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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒        QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 20192020
OR
☐        TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number 001-31721
AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Bermuda
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
98-0395986
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
92 Pitts Bay Road,, Pembroke,, BermudaHM 08
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(441) (441) 496-2600
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common shares, par value $0.0125 per shareAXSNew York Stock Exchange
5.50% Series D preferred sharesAXS PRDNew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/100th interest in a 5.50% Series E preferred shareAXS PRENew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☒  No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒    Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐ Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐  No  ☒
At October 31, 2019,26, 2020, there were 83,957,597 Common Shares,84,321,136 common shares outstanding, $0.0125 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding.registrant.

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q


 
Page
PART IPage
PART I
3
Item 1.
5
Item 2.
4946
Item 3.
9281
Item 4.
9282
PART II
9483
Item 1.
9483
Item 1A.
9483
Item 2.
9486
Item 5.
9586
Item 6.
9687
9788


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PART IFINANCIAL INFORMATION

PART I     FINANCIAL INFORMATION


This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements, other than statements of historical facts included in this report, including statements regarding our estimates, beliefs, expectations, intentions, strategies or projections are forward-looking statements. We intend these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements in the United States ("U.S.") federal securities laws. In some cases, these statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as "may", "should", "could", "anticipate", "estimate", "expect", "plan", "believe", "predict", "potential" and, "intend" or similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based uponon current expectations, estimates and projections, and various assumptions, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond management's control.
Forward-looking statements contained in this report may include, but are not limited to, information regarding our estimates of losses related tofor catastrophes and other large losses including losses related to the COVID-19 pandemic, measurements of potential losses in the fair market value of our investment portfolio and derivative contracts, our expectations regarding the performance of our business, our financial results, our liquidity and capital resources, the outcome of our strategic initiatives, our expectations regarding estimated synergies and the success of the integration of acquired entities, our expectations regarding the estimated benefits and synergies related to our transformation program, our expectations regarding pricing and other market conditions, our growth prospects, and valuations of the potential impact of movements in interest rates, credit spreads, equity securities' prices credit spreads and foreign currency rates.
Forward-looking statements only reflect our expectations and are not guarantees of performance. These statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those indicated in such statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, the following: 
•the adverse impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity;
•the cyclical nature of the insurance and reinsurance business leading to periods with excess underwriting capacity and unfavorable premium rates;
•the occurrence and magnitude of natural and man-made disasters;
•the impact of global climate change on our business, including the possibility that we do not adequately assess or reserve for the increased frequency and severity of natural catastrophes;
•losses from war, terrorism and political unrest or other unanticipated losses;
•actual claims exceeding our loss reserves;
•general economic, capital and credit market conditions;
•the failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ;
•the effects of emerging claims, coverage and regulatory issues, including uncertainty related to coverage definitions, limits, terms and conditions;
•our inability to purchase reinsurance or collect amounts due to us;
•the breach by third parties in our program business of their obligations to us;
•difficulties with technology and/or data security;
•the failure of our policyholders and intermediaries to pay premiums;
•the failure of our cedants to adequately evaluate risks;
•inability to obtain additional capital on favorable terms, or at all;
•the loss of one or more of our key executives;
•a decline in our ratings with rating agencies;
•the loss of business provided to us by our major brokers and credit risk due to our reliance on brokers;
•changes in accounting policies or practices;
•the use of industry catastrophe models and changes to these models;

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•changes in governmental regulations and potential government intervention in our industry;
•inadvertent failure to comply with certain laws and regulations relating to sanctions and foreign corrupt practices;
•increased competition;


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changes in the political environment of certain countries in which we operate or underwrite business including the United Kingdom's expected withdrawal from the European Union;
•fluctuations in interest rates, credit spreads, equity securities' prices and/or foreign currency values;
•the failure to successfully integrate acquired businesses or to realize the expected synergies resulting from such acquisitions;
•the failure to realize the expected benefits or synergies relating to our transformation initiative;
•changes in tax laws; and
•
•other factors including but not limited to those described under Item 1A, 'Risk Factors' in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A, 'Risk Factors' herein filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), as those factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic and other filings with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Readers are urged to carefully consider all such factors as the COVID-19 pandemic may have the effect of heightening many of the other risks and uncertainties described.

'Risk Factors' and Item 7, 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations' included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), as those factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic and other filings with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Website and Social Media Disclosure

We use our website (www.axiscapital.com) and our corporate Twitter (@AXIS_Capital) and LinkedIn (AXIS Capital) accounts as channels of distribution of Company information. The information we post through these channels may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, e-mail alerts and other information about AXIS Capital may be received when enrolled in our "E-mail Alerts" program in the Investor Information section of our website (www.axiscapital.com). The contents of our website and social media channels are not however, a part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.



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ITEM 1.     CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



Page  
Page  
Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 20192020 (Unaudited) and December 31, 20182019
6
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)
7
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)
8
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)
9
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)
10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
11
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
11
Note 2 - Segment Information
13
Note 3 - Investments
15
Note 4 - Fair Value Measurements
2423
Note 5 - Derivative Instruments
3433
Note 6 - Reserve for Losses and Loss Expenses
3635
Note 7 - Earnings Per Common Share
40
Note 8 - Share-Based Compensation
41
Note 9 - Shareholders' Equity
42
Note 10 - Debt and Financing Arrangements
44
Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies
4544
Note 12 - LeasesReorganization Expenses
4544
Note 13 - Transaction and Reorganization Expenses
47
Note 14 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
4745
Note 15 - Subsequent Events
48





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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
SEPTEMBER 30,2019 2020 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2018 2019
 
20202019
 (in thousands)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturities, available for sale, at fair value
    (Amortized cost 2020: $12,201,832; 2019: $12,263,240
    Allowance for expected credit losses 2020: $2,498)
$12,609,241 $12,468,205 
Equity securities, at fair value
    (Cost 2020: $356,176; 2019: $398,956)
417,886 474,207 
Mortgage loans, held for investment, at fair value
     (Allowance for expected credit losses 2020: $NaN)
544,095 432,748 
Other investments, at fair value760,206 770,923 
Equity method investments104,242 117,821 
Short-term investments, at fair value69,996 38,471 
Total investments14,505,666 14,302,375 
Cash and cash equivalents1,000,781 1,241,109 
Restricted cash and cash equivalents440,035 335,348 
Accrued interest receivable70,013 78,085 
Insurance and reinsurance premium balances receivable
     (Allowance for expected credit losses 2020: $10,727)
3,131,791 3,071,390 
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses
     (Allowance for expected credit losses 2020: $22,825)
4,337,683 3,877,756 
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses373,431 327,795 
Deferred acquisition costs520,706 492,119 
Prepaid reinsurance premiums1,278,672 1,101,889 
Receivable for investments sold17,513 35,659 
Goodwill102,003 102,003 
Intangible assets222,362 230,550 
Value of business acquired4,881 8,992 
Operating lease right-of-use assets131,776 111,092 
Other assets315,683 287,892 
Total assets$26,452,996 $25,604,054 
Liabilities
Reserve for losses and loss expenses$13,653,488 $12,752,081 
Unearned premiums4,070,649 3,626,246 
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable1,244,846 1,349,082 
Debt1,309,384 1,808,157 
Payable for investments purchased458,111 32,985 
Operating lease liabilities140,058 115,584 
Other liabilities310,565 375,911 
Total liabilities21,187,101 20,060,046 
Shareholders’ equity
Preferred shares550,000 775,000 
Common shares (shares issued 2020: 176,580; 2019: 176,580
    shares outstanding 2020: 84,309; 2019: 83,959)
2,206 2,206 
Additional paid-in capital2,325,196 2,317,212 
Accumulated other comprehensive income350,111 171,710 
Retained earnings5,804,637 6,056,686 
Treasury shares, at cost (2020: 92,271; 2019: 92,621 shares)
(3,766,255)(3,778,806)
Total shareholders’ equity5,265,895 5,544,008 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$26,452,996 $25,604,054 
 2019 2018
 (in thousands)
Assets   
Investments:   
Fixed maturities, available for sale, at fair value
(Amortized cost 2019: $12,407,704; 2018: $11,616,312)
$12,616,241
 $11,435,347
Equity securities, at fair value
(Cost 2019: $380,645; 2018: $365,905)
429,903
 381,633
Mortgage loans, held for investment, at fair value407,790
 298,650
Other investments, at fair value779,200
 787,787
Equity method investments113,748
 108,103
Short-term investments, at fair value12,539
 144,040
Total investments14,359,421
 13,155,560
Cash and cash equivalents763,825
 1,232,814
Restricted cash and cash equivalents444,726
 597,206
Accrued interest receivable81,371
 80,335
Insurance and reinsurance premium balances receivable3,322,316
 3,007,296
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses3,705,793
 3,501,669
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses252,087
 280,233
Deferred acquisition costs586,440
 566,622
Prepaid reinsurance premiums1,243,040
 1,013,573
Receivable for investments sold9,711
 32,627
Goodwill102,003
 102,003
Intangible assets233,305
 241,568
Value of business acquired11,048
 35,714
Operating lease right-of-use assets116,560
 —
Other assets263,880
 285,346
Total assets$25,495,526
 $24,132,566
Liabilities   
Reserve for losses and loss expenses$12,498,507
 $12,280,769
Unearned premiums4,153,003
 3,635,758
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable1,276,123
 1,338,991
Senior notes1,388,135
 1,341,961
Payable for investments purchased89,805
 111,838
Operating lease liabilities115,887
 —
Other liabilities388,196
 393,178
Total liabilities19,909,656
 19,102,495
Shareholders’ equity   
Preferred shares775,000
 775,000
Common shares (shares issued 2019: 176,580; 2018: 176,580
shares outstanding 2019: 83,947; 2018: 83,586)
2,206
 2,206
Additional paid-in capital2,309,483
 2,308,583
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)176,296
 (177,110)
Retained earnings6,101,902
 5,912,812
Treasury shares, at cost (2019: 92,633; 2018: 92,994 shares)
(3,779,017) (3,791,420)
Total shareholders’ equity5,585,870
 5,030,071
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$25,495,526
 $24,132,566


See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDEDSEPTEMBER 30,2019 2020 AND 20182019


 Three months endedNine months ended
2020201920202019
 (in thousands, except for per share amounts)
Revenues
Net premiums earned$1,091,312 $1,157,307 $3,283,941 $3,415,126 
Net investment income101,956 115,763 240,098 361,014 
Other insurance related income (loss)1,440 1,533 (5,270)11,385 
Net investment gains:
Allowance for expected credit losses3,759 0 (2,498)0 
Impairment losses(184)0 (1,486)0 
Other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") losses0 (1,458)0 (6,328)
Other realized and unrealized investment gains52,034 15,985 49,761 54,850 
Total net investment gains55,609 14,527 45,777 48,522 
Total revenues1,250,317 1,289,130 3,564,546 3,836,047 
Expenses
Net losses and loss expenses879,677 850,913 2,464,012 2,187,403 
Acquisition costs230,564 260,026 697,716 762,807 
General and administrative expenses138,823 155,522 436,538 496,008 
Foreign exchange losses (gains)60,734 (59,543)8,760 (64,868)
Interest expense and financing costs15,574 18,042 59,641 49,545 
Reorganization expenses1,413 11,215 822 29,310 
    Amortization of value of business acquired1,028 4,368 4,111 24,666 
    Amortization of intangible assets2,838 2,831 8,564 8,744 
Total expenses1,330,651 1,243,374 3,680,164 3,493,615 
Income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments(80,334)45,756 (115,618)342,432 
Income tax (expense) benefit12,056 (8,147)6,030 (23,850)
Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments2,896 792 (13,579)5,645 
Net income (loss)(65,382)38,401 (123,167)324,227 
Preferred share dividends7,563 10,656 22,688 31,969 
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders$(72,945)$27,745 $(145,855)$292,258 
Per share data
Earnings (loss) per common share:
Earnings (loss) per common share$(0.87)$0.33 $(1.73)$3.48 
Earnings (loss) per diluted common share$(0.87)$0.33 $(1.73)$3.46 
Weighted average common shares outstanding84,308 83,947 84,235 83,872 
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding84,308 84,582 84,235 84,420 

 Three months ended Nine months ended
 2019 2018 2019 2018
 (in thousands, except for per share amounts)
Revenues       
Net premiums earned$1,157,307
 $1,224,075
 $3,415,126
 $3,577,026
Net investment income115,763
 114,421
 361,014
 325,380
Other insurance related income1,533
 8,475
 11,385
 18,811
Net investment gains (losses):       
Other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") losses(1,458) (5,546) (6,328) (7,634)
Other realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)15,985
 (12,082) 54,850
 (69,917)
Total net investment gains (losses)14,527
 (17,628) 48,522
 (77,551)
Total revenues1,289,130
 1,329,343
 3,836,047
 3,843,666
        
Expenses       
Net losses and loss expenses850,913
 794,959
 2,187,403
 2,162,945
Acquisition costs260,026
 248,314
 762,807
 709,527
General and administrative expenses155,522
 154,894
 496,008
 489,944
Foreign exchange losses (gains)(59,543) 8,305
 (64,868) 2,066
Interest expense and financing costs18,042
 16,897
 49,545
 50,758
Transaction and reorganization expenses11,215
 16,300
 29,310
 48,125
    Amortization of value of business acquired4,368
 39,018
 24,666
 149,535
    Amortization of intangible assets2,831
 1,753
 8,744
 8,564
Total expenses1,243,374
 1,280,440
 3,493,615
 3,621,464
        
Income before income taxes and interest in income of equity method investments45,756
 48,903
 342,432
 222,202
Income tax (expense) benefit(8,147) 3,525
 (23,850) 3,565
Interest in income of equity method investments792
 1,667
 5,645
 5,045
Net income38,401
 54,095
 324,227
 230,812
Preferred share dividends10,656
 10,656
 31,969
 31,969
Net income available to common shareholders$27,745
 $43,439
 $292,258
 $198,843
        
Per share data       
Earnings per common share:       
Earnings per common share$0.33
 $0.52
 $3.48
 $2.38
Earnings per diluted common share$0.33
 $0.52
 $3.46
 $2.37
Weighted average common shares outstanding83,947
 83,558
 83,872
 83,474
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding84,582
 84,107
 84,420
 83,939
        




See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDEDSEPTEMBER 30,2019 2020 AND 20182019
 Three months endedNine months ended
 2020201920202019
 (in thousands)
Net income (loss)$(65,382)$38,401 $(123,167)$324,227 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Available for sale investments:
Unrealized gains arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has not been recognized95,112 39,569 210,383 361,220 
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has been recognized220 0 (112)0 
Adjustment for reclassification of net realized gains, impairment losses and OTTI losses recognized in net income (loss)(29,130)(14,808)(30,289)(8,423)
Unrealized gains arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment66,202 24,761 179,982 352,797 
Foreign currency translation adjustment2,310 (4,610)(1,581)609 
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax68,512 20,151 178,401 353,406 
Comprehensive income$3,130 $58,552 $55,234 $677,633 


 Three months ended Nine months ended
 2019 2018 2019 2018
 (in thousands)
Net income$38,401
 $54,095
 $324,227
 $230,812
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:       
Available for sale investments:       
Unrealized investment gains (losses) arising during the period39,569
 (26,061) 361,220
 (257,521)
Adjustment for reclassification of net realized investment (gains) losses and OTTI losses recognized in net income(14,808) 25,924
 (8,423) 77,189
Unrealized investment gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment24,761
 (137) 352,797
 (180,332)
Foreign currency translation adjustment(4,610) 994
 609
 (6,864)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax20,151
 857
 353,406
 (187,196)
Comprehensive income$58,552
 $54,952
 $677,633
 $43,616



See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 20192020 AND 20182019

Three months endedNine months ended
2020201920202019
 (in thousands)
Preferred shares
Balance at beginning of period$550,000 $775,000 $775,000 $775,000 
Shares repurchased0 0 (225,000)0 
Balance at end of period550,000 $775,000 $550,000 $775,000 
Common shares (par value)
Balance at beginning and end of period2,206 2,206 2,206 2,206 
Additional paid-in capital
Balance at beginning of period2,317,354 2,303,592 2,317,212 2,308,583 
Treasury shares reissued(197)(57)(19,348)(20,114)
Share-based compensation expense8,039 5,948 27,332 21,014 
Balance at end of period2,325,196 2,309,483 2,325,196 2,309,483 
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance at beginning of period281,599 156,145 171,710 (177,110)
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale investments, net of tax:
Balance at beginning of period295,301 159,671 181,521 (168,365)
Unrealized gains arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment66,202 24,761 179,982 352,797 
Balance at end of period361,503 184,432 361,503 184,432 
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax:
Balance at beginning of period(13,702)(3,526)(9,811)(8,745)
Foreign currency translation adjustment2,310 (4,610)(1,581)609 
Balance at end of period(11,392)(8,136)(11,392)(8,136)
Balance at end of period350,111 176,296 350,111 176,296 
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of period5,913,029 6,108,577 6,056,686 5,912,812 
Net income (loss)(65,382)38,401 (123,167)324,227 
Preferred share dividends(7,563)(10,656)(22,688)(31,969)
Common share dividends(35,447)(34,420)(106,194)(103,168)
Balance at end of period5,804,637 6,101,902 5,804,637 6,101,902 
Treasury shares, at cost
Balance at beginning of period(3,766,368)(3,779,043)(3,778,806)(3,791,420)
Shares repurchased(84)(31)(8,685)(9,445)
Shares reissued197 57 21,236 21,848 
Balance at end of period(3,766,255)(3,779,017)(3,766,255)(3,779,017)
Total shareholders’ equity$5,265,895 $5,585,870 $5,265,895 $5,585,870 
 Three months ended Nine months ended
 2019 2018 2019 2018
 (in thousands)
Preferred shares       
Balance at beginning and end of period775,000
 775,000
 $775,000
 $775,000
        
Common shares (par value)       
Balance at beginning and end of period2,206
 2,206
 2,206
 2,206
        
Additional paid-in capital       
Balance at beginning of period2,303,592
 2,295,633
 2,308,583
 2,299,166
Treasury shares reissued(57) (56) (20,114) (21,935)
Share-based compensation expense5,948
 8,530
 21,014
 26,876
Balance at end of period2,309,483
 2,304,107
 2,309,483
 2,304,107
        
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)       
Balance at beginning of period156,145
 (163,168) (177,110) 92,382
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale investments, net of tax:       
Balance at beginning of period159,671
 (157,730) (168,365) 89,962
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2018-02

—
 —
 —
 2,106
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, net of taxes—
 —
 —
 (69,604)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment24,761
 (138) 352,797
 (180,332)
Balance at end of period184,432
 (157,868) 184,432
 (157,868)
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax:       
Balance at beginning of period(3,526) (5,438) (8,745) 2,420
Foreign currency translation adjustment(4,610) 994
 609
 (6,864)
Balance at end of period(8,136) (4,444) (8,136) (4,444)
Balance at end of period176,296
 (162,312) 176,296
 (162,312)
        
Retained earnings       
Balance at beginning of period6,108,577
 6,135,625
 5,912,812
 5,979,666
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2018-02
—
 —
 —
 (2,106)
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, net of taxes—
 —
 —
 69,604
Net income38,401
 54,095
 324,227
 230,812
Preferred share dividends(10,656) (10,656) (31,969) (31,969)
Common share dividends(34,420) (33,582) (103,168) (100,525)
Balance at end of period6,101,902
 6,145,482
 6,101,902
 6,145,482
        
Treasury shares, at cost       
Balance at beginning of period(3,779,043) (3,792,291) (3,791,420) (3,807,156)
Shares repurchased(31) (23) (9,445) (8,699)
Shares reissued57
 103
 21,848
 23,644
Balance at end of period(3,779,017) (3,792,211) (3,779,017) (3,792,211)
        
Total shareholders’ equity$5,585,870
 $5,272,272
 $5,585,870
 $5,272,272
        






See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDEDSEPTEMBER 30,2019 2020 AND 20182019
Nine months ended
20202019
 (in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)$(123,167)$324,227 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net investment gains(45,777)(48,522)
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on other investments14,574 (49,271)
Amortization of fixed maturities24,398 13,616 
Interest in (income) loss of equity method investments13,579 (5,645)
Amortization of value of business acquired4,111 24,666 
Other amortization and depreciation46,734 56,964 
Share-based compensation expense, net of cash payments17,650 21,160 
Changes in:
Accrued interest receivable7,792 (1,291)
Reinsurance recoverable balances on unpaid and paid losses(506,705)(165,247)
Deferred acquisition costs(29,126)(20,249)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums(177,624)(228,973)
Reserve for losses and loss expenses910,106 216,086 
Unearned premiums448,035 517,798 
Insurance and reinsurance balances, net(166,708)(377,826)
Other items(89,093)(35,978)
Net cash provided by operating activities348,779 241,515 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of:
Fixed maturities(8,543,641)(7,705,671)
Equity securities(40,027)(45,086)
Mortgage loans(115,290)(129,711)
Other investments(93,044)(166,728)
Short-term investments(206,400)(126,960)
Proceeds from the sale of:
Fixed maturities7,856,524 6,022,475 
Equity securities95,960 32,682 
Other investments133,536 222,982 
Short-term investments117,097 243,293 
Proceeds from redemption of fixed maturities1,155,648 885,128 
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments57,948 15,794 
Proceeds from the repayment of mortgage loans

4,245 20,759 
Purchase of other assets(36,582)(41,800)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities385,974 (772,843)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Taxes paid on withholding shares(8,685)(9,445)
Dividends paid - common shares(106,595)(103,526)
Repurchase of preferred shares(225,000)0 
Dividends paid - preferred shares(24,269)(31,969)
Net proceeds from issuance of senior notes0 296,334 
Redemption of senior notes(500,000)(250,000)
Net cash used in financing activities(864,549)(98,606)
Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(5,845)8,465 
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(135,641)(621,469)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period1,576,457 1,830,020 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period$1,440,816 $1,208,551 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Income taxes paid (refund)$(5,309)$12,149 
Interest paid$47,108 $37,875 
 Nine months ended
 2019 2018
 (in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:   
Net income$324,227
 $230,812
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:   
Net investment (gains) losses(48,522) 71,799
Net realized and unrealized gains on other investments(49,271) (41,924)
Amortization of fixed maturities13,616
 20,547
Interest in income of equity method investments(5,645) (3,557)
Amortization of value of business acquired24,666
 149,535
Other amortization and depreciation56,964
 32,934
Share-based compensation expense, net of cash payments21,160
 26,145
Changes in:   
Accrued interest receivable(1,291) 1,085
Reinsurance recoverable balances on unpaid and paid losses(165,247) (419,226)
Deferred acquisition costs(20,249) (214,500)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums(228,973) (311,498)
Reserve for losses and loss expenses216,086
 179,018
Unearned premiums517,798
 632,912
Insurance and reinsurance balances, net(377,826) (290,728)
Other items(35,978) 67,813
Net cash provided by operating activities241,515
 131,167
    
Cash flows from investing activities:   
Purchases of:   
Fixed maturities(7,705,671) (6,707,576)
Equity securities(45,086) (59,040)
Mortgage loans(129,711) (78,079)
Other investments(166,728) (79,319)
Short-term investments(126,960) (285,103)
Proceeds from the sale of:   
Fixed maturities6,022,475
 5,956,644
Equity securities32,682
 223,098
Other investments222,982
 211,395
Short-term investments243,293
 153,687
Proceeds from redemption of fixed maturities885,128
 982,010
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments15,794
 37,831
Proceeds from the repayment of mortgage loans

20,759
 70,481
Purchase of other assets(41,800) (16,918)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(772,843) 409,111
    
Cash flows from financing activities:   
Taxes paid on withholding shares(9,445) (8,699)
Dividends paid - common shares(103,526) (100,770)
Dividends paid - preferred shares(31,969) (31,969)
Net proceeds from issuance of senior notes296,334
 —
Redemption of senior notes(250,000) —
Net cash used in financing activities(98,606) (141,438)
    
Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash8,465
 (10,228)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash(621,469) 388,612
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - beginning of period1,830,020
 1,363,786
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - end of period$1,208,551
 $1,752,398
    
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:   
Income taxes paid$12,149
 $12,108
Interest paid$37,875
 $42,856

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: In 2018, total consideration paid for an agreement for the Reinsurance to Close ("RITC") of the 2015 and prior years of account of Syndicate 2007 was $819 million of which $600 million was settled by way of a transfer of securities and was treated as a non-cash activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows (refer to Note 6 'Reserve for Losses and LossExpenses').

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)


1.    BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES


1.BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES



Basis of Presentation

These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (the "financial statements") have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's ("SEC") instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and include AXIS Capital Holdings Limited ("AXIS Capital") and its subsidiaries (the "Company"). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes included in AXIS Capital's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018,2019, as filed with the SEC.

In the opinion of management, these financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company's financial position and results of operations for the periods presented.

The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

To facilitate comparison of information across periods, certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year's presentation. These reclassifications did not impact results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Tabular dollar and share amounts are in thousands, except per share amounts. All amounts are reported in U.S. dollars.

Significant Accounting Policies

There was no notableone change noted below to the Company's significant accounting policies subsequent to its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

New Accounting Standards Adopted in 2019

Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)", which provides a new comprehensive model for lease accounting. Topic 842 requires a lessee to recognize a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The adoption of this standard resulted in the recognition of lease liabilities and right-of-use assets of $144 million in the Company's consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2019, related to office property and equipment leases.

2019.
In addition, the Company adopted ASU 2018-11, "Leases (Topic 842) -
Targeted Improvements", which provides an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt the new lease guidance. Under the alternative transition method, the Company's reporting for the comparative periods presented in its financial statements will be in accordance with the pre-effective date lease accounting requirements (Topic 840).

The Company also elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance of Topic 842, which were elected as a package and applied consistently to all leases. At the adoption date, the package of practical expedients permitted the Company not to reassess the following:

1.whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases;
2.the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and
3.initial direct costs for any existing leases.

In addition to electing the package of practical expedients, the Company made an accounting policy election to account for non-lease components separately from lease components. As a result, the non-lease components associated with the Company's leases are not included in the lease liabilities and right-of-use assets in the Company's consolidated balance at September 30, 2019.


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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1.BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Further, the Company made an accounting policy election not to record office property and equipment leases with an initial term of 12 months or less (short-term) in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized expense for short-term leases of $1.0 million in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company's retained earnings or liquidity and did not have a material impact on its results of operations.

Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2017-08 "Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20) - Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities" which shortens the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company's results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Changes to Disclosures on Fair Value Measurement

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2018-13 "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement" which aims to improve the effectiveness of fair value measurement disclosures. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company's results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016,Effective January 1, 2020, the FASB issued Company adopted ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments," which replacesusing the modified retrospective approach for insurance and reinsurance premium balances receivable, reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses and mortgage loans, held for investment. The Company assessed that the impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13 was $NaN. This guidance replaced the "incurred loss" impairment methodology with an approach based on "expected losses" to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The Company's insurance and reinsurance premium balances receivable and its reinsurance recoverable on unpaid and paid losses and loss expenses are its most significant financial assets within the scope of ASU 2016-13. The guidance requires financial assets to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the cost of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. This guidance

Insurance and reinsurance premium balances receivable of $3,132 million and $3,071 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, were presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses was estimated based on the Company's analysis of amounts due, historical delinquencies and write-offs, and current economic conditions, together with reasonable and supportable forecasts of short-term economic conditions, giving consideration to the potential impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. At September 30, 2020, the allowance for credit losses expected to be recognized over the life of premium balances receivable was $11 million, compared to an allowance for uncollectible premium balances receivable of $7 million at December 31, 2019. The allowance for expected credit losses is effectiverecognized in net income (loss). Any adjustment to the allowance for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019.expected credit losses is recognized in the period in which it is determined. Write-offs of premium balances receivable, together with associated allowances for expected credit losses, are recognized in the period in which balances are deemed uncollectible. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will have a materialhistory of significant write-offs.

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses of $4,338 million and $3,878 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, were presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses was estimated based on the Company's analysis of amounts due, historical delinquencies and write-offs, and disputes. In addition, the Company used a default analysis based on the reinsurers' credit rating and the length of collection periods to estimate allowances for credit expected losses on the remainder of the reinsurance recoverable balance. The default analysis considered current and forecasted economic conditions including the potential impact on its resultsfrom the COVID-19 pandemic. At September 30, 2020, the allowance for credit losses expected to be recognized over the life of operations, financial condition or liquidity.the reinsurance recoverable balances was $23 million, compared

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1.    BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)
to an allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance recoverable balances of $18 million at December 31, 2019. The allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in net income (loss). Any adjustment to the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the period in which it is determined. Write-offs of reinsurance recoverable balances, together with associated allowances for expected credit losses, are recognized in the period in which balances are deemed uncollectible. The Company will alsodoes not have a history of significant write-offs.

Mortgage loans, held for investment of $544 million and $433 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, were presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses was estimated based on the Company’s analysis of projected lifetime losses. These projections take into account the Company’s experience with loan losses, defaults and loss severity, and loss expectations for loans with similar risk characteristics. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the allowance for credit losses expected to be impacted byrecognized over the life of our mortgage loans was $NaN. The allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in net investment gains (losses). Any adjustment to the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the period in which it is determined.

Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the targeted changes to the impairment model for available for sale securities introduced in ASU 2016-13. Credit2016-13 using the prospective transition approach. The updated guidance amends the previous other-than-temporary impairment model by requiring the recognition of impairments related to credit losses relatingthrough an allowance account and limits the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security's amortized cost basis and its fair value. In addition, the length of time a security has been in an unrealized loss position no longer impacts the determination of whether a credit loss exists.

An available for sale fixed maturity is impaired if the fair value of the investment is below amortized cost. If a fixed maturity is impaired and the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, the full amount of the impairment loss is charged to net income and is included in net investment gains (losses). In instances where the Company intends to hold the impaired fixed maturity, and it does not anticipate to fully recover the amortized cost, an allowance for expected credit losses is established. At September 30, 2020, the allowance for expected credit losses was $2.5 million.The allowance for expected credit losses is charged to net income and is included in net investment gains (losses). The non-credit impairment amount of the loss is recognized in other comprehensive income.
On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses whether unrealized losses on fixed maturities represent credit impairments by considering the following factors:

a.    the extent to which the fair value is less than amortized cost;

b.    adverse conditions related to the security, industry, or geographical area;

c.    downgrades in the security's credit rating by a credit rating agency; and

d.    failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments.

If a security is assessed to be credit impaired, it is subject to a discounted cash flow analysis by comparing the present value of expected future cash flows with the amortized cost basis. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost, a credit loss exists and an allowance for expected credit losses is recognized. If the present value of expected future cash flows is equal to or greater than the amortized cost basis, an expected credit loss does not exist.

The Company reports accrued interest receivable related to available for sale debt securities will be recorded throughseparately and has elected not to measure an allowance for expected credit losses. This guidance is effectivelosses for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluatingaccrued interest receivable. Write-offs of accrued interest receivable balances are recognized in net investment gains (losses) in the impact of this guidance on its results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.period in which they are deemed uncollectible.




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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

2.SEGMENT INFORMATION

2.    SEGMENT INFORMATION
AXIS Capital's underwriting operations are organized around its global underwriting platforms, AXIS Insurance and AXIS Re. The Company has determined that it has 2 reportable segments, insurance and reinsurance. The Company does not allocate its assets by segment, with the exception of goodwill and intangible assets, as it evaluates the underwriting results of each segment separately from the results of its investment portfolio.

Insurance
The Company's insurance segment offers specialty insurance products to a variety of niche markets on a worldwide basis. The product lines in this segment are property, marine, terrorism, aviation, credit and political risk, professional lines, liability, accident and health, and discontinued lines - Novae.
 
Reinsurance
The Company's reinsurance segment provides treaty reinsurance to insurance companies on a worldwide basis. The product lines in this segment are catastrophe, property, professional lines, credit and surety, motor, liability, agriculture, engineering, marine and other, accident and health, and discontinued lines - Novae.

The following tables present the underwriting results of the Company's reportable segments, as well as the carrying values of allocated goodwill and intangible assets:
   2019 2018 
 Three months ended and at September 30,Insurance Reinsurance Total Insurance Reinsurance Total 
              
 Gross premiums written$894,902
 $511,604
 $1,406,506
 $969,364
 $454,343
 $1,423,707
 
 Net premiums written517,050
 339,031
 856,081
 602,070
 317,868
 919,938
 
 Net premiums earned536,451
 620,856
 1,157,307
 614,795
 609,280
 1,224,075
 
 Other insurance related income733
 800
 1,533
 1,526
 6,949
 8,475
 
 Net losses and loss expenses(338,966) (511,947) (850,913) (415,488) (379,471) (794,959) 
 Acquisition costs(115,551) (144,475) (260,026) (111,888) (136,426) (248,314) 
 General and administrative expenses(100,559) (26,060) (126,619) (100,656) (29,595) (130,251) 
 Underwriting income (loss)$(17,892) $(60,826) (78,718) $(11,711) $70,737
 59,026
 
              
 Net investment income    115,763
     114,421
 
 Net investment gains (losses)    14,527
     (17,628) 
 Corporate expenses    (28,903)     (24,643) 
 Foreign exchange (losses) gains    59,543
     (8,305) 
 Interest expense and financing costs    (18,042)     (16,897) 
 Transaction and reorganization expenses    (11,215)     (16,300) 
 Amortization of value of business acquired    (4,368)     (39,018) 
 Amortization of intangible assets    (2,831)     (1,753) 
 Income before income taxes and interest in income of equity method investments    $45,756
     $48,903
 
              
 Net losses and loss expenses ratio63.2% 82.5% 73.5% 67.6% 62.3% 64.9% 
 Acquisition cost ratio21.5% 23.3% 22.5% 18.2% 22.4% 20.3% 
 General and administrative expense ratio18.8% 4.1% 13.4% 16.4% 4.8% 12.7% 
 Combined ratio103.5% 109.9% 109.4% 102.2% 89.5% 97.9% 
              
 Total intangible assets$346,356
 $—
 $346,356
 $408,441
 $—
 $408,441
 
              


  20202019
Three months ended and at September 30,InsuranceReinsuranceTotalInsuranceReinsuranceTotal
Gross premiums written$935,817$395,361$1,331,178$894,902$511,604$1,406,506
Net premiums written544,857271,125815,982517,050339,031856,081
Net premiums earned570,184521,1281,091,312536,451620,8561,157,307
Other insurance related income6887521,4407338001,533
Net losses and loss expenses(443,389)(436,288)(879,677)(338,966)(511,947)(850,913)
Acquisition costs(114,569)(115,995)(230,564)(115,551)(144,475)(260,026)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(94,379)(23,456)(117,835)(100,559)(26,060)(126,619)
Underwriting loss$(81,465)$(53,859)(135,324)$(17,892)$(60,826)(78,718)
Net investment income101,956115,763
Net investment gains55,60914,527
Corporate expenses(20,988)(28,903)
Foreign exchange (losses) gains(60,734)59,543
Interest expense and financing costs(15,574)(18,042)
Reorganization expenses(1,413)(11,215)
Amortization of value of business acquired(1,028)(4,368)
Amortization of intangible assets(2,838)(2,831)
Income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments$(80,334)$45,756
Net losses and loss expenses ratio77.8 %83.7 %80.6 %63.2 %82.5 %73.5 %
Acquisition cost ratio20.1 %22.3 %21.1 %21.5 %23.3 %22.5 %
General and administrative expense ratio16.5 %4.5 %12.8 %18.8 %4.1 %13.4 %
Combined ratio114.4 %110.5 %114.5 %103.5 %109.9 %109.4 %
Goodwill and intangible assets$324,365$0$324,365$346,356$0$346,356

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

2.SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONTINUED)

   2019 2018 
 Nine months ended and at September 30,Insurance Reinsurance Total Insurance Reinsurance Total 
              
 Gross premiums written$2,714,322
 $2,923,169
 $5,637,491
 $2,876,856
 $2,860,471
 $5,737,327
 
 Net premiums written1,638,197
 2,065,263
 3,703,460
 1,748,142
 2,158,122
 3,906,264
 
 Net premiums earned1,630,473
 1,784,653
 3,415,126
 1,772,126
 1,804,900
 3,577,026
 
 Other insurance related income1,779
 9,606
 11,385
 3,359
 15,452
 18,811
 
 Net losses and loss expenses(961,444) (1,225,959) (2,187,403) (1,065,799) (1,097,146) (2,162,945) 
 Acquisition costs(344,981) (417,826) (762,807) (290,082) (419,445) (709,527) 
 General and administrative expenses(311,491) (87,049) (398,540) (305,394) (99,481) (404,875) 
 Underwriting income$14,336
 $63,425
 77,761
 $114,210
 $204,280
 318,490
 
              
 Net investment income    361,014
     325,380
 
 Net investment gains (losses)    48,522
     (77,551) 
 Corporate expenses    (97,468)     (85,069) 
 Foreign exchange (losses) gains    64,868
     (2,066) 
 Interest expense and financing costs    (49,545)     (50,758) 
 Transaction and reorganization expenses    (29,310)     (48,125) 
 Amortization of value of business acquired    (24,666)     (149,535) 
 Amortization of intangible assets    (8,744)     (8,564) 
 Income before income taxes and interest in income of equity method investments    $342,432
     $222,202
 
              
 Net losses and loss expenses ratio59.0% 68.7% 64.1% 60.1% 60.8% 60.5% 
 Acquisition cost ratio21.2% 23.4% 22.3% 16.4% 23.2% 19.8% 
 General and administrative expense ratio19.0% 4.9% 14.5% 17.2% 5.5% 13.7% 
 Combined ratio99.2% 97.0% 100.9% 93.7% 89.5% 94.0% 
              
 Total intangible assets$346,356
 $—
 $346,356
 $408,441
 $—
 $408,441
 
 ��            


2.    SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONTINUED)
20202019
Nine months ended and at September 30,InsuranceReinsuranceTotalInsuranceReinsuranceTotal
Gross premiums written$2,914,100$2,564,419$5,478,519$2,714,322$2,923,169$5,637,491
Net premiums written1,729,2681,821,6923,550,9601,638,1972,065,2633,703,460
Net premiums earned1,709,2681,574,6733,283,9411,630,4731,784,6533,415,126
Other insurance related income (loss)2,091(7,361)(5,270)1,7799,60611,385
Net losses and loss expenses(1,252,569)(1,211,443)(2,464,012)(961,444)(1,225,959)(2,187,403)
Acquisition costs(343,579)(354,137)(697,716)(344,981)(417,826)(762,807)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(284,909)(76,714)(361,623)(311,491)(87,049)(398,540)
Underwriting income (loss)$(169,698)$(74,982)(244,680)$14,336$63,42577,761
Net investment income240,098361,014
Net investment gains45,77748,522
Corporate expenses(74,915)(97,468)
Foreign exchange (losses) gains(8,760)64,868
Interest expense and financing costs(59,641)(49,545)
Reorganization expenses(822)(29,310)
Amortization of value of business acquired(4,111)(24,666)
Amortization of intangible assets(8,564)(8,744)
Income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments$(115,618)$342,432
Net losses and loss expenses ratio73.3 %76.9 %75.0 %59.0 %68.7 %64.1 %
Acquisition cost ratio20.1 %22.5 %21.2 %21.2 %23.4 %22.3 %
General and administrative expense ratio16.7 %4.9 %13.4 %19.0 %4.9 %14.5 %
Combined ratio110.1 %104.3 %109.6 %99.2 %97.0 %100.9 %
Goodwill and intangible assets$324,365$0$324,365$346,356$0$346,356


14
Table of Contents

AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3.INVESTMENTS

3.    INVESTMENTS
a)     Fixed Maturities and Equity securities

Fixed maturities

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair values of the Company's fixed maturities classified as available for sale were as follows:sale:
Amortized
cost
Allowance for expected credit lossesGross
unrealized
gains
Gross
unrealized
losses
Fair
value
At September 30, 2020
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and agency$1,929,224 $0 $62,872 $(630)$1,991,466 
Non-U.S. government659,744 0 18,099 (4,042)673,801 
Corporate debt4,607,629 (2,462)214,924 (23,360)4,796,731 
Agency RMBS(1)
1,630,014 0 48,465 (1,373)1,677,106 
CMBS(2)
1,291,291 0 92,012 (2,565)1,380,738 
Non-agency RMBS131,937 (36)2,733 (1,104)133,530 
ABS(3)
1,679,839 0 12,374 (20,038)1,672,175 
Municipals(4)
272,154 0 11,982 (442)283,694 
Total fixed maturities$12,201,832 $(2,498)$463,461 $(53,554)$12,609,241 
At December 31, 2019    
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and agency$2,102,849 $0 $16,345 $(6,313)$2,112,881 
Non-U.S. government564,505 0 14,535 (2,448)576,592 
Corporate debt4,797,384 0 140,426 (7,556)4,930,254 
Agency RMBS(1)
1,570,823 0 25,215 (3,454)1,592,584 
CMBS(2)
1,340,156 0 29,838 (4,942)1,365,052 
Non-agency RMBS84,381 0 1,393 (852)84,922 
ABS(3)
1,599,867 0 4,706 (5,880)1,598,693 
Municipals(4)
203,275 0 4,359 (407)207,227 
Total fixed maturities$12,263,240 $0 $236,817 $(31,852)$12,468,205 
(1)Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") originated by U.S. government-sponsored agencies.
(2)Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS").
(3)Asset-backed securities ("ABS") include debt tranched securities collateralized primarily by auto loans, student loans, credit card receivables and collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs").
(4)Municipals include bonds issued by states, municipalities and political subdivisions.




  
Amortized
cost
 
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Fair
value
 
Non-credit
OTTI
in AOCI(5)
 
            
 At September 30, 2019          
 Fixed maturities          
 U.S. government and agency$2,106,902
 $30,012
 $(2,958) $2,133,956
 $—
 
 Non-U.S. government543,426
 6,214
 (12,008) 537,632
 —
 
 Corporate debt4,966,942
 133,081
 (22,928) 5,077,095
 —
 
 
Agency RMBS(1)
1,609,193
 26,811
 (3,236) 1,632,768
 —
 
 
CMBS(2)
1,321,029
 48,726
 (865) 1,368,890
 —
 
 Non-Agency RMBS59,308
 1,230
 (1,586) 58,952
 (662) 
 
ABS(3)
1,600,758
 5,974
 (6,197) 1,600,535
 —
 
 
Municipals(4)
200,146
 6,444
 (177) 206,413
 —
 
 Total fixed maturities$12,407,704
 $258,492
 $(49,955) $12,616,241
 $(662) 
            
 At December 31, 2018          
 Fixed maturities          
 U.S. government and agency$1,520,142
 $4,232
 $(8,677) $1,515,697
 $—
 
 Non-U.S. government507,550
 1,586
 (16,120) 493,016
 —
 
 Corporate debt4,990,279
 15,086
 (128,444) 4,876,921
 —
 
 
Agency RMBS(1)
1,666,684
 6,508
 (29,884) 1,643,308
 —
 
 
CMBS(2)
1,103,507
 2,818
 (13,795) 1,092,530
 —
 
 Non-Agency RMBS40,732
 1,237
 (1,282) 40,687
 (857) 
 
ABS(3)
1,651,350
 1,493
 (15,240) 1,637,603
 —
 
 
Municipals(4)
136,068
 914
 (1,397) 135,585
 —
 
 Total fixed maturities$11,616,312
 $33,874
 $(214,839) $11,435,347
 $(857) 
            
(1)Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") originated by U.S. government-sponsored agencies.
(2)Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS").
(3)Asset-backed securities ("ABS") include debt tranched securities collateralized primarily by auto loans, student loans, credit card receivables, collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs") and collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs").
(4)Municipals include bonds issued by states, municipalities and political subdivisions.
(5)Represents the non-credit component of the other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") losses, adjusted for subsequent sales, maturities and redemptions. It does not include the change in fair value subsequent to the impairment measurement date.






