			(10,694,843	)
Lease income		107,767			109,267
Installment payment fees		630,899			867,720

Total revenues		197,969,898			184,911,206
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses		119,219,747			117,246,526
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		30,179,000			29,937,000
Other underwriting expenses		33,782,050			32,597,629
Policyholder dividends		1,294,021			1,842,000
Interest		312,326			224,330
Other expenses, net		432,069			560,550

Total expenses		185,219,213			182,408,035

Income before income tax expense (benefit)		12,750,685			2,503,171
Income tax expense (benefit) (includes ($ 6,129 ) and $88,585 income tax (benefit) expense from reclassification items)		2,220,837			(1,227,950	)

Net income	$	10,529,848		$	3,731,121

Earnings per common share:
Class A common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.35	��	$	0.13

Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.32		$	0.12


Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
Net income	$	10,529,848		$	3,731,121
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities:
Unrealized holding (loss) gain during the period, net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($ 1,125,625 ) and $939,175		(4,230,172	)		3,533,090
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income, net of income tax (benefit) expense of ( $6,129 ) and $ 88,585		23,057			(333,250	)

Other comprehensive (loss) income		(4,207,115	)		3,199,840

Comprehensive income	$	6,322,733		$	6,930,961

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated ~~Statement~~Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021


	Class A Shares		Class B Shares		Class A Amount		Class B Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, December 31, 2020		27,651,774		5,649,240	$	276,518	$	56,492	$	289,149,567	$	11,130,612		$	258,387,288		$	(41,226,357	)	$	517,774,120
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		33,336		—		334		—		419,454		—			—			—			419,788
Share-based compensation		346,124		—		3,461		—		4,719,388		—			—			—			4,722,849
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			10,529,848			—			10,529,848
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,000	)		—			(5,000	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		109,184		—			(109,184	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(4,207,115	)		—			—			(4,207,115	)

Balance, March 31, 2021		28,031,234		5,649,240	$	280,313	$	56,492	$	294,397,593	$	6,923,497		$	268,802,952		$	(41,226,357	)	$	529,234,490

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Class A
Shares Class B
Shares Class A
Amount Class B
Amount Additional
Paid-In Capital Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income Retained
Earnings Treasury Stock Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019
26,203,935 5,649,240 $ 262,040 $ 56,492 $ 268,151,601 $ 504,170 $ 223,267,573 $ (41,226,357 ) $ 451,015,519
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
28,924 —   289 —   376,539 —   —   —   376,828
Share-based compensation
67,087 —   671 —   1,242,315 —   —   —   1,242,986
Net income
—   —   —   —   —   —   3,731,121 —   3,731,121
Cash dividends declared
—   —   —   —   —   —   (5,363 ) —   (5,363 )
Grant of stock options
—   —   —   —   118,525 —   (118,525 ) —   —
Other comprehensive income
—   —   —   —   —   3,199,840 —   —   3,199,840

Balance, March 31, 2020
26,299,946 5,649,240 $ 263,000 $ 56,492 $ 269,888,980 $ 3,704,010 $ 226,874,806 $ (41,226,357 ) $ 459,560,931

~~Three Months Ended March 31, 2019~~

Class A
Shares Class B
Shares Class A
Amount Class B
Amount Additional
Paid-In Capital Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss Retained
Earnings Treasury Stock Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance, December 31, 2018
25,819,341 5,649,240 $ 258,194 $ 56,492 $ 261,258,423 $ (14,228,059 ) $ 192,751,208 $ (41,226,357 ) $ 398,869,901
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
33,334 —   333 —   403,722 —   —   —   404,055
Share-based compensation
—   —   —   —   442,920 —   —   —   442,920
Net income
—   —   —   —   —   —   23,023,164 —   23,023,164
Cash dividends declared
—   —   —   —   —   —   (4,752 ) —   (4,752 )
Grant of stock options
—   —   —   —   144,226 —   (144,226 ) —   —
Other comprehensive income
—   —   —   —   —   6,468,473 —   —   6,468,473

Balance, March 31, 2019
25,852,675 5,649,240 $ 258,527 $ 56,492 $ 262,249,291 $ (7,759,586 ) $ 215,625,394 $ (41,226,357 ) $ 429,203,761


	Class A Shares		Class B Shares		Class A Amount		Class B Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019		26,203,935		5,649,240	$	262,040	$	56,492	$	268,151,601	$	504,170	$	223,267,573		$	(41,226,357	)	$	451,015,519

Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		28,924		—		289		—		376,539		—		—			—			376,828
Share-based compensation		67,087		—		671		—		1,242,315		—		—			—			1,242,986
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—		3,731,121			—			3,731,121
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—		(5,363	)		—			(5,363	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		118,525		—		(118,525	)		—			—
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		—		3,199,840		—			—			3,199,840

Balance, March 31, 2020		26,299,946		5,649,240	$	263,000	$	56,492	$	269,888,980	$	3,704,010	$	226,874,806		$	(41,226,357	)	$	459,560,931

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020 2019
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

Net income
   $ 3,731,121 $ 23,023,164


Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

Depreciation, amortization and othernon-cash items
   1,737,307 1,460,943
Net investment losses (gains)
   10,694,843 (18,097,113 )
Equity in earnings of Donegal Financial Services Corporation
   —   (295,000 )
Changes in assets and liabilities:

Losses and loss expenses
   18,538,450 21,854,552
Unearned premiums
   32,130,738 17,174,323
Premiums receivable
   (16,331,348 ) (14,813,728 )
Deferred acquisition costs
   (1,029,845 ) (1,731,579 )
Deferred income taxes
   (2,001,451 ) 962,330
Reinsurance receivable
   (7,736,560 ) (7,335,564 )
Prepaid reinsurance premiums
   (21,146,913 ) (5,332,159 )
Accrued investment income
   (734,103 ) (532,403 )
Due to affiliate
   (2,879,960 ) (2,908,940 )
Reinsurance balances payable
   477,950 (1,136,290 )
Current income taxes
   785,998 2,872,028
Accrued expenses
   (6,427,828 ) (3,943,576 )
Other, net
   1,000,247 233,485


Net adjustments
   7,077,525 (11,568,691 )


Net cash provided by operating activities
   10,808,646 11,454,473


Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

Purchases of fixed maturities, held to maturity
   (19,222,869 ) (8,396,937 )
Purchases of fixed maturities, available for sale
   (13,558,579 ) (53,176,164 )
Purchases of equity securities, available for sale
   (5,020,901 ) (30,672 )
Maturity of fixed maturities:

Held to maturity
   9,287,575 3,852,973
Available for sale
   29,078,287 15,904,570
Sales of fixed maturities, available for sale
   —   19,527,660
Sales of equity securities, available for sale
   3,202,672 20,537,415
Net (purchases) sales of property and equipment
   (5,905 ) 1,171,305
Sale of investment in Donegal Financial Services Corporation
   —   33,922,773
Net purchases of short-term investments
   (58,688,855 ) (24,088,831 )


Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
   (54,928,575 ) 9,224,092


Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

Cash dividends paid
   (4,080,597 ) (3,953,236 )
Issuance of common stock
   1,163,331 288,115
Borrowing under lines of credit
   50,000,000 —
Payments on lines of credit
   —   (25,000,000 )


Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
   47,082,734 (28,665,121 )


Net increase (decrease) in cash
   2,962,805 (7,986,556 )
Cash at beginning of period
   49,318,930 52,594,461


Cash at end of period
   $ 52,281,735 $ 44,607,905


Cash paid during period - Interest
   $ 161,830 $ 325,325
Net cash paid during period - Taxes
   $ —   $ —


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	10,529,848		$	3,731,121

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items		1,654,449			1,737,307
Net investment (gains) losses		(2,469,054	)		10,694,843
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Losses and loss expenses		34,971,439			18,538,450
Unearned premiums		40,291,574			32,130,738
Premiums receivable		(12,012,018	)		(16,331,348	)
Deferred acquisition costs		(5,373,755	)		(1,029,845	)
Deferred income taxes		84,596			(2,001,451	)
Reinsurance receivable		(17,430,975	)		(7,736,560	)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		(11,681,526	)		(21,146,913	)
Accrued investment income		(1,009,425	)		(734,103	)
Due to affiliate		(6,372,406	)		(2,879,960	)
Reinsurance balances payable		581,043			477,950
Current income taxes		2,148,756			785,998
Accrued expenses		(5,552,527	)		(6,427,828	)
Other, net		1,516,906			1,000,247

Net adjustments		19,347,077			7,077,525

Net cash provided by operating activities		29,876,925			10,808,646

Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities, held to maturity		(33,904,795	)		(19,222,869	)
Purchases of fixed maturities, available for sale		(16,747,351	)		(13,558,579	)
Purchases of equity securities, available for sale		(13,885,992	)		(5,020,901	)
Maturity of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity		7,317,449			9,287,575
Available for sale		69,586,285			29,078,287
Sales of equity securities, available for sale		6,300,459			3,202,672
Net sales (purchases) of property and equipment		684,629			(5,905	)
Net purchases of short-term investments		(198,239	)		(58,688,855	)

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		19,152,445			(54,928,575	)

Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Cash dividends paid		(4,441,301	)		(4,080,597	)
Issuance of common stock		4,709,242			1,163,331
Borrowing under lines of credit		—			50,000,000
Payments on lines of credit		(50,000,000	)		—

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(49,732,059	)		47,082,734

Net (decrease) increase in cash		(702,689	)		2,962,805
Cash at beginning of period		103,094,236			49,318,930

Cash at end of period	$	102,391,547		$	52,281,735

Cash paid during period - Interest	$	257,821		$	161,830
Net cash paid during period - Taxes	$	0—		$	—

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Unaudited)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1 - Organization

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”), the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of Peninsula Indemnity Company and

The Peninsula Insurance Company,

and Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”),

and our affiliates write personal and commercial lines of property and casualty ~~insurance~~coverages exclusively through independent insurance agents in certainMid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and ~~Southern~~Southwestern states.

~~At March 31, 2020, we had three~~

We have 3 segments: our investment function, our ~~personal~~commercial lines of insurance and our ~~commercial~~personal lines of insurance. ~~The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.~~ The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies.

The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, Donegal Mutual held

approximately ~~42%~~41% of our outstanding Class A common stock and ~~approximately84%~~approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately ~~71%~~70% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, ~~Donegal Mutual and~~ our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the ~~two companies~~underwriting pool, ~~their insurance business~~ and ~~each company receives an allocated percentage~~the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled ~~business.~~business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States ~~has an 80%~~ share of the underwriting results of the pooled business ~~and~~in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

In addition, Donegal Mutual has a ~~20% share of~~100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company, or Southern Mutual. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the ~~results of the pooled business.~~

underwriting pool.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines ~~accounts.~~account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries ~~offer~~generally relate ~~generally~~ to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier ~~products~~ versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to ~~any specific company within the Donegal Insurance Group.~~one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, ~~because~~the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write ~~directly are homogenized within~~directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues.

Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company, or Mountain States, with and ~~Atlantic~~into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual was the surviving company in the merger, and Mountain States’ insurance subsidiaries, Mountain States ~~share~~Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company (collectively, the ~~underwriting results~~“Mountain States insurance subsidiaries”), became insurance subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual upon completion

of the merger. Upon completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual assumed all of the policy obligations of Mountain States and began to market its products together with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States Insurance Group in ~~proportion~~four Southwestern states. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual began to ~~their respective participation in~~place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool.

We and Donegal Mutual sold Donegal Financial Services Corporation (“DFSC”) to Northwest Bancshares, Inc. (“Northwest”) on March 8, 2019, resulting in proceeds valued at approximately $85.8 million in As a ~~combination of cash and Northwest common stock. Immediately prior to~~result, our consolidated financial results through December 31, 2020 excluded the ~~closing~~results of the ~~merger, DFSC paid a dividend~~Mountain States Insurance Group operations in those Southwestern states.

Table of approximately $29.2 million to us and Donegal Mutual. As the owner of 48.2% of DFSC’s common stock, we received a dividend payment from DFSC of approximately $14.1 million and consideration from Northwest that included a combination of cash in the amount of $20.5 million and Northwest common stock with a fair value at the closing date of $20.9 million. We recorded a gain of $12.7 million from the sale of DFSC in our results of operations for the first quarter of 2019. We sold the Northwest common stock that we received as part of the consideration during the first quarter of 2019. This transaction represented the culmination of a banking strategy that began with the formation of DFSC in 2000.

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or 2019. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through March 31, 2020.

Contents

2 - Basis of Presentation

Our financial information for the interim periods included in this Form

10-Q

Report is unaudited; however, our financial information we include in this Form

10-Q

Report reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of our management, are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for those interim periods. Our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations we expect for the year ending December 31, ~~2020.~~

2021.

We recommend you read the interim financial statements we include in this Form

10-Q

Report in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to our financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form

10-K

for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~

2020.

3 - Earnings Per Share

We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that whenever our board of directors declares a dividend on our Class B common stock, our board of directors shall simultaneously declare a dividend on our Class A common stock that is payable to the holders of our Class A common stock at the same time and as of the same record date at a rate that is at least 10% greater than the rate at which our board of directors declared a dividend on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the

two-class

method to compute our earnings per common share. The

two-class

method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends we have declared and an allocation of our remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class. The table below presents for the periods indicated a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used to compute basic and diluted net income per share for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock:

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020    2019
   Class A    Class B    Class A    Class B
   (in thousands, except per share data)
Basic earnings per share:

Numerator:

Allocation of net income
   $ 3,064    $ 667    $ 18,843    $ 4,180








Denominator:

Weighted-average shares outstanding
   23,260    5,577    22,850    5,577








Basic earnings per share
   $ 0.13    $ 0.12    $ 0.82    $ 0.75








Diluted earnings per share:

Numerator:

Allocation of net income
   $ 3,064    $ 667    $ 18,843    $ 4,180








Denominator:

Number of shares used in basic computation
   23,260    5,577    22,850    5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:

Director and employee stock options
   188    —      71    —








Number of shares used in diluted computation
   23,448    5,577    22,921    5,577








Diluted earnings per share
   $ 0.13    $ 0.12    $ 0.82    $ 0.75


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
	Class A		Class B		Class A		Class B

	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$	8,742	$	1,788	$	3,064	$	667

Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		24,768		5,577		23,260		5,577

Basic earnings per share	$	0.35	$	0.32	$	0.13	$	0.12

Diluted earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$	8,742	$	1,788	$	3,064	$	667

Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		24,768		5,577		23,260		5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		128		—		188		—

Number of shares used in diluted computation		24,896		5,577		23,448		5,577

Diluted earnings per share	$	0.35	$	0.32	$	0.13	$	0.12

Table of Contents

We did not include outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of Class A common stock in our computation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of our Class A common stock during the applicable periods.

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020    2019
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded
   6,196,526    8,967,857


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded		6,051,359		6,196,526

4 - Reinsurance

Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual have participated in a pooling agreement since 1986 under which they pool their direct premiums written, and Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual then share the underwriting results of the pool in accordance with the terms of the pooling agreement. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pool.

Donegal Mutual currently excludes from the pool its underwriting results in four Southwestern states in which Donegal Mutual markets its products together with its insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States Insurance Group. Donegal Mutual currently plans to placebegan placing the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the pool beginning with policies effective in 2021.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have a combined third-party reinsurance program. The coverage and parameters of the program are common to all of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual use several different reinsurers. They require their reinsurers ~~all of which have~~to maintain an A.M. Best rating of

A-

(Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an

A-

rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external

reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries have in place for ~~2020:~~

2021:

excess of loss reinsurance, under which the losses of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries are automatically reinsured, through a series of contracts, over a set retention of $2.0 million; and

catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover, through a series of reinsurance agreements, 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $15.0 million up to aggregate losses of $185.0 million per occurrence.

In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which each of our insurance subsidiaries recovers 100% of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $2.0 million up to aggregate losses of $13.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provides additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance subsidiaries over a combined retention of $5.0 million.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchase facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures that exceeded the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.

~~5 - Investments~~

5 - Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 were as follows:

Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized
Gains Gross Unrealized
Losses Estimated Fair
Value
(in thousands)
Held to Maturity

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$ 81,198 $ 4,589 $ — $ 85,787
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
214,108 15,793 89 229,812
Corporate securities
161,681 5,041 4,199 162,523
Mortgage-backed securities
30,170 1,424 — 31,594

Totals
$ 487,157 $ 26,847 $ 4,288 $ 509,716

Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized
Gains Gross Unrealized
Losses Estimated Fair
Value
(in thousands)
Available for Sale

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$ 15,850 $ 571 $ — $ 16,421
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
61,607 1,868 135 63,340
Corporate securities
152,968 2,622 2,045 153,545
Mortgage-backed securities
312,136 9,141 120 321,157

Totals
$ 542,561 $ 14,202 $ 2,300 $ 554,463


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value

	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	79,016	$	2,720	$	1,329	$	80,407
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		332,642		16,797		3,200		346,239
Corporate securities		180,425		11,307		921		190,811
Mortgage-backed securities		21,402		1,037		—		22,439

Totals	$	613,485	$	31,861	$	5,450	$	639,896

Table of Contents


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	19,512	$	251	$	610	$	19,153
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		67,283		1,829		260		68,852
Corporate securities		194,779		8,674		678		202,775
Mortgage-backed securities		201,606		5,900		631		206,875

Totals	$	483,180	$	16,654	$	2,179	$	497,655

At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, our holdings of

obligations

states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of ~~$195.5~~$

262.6

million and an amortized cost of ~~$184.3~~$

252.9

million. Our holdings at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of ~~$97.7~~$

152.5

million and an amortized cost of ~~$91.4~~$

147.0

million. With respect to both categories of those bonds at March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of our holdings of either bond category. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented ~~42%~~

% and ~~38%~~

%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on the carrying values of these investments at March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 are similar to general obligation bonds.