15
Table of Contents

AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3.INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

3.    INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)
Equity Securities

The following table provides the cost and fair values of the Company's equity securities were as follows:securities:
Cost
Gross
unrealized
gains
Gross
unrealized
losses
Fair
value
At September 30, 2020
Equity securities
Common stocks$10,679 $35 $(1,419)$9,295 
Preferred stocks6,249 1,505 0 7,754 
Exchange-traded funds141,748 51,920 (1,466)192,202 
Bond mutual funds197,500 11,135 0 208,635 
Total equity securities$356,176 $64,595 $(2,885)$417,886 
At December 31, 2019    
Equity securities
Common stocks$504 $77 $(388)$193 
Preferred stocks0 0 0 0 
Exchange-traded funds215,986 81,444 (105)297,325 
Bond mutual funds182,466 0 (5,777)176,689 
Total equity securities$398,956 $81,521 $(6,270)$474,207 
  Cost 
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Fair
value
 
 At September 30, 2019        
 Equity securities        
 Common stocks$504
 $67
 $(387) $184
 
 Exchange-traded funds215,620
 61,809
 (3,707) 273,722
 
 Bond mutual funds164,521
 —
 (8,524) 155,997
 
 Total equity securities$380,645
 $61,876
 $(12,618) $429,903
 
          
 At December 31, 2018        
 Equity securities        
 Common stocks$790
 $112
 $(375) $527
 
 Exchange-traded funds213,420
 33,498
 (10,079) 236,839
 
 Bond mutual funds151,695
 —
 (7,428) 144,267
 
 Total equity securities$365,905
 $33,610
 $(17,882) $381,633
 
          


In the normal course of investing activities, the Company actively manages allocations to non-controlling tranches of structured securities which are variable interests issued by Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs"). These structured securities include RMBS, CMBS and ABS.

The Company also invests in limited partnerships includingwhich represent 62% of the Company's other investments. The investments in limited partnerships include hedge funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds and real estate funds as well as CLO equity tranched securities, which are variable interests issued by VIEs (refer to Note 3(c) 'Other Investments'). The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that are most significant to the economic performance of thethese VIEs therefore the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs.

The maximum exposure to loss on these interests is limited to the amount of investmentcommitment made by the Company. The Company has not provided financial or other support to these structured securities other than the original investment.




16
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3.INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

3.    INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)
Contractual Maturities of Fixed Maturities

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The table below provides the contractual maturities of fixed maturities are shown below:maturities:
Amortized
cost
Fair
value
% of Total
fair value
At September 30, 2020
Maturity
Due in one year or less$367,208 $371,864 2.8 %
Due after one year through five years4,318,770 4,446,778 35.3 %
Due after five years through ten years2,524,796 2,660,506 21.1 %
Due after ten years257,977 266,544 2.1 %
 7,468,751 7,745,692 61.3 %
Agency RMBS1,630,014 1,677,106 13.3 %
CMBS1,291,291 1,380,738 11.0 %
Non-agency RMBS131,937 133,530 1.1 %
ABS1,679,839 1,672,175 13.3 %
Total$12,201,832 $12,609,241 100.0 %
At December 31, 2019
Maturity
Due in one year or less$438,881 $443,228 3.6 %
Due after one year through five years4,810,202 4,884,837 39.2 %
Due after five years through ten years2,091,486 2,157,157 17.3 %
Due after ten years327,444 341,732 2.7 %
 7,668,013 7,826,954 62.8 %
Agency RMBS1,570,823 1,592,584 12.8 %
CMBS1,340,156 1,365,052 10.9 %
Non-agency RMBS84,381 84,922 0.7 %
ABS1,599,867 1,598,693 12.8 %
Total$12,263,240 $12,468,205 100.0 %
  
Amortized
cost
 
Fair
value
 
% of Total
fair value
 
        
 At September 30, 2019      
 Maturity      
 Due in one year or less$331,379
 $330,584
 2.6% 
 Due after one year through five years4,980,949
 5,037,089
 39.9% 
 Due after five years through ten years2,107,695
 2,173,611
 17.2% 
 Due after ten years397,393
 413,812
 3.3% 
  7,817,416
 7,955,096
 63.0% 
 Agency RMBS1,609,193
 1,632,768
 12.9% 
 CMBS1,321,029
 1,368,890
 10.9% 
 Non-Agency RMBS59,308
 58,952
 0.5% 
 ABS1,600,758
 1,600,535
 12.7% 
 Total$12,407,704
 $12,616,241
 100.0% 
        
 At December 31, 2018      
 Maturity      
 Due in one year or less$430,390
 $426,142
 3.7% 
 Due after one year through five years4,751,064
 4,691,263
 41.0% 
 Due after five years through ten years1,762,452
 1,697,737
 14.8% 
 Due after ten years210,133
 206,077
 1.8% 
  7,154,039
 7,021,219
 61.3% 
 Agency RMBS1,666,684
 1,643,308
 14.4% 
 CMBS1,103,507
 1,092,530
 9.6% 
 Non-Agency RMBS40,732
 40,687
 0.4% 
 ABS1,651,350
 1,637,603
 14.3% 
 Total$11,616,312
 $11,435,347
 100.0% 
        




17
Table of Contents

AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3.INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

3.    INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)
 Gross Unrealized Losses

The following table summarizes fixed maturities and equity securities in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
  12 months or greaterLess than 12 monthsTotal
  
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
Fair
value
Unrealized
losses
At September 30, 2020
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and agency$0 $0 $237,349 $(630)$237,349 $(630)
Non-U.S. government28,253 (1,675)99,028 (2,367)127,281 (4,042)
Corporate debt57,768 (3,924)821,430 (19,436)879,198 (23,360)
Agency RMBS9,231 (21)242,263 (1,352)251,494 (1,373)
CMBS9,467 (907)121,193 (1,658)130,660 (2,565)
Non-agency RMBS5,048 (873)22,552 (231)27,600 (1,104)
ABS313,666 (9,127)667,236 (10,911)980,902 (20,038)
Municipals0 0 70,036 (442)70,036 (442)
Total fixed maturities$423,433 $(16,527)$2,281,087 $(37,027)$2,704,520 $(53,554)
At December 31, 2019      
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and agency$9,536 $(67)$614,705 $(6,246)$624,241 $(6,313)
Non-U.S. government99,466 (2,036)18,361 (412)117,827 (2,448)
Corporate debt121,635 (3,847)375,858 (3,709)497,493 (7,556)
Agency RMBS195,395 (1,816)326,402 (1,638)521,797 (3,454)
CMBS24,281 (64)364,641 (4,878)388,922 (4,942)
Non-agency RMBS6,345 (792)25,816 (60)32,161 (852)
ABS535,780 (4,667)404,641 (1,213)940,421 (5,880)
Municipals5,418 (34)46,684 (373)52,102 (407)
Total fixed maturities$997,856 $(13,323)$2,177,108 $(18,529)$3,174,964 $(31,852)
   12 months or greater Less than 12 months Total 
   
Fair
value
 
Unrealized
losses
 
Fair
value
 
Unrealized
losses
 
Fair
value
 
Unrealized
losses
 
              
 At September 30, 2019            
 Fixed maturities            
 U.S. government and agency$12,694
 $(91) $558,741
 $(2,867) $571,435
 $(2,958) 
 Non-U.S. government114,923
 (7,546) 179,943
 (4,462) 294,866
 (12,008) 
 Corporate debt218,327
 (11,414) 601,466
 (11,514) 819,793
 (22,928) 
 Agency RMBS241,041
 (2,394) 200,089
 (842) 441,130
 (3,236) 
 CMBS24,550
 (65) 100,241
 (800) 124,791
 (865) 
 Non-Agency RMBS5,409
 (1,135) 19,393
 (451) 24,802
 (1,586) 
 ABS402,080
 (5,186) 420,285
 (1,011) 822,365
 (6,197) 
 Municipals7,747
 (109) 9,601
 (68) 17,348
 (177) 
 Total fixed maturities$1,026,771
 $(27,940) $2,089,759
 $(22,015) $3,116,530
 $(49,955) 
              
 At December 31, 2018            
 Fixed maturities            
 U.S. government and agency$374,030
 $(7,659) $424,439
 $(1,018) $798,469
 $(8,677) 
 Non-U.S. government44,339
 (2,004) 303,376
 (14,116) 347,715
 (16,120) 
 Corporate debt1,439,378
 (58,915) 2,547,135
 (69,529) 3,986,513
 (128,444) 
 Agency RMBS940,645
 (29,255) 117,181
 (629) 1,057,826
 (29,884) 
 CMBS455,582
 (11,430) 353,802
 (2,365) 809,384
 (13,795) 
 Non-Agency RMBS9,494
 (1,170) 11,432
 (112) 20,926
 (1,282) 
 ABS237,237
 (2,755) 1,150,692
 (12,485) 1,387,929
 (15,240) 
 Municipals68,814
 (1,373) 9,894
 (24) 78,708
 (1,397) 
 Total fixed maturities$3,569,519
 $(114,561) $4,917,951
 $(100,278) $8,487,470
 $(214,839) 
              


Fixed Maturities

At September 30,2019, 1,541 2020, 1,365 fixed maturities (2018: 3,599)(2019: 1,190) were in an unrealized loss position of $50$54 million (2018: $215(2019: $32 million), of which $11$21 million (2018: $49 million) (2019: $5 million) was related to securities below investment grade or not rated.


At September 30,2019, 633 2020, 234 fixed maturities (2018: 1,656)(2019: 497) had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and had a fair value of $1,027$423 million (2018: $3,570(2019: $998 million). Following a credit impairment review, it wasThe Company concluded that the unrealized loss on these securities as well as the remaining securities in an unrealized loss position were temporarily impaireddue to non-credit factors at September 30,2019, 2020, and were expected to recover in value as the securities approach maturity. At September 30,2019, 2020, the Company did not intend to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of their amortized costs.





18
Table of Contents

AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3.INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

3.    INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)
b) Mortgage Loans

The following table provides details of the Company's mortgage loans held-for-investment:
 
  
September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 
 
  
Carrying value % of Total Carrying value % of Total 
          
 Mortgage Loans held-for-investment:        
 Commercial$407,790
 100% $298,650
 100% 
 Total Mortgage Loans held-for-investment$407,790
 100% $298,650
 100% 
          
  
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
  
Carrying value% of TotalCarrying value% of Total
Mortgage Loans held-for-investment:
Commercial$544,095 100 %$432,748 100 %
Total Mortgage Loans held-for-investment$544,095 100 %$432,748 100 %


The primary credit quality indicator for commercial mortgage loans is the debt service coverage ratio which compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan, (generally, the lower the debt service coverage ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss) and the loan-to-value ratio which compares the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral (generally, the higher the loan-to-value ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss). The debt service coverage ratio and loan-to-value ratio, as well as the values utilized in calculating these ratios, are updated annually, on a rolling basis.

The Company has a high quality mortgage loan portfolio with a weighted average debt service coverage ratio of 2.1x and a weighted average loan-to-value ratio of 57%59%. At September 30, 2019,2020, there are 0 credit losses or past due amounts associated with the commercial mortgage loans held by the Company.



19
Table of Contents

AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3.INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

3.    INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)
c) Other Investments

The following tables provide a summary of the Company's other investments, together with additional information relating to the liquidity of each category:
  Fair value 
Redemption frequency
(if currently eligible)
 
  Redemption  
  notice period  
 
          
 At September 30, 2019 
  
     
 Long/short equity funds$30,617
 4% Annually 60 days 
 Multi-strategy funds166,079
 21% Quarterly, Semi-annually 60-90 days 
 Direct lending funds275,619
 35% n/a n/a 
 Private equity funds67,210
 9% n/a n/a 
 Real estate funds130,209
 17% n/a n/a 
 CLO-Equities15,454
 2% n/a n/a 
 Other privately held investments30,719
 4% n/a n/a 
 Overseas deposits63,293
 8% n/a n/a 
 Total other investments$779,200
 100%     
          
 At December 31, 2018 
  
     
 Long/short equity funds$26,779
 3% Annually 60 days 
 Multi-strategy funds167,819
 22% Quarterly, Semi-annually, Annually 45-95 days 
 Direct lending funds274,478
 35% n/a n/a 
 Private equity funds64,566
 8% n/a n/a 
 Real estate funds84,202
 11% n/a n/a 
 CLO-Equities21,271
 2% n/a n/a 
 Other privately held investments44,518
 6% n/a n/a 
 Overseas deposits104,154
 13% n/a n/a 
 Total other investments$787,787
 100%     
          
Fair value
Redemption frequency
(if currently eligible)
  Redemption  
  notice period  
At September 30, 2020    
Long/short equity funds$24,815 3 %Annually60 days
Multi-strategy funds111,980 15 %Quarterly, Semi-annually60-95 days
Direct lending funds269,783 35 %n/an/a
Private equity funds106,701 14 %n/an/a
Real estate funds153,163 20 %n/an/a
CLO-Equities9,189 2 %n/an/a
Other privately held investments39,493 5 %n/an/a
Overseas deposits45,082 6 %n/an/a
Total other investments$760,206 100 % 
  
At December 31, 2019    
Long/short equity funds$31,248 4 %Annually60 days
Multi-strategy funds136,542 18 %Quarterly, Semi-annually60-90 days
Direct lending funds277,395 36 %n/an/a
Private equity funds80,412 10 %n/an/a
Real estate funds130,112 17 %n/an/a
CLO-Equities14,328 2 %n/an/a
Other privately held investments36,934 5 %n/an/a
Overseas deposits63,952 8 %n/an/a
Total other investments$770,923 100 %  
     
n/a - not applicable

The investment strategies for the above funds are as follows:

•
Long/short equity funds: Seek to achieve attractive returns primarily by executing an equity trading strategy involving long and short investments in publicly-traded equity securities.

•
Multi-strategy funds: Seek to achieve above-market returns by pursuing multiple investment strategies to diversify risks and reduce volatility. This category primarily includes funds of hedge funds which invest in a large pool of hedge funds across a diversified range of hedge fund strategies.

•
Direct lending funds: Seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns, including current income generation, by investing in funds which provide financing directly to borrowers.

•
Private equity funds: Seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns by investing in private transactions over the course of several years.

•
Real estate funds: Seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns by making and managing investments in real estate and real estate securities and businesses.

Two common redemption restrictions which may impact the Company's ability to redeem hedge funds are gates and lockups. A gate is a suspension of redemptions which may be implemented by the general partner or investment manager of the fund in order to defer, in


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whole or in part, the redemption request in the event the aggregate amount of redemption requests exceeds a predetermined percentage of the fund's net assets which may otherwise hinder the general partner or investment manager's ability to liquidate holdings in an orderly fashion in order to generate the cash necessary to fund extraordinarily large redemption payouts. A lockup period is the initial amount of time an investor is contractually required to hold the security before having the ability to redeem. During the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, neither of these restrictions impacted the Company's redemption requests. At September 30, 2019, $652020, $25 million (2018: $27(2019: $69 million), representing 33% (2018: 14%18% (2019: 41%) of total hedge funds, relate to holdings where the Company is still within the lockup period. The expiration of these lockup periods range from October 2020March 2021 to March 2022. 

At September 30, 2019,2020, the Company had $184$153 million (2018: $210 (2019: $170 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in direct lending funds. Once the full amount of committed capital has been called by the General Partner of each of these funds, the assets will not be fully returned until the completion of the fund's investment term. These funds have investment terms ranging from five to tenfifteen years and the General Partners of certain funds have the option to extend the term by up to three years.
At September 30, 2019,2020, the Company had $37$20 million (2018: $84 (2019: $24 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in multi-strategy hedge funds. Once the full amount of committed capital has been called by the General Partner of each of these funds, the assets will not be fully returned until after the completion of the funds' investment term. These funds have investment terms ranging from two years to the dissolution of the underlying fund.

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3.    INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)
At September 30, 2019,2020, the Company had $97$158 million (2018: $147 (2019: $82 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in funds which invest in real estate and real estate securities and businesses. These funds include an open-ended fund and funds with investment terms ranging from seven years to the dissolution of the underlying fund.
At September 30, 2019,2020, the Company had $171$163 million (2018: $16 (2019: $261 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in private equity funds. The life of the funds is subject to the dissolution of the underlying funds. The Company expects the overall holding period to be over five years.

During 2015, the Company made a $50 million commitment as a limited partner of a bank revolver opportunity fund. The fund has an investment term of seven years and the General Partners have the option to extend the term by up to two years. At September 30, 2019,2020, this commitment remains unfunded. It is not anticipated that the full amount of this fund will be drawn.

Syndicate 2007 holds overseas deposits which include investments in private funds where the underlying investments are primarily U.S. government, non-U.S. government and corporate debt securities. The funds do not trade on an exchange and therefore are not included within available for sale investments.


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d) Equity Method Investments

During 2016, the Company paid $108 million including direct transaction costs to acquire 19% of the common equity of Harrington Reinsurance Holdings Limited ("Harrington"), the parent company of Harrington Re Ltd. ("Harrington Re"), an independent reinsurance company jointly sponsored by AXIS Capital and The Blackstone Group L.P. ("Blackstone"). Through long-term service agreements, AXIS Capital will serve as Harrington Re's reinsurance underwriting manager and Blackstone will serve as exclusive investment management service provider. As an investor, the Company expects to benefit from underwriting profit generated by Harrington Re and the income and capital appreciation Blackstone seeks to deliver through its investment management services. In addition, the Company has entered into an arrangement with Blackstone under which underwriting and investment related fees will be shared equally. Harrington is not a VIE that is required to be included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for its ownership interest in Harrington under the equity method of accounting. The Company's proportionate share of the underlying equity in net assets resulted in a basis difference of $5 million which represents initial transactions costs.

e) Net Investment Income

Net investment income was derived from the following sources:
  
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  
2020201920202019
Fixed maturities$73,992 $96,311 $244,394 $285,062 
Other investments25,125 11,143 (14,574)49,271 
Equity securities1,871 2,232 6,258 7,757 
Mortgage loans3,609 3,984 11,322 10,735 
Cash and cash equivalents2,491 7,034 9,814 20,974 
Short-term investments440 973 2,303 5,975 
Gross investment income107,528 121,677 259,517 379,774 
Investment expenses(5,572)(5,914)(19,419)(18,760)
Net investment income$101,956 $115,763 $240,098 $361,014 
 
  
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
 
  
2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Fixed maturities$96,311
 $89,887
 $285,062
 $262,165
 
 Other investments11,143
 15,933
 49,271
 44,179
 
 Equity securities2,232
 2,099
 7,757
 7,015
 
 Mortgage loans3,984
 3,322
 10,735
 9,805
 
 Cash and cash equivalents7,034
 6,992
 20,974
 16,770
 
 Short-term investments973
 3,413
 5,975
 5,933
 
 Gross investment income121,677
 121,646
 379,774
 345,867
 
 Investment expenses(5,914) (7,225) (18,760) (20,487) 
 Net investment income$115,763
 $114,421
 $361,014
 $325,380
 
          

f) Net Investment Gains (Losses)

The following table provides an analysis of net investment gains (losses):
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Gross realized investment gains        
 Fixed maturities and short-term investments$32,475
 $4,543
 $61,882
 $41,932
 
 Equity securities1,825
 15
 3,424
 18,675
 
 Gross realized investment gains34,300
 4,558
 65,306
 60,607
 
 Gross realized investment losses        
 Fixed maturities and short-term investments(14,557) (25,926) (44,813) (113,903) 
 Equity securities(80) —
 (203) (1,231) 
 Gross realized investment losses(14,637) (25,926) (45,016) (115,134) 
 Net OTTI recognized in net income(1,458) (5,546) (6,328) (7,634) 
 
Change in fair value of investment derivatives(1)
2,592
 2,626
 287
 9,782
 
 Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities(6,270) 6,660
 34,273
 (25,172) 
 Net investment gains (losses)$14,527
 $(17,628) $48,522
 $(77,551) 
          
(1) Refer to Note 5 'Derivative Instruments'.

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3.INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

3.    INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)
f) Net Investment Gains

The following table summarizesprovides an analysis of net investment gains:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Gross realized investment gains
Fixed maturities and short-term investments$39,926 $32,475 $130,874 $61,882 
Equity securities556 1,825 24,514 3,424 
Gross realized investment gains40,482 34,300 155,388 65,306 
Gross realized investment losses
Fixed maturities and short-term investments(10,394)(14,557)(88,216)(44,813)
Equity securities(37)(80)(5,839)(203)
Gross realized investment losses(10,431)(14,637)(94,055)(45,016)
Allowance for expected credit losses3,759 0 (2,498)0 
Impairment losses(1)
(184)0 (1,486)0 
OTTI losses0 (1,458)0 (6,328)
Change in fair value of investment derivatives(2)
(1,346)2,592 1,970 287 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities23,329 (6,270)(13,542)34,273 
Net investment gains$55,609 $14,527 $45,777 $48,522 
(1) Related to instances where the OTTI recognized in net income by asset class:Company intends to sell securities or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell securities before their anticipated recovery.
(2) Refer to Note 5 'Derivative Instruments'.
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Fixed maturities:        
 Non-U.S. government$30
 $4,426
 $90
 $4,448
 
 Corporate debt1,428
 1,079
 6,238
 3,145
 
 CMBS—
 41
 —
 41
 
 Total OTTI recognized in net income$1,458
 $5,546
 $6,328
 $7,634
 
          


The following table provides a roll forwardreconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the allowance for expected credit losses ("credit loss table") before income taxes,on fixed maturities classified as available for which a component of the OTTI charge was recognized in AOCI:sale:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Balance at beginning of period$6,257 $0 $0 $0 
Expected credit losses on securities where credit losses were not previously recognized194 0 22,570 0 
Additions (reductions) for expected credit losses on securities where credit losses were previously recognized(2,545)0 (9,424)0 
Impairments of securities which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell0 0 0 0 
Securities sold/redeemed/matured(1,408)0 (10,648)0 
Balance at end of period$2,498 $0 $2,498 $0 
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Balance at beginning of period$393
 $1,472
 $510
 $1,494
 
 Credit impairments recognized on securities not previously impaired—
 —
 —
 —
 
 Additional credit impairments recognized on securities previously impaired—
 8
 —
 8
 
 Change in timing of future cash flows on securities previously impaired—
 —
 —
 —
 
 Intent to sell of securities previously impaired—
 —
 —
 —
 
 Securities sold/redeemed/matured(79) —
 (196) (22) 
 Balance at end of period$314
 $1,480
 $314
 $1,480
 
          

g) Reverse Repurchase Agreements

At September 30, 2019,2020, the Company held $9$259 million (2018: $189 million)(2019: $NaN) of reverse repurchase agreements. These loans are fully collateralized, are generally outstanding for a short period of time and are presented on a gross basis as part of cash and cash equivalents in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The required collateral for these loans is either cash or U.S. Treasuries at a minimum rate of 102% of the loan principal. Upon maturity, the Company receives principal and interest income. The Company monitors the estimated fair value of the securities loaned and borrowed on a daily basis with additional collateral obtained as necessary throughout the duration of the transaction.



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4.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy

Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (i.e. the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants. U.S. GAAP prescribes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The level in the hierarchy within which a given fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the measurement. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels as follows:

•Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

•Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. The unobservable inputs reflect the Company's own judgments about assumptions that market participants might use.

The availability of observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, for example, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires significantly more judgment.

Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized as Level 3. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many financial instruments. This may lead the Company to change the selection of valuation technique (from market to cash flow approach) or may cause the Company to use multiple valuation techniques to estimate the fair value of a financial instrument. This circumstance could cause an instrument to be reclassified between levels within the fair value hierarchy.

Valuation Techniques

The valuation techniques, including significant inputs and assumptions generally used to determine the fair values of the Company's financial instruments as well as the classification of the fair values of its financial instruments in the fair value hierarchy are described in detail below.

Fixed Maturities

At each valuation date, the Company uses the market approach valuation technique to estimate the fair value of its fixed maturities portfolio, whenwhere possible. The market approach includes, but is not limited to, prices obtained from third partythird-party pricing services for identical or comparable securities and the use of "pricing matrix models" using observable market inputs such as yield curves, credit risks and spreads, measures of volatility, and prepayment speeds. Pricing from third partythird-party pricing services is sourced from multiple vendors, whenwhere available, and the Company maintains a vendor hierarchy by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. WhenWhere prices are unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers who are active in the corresponding markets. The valuation techniques including significant inputs and assumptions generally used to determine the fair values of the Company's fixed maturities by asset class as well as the classifications of the fair values of these securities in the fair value hierarchy are described in detail below.


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4.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
U.S. Government and Agency

U.S. government and agency securities consist primarily of bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury and mortgage pass-through agencies such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Government National Mortgage Association. As the fair values of U.S. Treasury securities are based on unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 1. The fair values of U.S. government agency securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads are observable market inputs, the fair values of U.S. government agency securities are classified as Level 2.

Non-U.S. Government

Non-U.S. government securities include bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and their agencies along with supranational organizations (collectively also known as sovereign debt securities). The fair values of these securities are based on prices obtained from international indices or valuation models that include inputs such as interest rate yield curves, cross-currency basis index spreads, and country credit spreads for structures similar to the sovereign bond in terms of issuer, maturity and seniority. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of non-U.S. government securities are classified as Level 2.

Corporate Debt

Corporate debt securities consist primarily of investment-grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The fair values of these securities are generally determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads are observable market inputs, the fair values of corporate debt securities are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

Agency RMBS

Agency RMBS consist of bonds issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Government National Mortgage Association. The fair values of these securities are priced using a mortgage pool specific model which uses daily inputs from the active to be announced market and the spread associated with each mortgage pool based on vintage. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of Agency RMBS are classified as Level 2.

CMBS

CMBS mainly include mostly investment-grade bonds originated by non-agencies. The fair values of these securities are determined using a pricing model which uses dealer quotes and other available trade information along with security level characteristics to determine deal specific spreads. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of CMBS securities are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

Non-Agency

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Non-agency RMBS

Non-AgencyNon-agency RMBS mainly include mostly investment-grade bonds originated by non-agencies. The fair values of these securities are determined using an option adjusted spread model or other relevant models, which use inputs including available trade information or broker quotes, prepayment and default projections based on historical statistics of the underlying collateral and current market data. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of Non-Agencynon-agency RMBS are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-


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dealersbroker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

ABS

ABS mainly include mostly investment-grade bonds backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral, including auto loans, student loans, credit card receivables CDOs and CLOs,collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"), originated by a variety of financial institutions. The fair values of these securities are determined using a model which uses prepayment speeds and spreads sourced primarily from the new issue market. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of ABS are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

Municipals

Municipals comprise revenue and general obligation bonds issued by U.S. domiciled state and municipal entities. The fair values of these securities are determined using spreads obtained from the new issue market, trade prices and broker-dealers quotes. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of municipals are classified as Level 2.

Equity Securities

Equity securities include common stocks, preferred stocks, exchange-traded funds and bond mutual funds. As the fair values of common stocks, preferred stocks and exchange-traded funds are based on unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets, the fair valuevalues of these securities are classified as Level 1. As bond mutual funds have daily liquidity, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2.

Other Investments

Other privately held securities include convertible preferred shares, common shares, convertible notes and notes payable. These securities are initially valued at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these securities are determined using an income approach valuation technique, specifically an internally developed discounted cash flow model. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are unobservable, the fair values of other investments are classified as Level 3.

The fair value of thean indirect investment in CLO-Equities is estimated using an income approach valuation technique, specifically an externally developed discounted cash flow model due to the lack of observable and relevant trades in secondary markets. As the significant inputs used to price this security are unobservable, the fair value of the indirect investment in CLO-Equities is classified as Level 3.

Other privately held investments include convertible preferred shares, common shares, convertible notes and notes payable. These investments are initially valued at cost, which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these investments are generally determined using capital statements obtained from each investee company. In order to assess the reasonableness of the information received from each investee company, the Company maintains an understanding of current market conditions, historical results, and emerging trends that may impact the results of operations, financial condition or liquidity of investee companies. In addition, the Company engages in regular communication with management at the investee companies. As the significant inputs used to price these investments are unobservable, the fair values of other privately held investments are classified as Level 3.

Overseas deposits include investments in private funds held by Syndicate 2007 where the underlying investments are primarily U.S. government, Non-U.S.non-U.S. government and corporate debt securities. The funds do not trade on an exchange, and therefore are not included withinin available for sale investments. As the significant inputs used to price the underlying investments are observable market inputs, the fair values of overseas deposits are classified as Level 2.

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4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
Short-term Investments

Short-term investments primarily comprise highly liquid securities with maturities greater than three months but less than one year from the date of purchase. The fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2 because theseThese securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity, and, as such,therefore their amortized cost approximates fair value. The fair values of short-term investments are classified as Level 2.



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Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments include foreign exchange forward contracts and exchange traded interest rate swaps that are customized to the Company's economic hedging strategies and trade in the over-the-counter derivative market. The fair values of these derivatives are determined using a market approach valuation technique based on significant observable market inputs from third party pricing vendors, non-binding broker-dealer quotes and/or recent trading activity. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of these derivatives are classified as Level 2.

Other underwriting-related derivatives include insurance and reinsurance contracts that are accounted for as derivatives. These derivative contracts are initially valued at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these derivatives are determined using an income approach valuation technique, specifically internally developed discounted cash flow models. As the significant inputs used to price these derivatives are unobservable, the fair values of these contracts are classified as Level 3.

Insurance-linked Securities

Insurance-linked securities comprise an investment in a catastrophe bond. As pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate the fair value of this security. Pricing is generally unavailable when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly therefore the fair value of this security is classified as Level 3.

Cash Settled Awards

Cash settled awards comprise restricted stock units that form part of the Company's compensation program. Although the fair values of these awards are determined using observable quoted market prices in active markets, the restricted stock units are not actively traded. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of these liabilities are classified as Level 2.



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4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
The tables below present the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:
  Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Fair value based on NAV practical expedient Total fair value 
            
 At September 30, 2019          
 Assets          
 Fixed maturities          
 U.S. government and agency$2,081,388
 $52,568
 $—
 $—
 $2,133,956
 
 Non-U.S. government—
 537,632
 —
 —
 537,632
 
 Corporate debt—
 5,038,544
 38,551
 —
 5,077,095
 
 Agency RMBS—
 1,632,768
 —
 —
 1,632,768
 
 CMBS—
 1,354,116
 14,774
 —
 1,368,890
 
 Non-Agency RMBS—
 58,952
 —
 —
 58,952
 
 ABS—
 1,600,043
 492
 —
 1,600,535
 
 Municipals—
 206,413
 —
 —
 206,413
 
  2,081,388
 10,481,036
 53,817
 —
 12,616,241
 
 Equity securities          
 Common stocks184
 —
 —
 —
 184
 
 Exchange-traded funds273,722
 —
 —
 —
 273,722
 
 Bond mutual funds—
 155,997
 —
 —
 155,997
 
  273,906
 155,997
 —
 —
 429,903
 
 Other investments          
 
Hedge funds (1)
—
 —
 —
 196,696
 196,696
 
 Direct lending funds—
 —
 —
 275,619
 275,619
 
 Private equity funds—
 —
 —
 67,210
 67,210
 
 Real estate funds—
 —
 —
 130,209
 130,209
 
 Other privately held investments—
 —
 30,719
 —
 30,719
 
 CLO-Equities—
 —
 15,454
 —
 15,454
 
 Overseas deposits—
 63,293
 —
 —
 63,293
 
  —
 63,293
 46,173
 669,734
 779,200
 
 Short-term investments—
 12,539
 —
 —
 12,539
 
 Other assets          
 Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)—
 1,343
 —
 —
 1,343
 
 Total Assets$2,355,294
 $10,714,208
 $99,990
 $669,734
 $13,839,226
 
 Liabilities          
 Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)$—
 $7,465
 $10,136
 $—
 $17,601
 
 Cash settled awards (refer to Note 8)—
 19,060
 —
 —
 19,060
 
  Total Liabilities$—
 $26,525
 $10,136
 $—
 $36,661
 
            

Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)Fair value based on NAV practical expedientTotal fair value
At September 30, 2020
Assets
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and agency$1,911,014 $80,452 $0 $— $1,991,466 
Non-U.S. government0 673,801 0 — 673,801 
Corporate debt0 4,794,332 2,399 — 4,796,731 
Agency RMBS0 1,677,106 0 — 1,677,106 
CMBS0 1,378,115 2,623 — 1,380,738 
Non-agency RMBS0 123,898 9,632 — 133,530 
ABS0 1,661,665 10,510 — 1,672,175 
Municipals0 283,694 0 — 283,694 
 1,911,014 10,673,063 25,164 — 12,609,241 
Equity securities
Common stocks9,295 0 0 — 9,295 
Preferred stocks7,754 0 0 — 7,754 
Exchange-traded funds192,202 0 0 — 192,202 
Bond mutual funds0 208,635 0 — 208,635 
 209,251 208,635 0 — 417,886 
Other investments
Hedge funds (1)
0 0 0 136,795 136,795 
Direct lending funds0 0 0 269,783 269,783 
Private equity funds0 0 0 106,701 106,701 
Real estate funds0 0 0 153,163 153,163 
CLO-Equities0 0 9,189 — 9,189 
Other privately held investments0 0 39,493 — 39,493 
Overseas deposits0 45,082 0 — 45,082 
0 45,082 48,682 666,442 760,206 
Short-term investments0 69,996 0 — 69,996 
Other assets
Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)0 7,267 0 — 7,267 
Total Assets$2,120,265 $11,004,043 $73,846 $666,442 $13,864,596 
Liabilities
Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)$0 $1,578 $9,448 $— $11,026 
Cash settled awards (refer to Note 8)0 10,160 0 — 10,160 
 Total Liabilities$0 $11,738 $9,448 $— $21,186 
(1) Includes Long/short equity and Multi-strategy funds.






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4.
4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

  Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Fair value based on NAV practical expedient Total fair value 
            
 At December 31, 2018          
 Assets          
 Fixed maturities          
 U.S. government and agency$1,480,466
 $35,231
 $—
 $—
 $1,515,697
 
 Non-U.S. government—
 493,016
 —
 —
 493,016
 
 Corporate debt—
 4,827,909
 49,012
 —
 4,876,921
 
 Agency RMBS—
 1,643,308
 —
 —
 1,643,308
 
 CMBS—
 1,073,396
 19,134
 —
 1,092,530
 
 Non-Agency RMBS—
 40,687
 —
 —
 40,687
 
 ABS—
 1,619,070
 18,533
 —
 1,637,603
 
 Municipals—
 135,585
 —
 —
 135,585
 
  1,480,466
 9,868,202
 86,679
 —
 11,435,347
 
 Equity securities          
 Common stocks527
 —
 —
 —
 527
 
 Exchange-traded funds236,839
 —
 —
 —
 236,839
 
 Bond mutual funds—
 144,267
 —
 —
 144,267
 
  237,366
 144,267
 —
 —
 381,633
 
 Other investments          
 
Hedge funds (1)
—
 —
 —
 194,598
 194,598
 
 Direct lending funds—
 —
 —
 274,478
 274,478
 
 Private equity funds—
 —
 —
 64,566
 64,566
 
 Real estate funds—
 —
 —
 84,202
 84,202
 
 Other privately held investments—
 —
 44,518
 —
 44,518
 
 CLO-Equities—
 —
 21,271
 —
 21,271
 
 Overseas deposits—
 104,154
 —
 —
 104,154
 
  —
 104,154
 65,789
 617,844
 787,787
 
 Short-term investments—
 144,040
 —
 —
 144,040
 
 Other assets          
 Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)—
 8,237
 —
 —
 8,237
 
 Total Assets$1,717,832
 $10,268,900
 $152,468
 $617,844
 $12,757,044
 
 Liabilities          
 Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)$—
 $4,223
 $10,299
 $—
 $14,522
 
 Cash settled awards (refer to Note 8)—
 20,648
 —
 —
 20,648
 
 Total Liabilities$—
 $24,871
 $10,299
 $—
 $35,170
 
            


Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)Fair value based on NAV practical expedientTotal fair value
At December 31, 2019
Assets
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and agency$2,053,622 $59,259 $0 $— $2,112,881 
Non-U.S. government0 576,592 0 — 576,592 
Corporate debt0 4,927,957 2,297 — 4,930,254 
Agency RMBS0 1,592,584 0 — 1,592,584 
CMBS0 1,359,817 5,235 — 1,365,052 
Non-agency RMBS0 84,922 0 — 84,922 
ABS0 1,598,204 489 — 1,598,693 
Municipals0 207,227 0 — 207,227 
 2,053,622 10,406,562 8,021 — 12,468,205 
Equity securities
Common stocks$193 $0 $0 $— $193 
Preferred stocks0 0 0 — 0 
Exchange-traded funds297,325 0 0 — 297,325 
Bond mutual funds0 176,689 0 — 176,689 
 297,518 176,689 0 — 474,207 
Other investments
Hedge funds (1)
0 0 0 167,790 167,790 
Direct lending funds0 0 0 277,395 277,395 
Private equity funds0 0 0 80,412 80,412 
Real estate funds0 0 0 130,112 130,112 
CLO-Equities0 0 14,328 — 14,328 
Other privately held investments0 0 36,934 — 36,934 
Overseas deposits0 63,952 0 — 63,952 
0 63,952 51,262 655,709 770,923 
Short-term investments0 38,471 0 — 38,471 
Other assets
Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)0 3,174 0 — 3,174 
Total Assets$2,351,140 $10,688,848 $59,283 $655,709 $13,754,980 
Liabilities
Derivative instruments (refer to Note 5)$0 $3,965 $9,672 $— $13,637 
Cash settled awards (refer to Note 8)0 21,731 0 — 21,731 
Total Liabilities$0 $25,696 $9,672 $— $35,368 
(1) Includes Long/short equity and Multi-strategy funds.









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4.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following table quantifies the significant unobservable inputs used in estimating fair values at September 30, 20192020 of investments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.hierarchy:
  Fair valueValuation techniqueUnobservable inputRange
Weighted
average
 
        
 Other investments - CLO-Equities$15,454
Discounted cash flowDefault rates3.5%3.5% 
    Loss severity rate35.0%35.0% 
    Collateral spreads3.0%3.0% 
    Estimated maturity dates7 years7 years 
        
 Other investments - Other privately held investments$30,719
Discounted cash flowDiscount rate3.0%3.0% 
        
 Derivatives - Other underwriting-related derivatives$(10,136)Discounted cash flowDiscount rate1.6%1.6% 
        

Fair valueValuation techniqueUnobservable inputRange
Weighted
average
Other investments - CLO-Equities$9,189 Discounted cash flowDefault rates3.8%3.8%
  Loss severity rate50.0%50.0%
  Collateral spreads3.0%3.0%
Estimated maturity dates5 years5 years
Derivatives - Other underwriting-related derivatives$(9,448)Discounted cash flowDiscount rate0.5%0.5%
Note: Fixed maturities and insurance-linked securitiesof $25 million that are classified as Level 3 are excluded from the above table as these securities are priced using broker-dealer quotes. In addition, privately held investments of $39 million that are classified as Level 3 are excluded from the above table as these investments are priced using capital statements received from investee companies.

Other Investments - CLO-Equities

The CLO-Equities market continues to be relatively inactive with only a small number of transactions being observed, particularly as it relatesrelated to transactions involving CLO-Equities held by the Company. Accordingly, the fair value of the Company's indirect investment in CLO-Equities is determined using a discounted cash flow model prepared by an external investment manager.

The default and loss severity rates are the most judgmental unobservable market inputs to the discounted cash flow model to which the valuation of the Company's indirect investment in CLO-Equities is most sensitive. A significant increase (decrease) in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in a lower (higher) fair value estimate for the investment in CLO-Equities and, in general, a change in default rate assumptions would be accompanied by a directionally similar change in loss severity rate assumptions. Collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates are less judgmental inputs as they are based on the historical average of actual spreads and the weighted average life of the current underlying portfolios, respectively. A significant increase (decrease) in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in a higher (lower) fair value estimate for the investment in CLO-Equities. In general, these inputs have no significant interrelationship with each other or with default and loss severity rates.

On a quarterly basis, the Company's valuation process for its indirect investment in CLO-Equities includes a review of the underlying cash flows and key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model. The above significant unobservable inputs are reviewed and updated based on information obtained from secondary markets, including information received from the managers of the Company's CLO-Equities portfolio.investment. In order to assess the reasonableness of the inputs the Company uses in its models,the discounted cash flow model, the Company maintains an understanding of current market conditions, historical results, as well asand emerging trends that may impact future cash flows. In addition, the assumptions the Company uses in its models are updated through regular communication with industry participants and ongoing monitoring of the deals in which the Company participates.