~~The~~

amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, ~~2019~~2020 were as follows:

Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized
Gains Gross Unrealized
Losses Estimated Fair
Value
(in thousands)
Held to Maturity

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$ 82,916 $ 1,803 $ 69 $ 84,650
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
204,634 14,237 288 218,583
Corporate securities
156,398 8,275 333 164,340
Mortgage-backed securities
32,146 611 16 32,741

Totals
$ 476,094 $ 24,926 $ 706 $ 500,314

Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized
Gains Gross Unrealized
Losses Estimated Fair
Value
(in thousands)
Available for Sale

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$ 19,302 $ 82 $ 19 $ 19,365
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
55,162 1,641 7 56,796
Corporate securities
154,946 4,477 180 159,243
Mortgage-backed securities
327,429 2,857 738 329,548

Totals
$ 556,839 $ 9,057 $ 944 $ 564,952


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	77,435	$	3,984	$	223	$	81,196
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		312,319		23,212		143		335,388
Corporate securities		173,270		18,172		206		191,236
Mortgage-backed securities		23,585		1,236		0		24,821

Totals	$	586,609	$	46,604	$	572	$	632,641


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	47,512	$	424	$	121	$	47,815
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		66,287		2,690		12		68,965
Corporate securities		202,396		10,496		184		212,708
Mortgage-backed securities		218,763		6,902		17		225,648

Totals	$	534,958	$	20,512	$	334	$	555,136

At December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of ~~$182.0~~$263.6 million and an amortized cost of ~~$172.3~~$247.5 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of ~~$93.4~~$140.8 million and an amortized cost of ~~$87.5~~$131.1 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of that category at December 31, ~~2019.~~2020. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 44% and ~~35%~~39%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, ~~2019.~~2020. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, ~~2019~~2020 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

Table of Contents

We made reclassifications from available for sale to held to maturity of certain fixed maturities at fair value on November 30, 2013. We segregated within accumulated other comprehensive income the net unrealized losses of ~~$15.1~~$

15.1

million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassifications. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment to yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of ~~$260,368~~$

371,265

and ~~$270,543~~$260,368 in other

comprehensive (loss)

income during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. At March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, net unrealized losses of ~~$7.2~~$

5.7

million and ~~$7.5~~$6.1 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive income.

We show below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed maturities at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

   Amortized
Cost    Estimated Fair
Value
   (in thousands)
Held to maturity

Due in one year or less
   $ 32,274    $ 32,482
Due after one year through five years
   84,232    88,324
Due after five years through ten years
   184,263    191,792
Due after ten years
   156,218    165,524
Mortgage-backed securities
   30,170    31,594




Total held to maturity
   $ 487,157    $ 509,716




Available for sale

Due in one year or less
   $ 33,593    $ 33,619
Due after one year through five years
   95,836    97,160
Due after five years through ten years
   89,588    90,691
Due after ten years
   11,408    11,836
Mortgage-backed securities
   312,136    321,157




Total available for sale
   $ 542,561    $ 554,463


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$	50,512	$	52,261
Due after one year through five years		84,179		89,856
Due after five years through ten years		205,132		214,111
Due after ten years		252,260		261,229
Mortgage-backed securities		21,402		22,439

Total held to maturity	$	613,485	$	639,896

Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$	34,002	$	34,683
Due after one year through five years		122,623		128,868
Due after five years through ten years		97,120		99,047
Due after ten years		27,829		28,182
Mortgage-backed securities		201,606		206,875

Total available for sale	$	483,180	$	497,655

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 were as follows:

   Cost    Gross Gains    Gross Losses    Estimated Fair
Value
   (in thousands)
Equity securities
   $ 42,523    $ 6,815    $ 3,159    $ 46,179


	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value

	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	50,216	$	18,959	$	535	$	68,640

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, ~~2019~~2020 were as follows:

   Cost    Gross Gains    Gross Losses    Estimated Fair
Value
   (in thousands)
Equity securities
   $ 43,419    $ 12,180    $ 121    $ 55,478


	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value

	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	42,410	$	17,103	$	957	$	58,556

Table of Contents

Gross investment gains and losses before applicable income taxes for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 were as follows:

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020    2019
   (in thousands)
Gross investment gains:

Fixed maturities
   $ 423    $ 358
Equity securities
   431    5,986
Investment in affiliate
   —      12,662




   854    19,006




Gross investment losses:

Fixed maturities
   1    318
Equity securities
   11,548    591




   11,549    909




Net investment (losses) gains
   $ (10,695 )    $ 18,097


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020

	(in thousands)
Gross investment gains:
Fixed maturities	$	193	$	423
Equity securities		3,277		431

		3,470		854

Gross investment losses:
Fixed maturities		222		1
Equity securities		779		11,548

		1,001		11,549

Net investment gains (losses)	$	2,469	$	(10,695	)

We recognized $

3.2

million of gains and $

778,449

of losses on equity securities we held at March 31, 2021 in net investment

gains

for the three months ended March 31, 2021. We recognized $430,676 of gains and $8.5 million of losses on equity securities we held at March 31, 2020 in net investment

losses

for the three months ended March 31, 2020. ~~We recognized $6.0 million of gains and $7,040 of losses on equity securities we held at March 31, 2019 in net investment gains for the three months ended March 31, 2019.~~

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 as follows:

Less Than 12 Months More Than 12 Months
Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses
(in thousands)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
$ 11,918 $ 224 $ — $ —
Corporate securities
111,062 4,957 11,196 1,287
Mortgage-backed securities
5,681 59 4,287 61

Totals
$ 128,661 $ 5,240 $ 15,483 $ 1,348


	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	33,349	$	1,939	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		88,703		3,255		2,094		205
Corporate securities		46,939		1,403		8,289		196
Mortgage-backed securities		21,509		626		520		5

Totals	$	190,500	$	7,223	$	10,903	$	406

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, ~~2019~~2020 as follows:

Less Than 12 Months More Than 12 Months
Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$ 7,461 $ 46 $ 5,395 $ 42
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
23,339 293 2,327 2
Corporate securities
19,363 263 18,803 250
Mortgage-backed securities
28,507 56 74,089 698

Totals
$ 78,670 $ 658 $ 100,614 $ 992


	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	29,144	$	345	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		9,362		154		—		—
Corporate securities		26,143		115		8,230		276
Mortgage-backed securities		3,091		15		236		1

Totals	$	67,740	$	629	$	8,466	$	277

We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and the recognition of other-than-temporary declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than

Table of Contents

not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we consider the impairment to be other than temporary. We then recognize the amount of the impairment loss related to the credit loss in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. We held ~~141~~

126

debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.

We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute realized investment gains and losses using the specific identification method.

We amortize premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.

~~6 - Segment Information~~

6 -	Segment Information

We evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments based upon the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries using statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) that various state insurance departments prescribe or permit. Our management uses SAP to measure the performance of our insurance subsidiaries instead of United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). SAP financial measures are considered

non-GAAP

financial measures under applicable SEC rules because they include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude.

Financial data by segment for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 is as follows:

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020    2019
   (in thousands)
Revenues:

Premiums earned:

Commercial lines
   $ 101,775    $ 91,481
Personal lines
   85,478    96,592




Premiums earned
   187,253    188,073
Net investment income
   7,376    7,049
Investment (losses) gains
   (10,695 )    18,097
Equity in earnings of DFSC
   —      295
Other
   977    1,200




Total revenues
   $ 184,911    $ 214,714




Income before income tax expense:

Underwriting income (loss):

Commercial lines
   $ (566 )    $ (1,688 )
Personal lines
   4,811    2,473




SAP underwriting income
   4,245    785
GAAP adjustments
   1,385    551




GAAP underwriting income
   5,630    1,336
Net investment income
   7,376    7,049
Investment (losses) gains
   (10,695 )    18,097
Equity in earnings of DFSC
   —      295
Other
   192    68




Income before income tax (benefit) expense
   $ 2,503    $ 26,845

~~7 - Borrowings~~


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	109,226		$	101,775
Personal lines		78,026			85,478

GAAP premiums earned		187,252			187,253
Net investment income		7,511			7,376
Investment gains (losses)		2,469			(10,695	)
Other		738			977

Total revenues	$	197,970		$	184,911

Income before income tax expense (benefit):
Underwriting (loss) income:
Commercial lines	$	(8,242	)	$	(566	)
Personal lines		5,037			4,811

SAP underwriting (loss) income		(3,205	)		4,245
GAAP adjustments		5,982			1,385

GAAP underwriting income		2,777			5,630
Net investment income		7,511			7,376
Investment gains (losses)		2,469			(10,695	)
Other		(6	)		192

Income before income tax expense (benefit)	$	12,751		$	2,503

Table of Contents

7 -	Borrowings

Lines of Credit

In ~~March 2019,~~August 2020, we ~~terminated our previous~~entered into a credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) ~~and entered into a new credit agreement with M&T. The new credit agreement relates~~that related to a ~~$30.0~~$20.0 million unsecured ~~revolving~~demand line of credit. The line of credit ~~expires in July 2020.~~has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to ~~$30.0~~$20.0 million at interest rates equal to ~~M&T’s current prime rate or~~ the then-current LIBOR rate plus ~~2.25%~~2.00%. We pay a fee of 0.15% per annum on the loan commitment amount regardless of usage. The credit agreement requires our compliance with certain covenants. These covenants include minimum levels of our net worth, leverage ratio, statutory surplus and the A.M. Best ratings of our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, Atlantic States has guaranteed our payment obligations under the new credit agreement. With the exception of a requirement that we not incur any additional indebtedness beyond that which existed as of March 2019 or pursuant to the credit agreement with M&T, we complied with the requirements of the credit agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2020. M&T waived the additional indebtedness requirement prior to Atlantic States issuing additional debt to the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Pittsburgh in March 2020.

Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. ~~In August 2019,~~ Atlantic States ~~exchanged a variable-rate cash advance of $35.0 million that was due in March 2020 for~~has a fixed-rate cash advance of ~~$35.0~~

$35.0 million that was outstanding at March 31, ~~2020. Atlantic States incurred a penalty of $176,000 related to the early termination of its previous cash advance.~~2021. The ~~new~~ cash advance carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74% and is due in August 2024. InI

n March 2020, Atlantic States ~~Insurance Company~~ issued $50.0

million of debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for a cash advance in the same amount

that ~~was outstanding at March 31, 2020. The debt carries~~ carried

a fixed interest rate of 0.83% ~~and is due in March 2021.~~

Atlantic States obtained this contingent liquidity funding in light of uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of theCOVID-19 pandemic.

Atlantic States repaid this advance when it became due in March 2021. The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at March 31, ~~2020.~~

FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned
   $ 3,639,200
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $107,645,543)
   106,140,378
Borrowing capacity currently available
   21,278,660

2021.

Subordinated Debentures

Donegal Mutual holds a $5.0 million ~~surplus~~

urplus note that MICO issued to increase MICO’s statutory surplus. The surplus note carries an interest rate of 5.00%, and any repayment of principal or payment of interest on the surplus note requires prior approval of the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services.

~~8 - Share–Based Compensation~~

8 -	Share–Based Compensation

We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, and use a fair-value-based method for the recording of related compensation expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the dividend yield and the expected volatility.

We charged compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans against income before income taxes of ~~$330,304~~ $

292,795

and ~~$442,653~~$330,304 for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of ~~$69,364~~ $

61,487

and ~~$92,957,~~$69,364, respectively. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had ~~$1.6~~$

1.4

million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans that we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately ~~1.7years.~~

1.7

years

We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 of ~~$912,388. We did not receive any cash from option exercises during the three months ended March 31, 2019.~~$

4.4

million and $912,388, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of ~~$14,657and $0~~$

149,156

and $14,657 for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively.

~~9 - Fair Value Measurements~~

9 -	Fair Value Measurements

We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of the inputs, or assumptions, we use in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and

Table of Contents

Level 3 – unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly-traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services and include these investments in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our fixed maturity investments as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.

We present our investments in

available-for-sale

fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that could be realized if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential

that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. These pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to verify that the estimates we obtain from the pricing services are representative of fair values based upon our investment personnel’s general knowledge of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel regularly monitor the market, current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, interest rates, security types and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel periodically review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. We classify these items as Level 1.

The carrying values we report in our balance sheet for premium receivables and reinsurance receivables and payables for premiums and paid losses and loss expenses approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts we report in our balance sheets for our subordinated debentures and borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.

We evaluate our assets and liabilities to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period.

Table of Contents

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in

available-for-sale

fixed maturity and equity securities at March 31, ~~2020:~~

Fair Value Measurements Using
Fair Value Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1) Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$ 16,421 $ —   $ 16,421 $ —
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
63,340 —   63,340 —
Corporate securities
153,545 —   153,545 —
Mortgage-backed securities
321,157 —   321,157 —
Equity securities
46,179 41,826 4,353 —

Total investments in the fair value hierarchy
$ 600,642 $ 41,826 $ 558,816 $ —

2021:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	19,153	$	—	$	19,153	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		68,852		—		68,852		—
Corporate securities		202,775		—		202,775		—
Mortgage-backed securities		206,875		—		206,875		—
Equity securities		68,640		66,236		2,404		—

Total investments in the fair value hierarchy	$	566,295	$	66,236	$	500,059	$	—

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in

available-for-sale

fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, ~~2019:~~

Fair Value Measurements Using
Fair Value Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1) Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$ 19,364 $ —   $ 19,364 $ —
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
56,796 —   56,796 —
Corporate securities
159,243 —   159,243 —
Mortgage-backed securities
329,548 —   329,548 —
Equity securities
55,478 53,124 2,354 —

Totals
$ 620,429 $ 53,124 $ 567,305 $ —

2020:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	47,815	$	—	$	47,815	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		68,965		—		68,965		—
Corporate securities		212,708		—		212,708		—
Mortgage-backed securities		225,648		—		225,648		—
Equity securities		58,556		54,152		4,404		—

Totals	$	613,692	$	54,152	$	559,540	$	—

10 - Income Taxes

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Security Act (the “CARES Act”) ~~was~~

as signed into law. The CARES Act amended net operating loss provisions in effect prior to its enactment. The CARES Act allows for the carryback of losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 to each of the five taxable years preceding the taxable year of such loss. As a result, we ~~will file~~filed amended tax returns to carry back net operating losses from taxable year 2018 to past tax years. We recorded a tax benefit of $1.6 million in the first quarter of 2020 in anticipation of a refund of taxes we paid in prior years as a result of the carryback.

At March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. Tax years 2016 through ~~2019~~2020 remained open for examination at March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of our tax assets. We established a valuation allowance of ~~$7.5~~$7.9 million for our net state operating loss carryforward. We have determined that we are not required to establish a valuation allowance for our other deferred tax assets of ~~$25.0~~$

26.9

million and ~~$26.1~~$26.7 million at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, because it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and the implementation of tax planning strategies.

11 - ~~Liability~~Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

The establishment of an appropriate ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs

Table of Contents

may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses as follows:

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020    2019
   (in thousands)
Balance at January 1
   $ 869,674    $ 814,665
Less reinsurance recoverable
   (362,768 )    (339,267 )




Net balance at January 1
   506,906    475,398




Incurred related to:

Current year
   121,551    127,117
Prior years
   (4,304 )    (4,006 )




Total incurred
   117,247    123,111




Paid related to:

Current year
   39,689    43,232
Prior years
   68,050    66,305




Total paid
   107,739    109,537




Net balance at end of period
   516,414    488,972
Plus reinsurance recoverable
   371,798    347,548




Balance at end of period
   $ 888,212    $ 836,520


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020

	(in thousands)
Balance at January 1	$	962,007		$	869,674
Less reinsurance recoverable		(404,818	)		(362,768	)

Net balance at January 1		557,189			506,906

Incurred related to:
Current year		127,433			121,551
Prior years		(8,213	)		(4,304	)

Total incurred		119,220			117,247

Paid related to:
Current year		35,584			39,689
Prior years		65,192			68,050

Total paid		100,776			107,739

Net balance at end of period		575,633			516,414
Plus reinsurance recoverable		421,346			371,798

Balance at end of period	$	996,979		$	888,212

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years of

8.2

million

and $4.3 ~~millionand $4.0~~ million for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2021 development represented

1.5

of the December 31, 2020 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity in nearly all lines of business. The majority of the 2021 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for MICO and Atlantic States. The 2020 development represented

0.8%

of the December 31, 2019 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected severity in nearly all lines of business, with the exception of modest higher-than-expected severity in homeowners and commercial automobile. The majority of the 2020 development related to decreases in the ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States. The 2019 development represented 0.8% of the December 31, 2018 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected severity in the workers’ compensation line of business. The majority of the 2019 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Michigan.

Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider the material lines of business of our insurance subsidiaries to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation.

Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, the IBNR reserves of our insurance subsidiaries include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020.~~

2021.

The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an expected loss ratio for each line of business our insurance

Table of Contents

subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries’ expectation of losses at the time our insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies and before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.

The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of the estimates each of these methods produce.

The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns and economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.

Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date at which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to predict loss frequency accurately and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.

Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business.