Other Investments - Other Privately Held Securities

Other privately held securities are initially valued at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these securities are determined using internally developed discounted cash flow models. These models include inputs that are specific to each investment. The inputs used in the fair value measurements include dividend or interest rates and appropriate discount rates. The selection of an appropriate discount rate is judgmental and is the most significant unobservable input used in the valuation of these securities. A significant increase (decrease) in this input in isolation could result in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement for other privately held securities. Where relevant, the Company also considers the contractual agreements which stipulate methodologies for calculating the dividend rate to be paid upon liquidation, conversion or redemption. In order to assess the reasonableness of the inputs the Company uses in the discounted cash flow models, the Company maintains an understanding of current market conditions, historical results, as well as investee specific information that may impact future cash flows.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

4.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

Derivatives - Other Underwriting-related Derivatives

Other underwriting-related derivatives are initially valued at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these derivatives are determined using internally developed discounted cash flow models which use appropriate discount rates. The selection of an appropriate discount rate is judgmental and is the most significant unobservable input used in the valuation of these derivatives. A significant increase (decrease) in this input in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement for the derivative contracts. In order to assess the reasonableness of the inputs the Company uses in the discounted cash flow model, the Company maintains an understanding of current market conditions, historical results, as well as contract specific information that may impact future cash flows.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
The following tables present changes in Level 3 for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:basis:
  
Opening
balance
 
Transfers
into
Level 3
 
Transfers
out of
Level 3
 
Included in
net income(1)
 
Included
in OCI (2)
 Purchases Sales 
Settlements/
distributions
 
Closing
balance
 
Change in
unrealized
investment
gains/(losses) (3)
 
                      
 Three months ended September 30, 2019                 
 Fixed maturities                    
 Corporate debt$39,137
 $—
 $(489) $—
 $(97) $—
 $—
 $—
 $38,551
 $—
 
 CMBS9,892
 5,285
 —
 —
 (13) —
 —
 (390) 14,774
 —
 
 ABS491
 —
 —
 —
 1
 —
 —
 —
 492
 —
 
  49,520
 5,285
 (489) —
 (109) —
 —
 (390) 53,817
 —
 
 Other investments                   
 Other privately held investments28,452
 —
 —
 2,016
 —
 15,000
 (14,749) —
 30,719
 2,502
 
 CLO - Equities17,798
 —
 —
 (1,308) —
 —
 —
 (1,036) 15,454
 (1,308) 
  46,250
 —
 —
 708
 —
 15,000
 (14,749) (1,036) 46,173
 1,194
 
 Total assets$95,770
 $5,285
 $(489) $708
 $(109) $15,000
 $(14,749) $(1,426) $99,990
 $1,194
 
                     
 
 Other liabilities                   
 Derivative instruments$10,262
 $—
 $—
 $(126) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,136
 $(126) 
 Total liabilities$10,262
 $—
 $—
 $(126) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,136
 $(126) 
                      
 Nine months ended September 30, 2019                 
 Fixed maturities 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 Corporate debt$49,012
 $—
 $(489) $(1,459) $836
 $—
 $(5,578) $(3,771) $38,551
 $—
 
 CMBS19,134
 5,285
 (4,767) —
 151
 —
 —
 (5,029) 14,774
 —
 
 ABS18,533
 —
 (27,966) —
 175
 9,750
 —
 —
 492
 —
 
  86,679
 5,285
 (33,222) (1,459) 1,162
 9,750
 (5,578) (8,800) 53,817
 —
 
 Other investments                    
 Other privately held investments44,518
 —
 —
 16,877
 —
 17,500
 (48,176) —
 30,719
 3,936
 
 CLO - Equities21,271
 —
 —
 (60) —
 —
 —
 (5,757) 15,454
 (60) 
  65,789
 —
 —
 16,817
 —
 17,500
 (48,176) (5,757) 46,173
 3,876
 
 Total assets$152,468
 $5,285
 $(33,222) $15,358
 $1,162
 $27,250
 $(53,754) $(14,557) $99,990
 $3,876
 
                      
 Other liabilities                   
 Derivative instruments$10,299
 $—
 $—
 $(163) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,136
 $(163) 
 Total liabilities$10,299
 $—
 $—
 $(163) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,136
 $(163) 
                      
Opening
balance
Transfers
into
Level 3
Transfers
out of
Level 3
Included in
net income(1)
Included
in OCI (2)
PurchasesSales
Settlements/
distributions
Closing
balance
Change in
unrealized
gains/(losses) (3)
  
Three months ended September 30, 2020
Fixed maturities          
Corporate debt$2,298 $0 $0 $0 $101 $0 $0 $0 $2,399 $0 
CMBS4,434 0 0 0 148 0 0 (1,959)2,623 0 
Non-agency RMBS9,562 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 9,632 0 
ABS441 10,060 0 0 9 0 0 0 10,510 0 
 16,735 10,060 0 0 328 0 0 (1,959)25,164 0 
Other investments
CLO-Equities9,943 0 0 (422)0 0 0 (332)9,189 (422)
Other privately held investments37,420 0 0 797 0 1,276 0 0 39,493 566 
 47,363 0 0 375 0 1,276 0 (332)48,682 144 
Total assets$64,098 $10,060 $0 $375 $328 $1,276 $0 $(2,291)$73,846 $144 
  
Other liabilities
Derivative instruments$9,818 $0 $0 $(370)$0 $0 $0 $0 $9,448 $(370)
Total liabilities$9,818 $0 $0 $(370)$0 $0 $0 $0 $9,448 $(370)
Nine months ended September 30, 2020
Fixed maturities          
Corporate debt$2,297 $0 $0 $0 $102 $0 $0 $0 $2,399 $0 
CMBS5,235 0 0 0 (64)0 0 (2,548)2,623 0 
Non-agency RMBS0 9,185 0 0 447 0 0 0 9,632 0 
ABS489 10,060 0 0 (39)0 0 0 10,510 0 
 8,021 19,245 0 0 446 0 0 (2,548)25,164 0 
Other investments
CLO-Equities14,328 0 0 (3,592)0 0 0 (1,547)9,189 (3,592)
Other privately held investments36,934 0 0 801 0 1,758 0 0 39,493 570 
 51,262 0 0 (2,791)0 1,758 0 (1,547)48,682 (3,022)
Total assets$59,283 $19,245 $0 $(2,791)$446 $1,758 $0 $(4,095)$73,846 $(3,022)
Other liabilities
Derivative instruments$9,672 $0 $0 $9,747 $0 $0 $0 $(9,971)$9,448 $(224)
Total liabilities$9,672 $0 $0 $9,747 $0 $0 $0 $(9,971)$9,448 $(224)
           
(1) Realized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturities, and realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other assets and other liabilities included in net income are included in net investment gains (losses). Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments included in net income are included in net investment income.
(2)    Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturities are included in other comprehensive income ("OCI").
(3)    Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to assets held at the reporting date.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

4.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

  
Opening
balance
 
Transfers
into
Level 3
 
Transfers
out of
Level 3
 
Included in
net income(1)
 
Included
in OCI (2)
 Purchases Sales 
Settlements/
distributions
 
Closing
balance
 
Change in
unrealized
investment
gains/(losses) (3)
 
                      
 Three months ended September 30, 2018                 
 Fixed maturities                    
 Corporate debt$42,553
 $1,346
 $—
 $(579) $4,962
 $13,871
 $(3,960) $(5,093) $53,100
 $—
 
 Non-Agency RMBS903
 —
 (790) —
 (1) —
 —
 (112) —
 —
 
 CMBS18,149
 3,160
 (10,422) —
 (55) —
 —
 (61) 10,771
 —
 
 ABS—
 3,657
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,657
 —
 
  61,605
 8,163
 (11,212) (579) 4,906
 13,871
 (3,960) (5,266) 67,528
 —
 
 Other investments                    
 Other privately held investments47,613
 —
 —
 (224) —
 —
 —
 —
 47,389
 (224) 
 CLO - Equities26,153
 —
 —
 2,035
 —
 —
 —
 (3,924) 24,264
 2,035
 
  73,766
 —
 —
 1,811
 —
 —
 —
 (3,924) 71,653
 1,811
 
 Other assets                   
 Insurance-linked securities—
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 
  —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 
 Total assets$135,371
 $8,163
 $(11,212) $1,232
 $4,906
 $13,871
 $(3,960) $(9,190) $139,181
 $1,811
 
                      
 Other liabilities                   
 Derivative instruments$10,589
 $—
 $—
 $(377) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,212
 $(377) 
 Total liabilities$10,589
 $—
 $—
 $(377) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,212
 $(377) 
                      
 Nine months ended September 30, 2018                 
 Fixed maturities 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 Corporate debt$52,897
 $2,935
 $(4,279) $(698) $5,977
 $17,056
 $(9,714) $(11,074) $53,100
 $—
 
 Non-Agency RMBS—
 —
 (789) —
 1
 900
 —
 (112) —
 —
 
 CMBS—
 5,096
 (10,422) —
 (57) 16,215
 —
 (61) 10,771
 —
 
 ABS—
 3,657
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,657
 —
 
  52,897
 11,688
 (15,490) (698) 5,921
 34,171
 (9,714) (11,247) 67,528
 —
 
 Other investments                    
 Other privately held investments46,430
 —
 —
 (652) —
 3,111
 (1,500) —
 47,389
 (652) 
 CLO - Equities31,413
 —
 —
 6,719
 —
 —
 —
 (13,868) 24,264
 6,719
 
  77,843
 —
 —
 6,067
 —
 3,111
 (1,500) (13,868) 71,653
 6,067
 
 Other assets                   
 Insurance-linked securities25,090
 —
 —
 (90) —
 —
 —
 (25,000) —
 —
 
  25,090
 —
 —
 (90) —
 —
 —
 (25,000) —
 —
 
 Total assets$155,830
 $11,688
 $(15,490) $5,279
 $5,921
 $37,282
 $(11,214) $(50,115) $139,181
 $6,067
 
                      
 Other liabilities                   
 Derivative instruments$11,510
 $—
 $—
 $(1,298) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,212
 $(1,298) 
 Total liabilities$11,510
 $—
 $—
 $(1,298) $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $10,212
 $(1,298) 
                      
1) Realized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturities and realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other assets and other liabilities included in net income are included in net investment gains (losses). Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments included in net income are included in net investment income.
(2) Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturities are included in other comprehensive income ("OCI").
(3) Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to assets held at the reporting date.


30









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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

4.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
Opening
balance
Transfers
into
Level 3
Transfers
out of
Level 3
Included in
net income(1)
Included
in OCI (2)
PurchasesSales
Settlements/
distributions
Closing
balance
Change in
unrealized
gains/(losses)(3)
  
Three months ended September 30, 2019
Fixed maturities          
Corporate debt$39,137 $0 $(489)$0 $(97)$0 $0 $0 $38,551 $0 
CMBS9,892 5,285 0 0 (13)0 0 (390)14,774 0 
Non-agency RMBS0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
ABS491 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 492 0 
 49,520 5,285 (489)0 (109)0 0 (390)53,817 0 
Other investments
CLO-Equities17,798 0 0 (1,308)0 0 0 (1,036)15,454 (1,308)
Other privately held investments28,452 0 0 2,016 0 15,000 (14,749)0 30,719 2,502 
 46,250 0 0 708 0 15,000 (14,749)(1,036)46,173 1,194 
Total assets$95,770 $5,285 $(489)$708 $(109)$15,000 $(14,749)$(1,426)$99,990 $1,194 
Other liabilities
Derivative instruments$10,262 $0 $0 $(126)$0 $0 $0 $0 $10,136 $(126)
Total liabilities$10,262 $0 $0 $(126)$0 $0 $0 $0 $10,136 $(126)
Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Fixed maturities          
Corporate debt$49,012 $0 $(489)$(1,459)$836 $0 $(5,578)$(3,771)$38,551 $0 
CMBS19,134 5,285 (4,767)0 151 0 0 (5,029)14,774 0 
Non-agency RMBS0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
ABS18,533 0 (27,966)0 175 9,750 0 0 492 0 
 86,679 5,285 (33,222)(1,459)1,162 9,750 (5,578)(8,800)53,817 0 
Other investments
CLO-Equities21,271 0 0 (60)0 0 0 (5,757)15,454 (60)
Other privately held investments44,518 0 0 16,877 0 17,500 (48,176)0 30,719 3,936 
 65,789 0 0 16,817 0 17,500 (48,176)(5,757)46,173 3,876 
Total assets$152,468 $5,285 $(33,222)$15,358 $1,162 $27,250 $(53,754)$(14,557)$99,990 $3,876 
Other liabilities
Derivative instruments$10,299 $0 $0 $(163)$0 $0 $0 $0 $10,136 $(163)
Total liabilities$10,299 $0 $0 $(163)$0 $0 $0 $0 $10,136 $(163)
           
(1) Realized gains (losses) on fixed maturities and realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other assets and other liabilities included in net income are included in net investment gains (losses). Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments included in net income are included in net investment income.
(2) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities are included in other comprehensive income ("OCI").
(3) Change in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at the reporting date.









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4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
Transfers into Level 3 from Level 2

The transfers into Level 3 from Level 2 made during the three and nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 20182019 were primarily due to the lack of observable market inputs and multiple quotes from pricing vendors and broker-dealers for certain fixed maturities.

Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2

There were no transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. The transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 made during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 were primarily due to the availability of observable market inputs and multiple quotes from pricing vendors for certain fixed maturities.

Measuring the Fair Value of Other Investments Using Net Asset Valuations ("NAVs")

The fair values of hedge funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds and real estate funds are estimated using NAVsnet asset valuations ("NAVs") as advised by external fund managers or third party administrators. For these funds, NAVs are based on the manager's or administrator's valuation of the underlying holdings in accordance with the fund's governing documents and in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

If there is a reporting lag between the current period end and reporting date of the latest available fund valuation for any hedge fund, the Company estimates fair values by starting with the most recently availablerecent fund valuation and adjusting for return estimates as well as any subscriptions, redemptions and distributions that took place during the current period. Return estimates are obtained from the relevant fund managers therefore the Company does not typically have a reporting lag in fair value measurements of these funds. Historically, the Company's valuation estimates incorporating these return estimates have not significantly diverged from the subsequently received NAVs.

For direct lending funds, private equity funds, real estate funds and 2 of the Company's hedge funds, valuation statements are typically released on a reporting lag therefore the Company estimates the fair value of these funds by starting with the most recent fund valuations and adjusting for capital calls, redemptions, drawdowns and distributions. Return estimates are not available from the relevant fund managers for these funds therefore the Company typically has a reporting lag in its fair value measurements of these funds. For the nine months ended At September 30,2019, 2020, funds reported on a lag represented 66% (2018: 61%74% (2019: 68%) of the Company's total other investments balance.

The Company often does not have access to financial information relating to the underlying securities held within the funds, therefore management is unable to corroborate the fair values placed on the securities underlying the asset valuations provided by fund managers or fund administrators. In order to assess the reasonableness of the NAVs, the Company performs a number of monitoring procedures on a quarterly basis, to assess the quality of the information provided by fund managers and fund administrators. These procedures include, but are not limited to, regular review and discussion of each fund's performance with its manager, regular evaluation of fund performance against applicable benchmarks and the backtesting of the Company's fair value estimates against subsequently received NAVs. Backtesting involves comparing the Company's previously reported fair values for each fund against NAVs per audited financial statements (for year-end values) and final NAVs from fund managers and fund administrators (for interim values).

The fair values of hedge funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds and real estate funds are measured using the NAV practical expedient, therefore the fair values of these funds have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.


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4.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)
Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value

The fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance also applies to financial instruments disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, except for certain financial instruments, including insurance contracts.
At September 30,2019, 2020, the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents including restricted amounts, accrued investment income, receivable for investments sold, certain other assets, payable for investments purchased and certain other liabilities approximated their fair values due to their respective short maturities. As these financial instruments are not actively traded, their fair values are classified as Level 2.


At September 30,2019, 2020, the carrying value of mortgage loans held-for-investment approximated their fair value. The fair values of mortgage loans are primarily determined by estimating expected future cash flows and discounting them using current interest rates for similar mortgage loans with similar credit risk or are determined from pricing for similar loans. As mortgage loans are not actively traded their fair values are classified as Level 3.


At September 30, 2019, senior notes are 2020, the Company's debt was recorded at amortized cost with a carrying value of $1,388$1,309 million (2018: $1,342(2019: $1,808 million) and a fair value of $1,471$1,431 million (2018: $1,334(2019: $1,896 million). The fair valuesvalue of these senior notes arethe Company's debt is based on prices obtained from a third partythird-party pricing service and areis determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads are observable market inputs, the fair valuesvalue of senior notes arethe Company's debt is classified as Level 2.


5.    DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
5.DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The following table provides the balance sheet classifications of derivatives recorded at fair valuevalue:
  September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
  
Derivative
notional
amount
Derivative
asset
fair
value(1)
Derivative
liability
fair
value(1)
Derivative
notional
amount
Derivative
asset
fair
value(1)
Derivative
liability
fair
value(1)
Relating to investment portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contracts$256,338 $1,804 $201 $68,998 $0 $1,405 
Relating to underwriting portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contracts1,009,860 5,463 1,377 1,038,630 3,174 2,560 
Other underwriting-related contracts75,000 0 9,448 85,000 0 9,672 
Total derivatives$7,267 $11,026 $3,174 $13,637 
(1)Asset and liability derivatives are shownclassified within other assets and other liabilities in the following table:consolidated balance sheets.
   September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 
   
Derivative
notional
amount
 
Derivative
asset
fair
value(1)
 
Derivative
liability
fair
value(1)
 
Derivative
notional
amount
 
Derivative
asset
fair
value(1)
 
Derivative
liability
fair
value(1)
 
              
 Relating to investment portfolio:            
 Foreign exchange forward contracts$152,963
 $517
 $425
 $79,336
 $262
 $531
 
 Interest rate swaps—
 —
 —
 150,000
 —
 1,116
 
 Relating to underwriting portfolio:            
 Foreign exchange forward contracts531,864
 826
 7,040
 737,419
 7,975
 2,576
 
 Other underwriting-related contracts85,000
 —
 10,136
 85,000
 —
 10,299
 
 Total derivatives  $1,343
 $17,601
   $8,237
 $14,522
 
              
(1)Asset and liability derivatives are classified within other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

The notional amounts of derivative contracts which represent the basis uponon which amounts paid or received are calculated and are presented in the above table to quantify the volume of the Company's derivative activities. Notional amounts are not reflective of credit risk.

None of the Company's derivative instruments are designated as hedges under current accounting guidance.



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5.DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)

5.    DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)
Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The Company's derivative instruments are generally traded under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master netting agreements which establish terms that apply to all transactions. In the event of a bankruptcy or other stipulated event, master netting agreements provide that individual positions be replaced with a new amount, usually referred to as the termination amount, determined by taking into account market prices and converting into a single currency. Effectively, this contractual close-out netting reduces credit exposure from gross to net exposure.

AThe following table provides a reconciliation of gross derivative assets and liabilities to the net amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets, with the difference being attributable to the impact of master netting agreements, is shownagreements:
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Gross amountsGross amounts offset
Net
amounts(1)
Gross amountsGross amounts offset
Net
amounts(1)
Derivative assets$14,376 $(7,109)$7,267 $7,673 $(4,499)$3,174 
Derivative liabilities$18,135 $(7,109)$11,026 $18,136 $(4,499)$13,637 
(1)Net asset and liability derivatives are classified within other assets and other liabilities in the following table:consolidated balance sheets.
  September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 
  Gross amountsGross amounts offset
Net
amounts(1)
 Gross amountsGross amounts offset
Net
amounts(1)
 
          
 Derivative assets$2,357
$(1,014)$1,343
 $11,967
$(3,730)$8,237
 
 Derivative liabilities$18,615
$(1,014)$17,601
 $18,252
$(3,730)$14,522
 
          
(1)Net asset and liability derivatives are classified within other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Refer to Note 3 'Investments' for information on reverse repurchase agreements.

a) Relating to Investment Portfolio

Foreign Currency Risk

The Company's investment portfolio is exposed to foreign currency risk therefore the fair values of its investments are partially influenced by the changechanges in foreign exchange rates. The Company may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to manage the effect of this foreign currency risk. These foreign currency hedging activities are not designated as specific hedges for financial reporting purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

The Company's investment portfolio contains a large percentage of fixed maturities which exposes it to significant interest rate risk. As part of overall management of this risk, the Company may use interest rate swaps.

b) Relating to Underwriting Portfolio

Foreign Currency Risk

The Company's insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries and branches operate in various countries. Some of its business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, therefore the underwriting portfolio is exposed to significant foreign currency risk. The Company manages foreign currency risk by seeking to match its foreign-denominated net liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts with cash and investments that are denominated in the same currencies. The Company uses derivative instruments, specifically, forward contracts to economically hedge foreign currency exposures.

Other Underwriting-related Risks

The Company enters into insurance and reinsurance contracts that are accounted for as derivatives. These insurance or reinsurance contracts provide indemnification to an insured or cedant as a result of a change in a variable as opposed to an identifiable insurable event. The Company considers these contracts to be part of its underwriting operations.



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5.DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)

5.    DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)
The total unrealized and realized gains (losses) recognized in net income for derivatives not designated as hedges are shown in the following table:  
  Location of gain (loss) recognized in net incomeThree months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Relating to investment portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contractsNet investment gains (losses)$(1,346)$2,592 $1,970 $3,964 
Interest rate swapsNet investment gains (losses)0 0 0 (3,677)
Relating to underwriting portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contractsForeign exchange gains (losses)16,370 (6,883)14,811 (16,598)
Other underwriting-related contractsOther insurance related income (losses)370 417 (9,361)1,035 
Total$15,394 $(3,874)$7,420 $(15,276)
   Location of gain (loss) recognized in net incomeThree months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
           
          
 Relating to investment portfolio:         
 Foreign exchange forward contractsNet investment gains (losses)$2,592
 $766
 $3,964
 $2,090
 
 Interest rate swapsNet investment gains (losses)—
 1,859
 (3,677) 7,692
 
 Relating to underwriting portfolio:         
 Foreign exchange forward contractsForeign exchange gains (losses)(6,883) (3,965) (16,598) (4,103) 
 Other underwriting-related contractsOther insurance related income (losses)417
 677
 1,035
 2,225
 
 Total $(3,874) $(663) $(15,276) $7,904
 
           



6.    RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES

Reserve Roll-Forward

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company's beginning and ending gross reserve for losses and loss expenses and net reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses:
Nine months ended September 30,
20202019
Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, beginning of period$12,752,081 $12,280,769 
Less reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of period(3,877,756)(3,501,669)
Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of period8,874,325 8,779,100 
Net incurred losses and loss expenses related to:
Current year2,473,363 2,252,424 
Prior years(9,351)(65,021)
 2,464,012 2,187,403 
Net paid losses and loss expenses related to:
Current year(227,332)(329,519)
Prior years(1,831,192)(1,791,233)
 (2,058,524)(2,120,752)
Foreign exchange and other35,992 (53,037)
Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of period9,315,805 8,792,714 
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of period4,337,683 3,705,793 
Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, end of period$13,653,488 $12,498,507 
  Nine months ended September 30, 
  2019 2018 
      
 Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, beginning of period$12,280,769
 $12,997,553
 
 Less reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, beginning of period(3,501,669) (3,159,514) 
 Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of period8,779,100
 9,838,039
 
      
 Net incurred losses and loss expenses related to:    
 Current year2,252,424
 2,323,028
 
 Prior years(65,021) (160,083) 
  2,187,403
 2,162,945
 
 Net paid losses and loss expenses related to:    
 Current year(329,519) (381,158) 
 Prior years(1,791,233) (1,770,667) 
  (2,120,752) (2,151,825) 
      
 Foreign exchange and other(53,037) (1,040,999) 
      
 Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of period8,792,714
 8,808,160
 
 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, end of period3,705,793
 3,217,787
 
 Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, end of period$12,498,507
 $12,025,947
 
      



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6.    RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (CONTINUED)
The Company writes business with loss experience generally characterized as low frequency and high severity in nature, which can result in volatility in its financial results. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, the Company recognized catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums of $576 million (2019: $206 million).

Estimates for Significant Catastrophe Events

At September 30, 2020, net reserves for losses and loss expenses included estimated amounts for numerous catastrophe events. The magnitude and complexity of $206 million (2018: $162 million) attributablelosses arising from certain of these events inherently increase the level of uncertainty, and therefore, increase the level of management judgment involved in arriving at estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses. These events include the COVID-19 pandemic, Hurricanes Laura and Sally, and wildfires across the West Coast of the United States in 2020, Japanese Typhoons Hagibis, Faxai and Tapah, Hurricane Dorian, and the Australia Wildfires in 2019, Hurricanes Michael and Florence, California Wildfires, and Typhoon Jebi in 2018, and Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, and the California Wildfires in 2017. Actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from the Company's current estimates.

The estimate of net reserves for losses and loss expenses related to the COVID-19 pandemic represented the Company's best estimate of losses and loss adjustment expenses that have been incurred at September 30, 2020. The determination of the Company's net reserves for losses and loss expenses for its insurance segment was based on its ground-up assessment of coverage from individual contracts and treaties, including a review of contracts with potential exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic. The determination of the Company's net reserves for losses and loss expenses for its reinsurance segment was largely based on a range of industry insured loss estimates and market share analyses, supplemented by a review of in-force treaties that may provide coverage and catastrophe modeling analyses, where appropriate. In addition, the Company considered preliminary information received from clients, brokers and loss adjusters.
The estimate of net reserves for losses and loss expenses related to the COVID-19 pandemic was subject to significant uncertainty. This uncertainty was driven by the inherent difficulty in making assumptions around the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the lack of comparable events, the ongoing nature of the event, and its far-reaching impacts on world-wide economies and the health of the population. These assumptions include:

•the nature and the duration of the pandemic;
•the effects on human health, the economy and the Company's customers;
•the response of government bodies including legislative, regulatory or judicial actions and social influences that could alter the interpretation of the Company's contracts;
•the coverage provided under the Company's contracts;
•the coverage provided by its ceded reinsurance; and
•the evaluation of the loss and impact of loss mitigation actions.

While the Company believes its estimate of net reserves for losses and loss expenses is adequate for losses and loss adjustment expenses that have been incurred at September 30, 2020 based on current facts and circumstances, the Company will continue to monitor the appropriateness of its assumptions as new information comes to light and will adjust its estimate of net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, as appropriate. Actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from the Company's current estimates.

The estimate of net reserves for losses and loss expenses related to catastrophe events other than COVID-19 were derived from ground-up assessments of in-force contracts and weather-related events.treaties providing coverage in the affected regions. These assessments took into account the latest information available from clients, brokers and loss adjusters. In addition, the Company considered industry insured loss estimates, market share analyses and catastrophe modeling analyses, where appropriate. Estimates are subject to change as additional loss data becomes available. Actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from the Company's current estimates.


The Company continues to monitor paid and incurred loss development for catastrophe events and updates estimates of ultimate losses accordingly.

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6.RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (CONTINUED)

6.    RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (CONTINUED)
On April 16, 2018, the Company entered into a quota share retrocessional agreement with Harrington Re, a related party, which was deemed to have met the established criteria for retroactive reinsurance accounting. The Company recognized reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses of $108 million related to this reinsurance agreement. This transaction was conducted at market rates consistent with negotiated arms-length contracts.

On January 1, 2018, AXIS Managing Agency Limited, the managing agent of Syndicate 2007 entered into an agreement for the RITC of the 2015 and prior years of account of Syndicate 2007. This agreement was accounted for as a novation reinsurance contract. At September 30, 2018, foreign exchange and other included a reduction in reserves for losses and loss expenses of $819 million related to this transaction.

Prior Year Reserve Development

The Company's net favorable prior year reserve development arises from changes to estimates of losses and loss expenses related to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years. The following table presents net prior year reserve development by segment:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Insurance$14,609
 $13,478
 $42,849
 $60,547
 
 Reinsurance12,118
 32,182
 22,172
 99,536
 
 Total$26,727
 $45,660
 $65,021
 $160,083
 
          

  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Insurance$270 $14,609 $4,521 $42,849 
Reinsurance314 12,118 4,830 22,172 
Total$584 $26,727 $9,351 $65,021 

The following tables map the Company's lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Insurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Insurance segmentProperty and otherMarineAviationCredit and political riskProfessional linesLiability
ShortShortShort/MediumMediumMediumLong
Reported lines of business
PropertyX
MarineX
TerrorismX
AviationX
Credit and political riskX
Professional linesX
LiabilityX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Reinsurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherMarineAviationCredit and political risksuretyProfessional linesMotorLiability
ShortShortMediumShort/MediumMediumLongMediumLong
Reported lines of business
PropertyCatastropheX
MarinePropertyXX
TerrorismCredit and suretyXX
AviationProfessional linesX
Credit and political riskMotorX
Professional linesLiabilityX
LiabilityEngineeringXX
AgricultureX
Marine and otherX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXXX



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6.RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (CONTINUED)

Reinsurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherCredit and suretyProfessional linesMotorLiability
ShortMediumMediumLongLong
Reported lines of business
CatastropheX
PropertyX
Credit and suretyX
Professional linesX
MotorX
LiabilityX
EngineeringX
AgricultureX
Marine and otherX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX


6.    RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (CONTINUED)
Short-tail business

Short-tail business includes the underlying exposures in property and other, marine and aviation reserve classes in the insurance segment, and the property and other reserve class in the reinsurance segment.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, these reserve classes contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $14 million, including net favorable prior year reserve development of $7 million contributed by the insurance property and other reserve class, net favorable prior year development of $4 million contributed by the insurance marine reserve class and net favorable prior year reserve development of $3 million contributed by the reinsurance property and other reserve class.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, these reserve classes contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $44 million, including net favorable prior year reserve development of $43 million contributed by the insurance property and other reserve class and net favorable prior year development of $6 million contributed by the insurance aviation reserve class, partially offset by net adverse prior year reserve development of $5 million recognized by the reinsurance property and other reserve class.

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, these reserve classes contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $2 million, including net favorable prior year reserve development of $11 million contributed by the insurance property and other reserve class and net favorable prior year reserve development of $3 million contributed by the insurance marine and aviation reserve classes, partially offset by of net adverse prior year reserve development of $12 million recognized by the reinsurance property and other reserve class.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, these reserve classes recognized net adverse prior year reserve development of $50 million, including net adverse prior year reserve development of $71 million recognized by the reinsurance property and other reserve class and net adverse prior year reserve development of $4 million recognized by the insurance property and other reserve class, partially offset by net favorable prior year reserve development of $24 million contributed by the insurance marine reserve class. The net adverse prior year reserve development of $71 million recognized by the reinsurance property and other reserve class reflected overall better than expectedwas due to an increase in loss emergenceestimates attributable to Typhoons Jebi and Trami consistent with updated industry insured loss estimates, an increase in loss estimates attributable to Hurricane Michael, and reserve strengthening attributable to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated within the European proportional book of business related to the 2018 catastrophe events and reserve strengthening within our European proportional book of business.accident year.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, these reserve classes contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $12 million and $92 million, respectively, reflecting overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events.



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6.RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (CONTINUED)

Medium-tail business

Medium-tail business consists primarily of insurance and reinsurance professional lines reserve classes, insurance credit and political risk reserve class and reinsurance credit and surety reserve class.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the insurance professional lines reserve class recorded net adverse prior year reserve development of $7 million and $19 million, respectively, reflecting reserve strengthening mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years and an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2009 accident year. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the insurance professional lines reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $4 million (2018: $10 million) and $14 million, (2018: $12 million), respectively, reflecting generally favorable experience mainly related to the 2013 to 2015 accident years as wethe Company continued to transition to more experiencedexperience based actuarial methods.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the reinsurance professional lines reserve class recorded net adverse prior year reserve development of $14 million and $13 million respectively, reflecting an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2016 accident year and reserve strengthening mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the reinsurance professional lines reserve class recorded net adverse prior year reserve development of $7 million primarily due toreflecting reserve strengthening within the Company's European book of business.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the reinsurance professional lines reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $10 million and $18 million, respectively, reflecting generally favorable experience on older accident years as the Company continued to transition to more experience based actuarial methods.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the insurance credit and political risk reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $10 million respectively, reflecting the recognition of better than expected loss emergence.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, the reinsurance credit and surety reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $6$11 million (2018:(2019: $6 million) and $33$28 million (2018: $21(2019: $33 million), respectively, reflecting the recognition of better than expected loss emergence.

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6.    RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (CONTINUED)
Long-tail business

Long-tail business consists primarily of insurance and reinsurance liability reserve classes and reinsurance motor reserve class.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, the insurance liability reserve class recordedrecognized net adverse prior year reserve development of $4 million (2018: $11(2019: $4 million). and $25 million, respectively, primarily due to reserve strengthening within the primary casualty, U.S. excess casualty and program books of business mainly related to the 2017 and 2018 accident years.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018,2020, the insurancereinsurance liability reserve class recordedrecognized net adverse prior year reserve development of $18 million. This net adverse prior year reserve development was primarily$23 million due to reserve strengthening inwithin the Company's U.S. excess casualty, bookthe U.S. multiline/regional and the European books of business.

business mainly related to the 2016 through 2019 accident years. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the reinsurance liability reserve class contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $26 million due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018,2020, the reinsurance liabilitymotor reserve class contributedrecognized net favorable prior year reserve development of $11 million and $19 million respectively, largely associated with multi-line contracts due(2019: $34 million) primarily attributable to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events. The net favorable prior year reserve development for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was also due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.

non-proportional treaty business. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the reinsurance motor reserve class contributedrecognized net favorable prior year reserve development of $23 million (2018: $7 million) and $34 million (2018: $15 million), respectively, primarily attributable to non proportionalnon-proportional treaty business.

At September 30, 2019, net reserves for losses and loss expenses included estimated amounts for numerous catastrophe events. The magnitude and/or complexity of losses arising from certain of these events, in particular Hurricane Dorian, Japanese Typhoons Faxai and Tapah which occurred in 2019 together with the California Wildfires, Hurricanes Michael and Florence, and Typhoons Jebi and Trami which occurred in 2018 as well as Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria and the California Wildfires which occurred in 2017, inherently increase the level of uncertainty and, therefore, the level of management judgment involved in arriving at the estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses. As a result, actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from the Company's current estimates.


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7.EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

7.    EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE
The following table presents a comparison of earnings (loss) per common share and earnings (loss) per diluted common share:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Earnings (loss) per common share
Net income (loss)$(65,382)$38,401 $(123,167)$324,227 
Less: Preferred share dividends7,563 10,656 22,688 31,969 
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders(72,945)27,745 (145,855)292,258 
Weighted average common shares outstanding84,308 83,947 84,235 83,872 
Earnings (loss) per common share$(0.87)$0.33 $(1.73)$3.48 
Earnings (loss) per diluted common share
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders$(72,945)$27,745 $(145,855)$292,258 
Weighted average common shares outstanding84,308 83,947 84,235 83,872 
    Share-based compensation plans(1)
0 635 0 548 
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding84,308 84,582 84,235 84,420 
Earnings (loss) per diluted common share$(0.87)$0.33 $(1.73)$3.46 
Weighted average anti-dilutive shares excluded from the dilutive computation859 9 1,019 204 
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Earnings per common share        
 Net income$38,401
 $54,095
 $324,227
 $230,812
 
 Less: Preferred share dividends10,656
 10,656
 31,969
 31,969
 
 Net income available to common shareholders27,745
 43,439
 292,258
 198,843
 
 Weighted average common shares outstanding83,947
 83,558
 83,872
 83,474
 
 Earnings per common share$0.33
 $0.52
 $3.48
 $2.38
 
          
 Earnings per diluted common share        
 Net income available to common shareholders$27,745
 $43,439
 $292,258
 $198,843
 
          
 Weighted average common shares outstanding83,947
 83,558
 83,872
 83,474
 
 Share-based compensation plans635
 549
 548
 465
 
 Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding84,582
 84,107
 84,420
 83,939
 
          
 Earnings per diluted common share$0.33
 $0.52
 $3.46
 $2.37
 
          
 Weighted average anti-dilutive shares excluded from the dilutive computation9
 8
 204
 325
 
          
(1) Due to the net loss recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the share equivalents were anti-dilutive.





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8.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company incurred share-based compensation costs of $12 million (2018: $15 million) related to share-settled restricted stock units and cash-settled restricted stock units. In addition, the Company recorded associated tax benefits of $2 million (2018: $3 million).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company incurred share-based compensation costs of $41 million (2018: $45 million) and recorded associated tax benefits of $7 million (2018: $6 million).

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the fair value of share-settled restricted stock units and cash-settled restricted stock units that vested was $49 million (2018: $47 million). At September 30, 2019, there was $90 million of unrecognized share-based compensation costs (2018: $106 million) which are expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 2.5 years (2018: 2.6 years).

8.    SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Share-Settled Awards

The following table provides an activity summary of the Company's share-settled restricted stock units for the nine months endedSeptember 30,2019: 2020:
  Share-Settled Performance Vesting Restricted Stock Units Share-Settled Service Based Restricted Stock Units 
  
Number of
restricted
stock units
 
Weighted 
average
grant date
fair value(1)
 
Number of
restricted
stock units
 
Weighted  average
grant date
fair value(1)
 
          
 Nonvested restricted stock units - beginning of period232
 $54.54
 1,411
 $54.12
 
      Granted127
 54.70
 522
 54.88
 
      Vested(61) 53.82
 (465) 54.20
 
      Forfeited(40) 64.01
 (158) 54.54
 
 Nonvested restricted stock units - end of period258
 $53.31
 1,310
 $54.34
 
          

Share-Settled Performance
Restricted Stock Units		Share-Settled Service
Restricted Stock Units
Number of
restricted
stock units
Weighted 
average
grant date
fair value(1)
Number of
restricted
stock units
Weighted  average
grant date
fair value(1)
Non-vested restricted stock units - beginning of period258 $53.31 1,273 $54.32 
     Granted97 62.26 802 60.60 
     Vested(27)64.01 (479)55.32 
     Forfeited(39)48.89 (63)58.00 
Non-vested restricted stock units - end of period289 $55.92 1,533 $57.14 
(1) Fair value is based on the closing price of the Company's common shares on the grant date.

Cash-Settled awards

The following table provides an activity summary of the Company's cash-settled restricted stock units for the nine months endedSeptember 30,2019: 2020:
Cash-Settled Performance
Restricted Stock Units		Cash-Settled Service
Restricted Stock Units
Number of
restricted stock units		Number of
restricted stock units
Non-vested restricted stock units - beginning of period6 853 
     Granted0 1 
     Vested(6)(327)
     Forfeited0 (34)
Non-vested restricted stock units - end of period0 493 
  Cash-Settled Performance Vesting Restricted Stock Units Cash-Settled Service Based Restricted Stock Units 
  
Number of
restricted
stock units
 
Number of
restricted
stock units
 
      
 Nonvested restricted stock units - beginning of period27
 932
 
      Granted—
 363
 
      Vested(12) (328) 
      Forfeited(9) (94) 
 Nonvested restricted stock units - end of period6
 873
 
      


The following table provides additional information related to share-based compensation:
At September 30,2019, the liability for
Nine months ended September 30,20202019
Share-based compensation expense(1)
$36,178 $40,635 
Tax benefits associated with share-based compensation expense$6,036 $6,848 
Liability for cash-settled restricted stock units(2)
$10,160 $19,060 
Fair value of restricted stock units vested(3)
$46,939 $49,492 
Unrecognized share-based compensation expense$83,978 $89,872 
Expected weighted average period associated with the recognition of unrecognized share-based compensation expense2.5 years2.5 years
(1) Related to share-settled restricted stock units and cash-settled restricted stock units, includedunits.
(2) Included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, was $19 million (2018: $19 million).sheets.



(3) Fair value is based on the closing price of the Company's common shares on the vest date.

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9.    SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

The following table presents changes in common shares issued and outstanding:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Shares issued, balance at beginning of period176,580 176,580 176,580 176,580 
Shares issued0 0 0 0 
Total shares issued at end of period176,580 176,580 176,580 176,580 
Treasury shares, balance at beginning of period(92,274)(92,633)(92,621)(92,994)
Shares repurchased(2)(1)(155)(165)
Shares reissued5 1 505 526 
Total treasury shares at end of period(92,271)(92,633)(92,271)(92,633)
Total shares outstanding84,309 83,947 84,309 83,947 
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Shares issued, balance at beginning of period176,580
 176,580
 176,580
 176,580
 
 Shares issued—
 —
 —
 —
 
 Total shares issued at end of period176,580
 176,580
 176,580
 176,580
 
          
 Treasury shares, balance at beginning of period(92,633) (93,024) (92,994) (93,419) 
 Shares repurchased(1) —
 (165) (175) 
 Shares reissued1
 1
 526
 571
 
 Total treasury shares at end of period(92,633) (93,023) (92,633) (93,023) 
          
 Total shares outstanding83,947
 83,557
 83,947
 83,557
 
          


Treasury Shares
Dividends

The following table presents common shares repurchased from shares held in Treasury:
In
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
In the open market:
Total shares0 0 0 0 
Total cost$0 $0 $0 $0 
Average price per share(1)
$0 $0 $0 $0 
From employees:(2)
Total shares2 1 155 165 
Total cost$84 $31 $8,685 $9,445 
Average price per share(1)
$46.85 $61.23 $55.94 $57.23 
Total shares repurchased:
Total shares2 1 155 165 
Total cost$84 $31 $8,685 $9,445 
Average price per share(1)
$46.85 $61.23 $55.94 $57.23 
(1) Calculated using whole numbers.
(2)  Shares are repurchased from employees to satisfy withholding tax liabilities related to the three months ended September 30, 2019, the total dividends declared per common share were $0.40, paid in October 2019 (2018: $0.39, paid in October 2018). In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the total cash dividends declared per common share were $1.20 per share, paid in April 2019, July 2019 and October 2019 (2018: $1.17 paid in April 2018, July 2018 and October 2018).vesting of share-settled restricted stock units.

In the three months ended September 30, 2019, the total dividends declared on Series D preferred shares were $0.34375 per share, payable in December 2019 (2018: $0.34375, paid in December 2018). In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the total dividends declared on Series D preferred shares were $1.03125 per share, paid in June 2019, September 2019 and payable in December 2019 (2018: $1.03125, paid in June 2018, September 2018 and December 2018).

In the three months ended September 30, 2019, the total dividends declared on Series E preferred shares were $34.375 per share, paid in October 2019 (2018: $34.375, paid in October 2018). In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the total dividends declared on Series E preferred shares were $103.125 per share, paid in April 2019, July 2019 and October 2019 (2018: $103.125, paid in April 2018, July 2018 and October 2018).























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9.SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)

9.    SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)
Treasury SharesDividends

The following table presents dividends declared and paid related to the Company's common share repurchased from shares held in Treasury:and preferred shares:
Per share data
Dividends declaredDividends paid in period of declarationDividends paid in period following declaration
Three months ended September 30, 2019
   Common shares$0.40 $0 $0.40 
   Series D preferred shares$0.34 $0 $0.34 
   Series E preferred shares$34.38 $0 $34.38 
Three months ended September 30, 2020
   Common shares$0.41 $0 $0.41 
   Series E preferred shares$34.38 $0 $34.38 
Nine months ended September 30, 2019
   Common shares$1.20 $0.80 $0.40 
   Series D preferred shares$1.03 $0.69 $0.34 
   Series E preferred shares$103.13 $68.75 $34.38 
Nine months ended September 30, 2020
   Common shares$1.23 $0.82 $0.41 
   Series E preferred shares$103.13 $68.75 $34.38 


   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 In the open market:        
 Total shares—
 —
 —
 —
 
 Total cost$—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 
 
Average price per share(1)
$—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 
          
 
From employees:(2)
        
 Total shares1
 —
 165
 175
 
 Total cost$31
 $—
 $9,445
 $8,699
 
 
Average price per share(1)
$61.23
 $—
 $57.23
 $49.57
 
          
 Total shares repurchased:        
 Total shares1
 —
 165
 175
 
 Total cost$31
 $—
 $9,445
 $8,699
 
 
Average price per share(1)
$61.23
 $—
 $57.23
 $49.57
 
          
(1) Calculated using whole numbers.
(2)Shares are repurchased from employees to satisfy withholding tax liabilities related to the vesting of share-settled restricted stock units.



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10.DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

10.    DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
a)Senior Notes

On April 1, 2019, AXIS Specialty Finance PLC ("AXIS Finance"), a 100% owned finance subsidiary, repaid $250 million aggregate principal amount of 2.65% Senior Notes at their stated maturity.a)Debt

On April 3, 2019, AXIS Capital and AXIS Finance entered into a first supplemental indenture (the "First Supplemental Indenture") among AXIS Finance, as issuer, AXIS Capital, as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (the "Trustee"), to the senior indenture dated March 13, 2014 (the "Indenture") relating to $250 million aggregate principal amount of 5.15% Senior Notes due 2045 (the "5.15% Senior Notes") issued by AXIS Finance and fully and unconditionally guaranteed by AXIS Capital.

The changes described below were made to permit the 5.15% Senior Notes to qualify as Tier 3 ancillary capital under eligible capital requirements of the Bermuda Monetary Authority. Because this amendment does not materially adversely affect the interests of the holders of the 5.15% Senior Notes, the First Supplemental Indenture was entered into without consent of any holders of the 5.15% Senior Notes. The First Supplemental Indenture relates to the 5.15% Senior Notes only and does not affect any other series of securities issued under the Indenture.

Under the terms of the senior indenture, the 5.15% Senior Notes are redeemable at any time at the option of AXIS Finance at a redemption price equal to a make-whole premium or, in the event that, as a result of certain tax law changes, AXIS Finance or AXIS Capital becomes obligated to pay additional amounts with respect to the 5.15% Senior Notes, at par, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest. The First Supplemental Indenture limits this optional redemption right to provide that the 5.15% Senior Notes were not redeemable at the option of AXIS Finance on or before March 13, 2017, except in the limited circumstances set forth in the First Supplemental Indenture and prior to maturity unless certain conditions are satisfied.

The First Supplemental Indenture also clarifies, for the avoidance of doubt, that the 5.15% Senior Notes are free of encumbrances and that neither the Indenture nor the 5.15% Senior Notes contain any terms or conditions designed to accelerate or induce AXIS Capital or any of its subsidiary’s insolvency or effect similar proceedings.
The holders of the 5.15% Senior Notes should note that the 5.15% Senior Notes do not in any way give rise to any rights of set-off against any claims and obligations of AXIS Capital, AXIS Finance or any of AXIS Capital’s regulated operating subsidiaries to any holder or creditor.

On June 19, 2019,1, 2020, AXIS Specialty Finance LLC, a 100% owned finance subsidiary, issued $300repaid $500 million aggregate principal amount of 3.90% senior unsecured notes (the "3.90% Senior Notes") at an issue price of 99.36%. The net proceeds of the issuance, after consideration of the offering discount and underwriting expenses and commissions, totaled approximately $296 million. Interest on the 3.90%5.875% Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15at their stated maturity.

b)Letters of each year, beginning on January 15, 2020. Unless previously redeemed, the 3.90% Senior Notes will mature on July 15, 2029. The 3.90% Senior Notes are ranked as unsecured senior obligations of AXIS Specialty Finance LLC. AXIS Capital has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all obligations of AXIS Specialty Finance LLC under the 3.90% Senior Notes. AXIS Capital's obligations under this guarantee are unsecured senior obligations and rank equally with all other senior obligations of AXIS Capital.Credit

b)Credit Facilities

On March 28, 2019,2020, certain of AXIS Capital’s operating subsidiaries (the "Participating Subsidiaries") amended their existing $250 million secured letter of credit facility with Citibank Europe plc (the "$250 Million Facility") under their aggregate $750 million secured letter of credit facility with Citibank Europe plc (the "$750 Million Facility") to extend the expiration date to March 31, 2020. 2021.

The terms and conditions of the additional $500 million secured letter of credit facility under the $750 Million Facility(the "$500 million Facility") remain unchanged. The $500 million secured letter of credit facility expires December 31, 2019.



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10.    DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Letters of credit issued under the $750 Million$250 million Facility willand the $500 million Facility are principally be used to support the reinsurance obligations of the Participating Subsidiaries. The Participating Subsidiaries are subject to certain covenants, including the requirement to maintain sufficient collateral to cover the obligations outstanding under the $750 Million Facility.facilities. Such obligations include contingent reimbursement obligations for outstanding letters of credit and fees payable to Citibank Europe plc. In the event of default, Citibank Europe plc may exercise certain remedies, including the exercise of control over pledged collateral and the termination of the availability of the $750 Million Facilityfacility to any or all of the Participating Subsidiaries.

11.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
11.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is subject to routine legal proceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against the Company in the ordinary course of insurance or reinsurance operations. Estimated amounts payable under such proceedings are included in the reserve for losses and loss expenses in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company is not party to any material legal proceedings arising outside the ordinary course of business.

Investments

Refer to Note 3 - 'Investments' for information on the Company's unfunded investment commitments related to the Company's other investment portfolio.


12.LEASES

In the ordinary course of business, the Company renews and enters into new leases for office property and equipment, which expire at various dates.

At the lease inception date, the Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease. At the commencement date, the Company determines the classification of each separate lease component as either a finance lease or an operating lease. The Company's leases are all currently classified as operating leases. For operating leases that have a lease term of more than 12 months, the Company recognizes a lease liability and a right-of-use asset in the Company's consolidated balance sheets at the present value of the lease payments at the lease commencement date.

At the commencement date, the Company determines lease terms by assuming the exercise of those renewal options that are deemed to be reasonably certain. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the sole discretion of the Company.

As the lease contracts generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is based on a borrowing with a term that is similar to the term of the associated lease. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to include renewal, termination, or purchase options that are not reasonably certain of exercise when determining the term of the borrowing.

The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Operating lease rentals are expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease beginning on the commencement date. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the total lease expense was $7 million and $18 million, respectively.



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12.LEASES (CONTINUED)


The following table summarizes the amounts related to the Company’s total lease expense and the cash flows arising from lease transactions.
  Three months ended Nine months ended 
  September 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 
      
 Lease cost:    
 Operating lease expense$7,520
 $18,584
 
 
Short-term lease expense(1)
196
 961
 
 
Sublease income(2)
(343) (1,077) 
 Total lease expense$7,373
 $18,468
 
      
 Other information:    
 Operating cash outflows from operating leases$6,397
 $19,317
 
 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities$—
 $—
 
 
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases(3)
9.0 years
 9.0 years
 
 
Weighted-average discount rate - operating lease(4)
4.7% 4.7% 
(1) Short-term lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
(2) Sublease income largely relates to office property in London, England.
(3) Weighted-average remaining lease term was calculated on the basis of the remaining lease term and the lease liability balance for each lease at the reporting date.
(4) Weighted-average discount was calculated on the basis of the discount rate for the lease that was used to calculate the lease liability balance for each lease at the reporting date and the remaining balance of the lease payments for each lease at the reporting date.

At September 30, 2019, the scheduled maturity of the Company's operating lease liabilities are expected to be as follows:
  Expected 
  Cash Flows 
    
 Remainder of 2019$5,711
 
 202019,102
 
 202118,853
 
 202219,646
 
 202316,198
 
 Later years65,573
 
 Discount(29,196) 
 Total discounted operating lease liabilities$115,887
 
    


The Company's lease for its current office property in Alpharetta, Georgia, expires on December 31, 2019. As a result, the Company executed a 15 year lease for a new office property in Alpharetta, Georgia. The Company is not involved in the construction or design of this office property and will not move into this property until January 1, 2020, the commencement date of the lease. Given that the commencement date is after the balance sheet date, the Company has not reflected this lease in the maturity table above or in the Company's consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2019. The total contractual lease costs over the 15 year lease is $40 million.12.    REORGANIZATION EXPENSES


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12.LEASES (CONTINUED)


At December 31, 2018, the Company's future minimum lease payments were expected to be as follows:
    
 Year ended December 31,  
    
 2019$28,240
 
 202025,331
 
 202127,025
 
 202228,012
 
 202323,801
 
 Later years118,497
 
 Total future minimum lease payments$250,906
 
    


For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the total lease expense was $7 million and $22 million, respectively.

13.TRANSACTION AND REORGANIZATION EXPENSES

For the three and nine months ended months ended September 30, 2019, transaction and2020, reorganization expenses were $11$1 million (2018: $16(2019: $11 million) and $29$1 million (2018: $48(2019: $29 million), respectively, related to the Company's transformation program which was launched in 2017. This program encompasses the integration of Novae which commenced in the fourth quarter of 2017, the realignment of the Company's accident and health business, together with other initiatives designed to increase efficiency and enhance profitability while delivering a customer-centric operating model.

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13.    OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table presents the tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss):
  2019 2018 
  Before tax amount Tax (expense) benefit Net of tax amount Before tax amount Tax (expense) benefit Net of Tax Amount 
              
 Three months ended September 30,            
 Available for sale investments:            
 Unrealized investment gains (losses) arising during the period$45,939
 $(6,370) $39,569
 $(27,968) $1,907
 $(26,061) 
 Adjustment for reclassification of net realized investment (gains) losses and OTTI losses recognized in net income(16,446) 1,638
 (14,808) 26,896
 (972) 25,924
 
 Unrealized investment gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment29,493
 (4,732) 24,761
 (1,072) 935
 (137) 
 Non-credit portion of OTTI losses—
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 
 Foreign currency translation adjustment(4,610) —
 (4,610) 994
 —
 994
 
 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax$24,883
 $(4,732) $20,151
 $(78) $935
 $857
 
              
 Nine months ended September 30,            
 Available for sale investments:            
 Unrealized investment gains (losses) arising during the period$399,652
 $(38,432) $361,220
 $(266,117) $8,596
 $(257,521) 
 Adjustment for reclassification of net realized investment (gains) losses and OTTI losses recognized in net income(10,713) 2,290
 (8,423) 79,552
 (2,363) 77,189
 
 Unrealized investment gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment388,939
 (36,142) 352,797
 (186,565) 6,233
 (180,332) 
 Non-credit portion of OTTI losses—
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 
 Foreign currency translation adjustment609
 —
 609
 (6,864) —
 (6,864) 
 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax$389,548
 $(36,142) $353,406
 $(193,429) $6,233
 $(187,196) 
              
20202019
Before tax amountIncome tax (expense) benefitNet of tax amountBefore tax amountIncome tax (expense) benefitNet of Tax Amount
Three months ended September 30,
Available for sale investments:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has not been recognized$105,932 $(10,820)$95,112 $45,939 $(6,370)$39,569 
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has been recognized218 2 220 0 0 0 
Adjustment for reclassification of net realized (gains) losses, impairment losses and OTTI losses recognized in net income (loss)(33,100)3,970 (29,130)(16,446)1,638 (14,808)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment73,050 (6,848)66,202 29,493 (4,732)24,761 
Foreign currency translation adjustment2,310 0 2,310 (4,610)0 (4,610)
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax$75,360 $(6,848)$68,512 $24,883 $(4,732)$20,151 
Nine months ended September 30,
Available for sale investments:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has not been recognized$243,522 $(33,139)$210,383 $399,652 $(38,432)$361,220 
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has been recognized(110)(2)(112)0 0 0 
Adjustment for reclassification of net realized (gains) losses, impairment losses and OTTI losses recognized in net income (loss)(38,584)8,295 (30,289)(10,713)2,290 (8,423)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment204,828 (24,846)179,982 388,939 (36,142)352,797 
Foreign currency translation adjustment(1,581)0 (1,581)609 0 609 
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax$203,247 $(24,846)$178,401 $389,548 $(36,142)$353,406 

The following table presents details of amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") to net income (loss):
Amount reclassified from AOCI(1)
AOCI ComponentsConsolidated statement of operations line item that includes reclassification adjustmentThree months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Unrealized gains on available for sale investments
Other realized gains (losses)$33,284 $17,904 $40,070 $17,041 
Impairment losses(184)(1,486)0 
OTTI losses0 (1,458)0 (6,328)
Total before tax33,100 16,446 38,584 10,713 
Income tax (expense) benefit(3,970)(1,638)(8,295)(2,290)
Net of tax$29,130 $14,808 $30,289 $8,423 
(1)     Amounts in parentheses are charges to net income (loss).

45
   
Amount reclassified from AOCI(1)
 
 Details about AOCI ComponentsConsolidated statement of operations line item that includes reclassificationThree months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
 2019 2018 2019 2018 
           
 Unrealized investment gains (losses) on available for sale investments         
  Other realized investment gains (losses)$17,904
 $(21,350) $17,041
 $(71,918) 
  OTTI losses(1,458) (5,546) (6,328) (7,634) 
  Total before tax16,446
 (26,896) 10,713
 (79,552) 
  Income tax (expense) benefit(1,638) 972
 (2,290) 2,363
 
  Net of tax$14,808
 $(25,924) $8,423
 $(77,189) 
           
Table of Contents


(1)Amounts in parentheses are charges to net income (loss).




47
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

15.    SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In the fourth quarter of 2019, Typhoon Hagibis and the ongoing wildfires in California will impact the Company's financial results. The assessment of the financial impact from these events on the Company's fourth quarter results is at a very early stage.

Due to the relatively high proportion of flood related losses attributable to Typhoon Hagibis, the ongoingnature of the California Wildfires and the preliminary nature of the information available for both of these events, it is not possible at this time to provide an accurate estimate of the impact these events will have on the Company's fourth quarter results.

ITEM 2.     MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


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ITEM 2.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 20182019 and our financial condition at September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018.2019. This should be read in conjunction with Item 1 'Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes'Statements' of this report and our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. 2019. Tabular dollars are in thousands, except per share amounts. Amounts in tables may not reconcile due to rounding differences.
 
Page  
Page  
Third Quarter 20192020 Financial Highlights
5047
Executive SummaryOverview
5148
UnderwritingConsolidated Results – Consolidatedof Operations
6351
Results by Segment: For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018
i) Insurance Segment
7453
i) Insuranceii) Reinsurance Segment
7459
ii) Reinsurance Segment
78
Other Expenses (Revenues), Net
82
Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains (Losses)
8465
Other Expenses (Revenues), Net
67
Financial Measures
69
Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation
71
Cash and Investments
8674
Liquidity and Capital Resources
8977
Critical Accounting Estimates
9180
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
9180
Off-Balance Sheet and Special Purpose Entity Arrangements
9180



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THIRD QUARTER 20192020 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS


Third Quarter 20192020 Consolidated Results of Operations
 
•
Net income available
•Net loss attributable to common shareholders of $73 million, or $(0.87) per common share and diluted common share
•Operating loss(1) of $65 million, or $(0.77) per diluted common share(1)
•Gross premiums written of $1.3 billion
•Net premiums written of $0.8 billion
•Net premiums earned of $1.1 billion
•$28 million, or $0.33 per common share and $0.33 per diluted common share
•
Operating loss(1) of $33 million, or $(0.39) per diluted common share(1)
•
Gross premiums written of $1.4 billion
•
Net premiums written of $0.9 billion
•
Net premiums earned of $1.2 billion
Estimated pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinsurance and reinstatement premiums, of $160$240 million (insurance: $41$132 million and reinsurance: $119$108 million), or 14.122.2 points on the current accident year loss ratio, primarily relatedattributable to Hurricane Dorian,Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Japanese typhoonsMidwest derecho, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, the Beirut port explosion and other weather-related events.
•Underwriting loss(2) of $135 million and combined ratio of 114.5%
•Net favorable prior year reserve developmentinvestment income of $27$102 million
•
Underwriting loss(2) of $79 million and combined ratio of 109.4%

Net investment incomegains of $116$56 million

•
Net investment gains of $15•Foreign exchange losses of $61 million

•
Amortization of value of business acquired ("VOBA") of $4 million

•
Transaction and reorganization expenses of $11 million

•
Foreign exchange gains of $60 million

Third Quarter 20192020 Consolidated Financial Condition 
•Total cash and investments of $15.6 billion; fixed maturities, cash and short-term securities comprise 89%91% of total cash and investments and have an average credit rating of AA-
•Total assets of $26.5 billion
•Reserve for losses and loss expenses of $13.7 billion and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid and paid losses and loss expenses of $4.7 billion
•Total debt of $1.3 billion and debt to total capital ratio(3) of 19.9%
•Common shareholders’ equity of $4.7 billion; book value per diluted common share of $54.75




(1)Operating income (loss) and operating income (loss) per diluted common share are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders and earnings (loss) per diluted common share, respectively, and a discussion of the rationale for the presentation of these items are provided in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation'.
(2)Consolidated underwriting income (loss) is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Consolidated Results of Operations'.
(3)The debt to total capital ratio is calculated by dividing debt by total capital. Total capital represents the sum of total shareholders’ equity and debt.

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•
Total assets of $25.5 billion

OVERVIEW

•
Reserve for losses and loss expenses of $12.5 billion and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid and paid losses and loss expenses of $4.0 billion
•
Total debt of $1.4 billion and debt to total capital ratio(3) of 19.9%
•
Common shareholders’ equity of $4.8 billion; book value per diluted common share of $56.26


(1)
Operating income (loss) and operating income (loss) per diluted common share are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders and earnings (loss) per diluted common share, respectively, are provided in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations' and a discussion of the rationale for the presentation of these items is provided in'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Non GAAP Financial Measures'.
(2)
Consolidated underwriting income (loss) is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'.
(3)The debt to total capital ratio is calculated by dividing senior notes by total capital. Total capital represents the sum of total shareholders’ equity and senior notes.



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Business Overview
AXIS Capital Holdings Limited ("AXIS Capital"), through its operating subsidiaries, is a global provider of specialty lines insurance and treaty reinsurance with operations in Bermuda, the U.S., Europe, Singapore, Canada and the Middle East. Our underwriting operations are organized around our global underwriting platforms, AXIS Insurance and AXIS Re.
We provide our clients and distribution partners with a broad range of risk transfer products and services, and meaningful capacity, backed by significant financial strength. We manage our portfolio holistically, aiming to construct the optimum consolidated portfolio of risks, consistent with our risk appetite and development of our franchise. We nurture an ethical, entrepreneurial and disciplined culture that promotes outstanding client service, intelligent risk taking and the achievement of superior risk-adjusted returns for our shareholders. We believe that the achievement of our objectives will position us as a global leader in specialty risks. The execution of our strategy for the first nine months of 20192020 included the following:


•implementing a global response strategy to help manage and mitigate the impact of COVID-19, spanning underwriting, capital management, investments, operations and employee welfare;

•increasing our relevance in a select number of attractive specialty lines insurance and treaty reinsurance markets, and continuing the implementation of a more focused distribution strategy;

•continuing to grow a leadership position in the areas of our business lines with strong potential for profitable growth potential including U.S. excess and surplus lines, and North America professional lines;lines and Lloyd's specialty insurance business;

increasing our presence at Lloyd's of London ("Lloyd's") achieved through our acquisition of Novae Group plc ("Novae") in 2017 which provides us with access to Lloyd's worldwide licenses and an extensive distribution network;

•continuing to re-balance our portfolio towards less volatile lines of business that carry attractive rates;

launching a new phase of our transformation efforts, an enterprise-wide program to enhance all of our functions and position us to lead in a transforming industry;

•continuing to improve in the effectiveness and efficiency of our operating platforms and processes;

increasing investment•investing in data and analytics;technology capabilities, and tools to empower our underwriters and enhance the service that we provide to our customers;

•broadening risk-funding sources and the development of vehicles that utilize third-party capital.capital; and


•growing our corporate citizenship program to give back to our communities and help contribute to a more sustainable future.



















5148


Outlook

We are committed to leadership in specialty insurance risk and global reinsurance, areas where we have depth of talent and expertise. As a mid-sized player that is both sophisticated and agile, weWe believe we are well-positioned to succeed in the rapidly evolving insurance and reinsurance marketplace. Through our hybrid strategy, we have developed substantial platforms, in insurance and reinsurance, providing us with both balance and diversification.diversification, enabling us to take advantage of positive opportunities in either market to generate the most attractive risk-return portfolio for our shareholders. We believe our market positioning, underwriting expertise, best-in-class claims management capabilities, and strong relationships with our distributors and clients will provide opportunities for increased profitability, with variancesdifferences among our lines driven by our tactical response to market conditions.
 
Rates, and terms and conditions across mostvirtually all insurance lines generally continued to see accelerating improvement in 2019, with U.S. excess and primary casualty, marine and catastrophe exposed property insurance lines experiencing the most upward rate momentum.improvement. While the insurance market remains competitive with capacity and capital willing to support business with a broad range of return hurdles in certain pockets, there has been more consistent signs of firming rates.firming. We expect many specialty segments will experience further pricing improvements as carriers assess pricing, portfolio construction and account preferences through the courseof the year. In this competitive market environment, with mixed market conditions, we are focusing on lines of business and market segments that are adequately priced, and we are trading off growth for profitability in other areas.
 
The reinsurance market is also experiencing increased momentumacceleration in rates, and improved terms and conditions, due toas well as restructuring of treaties and demand for more reinsurance. This is being driven by meaningful adjustments to both supply and demand given the significant losses in recent years and mounting pressure in the industry with uncertainty of future loss costs, record low interest rates, and pressure on reserves in long-tail lines. We believe this will contribute to a healthier, more profitable market that still requires strong underwriting discipline and portfolio management. During the last few years, we have repositioned our portfolio while emphasizing strong underwriting and, at the same time, have achieved increased relevance with our clients in the markets where we choose to compete. The external environment is dynamic with reinsurance markets improving quickly, and conditions now expected to be favorable in several areas. These conditions allow for profitable growth in some areas and continued discipline in others. Overall, we believe our business is well-positioned for the current market environment.

We are encouraged by the pricing improvements that we are seeing across manyboth the insurance and reinsurance segments and – at the same time – maintain a disciplined approach to our underwriting. While there is positive rate momentum across most lines and markets, not all lines are at adequate levels and, in multiple cases, more rate is needed to deliver adequate returns, particularly given recent high loss experience in the market, COVID-19, and lower interest rates. Where prices appropriately reflect these trends to deliver adequate profitability we will look to grow within our risk and volatility guidelines. With the most balanced book in the history of our company, we believe AXIS is well positioned to drive profitable growth within the current market environment.

Recent Developments Related to COVID-19

On March 11, 2020, COVID-19, a novel coronavirus outbreak, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 crisis upended the marketplace and society on a global scale, and its impact is being felt within the insurance and reinsurance industry and at AXIS Capital.

COVID-19, and its related impacts, are an emerging and evolving risk to which we are exposed from an underwriting, investments, capital and liquidity, operations and employee welfare perspective. We have implemented a global response strategy to help manage and mitigate these risks.

Our team continues to track the situation closely, including stress and scenario testing on existing underwriting and investment exposures, taking into consideration among other assumptions, the possible severity and duration of the outbreak.

Reserving

At September 30, 2020 estimated pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums, associated with first party coverages attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, remains unchanged from the first quarter at $235 million. First party losses are primarily associated with property related coverages, but also includes event cancellation, and accident and health coverages.

The estimate of net reserves for losses and loss expenses related to the COVID-19 pandemic is subject to significant uncertainty. This uncertainty is driven by the inherent difficulty in making assumptions around the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the lack of comparable events, the ongoing nature of the event, and its far-reaching impacts to world-wide economies and the health of the global population.


49

The estimate does not include an explicit estimate of potential losses arising from the indirect impacts of COVID-19 which would primarily impact third party coverages such as professional lines, liability and credit lines. We expect that it may take several quarters, or potentially several years, for the full impact of COVID-19 and its economic repercussions on these lines of business overto fully emerge.

While we believe the last coupleoverall estimate of years.net reserves for losses and loss expenses is adequate for losses and loss adjustment expenses that have been incurred at September 30, 2020 based on current facts and circumstances, we will continue to monitor the appropriateness of our assumptions as new information comes to light and will adjust the estimate of net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, as appropriate. Refer to 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results by Segment' for further information.

Actual losses for this event may ultimately differ materially from current estimates.

Underwriting

As our industry and society continues to navigate the challenges brought on by COVID-19, we are closely monitoring cash receipts from our customers and reinsurers, giving due consideration to related directives issued by certain government agencies. At September 30, 2020, we considered the potential financial impact of COVID-19 when determining allowances for expected credit losses for insurance and reinsurance premium balances receivable and reinsurance recoverable balances on unpaid losses. Based on facts and circumstances at that time, we did not adjust allowances for expected credit losses at September 30, 2020. We will continue to monitor the appropriateness of allowances for expected credit losses as new information comes to light. Adjustments to allowances for expected credit losses in subsequent periods could be material.

Our underwriters are reassessing risk appetite in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular as it relates to exposure to communicable diseases, viruses, pathogens and other similar risks. We are taking appropriate steps to mitigate exposure to these types of risks, including increasing pricing and adding policy terms and conditions, including exclusions. During the remainder of 2020, premium volume may be adversely impacted due to the disruption to both society and the insurance and reinsurance marketplace on a global scale. Adjustments to premiums in subsequent periods could be material.

Capital and Liquidity

Following two debt issuances in 2019 that raised $725 million at favorable rates, we redeemed our Series D preferred shares of $225 million at par in January 2020 and we repaid unsecured senior notes of $500 million at maturity in June 2020. At September 30, 2020, no long-term debt will mature until the end of 2027. In addition, our common share repurchase plan expired in 2017 and has not been renewed. We continue to emphasize underwriting disciplinehave capital above the level required by our group regulator, the Bermuda Monetary Authority.

We have a prudently constructed fixed maturity portfolio of $13 billion, with an average credit rating of AA-, which closely matches the duration of our liabilities. Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $1 billion and equity securities of 0.4 billion at September 30, 2020 provide additional liquidity.

In the first quarter, we reduced our 2020 expense budget by approximately $50 million based on the specific impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. A significant amount of these temporary expense savings were realized in recent quarters by reducing performance related compensation and travel and entertainment costs, given remote working. In addition, we have deferred non-critical hires and delayed certain projects.

We expect cash flows generated from operations, combined with liquidity provided by our investment portfolio, will be sufficient to actively managecover cash outflows and other contractual commitments that become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. We review each claim on an individual basis and where our portfolio profitability. In parallel,policies provide coverage, we are capitalizing on opportunitiesmake payments to support clients in a worldhelp our insureds overcome financial setbacks.


50



CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Underwriting revenues:
Gross premiums written$1,331,178 (5%)$1,406,506 $5,478,519 (3%)$5,637,491 
Net premiums written815,982 (5%)856,081 3,550,960 (4%)3,703,460 
Net premiums earned1,091,312 (6%)1,157,307 3,283,941 (4%)3,415,126 
Other insurance related income (loss)1,440 (6%)1,533 (5,270)nm11,385 
Underwriting expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses(879,677)3%(850,913)(2,464,012)13%(2,187,403)
Acquisition costs(230,564)(11%)(260,026)(697,716)(9%)(762,807)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(1)
(117,835)(7%)(126,619)(361,623)(9%)(398,540)
Underwriting income (loss)$(135,324)$(78,718)$(244,680)$77,761 
Net investment income101,956 (12%)115,763 240,098 (33%)361,014 
Net investment gains55,609 nm14,527 45,777 (6%)48,522 
Corporate expenses(1)
(20,988)(27%)(28,903)(74,915)(23%)(97,468)
Other (expenses) revenues, net(76,308)nm41,501 (68,401)nm15,323 
Reorganization expenses(1,413)nm(11,215)(822)nm(29,310)
Amortization of value of business acquired(1,028)nm(4,368)(4,111)nm(24,666)
Amortization of intangible assets(2,838)—%(2,831)(8,564)(2%)(8,744)
Income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments(80,334)45,756 (115,618)342,432 
Income tax (expense) benefit12,056 nm(8,147)6,030 nm(23,850)
Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments2,896 nm792 (13,579)nm5,645 
Net income (loss)$(65,382)$38,401 $(123,167)$324,227 
Preferred share dividends(7,563)(29%)(10,656)(22,688)(29%)(31,969)
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders$(72,945)$27,745 $(145,855)$292,258 
nm – not meaningful
(1)Underwriting-related general and reinsurance panels. We believe that thereadministrative expenses is a real opportunitynon-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to achieve more relevancegeneral and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, also included corporate expenses of $20,988 and $28,903 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $74,915 and $97,468 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Refer to produce new streams'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of income in the future while still driving improvements in our existing portfolio. We areFinancial Condition and Results of Operations – Other Expenses (Revenues), Net' for additional information on corporate expenses. Refer also focused on managing the volatilityto 'Management’s Discussion and capital efficiencyAnalysis of our portfolio by further expanding our already strong groupFinancial Condition and Results of strategic capital partners.

Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 Reconciliation' for additional information.
We present our results




51

Underwriting Revenues

Underwriting revenues by segment were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Gross premiums written:
Insurance$935,817 5%$894,902 $2,914,100 7%$2,714,322 
Reinsurance395,361 (23%)511,604 2,564,419 (12%)2,923,169 
Total gross premiums written$1,331,178 (5%)$1,406,506 $5,478,519 (3%)$5,637,491 
Percent of gross premiums written ceded
Insurance42%— pts42%41%1 pt40%
Reinsurance31%(3) pts34%29%— pts29%
Total percent of gross premiums ceded39%— pts39%35%1 pt34%
Net premiums written:
Insurance$544,857 5%$517,050 $1,729,268 6%$1,638,197 
Reinsurance271,125 (20%)339,031 1,821,692 (12%)2,065,263 
Total net premiums written$815,982 (5%)$856,081 $3,550,960 (4%)$3,703,460 
Net premiums earned:
Insurance$570,184 6%$536,451 $1,709,268 5%$1,630,473 
Reinsurance521,128 (16%)620,856 1,574,673 (12%)1,784,653 
Total net premiums earned$1,091,312 (6%)$1,157,307 $3,283,941 (4%)$3,415,126 

Refer to investors, analysts, rating agencies and others who use our financial information to evaluate our performance. Some of the measurements we use are considered non-GAAP financial measures under SEC rules and regulations. In this 'Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A"), we present underwriting-related- Results by Segment' for additional information on underwriting revenues.

Underwriting Expenses

The components of the combined ratio were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses58.5 %(3.2)61.7 %57.8 %(2.3)60.1 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio22.2 %8.114.1 %17.5 %11.65.9 %
Current accident year loss ratio80.7 %4.975.8 %75.3 %9.366.0 %
Prior year reserve development ratio(0.1 %)2.2(2.3 %)(0.3 %)1.6(1.9 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio80.6 %7.173.5 %75.0 %10.964.1 %
Acquisition cost ratio21.1 %(1.4)22.5 %21.2 %(1.1)22.3 %
General and administrative expense ratio(1)
12.8 %(0.6)13.4 %13.4 %(1.1)14.5 %
Combined ratio114.5 %5.1109.4 %109.6 %8.7100.9 %
(1) The general and administrative expense ratio included corporate expenses consolidatednot allocated to underwriting income (loss), operating income (loss) (segments in totalof 1.9% and on a per share basis2.5% fo), annualized operating return on average common equity ("operating ROACE"), amounts presented on a constant currency basis, pre-tax total return on cashr the three months ended September 30, 2020 and investments excluding foreign exchange movements, ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) (2019, respectively, and in total2.3% and on a per share basis2.9%) for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 and annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE which are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, which may be defined and calculated differently by other companies, better explain and enhance the understanding of our results of operations. However, these measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP").

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expenses

Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses include those general and administrative expenses that are incremental and/or directly attributable2019, respectively. Refer to our individual underwriting operations. While this measure is presented in Item 1, Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements 'Segment Information', it is considered a non-GAAP financial measure when presented elsewhere on a consolidated basis.

Corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide insurance and reinsurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As these costs are not incremental and/or directly attributable to our individual underwriting operations, these costs are excluded from underwriting-related general and administrative expenses and, therefore, consolidated underwriting income (loss). General and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure to underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, also includes corporate expenses.
The reconciliation of underwriting-related general and administrative expenses to general and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'Other Expenses (Revenues), Net' for further details.




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Consolidated Underwriting Income (Loss)

Consolidated underwriting income (loss) is a pre-tax measure of underwriting profitability that takes into account net premiums earned and other insurance related income (losses) as revenues and net losses and loss expenses, acquisition costs and underwriting-related general and administrative expenses as expenses. While this measure is presented in Item 1, Note 2Refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements ''Segment Information', it is considered a non-GAAP financial measure when presented elsewhere on a consolidated basis.

We evaluate our underwriting results separately from the performance of our investment portfolio. As a result, we believe it is appropriate to exclude net investment income and net investment gains (losses) from our underwriting profitability measure.

Foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations primarily relate to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on our net insurance-related liabilities. However, we manage our investment portfolio in such a way that unrealized and realized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our investment portfolio generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) arising from our underwriting portfolio. As a result, we believe that foreign exchange losses (gains) are not a meaningful contributor to our underwriting performance, therefore, foreign exchange losses (gains) are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Interest expense and financing costs primarily relate to interest payable on our senior notes. As these expenses are not incremental and/or directly attributable to our individual underwriting operations, these expenses are excluded from underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, and therefore, consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Transaction and reorganization expenses are primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Amortization of intangible assets including value of business acquired ("VOBA") arose from business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

We believe that the presentation of underwriting-related general and administrative expenses and consolidated underwriting income (loss) provides investors with an enhanced understanding of our results of operations, by highlighting the underlying pre-tax profitability of our underwriting activities. The reconciliation of consolidated underwriting income (loss) to income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in Management’sManagement's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary –- Results of Operations'by Segment.' for additional information on underwriting expenses.

Operating Income (Loss)52

Operating income (loss) represents after-tax operational results exclusive of net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), transaction and reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.

Although

RESULTS BY SEGMENT


Insurance Segment

Results for the investment of premiums to generate income and investment gains (losses) is an integral part of our operations, the determination to realize investment gains (losses) is independent of the underwriting process and is heavily influenced by the availability of market opportunities. Furthermore, many users believe that the timing of the realization of investment gains (losses) is somewhat opportunistic for many companies.insurance segment were as follows:

  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Revenues:
Gross premiums written$935,817 5%$894,902 $2,914,100 7%$2,714,322 
Net premiums written544,857 5%517,050 1,729,268 6%1,638,197 
Net premiums earned570,184 6%536,451 1,709,268 5%1,630,473 
Other insurance related income688 6%733 2,091 18%1,779 
Expenses:
Current accident year net losses and loss expenses(443,659)(353,575)(1,257,090)(1,004,293)
Prior year reserve development270 14,609 4,521 42,849 
Acquisition costs(114,569)(115,551)(343,579)(344,981)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(94,379)(100,559)(284,909)(311,491)
Underwriting income (loss)$(81,465)$(17,892)$(169,698)$14,336 
Ratios:
% Point
Change
% Point
Change
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses54.7 %(3.5)58.2 %54.8 %(2.9)57.7 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio23.1 %15.47.7 %18.7 %14.83.9 %
Current accident year loss ratio77.8 %11.965.9 %73.5 %11.961.6 %
Prior year reserve development ratio— %2.7(2.7 %)(0.2 %)2.4(2.6 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio77.8 %14.663.2 %73.3 %14.359.0 %
Acquisition cost ratio20.1 %(1.4)21.5 %20.1 %(1.1)21.2 %
Underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio16.5 %(2.3)18.8 %16.7 %(2.3)19.0 %
Combined ratio114.4 %10.9103.5 %110.1 %10.999.2 %
Foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations primarily relate to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on net insurance related-liabilities. In addition, we recognize unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our equity securities and foreign exchange losses (gains) realized upon the sale of our available for sale investments and equity securities in net investment gains (losses). However, these movements are only one element of the overall impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on our financial position. We also recognize unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our available for sale investments in other comprehensive income (loss). These unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) reported in net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, thereby minimizing the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on total shareholders' equity. As such, foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations in isolation arenm – not a fair representation of the performance of our business.


meaningful

53


Transaction and reorganization expenses are primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from operating income (loss).

Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments is primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, this income (loss) is excluded from operating income (loss).

Certain users of our financial statements evaluate performance exclusive of after-tax net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), transaction and reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments to understand the profitability of recurring sources of income.

Gross Premiums Written
We believe that showing net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders exclusive
Gross premiums written by line of after-tax net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), transaction and reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments reflects the underlying fundamentals of our business. In addition, we believe that this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze performance in a manner similar to how our management analyzes the underlying business performance. We also believe this measure follows industry practice and, therefore, facilitates comparison of our performance with our peer group. We believe that equity analysts and certain rating agencies that follow us, and the insurance industrywere as a whole, generally exclude these items from their analysesfollows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
%
Change
20202019
%
Change
Property$238,599 26 %$241,517 27 %(1%)$741,043 27 %$701,314 27 %6%
Marine82,810 9 %91,161 10 %(9%)355,503 12 %337,529 12 %5%
Terrorism14,767 2 %17,284 2 %(15%)42,296 1 %46,803 2 %(10%)
Aviation22,702 2 %17,623 2 %29%63,725 2 %53,832 2 %18%
Credit and political risk24,473 3 %32,528 4 %(25%)100,151 3 %114,511 4 %(13%)
Professional lines338,907 36 %272,362 30 %24%943,635 32 %820,953 30 %15%
Liability172,747 18 %186,253 21 %(7%)548,023 19 %518,925 19 %6%
Accident and health39,262 4 %34,054 4 %15%117,743 4 %113,228 4 %4%
Discontinued lines - Novae1,550 — %2,120 — %(27%)1,981 — %7,227 — %nm
Total$935,817 100 %$894,902 100 %5%$2,914,100 100 %$2,714,322 100 %7%
nm – not meaningful

Gross premiums written for the same reasons. The reconciliation of operating income (loss) to net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in three months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $41 million, or 5%,'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'.

We also present operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized operating ROACE, which are derived from the operating income (loss) measure and are reconciled to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, earnings (loss) per diluted common share and annualized return on average common equity ("ROACE"), respectively, in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'.

Constant Currency Basis

We present gross premiums written, net premiums written and net premiums earned ($31 million, or 3% on a constant currency basis(1)), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to professional lines, accident and health, and aviation lines, partially offset by decreases in this MD&A. liability, marine, and credit and political risk lines.

The amountsincrease in professional lines was due to new business and favorable rate changes. The increase in accident and health lines was due to new business. The increase in aviation lines was due to a timing difference and favorable rate changes. The decreases in liability and credit and political risk lines were due to a higher level of non-renewals and reduced business opportunities related to the current economic climate. The decrease in marine lines was due to a timing difference and non-renewals.

Gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $200 million, or 7%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to professional lines, property, liability, marine, and aviation lines, partially offset by a decrease in credit and political risk lines.

The increases in professional lines, property, liability, and marine lines were due to new business and favorable rate changes. The increase in aviation lines was due to timing differences. The decrease in credit and political risk lines was due to non-renewals and reduced business opportunities related to the current economic climate.

Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was $391 million, or 42% of gross premiums written, compared to $378 million, or 42% of gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in ceded premiums written of $13 million or 3% was primarily driven by increases in professional lines and property lines, partially offset by decreases in liability, marine, and credit and political risk lines.

Ceded premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $1,185 million, or 41% of gross premiums written, compared to $1,076 million, or 40% of gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in ceded premiums written of $109 million, or 10%, was primarily driven by increases in professional lines, property, liability, and marine lines, partially offset by a decrease in credit and political risk lines.




(1) Amounts presented on a constant currency basis are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item10 (e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The constant currency basis is calculated by applying the average foreign exchange rate from the current year to the prior year amounts. We believe this presentation enables investors and other usersbalance.

54

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned by line of business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
%
Change
20202019
%
Change
Property$145,717 27 %$154,751 29 %(6%)$452,876 26 %$481,450 30 %(6%)
Marine76,544 13 %65,437 12 %17%220,248 13 %209,629 13 %5%
Terrorism11,728 2 %11,605 2 %1%34,675 2 %35,635 2 %(3%)
Aviation19,039 3 %10,993 2 %nm51,236 3 %38,603 2 %33%
Credit and political risk23,781 4 %19,432 4 %22%77,721 5 %66,412 4 %17%
Professional lines179,441 31 %172,280 32 %4%530,651 31 %490,928 30 %8%
Liability76,487 13 %68,002 13 %12%234,522 14 %192,352 12 %22%
Accident and health37,151 7 %32,368 6 %15%106,015 6 %108,402 7 %(2%)
Discontinued lines - Novae296 — %1,583 — %nm1,324 — %7,062 — %nm
Total$570,184 100 %$536,451 100 %6%$1,709,268 100 %$1,630,473 100 %5%
nm – not meaningful

Net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $34 million, or 6%, ($27 million, or 5% on a constant currency basis), compared to analyze growththe three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily driven by increases in gross premiums written, net premiums writtenearned in professional lines, liability, and netmarine lines, together with a decrease in ceded premiums earned onin aviation lines, partially offset by increases in ceded premiums earned in professional lines and liability lines, and a constant basis. The reconciliation todecrease in gross premiums written, net premiums written and netearned in property lines.

Net premiums earned on for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $79 million, or 5%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily driven by increases in gross premiums earned in liability, professional lines, marine, and credit and political risk lines, together with decreases in ceded premiums earned in property and aviation lines, partially offset by increases in ceded premiums earned in liability and professional lines, and a GAAP basis is presenteddecrease in 'gross premiums earned in property lineManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Underwriting Results – Consolidated'.s.

Pre-Tax Total Return on Cash and Investments excluding Foreign Exchange Movement

Pre-tax total return on cash






















55

Loss Ratio

The components of the loss ratio were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year77.8 %11.965.9 %73.5 %11.961.6 %
Prior year reserve development— %2.7(2.7 %)(0.2 %)2.4(2.6 %)
Loss ratio77.8 %14.663.2 %73.3 %14.359.0 %

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio

The current accident year loss ratio increased to 77.8% and investments excluding foreign exchange movements measures73.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 65.9% and 61.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses, net investment income (loss), net investments gains (losses), interest in income (loss) of equity method investments,reinstatement premiums, were $132 million, or 23.1 points, and change in unrealized gains (losses) generated by our average cash$325 million, or 18.7 points, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were primarily attributable to Hurricanes Laura and investment balances.Sally, the Beirut port explosion, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, and other weather-related events. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 catastrophe and weather-related losses included $137 million associated with first party coverages attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. These losses were primarily associated with property-related coverages, but also included event cancellation coverages. The reconciliationremaining losses of pre-tax total return on cash$188 million were primarily attributable to Hurricanes Laura and investments excluding foreign exchange movementsSally, the Beirut port explosion, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, and other weather-related events. Comparatively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, catastrophe and weather-related losses were $41 million, or 7.7 points, and $64 million, or 3.9 points, respectively.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to pre-tax total return on cash and investments,54.7% for the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presentedthree months ended September 30, 2020, from 58.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the 'current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to the impact of favorable pricing over loss trends, improved loss experience in property, marine, credit and political risk, and aviation lines largely associated with the repositioning of the portfolio.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 54.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 57.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to the impact of favorable pricing over loss trends, improved loss experience in property, credit and political risk, marine and aviation lines, partially offset by changes in business mix.

56

Prior Year Reserve Development

The following table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Insurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherMarineAviationCredit and political riskProfessional linesLiability
ShortShortShort/MediumMediumMediumLong
Reported lines of business
PropertyX
MarineX
TerrorismX
AviationX
Credit and political riskX
Professional linesX
LiabilityX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Prior year reserve development by reserve class were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Property and other$6,907 $11,427 $42,688 $(4,426)
Marine4,095 2,119 633 23,753 
Aviation(326)471 5,667 1,671 
Credit and political risk871 1,217 (223)10,278 
Professional lines(7,287)3,656 (19,086)13,899 
Liability(3,990)(4,281)(25,158)(2,326)
Total$270 $14,609 $4,521 $42,849 

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $0.3 million ofManagement’s Discussion and Analysis net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of Financial Condition and Resultswhich were: 
•$7 million of Operations – Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains (Losses)'. We believe this presentation enables investorsnet favorable prior year reserve development on property and other users of our financial informationbusiness primarily due to better analyzethan expected loss emergence attributable to the performance2019 catastrophe events.
•$4 million of our investment portfolio.net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 accident year.

Ex-PGAAP Operating Income (Loss)

•$7 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European professional indemnity and financial institutions books of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year and an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2009 accident year.
Ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) represents operating income (loss) exclusive•$4 million of amortizationnet adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the primary casualty, U.S. excess casualty and program books of VOBAbusiness mainly related to 2017 and intangible assets,2018 accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $15 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of taxwhich were: 
•$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and amortizationother business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.
•$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2013 and 2014 accident years.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. excess casualty book of business related to older accident years.

57

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$43 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years, better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017, 2018 and 2019 catastrophe events, and decreases in case reserves attributable to specific claims related to the 2014 and 2016 accident years.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on aviation business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.
•$25 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the primary casualty, U.S. excess casualty and program books of business mainly related to the 2017 and 2018 accident years.
•$19 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European professional indemnity and financial institutions books of business and the commercial management solutions book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident year and an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2009 accident year.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $43 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$24 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2015 to 2017 accident years.
•$14 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2013 to 2015 accident years.
•$10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 accident year.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the international book of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year, partially offset by better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.

Acquisition Cost Ratio

The acquisition costs, net of taxcost ratio decreased to 20.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, from 21.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, principally related to an increase in ceding commissions.

The acquisition cost ratio decreased to 20.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 21.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, associated with Novae's balance sheet at October 2, 2017 (the "closing date" or "acquisition date"). The reconciliationthe acquisition of ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) to net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presentedNovae and an increase in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'.

We also present ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE, which are derived from the ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) measure and are reconciled to the most comparable GAAP financial


54
Table of Contents


measures, earnings (loss) per diluted common share and annualized ROACE, respectively, are also presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'.

We believe the presentation of ex-PGAAP operating income (loss), ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE enables investors and other users of our financial information to better analyze the performance of our business.

Acquisition of Novae

On October 2, 2017, we acquired Novae.ceding commissions. At the acquisition date, we identified VOBA which represents the present value of the expected underwriting profit within policies that were in-force at the closing date of the transaction. In addition, the allocation of the acquisition price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisitionthat date, resulted in the write-off of the deferred acquisition cost asset on Novae's balance sheet at the acquisition date as the value of policies in-force on that date are considered within VOBA.value of business acquired ("VOBA"). Consequently, underwritingthe absence of $1 million and $11 million of acquisition expense related to premiums earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost by 0.1 points and 0.6 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost rate for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio decreased by 1.6 points.

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expense Ratio

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 16.5%for thethree months ended September 30, 2020, from 18.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, mainly driven by a decrease in personnel costs and travel and entertainment expenses, together with an increase in net premiums earned.

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 16.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 19.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, mainly driven by decreases in travel and entertainment expenses, and professional fees, together with an increase in net premiums earned.