12 - Impact of New Accounting Standards

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance that requires lessees to recognize leases, including operating leases, on the lessee’s balance sheet, unless a lease is considered a short-term lease. This guidance also requires entities to make new judgments to identify leases. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and permits early adoption. Our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2019 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies the measurement of goodwill by modifying the goodwill impairment test previous guidance required. The guidance requires an entity to perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize impairment for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and permits early adoption. We early adopted this guidance in 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance that modifies disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements. The guidance removes the requirements to disclose the amounts of, and reasons for, transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and permits early adoption. We early adopted this guidance in 2019. The adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2019 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

~~In June~~September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amends previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delays the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of

Regulation S-K, to

annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We are a smaller reporting company and are in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In December 2019, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies accounting for income taxes. The guidance eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The guidance is effective January 1, 2021, using the retrospective method or modified retrospective method for certain changes and the prospective method for all other changes, and permits early adoption. ~~We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the~~Our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2021 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations ~~and~~or cash flows.

~~13 - Risks and Uncertainties~~

~~Beginning in March 2020, theCOVID-19~~ ~~pandemic resulted in significant disruptions in economic activity throughout our operating regions.COVID-19~~ concerns contributed to substantial declines in equity markets and a sharp decrease in market interest rates. We cannot predict at this time the ultimate impact that the economic and financial disruption related to the ongoing~~COVID-19~~ ~~pandemic or any other future pandemic will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The impact of the following risks and uncertainties could be material:~~

the revenues of our insurance subsidiaries may decrease as a result of reduced demand for their insurance products as the ongoing economic disruption adversely impacts current and potential insurance customers;

~~our insurance subsidiaries may incur an increase in their losses and loss expenses in certain lines of business as a result ofCOVID-19~~ ~~and related economic disruption, and such losses and loss expenses may exceed the reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established or may establish in the future;~~

~~our insurance subsidiaries may incur increased costs related to legal disputes over policy coverages or exclusions and their defense against litigation related toCOVID-19;~~

legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover;

~~legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may require our insurance subsidiaries to reduce or refund premiums, suspend cancellation of policies fornon-payment~~ ~~of premiums or otherwise grant extended grace periods and time allowances for the payment of premium balances due to them;~~

our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to collect premium balances due to them, resulting in reduced operating cash flows and an increase in premium write-offs that would increase their operating expenses;

~~our insurance subsidiaries may suffer declines in the market values of their investments as a result of financial market volatility related toCOVID-19~~ ~~concerns and related economic disruption; and~~

~~our insurance subsidiaries may experience declines in investment income as a result of lower interest rates that may be available upon reinvestment of the proceeds of maturing investments.~~

~~Item 2.~~

~~Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.~~

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

We recommend that you read the following information in conjunction with the historical financial information and the footnotes to that financial information we include in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q.

We also recommend you read Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form

10-K

for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~

2020.

Table of Contents

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We combine our financial statements with those of our insurance subsidiaries and present our financial statements on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.

Our insurance subsidiaries make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to the ~~reserves~~liabilities of our insurance subsidiaries for property and casualty insurance ~~unpaid~~ losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts of these liabilities may differ from the estimates we provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current consolidated results of operations.

~~Liability~~

Liabilities for ~~Unpaid~~ Losses and Loss Expenses

Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a

case-by-case

evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the

COVID-19

pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements on bodily injury claims. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, the rate of plaintiff attorney involvement in claims and the cost of medical technologies and ~~procedures and changes in the utilization of medical~~ procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate ~~liability~~liabilities for ~~unpaid~~ losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our

pre-tax

results of operations would be approximately ~~$5.2~~$5.8 million.

The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and have an

Table of Contents

adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of their ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

Excluding the impact of severe weather events and the

COVID-19

pandemic, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and the number of claims outstanding at period ends relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years due to various factors such as rising medical loss costs and increased litigation trends. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries’ internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their ~~liability~~liabilities for losses and loss

expenses.

Atlantic States’ participation in the pool with Donegal Mutual exposes Atlantic States to adverse loss development on the business of Donegal Mutual that the pool includes. However, pooled business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share proportionately any adverse risk development relating to the pooled business. The business in the pool is homogeneous and each company has a

pro-rata

share of the entire pool. Since the predominant percentage of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company according to its participation level under the terms of the pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.

Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries operate together as the Donegal Insurance Group and share a combined business plan designed to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual offer are generally complementary, thereby allowing Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier products compared to standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, because the pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of the predominant percentage of the business Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly and each company shares the underwriting results according to each company’s participation percentage, each company realizes its percentage share of the underwriting results of the pool.

Table of Contents

Our insurance subsidiaries’ ~~unpaid liability~~liabilities for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 consisted of the following:

   March 31,
2020    December 31,
2019
   (in thousands)
Commercial lines:

Automobile
   $   134,407    $   126,224
Workers’ compensation
   111,853    109,060
Commercial multi-peril
   104,063    102,424
Other
   10,195    9,115




Total commercial lines
   360,518    346,823




Personal lines:

Automobile
   129,689    132,191
Homeowners
   20,999    23,494
Other
   5,208    4,398




Total personal lines
   155,896    160,083




Total commercial and personal lines
   516,414    506,906
Plus reinsurance recoverable
   371,798    362,768




Total liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses
   $ 888,212    $ 869,674


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(in thousands)
Commercial lines:
Automobile	$	153,747	$	151,813
Workers’ compensation		120,963		118,037
Commercial multi-peril		137,868		126,299
Other		13,850		13,212

Total commercial lines		426,428		409,361

Personal lines:
Automobile		120,386		120,861
Homeowners		22,399		20,976
Other		6,420		5,991

Total personal lines		149,205		147,828

Total commercial and personal lines		575,633		557,189
Plus reinsurance recoverable		421,346		404,818

Total liabilities for losses and loss expenses	$	996,979	$	962,007

We have evaluated the effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ ~~unpaid~~ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we consider in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We established the range of reasonably likely changes based on a review of changes in accident-year development by line of business and applied those changes to our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves as a whole. The range we selected does not necessarily indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or the most likely scenario.

The following table sets forth the estimated effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ ~~unpaid~~ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we considered in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries:

Percentage Change in Loss
and Loss Expense
Reserves Net of
Reinsurance
   Adjusted Loss and Loss
Expense Reserves Net of
Reinsurance at
March 31, 2020    Percentage Change
in Stockholders’ Equity at
March 31, 2020(1) Adjusted Loss and Loss
Expense Reserves Net of
Reinsurance at
December 31, 2019    Percentage Change
in Stockholders’ Equity at
December 31, 2019(1)
(dollars in thousands)
(10.0)%
   $ 464,773    8.9 % $ 456,215    8.9 %
(7.5)
   477,683    6.7 468,888    6.7
(5.0)
   490,593    4.4 481,561    4.4
(2.5)
   503,504    2.2 494,233    2.2
Base
   516,414    —   506,906    —
2.5
   529,324    (2.2 ) 519,579    (2.2 )
5.0
   542,235    (4.4 ) 532,251    (4.4 )
7.5
   555,145    (6.7 ) 544,924    (6.7 )
10.0
   568,055    (8.9 ) 557,597    (8.9 )


Percentage Change in Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at March 31, 2021	Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at March 31, 2021(1)	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at December 31, 2020	Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at December 31, 2020(1)
(dollars in thousands)
(10.0)%	$518,070	8.6%	$501,470	8.5%
(7.5)	532,461	6.4	515,400	6.4
(5.0)	546,851	4.3	529,330	4.3
(2.5)	561,242	2.1	543,259	2.1
Base	575,633	—	557,189	—
2.5	590,024	(2.1)	571,119	(2.1)
5.0	604,415	(4.3)	585,048	(4.3)
7.5	618,805	(6.4)	598,978	(6.4)
10.0	633,196	(8.6)	612,908	(8.5)

(1)	Net of income tax effect.

Non-GAAP

Information

We prepare our consolidated financial statements on the basis of GAAP. Our insurance subsidiaries also prepare financial statements based on statutory accounting principles state insurance regulators prescribe or permit (“SAP”). SAP financial measures are considered

non-GAAP

financial measures under applicable SEC rules because the SAP financial measures include or

Table of Contents

exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude. Our calculation of

non-GAAP

financial measures may differ from similar measures other companies use, so investors should exercise caution when comparing our

non-GAAP

financial measures to the

non-GAAP

financial measures other companies use.

Because our insurance subsidiaries do not prepare GAAP financial statements, we evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments utilizing SAP financial measures that reflect the growth trends and underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries. The SAP financial measures we utilize are net premiums written and statutory combined ratio.

Net Premiums Written

We define net premiums written as the amount of full-term premiums our insurance subsidiaries record for policies effective within a given period less premiums our insurance subsidiaries cede to reinsurers. Net premiums earned is the most comparable GAAP financial measure to net premiums written. Net premiums earned represent the sum of the amount of net premiums written and the change in net unearned premiums during a given period. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as revenue over the terms of their policies, which are one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding

12-month

period compared to the comparable period one year earlier.