58

Reinsurance Segment

Results from the reinsurance segment were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Revenues:
Gross premiums written$395,361 (23%)$511,604 $2,564,419 (12%)$2,923,169 
Net premiums written271,125 (20%)339,031 1,821,692 (12%)2,065,263 
Net premiums earned521,128 (16%)620,856 1,574,673 (12%)1,784,653 
Other insurance related income (loss)752 (6%)800 (7,361)nm9,606 
Expenses:
Current year net losses and loss expenses(436,602)(524,065)(1,216,273)(1,248,131)
Prior year reserve development314 12,118 4,830 22,172 
Acquisition costs(115,995)(144,475)(354,137)(417,826)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(23,456)(26,060)(76,714)(87,049)
Underwriting income (loss)$(53,859)$(60,826)$(74,982)$63,425 
Ratios:
% Point
Change
% Point
Change
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses62.7 %(2.1)64.8 %61.1 %(1.2)62.3 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio21.1 %1.519.6 %16.1 %8.57.6 %
Current accident year loss ratio83.8 %(0.6)84.4 %77.2 %7.369.9 %
Prior year reserve development ratio(0.1 %)1.8(1.9 %)(0.3 %)0.9(1.2 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio83.7 %1.282.5 %76.9 %8.268.7 %
Acquisition cost ratio22.3 %(1.0)23.3 %22.5 %(0.9)23.4 %
Underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio4.5 %0.44.1 %4.9 %—4.9 %
Combined ratio110.5 %0.6109.9 %104.3 %7.397.0 %
nm – not meaningful

59

Gross Premiums Written:

Gross premiums written by line of business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
% 
Change
20202019
% 
Change
Catastrophe$74,656 18 %$94,833 18 %(21%)$526,646 21 %$698,169 24 %(25%)
Property58,907 15 %67,972 13 %(13%)246,859 10 %283,849 10 %(13%)
Professional lines31,752 8 %23,540 5 %35%267,047 10 %226,283 8 %18%
Credit and surety38,110 10 %50,989 10 %(25%)189,180 7 %241,358 8 %(22%)
Motor(2,235)(1 %)25,367 5 %nm319,867 12 %313,614 11 %2%
Liability136,791 35 %146,690 29 %(7%)505,322 20 %458,000 16 %10%
Agriculture7,455 2 %5,074 1 %47%69,599 3 %201,592 7 %(65%)
Engineering1,408 — %8,841 2 %nm20,334 1 %39,207 1 %(48%)
Marine and other6,341 2 %9,727 2 %(35%)62,202 2 %68,104 2 %(9%)
Accident and health41,820 11 %78,474 15 %(47%)356,123 14 %393,789 13 %(10%)
Discontinued lines - Novae356 — %97 — %nm1,240 — %(796)— %nm
Total$395,361 100 %$511,604 100 %(23%)$2,564,419 100 %$2,923,169 100 %(12%)
nm – not meaningful

Gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $116 million, or 23%, ($109 million, or 21% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to accident and health, motor, catastrophe, credit and surety, liability and property lines, partially offset by an increase in professional lines.

The decrease in accident and health lines was driven by non-renewals following the decision to exit the Middle East business. The decrease in motor lines was due to premium adjustments. The decrease in catastrophe lines was driven by a timing difference associated with a significant contract, non-renewals, and decreased line sizes on a number of treaties. The decrease in credit and surety lines was attributable to the current economic climate. The decrease in liability lines was due to a reduced line size on a significant contract, partially offset by new business due to favorable market conditions and timing differences. The decrease in property lines was due to non-renewals and a timing difference. The increase in professional lines was due to premium adjustments.

Gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $359 million, or 12%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to catastrophe, agriculture, credit and surety, accident and health, property, and engineering lines, partially offset by increases in liability and professional lines.

The decreases in catastrophe, agriculture, credit and surety, accident and health, property, and engineering lines were driven by non-renewals and decreased line sizes consistent with optimization of the segment's portfolio. The increases in liability and professional lines were driven by premium adjustments, and favorable market conditions associated with renewals and new business.

Ceded Premiums Written:

Ceded premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was $124 million, or 31% of gross premiums written, compared to $173 million, or 34% of gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

The decrease in ceded premiums written of $48 million, or 28%, was primarily driven by catastrophe, accident and health, credit and surety, and liability lines. The decrease in catastrophe lines was attributable to a non-renewal of a catastrophe bond and a decrease in premiums ceded to strategic capital partners. The decrease in accident and health lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in credit and surety lines was attributable to a decrease in premiums ceded to an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in liability lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty, partially offset by an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty.

60

Ceded premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $743 million, or 29% of gross premiums written, compared to $858 million, or 29% of gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

The decrease in ceded premiums written of $115 million, or 13%, was primarily driven by catastrophe, credit and surety, accident and health, and agriculture lines, partially offset by increases in professional lines, liability, motor, and property lines.

The decrease in catastrophe lines was attributable to decreases in premiums ceded to strategic partners and a non-renewal of a catastrophe bond. The decrease in credit and surety lines was attributable to a decrease in premiums ceded to a quota share retrocessional treaty and the restructuring of existing quota share retrocessional treaties. The decrease in accident and health lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in agriculture lines was attributable to a non-renewal of a large quota share retrocessional treaty.

The increases in liability and professional lines were attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty, partially offset by the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The increase in motor lines was attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty. The increase in property lines was attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new aggregate excess of loss treaty.

Net Premiums Earned:

Net premiums earned by line of business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020  2019  % Change2020  2019  % Change
Catastrophe$64,163 13 %$68,910 11 %(7%)$194,987 12 %$205,468 11 %(5%)
Property62,704 12 %78,271 13 %(20%)196,229 12 %226,515 13 %(13%)
Professional lines54,424 10 %50,966 8 %7%154,482 10 %154,390 9 %—%
Credit and surety43,730 8 %55,625 9 %(21%)134,988 9 %154,638 9 %(13%)
Motor63,298 12 %107,930 17 %(41%)203,776 13 %301,622 17 %(32%)
Liability96,671 19 %95,632 15 %1%293,918 19 %279,639 16 %5%
Agriculture17,750 3 %47,519 8 %(63%)57,949 4 %131,746 7 %(56%)
Engineering14,548 3 %16,611 3 %(12%)43,742 3 %47,290 3 %(8%)
Marine and other14,742 3 %17,924 3 %(18%)37,275 2 %44,529 2 %(16%)
Accident and health89,087 17 %81,500 13 %9%256,303 16 %239,388 13 %7%
Discontinued lines - Novae11 — %(32)— %nm1,024 — %(572)— %nm
Total$521,128 100 %$620,856 100 %(16%)$1,574,673 100 %$1,784,653 100 %(12%)
nm – not meaningful

Net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $100 million, or 16% ($93 million, or 15% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases in gross premiums earned in motor, agriculture, credit and surety, and property lines.

Net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $210 million, or 12% ($186 million, or 10% on a constant currency basis), compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases in gross premiums earned in agriculture, motor, catastrophe, property, and credit and surety lines, together with an increase in ceded premiums earned in liability lines, partially offset by decreases in ceded premiums earned in catastrophe, agriculture, and accident and health lines, and an increase in gross premiums earned in liability lines.


61

Other Insurance Related Income (Loss):

Other insurance related income was $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to other insurance related income (loss)of $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Other insurance related loss was $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to other insurance related income of $10 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease of $17 million was primarily due to the recognition of a full limit loss of $10 million associated with the WHO pandemic risk-linked swap and a decrease in fees associated with arrangements with strategic capital partners.

Loss Ratio:

The components of the loss ratio were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year83.8 %(0.6)84.4 %77.2 %7.369.9 %
Prior year reserve development(0.1 %)1.8(1.9 %)(0.3 %)0.9(1.2 %)
Loss ratio83.7 %1.282.5 %76.9 %8.268.7 %

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio:

The current accident year loss ratio decreased to 83.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, from 84.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The current accident year loss ratio increased to 77.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 69.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums, were $108 million, or 21.1 points, and $251 million, or 16.1, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were primarily attributable to the Midwest derecho, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion, and other weather-related events. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses included $98 million associated with first party coverages attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. These losses were primarily associated with property-related coverages, but also included accident and health coverages. The remaining losses of $153 million were attributable to the Midwest derecho, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion and other weather-related events. Comparatively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, and 2018 included the recognition of premiums attributable to Novae's balance sheet at the acquisition date without the recognition of the associated acquisition costs.




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Table of Contents


Results of Operations
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Underwriting revenues:            
 Net premiums earned$1,157,307
 (5%) $1,224,075
 $3,415,126
 (5%) $3,577,026
 
 Other insurance related income1,533
 nm 8,475
 11,385
 (39%) 18,811
 
 Underwriting expenses:            
 Net losses and loss expenses(850,913) 7% (794,959) (2,187,403) 1% (2,162,945) 
 Acquisition costs(260,026) 5% (248,314) (762,807) 8% (709,527) 
 
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(1)
(126,619) (3%) (130,251) (398,540) (2%) (404,875) 
 Underwriting income (loss)$(78,718)   $59,026
 $77,761
   $318,490
 
              
 Net investment income115,763
 1% 114,421
 361,014
 11% 325,380
 
 Net investment gains (losses)14,527
 nm (17,628) 48,522
 nm (77,551) 
 
Corporate expenses(1)
(28,903) 17% (24,643) (97,468) 15% (85,069) 
 Other (expenses) revenues, net41,501
 nm (25,202) 15,323
 nm (52,824) 
 Transaction and reorganization expenses(11,215) (31%) (16,300) (29,310) (39%) (48,125) 
 Amortization of value of business acquired(4,368) nm (39,018) (24,666) nm (149,535) 
 Amortization of intangible assets(2,831)—
61% (1,753) (8,744) 2% (8,564) 
 Income before income taxes and interest in income of equity method investments45,756
   48,903
 342,432
 
 222,202
 
 Income tax (expense) benefit(8,147) nm 3,525
 (23,850) nm 3,565
 
 Interest in income of equity method investments792
 (52%) 1,667
 5,645
 12% 5,045
 
 Net income$38,401
   $54,095
 $324,227
   $230,812
 
 Preferred share dividends(10,656) —% (10,656) (31,969) —% (31,969) 
 Net income available to common shareholders$27,745
 (36%) $43,439
 $292,258
 47% $198,843
 
              
 
Net investment (gains) losses(2)
$(14,527) nm $17,628
 $(48,522) nm $77,551
 
 
Foreign exchange losses (gains) (3)
(59,543) nm 8,305
 (64,868) nm 2,066
 
 
Transaction and reorganization expenses(4)
11,215
 (31%) 16,300
 29,310
 (39%) 48,125
 
 
Interest in (income) of equity method investments(5)
(792) (52%) (1,667) (5,645) 12% (5,045) 
 Income tax expense (benefit)3,361
 nm (4,882) 6,524
 nm (16,539) 
 
Operating income (loss) (6)
$(32,541) nm $79,123
 $209,057
 (31%) $305,001
 
              
nm – not meaningful
(1)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to total general and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, also included corporate expenses of $28,903 and $24,643 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $97,468 and $85,069 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Refer to 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Other Expenses (Revenues), Net' for additional information on corporate expenses. Refer also to 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures' for additional information.
(2)Tax cost (benefit) of $897 and ($623) for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $6,667 and $(4,011) for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors including the ability to utilize capital losses.
(3)Tax cost (benefit) of $4,784 and ($1,870) for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $5,372 and $(5,424) for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors including the tax status of specific foreign exchange transactions.
(4)Tax cost (benefit) of ($2,320) and ($2,389) for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and ($5,515) and ($7,416) for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions.
(5)Tax cost (benefit) of $nil for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and $nil and $312 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions.
(6)
Operating income (loss) is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, is presented in the table above, and a discussion of the rationale for its presentation is included in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures'.


56
Table of Contents


Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We also present operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized operating ROACE, which are derived from the operating income (loss) measure and can be reconciled to the most comparable GAAP financial measures as follows:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Net income available to common shareholders$27,745
 $43,439
 $292,258
 $198,843
 
 Operating income (loss)(32,541) 79,123
 209,057
 305,001
 
 
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding(1)
83,947
 84,107
 84,420
 83,939
 
          
 Earnings per diluted common share$0.33
 $0.52
 $3.46
 $2.37
 
 
Operating income (loss) per diluted common share(2)
$(0.39) $0.94
 $2.48
 $3.62
 
          
 Average common shareholders’ equity$4,801,174
 $4,487,639
 $4,532,971
 $4,531,768
 
          
 
Annualized return on average common equity(3)
2.3% 3.9% 8.6% 5.9% 
 
Annualized operating return on average common equity(4)
(2.7%) 7.1% 6.1% 9.0% 
          
(1)
Refer to Item 1, Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements 'Earnings per Common Share' for additional information on the dilution calculation.
(2)
Operating income (loss) per diluted common share is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, earnings (loss) per diluted common share, is presented in the table above, and a discussion of the rationale for its presentation is included in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures'.
(3)Annualized ROACE is calculated by dividing annualized net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders for the period by the average common shareholders' equity determined using the common shareholders' equity balances at the beginning and end of the period.
(4)
Annualized operating ROACE, a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K, is calculated by dividing annualized operating income (loss) for the period by the average common shareholders' equity balances determined using the common shareholders' equity balances at the beginning and end of the period. Annualized operating ROACE for the three months ended September 30, 2019, was calculated using weighted average common shares outstanding due to the operating loss recognized in the period. The reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, ROACE, is presented in the table above and a discussion of the rationale for its presentation is included in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures'.

























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Table of Contents


Ex-PGAAP Operating Income

We also present ex-PGAAP operating income (loss), ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share and ex-PGAAP operating ROACE which are derived from the operating income (loss) measure and can be reconciled to the most comparable GAAP financial measures as follows:
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2019 2018 2019 2018
        
        
Net income available to common shareholders$27,745
 $43,439
 $292,258
 $198,843
Net investment (gains) losses(14,527) 17,628
 (48,522) 77,551
Foreign exchange losses (gains)(59,543) 8,305
 (64,868) 2,066
Transaction and reorganization expenses11,215
 16,300
 29,310
 48,125
Interest in (income) of equity method investments(792) (1,667) (5,645) (5,045)
Income tax expense (benefit)3,361
 (4,882) 6,524
 (16,539)
Operating income (loss)$(32,541) $79,123
 $209,057
 $305,001
Amortization of VOBA and intangible assets(2)
6,891
 40,664
 32,985
 156,882
Amortization of acquisition costs(3)
(1,568) (29,344) (10,689) (109,434)
Income tax expense (benefit)(1,011) (2,151) (4,236) (9,015)
Ex-PGAAP operating income (loss)(1)
$(28,229) $88,292
 $227,117
 $343,434
        
Earnings per diluted common share$0.33
 $0.52
 $3.46
 $2.37
Net investment (gains) losses(0.17) 0.21
 (0.57) 0.92
Foreign exchange losses (gains)(0.71) 0.10
 (0.77) 0.02
Transaction and reorganization expenses0.13
 0.19
 0.35
 0.57
Interest in (income) of equity method investments(0.01) (0.02) (0.07) (0.06)
Income tax expense (benefit)0.04
 (0.06) 0.08
 (0.20)
Operating income (loss) per diluted common share$(0.39) $0.94
 $2.48
 $3.62
Amortization of VOBA and intangible assets(2)
0.08
 0.48
 0.39
 1.87
Amortization of acquisition cost(3)
(0.02) (0.35) (0.13) (1.30)
Income tax expense (benefit)(0.01) (0.03) (0.05) (0.11)
Ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share(1)
$(0.34) $1.04
 $2.69
 $4.08
        
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding83,947
 84,107
 84,420
 83,939
        
Average common shareholders' equity$4,801,174
 $4,487,639
 $4,532,971
 $4,531,768
        
Annualized return on average common equity2.3 % 3.9% 8.6% 5.9%
Annualized operating return on average common equity(2.7%) 7.1% 6.1% 9.0%
Annualized ex-PGAAP operating return on average common equity(1)
(2.4%) 7.9% 6.7% 10.1%
        
(1)
Ex-PGAAP operating income (loss), ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, earnings (loss) per diluted common share, and annualized ROACE, respectively, are provided in the table above, and a discussion of the rationale for the presentation of these items is included in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures'. Annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE for the three months ended September 30, 2019, was calculated using weighted average common shares outstanding due to the ex-PGAAP operating loss recognized in the period.
(2)Tax cost (benefit) of $(1,309) and $(7,726) for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $(6,267) and $(29,808) for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions.
(3)Tax cost (benefit) of $298 and $5,575 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $2,031 and $20,792 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions.



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Table of Contents


Underwriting Results
Total underwriting loss for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $79 million, compared to the underwriting income of $59 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The underwriting loss in the quarter was primarily driven by a decrease in net premiums earned and an increase in catastrophe and weather-related losses together with a decrease in net favorable prior year reserve development.were $119 million, or 19.6 points, and $132 million, or 7.6, respectively.

The reinsurance segment underwriting loss was $61 millionAfter adjusting for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to underwriting incomeimpact of $71 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The underwriting loss in the quarter was primarily driven by an increase in catastrophe and weather-related losses, together with a decrease in net favorable prior year reserve development, an increase in the current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses, partially offset by an increase in net premiums earned.

The insurance segment underwriting loss increased by $6 milliondecreased to 62.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 from 64.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the underwriting loss of $12 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The increase in the underwriting loss was primarily driven by a decrease in net premiums earned, partially offset by a decrease in catastrophe and weather-related losses, and a decrease in the current accident year loss ratio excludingafter adjusting for the impact of catastrophe and weather-related losses.losses was principally due to changes in business mix and improved performance in aviation, professional lines and liability lines.

Total underwriting incomeAfter adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 61.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $78 million, compared to underwriting income of $318 million2020 from 62.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The decrease in underwriting income was primarily driven by a decrease in net premiums earned, a decrease in net favorable prior year reserve development, an increase in catastrophe and weather-related losses, and an increase in acquisition costs.

The reinsurance segment underwriting income decreased by $141 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease in underwriting income was primarily driven by an increase in catastrophe and weather-related losses and a decrease in net favorable prior year reserve development, partially offset by a decrease in the current accident year loss ratio excludingafter adjusting for the impact of catastrophe and weather-related losses.losses was principally due to changes in business mix and improved performance in aviation, motor and liability lines.


62

Prior Year Reserve Development

The insurance segment underwriting incomefollowing table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Reinsurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherCredit and suretyProfessional linesMotorLiability
ShortMediumMediumLongLong
Reported lines of business
CatastropheX
PropertyX
Credit and suretyX
Professional linesX
MotorX
LiabilityX
EngineeringX
AgricultureX
Marine and otherX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Prior year reserve development by reserve class were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Property and other$3,126 $(12,283)$(4,961)$(71,227)
Credit and surety11,184 5,652 27,927 32,659 
Professional lines(13,776)(7,303)(13,493)641 
Motor1,214 22,902 18,732 33,964 
Liability(1,434)3,150 (23,375)26,135 
Total$314 $12,118 $4,830 $22,172 

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $0.3 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to 2017 and 2019 accident years.
•$14 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2016 accident year and reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$23 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business related to recent accident years.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to several accident years.
•$12 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening attributable to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated with the European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

63

•$7 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$28 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to multiple accident years.
•$19 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business mainly related to the 2019 and older accident years.
•$23 million of net adverse prior year development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. casualty, the U.S. multiline/regional and the European books of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2019 accident years.
•$13 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2016 accident year and reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years.
•$5 million of net adverse prior year development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the engineering line of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years, and the marine and other line of business mainly related to the 2017 accident years, partially offset by net favorable prior year reserve development within the property line of business due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2019 catastrophe events.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $22 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$34 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business related to several accident years.
•$33 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.
•$26 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.
•$71 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to an increase in loss estimates attributable to Typhoons Jebi and Trami consistent with updated industry insured loss estimates, an increase in loss estimates attributable to Hurricane Michael, and reserve strengthening attributable to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated within the European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

Acquisition Cost Ratio:

The acquisition cost ratio decreased by $100 millionto 22.3% and 22.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 23.3% and 23.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, comparedrespectively, principally related to changes in business mix.

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expense Ratio:

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio of 4.5% and 4.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease in underwriting income2020, respectively, was primarily driven by decrease in net premiums earnedcomparable to 4.1% and an increase in acquisition costs, together with a decrease in net favorable prior year reserve development, partially offset by a decrease in catastrophe4.9% for the three and weather-related losses.nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.


64



NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND NET INVESTMENT GAINS (LOSSES)


Net Investment IncomeUnderwriting Revenues

Underwriting revenues by segment were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Gross premiums written:
Insurance$935,817 5%$894,902 $2,914,100 7%$2,714,322 
Reinsurance395,361 (23%)511,604 2,564,419 (12%)2,923,169 
Total gross premiums written$1,331,178 (5%)$1,406,506 $5,478,519 (3%)$5,637,491 
Percent of gross premiums written ceded
Insurance42%— pts42%41%1 pt40%
Reinsurance31%(3) pts34%29%— pts29%
Total percent of gross premiums ceded39%— pts39%35%1 pt34%
Net premiums written:
Insurance$544,857 5%$517,050 $1,729,268 6%$1,638,197 
Reinsurance271,125 (20%)339,031 1,821,692 (12%)2,065,263 
Total net premiums written$815,982 (5%)$856,081 $3,550,960 (4%)$3,703,460 
Net premiums earned:
Insurance$570,184 6%$536,451 $1,709,268 5%$1,630,473 
Reinsurance521,128 (16%)620,856 1,574,673 (12%)1,784,653 
Total net premiums earned$1,091,312 (6%)$1,157,307 $3,283,941 (4%)$3,415,126 

Refer to 'Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results by Segment' for additional information on underwriting revenues.

Underwriting Expenses

The components of the combined ratio were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses58.5 %(3.2)61.7 %57.8 %(2.3)60.1 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio22.2 %8.114.1 %17.5 %11.65.9 %
Current accident year loss ratio80.7 %4.975.8 %75.3 %9.366.0 %
Prior year reserve development ratio(0.1 %)2.2(2.3 %)(0.3 %)1.6(1.9 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio80.6 %7.173.5 %75.0 %10.964.1 %
Acquisition cost ratio21.1 %(1.4)22.5 %21.2 %(1.1)22.3 %
General and administrative expense ratio(1)
12.8 %(0.6)13.4 %13.4 %(1.1)14.5 %
Combined ratio114.5 %5.1109.4 %109.6 %8.7100.9 %
(1) The general and administrative expense ratio included corporate expenses not allocated to underwriting segments of 1.9% and 2.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and 2.3% and 2.9% for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Refer to 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Other Expenses (Revenues), Net' for further details.

Refer to 'Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results by Segment' for additional information on underwriting expenses.

52



RESULTS BY SEGMENT


Insurance Segment

Results for the insurance segment were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Revenues:
Gross premiums written$935,817 5%$894,902 $2,914,100 7%$2,714,322 
Net premiums written544,857 5%517,050 1,729,268 6%1,638,197 
Net premiums earned570,184 6%536,451 1,709,268 5%1,630,473 
Other insurance related income688 6%733 2,091 18%1,779 
Expenses:
Current accident year net losses and loss expenses(443,659)(353,575)(1,257,090)(1,004,293)
Prior year reserve development270 14,609 4,521 42,849 
Acquisition costs(114,569)(115,551)(343,579)(344,981)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(94,379)(100,559)(284,909)(311,491)
Underwriting income (loss)$(81,465)$(17,892)$(169,698)$14,336 
Ratios:
% Point
Change
% Point
Change
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses54.7 %(3.5)58.2 %54.8 %(2.9)57.7 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio23.1 %15.47.7 %18.7 %14.83.9 %
Current accident year loss ratio77.8 %11.965.9 %73.5 %11.961.6 %
Prior year reserve development ratio— %2.7(2.7 %)(0.2 %)2.4(2.6 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio77.8 %14.663.2 %73.3 %14.359.0 %
Acquisition cost ratio20.1 %(1.4)21.5 %20.1 %(1.1)21.2 %
Underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio16.5 %(2.3)18.8 %16.7 %(2.3)19.0 %
Combined ratio114.4 %10.9103.5 %110.1 %10.999.2 %
nm – not meaningful

53

Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written by line of business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
%
Change
20202019
%
Change
Property$238,599 26 %$241,517 27 %(1%)$741,043 27 %$701,314 27 %6%
Marine82,810 9 %91,161 10 %(9%)355,503 12 %337,529 12 %5%
Terrorism14,767 2 %17,284 2 %(15%)42,296 1 %46,803 2 %(10%)
Aviation22,702 2 %17,623 2 %29%63,725 2 %53,832 2 %18%
Credit and political risk24,473 3 %32,528 4 %(25%)100,151 3 %114,511 4 %(13%)
Professional lines338,907 36 %272,362 30 %24%943,635 32 %820,953 30 %15%
Liability172,747 18 %186,253 21 %(7%)548,023 19 %518,925 19 %6%
Accident and health39,262 4 %34,054 4 %15%117,743 4 %113,228 4 %4%
Discontinued lines - Novae1,550 — %2,120 — %(27%)1,981 — %7,227 — %nm
Total$935,817 100 %$894,902 100 %5%$2,914,100 100 %$2,714,322 100 %7%
nm – not meaningful

Gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $41 million, or 5%, ($31 million, or 3% on a constant currency basis(1)), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to professional lines, accident and health, and aviation lines, partially offset by decreases in liability, marine, and credit and political risk lines.

The increase in professional lines was due to new business and favorable rate changes. The increase in accident and health lines was due to new business. The increase in aviation lines was due to a timing difference and favorable rate changes. The decreases in liability and credit and political risk lines were due to a higher level of non-renewals and reduced business opportunities related to the current economic climate. The decrease in marine lines was due to a timing difference and non-renewals.

Gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $200 million, or 7%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to professional lines, property, liability, marine, and aviation lines, partially offset by a decrease in credit and political risk lines.

The increases in professional lines, property, liability, and marine lines were due to new business and favorable rate changes. The increase in aviation lines was due to timing differences. The decrease in credit and political risk lines was due to non-renewals and reduced business opportunities related to the current economic climate.

Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was $391 million, or 42% of gross premiums written, compared to $378 million, or 42% of gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in ceded premiums written of $13 million or 3% was primarily driven by increases in professional lines and property lines, partially offset by decreases in liability, marine, and credit and political risk lines.

Ceded premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $1,185 million, or 41% of gross premiums written, compared to $1,076 million, or 40% of gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in ceded premiums written of $109 million, or 10%, was primarily driven by increases in professional lines, property, liability, and marine lines, partially offset by a decrease in credit and political risk lines.




(1) Amounts presented on a constant currency basis are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item10 (e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The constant currency basis is calculated by applying the average foreign exchange rate from the current year to the prior year balance.

54

Net investment incomePremiums Earned

Net premiums earned by line of $116business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
%
Change
20202019
%
Change
Property$145,717 27 %$154,751 29 %(6%)$452,876 26 %$481,450 30 %(6%)
Marine76,544 13 %65,437 12 %17%220,248 13 %209,629 13 %5%
Terrorism11,728 2 %11,605 2 %1%34,675 2 %35,635 2 %(3%)
Aviation19,039 3 %10,993 2 %nm51,236 3 %38,603 2 %33%
Credit and political risk23,781 4 %19,432 4 %22%77,721 5 %66,412 4 %17%
Professional lines179,441 31 %172,280 32 %4%530,651 31 %490,928 30 %8%
Liability76,487 13 %68,002 13 %12%234,522 14 %192,352 12 %22%
Accident and health37,151 7 %32,368 6 %15%106,015 6 %108,402 7 %(2%)
Discontinued lines - Novae296 — %1,583 — %nm1,324 — %7,062 — %nm
Total$570,184 100 %$536,451 100 %6%$1,709,268 100 %$1,630,473 100 %5%
nm – not meaningful

Net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $34 million, or 6%, ($27 million, or 5% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily driven by increases in gross premiums earned in professional lines, liability, and marine lines, together with a decrease in ceded premiums earned in aviation lines, partially offset by increases in ceded premiums earned in professional lines and liability lines, and a decrease in gross premiums earned in property lines.

Net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $79 million, or 5%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily driven by increases in gross premiums earned in liability, professional lines, marine, and credit and political risk lines, together with decreases in ceded premiums earned in property and aviation lines, partially offset by increases in ceded premiums earned in liability and professional lines, and a decrease in gross premiums earned in property lines.
























55

Loss Ratio

The components of the loss ratio were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year77.8 %11.965.9 %73.5 %11.961.6 %
Prior year reserve development— %2.7(2.7 %)(0.2 %)2.4(2.6 %)
Loss ratio77.8 %14.663.2 %73.3 %14.359.0 %

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio

The current accident year loss ratio increased to 77.8% and 73.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 65.9% and 61.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums, were $132 million, or 23.1 points, and $325 million, or 18.7 points, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were primarily attributable to Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, and other weather-related events. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 catastrophe and weather-related losses included $137 million associated with first party coverages attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. These losses were primarily associated with property-related coverages, but also included event cancellation coverages. The remaining losses of $188 million were primarily attributable to Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, and other weather-related events. Comparatively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, catastrophe and weather-related losses were $41 million, or 7.7 points, and $64 million, or 3.9 points, respectively.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 54.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, from 58.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to the impact of favorable pricing over loss trends, improved loss experience in property, marine, credit and political risk, and aviation lines largely associated with the repositioning of the portfolio.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 54.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 57.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to the impact of favorable pricing over loss trends, improved loss experience in property, credit and political risk, marine and aviation lines, partially offset by changes in business mix.

56

Prior Year Reserve Development

The following table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Insurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherMarineAviationCredit and political riskProfessional linesLiability
ShortShortShort/MediumMediumMediumLong
Reported lines of business
PropertyX
MarineX
TerrorismX
AviationX
Credit and political riskX
Professional linesX
LiabilityX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Prior year reserve development by reserve class were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Property and other$6,907 $11,427 $42,688 $(4,426)
Marine4,095 2,119 633 23,753 
Aviation(326)471 5,667 1,671 
Credit and political risk871 1,217 (223)10,278 
Professional lines(7,287)3,656 (19,086)13,899 
Liability(3,990)(4,281)(25,158)(2,326)
Total$270 $14,609 $4,521 $42,849 

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $0.3 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$7 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2019 catastrophe events.
•$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 accident year.
•$7 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European professional indemnity and financial institutions books of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year and an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2009 accident year.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the primary casualty, U.S. excess casualty and program books of business mainly related to 2017 and 2018 accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $15 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.
•$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2013 and 2014 accident years.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. excess casualty book of business related to older accident years.

57

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$43 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years, better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017, 2018 and 2019 catastrophe events, and decreases in case reserves attributable to specific claims related to the 2014 and 2016 accident years.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on aviation business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.
•$25 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the primary casualty, U.S. excess casualty and program books of business mainly related to the 2017 and 2018 accident years.
•$19 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European professional indemnity and financial institutions books of business and the commercial management solutions book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident year and an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2009 accident year.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $43 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$24 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2015 to 2017 accident years.
•$14 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2013 to 2015 accident years.
•$10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 accident year.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the international book of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year, partially offset by better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.

Acquisition Cost Ratio

The acquisition cost ratio decreased to 20.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, from 21.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, was comparableprincipally related to net investment incomean increase in ceding commissions.

The acquisition cost ratio decreased to 20.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 21.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, associated with the acquisition of $114Novae and an increase in ceding commissions. At the acquisition date, the allocation of the acquisition price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at that date, resulted in the write-off of the deferred acquisition cost asset on Novae's balance sheet as the value of policies in-force on that date are considered within value of business acquired ("VOBA"). Consequently, the absence of $1 million and $11 million of acquisition expense related to premiums earned in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost by 0.1 points and 0.6 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost rate for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio decreased by 1.6 points.

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expense Ratio

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 16.5%for thethree months ended September 30, 2020, from 18.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2018.2019, mainly driven by a decrease in personnel costs and travel and entertainment expenses, together with an increase in net premiums earned.

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 16.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 19.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, mainly driven by decreases in travel and entertainment expenses, and professional fees, together with an increase in net premiums earned.

58

Reinsurance Segment

Results from the reinsurance segment were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Revenues:
Gross premiums written$395,361 (23%)$511,604 $2,564,419 (12%)$2,923,169 
Net premiums written271,125 (20%)339,031 1,821,692 (12%)2,065,263 
Net premiums earned521,128 (16%)620,856 1,574,673 (12%)1,784,653 
Other insurance related income (loss)752 (6%)800 (7,361)nm9,606 
Expenses:
Current year net losses and loss expenses(436,602)(524,065)(1,216,273)(1,248,131)
Prior year reserve development314 12,118 4,830 22,172 
Acquisition costs(115,995)(144,475)(354,137)(417,826)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(23,456)(26,060)(76,714)(87,049)
Underwriting income (loss)$(53,859)$(60,826)$(74,982)$63,425 
Ratios:
% Point
Change
% Point
Change
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses62.7 %(2.1)64.8 %61.1 %(1.2)62.3 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio21.1 %1.519.6 %16.1 %8.57.6 %
Current accident year loss ratio83.8 %(0.6)84.4 %77.2 %7.369.9 %
Prior year reserve development ratio(0.1 %)1.8(1.9 %)(0.3 %)0.9(1.2 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio83.7 %1.282.5 %76.9 %8.268.7 %
Acquisition cost ratio22.3 %(1.0)23.3 %22.5 %(0.9)23.4 %
Underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio4.5 %0.44.1 %4.9 %—4.9 %
Combined ratio110.5 %0.6109.9 %104.3 %7.397.0 %
nm – not meaningful

59

Gross Premiums Written:

Gross premiums written by line of business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
% 
Change
20202019
% 
Change
Catastrophe$74,656 18 %$94,833 18 %(21%)$526,646 21 %$698,169 24 %(25%)
Property58,907 15 %67,972 13 %(13%)246,859 10 %283,849 10 %(13%)
Professional lines31,752 8 %23,540 5 %35%267,047 10 %226,283 8 %18%
Credit and surety38,110 10 %50,989 10 %(25%)189,180 7 %241,358 8 %(22%)
Motor(2,235)(1 %)25,367 5 %nm319,867 12 %313,614 11 %2%
Liability136,791 35 %146,690 29 %(7%)505,322 20 %458,000 16 %10%
Agriculture7,455 2 %5,074 1 %47%69,599 3 %201,592 7 %(65%)
Engineering1,408 — %8,841 2 %nm20,334 1 %39,207 1 %(48%)
Marine and other6,341 2 %9,727 2 %(35%)62,202 2 %68,104 2 %(9%)
Accident and health41,820 11 %78,474 15 %(47%)356,123 14 %393,789 13 %(10%)
Discontinued lines - Novae356 — %97 — %nm1,240 — %(796)— %nm
Total$395,361 100 %$511,604 100 %(23%)$2,564,419 100 %$2,923,169 100 %(12%)
nm – not meaningful

Gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $116 million, or 23%, ($109 million, or 21% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to accident and health, motor, catastrophe, credit and surety, liability and property lines, partially offset by an increase in professional lines.

The decrease in accident and health lines was driven by non-renewals following the decision to exit the Middle East business. The decrease in motor lines was due to premium adjustments. The decrease in catastrophe lines was driven by a timing difference associated with a significant contract, non-renewals, and decreased line sizes on a number of treaties. The decrease in credit and surety lines was attributable to the current economic climate. The decrease in liability lines was due to a reduced line size on a significant contract, partially offset by new business due to favorable market conditions and timing differences. The decrease in property lines was due to non-renewals and a timing difference. The increase in professional lines was due to premium adjustments.

Gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $359 million, or 12%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to catastrophe, agriculture, credit and surety, accident and health, property, and engineering lines, partially offset by increases in liability and professional lines.

The decreases in catastrophe, agriculture, credit and surety, accident and health, property, and engineering lines were driven by non-renewals and decreased line sizes consistent with optimization of the segment's portfolio. The increases in liability and professional lines were driven by premium adjustments, and favorable market conditions associated with renewals and new business.

Ceded Premiums Written:

Ceded premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was $124 million, or 31% of gross premiums written, compared to $173 million, or 34% of gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

The decrease in ceded premiums written of $48 million, or 28%, was primarily driven by catastrophe, accident and health, credit and surety, and liability lines. The decrease in catastrophe lines was attributable to a non-renewal of a catastrophe bond and a decrease in premiums ceded to strategic capital partners. The decrease in accident and health lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in credit and surety lines was attributable to a decrease in premiums ceded to an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in liability lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty, partially offset by an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty.

60

Ceded premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $743 million, or 29% of gross premiums written, compared to $858 million, or 29% of gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

The decrease in ceded premiums written of $115 million, or 13%, was primarily driven by catastrophe, credit and surety, accident and health, and agriculture lines, partially offset by increases in professional lines, liability, motor, and property lines.

The decrease in catastrophe lines was attributable to decreases in premiums ceded to strategic partners and a non-renewal of a catastrophe bond. The decrease in credit and surety lines was attributable to a decrease in premiums ceded to a quota share retrocessional treaty and the restructuring of existing quota share retrocessional treaties. The decrease in accident and health lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in agriculture lines was attributable to a non-renewal of a large quota share retrocessional treaty.

The increases in liability and professional lines were attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty, partially offset by the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The increase in motor lines was attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty. The increase in property lines was attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new aggregate excess of loss treaty.

Net Premiums Earned:

Net investmentpremiums earned by line of business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020  2019  % Change2020  2019  % Change
Catastrophe$64,163 13 %$68,910 11 %(7%)$194,987 12 %$205,468 11 %(5%)
Property62,704 12 %78,271 13 %(20%)196,229 12 %226,515 13 %(13%)
Professional lines54,424 10 %50,966 8 %7%154,482 10 %154,390 9 %—%
Credit and surety43,730 8 %55,625 9 %(21%)134,988 9 %154,638 9 %(13%)
Motor63,298 12 %107,930 17 %(41%)203,776 13 %301,622 17 %(32%)
Liability96,671 19 %95,632 15 %1%293,918 19 %279,639 16 %5%
Agriculture17,750 3 %47,519 8 %(63%)57,949 4 %131,746 7 %(56%)
Engineering14,548 3 %16,611 3 %(12%)43,742 3 %47,290 3 %(8%)
Marine and other14,742 3 %17,924 3 %(18%)37,275 2 %44,529 2 %(16%)
Accident and health89,087 17 %81,500 13 %9%256,303 16 %239,388 13 %7%
Discontinued lines - Novae11 — %(32)— %nm1,024 — %(572)— %nm
Total$521,128 100 %$620,856 100 %(16%)$1,574,673 100 %$1,784,653 100 %(12%)
nm – not meaningful

Net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $100 million, or 16% ($93 million, or 15% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases in gross premiums earned in motor, agriculture, credit and surety, and property lines.

Net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, decreased by $210 million, or 12% ($186 million, or 10% on a constant currency basis), compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases in gross premiums earned in agriculture, motor, catastrophe, property, and credit and surety lines, together with an increase in ceded premiums earned in liability lines, partially offset by decreases in ceded premiums earned in catastrophe, agriculture, and accident and health lines, and an increase in gross premiums earned in liability lines.


61

Other Insurance Related Income (Loss):

Other insurance related income was $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to other insurance related income of $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Other insurance related loss was $361$7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, compared to $325other insurance related income of $10 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase2019. The decrease of $36$17 million mainly attributable to an increase in income from fixed maturitieswas primarily due to the increase in yields andrecognition of a larger allocationfull limit loss of the portfolio to fixed maturities, together with a realized gain$10 million associated with the saleWHO pandemic risk-linked swap and a decrease in fees associated with arrangements with strategic capital partners.

Loss Ratio:

The components of a privately held investment, partially offset by lower returns from CLO-equities.the loss ratio were as follows:
Net Investment Gains (Losses)
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year83.8 %(0.6)84.4 %77.2 %7.369.9 %
Prior year reserve development(0.1 %)1.8(1.9 %)(0.3 %)0.9(1.2 %)
Loss ratio83.7 %1.282.5 %76.9 %8.268.7 %

Net investment gains were $15 millionCurrent Accident Year Loss Ratio:

The current accident year loss ratio decreased to 83.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to net investment losses of $18 million2020, from 84.4% for the same period of 2018.

Net investment gains for the three months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily due2019. The current accident year loss ratio increased to net realized gains on sales of U.S. government bonds and agency RMBS, partially offset by net unrealized losses on equity securities.

Net investment losses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were primarily due to net realized losses on sales of U.S. government, agency RMBS and corporate debt securities, together with an Other Than Temporary Impairment ("OTTI") charge, partially offset by net unrealized gains on equity securities.



59
Table of Contents


Net investment gains were $49 million77.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to net investment losses of $78 million for the same period of 2018.

Net investment gains for nine months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily due to net unrealized gains on equity securities and net realized gains on sales of U.S. government bonds and agency RMBS, partially offset by an OTTI charge.

Net investment losses2020, from 69.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 20182019.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums, were $108 million, or 21.1 points, and $251 million, or 16.1, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were primarily attributable to the Midwest derecho, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion, and other weather-related events. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses included $98 million associated with first party coverages attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. These losses were primarily associated with property-related coverages, but also included accident and health coverages. The remaining losses of $153 million were attributable to the Midwest derecho, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion and other weather-related events. Comparatively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, catastrophe and weather-related losses were $119 million, or 19.6 points, and $132 million, or 7.6, respectively.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 62.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 from 64.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to changes in business mix and improved performance in aviation, professional lines and liability lines.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 61.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from 62.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to changes in business mix and improved performance in aviation, motor and liability lines.


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Prior Year Reserve Development

The following table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Reinsurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherCredit and suretyProfessional linesMotorLiability
ShortMediumMediumLongLong
Reported lines of business
CatastropheX
PropertyX
Credit and suretyX
Professional linesX
MotorX
LiabilityX
EngineeringX
AgricultureX
Marine and otherX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Prior year reserve development by reserve class were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Property and other$3,126 $(12,283)$(4,961)$(71,227)
Credit and surety11,184 5,652 27,927 32,659 
Professional lines(13,776)(7,303)(13,493)641 
Motor1,214 22,902 18,732 33,964 
Liability(1,434)3,150 (23,375)26,135 
Total$314 $12,118 $4,830 $22,172 

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $0.3 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to 2017 and 2019 accident years.
•$14 million of net realized lossesadverse prior year reserve development on salesprofessional lines business primarily due to an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2016 accident year and reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$23 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business related to recent accident years.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to several accident years.
•$12 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening attributable to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated with the European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

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•$7 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$28 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to multiple accident years.
•$19 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business mainly related to the 2019 and older accident years.
•$23 million of net adverse prior year development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. government, agency RMBScasualty, the U.S. multiline/regional and corporate debt securities, togetherthe European books of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2019 accident years.
•$13 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2016 accident year and reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years.
•$5 million of net adverse prior year development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the engineering line of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years, and the marine and other line of business mainly related to the 2017 accident years, partially offset by net favorable prior year reserve development within the property line of business due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2019 catastrophe events.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $22 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$34 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business related to several accident years.
•$33 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.
•$26 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.
•$71 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to an increase in loss estimates attributable to Typhoons Jebi and Trami consistent with updated industry insured loss estimates, an OTTI chargeincrease in loss estimates attributable to Hurricane Michael, and net unrealized losses on equity securities.reserve strengthening attributable to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated within the European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

Other Expenses (Revenues), NetAcquisition Cost Ratio:

Corporate expenses were $29 millionThe acquisition cost ratio decreased to 22.3% and $97 million22.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 23.3% and 23.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, comparedprincipally related to $25 millionchanges in business mix.

Underwriting-Related General and $85 millionAdministrative Expense Ratio:

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio of 4.5% and 4.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The increase2020, respectively, was primarily attributable to ongoing investments in information technology and digital capabilities, professional fees, and adjustments associated with performance-related compensation costs, partially offset by a decrease in office costs and an increase in allocations of corporate costs to the reinsurance segment. In addition, the increase in corporate expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was partially offset by an increase in the allocation of corporate costs to the insurance segment.

Foreign exchange gains were $60 million and $65 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, compared to foreign exchange losses of $8 million and $2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

Foreign exchange gains for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, were primarily attributable to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in pound sterling and euro.

Foreign exchange losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, were primarily attributable to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of other investments, specifically, overseas deposits mainly denominated in australian dollar and pound sterling.

Interest expenses and financing costs of $18 million and $50 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, were comparable to interest expenses4.1% and financing costs of $17 million and $51 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

The financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 resulted in tax expenses of $8 million and $24 million, respectively, compared to tax benefits of $4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The tax expenses of $8 million and $24 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, was attributable to the generation of pre-tax income in our U.S. and European operations, partially offset by pre-tax losses in our U.K. operations.

The tax benefits of $4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were primarily driven by the generation of pre-tax losses in our U.K. and European operations, largely offset by the generation of pre-tax income in our U.S. operations.

Transaction and Reorganization Expenses

Transaction and reorganization expenses were $11 million and $29 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, compared to $16 million and $48 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, related to the transformation program launched in 2017. This program encompasses the integration of Novae which commenced in the fourth quarter of 2017, the realignment of our accident and health business, together with other initiatives designed to increase our efficiency and enhance our profitability while delivering a customer-centric operating model. These expenses are not included in operating income.

At September 30, 2019, we remained on track to deliver $100 million of expense savings by the end of 2020. These expense savings will be achieved through the elimination of redundant roles, efficiencies introduced through organizational redesign, operating efficiency improvements, integration of systems, and the rationalization of third party contracts and professional fees.


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Table of Contents


Amortization of Value of Business Acquired

On October 2, 2017, we acquired Novae. The acquisition of Novae was undertaken to accelerate the growth strategy of our international insurance business, and to significantly scale up its capabilities to enable us to even better serve our clients and brokers. At the acquisition date, we identified VOBA, which represents the present value of the expected underwriting profit within policies that were in-force at the closing date of the transaction, of $257 million.

VOBA is amortized over its economic useful life and this expense is included in amortization of value of business acquired in the consolidated statement of operations.

Interest in Income of Equity Method Investments

Interest income (loss) of equity method investments represents our share of income (loss) related to investments where we have significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee.

Interest in income of equity method investments was $1 million and $6 million4.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Interest in income

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Financial Measures

Contents
We believe the following financial indicators are important in evaluating our performance and measuring the overall growth in value generated for our common shareholders:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Annualized return on average common equity2.3% 3.9% 8.6% 5.9% 
 Annualized operating return on average common equity(2.7%) 7.1% 6.1% 9.0% 
 Annualized ex-PGAAP operating return on average common equity(2.4%) 7.9% 6.7% 10.1% 
 
Book value per diluted common share(1)
$56.26
 $52.70
 $56.26
 $52.70
 
 Cash dividends declared per common share$0.40
 $0.39
 $1.20
 $1.17
 
 Increase (decrease) in book value per diluted common share adjusted for dividends$0.67
 $0.62
 $5.16
 $(1.07) 
          

(1)Book value per diluted common share represents total common shareholders’ equity divided by the number of diluted common shares outstanding, determined using the treasury stock method. Cash-settled restricted stock units are excluded.
Return on Average Common Equity
Our objective is to generate superior returns on capital that appropriately reward our common shareholders for the risks we assume and to grow revenue only when we expect the returns will meet or exceed our requirements. We recognize that the nature of underwriting cycles and the frequency or severity of large loss events in any one year may challenge the ability to achieve a profitability target in any specific period.
ROACE reflects the impact of net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders including net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), transaction and reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND NET INVESTMENT GAINS (LOSSES)
The decrease in ROACE for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018, was primarily driven by the underwriting loss in the quarter, partially offset by the foreign exchange gains and net investment gains in the quarter, together with a decrease in amortization of VOBA associated with the acquisition of Novae. In addition, ROACE was impacted by an increase in average common shareholders' equity.


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The increase in ROACE for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was primarily driven by the investment gains and foreign exchange gains in the period, and a decrease in amortization of VOBA associated with the acquisition of Novae, together with an increase in net investment income and a decrease in transaction and reorganization expenses, partially offset by a decrease in underwriting income and an increase in corporate expenses.
Operating ROACE excludes the impact of net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), transaction and reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.
The decrease in operating ROACE for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018, was primarily driven by the underwriting loss in the quarter, partially offset by a decrease in amortization of VOBA associated with the acquisition of Novae.
The decrease in operating ROACE for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was primarily driven by a decrease in underwriting income in the period, together with an increase in corporate expenses, partially offset by a decrease in amortization of VOBA associated with the acquisition of Novae, together with an increase in net investment income.
Ex-PGAAP operating ROACE excludes the impact of amortization of VOBA and intangible assets, net of tax, and amortization of acquisition costs, net of tax, associated with Novae's balance sheet at October 2, 2017. Ex-PGAAP operating ROACE for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was (2.4%) and 6.7%, respectively, compared to 7.9% and 10.1% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
Book Value per Diluted Common Share
We consider book value per diluted common share to be an appropriate measure of our returns to common shareholders, as we believe growth in our book value on a diluted basis will ultimately translate into appreciation of our stock price.
Book value per diluted common share increased to $56.26 at September 30, 2019, from $55.99 at June 30, 2019, an increase of $0.27, due to net income generated during the period and net unrealized investment gains reported in other comprehensive income, partially offset by common share dividends declared.
Book value per diluted common share increased to $56.26 at September 30, 2019, from $52.70 at September 30, 2018, an increase of 7%, due to net income generated during the period and net unrealized investment gains reported in other comprehensive income, partially offset by common share dividends declared.
Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share
We believe in returning excess capital to our shareholders by way of dividends and share repurchases. Accordingly, our dividend policy is an integral part of the value we create for our shareholders. Our cumulative strong earnings have permitted our Board of Directors to approve fifteen successive annual increases in quarterly common share dividends.
Book Value per Diluted Common Share Adjusted for Dividends
Book value per diluted common share adjusted for dividends increased by $0.67, or 1% per common share for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and increased $5.16 or 10% over the past twelve months.
Taken together, we believe that growth in book value per diluted common share and common share dividends declared represent the total value created for our common shareholders. As companies in the insurance industry have differing dividend payout policies, we believe investors use the book value per diluted common share adjusted for dividends metric to measure comparable performance across the industry.


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During the three months ended September 30, 2019, total value created was driven by the net income generated in the quarter and unrealized investment gains reported in accumulated other comprehensive income.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, total value created was driven by the net income generated in the period and unrealized investment gains reported in accumulated other comprehensive income.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, total value created was primarily driven by the net income generated in the quarter.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the reduction in total value was primarily driven by the unrealized investment losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income, partially offset by net income generated in the period.

UNDERWRITING RESULTS – CONSOLIDATED

The following table provides our underwriting results for the periods indicated. Underwriting income is a pre-tax measure of underwriting profitability that takes into account net premiums earned and other insurance related income (loss) as revenues and net losses and loss expenses, acquisition costs and underwriting-related general and administrative costs as expenses.
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Revenues:            
 Gross premiums written$1,406,506
 (1%) $1,423,707
 $5,637,491
 (2%) $5,737,327
 
 Net premiums written856,081
 (7%) 919,938
 3,703,460
 (5%) 3,906,264
 
 Net premiums earned1,157,307
 (5%) 1,224,075
 3,415,126
 (5%) 3,577,026
 
 Other insurance related income1,533
 nm 8,475
 11,385
 (39%) 18,811
 
              
 Expenses:            
 Current year net losses and loss expenses(877,640) 
 (840,619) (2,252,424) 
 (2,323,028) 
 Prior year reserve development26,727
 
 45,660
 65,021
 
 160,083
 
 Acquisition costs(260,026) 
 (248,314) (762,807) 
 (709,527) 
 
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(1)
(126,619) 
 (130,251) (398,540)   (404,875) 
 
Underwriting income (loss)(2)
$(78,718) nm $59,026
 $77,761
 nm $318,490
 
              
 
General and administrative expenses(1)
$155,522
 
 $154,894
 $496,008
 
 $489,944
 
 
Income before income taxes and interest in income of equity method investments(2)
$45,756
 
 $48,903
 $342,432
 
 $222,202
 
              
nm – not meaningful
(1)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to total general and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'.
(2)
Consolidated underwriting income (loss) is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Results of Operations'.




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Underwriting Revenues

Gross and net premiums written by segment were as follows:
   Gross premiums written 
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Insurance$894,902
 (8%) $969,364
 $2,714,322
 (6%) $2,876,856
 
 Reinsurance511,604
 13% 454,343
 2,923,169
 2% 2,860,471
 
 Total$1,406,506
 (1%) $1,423,707
 $5,637,491
 (2%) $5,737,327
 
              
 % ceded            
 Insurance42% 4 pts 38% 40% 1 pts 39% 
 Reinsurance34% 4 pts 30% 29% 4 pts 25% 
 Total39% 4 pts 35% 34% 2 pts 32% 
              
  Net premiums written 
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Insurance$517,050
 (14%) $602,070
 $1,638,197
 (6%) $1,748,142
 
 Reinsurance339,031
 7% 317,868
 2,065,263
 (4%) 2,158,122
 
 Total$856,081
 (7%) $919,938
 $3,703,460
 (5%) $3,906,264
 
              

Gross Premiums Written:

Gross premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased by $17 million or 1% ($8 million or 1% on a constant currency basis1) and $100 million or 2% ($15 million or 0% on a constant currency basis), respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The decrease for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was due to a decrease in the insurance segment, partially offset by an increase in the reinsurance segment.

The insurance segment's gross premiums written decreased by $74 million or 8% ($63 million or 7% on a constant currency basis) and $163 million or 6% ($125 million or 4% on a constant currency basis) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, compared to the same period in 2018.

The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was attributable to property, credit and political risk, professional lines, and accident and health lines, partially offset by an increase in liability lines. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was attributable to property, and accident and health lines, partially offset by increases in liability, professional lines and marine lines.

The reinsurance segment's gross premiums written increased by $57 million or 13% ($55 million or 12% on a constant currency basis) and $63 million or 2% ($110 million or 4% on a constant currency basis) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, compared to the same period in 2018.

The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily attributable to catastrophe, accident and health, liability, marine and other, and engineering lines, partially offset by decreases in property and agriculture lines. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was attributable to catastrophe, accident and health lines, marine and other, and liability lines, partially offset by decreases in motor, property, credit and surety, professional lines, and agriculture lines.

(1) Amounts presented on a constant currency basis are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item10 (e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The constant currency basis is calculated by applying the average foreign exchange rate from the current year to the prior year balance.


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Ceded Premiums Written:

Ceded premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were $550 million or 39% of gross premiums written and $1.9 billion or 34% of gross premiums written, respectively, compared to ceded premiums of $504 million or 35% of gross premiums written and $1.8 billion or 32% of gross premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

The increase in ceded premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was due to increases in both segments. The increase in ceded premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was attributable to the reinsurance segment, partially offset by a decrease in the insurance segment.

The increase in the reinsurance segment ceded premiums written of $36 million or 26% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was attributable to catastrophe lines, partially offset by a decrease in property lines.

The increase in the reinsurance segment ceded premiums written of $156 million or 22% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was attributable to catastrophe, liability, and credit and surety lines, partially offset by decreases in agriculture and property lines.

The increase in the insurance segment ceded premiums written of $11 million or 3% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was primarily driven by liability and marine lines, partially offset by a decrease in property lines.

The decrease in the insurance segment ceded premiums written of $53 million or 5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was primarily driven by property and professional lines, partially offset by an increase in liability lines.

Reinsurance Agreement with Northshore Re II Limited ("Northshore")

In June 2019, we obtained catastrophe protection for our insurance and reinsurance segments through a reinsurance agreement with Northshore. In connection with the reinsurance agreement, Northshore issued notes to unrelated investors in an amount equal to the full $165 million of coverage provided under the reinsurance agreement covering a four year period. At the time of the agreement, we performed an evaluation of Northshore to determine if it meets the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE"). We concluded that Northshore is a VIE. In addition, we concluded that we do not have a variable interest in the entity, as the variability in results is expected to be absorbed entirely by the investors in Northshore. Accordingly, the results of Northshore are not included in our consolidated financial statements.

Reinsurance Agreement with Alturas Re Ltd ("Alturas")

In July 2019, we obtained protection for our reinsurance segment through a reinsurance agreement with Alturas. In connection with the reinsurance agreement, Alturas issued notes on June 28, 2019 to unrelated investors in an amount equal to the full $39 million of coverage provided under the reinsurance agreement covering a one year period. At the time of the agreement, we concluded that we do not have a variable interest in Alturas as the variability in results is expected to be absorbed entirely by the investors in Alturas. Accordingly, the results of Alturas are not included in our consolidated financial statements.



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Net Premiums Earned:

Net premiums earnedUnderwriting revenues by segment were as follows:
   Three months ended September 30,   Nine months ended September 30,   
   2019   2018   
%
Change
 2019   2018   
%
Change
 
                      
 Insurance$536,451
 46% $614,795
 50% (13%) $1,630,473
 48% $1,772,126
 50% (8%) 
 Reinsurance620,856
 54% 609,280
 50% 2% 1,784,653
 52% 1,804,900
 50% (1%) 
 Total$1,157,307
 100% $1,224,075
 100% (5%) $3,415,126
 100% $3,577,026
 100% (5%) 
                      

Net premiums earned for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased by $67 million or 5% ($53 million or 4% on a constant currency basis) and $162 million or 5% ($128 million or 4% on a constant currency basis), respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was driven by the insurance segment, partially offset by an increase in the reinsurance segment. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was driven by decreases in both segments.

Net premiums earned decreased by $78 million or 13% ($68 million or 11% on a constant currency basis) in the insurance segment for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018. The decrease was driven by property, marine, and accident and health lines, partially offset by increases in professional lines and liability lines.

Net premiums earned decreased by $142 million or 8% ($117 million or 7% on a constant currency basis) in our insurance segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018. The decrease was driven by property, accident and health, and marine lines, partially offset by increases in professional lines and liability lines.

Net premiums earned increased by $12 million or 2% ($16 million or 3% on a constant currency basis) in the reinsurance segment for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018. The increase was driven by accident and health, and marine and other lines, partially offset by a decrease in credit and surety lines.

Net premiums earned decreased by $20 million or 1% ($11 million or 1% on a constant currency basis) in our reinsurance segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018. The decrease was driven by credit and surety, and motor lines, partially offset by increases in accident and health, and marine and other lines.

  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Gross premiums written:
Insurance$935,817 5%$894,902 $2,914,100 7%$2,714,322 
Reinsurance395,361 (23%)511,604 2,564,419 (12%)2,923,169 
Total gross premiums written$1,331,178 (5%)$1,406,506 $5,478,519 (3%)$5,637,491 
Percent of gross premiums written ceded
Insurance42%— pts42%41%1 pt40%
Reinsurance31%(3) pts34%29%— pts29%
Total percent of gross premiums ceded39%— pts39%35%1 pt34%
Net premiums written:
Insurance$544,857 5%$517,050 $1,729,268 6%$1,638,197 
Reinsurance271,125 (20%)339,031 1,821,692 (12%)2,065,263 
Total net premiums written$815,982 (5%)$856,081 $3,550,960 (4%)$3,703,460 
Net premiums earned:
Insurance$570,184 6%$536,451 $1,709,268 5%$1,630,473 
Reinsurance521,128 (16%)620,856 1,574,673 (12%)1,784,653 
Total net premiums earned$1,091,312 (6%)$1,157,307 $3,283,941 (4%)$3,415,126 
Other Insurance Related Income (Loss):

Refer to 'Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results by Segment' for additional information on underwriting revenues.
Other insurance related income was $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $8 million for the same period in 2018.

Other insurance related income was $11 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $19 million for the same period in 2018.


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Underwriting Expenses

The following table provides a breakdowncomponents of ourthe combined ratio:ratio were as follows:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 
% Point
Change
 2018 2019 
% Point
Change
 2018 
              
 Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses61.7% 0.5 61.2% 60.1% (0.3) 60.4% 
 Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio14.1% 6.6 7.5% 5.9% 1.4 4.5% 
 Current accident year loss ratio75.8% 7.1 68.7% 66.0% 1.1 64.9% 
 Prior year reserve development ratio(2.3%) 1.5 (3.8%) (1.9%) 2.5 (4.4%) 
 Net losses and loss expenses ratio73.5% 8.6 64.9% 64.1% 3.6 60.5% 
 Acquisition cost ratio22.5% 2.2 20.3% 22.3% 2.5 19.8% 
 
General and administrative expense ratio(1)
13.4% 0.7 12.7% 14.5% 0.8 13.7% 
 Combined ratio109.4% 11.5 97.9% 100.9% 6.9 94.0% 
              
(1)
The general and administrative expense ratio includes corporate expenses not allocated to reportable segments of 2.5% and 2.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively and 2.9% and 2.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These costs are further discussed in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Other Expenses (Revenues), Net'.

  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses58.5 %(3.2)61.7 %57.8 %(2.3)60.1 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio22.2 %8.114.1 %17.5 %11.65.9 %
Current accident year loss ratio80.7 %4.975.8 %75.3 %9.366.0 %
Prior year reserve development ratio(0.1 %)2.2(2.3 %)(0.3 %)1.6(1.9 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio80.6 %7.173.5 %75.0 %10.964.1 %
Acquisition cost ratio21.1 %(1.4)22.5 %21.2 %(1.1)22.3 %
General and administrative expense ratio(1)
12.8 %(0.6)13.4 %13.4 %(1.1)14.5 %
Combined ratio114.5 %5.1109.4 %109.6 %8.7100.9 %
Current Accident Year Loss Ratio(1) The general and administrative expense ratio included corporate expenses not allocated to underwriting segments :

The current accident year loss ratio increased to 75.8%of 1.9% and 66.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, from 68.7% and 64.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

The increase in the current accident year loss ratio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same periods in 2018, was impacted by a higher level of catastrophe and weather-related losses. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we incurred pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums, of $160 million or 14.1 points and $196 million or 5.9 points, respectively, primarily attributable to Hurricane Dorian, the Japanese typhoons, and other weather-related events. Comparatively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, of $92 million or 7.5 points and $162 million or 4.5 points, respectively.

After adjusting for the impact of catastrophe and weather-related losses, our current accident year loss ratio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was 61.7% and 60.1%, respectively, compared to 61.2% and 60.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

The increase in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of catastrophe and weather-related losses for2.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, compared to the same periods in 2018, was principally due to changes in business mix, partially offset by the impact of improved pricing over loss trends.

The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of catastropherespectively, and weather-related losses2.3% and 2.9% for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 and 2019, comparedrespectively. Refer to the same periods in 2018, was principally due'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Other Expenses (Revenues), Net' for further details.

Refer to the impact'Management's Discussion and Analysis of improved pricing over loss trends.

For further discussionFinancial Condition and Results of Operations - Results by Segment' for additional information on current accident year loss ratios, refer to the insurance and reinsurance segment discussions below.

Estimates of Significant Catastrophe Events:

Our September 30, 2019, net reserves for losses and loss expenses included estimated amounts for numerous catastrophe events. We caution that the magnitude and/or complexity of losses arising from certain of these events, in particular Hurricane Dorian, Japanese Typhoons Faxai and Tapah which occurred in 2019 together with the California Wildfires, Hurricanes Michael and Florence, and Typhoons Jebi and Trami which occurred in 2018 as well as Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria and the California Wildfires which occurred in 2017, inherently increase the level of uncertainty and, therefore, the level of management judgment involved in arriving at our estimated net reserves for losses and lossunderwriting expenses. As a result, our actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from our current estimates.


6752


Our estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses in relation to the catastrophe events described above were derived from ground-up assessments of our in-force contracts and treaties providing coverage in the affected regions. These assessments take into account the latest information available from clients, brokers and loss adjusters. In addition, we consider industry insured loss estimates, market share analyses and catastrophe modeling analyses, when appropriate. Our estimates remain subject to change, as additional loss data becomes available.

We continue to monitor paid and incurred loss development for catastrophe events and update our estimates of ultimate losses accordingly.

Prior Year Reserve Development:

Net favorable prior year reserve development arises from changes to estimates of losses and loss expenses related to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years. The following table presents net prior year reserve development by segment:

   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Insurance$14,609
 $13,478
 $42,849
 $60,547
 
 Reinsurance12,118
 32,182
 22,172
 99,536
 
 Total$26,727
 $45,660
 $65,021
 $160,083
 
          

Overview

Short-tail business

Short-tail business includes the underlying exposures in the property and other, marine and aviation reserve classes in the insurance segment, and the property and other reserve class in the reinsurance segment.

These reserve classes contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, including net favorable prior year reserve development of $11 million contributed by the insurance property and other reserve class and net favorable prior year reserve development of $3 million contributed by the insurance marine and aviation reserve classes, partially offset by net adverse prior year reserve development of $12 million recognized by the reinsurance property and other reserve class.

These reserve classes recognized net adverse prior year reserve development of $50 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, including net adverse prior year reserve development of $71 million recognized by the reinsurance property and other reserve class and net adverse prior year reserve development of $4 million recognized by the insurance property and other reserve class, partially offset by net favorable prior year reserve development of $24 million contributed by the insurance marine reserve class. The net adverse prior year reserve development of $71 million recognized by the reinsurance property and other reserve class reflected overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2018 catastrophe events and reserve strengthening within our European proportional book of business.

These reserve classes contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $12 million and $92 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, reflecting overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events.

Medium-tail business

Medium-tail business consists primarily of insurance and reinsurance professional lines reserve classes, insurance credit and political risk reserve class and reinsurance credit and surety reserve class.

Insurance professional lines reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $4 million and $14 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $10 million and $12 million for the three and nine months ended


68

September 30, 2018, respectively, reflecting generally favorable experience as we continued to transition to more experienced based actuarial methods.

Reinsurance professional lines reserve class recorded net adverse prior year reserve development of $7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, primarily due to reserve strengthening within our European book of business.

Reinsurance professional lines reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $10 million and $18 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, reflecting generally favorable experience on older accident years as we continued to transition to more experienced based actuarial methods.

Insurance credit and political risk reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $10 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, reflecting the recognition of better than expected loss emergence.

Reinsurance credit and surety reserve class recorded net favorable prior year reserve development of $6 million and $33 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $6 million and $21 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, reflecting the recognition of better than expected loss emergence.

Long-tail business

Long-tail business consists primarily of insurance and reinsurance liability reserve classes and reinsurance motor reserve class.

Insurance liability reserve class recorded net adverse prior year reserve development of $4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and $11 million and $18 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, primarily due to reserve strengthening within our U.S. excess casualty book of business.

Reinsurance liability reserve class contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $26 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.

Reinsurance liability reserve class contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $11 million and $19 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, largely associated with multi-line contracts due to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events. The net favorable prior year reserve development for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was also due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.

Reinsurance motor reserve class contributed net favorable prior year reserve development of $23 million and $34 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $7 million and $15 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, primarily attributable to non proportional treaty business.

We caution that conditions and trends that impacted the development of our liabilities in the past may not necessarily occur in the future.

The following tables map our lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:


69

Insurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherMarineAviationCredit and political riskProfessional linesLiability
ShortShortShort/MediumMediumMediumLong
Reported lines of business
PropertyX
MarineX
TerrorismX
AviationX
Credit and political riskX
Professional linesX
LiabilityX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Reinsurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherCredit and suretyProfessional linesMotorLiability
ShortMediumMediumLongLong
Reported lines of business
CatastropheX
PropertyX
Credit and suretyX
Professional linesX
MotorX
LiabilityX
EngineeringX
AgricultureX
Marine and otherX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

The following sections provide further details on prior year reserve development by segment, reserve class and accident year.

Insurance Segment:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Property and other$11,427
 $16,365
 $(4,426) $55,872
 
 Marine2,119
 (220) 23,753
 14,415
 
 Aviation471
 (2,299) 1,671
 (4,752) 
 Credit and political risk1,217
 1,164
 10,278
 1,241
 
 Professional lines3,656
 9,964
 13,899
 12,199
 
 Liability(4,281) (11,496) (2,326) (18,428) 
 Total$14,609
 $13,478
 $42,849
 $60,547
 
          



70

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $15 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 

$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.

$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to the 2013 and 2014 accident years.

$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within our U.S. excess casualty book of business related to older accident years.

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $13 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 

$16 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events.

$10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected development related to the 2015 accident year.

$11 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within our U.S. excess casualty book of business mainly driven by a higher frequency of large auto and general liability claims related to the 2015 accident year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $43 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 

$24 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to the 2015 to 2017 accident years.

$14 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to the 2013 to 2015 accident years.

$10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to the 2018 accident year.

$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening within our international book of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year, partially offset by the recognition of better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $61 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 

$56 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events.

$14 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence on recent accident years.

$12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to the 2015 accident year, partially offset by net adverse reserve development related to the 2017 accident year.



71

$18 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within our U.S. excess casualty book of business mainly driven by a higher frequency of large auto and general liability claims related to the 2015 and 2017 accident years.

Reinsurance Segment:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Property and other$(12,283) $(1,691) $(71,227) $26,461
 
 Credit and surety5,652
 6,334
 32,659
 21,001
 
 Professional lines(7,303) 10,279
 641
 18,385
 
 Motor22,902
 6,512
 33,964
 15,037
 
 Liability3,150
 10,748
 26,135
 18,652
 
 Total$12,118
 $32,182
 $22,172
 $99,536
 
          

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

$23 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily attributable to non proportional treaty business related to recent accident years.

$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to generally better than expected loss emergence related to several accident years.

$12 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening due to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated with our European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

•
$7 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within our European book of business related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $32 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability business largely associated with multi-line contracts due to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events.

$10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business reflecting the generally favorable experience on older accident years as we continued to transition to more experience based actuarial methods.

$7 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to favorable experience on non proportional treaty business related to older accident years.
$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to generally better than expected loss emergence.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $22 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

$34 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily attributable to non proportional treaty business related to several accident years.



72

$33 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to generally better than expected loss emergence primarily related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.

$26 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.

$71 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to an increase in loss estimates attributable to Typhoons Jebi and Trami consistent with updated industry insured loss estimates, an increase in loss estimates attributable to Hurricane Michael, and reserve strengthening due to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated with our European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $100 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

$26 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events and better than expected loss emergence related to agriculture business.

$21 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to generally better than expected loss emergence primarily related to older accident years.

$19 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability business largely associated with multi-line contracts due to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events and due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.

$18 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business reflecting the generally favorable experience on older accident years as we continued to transition to more experience based actuarial methods.

$15 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to favorable experience on non proportional treaty business related to older accident years.

Acquisition Cost Ratio:

The acquisition cost ratio increased to 22.5% and 22.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, from 20.3% and 19.8% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to the insurance segment, largely associated with the acquisition of Novae.

General and Administrative Expense Ratio:

The general and administrative expense ratio increased to 13.4% and 14.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, from 12.7% and 13.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 The increase was primarily attributable to the insurance segment primarily driven by a decrease in net premiums earned.



73

RESULTS BY SEGMENT


Insurance Segment

Results fromfor the insurance segment were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Revenues:
Gross premiums written$935,817 5%$894,902 $2,914,100 7%$2,714,322 
Net premiums written544,857 5%517,050 1,729,268 6%1,638,197 
Net premiums earned570,184 6%536,451 1,709,268 5%1,630,473 
Other insurance related income688 6%733 2,091 18%1,779 
Expenses:
Current accident year net losses and loss expenses(443,659)(353,575)(1,257,090)(1,004,293)
Prior year reserve development270 14,609 4,521 42,849 
Acquisition costs(114,569)(115,551)(343,579)(344,981)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(94,379)(100,559)(284,909)(311,491)
Underwriting income (loss)$(81,465)$(17,892)$(169,698)$14,336 
Ratios:
% Point
Change
% Point
Change
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses54.7 %(3.5)58.2 %54.8 %(2.9)57.7 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio23.1 %15.47.7 %18.7 %14.83.9 %
Current accident year loss ratio77.8 %11.965.9 %73.5 %11.961.6 %
Prior year reserve development ratio— %2.7(2.7 %)(0.2 %)2.4(2.6 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio77.8 %14.663.2 %73.3 %14.359.0 %
Acquisition cost ratio20.1 %(1.4)21.5 %20.1 %(1.1)21.2 %
Underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio16.5 %(2.3)18.8 %16.7 %(2.3)19.0 %
Combined ratio114.4 %10.9103.5 %110.1 %10.999.2 %
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Revenues:            
 Gross premiums written$894,902
 (8%) $969,364
 $2,714,322
 (6%) $2,876,856
 
 Net premiums written517,050
 (14%) 602,070
 1,638,197
 (6%) 1,748,142
 
 Net premiums earned536,451
 (13%) 614,795
 1,630,473
 (8%) 1,772,126
 
 Other insurance related income733
 (52%) 1,526
 1,779
 (47%) 3,359
 
              
 Expenses:            
 Current year net losses and loss expenses(353,575)   (428,966) (1,004,293)   (1,126,346) 
 Prior year reserve development14,609
   13,478
 42,849
   60,547
 
 Acquisition costs(115,551)   (111,888) (344,981)   (290,082) 
 General and administrative expenses(100,559)   (100,656) (311,491)   (305,394) 
              
 Underwriting income (loss)$(17,892) 53% $(11,711) $14,336
 (87%) $114,210
 
              
 Ratios:  
% Point
Change
     
% Point
Change
   
 Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses58.2% (1.5) 59.7% 57.7% 0.4 57.3% 
 Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio7.7% (2.4) 10.1% 3.9% (2.4) 6.3% 
 Current accident year loss ratio65.9% (3.9) 69.8% 61.6% (2.0) 63.6% 
 Prior year reserve development ratio(2.7%) (0.5) (2.2%) (2.6%) 0.9 (3.5%) 
 Net losses and loss expenses ratio63.2% (4.4) 67.6% 59.0% (1.1) 60.1% 
 Acquisition cost ratio21.5% 3.3 18.2% 21.2% 4.8 16.4% 
 General and administrative expense ratio18.8% 2.4 16.4% 19.0% 1.8 17.2% 
 Combined ratio103.5% 1.3 102.2% 99.2% 5.5 93.7% 
              


nm – not meaningful

7453


Gross Premiums Written
:

The following table provides grossGross premiums written by line of business:business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
%
Change
20202019
%
Change
Property$238,599 26 %$241,517 27 %(1%)$741,043 27 %$701,314 27 %6%
Marine82,810 9 %91,161 10 %(9%)355,503 12 %337,529 12 %5%
Terrorism14,767 2 %17,284 2 %(15%)42,296 1 %46,803 2 %(10%)
Aviation22,702 2 %17,623 2 %29%63,725 2 %53,832 2 %18%
Credit and political risk24,473 3 %32,528 4 %(25%)100,151 3 %114,511 4 %(13%)
Professional lines338,907 36 %272,362 30 %24%943,635 32 %820,953 30 %15%
Liability172,747 18 %186,253 21 %(7%)548,023 19 %518,925 19 %6%
Accident and health39,262 4 %34,054 4 %15%117,743 4 %113,228 4 %4%
Discontinued lines - Novae1,550 — %2,120 — %(27%)1,981 — %7,227 — %nm
Total$935,817 100 %$894,902 100 %5%$2,914,100 100 %$2,714,322 100 %7%
   Three months ended September 30,   Nine months ended September 30,   
   2019   2018   
%
Change
 2019   2018   
%
Change
 
                      
 Property$241,517
 27% $307,014
 33% (21%) $701,314
 27% $946,956
 34% (26%) 
 Marine91,161
 10% 88,412
 9% 3% 337,529
 12% 310,844
 11% 9% 
 Terrorism17,284
 2% 16,032
 2% 8% 46,803
 2% 48,743
 2% (4%) 
 Aviation17,623
 2% 24,116
 2% (27%) 53,832
 2% 66,178
 2% (19%) 
 Credit and political risk32,528
 4% 44,761
 5% (27%) 114,511
 4% 120,227
 4% (5%) 
 Professional lines272,362
 30% 281,928
 29% (3%) 820,953
 30% 787,136
 27% 4% 
 Liability186,253
 21% 153,356
 16% 21% 518,925
 19% 409,184
 14% 27% 
 Accident and health34,054
 4% 42,883
 4% (21%) 113,228
 4% 173,421
 6% (35%) 
 Discontinued lines - Novae2,120
 —% 10,862
 1% (80%) 7,227
 —% 14,167
 —% (49%) 
 Total$894,902
 100% $969,364
 100% (8%) $2,714,322
 100% $2,876,856
 100% (6%) 
                      
nm – not meaningful

Gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019 decreased2020, increased by $74$41 million, or 8%5%, ($6331 million, or 3% on a constant currency basis(1)), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to professional lines, accident and health, and aviation lines, partially offset by decreases in liability, marine, and credit and political risk lines.

The increase in professional lines was due to new business and favorable rate changes. The increase in accident and health lines was due to new business. The increase in aviation lines was due to a timing difference and favorable rate changes. The decreases in liability and credit and political risk lines were due to a higher level of non-renewals and reduced business opportunities related to the current economic climate. The decrease in marine lines was due to a timing difference and non-renewals.

Gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $200 million, or 7%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to professional lines, property, liability, marine, and aviation lines, partially offset by a decrease in credit and political risk lines.

The increases in professional lines, property, liability, and marine lines were due to new business and favorable rate changes. The increase in aviation lines was due to timing differences. The decrease in credit and political risk lines was due to non-renewals and reduced business opportunities related to the current economic climate.

Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was $391 million, or 42% of gross premiums written, compared to $378 million, or 42% of gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in ceded premiums written of $13 million or 3% was primarily driven by increases in professional lines and property lines, partially offset by decreases in liability, marine, and credit and political risk lines.

Ceded premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $1,185 million, or 41% of gross premiums written, compared to $1,076 million, or 40% of gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in ceded premiums written of $109 million, or 10%, was primarily driven by increases in professional lines, property, liability, and marine lines, partially offset by a decrease in credit and political risk lines.




(1) Amounts presented on a constant currency basis are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item10 (e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The constant currency basis is calculated by applying the average foreign exchange rate from the current year to the prior year balance.

54

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned by line of business were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
%
Change
20202019
%
Change
Property$145,717 27 %$154,751 29 %(6%)$452,876 26 %$481,450 30 %(6%)
Marine76,544 13 %65,437 12 %17%220,248 13 %209,629 13 %5%
Terrorism11,728 2 %11,605 2 %1%34,675 2 %35,635 2 %(3%)
Aviation19,039 3 %10,993 2 %nm51,236 3 %38,603 2 %33%
Credit and political risk23,781 4 %19,432 4 %22%77,721 5 %66,412 4 %17%
Professional lines179,441 31 %172,280 32 %4%530,651 31 %490,928 30 %8%
Liability76,487 13 %68,002 13 %12%234,522 14 %192,352 12 %22%
Accident and health37,151 7 %32,368 6 %15%106,015 6 %108,402 7 %(2%)
Discontinued lines - Novae296 — %1,583 — %nm1,324 — %7,062 — %nm
Total$570,184 100 %$536,451 100 %6%$1,709,268 100 %$1,630,473 100 %5%
nm – not meaningful

Net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2020, increased by $34 million, or 6%, ($27 million, or 5% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The decreaseincrease was attributable to property, credit and political risk,primarily driven by increases in gross premiums earned in professional lines, liability, and accident and healthmarine lines, together with a decrease in ceded premiums earned in aviation lines, partially offset by increases in liability lines.

The decrease in property lines was due to non-renewals associated with underwriting actions taken in recent years to reposition the portfolio, partially offset by new business. The decrease in credit and political risk was due to reduced business opportunities. The decreasesceded premiums earned in professional lines and accidentliability lines, and health lines were due to non-renewals and the cancellation of certain program business associated with underwriting actions taken in recent years to reposition the portfolio. The increasea decrease in gross premiums writtenearned in liability lines was driven by new business and favorable rate changes.property lines.

GrossNet premiums writtenearned for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased2020, increased by $163$79 million, or 6% ($125 million or 4% on a constant currency basis)5%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The decreaseincrease was attributable toprimarily driven by increases in gross premiums earned in liability, professional lines, marine, and credit and political risk lines, together with decreases in ceded premiums earned in property and accident and healthaviation lines, partially offset by increases in ceded premiums earned in liability and professional lines, and marine lines.

Thea decrease in property lines was due to the non-renewals associated with underwriting actions taken in recent years to reposition the portfolio and timing differences, partially offset by new business. The decrease in accident and health lines was due to the cancellation of certain program business associated with underwriting actions taken in recent years to reposition the portfolio. The increases in gross premiums writtenearned in liabilityproperty lines.
























55

Loss Ratio

The components of the loss ratio were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year77.8 %11.965.9 %73.5 %11.961.6 %
Prior year reserve development— %2.7(2.7 %)(0.2 %)2.4(2.6 %)
Loss ratio77.8 %14.663.2 %73.3 %14.359.0 %

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio

The current accident year loss ratio increased to 77.8% and marine lines were driven by new business73.5% for the three and favorable rate changes. The increase in professional lines was due to new business.

Ceded Premiums Written:

Ceded premiums writtennine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 65.9% and 61.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, were $378 million or 42% of gross premiums written and $1.08 billion or 40%, of gross premiums written, respectively, compared to $367 million or 38% of gross premiums written and $1.13 billion or 39% of gross premiums written, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The increase in ceded premiums written of $11 million or 3% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was driven by increases in liability, marine and credit and political risk lines, partially offset by a decrease in property lines. The decrease of $53 million or 5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, was primarily driven by decreases in property and professional lines, partially offset by increases in liability and credit and political risk lines.






75

respectively.
Net Premiums Earned:

The following table provides net premiums earned by line of business:
   Three months ended September 30,   Nine months ended September 30,   
   2019   2018   
%
Change
 2019   2018   
%
Change
 
                      
 Property$154,751
 29% $212,883
 34% (27%) $481,450
 30% $598,896
 33% (20%) 
 Marine65,437
 12% 90,661
 15% (28%) 209,629
 13% 240,230
 14% (13%) 
 Terrorism11,605
 2% 12,606
 2% (8%) 35,635
 2% 38,992
 2% (9%) 
 Aviation10,993
 2% 17,467
 3% (37%) 38,603
 2% 53,656
 3% (28%) 
 Credit and political risk19,432
 4% 15,670
 3% 24% 66,412
 4% 69,670
 4% (5%) 
 Professional lines172,280
 32% 147,336
 24% 17% 490,928
 30% 419,254
 24% 17% 
 Liability68,002
 13% 57,185
 9% 19% 192,352
 12% 166,745
 9% 15% 
 Accident and health32,368
 6% 51,063
 8% (37%) 108,402
 7% 155,753
 9% (30%) 
 Discontinued lines - Novae1,583
 —% 9,924
 2% (84%) 7,062
 —% 28,930
 2% (76%) 
 Total$536,451
 100% $614,795
 100% (13%) $1,630,473
 100% $1,772,126
 100% (8%) 
                      

Net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2019 decreased by $78 million or 13% ($68 million or 11% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily by driven by decreases in gross premiums earned in property, marine, and accident and health lines, together with an increase in ceded premiums earned in
liability lines, partially offset by increases in gross premiums earned in liability and professional lines as well as a decrease in ceded premiums earned in property lines.

Net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased by $142 million or 8% ($117 million or 7% on a constant currency basis), compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily by driven by decreases in gross premiums earned in property, accident and health, and marine lines, as well as an increase in ceded premiums earned in liability lines, partially offset by increases in gross premiums earned in liability and professional lines.

Loss Ratio:

The table below shows the components of our loss ratio:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
  2019 
% Point
Change
 2018 2019 
% Point
Change
 2018 
              
 Current accident year65.9% (3.9) 69.8% 61.6% (2.0) 63.6% 
 Prior year reserve development(2.7%) (0.5) (2.2%) (2.6%) 0.9 (3.5%) 
 Loss ratio63.2% (4.4) 67.6% 59.0% (1.1) 60.1% 
              


76

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio:

The current accident year loss ratio decreased to 65.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, from 69.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2018. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 61.6% from 63.6% for the same period in 2018.

The current accident year loss ratio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same periods in 2018, was impacted by a lower level of catastrophe and weather-related losses. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we incurred pre-tax2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of $41reinstatement premiums, were $132 million, or 7.723.1 points, and $64$325 million, or 3.918.7 points, respectively,respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were primarily attributable to Hurricane DorianHurricanes Laura and U.S.Sally, the Beirut port explosion, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, and other weather-related events. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 catastrophe and weather-related losses included $137 million associated with first party coverages attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. These losses were primarily associated with property-related coverages, but also included event cancellation coverages. The remaining losses of $188 million were primarily attributable to Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, and other weather-related events. Comparatively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred pre-tax2019, catastrophe and weather-related losses of $62were $41 million, or 10.17.7 points, and $112$64 million, or 6.33.9 points, respectively.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, ourthe current accident year loss ratio decreased to 54.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was2020, from 58.2% and 57.7%, respectively, compared to 59.7% and 57.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

2019. The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same periods in 2018, was principally due to the impact of improvedfavorable pricing over loss trends, and a decrease in attritionalimproved loss experience in property, and marine, lines, partially offset by changes in business mix, , and elevated mid-size loss experience in credit and political risk, and aviation lines largely associated with the repositioning of the portfolio.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and marine lines.

weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 54.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 57.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increasedecrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses forwas principally due to the impact of favorable pricing over loss trends, improved loss experience in property, credit and political risk, marine and aviation lines, partially offset by changes in business mix.

56

Prior Year Reserve Development

The following table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Insurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherMarineAviationCredit and political riskProfessional linesLiability
ShortShortShort/MediumMediumMediumLong
Reported lines of business
PropertyX
MarineX
TerrorismX
AviationX
Credit and political riskX
Professional linesX
LiabilityX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Prior year reserve development by reserve class were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Property and other$6,907 $11,427 $42,688 $(4,426)
Marine4,095 2,119 633 23,753 
Aviation(326)471 5,667 1,671 
Credit and political risk871 1,217 (223)10,278 
Professional lines(7,287)3,656 (19,086)13,899 
Liability(3,990)(4,281)(25,158)(2,326)
Total$270 $14,609 $4,521 $42,849 

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $0.3 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$7 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2019 catastrophe events.
•$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 accident year.
•$7 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European professional indemnity and financial institutions books of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year and an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2009 accident year.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the primary casualty, U.S. excess casualty and program books of business mainly related to 2017 and 2018 accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $15 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.
•$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2013 and 2014 accident years.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. excess casualty book of business related to older accident years.

57

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$43 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years, better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2017, 2018 and 2019 catastrophe events, and decreases in case reserves attributable to specific claims related to the 2014 and 2016 accident years.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on aviation business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.
•$25 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the primary casualty, U.S. excess casualty and program books of business mainly related to the 2017 and 2018 accident years.
•$19 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European professional indemnity and financial institutions books of business and the commercial management solutions book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident year and an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2009 accident year.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, comparedwe recognized $43 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$24 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the same period in 2018, was principally2015 to 2017 accident years.
•$14 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to an increase in mid-sizebetter than expected loss experience in marine,emergence mainly related to the 2013 to 2015 accident years.
•$10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk lines,business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 accident year.
•$4 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and aviation lines, together with changes inother business mix,primarily due to reserve strengthening within the international book of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year, partially offset by a decrease in attritionalbetter than expected loss experience in property lines, and the impact of improved pricing over loss trends.

Referemergence attributable to the ‘Prior Year Reserve Development’ section for further details.2017 catastrophe events and SuperStorm Sandy.

Acquisition Cost Ratio:

The acquisition cost ratio increaseddecreased to 20.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, from 21.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, from 18.2%principally related to an increase in ceding commissions.

The acquisition cost ratio decreased to 20.1% for the threenine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily attributable to2020, from 21.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, associated with the acquisition of Novae.Novae and an increase in ceding commissions. At the acquisition date, the allocation of the acquisition price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at that date, resulted in the write-off of the deferred acquisition cost asset on Novae's balance sheet as the value of policies in-force on that date are considered within VOBA.value of business acquired ("VOBA"). Consequently, the absence of $2$1 million and $29 million of acquisition expense related to premiums earned in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost ratio by 0.3 points and 4.7 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost ratio for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio decreased by 1.1 point compared to the same period in 2018 due to changes in business mix.

The acquisition cost ratio increased to 21.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from 16.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily attributable to the acquisition of Novae. The absence of $11 million and $105 million of acquisition expense related to premiums earned in the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost ratio by 0.60.1 points and 5.90.6 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost ratiorate for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.5 points compared to the same period in 2018.

by 1.6 points.

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expense Ratio
:

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio increaseddecreased to 16.5%for thethree months ended September 30, 2020, from 18.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, from 16.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2018mainly driven by a decrease in personnel costs and travel and entertainment expenses, together with an increase in net premiums earned.earned.