The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019:~~

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020    2019
Net premiums earned
   $ 187,253    $ 188,073
Change in net unearned premiums
   10,984    11,842




Net premiums written
   $ 198,237    $ 199,915




2020:

Three Months Ended March 31,


2021

2020

   (in thousands)
Net premiums earned
   $ 187,252    $ 187,253
Change in net unearned premiums
   28,610    10,984




Net premiums written
   $ 215,862    $ 198,237

Statutory Combined Ratio

The combined ratio is a standard measurement of underwriting profitability for an insurance company. The combined ratio does not reflect investment income, net investment gains or losses, federal income taxes or other

non-operating

income or expense. A combined ratio of less than 100% generally indicates underwriting profitability.

The statutory combined ratio is a

non-GAAP

financial measure that is based upon amounts determined under SAP. We calculate our statutory combined ratio as the sum of:

the statutory loss ratio, which is the ratio of calendar-year net incurred losses and loss expenses to net premiums earned;

the statutory expense ratio, which is the ratio of expenses incurred for net commissions, premium taxes and underwriting expenses to net premiums written; and

the statutory dividend ratio, which is the ratio of dividends to holders of workers’ compensation policies to net premiums earned.

The calculation of our statutory combined ratio differs from the calculation of our GAAP combined ratio. In calculating our GAAP combined ratio, we do not deduct installment payment fees from incurred expenses, and we base the expense ratio on net premiums earned instead of net premiums written. Differences between our GAAP loss ratio and our statutory loss ratio result from anticipating salvage and subrogation recoveries for our GAAP loss ratio but not for our statutory loss ratio.

Table of Contents

Combined Ratios

The following table presents comparative details with respect to our GAAP and statutory combined ratios for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019:~~

   Three Months Ended March 31,
   2020 2019
GAAP Combined Ratios (Total Lines)

Loss ratio(non-weather)
   58.9 % 60.4 %
Loss ratio (weather-related)
   3.7 5.1
Expense ratio
   33.4 32.6
Dividend ratio
   1.0 1.2


Combined ratio
   97.0 % 99.3 %


Statutory Combined Ratios

Commercial lines:

Automobile
   117.4 % 116.5 %
Workers’ compensation
   90.1 88.8
Commercial multi-peril
   89.1 90.9
Other
   64.2 65.2
Total commercial lines
   96.0 96.4
Personal lines:

Automobile
   100.0 101.3
Homeowners
   90.7 95.4
Other
   66.5 70.3
Total personal lines
   94.7 97.8
Total commercial and personal lines
   95.4 97.1

2020:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
GAAP Combined Ratios (Total Lines)
Loss ratio (non-weather)		60.0%		58.9%
Loss ratio (weather-related)		3.7		3.7
Expense ratio		34.1		33.4
Dividend ratio		0.7		1.0

Combined ratio		98.5%		97.0%


Statutory Combined Ratios
Commercial lines:
Automobile		102.3%		117.4%
Workers’ compensation		95.4		90.1
Commercial multi-peril		107.7		89.1
Other		60.1		64.2
Total commercial lines		99.3		96.0
Personal lines:
Automobile		93.4		100.0
Homeowners		94.7		90.7
Other		76.9		66.5
Total personal lines		92.6		94.7
Total commercial and personal lines		96.5		95.4

Table of Contents

Results of Operations - Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, ~~2019~~

2020

Net Premiums Earned.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 were $187.3 million, ~~a decrease of $820,464, or 0.4%, compared to $188.1 million for~~virtually unchanged from the first three months of ~~2019, primarily reflecting decreases in net premiums written during 2020 and 2019.~~

2020.

Net Premiums Written.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 were ~~$198.2~~$215.9 million, ~~a decrease~~an increase of ~~$1.7~~$17.6 million, or ~~0.8%~~8.9%, from the ~~$199.9~~$198.2 million of net premiums written for the first three months of ~~2019.~~2020. Commercial lines net premiums written increased ~~$8.0~~$22.7 million, or ~~7.1%~~18.7%, for the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 compared to the first three months of ~~2019.~~2020. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to ~~increased writings~~the inclusion of ~~new commercial accounts and premium rate increases throughout 2019 and 2020.~~the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group in the pool beginning with policies effective in 2021.. Personal lines net premiums written decreased ~~$9.7~~$5.1 million, or ~~11.2%~~6.7%, for the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 compared to the first three months of ~~2019.~~2020. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to net attrition as a result of ~~underwriting~~ measures our insurance subsidiaries have implemented to ~~slow new policy growth and to increase pricing on renewal policies,~~improve underwriting profitability, partially offset by the impact of premium rate increases our insurance subsidiaries have implemented.

Investment Income.

Our net investment income ~~increased to $7.4~~was $7.5 million for the first three months of ~~2020,~~2021, compared to ~~$7.0 million~~$7.4 for the first three months of ~~2019.~~2020. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in average invested assets.

Net Investment Gains (Losses) ~~Gains.~~.

Net investment ~~losses~~gains for the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 were ~~$10.7~~$2.5 million, compared to net investment ~~gains~~losses of ~~$18.1~~$10.7 million for the first three months of ~~2019.~~2020. The net investment gains for the first three months of 2021 resulted primarily from unrealized gains within our equity securities portfolio at March 31, 2021. The net investment losses for the first three months of 2020 resulted primarily from unrealized losses within our equity securities portfolio due to a sharp decline in equity markets at March 31, 2020. The net investment gains for the first three months of 2019 included $12.7 million from the sale of DFSC and $6.0 million related to unrealized gains within our equity securities portfolio and a limited partnership that invests in equity securities. We did not recognize any impairment losses in our investment portfolio during the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 or ~~2019.~~

2020.

Losses and Loss Expenses.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 63.7% for the first three months of 2021, an increase from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 62.6% for the first three months of ~~2020, a decrease from our insurance subsidiaries’~~2020. We attribute this increase primarily to elevated fire losses that primarily impacted the loss ratio for our commercial multi-peril line of ~~65.5%~~business. Weather-related losses of $6.8 million for the first three months of ~~2019. Weather-related losses of~~2021, were comparable to $6.9 million for the first three months of 2020, or 3.7 percentage points of the loss ratio ~~decreased from $9.7 million, or 5.1 percentage points of the~~for both quarterly periods. Weather-related loss ~~ratio,~~activity for the first three months of ~~2019. Weather-related loss activity for the first quarter of 2020~~2021 was lower than our previous five-year average of ~~$10.7~~$10.3 million for ~~first-quarter~~first quarter weather-related losses. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 66.3% for the first three months of 2021, compared to 62.7% for the first three months of 2020, ~~compared to 63.8% for the first three months of 2019,~~ primarily due to ~~a decrease~~an increase in the commercial ~~multiple-peril~~multi-peril and workers’ compensation loss ~~ratio.~~ratios. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries decreased to 61.0% for the first three months of 2021, compared to 63.2% for the first three months of ~~2020, compared to 66.5% for the first three months of 2019.~~2020. We attribute this decrease primarily to ~~decreases~~a decrease in the ~~homeowners and~~ personal automobile loss ~~ratios.~~ratio. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately ~~$4.3~~$8.2 million and ~~$4.0~~$4.3 million during the first three months of 2021 and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively.

Underwriting Expenses.

The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 34.1% for the first three months of 2021, compared to 33.4% for the first three months of ~~2020, compared to 32.6%~~2020. The increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected higher agency growth incentive costs for our agents and increased underwriting-based incentive costs for our agents and employees during the first three months of ~~2019. We attribute the increase to higher underwriting-based incentive costs and increased technology system-related expenses for the first three months of 2020~~2021 compared to the first three months of ~~2019.~~

2020.

Combined Ratio.

The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were ~~97.0%~~98.5% and ~~99.3%~~97.0% for the ~~first~~ three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. We attribute the ~~decrease~~increase in the combined ratio primarily to ~~a decrease~~an increase in the loss ratio for the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 compared to the first three months of ~~2019.~~

2020.

Interest Expense.

Our interest expense for the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 was ~~$224,330,~~$312,326, compared to ~~$565,292~~$224,330 for the first three months of ~~2019.We~~2020. We attribute the ~~decrease primarily~~increase to ~~lower~~higher average ~~interest rates for~~ borrowings under our lines of credit during the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 compared to the first three months of ~~2019.~~

2020.

Income Taxes.

We recorded income tax expense of $2.2 million for the first three months of 2021, representing an effective tax rate of 17.4%. The income tax expense and effective tax rate for the first three months of 2021 represented an estimate based on our projected annual taxable income. We recorded an income tax benefit of $1.2 million for the first three months of 2020, which primarily ~~reflected~~represented a $1.6 million income tax benefit ~~during the first quarter of 2020~~ related to the anticipated carryback of 2018 net

Table of Contents

operating losses to past tax years with higher statutory income tax rates than are currently in effect, as allowed under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act that was enacted in March 2020. We recorded income tax expense of $3.8 million for the first three months of 2019, representing an effective tax rate of 14.2%. The income tax expense and effective tax rate for the first three months of 2019 represented an estimate based on our projected annual taxable income.

Net Income and Income Per Share.

Our net income for the first three months of ~~2020~~2021 was ~~$3.7~~$10.5 million, or ~~$.13per~~$.35

per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and ~~$.12~~$.32 per share of Class B common stock, compared to ~~$23.0~~$3.7 million, or ~~$.82~~$.13 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and ~~$.75~~$.12 per share of Class B common stock, for the first three months of ~~2019.~~2020. We had ~~23.3~~25.0 million and ~~22.9~~23.3 million Class A shares outstanding at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of an entity’s ability to secure enough cash to meet its contractual obligations and operating needs as such obligations and needs arise. Our major sources of funds from operations are the net cash flows we generate from our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results, investment income and investment maturities.

Our operations have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow to fund our commitments and add to our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns and enhancing our liquidity. The impact of the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States has historically been cash-flow positive because of the consistent underwriting profitability of the pool. Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States settle their respective obligations to each other under the pool monthly, thereby resulting in cash flows substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from each company writing the business directly. We have not experienced any unusual variations in the timing of claim payments associated with the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We maintain significant liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of readily marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a “laddering” approach, so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective, thereby providing an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Our operating activities provided net cash flows in the first three months of 2021 and 2020 of $29.9 million and ~~2019 of~~ $10.8 million, ~~and $11.5 million,~~ respectively.

At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had no outstanding borrowings under our line of credit with M&T and had the ability to borrow up to ~~$30.0~~$20.0 million at interest rates equal to ~~M&T’s current prime rate or~~ the ~~then current~~then-current LIBOR rate plus ~~2.25%~~2.00%. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, Atlantic States had ~~$85.0~~$35.0 million in outstanding advances with the FHLB of Pittsburgh ~~consisting of a $35.0 million advance~~ that ~~carries~~carry a fixed interest rate of 1.74% ~~and a $50.0 million advance that carries a fixed interest rate of 0.83%~~. In March 2020, Atlantic States Insurance Company issued $50.0 million of debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for a cash advance in the same amount. Atlantic States obtained this contingent liquidity funding in light of uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of the~~COVID-19~~ ~~pandemic.~~

~~The following table shows our expected payments for significant contractual obligations at March 31, 2020:~~

   Total    Less than 1 year    1-3 years    4-5 years    After 5 years
   (in thousands)
Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries
   $ 516,414    $ 230,595    $ 247,762    $ 18,623    $ 19,434
Subordinated debentures
   5,000    —      —      —      5,000
Borrowings under lines of credit
   85,000    50,000    —      35,000    —










Total contractual obligations
   $ 606,414    $ 280,595    $ 247,762    $ 53,623    $ 24,434

We estimate the ~~date~~timing of ~~payment~~claim payments associated with the liabilities for ~~the net liability for unpaid~~ losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries based on historical experience and expectations of future payment patterns. We show ~~the liability~~these liabilities net of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses to reflect expected future cash flows related to such ~~liability.~~liabilities. Amounts Atlantic States assumes pursuant to the pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ gross ~~liability~~liabilities for ~~unpaid~~ losses and loss expenses, and amounts Atlantic States cedes pursuant to the pooling agreement represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses. We include cash settlement of Atlantic States’ assumed ~~liability~~liabilities from the pool in monthly settlements of pooled activity, as we net amounts ceded to and assumed from the pool. Although Donegal Mutual and we do not anticipate any changes in the pool participation levels in the foreseeable future, any such change would be prospective in nature and therefore would not impact the timing of expected payments by Atlantic States for its percentage share of pooled losses occurring in periods prior to the effective date of such change.

We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities. The borrowings under our lines of credit carry interest rates that we discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings.

We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the subordinated debentures based on their contractual maturity. The subordinated debentures carry an interest rate of 5%, and any repayment of principal or payment of interest on the subordinated debentures requires prior approval of the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services. Our annual interest cost associated with the subordinated debentures is $250,000.

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the SEC and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 or ~~2019.~~2020. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through March 31, ~~2020.~~

2021.

Table of Contents

On April 15, ~~2020,~~2021, our board of directors declared quarterly cash dividends of ~~15.0~~16.0 cents per share of our Class A common stock and ~~13.25cents~~14.25

cents per share of our Class B common stock, payable on May ~~15, 2020~~17, 2021 to our stockholders of record as of the close of business on May ~~1, 2020.~~3, 2021. We are not subject to any restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are state law restrictions on the payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries to us. Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are our principal source of cash for payment of dividends to our stockholders. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk based capital (“RBC”) requirements that limit their ability to pay dividends to us. Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, ~~2019~~2020 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin. Our insurance subsidiaries did not pay any dividends to us during the first three months of ~~2020.~~2021. Amounts remaining available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities in ~~2020~~2021 are ~~$25.9~~$28.0 million from Atlantic States, ~~$5.4 million~~$300,000 from Southern, ~~$2.0~~$10.9 million from Peninsula and ~~$6.6~~$12.2 million from MICO, or a total of approximately ~~$39.9~~$51.4 million.

At March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.

Equity Price Risk

Our portfolio of marketable equity securities, which we carry on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value, has exposure to the risk of loss resulting from an adverse change in prices. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of equity securities.

Credit Risk

Our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, our portfolio of short-term investments is subject to credit risk, which we define as the potential loss in market value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities. We also limit the percentage and amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in the securities of any one issuer.

Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and casualty insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies. We bill the majority of this business directly to the insured, although we bill a portion of our commercial business through licensed insurance agents to whom our insurance subsidiaries extend credit in the normal course of business.

Because the pooling agreement does not relieve Atlantic States of primary liability as the originating insurer, Atlantic States is subject to a concentration of credit risk arising from the business it cedes to Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of other major unaffiliated authorized reinsurers.

~~Impact of Inflation~~

We establish property and casualty insurance premium rates before we know the amount of unpaid losses and loss expenses or the extent to which inflation may impact such losses and expenses. Consequently, our insurance subsidiaries attempt, in establishing rates, to anticipate the potential impact of inflation.

~~Item 3.~~

~~Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.~~

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our market risk generally represents the risk of gain or loss that may result from the potential change in the fair value of the securities we hold in our investment portfolio as a result of fluctuations in prices and interest rates and, to a lesser extent, our debt obligations. We manage our interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the average duration of our investment portfolio and the approximate duration of our liabilities, i.e., policy claims of our insurance subsidiaries and our debt obligations.

~~Other than interest rate and pricing fluctuations related theCOVID-19~~ ~~pandemic, there~~

There have been no material changes to our quantitative or qualitative market risk exposure from December 31, ~~2019~~2020 through March 31, ~~2020.~~

2021.

~~Item 4.~~

~~Controls and Procedures.~~

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules

13a-15(e)

and

15d-15(e)

under the Exchange Act). Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on

Table of Contents

a timely basis, information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and our disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information we disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q

that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to affect materially, our internal control over financial reporting.

Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

We base all statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q

that are not historic facts on our current expectations. Such statements are forward-looking in nature (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) and necessarily involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements we make may be identified by our use of words such as “will,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and similar expressions. Our actual results could vary materially from our forward-looking statements. The factors that could cause our actual results to vary materially from the forward-looking statements we have previously made include, but are not limited to, prolonged economic challenges resulting from the

COVID-19

pandemic, the availability and ~~related business shutdown,~~cost of labor and materials, adverse and catastrophic weather events, our ability to maintain profitable operations, the adequacy of the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries, the availability and successful operation of the information technology systems our insurance subsidiaries utilize, the successful development of new information technology systems to allow our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively, business and economic conditions in the areas in which we and our insurance subsidiaries operate, interest rates, competition from various insurance and other financial businesses, terrorism, the availability and cost of reinsurance, legal and judicial developments including those related to

COVID-19

business interruption coverage exclusions, adverse litigation and other industry trends that could increase our loss costs, changes in regulatory requirements, changes in our A.M. Best rating, our ability to integrate and manage successfully the companies we may acquire from time to time and the other risks that we describe from time to time in our filings with the SEC. We disclaim any obligation to update such statements or to announce publicly the results of any revisions that we may make to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Part II. Other Information

~~Item 1.~~

~~Legal Proceedings.~~

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

None.

~~Item 1A.~~

~~Risk Factors.~~

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition, and, therefore, the value of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, are subject to a number of risks. For a description of certain risks, we refer to “Risk Factors” in our ~~2019~~2020 Annual Report on Form

10-K

that we filed with the SEC on March ~~6, 2020. Other than the information we discuss below, there~~5, 2021. There have been no material changes in the risk factors we disclosed in that Form

10-K

Report during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020.~~

~~The emergence~~2021.