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio increaseddecreased to 16.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 19.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, from 17.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018mainly driven by decreasedecreases in a net premiums earned,travel and entertainment expenses, and professional fees, together with an increase in the allocation of corporate costs to the segment, partially offset by a decrease in personnel costs.


net premiums earned.

7758

Reinsurance Segment

Results from the reinsurance segment were as follows:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Revenues:            
 Gross premiums written$511,604
 13% $454,343
 $2,923,169
 2% $2,860,471
 
 Net premiums written339,031
 7% 317,868
 2,065,263
 (4%) 2,158,122
 
 Net premiums earned620,856
 2% 609,280
 1,784,653
 (1%) 1,804,900
 
 Other insurance related income800
 nm 6,949
 9,606
 (38%) 15,452
 
              
 Expenses:            
 Current year net losses and loss expenses(524,065)   (411,653) (1,248,131)   (1,196,682) 
 Prior year reserve development12,118
   32,182
 22,172
   99,536
 
 Acquisition costs(144,475)   (136,426) (417,826)   (419,445) 
 General and administrative expenses(26,060)   (29,595) (87,049)   (99,481) 
              
 Underwriting (loss) income$(60,826) nm $70,737
 $63,425
 (69%) $204,280
 
 Ratios:  
% Point
Change
     
% Point
Change
   
 Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses64.8% 2.2 62.6% 62.3% (1.2) 63.5% 
 Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio19.6% 14.6 5.0% 7.6% 4.8 2.8% 
 Current accident year loss ratio84.4% 16.8 67.6% 69.9% 3.6 66.3% 
 Prior year reserve development ratio(1.9%) 3.4 (5.3%) (1.2%) 4.3 (5.5%) 
 Net losses and loss expenses ratio82.5% 20.2 62.3% 68.7% 7.9 60.8% 
 Acquisition cost ratio23.3% 0.9 22.4% 23.4% 0.2 23.2% 
 General and administrative expense ratio4.1% (0.7) 4.8% 4.9% (0.6) 5.5% 
 Combined ratio109.9% 20.4 89.5% 97.0% 7.5 89.5% 
              
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Revenues:
Gross premiums written$395,361 (23%)$511,604 $2,564,419 (12%)$2,923,169 
Net premiums written271,125 (20%)339,031 1,821,692 (12%)2,065,263 
Net premiums earned521,128 (16%)620,856 1,574,673 (12%)1,784,653 
Other insurance related income (loss)752 (6%)800 (7,361)nm9,606 
Expenses:
Current year net losses and loss expenses(436,602)(524,065)(1,216,273)(1,248,131)
Prior year reserve development314 12,118 4,830 22,172 
Acquisition costs(115,995)(144,475)(354,137)(417,826)
Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses(23,456)(26,060)(76,714)(87,049)
Underwriting income (loss)$(53,859)$(60,826)$(74,982)$63,425 
Ratios:
% Point
Change
% Point
Change
Current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses62.7 %(2.1)64.8 %61.1 %(1.2)62.3 %
Catastrophe and weather-related losses ratio21.1 %1.519.6 %16.1 %8.57.6 %
Current accident year loss ratio83.8 %(0.6)84.4 %77.2 %7.369.9 %
Prior year reserve development ratio(0.1 %)1.8(1.9 %)(0.3 %)0.9(1.2 %)
Net losses and loss expenses ratio83.7 %1.282.5 %76.9 %8.268.7 %
Acquisition cost ratio22.3 %(1.0)23.3 %22.5 %(0.9)23.4 %
Underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio4.5 %0.44.1 %4.9 %—4.9 %
Combined ratio110.5 %0.6109.9 %104.3 %7.397.0 %
nm – not meaningful


59

78


Gross Premiums Written:

The following table provides grossGross premiums written by line of business:business were as follows:
   Three months ended September 30,   Nine months ended September 30,   
   2019   2018   
% 
Change
 2019   2018   
% 
Change
 
                      
 Catastrophe$94,833
 18% $64,919
 14% 46% $698,169
 24% $495,106
 17% 41% 
 Property67,972
 13% 85,135
 19% (20%) 283,849
 10% 346,135
 12% (18%) 
 Professional lines23,540
 5% 26,418
 6% (11%) 226,283
 8% 248,870
 9% (9%) 
 Credit and surety50,989
 10% 51,683
 11% (1%) 241,358
 8% 300,683
 11% (20%) 
 Motor25,367
 5% 22,450
 5% 13% 313,614
 11% 477,805
 17% (34%) 
 Liability146,690
 29% 137,625
 30% 7% 458,000
 16% 387,977
 14% 18% 
 Agriculture5,074
 1% 12,765
 3% (60%) 201,592
 7% 212,114
 7% (5%) 
 Engineering8,841
 2% 3,149
 1% nm 39,207
 1% 36,259
 1% 8% 
 Marine and other9,727
 2% 1,107
 —% nm 68,104
 2% 41,388
 1% 65% 
 Accident and health78,474
 15% 49,114
 11% 60% 393,789
 13% 314,610
 11% 25% 
 Discontinued lines - Novae97
 —% (22) —% nm (796) —% (476) —% 67% 
 Total$511,604
 100% $454,343
 100% 13% $2,923,169
 100% $2,860,471
 100% 2% 
                      
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  20202019
% 
Change
20202019
% 
Change
Catastrophe$74,656 18 %$94,833 18 %(21%)$526,646 21 %$698,169 24 %(25%)
Property58,907 15 %67,972 13 %(13%)246,859 10 %283,849 10 %(13%)
Professional lines31,752 8 %23,540 5 %35%267,047 10 %226,283 8 %18%
Credit and surety38,110 10 %50,989 10 %(25%)189,180 7 %241,358 8 %(22%)
Motor(2,235)(1 %)25,367 5 %nm319,867 12 %313,614 11 %2%
Liability136,791 35 %146,690 29 %(7%)505,322 20 %458,000 16 %10%
Agriculture7,455 2 %5,074 1 %47%69,599 3 %201,592 7 %(65%)
Engineering1,408 — %8,841 2 %nm20,334 1 %39,207 1 %(48%)
Marine and other6,341 2 %9,727 2 %(35%)62,202 2 %68,104 2 %(9%)
Accident and health41,820 11 %78,474 15 %(47%)356,123 14 %393,789 13 %(10%)
Discontinued lines - Novae356 — %97 — %nm1,240 — %(796)— %nm
Total$395,361 100 %$511,604 100 %(23%)$2,564,419 100 %$2,923,169 100 %(12%)
nm – not meaningful

Gross premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2019, increased2020, decreased by $57$116 million, or 13%23%, ($55109 million, or 12%21% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The increasedecrease was primarily attributable to catastrophe, accident and health, motor, catastrophe, credit and surety, liability marine and other, and engineeringproperty lines, partially offset by decreases in property and agriculturean increase in professional lines.


The increasesdecrease in catastrophe, accident and health and liability lines werewas driven by timing differences.In addition,non-renewals following the increase in catastrophe lines was duedecision to newexit the Middle East business. The increasedecrease in marine and othermotor lines was due to premium adjustments. The increasedecrease in engineeringcatastrophe lines was driven by new business.

The decrease in property lines was driven by the non-renewal of a large treatytiming difference associated with a significant contract, non-renewals, and decreased line sizes on a number of treaties, partially offset by premium adjustments.treaties. The decrease in agriculturecredit and surety lines was attributable to the current economic climate. The decrease in liability lines was due to timing differences,a reduced line size on a significant contract, partially offset by new business due to favorable market conditions and timing differences. The decrease in property lines was due to non-renewals and a timing difference. The increase in professional lines was due to premium adjustments.

Gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, increased2020, decreased by $63$359 million, or 2% ($110 million or 4% on a constant currency basis)12%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The increasedecrease was primarily attributable to catastrophe, agriculture, credit and surety, accident and health, marineproperty, and other, and liabilityengineering lines, partially offset by decreases in motor, property, credit and surety, professional lines and agriculture lines.

The increases in catastrophe, liability, accident and health, and marine and other lines were driven by new business. Increased line sizes on a number of treaties and the restructuring of several treaties which impacted the timing of premium recognition also contributed to the increase in catastrophe lines. In addition, the increase in catastrophe lines was due to a higher level of premiums written on a multi-year basis. The increases in liability and accident and health were also due to timing differences.professional lines.

The decreases in motor, andcatastrophe, agriculture, credit and surety, accident and health, property, and engineering lines were driven by non-renewals and premium adjustments. Decreased line sizes on a number of treaties and the impact of foreign exchange movements as the strengthening of the U.S. dollar drove comparative premium decreases in treaties denominated in foreign currencies, also contributed to the decrease in motor lines. The decrease in property lines was primarily due to non-renewals and decreased line sizes on a numberconsistent with optimization of treaties, partially offset by favorable rate changes, the restructuring of several treaties,segment's portfolio. The increases in liability and premium adjustments. The decrease in professional lines was primarily due to non-renewalswere driven by premium adjustments, and decreased line sizes on a number of treaties, partially offset byfavorable market conditions associated with renewals and new business.



79

Ceded Premiums Written:

Ceded premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were $1732020 was $124 million, or 34% and $858 million or 29%, respectively,31% of gross premiums written, compared to $136$173 million, or 30% and $702 million or 25%34% of gross premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.2019.

The increasedecrease in ceded premiums written of $36$48 million, or 26% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018,28%, was attributable toprimarily driven by catastrophe, lines, partially offset by aaccident and health, credit and surety, and liability lines. The decrease in property lines.

The increase in catastrophe lines was attributable to a timing difference associated with the purchasenon-renewal of a catastrophe bond protection and an increasea decrease in premiums ceded to strategic capital partners. The decrease in accident and health lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaties with Alturas, effective January 1, 2019 and July 1, 2019.treaty. The decrease in propertycredit and surety lines was attributable to a decrease in premiums ceded to an existing quota share and facultative retrocessional covers with Harrington Re Ltd ("Harrington Re").

treaty. The decrease in liability lines was attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty, partially offset by an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty.

60

Ceded premiums written of $156 million or 22% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, was $743 million, or 29% of gross premiums written, compared to $858 million, or 29% of gross premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2018,2019.

The decrease in ceded premiums written of $115 million, or 13%, was primarily driven by catastrophe, credit and surety, accident and health, and agriculture lines, partially offset by increases in professional lines, liability, motor, and property lines.

The decrease in catastrophe lines was attributable to decreases in premiums ceded to strategic partners and a non-renewal of a catastrophe liability,bond. The decrease in credit and surety lines was attributable to a decrease in premiums ceded to a quota share retrocessional treaty and the restructuring of existing quota share retrocessional treaties. The decrease in accident and health lines partially offset by decreaseswas attributable to the restructuring of an existing quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in agriculture and property lines.

lines was attributable to a non-renewal of a large quota share retrocessional treaty.

The increaseincreases in catastropheliability and professional lines waswere attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new aggregate excess of loss treaty and premiums ceded to the quota share retrocessional treaties with Alturas, together with increases in premium ceded to our strategic capital partners and costs associated withtreaty, partially offset by the purchaserestructuring of catastrophe bond protection. The increases in liability, and accident and health lines were attributable to the increase in premiums ceded to thean existing quota share retrocessional cover with Harrington Re.treaty. The increase in credit and suretymotor lines was attributable to an increase in premiums ceded to a new quota share retrocessional treaty. The decrease in agriculture lines was attributable to a non-renewal of a large fronting arrangement and the restructuring of a quota share retrocessional treaty. The decreaseincrease in property lines was attributable to the non-renewals of two significant fronting arrangements, together with decreasesan increase in premiums ceded to the retrocessional and facultative covers with Harrington Re.a new aggregate excess of loss treaty.

Net Premiums Earned:

The following table provides netNet premiums earned by line of business:business were as follows:
   Three months ended September 30,   Nine months ended September 30,   
   2019    2018    % Change 2019    2018    % Change 
                      
 Catastrophe$68,910
 11% $70,601
 11% (2%) $205,468
 11% $191,952
 12% 7% 
 Property78,271
 13% 84,766
 14% (8%) 226,515
 13% 241,687
 13% (6%) 
 Professional lines50,966
 8% 54,658
 9% (7%) 154,390
 9% 162,407
 9% (5%) 
 Credit and surety55,625
 9% 67,926
 11% (18%) 154,638
 9% 186,408
 10% (17%) 
 Motor107,930
 17% 102,178
 17% 6% 301,622
 17% 323,685
 18% (7%) 
 Liability95,632
 15% 96,017
 16% —% 279,639
 16% 275,120
 15% 2% 
 Agriculture47,519
 8% 47,401
 8% —% 131,746
 7% 121,289
 7% 9% 
 Engineering16,611
 3% 15,541
 3% 7% 47,290
 3% 49,839
 3% (5%) 
 Marine and other17,924
 3% 6,349
 1% nm 44,529
 2% 25,424
 1% 75% 
 Accident and health81,500
 13% 62,382
 10% 31% 239,388
 13% 219,381
 12% 9% 
 Discontinued lines - Novae(32) —% 1,461
 —% nm (572) —% 7,708
 —% nm 
 Total$620,856
 100% $609,280
 100% 2% $1,784,653
 100% $1,804,900
 100% (1%) 
                      
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020  2019  % Change2020  2019  % Change
Catastrophe$64,163 13 %$68,910 11 %(7%)$194,987 12 %$205,468 11 %(5%)
Property62,704 12 %78,271 13 %(20%)196,229 12 %226,515 13 %(13%)
Professional lines54,424 10 %50,966 8 %7%154,482 10 %154,390 9 %—%
Credit and surety43,730 8 %55,625 9 %(21%)134,988 9 %154,638 9 %(13%)
Motor63,298 12 %107,930 17 %(41%)203,776 13 %301,622 17 %(32%)
Liability96,671 19 %95,632 15 %1%293,918 19 %279,639 16 %5%
Agriculture17,750 3 %47,519 8 %(63%)57,949 4 %131,746 7 %(56%)
Engineering14,548 3 %16,611 3 %(12%)43,742 3 %47,290 3 %(8%)
Marine and other14,742 3 %17,924 3 %(18%)37,275 2 %44,529 2 %(16%)
Accident and health89,087 17 %81,500 13 %9%256,303 16 %239,388 13 %7%
Discontinued lines - Novae11 — %(32)— %nm1,024 — %(572)— %nm
Total$521,128 100 %$620,856 100 %(16%)$1,574,673 100 %$1,784,653 100 %(12%)
nm – not meaningful

Net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2019, increased2020, decreased by $12$100 million, or 2%16% ($1693 million, or 3%15% on a constant currency basis), compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The increasedecrease was primarilyprimarily driven by increasesdecreases in gross premiums earned in accident and health, and marine and other lines, partially offset by a decrease in gross premium earned in credit and surety lines, and increases in ceded premiums earned inmotor, agriculture, credit and surety, and accident and healthproperty lines.



80

Net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, decreased by $20$210 million, or 1%12% ($11186 million, or 1%10% on a constant currency basis), compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.2019. The decrease was primarily driven by increasesdecreases in cededgross premiums earned in accident and health,agriculture, motor, catastrophe, property, and credit and surety lines, together with an increase in ceded premiums earned in liability lines, partially offset by decreases in ceded premiums earned in catastrophe, agriculture, and accident and health lines, and an increase in gross premiums earned in motor, and credit and surety lines, partially offset by increases in gross premiums earned in accident and health, and marine and otherliability lines.


61

Other Insurance Related Income (Loss):

Other insurance related income was $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to other insurance related income of $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Other insurance related incomeloss was $1 million and $10$7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively,2020, compared to $7 million and $15other insurance related income of $10 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.2019. The decreasesdecrease of $6$17 million and $5was primarily due to the recognition of a full limit loss of $10 million forassociated with the threeWHO pandemic risk-linked swap and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, were due to a decrease in fees associated with arrangements with strategic capital partners.

Loss Ratio:

The table below shows the components of ourthe loss ratio:
ratio were as follows:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 
% Point
Change
 2018 2019 
% Point
Change
 2018 
              
 Current accident year84.4% 16.8 67.6% 69.9% 3.6 66.3% 
 Prior year reserve development(1.9%) 3.4 (5.3%) (1.2%) 4.3 (5.5%) 
 Loss ratio82.5% 20.2 62.3% 68.7% 7.9 60.8% 
              
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020
% Point
Change
20192020
% Point
Change
2019
Current accident year83.8 %(0.6)84.4 %77.2 %7.369.9 %
Prior year reserve development(0.1 %)1.8(1.9 %)(0.3 %)0.9(1.2 %)
Loss ratio83.7 %1.282.5 %76.9 %8.268.7 %

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio:

The current accident year loss ratio decreased to 83.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, from 84.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The current accident year loss ratio increased to 84.4% and 69.9%77.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively,2020, from 67.6% and 66.3%69.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.2019.

The increase in the current accident year loss ratio for three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was impacted by a higher level of catastrophe and weather-related losses. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we incurred pre-tax2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums, of $119were $108 million, or 19.621.1 points, and $132$251 million, or 7.6 points, respectively,16.1, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were primarily attributable to Hurricane Dorian, the Japanese typhoons,Midwest derecho, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion, and other weather-related events. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, catastrophe and weather-related losses included $98 million associated with first party coverages attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. These losses were primarily associated with property-related coverages, but also included accident and health coverages. The remaining losses of $153 million were attributable to the Midwest derecho, wildfires across the West Coast of the United States, Hurricanes Laura and Sally, the Beirut port explosion and other weather-related events. Comparatively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred pre-tax2019, catastrophe and weather-related losses of $30were $119 million, or 5.019.6 points, and $50$132 million, or 2.8 points,7.6, respectively.

After adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, ourthe current accident year loss ratio decreased to 62.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was2020 from 64.8% and 62.3%, respectively, compared to 62.6% and 63.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

2019. The increasedecrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to changes in business mix and improved performance in aviation, professional lines and liability lines.

After adjusting for the threeimpact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses, the current accident year loss ratio decreased to 61.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to2020 from 62.3% for the same period in 2018, was principally due to an increase in mid-size loss experience in aviation (included in marine and other), and credit and surety lines, partially offset by a decrease in mid-size loss experience in property and engineering lines, and the impact of improved pricing over loss trends.

nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the current accident year loss ratio after adjusting for the impact of the catastrophe and weather-related losses was principally due to changes in business mix and improved performance in aviation, motor and liability lines.


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Prior Year Reserve Development

The following table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Reinsurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherCredit and suretyProfessional linesMotorLiability
ShortMediumMediumLongLong
Reported lines of business
CatastropheX
PropertyX
Credit and suretyX
Professional linesX
MotorX
LiabilityX
EngineeringX
AgricultureX
Marine and otherX
Accident and healthX
Discontinued lines - NovaeXXX

Prior year reserve development by reserve class were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Property and other$3,126 $(12,283)$(4,961)$(71,227)
Credit and surety11,184 5,652 27,927 32,659 
Professional lines(13,776)(7,303)(13,493)641 
Motor1,214 22,902 18,732 33,964 
Liability(1,434)3,150 (23,375)26,135 
Total$314 $12,118 $4,830 $22,172 

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $0.3 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to 2017 and 2019 accident years.
•$14 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2016 accident year and reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$23 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business related to recent accident years.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to several accident years.
•$12 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening attributable to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated with the European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

63

•$7 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$28 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence related to multiple accident years.
•$19 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business mainly related to the 2019 and older accident years.
•$23 million of net adverse prior year development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. casualty, the U.S. multiline/regional and the European books of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2019 accident years.
•$13 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to an increase in case reserves attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2016 accident year and reserve strengthening within the European book of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years.
•$5 million of net adverse prior year development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the engineering line of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years, and the marine and other line of business mainly related to the 2017 accident years, partially offset by net favorable prior year reserve development within the property line of business due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the 2019 catastrophe events.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $22 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$34 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to non-proportional treaty business related to several accident years.
•$33 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years.
•$26 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to increased weight given by management to experience based indications on older accident years.
•$71 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to an increase in loss estimates attributable to Typhoons Jebi and Trami consistent with updated industry insured loss estimates, an increase in loss estimates attributable to Hurricane Michael, and reserve strengthening attributable to late reporting of claims bordereaux associated within the European proportional book of business related to the 2018 accident year.

Acquisition Cost Ratio:

The acquisition cost ratio decreased to 22.3% and 22.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 23.3% and 23.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, principally related to changes in business mix.

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expense Ratio:

The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio of 4.5% and 4.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, was comparable to 4.1% and 4.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.


64



NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND NET INVESTMENT GAINS (LOSSES)


Net Investment Income

Net investment income from our cash and investment portfolio by major asset class was as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Fixed maturities$73,992(23%)$96,311$244,394(14%)$285,062
Other investments25,125nm11,143(14,574)nm49,271
Equity securities1,871(16%)2,2326,258(19%)7,757
Mortgage loans3,609(9%)3,98411,3225%10,735
Cash and cash equivalents2,491(65%)7,0349,814(53%)20,974
Short-term investments440(55%)9732,303(61%)5,975
Gross investment income107,528(12%)121,677259,517(32%)379,774
Investment expense(5,572)(6%)(5,914)(19,419)4%(18,760)
Net investment income$101,956(12%)$115,763$240,098(33%)$361,014
Pre-tax yield:(1)
Fixed maturities2.5 %3.1 %2.7 %3.2 %
nm - not meaningful
(1) Pre-tax yield is calculated by dividing annualized net investment income by the average month-end amortized cost balances.

Fixed Maturities

Net investment income attributable to fixed maturities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $74 million and $244 million, respectively, compared to net investment income of $96 million and $285 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The decrease for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, was due to the decrease in yields.

Other Investments

Net investment income from other investments was as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Hedge, direct lending, private equity and real estate funds$24,982$10,411$(11,552)$32,665
Other privately held investments5652,04057016,666
CLO-Equities(422)(1,308)(3,592)(60)
Net investment income (loss) from other investments (1)
$25,125$11,143$(14,574)$49,271
Pre-tax return on other investments(2)
3.5 %1.6 %(2.0 %)7.0 %
(1)Excluding overseas deposits.
(2)The pre-tax return on other investments is calculated by dividing total net investment income from other investments (non-annualized) by the average month-end fair value balances held for the periods indicated, excluding overseas deposits.

65

Net investment income (loss) attributable to other investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $25 million and $(15) million, respectively, compared to net investment income of $11 million and $49 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, was due to higher returns from direct lending funds. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, was attributable to negative returns from direct lending and real estate funds and a realized gain of $13 million associated with the sale of a privately held investment in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Net Investment Gains

Net investment gains were as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
On sale of investments:
Fixed maturities and short-term investments$29,532 $17,918 $42,658 $17,069 
Equity securities519 1,745 18,675 3,221 
 30,051 19,663 61,333 20,290 
Allowance for expected credit losses3,759 — (2,498)— 
Impairment losses(184)— (1,486)— 
OTTI losses— (1,458)— (6,328)
Change in fair value of investment derivatives(1,346)2,592 1,970 287 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities23,329 (6,270)(13,542)34,273 
Net investment gains$55,609 $14,527 $45,777 $48,522 

Net investment gains for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were $56 million compared to net investment gains of $15 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $41 million. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, the net investment gains were primarily due to net realized gains on the sale of corporate debt and U.S. government securities and net unrealized gains on equity securities. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the net investment gains were primarily due to net realized gains on the sale of U.S. government and agency RMBS securities partially offset by net unrealized losses on equity securities.

Net investment gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $46 million, compared to net investment gains of $49 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $3 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the net investment gains were primarily due to net realized gains on the sale of U.S. government, agency RMBS and equity securities partially offset by net unrealized losses on equity securities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the net investment gains were primarily due to net unrealized gains on equity securities and net realized gains on the sale of U.S. government and agency RMBS securities.

On Sale of Investments

Generally, sales of individual securities occur when there are changes in the relative value, credit quality or duration of a particular issue. We may also sell securities to re-balance our investment portfolio in order to change exposure to particular asset classes or sectors.

Impairment and OTTI Losses

The impairment losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $nil and $1 million, respectively, compared to OTTI losses of $1 million and $6 million for the same period in 2018, wasthree and nine months ended September 30, 2019. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were principally due to a decrease in mid-size loss experience in propertyimpairments of non-investment grade corporate debt securities that we intend to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell. For the three and engineering lines,nine months ended September 30, 2019, these losses were principally due to impairments of non-U.S. denominated securities due to the impact of improved pricing over loss trends, partially offset by an increase in mid-size loss experience in aviation lines.


the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.
Refer to ‘Prior Year Reserve Development’ for further details. 



8166


Change in Fair Value of Investment Derivatives
Acquisition Cost Ratio:

From time to time, we economically hedge foreign exchange exposure and interest rate risk with derivative contracts.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded losses of $1 million and gains of $2 million, respectively, related to foreign exchange contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded gains of $3 million and $4 million, respectively relating to foreign exchange contracts and losses of $nil and $4 million, respectively, related to interest rates swaps.

Total Return

Total return on cash and investments was as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Net investment income$101,956$115,763$240,098$361,014
Net investments gains55,60914,52745,77748,522
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities (1)
73,05029,493204,828388,939
Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments2,896792(13,579)5,645
Total$233,511$160,575$477,124$804,120
Average cash and investments(2)
$15,512,967$15,492,106$15,523,879$15,199,356
Total return on average cash and investments, pre-tax:
Including investment related foreign exchange movements1.5 %1.0 %3.1 %5.3 %
Excluding investment related foreign exchange movements(3)
1.2 %1.2 %3.1 %5.5 %
(1)Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities is calculated by taking net unrealized gains (losses) at period end less net unrealized gains (losses) at the prior period end.
(2)The acquisition cost ratio increasedaverage cash and investments balance is calculated by taking the average of the period end fair value balances.
(3)Pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to 23.3%pre-tax total return on cash and investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, included foreign exchange gains (losses) of $42 million and $(31) million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, compared to 22.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in the acquisition cost ratio for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was primarily attributable to adjustments related to loss sensitive featuresrespectively, and the impactforeign exchange (losses) gains of retrocessional contracts, partially offset by changes in business mix.

The acquisition cost ratio of 23.4%$(6) million and $(28) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, was comparable to 23.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

respectively.
General and Administrative Expense Ratio:

The general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 4.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to 4.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was driven by increases in net premiums earned and fees associated with arrangements with strategic capital partners, partially offset by an increase in the allocation of corporate costs to the segment.

The general and administrative expense ratio decreased to 4.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to 5.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was driven by an increase in fees associated with arrangements with strategic capital partners, together with a decrease in information technology costs, partially offset by a decrease in net premiums earned, and an increase in the allocation of corporate costs to the segment.

OTHER EXPENSES (REVENUES), NET


The following table provides a summary of other expenses (revenues), net:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Corporate expenses$28,903
 17% $24,643
 $97,468
 15% $85,069
 
 Foreign exchange losses (gains)(59,543) nm 8,305
 (64,868) nm 2,066
 
 Interest expense and financing costs18,042
 7% 16,897
 49,545
 (2%) 50,758
 
 Income tax expense (benefit)8,147
 nm (3,525) 23,850
 nm (3,565) 
 Total$(4,451) nm $46,320
 $105,995
 (21%) $134,328
 
              
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Corporate expenses$20,988 (27%)$28,903 $74,915 (23%)$97,468 
Foreign exchange losses (gains)60,734 nm(59,543)8,760 nm(64,868)
Interest expense and financing costs15,574 (14%)18,042 59,641 20%49,545 
Income tax expense (benefit)(12,056)nm8,147 (6,030)nm23,850 
Total$85,240 $(4,451)$137,286 $105,995 
nm – not meaningful



67

Corporate Expenses

Corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide insurance and reinsurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As a percentage of net premiums earned, corporate expenses weredecreased to 1.9% and 2.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 2.5% and 2.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, compared to 2.0% and 2.4%, for the same periods in 2018, respectively.

The increasedecrease in corporate expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, was primarily attributablerelated to ongoing investmentsdecreases in information technology and digital capabilities, professional fees, and adjustments associated with performance-related compensation costs, partially offset by a decrease in officepersonnel costs and an increase in the allocation of corporate costs to the reinsurance segment. In addition, the increaseprofessional fees. The decrease in corporate expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, was partially offset by an increaseprimarily related to decreases in the allocation of corporatepersonnel costs, to the insurance segment.professional fees, travel and entertainment costs, and information technology costs.



82

Foreign Exchange Losses (Gains)

Some of our business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Foreign exchange losses of $61 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, were mainly driven by the impact of the weakening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in euro and in pound sterling.

Foreign exchange losses of $9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were mainly driven by the impact of the weakening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in pound sterling.

Foreign exchange gains of $60 million and $65 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, were primarily attributable to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in pound sterling and euro.

The foreign exchange losses of $8 million and $2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, were primarily attributable to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of other investments, specifically, overseas deposits mainly denominated in australian dollar and pound sterling.

Interest ExpenseOn Sale of Investments

Generally, sales of individual securities occur when there are changes in the relative value, credit quality or duration of a particular issue. We may also sell securities to re-balance our investment portfolio in order to change exposure to particular asset classes or sectors.

Impairment and Financing CostsOTTI Losses

Interest expenseThe impairment losses for the three and financing costs arenine months ended September 30, 2020 were $nil and $1 million, respectively, compared to OTTI losses of $1 million and $6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were principally due to impairments of non-investment grade corporate debt securities that we intend to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, these losses were principally due to impairments of non-U.S. denominated securities due to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.



66

Change in Fair Value of Investment Derivatives

From time to time, we economically hedge foreign exchange exposure and interest rate risk with derivative contracts.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded losses of $1 million and gains of $2 million, respectively, related to foreign exchange contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded gains of $3 million and $4 million, respectively relating to foreign exchange contracts and losses of $nil and $4 million, respectively, related to interest duerates swaps.

Total Return

Total return on 5.875% Senior Notes issuedcash and investments was as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Net investment income$101,956$115,763$240,098$361,014
Net investments gains55,60914,52745,77748,522
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities (1)
73,05029,493204,828388,939
Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments2,896792(13,579)5,645
Total$233,511$160,575$477,124$804,120
Average cash and investments(2)
$15,512,967$15,492,106$15,523,879$15,199,356
Total return on average cash and investments, pre-tax:
Including investment related foreign exchange movements1.5 %1.0 %3.1 %5.3 %
Excluding investment related foreign exchange movements(3)
1.2 %1.2 %3.1 %5.5 %
(1)Change in 2010, 5.15% Senior Notes issuednet unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities is calculated by taking net unrealized gains (losses) at period end less net unrealized gains (losses) at the prior period end.
(2)The average cash and investments balance is calculated by taking the average of the period end fair value balances.
(3)Pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in 2014, 4.0% Senior Notes issuedItem 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to pre-tax total return on cash and investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, included foreign exchange gains (losses) of $42 million and $(31) million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and foreign exchange (losses) gains of $(6) million and $(28) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.



OTHER EXPENSES (REVENUES), NET


The following table provides a summary of other expenses (revenues), net:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Corporate expenses$20,988 (27%)$28,903 $74,915 (23%)$97,468 
Foreign exchange losses (gains)60,734 nm(59,543)8,760 nm(64,868)
Interest expense and financing costs15,574 (14%)18,042 59,641 20%49,545 
Income tax expense (benefit)(12,056)nm8,147 (6,030)nm23,850 
Total$85,240 $(4,451)$137,286 $105,995 
nm – not meaningful



67

Corporate Expenses

Corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide insurance and reinsurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As a percentage of net premiums earned, corporate expenses decreased to 1.9% and 2.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 2.5% and 2.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

The decrease in 2017,corporate expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was primarily related to decreases in personnel costs and 3.90% Senior Notes issuedprofessional fees. The decrease in 2019. Interestcorporate expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was primarily related to decreases in personnel costs, professional fees, travel and financingentertainment costs, increased by $1and information technology costs.

Foreign Exchange Losses (Gains)

Some of our business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Foreign exchange losses of $61 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to2020, were mainly driven by the same period in 2018, primarily attributable to the issuanceimpact of the 3.90% Senior Notes on June 19, 2019, partially offset by the repaymentweakening of the 2.65% Senior NotesU.S. dollar on April 1, 2019the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in euro and the repaymentin pound sterling.

Foreign exchange losses of the Dekania Notes on November 15, 2018.

Interest expenses and financing costs decreased by $1$9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to2020, were mainly driven by the same period in 2018, primarily attributable to the repaymentimpact of the 2.65% Senior Notes on April 1, 2019 and the repaymentweakening of the Dekania Notes on November 15, 2018, partially offset by the issuance of the 3.90% Senior Notes on June 19, 2019.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Income tax expense (benefit) primarily results from income (loss) generated by our foreign operations in the U.S. and Europe. Our effective tax rate is calculated as income tax expense (benefit) divided by income (loss) before tax including interest in income (loss) of equity method investments. This effective rate can vary between periods dependingdollar on the distributionremeasurement of net income (loss) among tax jurisdictions, as well as other factors.insurance-related liabilities denominated in pound sterling.

The tax expenseForeign exchange gains of $8$60 million and $24$65 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, waswere primarily attributable to the generation of pre-tax income in our U.S. and European operations, partially offset by pre-tax losses in our U.K. operations.

The tax benefit of $4 million recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, was driven by the generation of pre-tax losses in our U.K. and European operations, largely offset by the generation of pre-tax income in our U.S. operations.





83

NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND NET INVESTMENT GAINS (LOSSES)

Net Investment Income

The following table provides details of income generated by our cash and investment portfolio by major asset class:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 % Change 2018 2019 % Change 2018 
              
 Fixed maturities$96,311
 7% $89,887
 $285,062
 9% $262,165
 
 Other investments11,143
 (30%) 15,933
 49,271
 12% 44,179
 
 Equity securities2,232
 6% 2,099
 7,757
 11% 7,015
 
 Mortgage loans3,984
 20% 3,322
 10,735
 9% 9,805
 
 Cash and cash equivalents7,034
 1% 6,992
 20,974
 25% 16,770
 
 Short-term investments973
 (71%) 3,413
 5,975
 1% 5,933
 
 Gross investment income121,677
 —% 121,646
 379,774
 10% 345,867
 
 Investment expense(5,914) (18%) (7,225) (18,760) (8%) (20,487) 
 Net investment income$115,763
 1% $114,421
 $361,014
 11% $325,380
 
              
 
Pre-tax yield:(1)
            
 Fixed maturities3.1%   3.0% 3.2%   2.9% 
              
(1) Pre-tax yield is calculated by dividing annualized net investment income by the average month-end amortized cost balances.

Fixed Maturities

Net investment income attributable to fixed maturities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $96 million and $285 million, respectively, compared to net investment income of $90 million and $262 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was due to the increase in yields and a larger allocationimpact of the portfolio to fixed maturities.

Other Investments

The following table provides detailsstrengthening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net investment income from other investments:
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Hedge, direct lending, private equity and real estate funds$10,411
 $13,390
 $32,665
 $35,847
 
 Other privately held investments2,040
 508
 16,666
 1,613
 
 CLO-Equities(1,308) 2,035
 (60) 6,719
 
 
Net investment income from other investments (1)
$11,143
 $15,933
 $49,271
 $44,179
 
          
 
Pre-tax return on other investments(2)
1.6% 2.1% 7.0% 5.7% 
          
(1)Excluding overseas deposits.
(2)The pre-tax return on other investments is calculated by dividing total net investment income from other investments (non-annualized) by the average month-end fair value balances held for the periods indicated, excluding overseas deposits.

Net investment income attributable to other investments for the threeinsurance-related liabilities denominated in pound sterling and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $11 million and $49 million, respectively, compared to net investment income of $16 million and $44 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, was attributable to lower returns from credit funds and CLO-Equities. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2019,


84

compared to the same period in 2018, was attributable to a realized gain of $13 million associated with the sale of a privately held investment, partially offset by lower returns from credit funds and CLO-Equities.

Net Investment Gains (Losses)

euro.
The following table provides details of net investment gains (losses):
   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 On sale of investments:        
 Fixed maturities and short-term investments$17,918
 $(21,383) $17,069
 $(71,971) 
 Equity securities1,745
 15
 3,221
 17,444
 
  19,663
 (21,368) 20,290
 (54,527) 
 OTTI charges recognized in net income(1,458) (5,546) (6,328) (7,634) 
 Change in fair value of investment derivatives2,592
 2,626
 287
 9,782
 
 Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities(6,270) 6,660
 34,273
 (25,172) 
 Net investment gains (losses)$14,527
 $(17,628) $48,522
 $(77,551) 
          

Net investment gains for the three months ended September 30, 2019 were $15 million compared to net investment losses of $18 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $33 million. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the net investment gains were primarily due to net realized gains on the sale of U.S. government and agency RMBS securities partially offset by net unrealized losses on equity securities. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the net investment losses were primarily due to net realized losses on the sale of U.S. government, agency RMBS and corporate debt securities, partially offset by net unrealized gains on equity securities.

Net investment gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were $49 million compared to net investment losses of $78 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $127 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net investment gains were primarily due to net unrealized gains on equity securities and net realized gains on the sale of U.S. government and agency RMBS securities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net investment losses were primarily due to net realized losses on the sale of U.S. government, agency RMBS and corporate debt securities and net unrealized losses on equity securities.

On Sale of Investments

Generally, sales of individual securities occur when there are changes in the relative value, credit quality or duration of a particular issue. We may also sell securities to re-balance our investment portfolio in order to change exposure to particular asset classes or sectors.

Impairment and OTTI ChargesLosses

The OTTI chargesimpairment losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20192020 were $nil and 2018 were$1 million, respectively, compared to OTTI losses of $1 million and $6 million respectively. The OTTI charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, these losses were principally due to impairments of non-investment grade corporate debt securities that we intend to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, these losses were $6 million, compared to $8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, a decrease of $2 million. These OTTI charges were primarilyprincipally due to impairments of non-U.S. denominated securities due to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.



66

Change in Fair Value of Investment Derivatives

From time to time, we economically hedge foreign exchange exposure and interest rate risk with derivative contracts.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we2020, we recorded losses of $1 million and gains of $3$2 million, respectively, related to foreign exchange contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we2019, we recorded gains of $1$3 million relatedand $4 million, respectively relating to foreign exchange contracts and gainslosses of $2$nil and $4 million, respectively, related to interest rates swaps.

Total Return

Total return on cash and investments was as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Net investment income$101,956$115,763$240,098$361,014
Net investments gains55,60914,52745,77748,522
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities (1)
73,05029,493204,828388,939
Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments2,896792(13,579)5,645
Total$233,511$160,575$477,124$804,120
Average cash and investments(2)
$15,512,967$15,492,106$15,523,879$15,199,356
Total return on average cash and investments, pre-tax:
Including investment related foreign exchange movements1.5 %1.0 %3.1 %5.3 %
Excluding investment related foreign exchange movements(3)
1.2 %1.2 %3.1 %5.5 %
(1)Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities is calculated by taking net unrealized gains (losses) at period end less net unrealized gains (losses) at the prior period end.
(2)The average cash and investments balance is calculated by taking the average of the period end fair value balances.
(3)Pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to pre-tax total return on cash and investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, included foreign exchange gains (losses) of $42 million and $(31) million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and foreign exchange (losses) gains of $(6) million and $(28) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.



OTHER EXPENSES (REVENUES), NET


The following table provides a summary of other expenses (revenues), net:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020% Change20192020% Change2019
Corporate expenses$20,988 (27%)$28,903 $74,915 (23%)$97,468 
Foreign exchange losses (gains)60,734 nm(59,543)8,760 nm(64,868)
Interest expense and financing costs15,574 (14%)18,042 59,641 20%49,545 
Income tax expense (benefit)(12,056)nm8,147 (6,030)nm23,850 
Total$85,240 $(4,451)$137,286 $105,995 
nm – not meaningful



8567


Corporate Expenses
For
Corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide insurance and reinsurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As a percentage of net premiums earned, corporate expenses decreased to 1.9% and 2.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, from 2.5% and 2.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

The decrease in corporate expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was primarily related to decreases in personnel costs and professional fees. The decrease in corporate expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was primarily related to decreases in personnel costs, professional fees, travel and entertainment costs, and information technology costs.

Foreign Exchange Losses (Gains)

Some of our business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Foreign exchange losses of $61 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, were mainly driven by the impact of the weakening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in euro and in pound sterling.

Foreign exchange losses of $9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were mainly driven by the impact of the weakening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in pound sterling.

Foreign exchange gains of $60 million and $65 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, were primarily attributable to the impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar on the remeasurement of net insurance-related liabilities denominated in pound sterling and euro.

Interest Expense and Financing Costs

Interest expense and financing costs are related to interest due on the 5.875% senior unsecured notes ("5.875% Senior Notes") issued in 2010 and repaid in June 2020, the 5.150% senior unsecured notes ("5.150% Senior Notes") issued in 2014, the 4.000% senior unsecured notes ("4.000% Senior Notes") issued in 2017, the 3.900% senior unsecured notes ("3.900% Senior Notes"), and the 4.900% fixed-rate reset junior subordinated notes ("Junior Subordinated Notes") issued in 2019.

Interest expense and financing costs decreased by $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, due to the repayment of the 5.875% Senior Notes on June 1, 2020. Interest expense and financing costs increased by $10 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, due to the issuance of the 3.900% Senior Notes on June 19, 2019 and the issuance of the Junior Subordinated Notes on December 10, 2019, partially offset by the repayment of the 2.650% Senior Notes on April 1, 2019 and the repayment of the 5.875% Senior Notes on June 1, 2020.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Income tax expense (benefit) primarily results from income (loss) generated by our foreign operations in the U.S. and Europe. Our effective tax rate is calculated as income tax expense (benefit) divided by income (loss) before tax including interest in income (loss) of equity method investments. This effective rate can vary between periods depending on the distribution of net income (loss) among tax jurisdictions, as well as other factors.

The tax benefit of $12 million a for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was principally due to the generation of pre-tax losses in our U.S. operations.

The tax benefit of $6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was principally due to the generation of pre-tax losses in our U.S. and U.K. operations.

The tax expense of $8 million and $24 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, was attributable to the generation of pre-tax income in our U.S. and European operations, partially offset by pre-tax losses in our U.K. operations.


68



FINANCIAL MEASURES


We believe the following financial indicators are important in evaluating performance and measuring the overall growth in value generated for common shareholders:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2020201920202019
Annualized return on average common equity(1)
(6.2 %)2.3 %(4.1 %)8.6 %
Annualized operating return on average common equity(2)
(5.5 %)(2.7 %)(4.4 %)6.1 %
Book value per diluted common share(3)
$54.75$56.26$54.75$56.26
Cash dividends declared per common share$0.41$0.40$1.23$1.20
Increase (decrease) in book value per diluted common share adjusted for dividends$0.07$0.67$0.13$5.16

(1)Annualized return on average common equity ("ROACE") is calculated by dividing annualized net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders for the period by the average common shareholders' equity determined using the common shareholders' equity balances at the beginning and end of the period.
(2)Annualized operating return on average common equity ("operating ROACE") is a non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, annualized ROACE, and a discussion of the rationale for the presentation of this item is provided in 'Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation'.
(3)Book value per diluted common share represents total common shareholders’ equity divided by diluted common shares outstanding, determined using the treasury stock method. Cash-settled restricted stock units are excluded.

Return on Average Common Equity
Our objective is to generate superior returns on capital that appropriately reward common shareholders for the risks we assume and to grow revenue only when we expect the returns will meet or exceed our requirements. We recognize that the nature of underwriting cycles and the frequency or severity of large loss events in any one year may challenge the ability to achieve a profitability target in any specific period.

ROACE reflects the impact of net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders including net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.

The decrease in ROACE for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019, was primarily driven by the foreign exchange losses and an increase in the underwriting loss, together with a decrease in net investment income, partially offset by an increase in net investment gains, the income tax benefit, and decreases in reorganization expenses and corporate expenses.

The decrease in ROACE for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was primarily driven by the underwriting loss, a decrease in net investment income, and the foreign exchange losses, together with the interest in loss of equity method investments, partially offset by the income tax benefit, and decreases in reorganization expenses, corporate expenses, and the amortization of value of business acquired ("VOBA") associated with the acquisition of Novae. In addition, ROACE was impacted by an increase in average common shareholders' equity.