Table of~~COVID-19~~ ~~has impacted the business operations of our insurance subsidiaries, and economic disruption related to the ongoingCOVID-19~~ ~~pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.~~

~~Beginning in March 2020, theCOVID-19~~ ~~pandemic resulted in significant disruptions in economic activity throughout our operating regions.COVID-19~~ concerns contributed to substantial declines in equity markets and a sharp decrease in market interest rates. We cannot predict at this time the ultimate impact that the economic and financial disruption related to the ongoing~~COVID-19~~ ~~pandemic or any other future pandemic will have on us. Risks related toCOVID-19~~ ~~include, but are not limited to, the following:~~

Contents

The business operations of our insurance subsidiaries could be disrupted by the illness of significant numbers of their employees and remedial efforts that would be required upon discovery of exposure to~~COVID-19~~ ~~within their facilities.~~

The business operations of our insurance subsidiaries are dependent upon technology systems for which regular physical access is required to maintain critical operational capabilities. The business operations of our insurance subsidiaries would be adversely impacted by government mandates requiring closure of facilities where those technology systems are located or restricting physical access to such facilities.

The revenues of our insurance subsidiaries may decrease as a result of reduced demand for their insurance products as the ongoing economic disruption adversely impacts current and potential insurance customers.

~~Our insurance subsidiaries may incur an increase in their losses and loss expenses in certain lines of business as a result ofCOVID-19~~ ~~and related economic disruption, and such losses and loss expenses may exceed the reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established or may establish in the future.~~

~~Our insurance subsidiaries may incur increased costs related to legal disputes over policy coverages or exclusions and their defense against litigation related toCOVID-19.~~

Legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover.

~~Legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may require our insurance subsidiaries to reduce or refund premiums, suspend cancellation of policies fornon-payment~~ ~~of premiums or otherwise grant extended grace periods and time allowances for the payment of premium balances due to them.~~

Our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to collect premium balances due to them, resulting in reduced operating cash flows and an increase in premium write-offs that would increase their operating expenses.

~~Our insurance subsidiaries may suffer declines in the market values of their investments as a result of financial market volatility related toCOVID-19~~ ~~concerns and related economic disruption.~~

~~Our insurance subsidiaries may experience declines in investment income as a result of lower interest rates that may be available upon reinvestment of the proceeds of maturing investments.~~

~~Economic disruption related toCOVID-19~~ could result in significant declines in the credit quality of issuers, ratings downgrades or changes in financial market conditions and regulatory changes that might adversely impact the value of the fixed-maturity investments of our insurance subsidiaries own.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

~~Item 2.~~	~~Unregistered Sales~~
Period		(a) Total Number of ~~Equity Securities and Use~~Shares (or Units) Purchased	(b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)	(c) Total Number of ~~Proceeds.~~ Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	(d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
Month #1 January 1-31, 2021		Class A – None Class B – None	Class A – None Class B – None	Class A – None Class B – None

Month #2 February 1-28, 2021		Class A – None Class B – None	Class A – None Class B – None	Class A – None Class B – None

Month #3 March 1-31, 2021		Class A – 75,000 Class B – None	Class A – $14.85 Class B – None	Class A – 75,000 Class B – None	(1)

Total		Class A – 75,000 Class B – None	Class A – $14.85 Class B – None	Class A – 75,000 Class B – None

~~None.~~

(1)

Donegal Mutual purchased these shares pursuant to its announcement on August 17, 2004 that it will, at its discretion, purchase shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock at market prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of SEC Rule

10b-18

and in privately negotiated transactions. Such announcement did not stipulate a maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program.

~~Item 3.~~

~~Defaults upon Senior Securities.~~

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

~~Item 4.~~

~~Removed and Reserved.~~

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure.

Not Applicable.

~~Item 5.~~

~~Other Information.~~

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Table of Contents

~~Item 6.~~

~~Exhibits.~~

Item 6. Exhibits.


Exhibit No.		Description

Exhibit 31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer

Exhibit 32.1		Statement of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code

Exhibit 32.2		Statement of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code

Exhibit 101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

Exhibit 101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

Exhibit 101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document

Exhibit 101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document

Exhibit 101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document

Exhibit 101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

Table of Contents

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


May ~~8, 2020~~7, 2021	By:	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
		Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost	$	487,156,618		$	476,093,782
Available for sale, at fair value		554,463,492			564,951,803
Equity securities, at fair value		46,179,107			55,477,556
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value		72,719,077			14,030,222

Total investments		1,160,518,294			1,110,553,363
Cash		52,281,735			49,318,930
Accrued investment income		7,800,132			7,066,029
Premiums receivable		182,064,297			165,732,949
Reinsurance receivable		374,758,028			367,021,468
Deferred policy acquisition costs		60,314,704			59,284,859
Deferred tax asset, net		9,665,172			8,514,311
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		163,622,680			142,475,767
Property and equipment, net		4,497,502			4,558,072
Accounts receivable - securities		23,211			4,961
Goodwill		5,625,354			5,625,354
Other intangible assets		958,010			958,010
Other		1,242,243			2,047,058

Total assets	$	2,023,371,362		$	1,923,161,131

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	888,212,299		$	869,673,849
Unearned premiums		542,278,223			510,147,485
Accrued expenses		22,025,916			28,453,744
Reinsurance balances payable		2,594,034			2,116,084
Borrowings under lines of credit		85,000,000			35,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders		—			4,075,234
Subordinated debentures		5,000,000			5,000,000
Accounts payable - securities		2,920,388			1,119
Income taxes payable		870,829			84,831
Due to affiliate		7,189,211			10,069,171
Other		7,719,531			7,524,095

Total liabilities		1,563,810,431			1,472,145,612

Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued		—			—
Class A common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 26,299,946 and 26,203,935 shares and outstanding 23,297,358 and 23,201,347 shares		263,000			262,040
Class B common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares		56,492			56,492
Additionalpaid-in capital		269,888,980			268,151,601
Accumulated other comprehensive income		3,704,010			504,170
Retained earnings		226,874,806			223,267,573
Treasury stock, at cost		(41,226,357	)		(41,226,357	)

Total stockholders’ equity		459,560,931			451,015,519

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,023,371,362		$	1,923,161,131


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	187,252,778		$	188,073,242
Investment income, net of investment expenses		7,376,284			7,048,503
Net investment (losses) gains (includes $421,835 and ($39,264) accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)		(10,694,843	)		18,097,113
Lease income		109,267			111,099
Installment payment fees		867,720			1,088,917
Equity in earnings of Donegal Financial Services Corporation		—			295,000

Total revenues		184,911,206			214,713,874

Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses		117,246,526			123,110,656
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		29,937,000			30,592,000
Other underwriting expenses		32,597,629			30,684,883
Policyholder dividends		1,842,000			2,349,648
Interest		224,330			565,292
Other expenses, net		560,550			566,371

Total expenses		182,408,035			187,868,850

Income before income tax (benefit) expense		2,503,171			26,845,024
Income tax (benefit) expense (includes $88,585 and ($8,245) income tax expense (benefit) from reclassification items)		(1,227,950	)		3,821,860

Net income	$	3,731,121		$	23,023,164

Earnings per common share:
Class A common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.13		$	0.82

Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.12		$	0.75


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$	32,274	$	32,482
Due after one year through five years		84,232		88,324
Due after five years through ten years		184,263		191,792
Due after ten years		156,218		165,524
Mortgage-backed securities		30,170		31,594

Total held to maturity	$	487,157	$	509,716

Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$	33,593	$	33,619
Due after one year through five years		95,836		97,160
Due after five years through ten years		89,588		90,691
Due after ten years		11,408		11,836
Mortgage-backed securities		312,136		321,157

Total available for sale	$	542,561	$	554,463


FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned	$	3,639,200
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $107,645,543)		106,140,378
Borrowing capacity currently available		21,278,660


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	16,421	$	—	$	16,421	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		63,340		—		63,340		—
Corporate securities		153,545		—		153,545		—
Mortgage-backed securities		321,157		—		321,157		—
Equity securities		46,179		41,826		4,353		—

Total investments in the fair value hierarchy	$	600,642	$	41,826	$	558,816	$	—


Percentage Change in Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at March 31, 2020		Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at March 31, 2020(1)			Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at December 31, 2019		Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at December 31, 2019(1)
(dollars in thousands)
(10.0)%	$	464,773		8.9	%	$	456,215		8.9	%
(7.5)		477,683		6.7			468,888		6.7
(5.0)		490,593		4.4			481,561		4.4
(2.5)		503,504		2.2			494,233		2.2
Base		516,414		—			506,906		—
2.5		529,324		(2.2	)		519,579		(2.2	)
5.0		542,235		(4.4	)		532,251		(4.4	)
7.5		555,145		(6.7	)		544,924		(6.7	)
10.0		568,055		(8.9	)		557,597		(8.9	)


	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		4-5 years		After 5 years
	(in thousands)
Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries	$	516,414	$	230,595	$	247,762	$	18,623	$	19,434
Subordinated debentures		5,000		—		—		—		5,000
Borrowings under lines of credit		85,000		50,000		—		35,000		—

Total contractual obligations	$	606,414	$	280,595	$	247,762	$	53,623	$	24,434

FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned

Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $49,326,964)

Borrowing capacity currently available