Operating ROACE excludes the impact of net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.

The decrease in operating ROACE for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019, was primarily driven by an increase in the underwriting loss, together with a decrease in net investment income, partially offset by the income tax benefit and a decrease in corporate expenses.


69

The decrease in operating ROACE for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was primarily driven by the underwriting loss and a decrease in investment income, partially offset by the income tax benefit, and a decrease in corporate expenses and a decrease in the amortization of VOBA associated with the acquisition of Novae.

Book Value per Diluted Common Share

We consider book value per diluted common share to be an appropriate measure of returns to common shareholders, as we recordedbelieve growth in book value on a diluted basis will ultimately translate into appreciation of stock price.

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, book value per diluted common share decreased to $54.75 from $55.09, a decrease of 0.6%, due to the net loss generated and common dividends declared, partially offset by net unrealized gains of $4 million related to foreign exchange contracts and losses of $4 million related to interest rates swaps. Forreported in accumulated other comprehensive income.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018,2020, book value per diluted common share decreased to $54.75 from $55.79, a decrease of 1.9%, due to the net loss generated and common dividends declared, partially offset by net unrealized gains reported in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share

We believe in returning excess capital to shareholders by way of dividends and share repurchases. Accordingly, dividend policy is an integral part of the value we recordedcreate for shareholders. Our cumulative strong earnings have permitted our Board of Directors to approve sixteen successive annual increases in quarterly common share dividends.

Book Value per Diluted Common Share Adjusted for Dividends

Book value per diluted common share adjusted for dividends increased by $0.07 for the three months ended September 30, 2020, and increased by $0.19 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Taken together, we believe that growth in book value per diluted common share and common share dividends declared represent the total value created for common shareholders. As companies in the insurance industry have differing dividend payout policies, we believe investors use the book value per diluted common share adjusted for dividends metric to measure comparable performance across the industry.

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, the increase in total value was driven by unrealized investment gains reported in accumulated other comprehensive income, partially offset by the net loss generated in the period.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the increase in total value was driven by net unrealized investment gains recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, partially offset by the net loss generated in the period.

Book value per diluted common share adjusted for dividends increased by $0.67, or 1% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and increased by $7.53, or 15.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, total value created was driven by the net income generated in the quarter and unrealized investment gains reported in accumulated other comprehensive income.

70




NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES RECONCILIATION


Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders$(72,945)$27,745$(145,855)$292,258
Net investment (gains) losses(1)
(55,609)(14,527)(45,777)(48,522)
Foreign exchange losses (gains)(2)
60,734(59,543)8,760(64,868)
Reorganization expenses(3)
1,41311,21582229,310
Interest in (income) loss of equity method investments(4)
(2,896)(792)13,579(5,645)
Income tax expense4,2353,36110,4946,524
Operating income (loss)$(65,068)$(32,541)$(157,977)$209,057
Earnings (loss) per diluted common share$(0.87)$0.33$(1.73)$3.46
Net investment (gains) losses(0.66)(0.17)(0.54)(0.57)
Foreign exchange losses (gains)0.72(0.71)0.10(0.77)
Reorganization expenses0.020.130.010.35
Interest in (income) loss of equity method investments(0.03)(0.01)0.16(0.07)
Income tax expense0.050.040.120.08
Operating income (loss) per diluted common share(5)
$(0.77)$(0.39)$(1.88)$2.48
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding(6)
84,30883,94784,23584,420
Average common shareholders' equity$4,731,858$4,801,174$4,742,452$4,532,971
Annualized return on average common equity(6.2 %)2.3 %(4.1 %)8.6 %
Annualized operating return on average common equity(7)
(5.5 %)(2.7 %)(4.4 %)6.1 %

(1)Tax cost (benefit) of $6,667 and $897 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $9,104 and $6,667 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors including the ability to utilize capital losses.
(2)Tax cost (benefit) of ($2,245) and $4,784 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $1,366 and $5,372 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors including the tax status of specific foreign exchange contractstransactions.
(3)Tax cost (benefit) of ($187) and gains($2,320) for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $24 and ($5,515) for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of $8 million relatedapplicable jurisdictions.
(4)Tax cost (benefit) of $nil for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions.
(5)Loss per diluted common share and operating loss per diluted common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 were calculated using weighted average common shares outstanding due to interest rates swaps.the net loss attributable to common shareholders and the operating loss recognized in these periods.

(6)Refer to Item 1, Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements 'Earnings per Common Share' for further details.
Total Return

The following table provides details(7)Annualized operating ROACE is calculated by dividing annualized operating income (loss) for the period by the average common shareholders' equity balances determined using the common shareholders' equity balances at the beginning and end of the period. The reconciliation to ROACE, the most comparable GAAP financial measure is provided in the table above, and a discussion of the rationale for its presentation is provided below.
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Rationale for the Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We present our results of operations in the way we believe will be most meaningful and useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and others who use our financial information to evaluate our performance. Some of the measurements we use are considered non-GAAP financial measures under SEC rules and regulations. In this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A"), we present underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, consolidated underwriting income (loss), operating income (loss) (in total and on a per share basis), annualized operating return on average common equity ("operating ROACE"), amounts presented on a constant currency basis and pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements which are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, which may be defined and calculated differently by other companies, better explain and enhance the understanding of our results of operations. However, these measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP").

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expenses

Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses include those general and administrative expenses that are incremental and/or directly attributable to our underwriting operations. While this measure is presented in Item 1, Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements 'Segment Information', it is considered a non-GAAP financial measure when presented elsewhere on a consolidated basis.

Corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide insurance and reinsurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As these costs are not incremental and/or directly attributable to our underwriting operations, these costs are excluded from underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, and therefore, consolidated underwriting income (loss). General and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure to underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, also includes corporate expenses.

The reconciliation of underwriting-related general and administrative expenses to general and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Consolidated Results of Operations'.

Consolidated Underwriting Income (Loss)

Consolidated underwriting income (loss) is a pre-tax measure of underwriting profitability that takes into account net premiums earned and other insurance related income (loss) as revenues and net losses and loss expenses, acquisition costs and underwriting-related general and administrative expenses as expenses. While this measure is presented in Item 1, Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements 'Segment Information', it is considered a non-GAAP financial measure when presented elsewhere on a consolidated basis.

We evaluate our underwriting results separately from the performance of our investment portfolio. As a result, we believe it is appropriate to exclude net investment income and net investment gains (losses) from our underwriting profitability measure.

Foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations primarily relate to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on our net insurance-related liabilities. However, we manage our investment portfolio in such a way that unrealized and realized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our investment portfolio generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) arising from our underwriting portfolio. As a result, we believe that foreign exchange losses (gains) are not a meaningful contributor to our underwriting performance, therefore, foreign exchange losses (gains) are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Interest expense and financing costs primarily relate to interest payable on our debt. As these expenses are not incremental and/or directly attributable to our underwriting operations, these expenses are excluded from underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, and therefore, consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Reorganization expenses are related to the transformation program which was launched in 2017. This program encompasses the integration of Novae, which commenced in the fourth quarter of 2017, the realignment of our accident and health business, together with other initiatives designed to increase efficiency and enhance profitability, while delivering a customer-centric operating model. Reorganization expenses are primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

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We believe that the presentation of underwriting-related general and administrative expenses and consolidated underwriting income (loss) provides investors with an enhanced understanding of our results of operations, by highlighting the underlying pre-tax profitability of our underwriting activities. The reconciliation of consolidated underwriting income (loss) to net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Consolidated Results of Operations'.

Operating Income (Loss)

Operating income (loss) represents after-tax operational results exclusive of net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.

Although the investment of premiums to generate income and investment gains (losses) is an integral part of our operations, the determination to realize investment gains (losses) is independent of the underwriting process and is heavily influenced by the availability of market opportunities. Furthermore, many users believe that the timing of the realization of investment gains (losses) is somewhat opportunistic for many companies.

Foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations primarily relate to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on net insurance-related liabilities. In addition, we recognize unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our equity securities and foreign exchange losses (gains) realized on the sale of our available for sale investments and equity securities in net investment gains (losses). We also recognize unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our available for sale investments in other comprehensive income (loss). These unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) reported in net income (loss), thereby minimizing the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on total shareholders' equity. As a result, foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations in isolation are not a fair representation of the performance of our business.

Reorganization expenses are related to the transformation program which was launched in 2017. This program encompasses the integration of Novae, which commenced in the fourth quarter of 2017, the realignment of our accident and health business, together with other initiatives designed to increase efficiency and enhance profitability, while delivering a customer-centric operating model. Reorganization expenses are primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from operating income (loss).

Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments is primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, this income (loss) is excluded from operating income (loss).

Certain users of our financial statements evaluate performance exclusive of after-tax net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments to understand the profitability of recurring sources of income.

We believe that showing net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders exclusive of after-tax net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments reflects the underlying fundamentals of our business. In addition, we believe that this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze performance in a manner similar to how our management analyzes the underlying business performance. We also believe this measure follows industry practice and, therefore, facilitates comparison of our performance with our peer group. We believe that equity analysts and certain rating agencies that follow us, and the insurance industry as a whole, generally exclude these items from their analyses for the period indicated:same reasons. The reconciliation of operating income (loss) to net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented above.

We also present operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized operating ROACE, which are derived from the operating income (loss) measure and are reconciled above to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, earnings (loss) per diluted common share and annualized return on average common equity ("ROACE"), respectively.
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   Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 
   2019 2018 2019 2018 
          
 Net investment income$115,763
 $114,421
 $361,014
 $325,380
 
 Net investments gains (losses)14,527
 (17,628) 48,522
 (77,551) 
 
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities (1)
29,493
 (1,073) 388,939
 (184,082) 
 Interest in income of equity method investments792
 1,667
 5,645
 5,045
 
 Total$160,575
 $97,387
 $804,120
 $68,792
 
          
 
Average cash and investments(2)
$15,492,106
 $15,160,361
 $15,199,356
 $15,366,875
 
          
 Total return on average cash and investments, pre-tax:        
 Including investment related foreign exchange movements1.0% 0.6% 5.3% 0.4% 
 
Excluding investment related foreign exchange movements(3)
1.2% 0.7% 5.5% 0.6% 
          
Constant Currency Basis

We present gross premiums written, net premiums written and net premiums earned on a constant currency basis in this MD&A. The amounts presented on a constant currency basis are calculated by applying the average foreign exchange rate from the current year to the prior year amounts. We believe this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze growth in gross premiums written, net premiums written and net premiums earned on a constant basis. The reconciliation to gross premiums written, net premiums written and net premiums earned on a GAAP basis is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results by Segment'.

Pre-Tax Total Return on Cash and Investments excluding Foreign Exchange Movement

Pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements measures net investment income (loss), net investments gains (losses), interest in income (loss) of equity method investments, and change in unrealized gains (losses) generated by average cash and investment balances. The reconciliation of pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements to pre-tax total return on cash and investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains (Losses)'. We believe this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze the performance of our investment portfolio.

Acquisition of Novae

On October 2, 2017, we acquired Novae. At the acquisition date, we identified value of business acquired ("VOBA") which represents the present value of the expected underwriting profit within policies that were in-force at the closing date of the transaction. In addition, the allocation of the acquisition price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, resulted in the write-off of the deferred acquisition cost asset on Novae's balance sheet at the acquisition date as the value of policies in-force on that date are considered within VOBA. Consequently, underwriting income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, included the recognition of premiums attributable to Novae's balance sheet at the acquisition date without the recognition of the associated acquisition costs.



(1)Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities is calculated by taking net unrealized gains (losses) at period end less net unrealized gains (losses) at the prior period end.
(2)The average cash and investments balance is calculated by taking the average of the period end fair value balances.
(3)Pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulation S-K. The reconciliation to pre-tax total return on cash and investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, included foreign exchange (losses) gains of $(31) million and $(10) million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and foreign exchange (losses) of $(28) million for nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.


CASH AND INVESTMENTS


The table below provides details of our cash and investments:
   September 30, 2019December 31, 2018 
    Fair Value  Fair Value 
        
 Fixed maturities $12,616,241
  $11,435,347
 
 Equity securities 429,903
  381,633
 
 Mortgage loans 407,790
  298,650
 
 Other investments 779,200
  787,787
 
 Equity method investments 113,748
  108,103
 
 Short-term investments 12,539
  144,040
 
 Total investments $14,359,421
  $13,155,560
 
        
 
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
 $1,208,551
  $1,830,020
 
        
(1)Includes restricted cash and cash equivalents of $445 million and $597 million at September 30, 2019 and at December 31, 2018, respectively.


Details of cash and investments are as follows:
  September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
  Fair ValueFair Value
Fixed maturities$12,609,241 $12,468,205 
Equity securities417,886 474,207 
Mortgage loans544,095 432,748 
Other investments760,206 770,923 
Equity method investments104,242 117,821 
Short-term investments69,996 38,471 
Total investments$14,505,666 $14,302,375 
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$1,440,816 $1,576,457 
(1)Includes restricted cash and cash equivalents of $440 million and $335 million at September 30, 2020 and at December 31, 2019, respectively.



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86


Overview

The fair value of total investments increased by $1.2 billion for$203 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, driven by the investment of cash balances,inflows from operations and the increase in the market value of fixed maturities due to a decreasethe decline in interest ratesyields, partially offset by the repayment of $500 million 5.875% Senior Notes and the tighteningredemption of credit spreads and the increase in the market value$225 million of equity securities due to the improved performance5.50% Series D preferred shares.

An analysis of equity markets which resulted in higher valuations.

The following provides further analysis on our investment portfolio by asset class:class is detailed below:

Fixed Maturities

The table below provides detailsDetails of our fixed maturities portfolio:portfolio are as follows:
  September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
  Fair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
Fixed maturities:
U.S. government and agency$1,991,466 16 %$2,112,881 17 %
Non-U.S. government673,801 5 %576,592 5 %
Corporate debt4,796,731 39 %4,930,254 38 %
Agency RMBS1,677,106 13 %1,592,584 13 %
CMBS1,380,738 11 %1,365,052 11 %
Non-agency RMBS133,530 1 %84,922 1 %
ABS1,672,175 13 %1,598,693 13 %
Municipals(1)
283,694 2 %207,227 2 %
Total$12,609,241 100 %$12,468,205 100 %
Credit ratings:
U.S. government and agency$1,991,466 16 %$2,112,881 17 %
AAA(2)
5,012,547 40 %4,896,833 38 %
AA934,983 7 %865,601 7 %
A1,973,829 16 %1,848,331 15 %
BBB1,690,837 13 %1,684,589 14 %
Below BBB(3)
1,005,579 8 %1,059,970 9 %
Total$12,609,241 100 %$12,468,205 100 %
   September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 
   Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total 
          
 Fixed maturities:        
 U.S. government and agency$2,133,956
 17% $1,515,697
 13% 
 Non-U.S. government537,632
 4% 493,016
 4% 
 Corporate debt5,077,095
 40% 4,876,921
 44% 
 Agency RMBS1,632,768
 13% 1,643,308
 14% 
 CMBS1,368,890
 11% 1,092,530
 10% 
 Non-Agency RMBS58,952
 —% 40,687
 —% 
 ABS1,600,535
 13% 1,637,603
 14% 
 
Municipals(1)
206,413
 2% 135,585
 1% 
 Total$12,616,241
 100% $11,435,347
 100% 
          
 Credit ratings:        
 U.S. government and agency$2,133,956
 17% $1,515,697
 13% 
 
AAA(2)
4,867,996
 39% 4,569,632
 40% 
 AA900,443
 6% 874,932
 8% 
 A1,865,289
 15% 1,769,686
 15% 
 BBB1,741,081
 14% 1,678,962
 15% 
 
Below BBB(3)
1,107,476
 9% 1,026,438
 9% 
 Total$12,616,241
 100% $11,435,347
 100% 
          
(1)Includes bonds issued by states, municipalities, and political subdivisions.
(1)Includes bonds issued by states, municipalities, and political subdivisions.
(2)Includes U.S. government-sponsored agencies, Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") and Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS").
(3)Non-investment grade and non-rated securities.
(2)Includes U.S. government-sponsored agencies, residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") and commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS").
(3)Non-investment grade and non-rated securities.

At September 30, 2019,2020, fixed maturities had a weighted average credit rating of AA- (2018:(2019: AA-), a book yield of 2.9% (2018: 3.1%2.3% (2019: 2.8%) and an average duration of 3.13.4 years (2018: 3.0(2019: 3.2 years). The interest rate swap positions, which reduced duration to 2.8 years at December 31, 2018, were closed during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. At September 30, 2019,2020, fixed maturities together with short-term investments, and cash and cash equivalents (i.e. total investments of $13.8$14.1 billion), had an average credit rating of AA- (2018:(2019: AA-), and an average duration of 3.2 years (2019: 2.9 years (2018: 2.6 years) and duration inclusive of interest rate swaps was 2.5 years at December 31, 2018..

At September 30, 2019,2020, net unrealized gains on fixed maturities were $209$407 million, compared to net unrealized lossesgains of $181$205 million at December 31, 2018,2019, an increase of $390$202 million due to the decreasedecline in U.S. Treasury rates and the tightening of credit spreads.yields.

Equity Securities

At September 30, 2019,2020, net unrealized gains on equity securities were $49$62 million, compared to unrealized gains of $16$75 million at December 31, 2018, an increase2019, a decrease of $33$13 million driven by realized gains taken during the rally in equity markets.

year.

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Mortgage Loans

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, our investment in commercial mortgage loans increased by $109$111 million. The commercial mortgage loans are high quality and collateralized by a variety of commercial properties and are diversified both geographically throughout the U.S. and by property type to reduce the risk of concentration. At September 30, 2019,2020, there were no credit losses or past due amounts associated with our commercial mortgage loans portfolio.

Other Investments

The table below provides detailsDetails of our other investments portfolio:portfolio are as follows:
  September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 
   Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total 
          
 Hedge funds        
 Long/short equity funds$30,617
 4% $26,779
 3% 
 Multi-strategy funds166,079
 21% 167,819
 22% 
 Total hedge funds196,696
 25% 194,598
 25% 
          
 Direct lending funds275,619
 35% 274,478
 35% 
 Private equity funds67,210
 9% 64,566
 8% 
 Real estate funds130,209
 17% 84,202
 11% 
 Total hedge, direct lending, private equity and real estate funds669,734
 86% 617,844
 79% 
          
 CLO-Equities15,454
 2% 21,271
 2% 
 Other privately held investments30,719
 4% 44,518
 6% 
 Overseas deposits63,293
 8% 104,154
 13% 
 Total other investments$779,200
 100% $787,787
 100% 
          

September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
  Fair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
Hedge funds
Long/short equity funds$24,815 3 %$31,248 4 %
Multi-strategy funds111,980 15 %136,542 18 %
Total hedge funds136,795 18 %167,790 22 %
Direct lending funds269,783 35 %277,395 36 %
Private equity funds106,701 14 %80,412 10 %
Real estate funds153,163 20 %130,112 17 %
Total hedge, direct lending, private equity and real estate funds666,442 87 %655,709 85 %
CLO-Equities9,189 2 %14,328 2 %
Other privately held investments39,493 5 %36,934 5 %
Overseas deposits45,082 6 %63,952 8 %
Total other investments$760,206 100 %$770,923 100 %
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the fair value of total hedge funds increased by $2 million driven by $8 million of net redemptions, offset by $10 million of price appreciation. Certain of these funds may be subject
Refer to restrictions on redemptions which may limit our ability to liquidate these investments in the short term. See Note 3(c) to the Consolidated Financial Statements 'Investments' for further details on these restrictions and details on unfunded commitments relating to our other investment portfolio..

Overseas deposits include investments in private funds held by Syndicate 2007 where the underlying investments are primarily U.S. government, non-U.S. government and corporate debt securities. The funds do not trade on an exchange and therefore are not included within the available for sale investments category.

Equity Method Investments

During 2016, we paid $108 million including direct transactions costs to acquire 19% of the common equity of Harrington Reinsurance Holdings Limited ("Harrington"), the parent company of Harrington Re Ltd. ("Harrington Re"), an independent reinsurance company jointly sponsored by AXIS Capital and The Blackstone Group L.P. ("Blackstone"). Harrington is not a variable interest entity that is required to be included in our consolidated financial statements. We account for our ownership interest in Harrington under the equity method of accounting.


In our consolidated results, our ownership interest in Harrington is reported in interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.
Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments was $3 million and $(14) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to interest in income of equity method investments of $1 million and $6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The income for the three months ended September 30, 2020, was attributable to positive investment returns realized by Harrington. The loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was attributable to negative investment returns realized by Harrington.


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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES


Refer to the ‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’ section included underin Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20182019 for a general discussion of our liquidity and capital resources.

The following table summarizes our consolidated capital:
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Debt$1,309,384 $1,808,157 
Preferred shares550,000 775,000 
Common equity4,715,895 4,769,008 
Shareholders’ equity5,265,895 5,544,008 
Total capital$6,575,279 $7,352,165 
Ratio of debt to total capital19.9 %24.6 %
Ratio of debt and preferred equity to total capital28.3 %35.1 %
  September 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 
      
 Debt$1,388,135
 $1,341,961
 
      
 Preferred shares775,000
 775,000
 
 Common equity4,810,870
 4,255,071
 
 Shareholders’ equity5,585,870
 5,030,071
 
 Total capital$6,974,005
 $6,372,032
 
      
 Ratio of debt to total capital19.9% 21.1% 
 Ratio of debt and preferred equity to total capital31.0% 33.2% 
      

We finance our operations with a combination of debt and equity capital. Our debtDebt to total capital and debt and preferred equity to total capital ratios provide an indication of our capital structure, along with some insight into our financial strength.

On April 1, 2019, we repaid $250 million aggregate principal amount of 2.65% senior unsecured notes (the "2.65% Senior Notes") at their stated maturity.

On June 19, 2019,While the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and catastrophe and weather-related losses have reduced common shareholders' equity, we issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 3.90% senior unsecured notes (the "3.90% Senior Notes"), due 2029. Refer to Item 1, Note 10 'Debt and Financing Arrangements' to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on recent debt transactions.

We believe that our financial flexibility remains strong.strong, and we will make adjustments as necessary, if the outlook and impact changes. Refer to 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Recent Developments related to COVID-19' for further information on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Debt

On June 1, 2020, AXIS Specialty Finance LLC, a 100% owned finance subsidiary, repaid $500 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes at their stated maturity.

Secured Letter of Credit Facility

On March 28, 2019,2020, certain of AXIS Capital’s operating subsidiaries (the "Participating Subsidiaries") amended their existing $250 million secured letter of credit facility with Citibank Europe plc (the "$250 Million Facility") under their aggregate $750 million secured letter of credit facility with Citibank Europe plc (the "$750 Million Facility") to extend the expiration date to March 31, 2020.2021.

The terms and conditions of the additional $500 million secured letter of credit facility under the $750 Million Facility(the "$500 million Facility") remain unchanged. The $500 million secured letter of credit facility expires December 31, 2019. 

Letters of credit issued under the $750 Million$250 million Facility and the $500 million Facility are principally used to support the reinsurance obligations of the Participating Subsidiaries. The Participating Subsidiaries are subject to certain covenants, including the requirement to maintain sufficient collateral to cover the obligations outstanding under the $750 Million Facility.facilities. Such obligations include contingent reimbursement obligations for outstanding letters of credit and fees payable to Citibank Europe plc. In the event of default, Citibank Europe plc may exercise certain remedies, including the exercise of control over pledged collateral and the termination of the availability of the $750 Million Facilityfacility to any or all of the Participating Subsidiaries.


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89


Common Equity

During the
nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019, our common equity increased by $556 million. The following table reconciles our opening and closing common equity positions:
 Nine months ended September 30,2019 
    
 Common equity - opening$4,255,071
 
 Treasury shares reissued1,734
 
 Share-based compensation expense21,014
 
 Change in unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale investments, net of tax352,797
 
 Foreign currency translation adjustment609
 
 Net income324,227
 
 Preferred share dividends(31,969) 
 Common share dividends(103,168) 
 Treasury shares repurchased(9,445) 
 Common equity - closing$4,810,870
 
    

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019,2020, common equity decreased by $53 million. The following table reconciles opening and closing common equity positions:
Nine months ended September 30,2020
Common equity - opening$4,769,008
Treasury shares reissued1,888 
Share-based compensation expense27,332 
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale investments, net of tax179,982 
Foreign currency translation adjustment(1,581)
Net income (loss)(123,167)
Preferred share dividends(22,688)
Common share dividends(106,194)
Treasury shares repurchased(8,685)
Common equity - closing$4,715,895

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we repurchased 165,000repurchased 155,256 common shares from employees to satisfy withholding tax liabilities related to the vesting of share-settled restricted stock units granted under our 2007 and 2017 Long-Term Equity Compensation Plans for a total cost of $9 million in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards granted under our 2007 and 2017 Long-Term Equity Compensation Plans.$8.7 million.

A common share repurchase plan has not been authorized for 2019.2020.

We continue to expect that cash flows generated from our operations, combined with the liquidity provided by our investment portfolio, will be sufficient to cover our required cash outflows and other contractual commitments throughthat become due within one year after the foreseeable future.


date that the financial statements are issued. Refer to 'Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Executive Summary – Recent Developments related to COVID-19' for further information on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic.

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Financial Strength Ratings

Our principal insurance and reinsurance operating subsidiaries are assigned financial strength ratings from internationally recognized rating agencies, including Standard & Poor’s, A.M. Best and Moody’s Investors Service. These ratings are publicly announced and are available directly from the agencies, as well as on our website.

On May 5, 2020, A.M. Best revised its rating and outlook from A+ and negative to A and stable, respectively. The revised rating was based on unfavorable trends in operating performance over the past five years, particularly emanating from the insurance segment. The revised outlook continues to reflect our strong balance sheet, favorable business profile and appropriate risk management practices.

On May 11, 2020, Standard & Poor's revised its outlook from stable to negative due to unfavorable trends in operating performance.

Our rating and outlook from Moody’s Investors Service remain unchanged.

The following are the most recent financial strength ratings from internationally recognized agencies in relation to our principal insurance and insurance operating subsidiaries:
Rating agencyAgency’s description of ratingRating and outlookAgency’s rating
definition		Ranking of rating
Standard & Poor’sAn "opinion about the financial security characteristics of an insurance organization, with respect to its ability to pay under its insurance policies and contracts, in accordance with their terms".
A+
(Negative)
"Strong capacity to meet its financial commitments"The ‘A’ category is the third highest out of ten major rating categories. The second through eighth major rating categories may be modified by the addition of a plus or minus sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
A.M. BestAn "opinion of an insurer’s financial strength and ability to meet its ongoing insurance policy and contract obligations".A
(Stable)		"Excellent ability to meet ongoing insurance obligations"The ‘A’ category is the third highest rating out of fourteen. Ratings outlooks (‘Positive’, ‘Negative’ and ‘Stable’) are assigned to indicate a rating’s potential direction over an intermediate term, generally defined as 36 months.
Moody’s Investors Service"Opinions of the ability of insurance companies to pay punctually senior policyholder claims and obligations."
A2
(Negative) (1)
"Offers good financial security"The ‘A’ category is the third highest out of nine rating categories. Each of the second through seventh categories are subdivided into three subcategories, as indicated by an appended numerical modifier of ‘1’, ‘2’ and ‘3’. The ‘1’ modifier indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of the rating category, the ‘2’ modifier indicates a mid-category ranking and the ‘3’ modifier indicates a ranking in the lower end of the rating category.
(1)In April 2019, Moody's Investor Service revised its outlook from stable to negative reflecting higher operational and financial leverage and lower capitalization relative to peers.


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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES


The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements include certain amounts that are inherently uncertain and judgmental in nature. As a result, the Company is required to make assumptions and best estimates in order to determine the reported values. The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) it requires that significant assumptions be made in order to deal with uncertainties and (2) changes in the estimate could have a material impact on the Company's results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

As disclosed in the Company's 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, theThe Company believes the material items requiring such subjective and complex estimates are:

•reserves for losses and loss expenses;

•reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, including the provision for uncollectible amounts;

•gross premiums written;

•fair value measurements of financial assets and liabilities; and

•other-than-temporary impairments ("OTTI") in the carrying value of available for sale securities and the allowance for credit losses associated with available for sale securities.

TheOther that the Company's consideration of the impact of the targeted changes to the impairment model for available for sale securities introduced in ASU 2016-13 detailed in Note 1 'Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies' to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company believes that the critical accounting estimates discussion in Item 7 of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018,2019, continues to describe the significant estimates and judgments included in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements.



RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS


Refer to Item 1, Note 1 'Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies' to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 8, Note 2 'Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies' to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018,2019, for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.
 


OFF-BALANCE SHEET AND SPECIAL PURPOSE ENTITY ARRANGEMENTS


At September 30, 2019,2020, the Company had not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K.



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ITEM 3.     QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK


Refer to Item 7A included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019. There have been no material changes to this item since December 31, 2018,2019, with the exception of the changes in exposure to foreign currency risk presented below.

Foreign Currency Risk
The table below provides a sensitivity analysis of our total net foreign currency exposures.
AUDNZDCADEURGBPJPYOtherTotal
At September 30, 2020
Net managed assets (liabilities), excluding derivatives$5,438 $(2,735)$190,349 $(436,213)$(265,099)$(88,100)$86,352 $(510,008)
Foreign currency derivatives, net(4,446)4,304 (181,617)437,229 225,952 103,506 3,457 588,385 
Net managed foreign currency exposure992 1,569 8,732 1,016 (39,147)15,406 89,809 78,377 
Other net foreign currency exposure— — 113 3,121 (1,456)— 34,553 36,331 
Total net foreign currency exposure$992 $1,569 $8,845 $4,137 $(40,603)$15,406 $124,362 $114,708 
Net foreign currency exposure as a percentage of total shareholders’ equity— %— %0.2 %0.1 %(0.8 %)0.3 %2.4 %2.2 %
Pre-tax impact of net foreign currency exposure on shareholders’ equity given a hypothetical 10% rate movement(1)
$99 $157 $885 $414 $(4,060)$1,541 $12,436 $11,471 
                  
  AUD NZD CAD EUR GBP JPY Other Total 
                  
 At September 30, 2019                
 Net managed assets (liabilities), excluding derivatives$34,266
 $(2,075) $144,344
 $(279,800) $(202,714) $21,202
 $115,846
 $(168,931) 
 Foreign currency derivatives, net(30,364) 3,443
 (121,781) 257,361
 38,102
 (8,784) 6,058
 144,035
 
 Net managed foreign currency exposure3,902
 1,368
 22,563
 (22,439) (164,612) 12,418
 121,904
 (24,896) 
 Other net foreign currency exposure—
 —
 114
 2,215
 215
 —
 47,892
 50,436
 
 Total net foreign currency exposure$3,902
 $1,368
 $22,677
 $(20,224) $(164,397) $12,418
 $169,796
 $25,540
 
 Net foreign currency exposure as a percentage of total shareholders’ equity0.1% —% 0.4% (0.4%) (2.9%) 0.2% 3.0% 0.5% 
 
Pre-tax impact of net foreign currency exposure on shareholders’ equity given a hypothetical 10% rate movement(1)
$390
 $137
 $2,268
 $(2,022) $(16,440) $1,242
 $16,979
 $2,554
 
                  
(1)Assumes 10% change in underlying currencies relative to the U.S. dollar.
(1)Assumes 10% change in underlying currencies relative to the U.S. dollar.

Total Net Foreign Currency Exposure

At September 30, 2019, our2020, total net foreign currency exposure was $26assets were $115 million net long, driven by increases in our exposures to the canadian dollarJapanese Yen and other non-core currencies primarily due to new business written during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Our total2020. In addition, $35 million included in other net foreign currency exposure included $48 million ofexposures related to assets managed by specific investment managers who have the discretion to hold foreign currency exposures as part of their total return strategy. OurAn emerging market debt portfolio is the primary contributor to this group of assets.




















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ITEM 4.     CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES


Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act")) at September 30, 2019.2020. Based upon that evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, at September 30, 2019,2020, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and is accumulated and communicated to management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.


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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, of changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 20192020.

.
Based upon that evaluation, there were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 20192020, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. The Company has not experienced any material impact to its internal control over financial reporting resulting from the introduction of a remote work model due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


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PART II     OTHER INFORMATION




ITEM 1.     LEGAL PROCEEDINGS


From time to time, the Company is subject to routine legal proceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against the Company in the ordinary course of insurance or reinsurance operations. Estimated amounts payable under such proceedings are included in the reserve for losses and loss expenses in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company is not party to any material legal proceedings arising outside the ordinary course of business.



ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS

There were no material changes from the
For information regarding factors that could affect our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity, refer to risk factors discloseddiscussed in the Company'sPart I, Item 1A. 'Risk Factors' in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019.

In light of developments relating to the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic occurring subsequent to the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are supplementing the risk factors discussed in our Annual Report with the following risk factor, which should be read in conjunction with the risk factors contained in our Annual Report.

The scale and scope of the ongoing, novel COVID-19 pandemic is unknown and is expected to continue to adversely impact our business. The overall impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity could be material.

During the first quarter of 2020, there was a global outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, which has spread to over 200 countries and territories, including our key business locations of Bermuda, the European Union, the U.K. and the U.S. The World Health Organization has designated COVID-19 as a pandemic, and numerous countries in which we operate, including Bermuda, the U.K., Switzerland and the U.S., have declared national emergencies. The global impact of the outbreak has continued to evolve through the third quarter of 2020, and many countries reacted by instituting social distancing measures and quarantines, placing restrictions on travel, restricting trading, limiting operations of non-essential businesses and issuing shelter in place orders. Whilst some initial restrictions have been relaxed, resurgence of the pandemic in many countries has seen continued restrictions to social and economic activity. Such actions have created disruption in global supply chains, and adversely impacted operations in many sectors of the economy. The outbreak will likely have a continued adverse impact on economic and market conditions, triggering a global economic slowdown.

The scale and scope of the COVID-19 pandemic may heighten the potential adverse effects on our business, results of operation, financial condition or liquidity described in the risk factors contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, including without limitation:

•We have substantial exposure to losses resulting from catastrophe events, including pandemics. The extent of our losses from the COVID-19 pandemic will ultimately depend on its severity and duration and such losses could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. We have identified exposures arising from our

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underwriting of insurance and reinsurance policies that cover accident and health (including travel), event cancellation, property/business interruption, and potential exposures arising from our underwriting of insurance and reinsurance policies that cover credit and surety (including mortgage) and professional lines (medical malpractice and directors’ and officers’ liability) among others. These exposures and potential exposures include direct claims relating to COVID-19 (e.g., business interruption following a shelter in place order) and indirect exposures arising from an ensuing economic downturn. We note that other lines may be affected as the pandemic and associated economic downturn develop, and new information is discovered.

•Our exposures are controlled and limited by our insurance and reinsurance contracts, which include specific terms and conditions defining if and how our policies respond to losses arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, legislative, regulatory or judicial actions (e.g. the UK Financial Conduct Authority test case on business interruption insurance and subsequent legal actions, including appeals) and social influences could alter the interpretation of our contracts or extend or change coverage (beyond the obligations set forth within those contracts or beyond what was intended by the parties). We set our reserves based on our best interpretation of the current legal position in applicable jurisdictions, but these legislative, regulatory or judicial actions make it more difficult to predict the total amount of losses we could incur.

•Actual claims may exceed loss reserves. While we believe that net reserves for losses and loss expenses at September 30, 2020 are adequate, changes in the duration, severity and scope of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from current expectations may result in ultimate losses being materially greater or less than the net reserves for losses and loss expenses currently provided. Among the factors that would cause net reserves for losses and loss expenses to increase or decrease are changes in claim frequency or severity driven by the COVID-19 pandemic or its related impact on the economy.

•Uncertainty and market turmoil caused by the COVID-19 pandemic could affect, among other aspects of our business, the demand for our products, and the ability of customers, counterparties and others to establish or maintain their relationships with us. In addition, the market for insurance and reinsurance could be smaller and certain industries for which we write business have been and will likely continue to be particularly impacted by the pandemic (such as, energy, aviation, retail, hospitality and construction lines, among others), resulting in downward pressure on our premium levels.

•Our investment and derivative instrument portfolios are exposed to significant economic and capital markets risks related to changes in interest rates, bankruptcies, credit spreads and equity prices, as well as other risks, which may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. The performance of our cash and investments portfolio has a significant impact on our financial results. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the risks to which our portfolios are subject, including risks relating to general economic conditions, interest rate fluctuations, equity price risk, foreign currency movements, pre-payment or reinvestment risk, liquidity risk and credit risk. Our investments in equities, corporate debt and hedge funds have experienced an increase in price volatility. Government imposed restrictions on movements and/or social distancing practices have led to sharp declines in the revenue of many companies and industries, and we have some debt and/or equity exposure to some of these highly impacted sectors. We anticipate that negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic may continue for some time.

•The COVID-19 pandemic may impact cashflows and could require access to liquidity in excess of prior forecasts. There is a risk that accessing additional required liquidity may be difficult or have costs associated as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

•The impact on the COVID-19 pandemic on financial markets may impact our ability to acquire additional capital, should we desire to do so, or to be able to effectively deploy existing capital resources.

•Certain of our policyholders and intermediaries may not pay premiums owed to us due to insolvency or other reasons. Insolvency, liquidity problems, distressed financial condition due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or the general effects of economic recession may increase the risk that policyholders or intermediaries, such as insurance brokers, may not pay a part of or the full amount of premiums owed to us, despite an obligation to do so. The terms of our contracts, or actions by our regulators, may not permit us to cancel our insurance even though we have not received payment. We may further decide (or be obliged by regulation) to refund premiums already paid where it is judged that the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the customer need for insurance. If refunds or non-payments become widespread, whether as a result of insolvency, lack of liquidity, adverse economic conditions, operational failure or otherwise, it could have a material adverse impact on our revenues and results of operations.


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•The COVID-19 pandemic could impact our ability to obtain reinsurance and retrocessional arrangements on favorable terms which could limit the amount of business we are willing to write or reduce our reinsurance protection for large loss events.

•Our reinsurance and retrocession counterparties may experience financial distress and therefore, may be unable to pay the amounts owed to us under the applicable contracts.

•Our reinsurers and retrocession counterparties may be unwilling to pay claims due to disagreements or differing interpretation of contracts, which could also result in increased litigation and related expenses.

•There is a risk of reputational damage resulting from potential claims disputes and underwriting renewal actions.

In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition due to significant disruption in other areas, including:

•We may experience decreased worker productivity, including as a result of prolonged remote working arrangements, increased medical, emergency or other leave.

•The extended period of remote working by our employees could strain our technology resources and introduce operational risks, including heightened cybersecurity risk. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to hacking attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts that seek to exploit the COVID-19 pandemic.

•Similarly, third parties on whom we rely to provide key business services on an outsourced basis (including, but not limited to delegated underwriting, claims processing, finance operations, IT support) also may experience operational or system disruption, or cybersecurity issues, impacting their provision of service to us, and in turn, our operational performance.

•The COVID-19 pandemic could impact our ability to attract and retain key personnel which could adversely impact our business.

•Limitations on travel, social distancing requirements implemented in response to COVID-19, alongside economic conditions, may challenge our ability to write new insurance or reinsurance business and market our products and services as anticipated prior to COVID-19.

The duration and extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the severity and transmission rate of the virus, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions and, the extent and effectiveness of government actions to support the economy. The duration and severity of the economic downturn is uncertain, as well as the impact of these and other factors on our employees, customers and partners. Such impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity could be material.

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ITEM 2.     UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS


Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Common Shares
InformationThe following table shows information regarding the number of common shares repurchased:
Period
Total number
of shares
purchased(a) (b)
Average
price paid
per share
Total number of shares purchased as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs
Maximum number (or approximate
dollar value) of shares that may yet be
purchased under the plans
or programs(b)
July 1-31, 2020— $39.80 — — 
August 1-31, 2020— $40.12 — — 
September 1-30, 20201 $48.69 — — 
Total  
1  — — 
(a)        In thousands.
(b)        Shares are repurchased infrom employees to satisfy withholding tax liabilities related to the quarter ended September 30, 2019 is shown in the following table:vesting of share-settled restricted stock units.


Period
Total number
of shares
purchased(a) (b)
 
Average
price paid
per share
 
Total number of shares purchased as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs
 
Maximum number (or approximate
dollar value) of shares that may yet be
purchased under the plans
or programs(b)
 
         
July - September 20191
 
$61.23
 —
 —
 
         

(a)In thousands.
(b)Shares are repurchased from employees to satisfy withholding tax liabilities that arise upon the vesting of restricted stock units.


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ITEM 5.     OTHER INFORMATION


Disclosure of Certain Activities Under Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires issuers to disclose in their annual and quarterly reports whether they or any of their affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities with Iran or with individuals or entities that are subject to certain sanctions under U.S. law. Issuers are required to provide this disclosure even where the activities, transactions or dealings are conducted outside of the U.S. in compliance with applicable law.

As and when allowed by the applicable law and regulations, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries provide treaty reinsurance coverage to non-U.S. insurers on a worldwide basis, including insurers of liability, marine, aviation and energy risks, and as a result, these underlying reinsurance portfolios may have some exposure to Iran. In addition, we underwrite insurance and facultative reinsurance on a global basis to non-U.S. insureds and insurers, including for liability, marine, aviation and energy risks. Coverage provided to non-Iranian business may indirectly cover an exposure in Iran. For example, certain of our operations underwrite global marine hull and cargo policies that provide coverage for vessels navigating into and out of ports worldwide, including Iran. For the quarter ended September 30, 2019,2020, there has been no material amount of premium allocated or apportioned to activities relating to Iran. We intend for our non-U.S. subsidiaries to continue to provide such coverage only to the extent permitted by applicable law.



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ITEM 6.     EXHIBITS


2.1
Rule 2.7 Announcement, dated July 5, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 6, 2017).
2.2
Rule 2.7 Announcement, dated August 24, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 25, 2017).
3.1
Certificate of Incorporation and Memorandum of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1(Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-103620) filed on April 16, 2003).
3.2
Amended and Restated Bye-Laws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on May 15, 2009).
4.1
Specimen Common Share Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 3) (No. 333-103620) filed on June 10, 2003).
4.2
Certificate of Designations establishing the specific rights, preferences, limitations and other terms of the Series D Preferred Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2013).
4.3
Certificate of Designations establishing the specific rights, preferences, limitations and other terms of the Series E Preferred Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2016).
4.4
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 3, 2019, among AXIS Specialty Finance PLC, AXIS Capital Holdings Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., relating to the 5.150% Senior Notes due 2045 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2019).
4.5
Form of 3.900% Senior Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 19, 2019).
*10.1
Amendment No. 7 to Consulting Agreement by and between Michael A. Butt and AXIS Specialty Limited dated July 18, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 7, 2019).
*10.2
Amendment No. 21 to Employment Agreement dated December 11, 2017 by and between Peter W. WilsonVogt and AXIS Specialty U.S. Services, Inc. dated September 19, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 24, 2019)October 7, 2020).
*10.2
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement dated July 5, 2017 by and between Steve K. Arora and AXIS Specialty U.S. Services, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2020).
*10.3
Amendment No. 1 to Letter Agreement dated July 5, 2017 by and between Steve K. Arora and AXIS Specialty U.S. Services, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2020).
†31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
†31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
†32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
†32.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
†101The following financial information from AXIS Capital Holdings Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 20192020 formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 20192020 and December 31, 2018;2019; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018;2019; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018;2019; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018;2019; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 20192020 and 2018;2019; and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and in detail.
†104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
*Exhibits 10.1 and 10.2 represent a management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors and/or executive officers are eligible to participate.
†Filed herewith.

* Exhibits 10.1 through 10.3 represent a management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors and/or executive officers are eligible to participate.
† Filed herewith.

The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.


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SIGNATURES


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: November 6, 2019October 28, 2020
 
AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
By:/S/ ALBERT BENCHIMOL
Albert Benchimol
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
By:
/S/ ALBERT BENCHIMOL
Albert Benchimol
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
/S/ PETER VOGT
Peter Vogt
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)



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